ACRL News Issue (B) of College & Research Libraries 284 Draft: Standards for College Libraries 1975 Revision Prepared b y th e A C R L A d H oc C om m ittee to R evise the 1959 Standards: Johnnie Givens, Austin Peay State University (Chairman); D a­ vid Kaser, Graduate Library School, Indiana University; Arthur M onke, Bowdoin C ollege; David L. Perkins, California State University, Northridge; James W . Pirie, L ew is ir Clark C ollege; Jasper G. Schad, W ich ita State Uni­ versity; and Herm an L. Totten, School o f Li- brarianship, University o f Oregon. Supported by a J. Morris Jones— W orld B ook E ncyclopedia— A L A Goals Award. Introduction This docum ent presents Standards for assess­ ing the adequacy o f libraries serving liberal arts programs at the bachelors and masters degree levels. T h ey may be applied also to libraries serving universities w hich grant few er than ten doctoral degrees per year.* T hey are not de­ signed for use in two-year colleges, larger uni­ versities, independent professional schools, or specialized programs. These Standards are organized on the basis o f the major functions and components o f li­ brary organization and services and are ar­ ranged as follow s: 1. Objectives 2. Collections 3. Organization o f Materials 4. Staff 5. Delivery o f Service 6. Facilities 7. Administration 8. Budget T hey were prepared b y an ad h oc A C R L C om ­ mittee to Revise the 1959 “ Standards for C ol­ lege Libraries” with the support o f a J. Morris Jones— W orld Book E ncyclopedia— A L A Goals Award. T he Standards are an attempt to synthesize and articulate the aggregate experience and judgm ent o f the academ ic library profession as regards requisite resources, services, and facil­ ities for a minimal library program in a college. There are a num ber o f additional areas where- * Specifically these Standards address them­ selves to institutions defined b y the Carnegie Commission as Liberal Arts Colleges I and II and Comprehensive Universities and Colleges I and II, in A Classification o f Institutions o f H igher Education (Berkeley, Cal., 19 7 3 ). in standards w ou ld be desirable if it were pos­ sible to prepare them, but on w hich the C om ­ mittee was unable to identify any consensus among librarians at this time. Such areas might include library productivity, measures o f library effectiveness, and the requisite extent and con ­ figuration o f non-print holdings. Research and experimentation in these matters should b e en­ couraged so that it will b e possible at some fu ­ ture time to prepare standards concerning them. S t a n d a r d 1 : O b j e c t i v e s o f t h e L i b r a r y 1 T he college library shall d evelop an expli­ cit statem ent o f its objectives in accord with the goals and purposes o f its parent institution. 1.1 The d evelopm en t o f library objectives shall b e th e responsibility o f th e library staff, in consultation with students, m em bers o f the teaching faculty, and administrative offi­ cers. 1.2 The statem ent o f library objectives shall b e review ed periodically and revised as n eed ­ ed. Com m entary on Standard 1 T he administration and faculty o f every co l­ lege have a responsibility to examine from time to time their educational programs and to de­ fine the purposes and goals o f the institution. Members o f the library faculty share in this ex­ ercise, and they have thereafter the responsibil­ ity to prom ote library service consistent with institutional aims and methods. Successful fu l­ fillment o f this latter responsibility can best be attained w hen a clear and explicit statement o f derivative library objectives is prepared and promulgated so that all members o f the college com m unity can understand and evaluate the appropriateness and effectiveness o f library ac­ tivities. Preparation o f library objectives is an obliga­ tion o f the library faculty with the assistance o f the rest o f the library staff. In this effort, however, the library should seek in a formal or structured w ay the advice and guidance o f stu­ dents, o f members o f the teaching faculty, and o f administrative officers. Library objectives should be kept current through periodic review and revision as needed. In preparing its statement o f objectives, the library staff should consider the evolution in re­ 285 cent decades of new roles for the American col­ lege library. In the nineteenth century the func­ tion of the college library was to serve passive­ ly as the repository for printed information needed for reference by students and faculty. Although the college library continues in the twentieth century to fill this traditional role, its resources have now been extended to embrace all forms of recorded information, and its prop­ er purpose has been enlarged through changes in the scope of its curriculum and by new con­ cepts of instruction. Thus it now serves as a complementary academic capability which af­ fords to students the opportunity to augment their classroom experience with an independent avenue for learning beyond the course offerings of the institution. Even this instructional objec­ tive of the library, however, must be conceived and formulated within the overall academic purpose of the college. S t a n d a r d 2 : T h e C o l l e c t i o n s 2 The library’s collections shall comprise all corpuses of recorded information owned by the college for educational, in­ spirational, and recreational purposes, in­ cluding multi-dimensional, aural, pictori­ al, and print materials. 2.1 The library shall provide quickly a high percentage of such materials needed by its patrons. 2.1.1 The amount of print materials to b e thus provided shall be determined by a formu­ la (Formula A ) which takes into account the nature and extent of the academic program of the institution, its enrollment, and the size of its teaching faculty. Commentary on Standard 2 The records of intellectual endeavor appear in a wide range of formats. Books represent ex­ tended reports of scholarly investigation, com­ pilations of findings, creative works, and sum­ maries prepared for educational purposes. The journal has become the common medium for scientific communication and usually represents more recent information. Scientific reports in near-print form are becoming an even faster means of research communication. Documents represent compilations of information prepared by governmental agencies, and newspapers con­ tain the systematic recording of daily activities throughout the world. Many kinds of communication can be better and sometimes faster accomplished through such non-print media as films, slides, tapes, ra­ dio and television recordings, and realia. Micro­ photography is an accepted means of compact- FORMULA A— he formula for calculating the number of relevant print volumes (or microform volume- quivalents) to which the library should be able to provide prompt access is as follows: 1. Basic C o lle c t io n ........................................................................................ 85,000 vols. 2. Allowance per FTE Faculty M e m b e r ............................................................100 vols. 3. Allowance per FTE S t u d e n t ..............................................................................15 vols. 4. Allowance per Undergraduate Major or Minor Field*......................................350 vols. 5. Allowance per Masters Field, When No Higher Degree Is Offered in the F i e l d * ................................................................................................................... 6,000 vols. 6. Allowance per Masters Field, When a Higher Degree Is Offered in the F i e l d * ............................................................................................... 3,000 vols. 7. Allowance per 6th-year Specialist Degree Field*.................................... 6,000 vols. 8. Allowance per Doctoral F i e l d * ........................................................................... 25,000 vols. “ volume” is defined as a physical unit of any printed, typewritten, handwritten, mimeo­ raphed, or processed work contained in one binding or portfolio, hardbound or paper- ound, which has been cataloged, classified, and/or otherwise prepared for use. For pur­ oses of this calculation microform holdings should be included by converting them to olume-equivalents. The number of volume-equivalents held in microform should be de­ rmined either by actual count or by an averaging formula which considers each reel f microform as one, and five pieces of any other microformat as one volume-equivalent. ibraries which can provide promptly 100 percent as many volumes or volume-equivalents s are called for in this formula shall, in the matter of quantity, be graded A. From 80-99 ercent shall be graded B; from 65-79 percent shall be graded C; and from 50-64 percent hall be graded D. * See Appendix I, “ List of Fields” [to be published]. T e A g b p v te o L a p s ing many kinds of records for preservation and storage. Recorded information may also come in the form of manuscripts, archives, and ma­ chine-readable data bases. Each medium of communication provides unique dimensions for the transmission of information, and each tends to complement the others. This inherent unity of recorded information, and the fundamental commonality of its social utility, require that, regardless o f format, all kinds of recorded information needed for aca­ demic purposes by an institution be selected, acquired, organized, stored, and delivered for use within the library. This is the only way in which the institution’s information resources can be articulated and balanced for the great­ est benefit of the entire community. It is less important that a college hold legal title to a large quantity of library materials than that it be able to supply them quickly— say within fifteen minutes— as b y contract with an adjacent institution or by some other means. An institution which arranges to meet a part o f its library responsibilities in this way, however, must take care that in doing so it not create su­ pernumerary or unreimbursed costs for another institution and that the materials so made avail­ able are relevant to its own students’ needs. Since a library book collection once devel­ oped and then allowed to languish loses its util­ ity very rapidly, continuity of collection devel­ opment is essential. Experience has shown that even after collections have attained sizes re­ quired by this Standard, they can seldom retain their requisite utility without sustaining annual gross growth rates, before withdrawals, o f at least five percent. Higher education has thus far had too little experience with non-print library materials to permit tenable generalizations to be made about their quantitative requirements. Since consensus has not yet been attained among ed­ ucators as to the range, extent, and configura­ tion of non-print services which it is appropri­ ate for college libraries to offer, no generally applicable formulas are possible here. It is as­ sumed, however, that every college library should have non-print resources in a quantity commensurate with its print holdings and ap­ propriate to institutional needs. The goal of college library collection devel­ opment should be quality rather than quantity. A collection may be said to have quality for its purpose only to the degree that it possesses a portion o f the bibliography o f each discipline taught, appropriate in quantity both to the level at which each is taught and to the number of students and faculty members who use it. Qual­ ity and quantity are separable only in theory: it is possible to have quantity without quality; it is not possible to have quality without quan­ tity defined in relation to the purposes of the 286 institution. No easily applicable criteria ha been developed, however, for measuring qu ity in library collections. The best way to assure quality in a colle library collection is to gain it at point o f inp Thus rigorous discrimination in the selection materials to be added to the library’s holdin whether as purchases or gifts, is o f consid able importance. Care should be exerted to lect a substantial portion o f the titles listed the standard, scholarly bibliographies reflecti the curriculum areas o f the college and suppo ing general fields o f knowledge. A number such subject lists for college libraries have be prepared by learned associations. Among ge eral bibliographies Books for College Librar will be useful especially for purposes of ide tifying important retrospective titles. For c rent additions, provision should be made acquire a majority of the significant new pub cations reviewed in Choice. Generous attenti should be given also to standard works o f r erence and to bibliographical tools which p vide access to the broad range o f schola sources as listed in W inchell’s Guide to Ref en ce Books. Institutional needs vary so wide for periodical holdings that quantitative st dards cannot be written for them at this ti but in general it is good practice for a libra to own any title that is needed more than fo times per year. Several good handlists ha been prepared of periodical titles appropria for college collections. College library collections should be evalu ed continuously against standard bibliographi and against records o f their use, for purpos both o f adding to the collections and identif ing titles for prompt withdrawal once they ha outlived their usefulness to the college progra Every book in a college library should be a to “ prove” its right to be there in terms o f t institution’s current or anticipated acade program; when a book can no longer do this should be retired in favor o f a book which c do so. Although in the last analysis the library st must be responsible for the scope and conte of the collections, it can best fulfill this respo sibility with substantial help and consultati from the teaching faculty and from studen O f greatest benefit to the library is continui faculty assistance in defining the literature r quirements o f the courses in the curriculu definitions which should take the form o f wr ten selection policies. In addition, members the teaching faculty may participate in the s lection o f individual titles to be obtained. I f t latter activity, however, is carried out large by the library, then the teaching faculty shou review the books received both for their appr priateness and the quality of their contents. ve al­ ge ut. of gs, er­ se­ in ng rt­ of en n­ ies n­ ur­ to li­ on ef­ ro­ rly er­ ly an­ me, ry ur ve te at­ es es y­ ve m. ble he mic it an aff nt n­ on ts. ng e­ m, it­ of e­ his ly ld o­ College & Research Libraries Volume 35, 1974 PUBLISHED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES, A DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 288 INDEX TO VOL. 35 (including C&RL News issues) Prepared by Caroline LaM otte W ebb A B B R EV IA T IO N S Standard abbreviations for names o f organizations, A L A , A C R L, L C , etc., are alphabetized as if spelled out. Other abbreviations: appt. — appointm ent bibliog.(s) — bibliography (-graphic) coll.(s) — college(s) ed. — editor, edition l.(s), ln.(s) — library(ies), librarians) port. — portrait rev. — rev iew ( er) s (b efo re page numbers) — C & R L News issues univ.(s) — university (ies) A A bell, M illicent, port. & prof., s l 6-17 Abstracts, 6 3 -6 8 ; 2 2 1 -2 3 ; 3 0 4 -6 “ A cadem ic business Ins.-authors sought,” s l4 1 “ The academ ic job crisis: a unique opportunity, or business as usual?,” Moffett ( C& RL, M ay 1 9 7 3 ), comments, 48, 5 2 -53 “ The academ ic 1. and its environ­ m ent,” Lynch, 12 6-32 ; com ­ ment, 2 9 7 -9 8 “ Access denied? The use o f man­ uscript material,” introduction, W alton, 285 A ccess to Periodical Resources: A National Plan, Palmour, Bellassai, and Gray, rev. of, 45 7 -5 8 The A cquisition o f L. Materials, Hug, rev. o f, 376-77 Acquisitions, s5-6; s29; s53- 54; S100-102; S129; S159-60; S185-87; S222-23; s253-55; s275 Adediran, B. O., “ Centralization o f univ. l . services: some com ­ pelling factors in Nigerian univs.,” 360-63 “ A llocating the book budget: a m odel,” Kohut, 192-99; com ­ ment, 370-71 “ A L A /A C R L representatives at academ ic ceremonies and meet­ ings,” s137 A L A /S o c ia l Responsibilities Round T a b le /T a sk Force on the Status o f W om en , s 180 “ A L A Goals Award to Standards project,” s i 82 “ A L A — is it time for an alterna­ tive?,” D ougherty, editorial (C & R L , M ay 19 7 3), comm ent, 47-48 “ A L A proposes new dues struc­ ture,” s49-50 Anderson, John F ., rev. (T he Disadvantaged and L . E ffec­ tiveness), 214 Applications o f C om puter T ech­ nology to L. P rocesses: A Syl­ labus, Becker and Pulsifer, rev. o f, 135-36 “ A pplying ‘ management b y o bjec­ tives’ to the univ. 1.,” Johnson (C & R L , Nov. 19 7 3), com ­ ment, 296-97 Appointments, S17-19; s43; s65- 66; s89-91; S117-18; s141-42; s168-69; s201-2; s237-39; s263-65; s306-9 “ An approach to collection inven­ tory,” Clark, 350-53 The Area Specialist Bibliogra­ pher: A n Inquiry into His Role, Stueart, rev. o f, 56-57 Archives Procedural Manual, rev. o f, 373-74 “ Art 1. collections in North Amer­ ica,” s 115 A C R L , additional nominating committees, s3; s25 A C R L , additional nominees for offices 1974/75, s3 A C R L, “ Annual report o f the president, 1973-74,” s154-57 A C R L , Art Section, s231 A C R L, Board o f Directors, an­ nual m eeting, New York, July 7-13, 1974, “ highlights,” s182- 83 A C R L, Board o f Directors, m id­ winter meeting, C hicago, I 11., Jan. 2 1 -2 4 , 1974, actions, s51- 52 A C R L , C oll. Ls. Section, s231- 3 2 ; bylaws, s232-33 A C R L , committee to revise the 1959 standards for coll. Is., m eeting, s3 A C R L, Com m unity and Junior Coll. Ls. Section, bylaws, s23 5- 36 A C R L , “ Hearings held on stan­ dards revision,” s51 A C R L, L aw and Political Science Section, “ Attention, LPSS mem­ bers,” s82 A C R L, midwinter m eeting, Chi­ cago, I11., Jan. 2 0 -2 6 , 1974, schedule o f meetings, s l -2 A C R L , Rare Books and M anu­ scripts Section, preconference, s77 A C R L , Rare Books and M anu­ scripts Section, Comm ittee on Manuscripts Collections, “ State­ ment on access to original re­ search materials in Is., archives, and manuscript repositories,” s 1 1 4 ; “ Statement on the re­ production o f manuscripts and archives for noncom m ercial purposes,” s115 A C R L , “ Standards for faculty status for coll. and univ. Ins.,” s112-13 A C R L /A A C /A A U P , “ Statement on faculty status o f coll. and univ. Ins.,” s26; “ Organizations endorsing the statement on faculty status,” s27, s 1 0 9 ; cor­ rection, s65 “ A C R L chapter developm ents,” s252 “ A C R L chapter new s,” s274 A C R L com m ittee volunteer form , s247 “ A C R L conference highlights, s221 “ A C R L goals study,” s79 “ A C R L internship program ,” s220 “ A C R L needs volunteers!,” s245- 46 289 “ ACRL New York programs,” s73-75 “ A C R L nominees for offices, 1975/76,” S273-74 “ ACRL officers for 1974/75,” S177-79 “ ACRL publications in librarian- ship,” s100 Auerbach on Microfilm Readers/ Printers, rev. o f, 55-56 “ Automation o f technical ser­ vices: Northwestern’ s experi­ ence,” Horny, 364-69 Axford, H. W illiam, “ An over­ looked cost o f achieving a par­ ticipatory environment,” edi­ torial, 5-6; comment, 21 1-12 ; 29 5 -9 6 ; port., s177 B Baaske, Jan, D on L. Tolliver and Judy Westerberg, “ Overdue policies: a comparison o f al­ ternatives,” 354-59 Balay, Robert, letter to the ed. (C & R L, July 1 9 7 3 ), comment, 48 -50 Ball, Joyce, rev. (T he Monthly Catalog o f U.S. Government Publications; A n Introduction to Its Use), 13 4-35; rev. ( Sources o f Information in the Social Sciences: A Guide to the Literature, 2 e d .), 372-73 Barron, Tilton M., letter to the ed., 298 Becker, Joseph and Pulsifer, Jose­ phine S., Application o f Com ­ puter Technology to L. Pro­ cesses: A Syllabus, rev. o f, 135- 36 Beeler, Richard J., “ Late-study areas: a means o f extending 1. hours,” 200-203 Bellassai, Marcia C., Gray, and Palmour, A ccess to Periodical Resources: A National Plan, rev. of, 457-58 “ Black book reviewing: a case for 1. action,” Shockley, 16-20 Blum, Fred., port. & prof., s141 Boissonnas, Christian M., “ Em­ ployee suggestions: alternative course o f action for Is.,” 109- 13 Bommer, Michael and Bernard Ford, “ A cost-benefit analysis for determining the value o f an electronic security system,” 2 70-79 Boone, Morell D ., rev. (Research Ls. and Technology: A Report to the Sloan Foundation), 375- 76 Book Clubs & Printing Societies o f Great Britain and Ireland, Williams, rev. of, 377-78 Book Reviews, 55 -61; 134-40; 21 4-18 ; 29 9-30 3; 37 2 -8 0 ; 45 7- 61 Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc., Organization and Staffing of the Ls. o f Columbia Univ., rev. of, 300-302 Borko, Harold, ed., Targets for Research in L. Education, rev. of, 139 Bosseau, D on L., port. & prof., s117 Boyer, Calvin James, The D o c­ toral Dissertation as an Infor­ mation Source: A Study o f Sci­ entific Information Flow, rev. of, 37 4-75 ; “ State-wide con­ tracts for 1. materials: an analy­ sis o f the attendant dysfunc­ tional consequences,” 86-94 Braverman, Miriam, letter to the ed., 50-51 British Academ ic Ls., Neal, et al., rev. of, 21 4-15 Brown, Timothy A ., rev. (Plan- ning-Programming-Budget Sys­ tem (PPBS)), 215-16 Burke, John Gordon and Wilson, Carol Dugan, The Monthly Catalog of U.S. Government Publications; An Introduction to Its Use, rev. of, 134-35 Butler, Lucius A., and Pearson, Learning Resources Centers: Selected Readings, rev. o f, 58- 59 Barry, James W ., rev. (Reader in M edical Librarianship), 60-61 c “ Captain serves New Jersey aca­ demic Is.,” s50 Cargill, Jennifer S., letter to the ed., 133 “ Centralization o f univ. 1. ser­ vices: some compelling factors in Nigerian univs.,” Adediran, 360-63 A Challenge for Academic Ls.; H ow to Motivate Students to Use the L ., Lee, rev. of, 21 7- 18 “ Change! Change! Change!,” Painter, editorial, 161-62 Churchwell, Charles D ., port. & prof., s199-201 “ The civility o f scholars,” M c- Feely, 286-90 Clark, Jay B., “ An approach to collection inventory,” 350-53 Coburn, Louis, Library Media Center Problems, Case Studies, rev. of, 136-37 “ C &RL News editorship chan­ ges,” s269 “ College 1. standards: questions and answers,” s249-50 Collins, Mary Frances, port., s269 “ CBS license to National Ar­ chives,” sl25 “ CBS sues Vanderbilt,” s63 Computer-Based Reference Ser­ vice, Mathies and Watson, rev. of, 379-80 Cook, Donald C., rev. (M ethods o f Financing Interlibrary Loan Services; A System for Inter-L. Communication (SILC); A c­ cess to Períodical Resources: A National Plan), 457-58 “ A cost-benefit analysis for deter­ mining the value of an electron­ ic security system,” Bommer and Ford, 270-79 D Dahl-Hansen, A bby, port. & prof., s65 Danton, J. Periam, The Dimen­ sions o f Comparative Librari­ anship, rev. of, 215; rev. (In­ ternational and Area Studies Librarianship, Case Studies), 372 Death, s91; s118; s143; s169; s 2 0 3 ;s 2 3 9 ;s 3 0 9 DePriest, Raleigh, letter to the ed., 48-50 The Dimensions o f Comparative Librarianship, Danton, rev. of, 215 Directory o f L. Reprographic Ser­ vices, s272 The Disadvantaged and L. E ffec­ tiveness, Lipsman, rev. of, 214 Discrimination Against W om en; Congressional Hearings on Equal Rights in Education and Employment, Stimson, rev. of, 59-60 Dix, W illiam, “ The financing o f the research 1.,” 252-58 The Doctoral Dissertation as an Information Source: A Study of Scientific Information Flow, Boyer, rev. o f, 374-75 Dosa, Marta L., Libraries in the Political Scene, rev. of, 46 0- 61 Dougherty, Richard M., “ A L A — is it time for an alternative?,” editorial (C& RL, May 1 9 7 3 ), comment, 47 -48; “ Exchanging old myths for new,” editorial, 85; “ Looking forw ard/looking back,” editorial, 241 “ Dougherty resigns as CRL edi­ tor,” s51 Downs, Robert B., “ Library re­ sources in the U.S.,” 97 -108 ; comment, 298 Doyle, James, rev. (Library M e­ dia Center Problems), 136-37 “ Draft: guidelines for branch ls. in colls, and univs.,” s281-83 “ Draft: standards for coll. ls. 1975 revision,” s284-86, s299- 305 DuBois, William, letter to the ed., 295-96 Dudley, Norman, rev. (The Area Specialist Bibliographer), 56-57 Dunkin, Paul S., rev. (The Uni­ versal Decimal Classification), 378-79 Dunn, J. D., and Vaughn, “ A study o f job satisfaction in six univ. Is.,” 163-77 “ The dynamics o f the 1. environ­ ment for professional staff growth,” W eber, 259-67 E Eaton, Nancy L., rev. (N on-Book Materials Cataloging Rules), 299-300 Edelman, Hendrik, rev. (The A c­ quisition o f L. Materials), 376- 77 “ Editorial projects as derivative archives,” Simon, 291-94 “ Effective group process for Is.: a focus on committees,” Tarr, 4 44-52 Ellsworth, Ralph E., Academ ic L. Buildings, A Guide to Archi­ tectural Issues and Solutions. rev. o f (C& RL, Sept. 1 9 7 3 ), comment, 53 -54; letter to the ed., 53-54 “ Employee suggestions: alterna­ tive course o f action for Is.,” Boissonnas, 109-13 “ E R IC /C L IS merges,” s74 “ EXCH ANGE, anyone?,” Stueart, editorial (C& RL, Sept. 1 9 7 3 ), comments, 51, 52 “ Exchanging old myths for new ,” Dougherty, editorial, 85 F Fair, Judy H., rev. (The Library of Congress), 45 8 -5 9 Farley, Richard A ., port. & prof., s l9 9 Fields, Dennis C., “ Library man­ agement by objectives: the hu­ mane way,” 344-49 Film L. Techniques, Harrison, rev. of, 302-3 “ The financing o f the research 1.,” Dix, 252-58 “ Financing system o f USSR univ. Is.,” Peep and Sinkevicius, 178- 83; comment, 371 Ford, Bernard and Bommer, “ A cost-benefit analysis for deter­ mining the value o f an electron­ ic security system,” 270-79 Ford, Stephen, The Acquisition of L. Materials, rev. of, 376-77 “ Ford grants $6 million to con­ tinue CLR programs,” s180 290 Forrest, Kathryn S., port. & prof., s89 Foskett, A. C ., The Universal D ecim al Classification: The History, Present Status, and Future Prospects o f a Large General Classification Scheme, rev. o f, 37 8 -7 9 “ A framework for a comparative analysis o f 1. work,” Lynch, 43 2-43 “ From econom ic to political analysis o f 1. decision making,” Raffel, 41 2-23 Fussier, Herman H ., Research Ls. and T echnology: A Report to the Sloan Foundation, rev. of, 3 7 5-76 G Gherman, Paul M., letter to the ed., 21 1-12 Giles, Louise, port., Sİ77-78 “ G ood will and confidence,” Johnson, editorial, 401 Goodrum, Charles A ., The Li­ brary o f Congress, rev. of, 458- 59 Gration, Selby U. and Arthur P. Young, “ Reference-bibliogra- phers in the coll. 1.,” 28 -3 4 ; comment, 133; 212-13 Gray, Lucy M., Palmour and Bel- lassai, A ccess to Periodical R e­ sources: A National Plan, rev. o f, 45 7-58 H Haak, John R., rev. (A Chal­ lenge for A cadem ic Ls.), 21 7 - 18 Hanson, Stephen L ., letter to the ed., 211 Harrelson, Larry E., “ Large ls. and information desks,” 2 1 -27 Harris, Michael H., “ Intuition, re­ search, and the academic 1.,” editorial (C & R L , July 1 9 7 3 ), comments, 4 7 -4 8 , 52; rev. (Targets for Research in L. Ed­ ucation), 139 Harrison, Helen P., Film L. T ech­ niques, rev. of, 30 2-3 “ Harvard, Yale, Colum bia, NYPL form consortium,” s97 Hayes, Robert M., A System for Inter-L. Communication (SILC), rev. of, 45 7-58 Heinritz, Fred, “ Rate o f Growth for 1. collections,” 95-96 Hendrick, Clyde and Marjorie E. Murfin, “ Project 1. ripoff: a study o f periodical mutilation in a univ. 1.,” 402-11 Hendricks, D onald D ., rev. (Pro­ ceedings o f the 1972 Clinic on L. Applications o f Data Pro­ cessing: Applications o f On- L ine Computers to L. Prob­ lems), 134 Hoadley, Dr. Irene Braden, port. & prof., s263 H om y , Karen, “ Automation of technical services: Northwest­ ern’ s experience,” 3 6 4 -6 9 “ H ow much, how often?,” Mar­ shall, 4 5 3 -5 6 H ug, W illiam E., Strategies for Change in Information Pro­ grams, rev. o f, 376 I Inforasia correction, s27 ( see C& RL News, Nov. 1973, s275) Inside Washington, s77-78; s99; s127-28; s157-58; s181-82; s217-19; s251-52; s271-72 International and Area Studies Librarianship, Case Studies, Sable, rev. o f, 372 “ Intuition, research, and the aca­ demic 1.,” Harris, editorial (C & R L , July 1 9 7 3 ), com ­ ments, 4 7 -4 8 , 52 J Johnson, Edward R., “ Applying ‘ management by objectives’ to the univ. 1.” (C & R L , N ov. 1 9 7 3 ), comm ent, 29 6-97 Johnson, Richard D ., “ Editorial,” 32 1; “ G ood will and confi­ dence,” editorial, 4 0 1 ; port., s l5 3 “ Johnson named editor o f CRL,” s l5 3 Jordan, Casper L., port. & prof., s306 Josey, W h at Black Lns. Are Say­ ing, rev. o f (C & R L , July 1 9 7 3 ), comment, 50-51 Joyce, D onald Franklin, letter to the ed., 54 (correction notice) K Kaser, D avid, rev. (Libraries in the Political Scene), 4 6 0 -6 1 ; “ Library access and the mo­ bility o f users,” 2 8 0 -8 4 ; rev. (B ook Club & Printing Socie­ ties o f Great Britain and Ire­ land), 3 7 7 -7 8 ; rev. (T he D i­ mensions o f Comparative Li­ brarianship), 215 Kohut, Joseph, “ A llocating the book budget: a m odel,” 192- 99; comment, 3 7 0 -7 1 ; letter to the ed., 370-71 L Lancaster, F. W ilfred, ed., Pro­ ceedings o f the 1972 Clinic on L. Applications o f Data Pro­ cessing: Applications o f On- Line Computers to L. Prob­ lems, rev. of, 134; Proceedings o f the 19 73 Clinic on L. A p ­ plications o f Data Processing: N etw orking and Other Forms o f Cooperation, rev. o f, 380 “ Large ls. and information desks,” Harrelson, 2 1 -2 7 “ Late-study areas: a means o f ex­ tending 1. hours,” Beeler, 200- 203 Learning Resources Centers: Se­ lected Readings, Pearson and Butler, rev. o f, 58-59 Lederer, Norman, rev. (W hat Black Lns. A re Saying), (C & R L , July 1 9 7 3 ), com ­ ment, 50-51 Lee, Sul H., A Challenge for A cadem ic Ls.; H ow to M oti­ vate Students to Use the L., rev. of, 2 1 7 -1 8 ; Planning- Programming-Budgeting Sys­ tem (PPBS): Implications for L. M anagement, rev. o f, 21 5- 16 Leitz, Richard, letter to the ed., 52 L eopold, Carolyn C., rev. (Learn­ ing Resources Centers), 58 -59 Letters, 4 7 -5 4 ; 133; 2 1 1 -1 3 ; 295- 98; 370-71 Libraries in the Political Scene, Dosa, rev. of, 460-61 “ Library access and the mobility o f users,” Kaser, 28 0-84 Library Association Media Cata­ loging Rules Committee, N on- Book Materials Cataloging Rules; Integrated C ode o f Prac­ tice and Draft Revision o f the Anglo-Am erican Cataloging Rules British Text Part III, rev. o f, 2 9 9-30 0 “ Library cooperation: the ideal and the reality,” Reynolds, 4 24-31 “ Library cooperative develop­ ments,” s125-26 “ Library management by objec­ tives: the humane w ay,” Fields, 34 4 -4 9 “ Library management intern pro­ gram,” s58 “ Library manpower requirements studied,” s98 Library M edia Center Problems, Case Studies, C obu m , rev. of, 1 36-37 The Library o f Congress, G ood - rum, rev. o f, 45 8 -5 9 “ Library resources in the U.S.,” Downs, 9 7 -1 0 8 ; comment, 298 “ Library service from numerical data bases: the 1970 census as a paradigm ,” R ow e and Ryan, 7-15 Lipsman, Claire K., The Disad­ vantaged and L. E ffectiveness, rev. o f, 214 “ L ooking forw ard/lo o k in g back ,” D ougherty, editorial, 241 Lubans, John, Jr., rev. (C om ­ puter-Based R eferen ce Service), 37 9-80 Lynch, Beverly P., “ The academic 1. and its environment,” 126- 32; comm ent, 2 9 7 -9 8 ; “ A framework for a comparative analysis o f 1. work,” 4 3 2 -4 3 M C M cClure, Charles R., rev. (A r­ chives Procedural Manual), 37 3 -7 4 ; rev. (Reader in G ov­ ernment D ocum ents), 140 M cD onald, John P., port. & prof., s237 M cFeely, W illiam S., “ The civility o f scholars,” 28 6-90 McGrath, W illiam E., letter to the ed., 3 7 0 ; comm ent, 371 M “ The management review and analysis program: an assisted self-study to secure constructive change in the management o f research Is.,” W ebster, 11 4-25 Marchant, Maurice P., letter to the ed., 29 7-98 Marshall, Peter, “ H ow much, how often?,” 4 5 3 -5 6 Mason, Ellsworth, rev. (Organi­ zation and Staffing o f the Ls. o f Columbia Univ.), 3 0 0 -3 0 2 Massman, Virgil F ., letter to the ed., 52-53 Mathies, Lorraine M ., and W at­ son, Peter G., Computer-Based R eferen ce Service, rev. o f, 3 7 9 - 80 M ethods o f Financing Interlibrary Loan Services, Palmour, Olson and Roderer, rev. o f, 45 7 -5 8 Miller, Laurence, “ The role o f circulation services in the ma­ jor univ. 1.,” (C & R L , Nov. 1 9 7 3 ), comm ent, 212 Moffett, W . A ., “ The academ ic job crisis: a unique opportuni­ ty, or business as usual?” (C & R L , M ay 1 9 7 3 ), com ­ ments, 48, 52-53 Monke, Arthur, s127 “ Monke joins Committee to R e­ vise Standards,” s127 The M onthly Catalog o f U.S. G overnm ent Publications; A n Introduction to Its Use, Burke and W ilson, rev. o f, 134-35 t last, one source o f subject access to CUMULATIV MONTH A 20 I I This new ifteen volume ingle-alphabet index set s the largest and most comprehensive subject ndex to U .S . Government publications ever produced. t can be purchased either by itself, or as the key component of our U .S . M O N T H L Y C A T A L O G S U B J E C T R E F E R E N C E S Y S T E M his complete system contains the Index plus 106 full size reprint volumes of the M onthly Catalog, issued uring the years 1895-1962— including the 30 volume “ Classes A dded” Edition (fo r 1895-1924) to which reviously missing Superintendent o f Documents Class Numbers were added under the supervision o f Mary lizabeth Poole. A ll reprint volumes are specially bound and marked for easiest use with the Cumulative ubject Index. Send for our free brochure on the M onthly Catalog Subject R eference System. It includes etails o f our unique offer o f free “ interim use” microfilm reels which can be used before (and after) com ­ lete sets o f reprint volumes are delivered. Meanwhile, the Cumulative Subject Index may also be purchased n the Combined R eferen ce Edition which, as explained on the coupon, includes the complete Monthly Cata­ og on Microfilm. Note: On January 1 5 ,1 9 7 5 , The Pre-Publication Price Goes Up From $965 To $1,160 We know this is a healthy 20% price increase. What we want you to know is that the content of the index volumes has increased an even healthier 30% since we first set the price (based on an estimate o f 10,000 two-column pages in 14 volumes). But by the time we got to “ Zythia” (the last entry) we had produced more than 13,000 pages, which will be bound in 15 volumes. Put another way, the set increased from some 1.4 million lines to more than 1.8 million lines, and that’s a lot of cumulative indexing at any price. f s i i I T d p E S d p i l SUBJECT INDEX TO THE CATALOG OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 1900-1971 “In this ambitious new library tool, cumulative access is brought for the first time to the over­ whelming majority of United States Government publications issued during the period 1900- 1971. In this, it is an accomplishment unrivaled in size and scope. Documents librarians will find it a new and convenient time-saver and one which should offer them an additional means of providing an expanded Government publications service to their patrons.” from the Foreword by Carper W. Buckley U.S. Superintendent o f Documents, 1952-1970 T he unique new C U M U L A T IV E SU B JE C T IN D E X will eliminate 34 search steps which were form erly necessary to trace subjects through these indexes to 20th Century U.S. G o v ­ ernment publications: — 21 Biennial D ocu m en t Catalogs ( 1 9 0 0 -1 9 4 0 ), — 2 D ecennial In d exes ( 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 6 0 ) , and — 11 Annual In d exes ( 1 9 6 1 -1 9 7 1 ). A ll subject entries in the fifteen volum e cumulative index were accumulated from 81 separate sources in the M onthly Catalog series and merged into one reference set. T h ese sources in­ clude: 48 Annual Indexes to the M onth ly Catalog, 2 Decennial Indexes, (1 9 4 1 -1 9 5 0 ; 1951- 1 9 6 0 ), 1 Six-month Index, and 30 M on th ly Catalogs fo r which no annual indexes were made. Century U.S. Government Publications When you need objective information on library equipment, furniture, and supplies, there is only one published authority—Library Technology Reports. Library Technology Reports is a unique bimonthly consumer publication of the Amer­ ican Library Association. LTR is designed to provide c ritic a l, o b je ctive evaluations of products used in libraries, media centers, and other educational institutions. THE AUTHORITY. Testing and evaluation are conducted by nationally recognized independent testing laboratories and consultants, among which are R. A. Morgan Company (microform read­ ers); United States Testing Company (audio­ visual equipment); William R. Hawken As­ sociates (microform reader/printers); and Buyers Laboratory Inc. (photocopiers, type­ writers, steel library shelving, and library furniture). For additional information and a sample issue, write to: L IB R A R Y TEC H N O LO G Y R E P O R T S , AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 50 EAST HURON STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60611 295 Murfin, Marjorie E., and Hen­ drick, “ Project 1. ripoff: a study o f periodical mutilation in a univ. 1.,” 40 2 -1 1 N National L. o f Canada, Resources Survey Section, Research C ol­ lections in Canadian Ls., rev. of, 4 5 9 -6 0 Neal, Kenneth W illiam et al., British A cadem ic L s.y rev. of, 2 1 4 -1 5 Nettleman, James, letter to the ed., 133 N ew England Coll. and Research Lns., m eeting, s4 News From the Field, s5-15; s29- 42; s53-64; s79-87; s100- 107; s129-36; S159-68; S185-97; s222-31; s253-62; s275-80 News From the Sections, s231- 32 Niilus, W alter E., letter to the ed., 371 Nitecki, Joseph Z., rev. (Reader in L. C ooperation), 13 7-39 N on-B ook Materials Cataloging Rules; Integrated C ode o f Practice and D raft Revision o f the A nglo-A m erican Catalog­ ing Rules British Text Part III, prepared by the L. Association Media Cataloging Rules C om ­ mittee, 2 9 9 -3 0 0 Novak, Gloria J., rev. ( A cadem ic L. Buildings, A Guide to Archi­ tectural Issues and Solutions, E llsworth) (C & R L , Sept. 1 9 7 3 ), comm ent, 5 3 -5 4 o O ’ Connell, Thomas F., rev. (R e­ search C ollections in Canadian Ls.), 459-60 O ’ Hara, Frederick J., ed., Reader in Governm ent D ocum ents, rev. o f, 140 Olson, E dw in E., and Roderer and Palmour, M ethods o f F i­ nancing Interlibrary Loan Ser­ vices, rev. o f, 457-58 Organization and Staffing o f the Ls. o f Colum bia University, prepared by B ooz, A llen & Hamilton, Inc., rev. o f, 300- 302 “ Organizations endorsing the statement on faculty status,” s27, s1 0 9 ; correction, s65 Other Books o f Interest to A ca ­ dem ic Lns., 6 1 -6 2 ; 1 4 0 -4 1 ; 2 1 8 -2 0 ; 3 0 3 ; 3 8 0 -8 2 ; 4 6 1 -6 2 “ Overdue p olicies: a comparison o f alternatives,” Baaske, T olli­ ver and W esterberg, 3 5 4 -5 9 “ An overlooked cost o f achieving a participatory environment,” A xford, editorial, 5 -6 ; com ­ ment, 2 1 1 -1 2 ; 2 9 5 -9 6 P Painter, Ann F ., “ Change! Change! C hange!,” editorial, 16 1-62 Palmour, Vernon E., Bellassai, Marcia C., and Gray, L ucy M., A ccess to Periodical Resources: A National Plan, rev. o f, 4 5 7 - 58 Palmour, Vernon E., Olson, E d­ win E ., and Roderer, Nan­ cy K., M ethods o f Financing Interlibrary Loan Services, rev. o f, 4 5 7 -5 8 Pasternack, Howard, rev. (A p p li­ cation o f C om puter T ech nology to L. Processes), 13 5-36 Pearson, Neville P. and Butler, Lucius A ., Learning Resources Centers: S elected Readings, rev. o f, 58-59 Peep, L. and K. Sinkevicius, “ F i­ nancing system o f USSR univ. Is.,” 178-83; comm ent, 371 Penninger, E. Lorraine, “ Librari­ an honored for teaching excel­ lence,” s305 People, s16-19; s43; s65-66; s89- 91; s117-18; s141-43; s168-69; s199-203; s237-39; s263-65; S307-9 Planning - Programming - Budget System (PPBS): Implications fo r L. M anagem ent, Lee, ed., rev. o f, 2 1 5 -1 6 Pownall, D avid, correction, s32 P roceedings o f the 1972 Clinic on L. Applications o f Data Processing: Applications o f O n- L ine Com puters to L. Prob­ lems, Lancaster, ed., rev. of, 134 Proceedings o f the 19 7 3 Clinic on L. Applications o f Data Processing: N etw ork and O th­ er Form s o f Cooperation, rev. o f, 38 0 “ Project 1. ripoff: a study o f pe­ riodical mutilation in a univ. 1.,” Hendrick and Murfin, 4 0 2 - 11 Publications, Sİ4-15; s38-42; s63- 64; s83-87; s106-7; s135-36; s163-68; s193-97; s227-31; s260-62; s279-80 Pulsifer, Josephine S., and Beck­ er, Applications o f Com puter T ech nology to L. Processes: A Syllabus, rev. o f, 135-36 Q R Raffel, Jeffrey A ., “ From eco­ nom ic to political analysis o f 1. decision m aking,” 4 1 2 -2 3 “ Ranking structure instituted in D uke Is.,” s216 “ Rate o f growth for 1. collec­ tions,” Heinritz, 9 5 -9 6 Rawski, Conrad, ed.. Toward a T heory o f Librarianship: Pa­ pers in H onor o f Jesse Hauk Shera, rev. o f, 5 7 -5 8 ; com ­ ment, 213 Reader in G overnm ent D o cu ­ m ents, O ’ Hara, ed., rev. of, 140 Reader in L. Cooperation, Reyn­ olds, rev. of, 13 7-39 Reader in M edical Librarianship, Sewell, ed., rev. o f, 60-61 Recent Publications, 5 5 -6 8 ; 134- 4 1 ; 2 1 4 -2 3 ; 2 9 9 -3 0 6 ; 3 7 2 -8 2 ; 4 5 7 -6 2 “ Reference-bibliographers in the coll. 1.,” Gration and Young, 2 8 -3 2 ; comm ent, 133; 212, 213 R eferen ce Services for Under­ graduate Students: Four Case Studies, W ilkinson, rev. of, 2 1 6 -1 7 Research C ollections in Canadian Ls., National L. o f Canada, Resources Survey Section, rev. o f, 4 5 9 -6 0 Research Ls. Group, “ R L G chooses director, gets M ellon grant,” s21 3-1 5 Research Ls. and T ech nology: A R eport to the Sloan Founda­ tion, Fussier, rev. o f, 37 5 -7 6 Retirements, s19; s43; s66; s 9 1; s1 1 8 ; s143; s202; s239; s265; s309 R eynolds, Elsie, rev. (R eferen ce Services for Undergraduate Students), 2 1 6 -1 7 Reynolds, M ichael M ., “ Library cooperation: the ideal and the reality,” 4 2 4 -3 1 ; R eader in L. Cooperation, rev. o f, 13 7-39 Richards, James H., Jr., port. & prof., s199 R ift, L eo R., letter to the ed., 4 7 - 48 Roderer, Nancy K., Palmour and Olson, M ethods o f Financing Interlibrary Loan Services, rev. o f, 4 5 7 -5 8 “ The role o f circulation services in the m ajor univ. 1.,” M iller (C & R L , N ov. 1 9 7 3 ), com ­ ment, 212 R ow e, Judith S. and Mary Ryan, “ Library service from numeri­ cal data bases: the 1970 census as a paradigm ,” 7 -1 5 Ryan, Mary and R ow e, “ Library service from numerical data bases: the 1970 census as a paradigm ,” 7 -1 5 s Sable, Martin H., International and A rea Studies Librarian­ ship, Case Studies, rev. o f, 372 Saffady, W illiam , “ A univ. ar­ chives and records management program : some operational guidelines,” 2 0 4 -1 0 Scott, Barbara G ., port. & prof., s237 Segre, Rose, “ University ls. in Italy: the crisis persists,” 184- 91 “ Selected reference books o f 1 9 7 2 -7 3 ,” Sheehy, 3 5 -4 6 “ Selected reference books o f 1 9 7 3 -7 4 ,” Sheehy, 24 2-51 Sewell, W in ifred, ed., Reader in M edical Librarianship, rev. of, 60-61 Sheehy, Eugene P., “ Selected ref­ erence books o f 1 9 7 2 -7 3 ,” 3 5 - 4 6 ; “ Selected reference books o f 1 9 7 3 -7 4 ,” 24 2 -5 1 Shera, Jesse H ., letter to the ed., 213 Shockley, A nn Allen, “ Black book review ing: a case for 1. action,” 16-20 “ Siberian F olklore,” s87 Simon, John Y., “ Editorial proj­ ects as derivative archives,” 2 9 1 -9 4 Sinkevicius, K. and Peep, “ F i­ nancing system o f USSR univ. Is.,” 1 7 8 -8 3 ; comm ent, 371 Smith, Harriet W ., letter to the ed., 48 Smith, Jessie Carney, “ Special collections o f black literature in the traditionally black co ll.,” 3 2 2 -3 5 Sources o f Inform ation in the So­ cial Sciences: A G uide to the Literature, 2 ed., W hite, rev. o f, 3 7 2 -7 3 Sparks, Rita, letter to the ed., 2 9 6 -9 7 “ Special collections o f black liter­ ature in the traditionally black c o ll.,” Smith, 3 2 2 -3 5 Sproat, A nabel, letter to the ed., 133 “ State Postsecondary Education Commissions,” s l9 8 “ State-wide contracts for 1. m a­ terials: an analysis o f the at­ tendant dysfunctional conse­ quences,” Boyer, 86-94 Stevens, Charles H ., port. & prof., s 168 296 Stevens, Norman D ., rev. (Strat­ egies for Change in Informa­ tion Programs), 37 6; rev. (T o ­ w ard a Theory o f Librarian­ ship), 5 7 -5 8 ; comment, 213 Stevens, Rolland E., “ A study o f interlibrary loan,” 336-43 Stimson, Catherine R., Discrim­ ination Against W o m en : Con­ gressional Hearings on Equal Rights in Education and Em ­ ploym ent, rev. o f, 59-60 Strategies for Change in Inform a­ tion Programs, Hug, rev. of, 376 “ A study o f interlibrary loan,” Stevens, 33 6-43 “ A study o f job satisfaction in six univ. Is.,” Vaughn and Dunn, 163-77 Stueart, Robert D ., The Area Specialist Bibliographer: An Inquiry into His Role, rev. of, 56 -5 7 ; “ E X C H AN G E, any­ one?,” editorial (C & R L , Sept. 1 9 7 3 ), comments, 51, 52; rev. (T h e Doctoral Dissertation as an Information Source: A Study o f Scientific Inform ation Flow ), 3 7 4 -7 5 “ The Supreme Court Obscenity D ecisions,” s54 A System for Inter-L . Communi­ cation (SILC ), Hayes, rev. of, 45 7-58 T Tanis, Norman E., “ Annual re­ port o f the president, 1973- 74,” S154-57 Targets for Research in L. E du­ cation, Borko, rev. o f, 139 Tarr, Susan Akerstrom, “ Effective group process for Is.: a focus on committees,” 444-52 “ Task force on wom en job ros­ ter,” s180 Taylor, James B., letter to the ed., 51 “ Ten-year cumulation o f C hoice announced,” s109 Terwilliger, Gloria, rev. (Film L. Techniques), 3 0 2-3 Thomas, Bruce E., letter to the ed., 51-52 “ $3 50,000 grant awarded to A C R L for Black Administra­ tors Program,” s25 Tilton, James J., letter to the ed., 212 Tjaden, Margaret, rev. (Discrim­ ination Against W om en ), 59-60 “ T o our readers … ,” s271 Tolliver, D on L ., W esterberg and Baaske, “ Overdue policies: a comparison o f alternatives,” 35 4 -5 9 “ T oo many chemistry journals,” 26 8 -6 9 Toward a Theory o f Librarian­ ship: Papers in Honor o f Jesse Hauk Shera, Rawski, rev. of, 5 7 -5 8 ; comment, 213 “ T w o-year guidelines in A -V for­ m at,” s1 13 U The Universal D ecim al Classifi­ cation: The History, Present Status, and Future Prospects of a Large General Classification Scheme, Foskett, rev. o f, 37 8- 79 “ A univ. archives and records management program : some operational guidelines,” Saffa­ dy, 20 4 -1 0 “ University ls. in Italy: the crisis persists,” Segre, 184-91 V Vaughn, W illiam J. and J. D. Dunn, “ A study o f job satisfac­ tion in six univ. Is.,” 163-77 Veaner, Allen B., rev. (Auerbach on Microfilm Readers/Printers), 55 -56 “ Videotape on academ ic 1. gov­ ernance available on loan,” s262 W W alton, Clyde C., “ Access de­ nied? the use o f manuscript material,” introduction, 285 W atson, Peter G ., rev. (P roceed­ ings o f the 19 73 Clinic on L. Applications o f Data Process­ ing), 380 Watson, Peter G., and Mathies, Computer-Based R eferen ce Service, rev. o f, 3 7 9 -8 0 W eber, D avid C., “ The dynamics o f the 1. environment for pro­ fessional staff growth,” 25 9 -6 7 Webster, Duane E., “ The manage­ ment review and analysis pro­ gram: an assisted self-study to secure constructive change in the management o f research Is.,” 114-25 Westerberg, Judy, Baaske and Tolliver, “ Overdue policies: a comparison o f alternatives,” 35 4-59 W hite, Carl M. and others, Sources o f Information in the Social Sciences: A Guide to the Literature, 2 ed., rev. o f, 37 2 - 73 W ilkinson, Billy R., R eferen ce Services for Undergraduate Students: Four Case Studies, rev. of, 21 6-17 Williams, Harold, Book Clubs & Printing Societies o f Great Brit­ ain and Ireland, rev. o f, 377- 78 Williams & W ilkins, “ Librarians win W illiams & W ilkins revers­ al,” s27 Williamson, W . L ., rev. (British Academ ic Ls.), 21 4 -1 5 W ilson, Carol Dugan, and Burke, The M onthly Catalog o f U.S. Governm ent Publications; an Introduction to Its Use, rev. of, 13 4-35 X - Y - Z Young, Arthur P., letter to the ed., 133 Young, Arthur P. and Gration, “ Reference-bibliographers in the coll. 1.,” 2 8 -3 4 ; comment, 133, 21 2-13 Yun, Jai L ., letter to the ed., 2 1 2 - 13 The Technology Application Center of The University of New Mexico T elep h one 505/277-3622 ENERGY INFORMATION CENTER R etrosp ectiv e B ib liogra p h ies w ith A b stra cts & In d ex es w ith quarterly updates and annual cu m u lation s P r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e HEAT PIPE TECHNOLOGY HYDROGEN ENERGY NOISE POLLUTION REMOTE SENSING QUARTERLY I n p r e p a r a t i o n C O A L G A S T U R B IN E E N E R G Y S T O R A G E SO L A R W IN D P r o p o s e d G E O T H E R M A L N U C LE A R O C E A N & TIDE M A G N E T O H Y D R O D Y N A M IC S (M H D ) C O A L G A S IF IC A T IO N ELECTRIC P O W E R T R A N S M IS S IO N OIL SH ALE W A S T E H E A T O t h e r b i b i o g r a p h i e s & sym p osia W ASTE GLASS UTILIZATION SYMPOSIUM ON UTILIZATION OF W ASTE GLASS NATURAL RESOURCES ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS (bimonthly) ROLAMITE … Short cou rses c o n d u c t e d i r r e g u l a r l y T h e T e c h n o lo g y A p p lic a tio n C en ter p ro v id e s literature search services fo r a ca ­ dem ia, gov ern m en t and industry. P resently d ra w in g on a b ou t fifty autom ated data bases, T A C p erform s retrosp ectiv e and current aw aren ess literature search es in the scien ces, s o cia l scien ces, hum anities, business, and the arts. T A C is a prim ary d istrib u tor fo r the G em in i, A p o llo , and Sk ylab p h otog ra p h s fo r N A S A , has ca ta log u es a vaila b le o f the p h otogra p h s, and is d e v e lo p in g E d u ca tion a l Kits from the p hotogra p hs. academic library Essential for every Subject C ollections. N ew 4th edition, available now. Here’s your guide to some 70,000 special collections in university, college, public and special libraries. T h e Bible. Banks and Banking. Polynesian art. English ballads. W hatever the interest, y o u ’ll be able to locate virtually every special library collection in the U.S., Canada, and Puerto R ico . A nd, for the first time, y o u ’ll find listings for many special museum holdings. Entries, n o w arranged by Library o f Congress headings, include name, location, curator, and number o f holdings, plus all-im portant copying and inter-library loan details. 1974. Lee Ash, Editor. $38.50. D irectory o f A m erican Scholars. Expanded 6th edition. Keep pace w ith the academic com m unity. Here, m ore than 37,000 men and w om en w orking in all areas o f the humanities, are profiled. T he people making news … the individuals w h o have achieved status and responsibility … the leaders in their fields. For each alphabetically arranged entry, y o u ’ll find complete personal data plus inform ation on fields o f interest, degrees, m ajor publications, and honors. 1974. V olu m e I. History. V olu m e II. English, Drama, and Speech. V olu m e III. Foreign Languages, Linguistics, and Philology. V olu m e IV. Philosophy, Religion, and Law. Indexed. $39.50 per volum e, or $148.50 per set. O rder n ow on 30-day approval: R .R . B ow k er C om p an y, Box 1807, Ann A rbor, M ichigan 48106. A X e ro x Education Com pany. XEROX ® is a tradem ark o f X E R O X C O R P O R A T IO N 299 S t a n d a r d 3 : O r g a n i z a t i o n o f M a t e r i a l s 3 Library collections shall be organized by nationally approved conventions and ar­ ranged for efficient retrieval at time of need. 3.1 There shall be a union catalog o f the li­ brary’s holdings that permits identifica­ tion of items, regardless of format, by au­ thor, title, and subject. 3.1.1 The catalog may be developed either proprietarily by a single library or joint­ ly among several libraries. 3.1.2 The catalog shall b e in a format that can be consulted by a number of people con­ currently and at time of need. 3.1.3 In addition to the catalog there shall also be requisite subordinate files, such as se­ rial records, shelf lists, authority files, and indexes to non-mono graphic materi­ als. 3.2 Except for certain categories of material which are for convenience best segregat­ ed by form, library materials shall b e ar­ ranged on the shelves by subject. 3.2.1 Patrons shall have direct access to library materials on the shelves. Commentary on Standard 3 The acquisition alone of library materials comprises only part of the task o f providing ac­ cess to them. Collections must be indexed and systematically arranged on the shelves before their efficient identification and retrieval at time o f need, which is an important test o f a good library, can be assured. For most library ma­ terials this indexing can best be accomplished through the development o f a union catalog with items entered in accord with established national or international bibliographical conven­ tions, such as rules for entry, descriptive cata­ loging, filing, classification, and subject head­ ings. Opportunities of several kinds exist for the cooperative development of the library’s cata­ log, through which economy can be gained in its preparation. These include the use of cen­ tralized cataloging by the Library of Congress and the joint compilation o f catalogs by a num­ ber of libraries. Joint catalogs can take the form of card files, book catalogs, or computer files. Catalogs jointly developed, regardless of for­ mat, can satisfy this Standard provided that they can be consulted— under author, title, or subject— by a number o f library users concur­ rently at their time of need. Catalogs should be subject to continual editing to keep them abreast o f modern terminology, current tech­ nology, and contemporary practice. Proper organization o f the collections will also require the maintenance of a number of subordinate files, such as authority files and shelf lists, and of complementary catalogs, such as serial records, all of which should also be available to library users. In addition, some li­ brary materials such as journals, documents, and microforms are often indexed centrally by commercial or quasi-commercial agencies, and in such cases access should be provided to those indexes as needed, whether they be in published or computer-based format. Materials should be arranged on the shelves by subject matter so that related information can be consulted together. Some kinds of ma­ terials, however, such as maps, microforms, and non-print holdings, may be awkward to inte­ grate physically because of form and may be segregated from the main collection. Other ma­ terials, such as rarities and manuscripts or archives, may be segregated for purposes o f se­ curity. Materials in exceptionally active use, such as bibliographies, works o f reference, and assigned readings, may be kept separate to fa­ cilitate access to them. Except in such cases, however, the bulk of the collections should be classified and shelved by subject in open stack areas so as to permit and encourage browsing. S t a n d a r d 4 : S t a f f 4 The library staff shall be of adequate size and quality to m eet agreed-upon objec­ tives. 4.1 The staff shall comprise qualified librari­ ans, skilled supportive personnel, and part-time assistants serving on an hourly basis. 4.2 The marks of a librarian shall include a graduate library degree from an ALA-ac- credited program, responsibility for du­ ties o f a professional nature, and partici­ pation in professional library affairs be­ yond the local campus. 4.2.1 The librarians of a college shall be or­ ganized as an academic department— or, in the case of a university, as a school— and shall administer themselves in accord with ACRL “ Standards for Faculty Status for College and University Librarians.” 4.3 The number of librarians required shall be determined by a formula (Formula B ) which takes into account the enroll­ ment of the college and the size and growth rate of the collections. 4.3.1 There shall be an appropriate balance of effort among librarians, supportive per­ sonnel, and part-time assistants, so that every staff member is employed as nearly as possible commensurate with his library training, experience, and capability. 4.4 Library policies and procedures concern­ ing staff shall be in accord with sound personnel management practice. 300 F O R M U LA B— The number o f librarians required by the college shall be com puted as follow s: For each 500, or fraction thereof, F TE students up to 10,000........................................1 librarian For each 1,000, or fraction thereof, FTE students above 10,000....................................1 librarian For each 100,000 volumes, or fraction thereof, in the collection.....................................1 librarian For each 5,000 volumes, or fraction thereof, added per year..........................................1 librarian Libraries which provide 100 percent o f these formula requirements can, when they are supported by sufficient other staff members, consider themselves at the A level in terms o f staff size; those that provide 75-99 percent o f these requirements may rate themselves as B; those with 55-74 percent o f requirements qualify for a C; and those with 40-54 percent o f requirements warrant a D. Commentary on Standard 4 The college library will need a staff com ­ prising librarians, supportive personnel, and part-time assistants to carry out its stated ob ­ jectives. The librarian has acquired through his training in a graduate library school an under­ standing o f the principles and theories of se­ lection, acquisition, organization, interpreta­ tion, and administration of library resources. Supportive staff members have normally re­ ceived specialized or on-the-job training for particular assignments within the library; such assignments can range in complexity from rela­ tively routine or business functions to highly technical activities often requiring university degrees in fields other than librarianship. W ell managed college libraries also utilize some part- time assistants, many o f whom are students, to perform repetitive and more perfunctory work; given good training and adequate experience such assistants can often perform at relatively skilled levels and constitute an important seg­ ment o f the library team. W ork assignments, both to these several lev­ els and to individuals, should be carefully con­ ceived and allocated so that every mem ber of the library staff is em ployed as nearly as pos­ sible commensurate with his library training, experience, and capability. This will mean that librarians will seldom comprise more than 25- 35 percent o f the total FTE library staff. The librarians o f a college comprise the fac­ ulty o f the library and should organize and ad­ minister themselves as any other departmental faculty in the college ( or in the case o f the uni­ versity, the library faculty is equivalent to a school faculty, and should govern itself accord­ in gly). In either case, however, the status, re­ sponsibilities, perquisites, and governance of the library faculty shall be fully recognized and supported b y the parent institution, and it shall function in accord with the A C R L “ Standards for Faculty Status for College and University Librarians.” The staff represents one o f the library’s most important assets in support o f the instructional program o f the college. Careful attention i therefore required to proper personnel man agement policies and procedures. W hether ad ministered centrally for the college as a whol or separately within the library, these policie and practices must be based upon sound, con temporary management understanding consist ent with the goals and purposes of the institu tion. This will mean that: 1. Recruitment methods should be base upon a careful definition o f positions to b filled, utilization o f a w ide range of sources qualifications based upon job requirements and objective evaluation o f credentials. 2. Written procedures should be follow e in matters o f appointment, promotion, tenure dismissal, and appeal. 3. Every staff member should be informe in writing as to the scope o f his responsibilitie and the individual to whom he is responsible. 4. Classification and pay plans should giv recognition to the nature o f the duties per formed, training and experience required, an rates o f pay and benefits o f other positions re quiring equivalent background. 5. The library should provide a structure program for the orientation and training o f ne staff members and opportunities for the con tinuing education o f existing staff. 6. The library should select its supervisor staff on the basis o f job knowledge and huma relations skills and provide training in these re sponsibilities as needed. 7. The library should maintain a system fo periodic review o f employee performance an for recognition o f achievement. 8. Career opportunities and counselin should be made available to library staff m em bers at all levels and in all departments. S t a n d a r d 5 : D e l i v e r y o f S e r v i c e 5 The college library shall establish an maintain a range and quality of service that will prom ote the academic progra o f the institution and encourage optima s ­ ­ e s ­ ­ ­ d e , , d , d s e ­ d ­ d w ­ y n ­ r d g ­ d s m l library use. 301 5.1 Proper service shall include: the provisio o f continuing instruction to patrons in th effective exploitation of libraries; th guidance of patrons to the library ma terials they need; and the provision of in formation to patrons as appropriate. 5.2 Library materials shall be circulated t qualified patrons under equitable policie and for as long periods as possible with out jeopardizing their availability to oth ers. 5.2.1 The availability o f reading materials shal be extended wherever possible by th provision of inexpensive means o f photo copying. 5.2.2 The quality of the collections availabl locally to patrons shall be enhance through the use o f the A LA Interlibrar Loan Code and other cooperative agree ments which provide reciprocal access t multi-library resources. 5.3 The hours o f public access to the materi als on the shelves, to the study facilitie of the library, and to the library staff shall be consistent with reasonable de mand, both during the normal stud w eek and during weekends and vacatio periods. 5.4 W h ere academic programs are offere away from a campus, library service shall be provided in accord with ACR L’ “ Guidelines for Library Services to Ex tension Students.” Commentary on Standard 5 The primary purpose o f college library ser vice is to promote the academic program of th parent institution. The successful fulfillment o this purpose will require that librarians wor closely with teaching faculty to gain an inti mate knowledge of their educational objective and methods and to impart to them an under standing of the services which the library ca render. Both skill in library use and ease of ac cess to materials can encourage library use, bu the major stimulus for students to use the li brary has always been, and likely always wil be, the instructional methods used in the class room. Thus close cooperation between librari ans and classroom instructors is essential. Such cooperation does not come about for tuitously; it must be a planned and structure activity, and it must be assiduously sought. I will require not only that librarians participat in the academic planning councils o f the institu tion but also that they assist teaching facult in appraising the actual and potential librar resources available, work closely with them i developing library services for new courses an new pedagogical techniques, and keep them in formed o f new library capabilities. A key service of a college library is the in terpretation of library materials to patrons. n e e ­ ­ o s ­ ­ l e ­ e d y ­ o ­ s , ­ y n d s s ­ ­ e f k ­ s ­ n ­ t ­ l ­ ­ ­ d t e ­ y y n d ­ ­ Such interpretation will take one or more of three forms. The first is instruction in bibliog­ raphy and information tools and in the use of the library’s services. Such instruction may be given at many levels of sophistication and in many ways. The simplest group instruction may be tours or film presentations. Class instruction has also been found useful, especially when in­ tegrated with or closely related to regular course work. Programmed instructional pack­ ages that can b e utilized b y individual patrons when needed are also frequently helpful. The second basic form which interpretation will take is conventional reference work where­ in individual patrons are guided by librarians in their appraisal o f the range and extent of the library resources available to them for learning and research, in the most effective marshalling of that material, and in the optimal utilization of libraries. This is the nature of most library interpretation. The third major genre of library interpreta­ tive work is the delivery o f information itself. Although obviously inappropriate in the case of student searches which are purposeful seg­ ments of classroom assignments, the actual de­ livery o f information— as distinct from guid­ ance to it— is a reasonable library service in al­ most all other conceivable situations. Such in­ terpretative activities should be accomplished in accord with the “ Developmental Guidelines for [Reference Services in] Small and Medi­ um-sized Libraries,” prepared by A LA ’s Refer­ ence and Adult Services Division. As regards the circulation of library materi­ als, the general trend in recent years has been toward longer loan periods, but these periods must be determined by local conditions which will include size of the collections, the number of copies of a book held, and the extent o f the user community. Circulation should be for as long periods as are reasonable without jeopard­ izing access to materials by other qualified pa­ trons. This overall goal may prompt some insti­ tutions to establish variant or unique loan peri­ ods for different titles or classes o f titles. W hat­ ever loan policy is used, however, it should be equitably and uniformly administered to all qualified categories o f patrons. Locally-held library resources should be ex­ tended and enhanced in every way possible for the benefit o f library patrons. Both the quan­ tity and the accessibility o f reading materials can be extended through the provision o f inex­ pensive means of photocopying within the laws regarding copyright. Local resources should also be extended through the provision and en­ couragement of reciprocal arrangements with other libraries as through the A LA Interlibrary Loan Code and joint-access consortia. Beyond its own local constituency every library also has a responsibility to make its holdings available to other students and scholars in at least three 302 ways— in-house consultation, photocopy, an through interlibrary loan— to the degree tha these courtesies are reciprocated. The number of hours per week that librar services should be available will vary, depend­ ing upon such factors as whether the colleg is in an urban or rural setting, teaching meth ods used, conditions in the dormitories, an whether the student body is primarily residen or commuting. In any case, library schedulin should be responsive to reasonable local need, not only during term-time week-days but als on weekends, and, especially where graduate work is offered, during vacation periods. I many institutions readers may need access to study facilities and to the collections durin more hours o f the week than they require the personal services of librarians. The public’ need for access to librarians may range upward to one hundred hours per week, whereas around-the-clock access to the library’s collec­ tions and/or facilities may in some cases be warranted. Special library problems exist for colleges that provide off-campus instructional programs. d Students in such programs must be provided with library services in accord with ACRL’s “ Guidelines for Library Services to Extension Students.” These Guidelines require that such services be financed on a regular basis, that a librarian be specifically charged with the de­ livery of such services, that the library impli­ cations o f such programs be considered before program approval, and that courses so taught encourage library use. Such services, which are especially important at the graduate level, must be furnished despite their obvious logistical problems. S t a n d a r d 6 : F a c i l i t i e s 6 The college shall provide a library building containing secure facilities for housing its resources, adequate space for administra­ tion of those resources by staff, and com­ fortable quarters and furnishings for their utilization by patrons. 6.1 The size of the library building shall be determined by a formula (Formula C ) which takes into account the enrollment of t y e ­ d t g o n g s FORMULA C— The size of the college library building shall be calculated on the basis of a formula which takes into consideration the size of the student body, requisite administrative space, and the number of physical volumes held in the collections. In the absence of consensus among librarians and other educators as to the range of non-book services which it is appropriate for libraries to offer, no generally applicable formulas have been developed for calculating space for them. Thus, space required for a college library’s non-book services and materials must be added to the following calculations: a. Space for readers. The seating requirement for the library of a college wherein less than fifty percent of the FTE enrollment resides on campus shall be one for each five FTE students; the seating requirement for the typical residential college library shall be one for each four FTE students; and the seating requirement for the library in the strong, liberal arts, honors-oriented college shall be one for each three FTE students. In any case, each library seat shall be assumed to require twenty-five square feet of floor space. b. Space for books. Space required for books depends in part upon the overall size of the book collection, and is calculated cumulatively as follows: Square Feet/Volume For the first 150,000 volumes 0.10 For the next 150,000 volumes 0.09 For the next 300,000 volumes 0.08 For holdings above 600,000 volumes 0.07 c. Space for administration. Space required for such library administrative activities as acquisition, cataloging, staff offices, catalogs, and files shall be one-fourth of the sum of the spaces needed for readers and books as calculated under (a ) and ( b ) above. This tripartite formula indicates the net assignable area necessary for all library services ex­ cept for non-book services. (F or definition of “ net assignable area” see Library Statistics Operations Handbook. ) Libraries which provide 100 percent as much net assignable area as is called for by the formula shall qualify for an A rating as regards quantity; 75-99 per­ cent shall warrant a B; 60-74 percent shall be due a C; and 50-59 percent shall warrant a D. 303 the college, the extent and nature of its collections, and the size o f its staff. 6.2 The shape of the library building and the internal distribution of its facilities and ser­ vices shall be determined by function. 6.3 The esthetic and physical characteristics of the library building shall harmonize with its function and shall be pleasing to the senses. 6.4 Except in unusual circumstances, the col­ lege library’s collections and services shall b e administered within a single structure. Commentary on Standard 6 Successful library service presupposes an adequate library building. Although the type of building provided will depend upon the character and the aims o f the institution, it should in all cases present secure facilities for housing the library’s resources, sufficient space for their administration by staff, and comfort­ able quarters and furnishings for their utiliza­ tion by the public, all integrated into a func­ tional and esthetic whole. The college library building should represent a conscious planning effort, involving the librarian, the college ad­ ministration, and the architect, with the librari­ an responsible for the preparation of the build­ ing program. The needs o f handicapped pa­ trons should receive special attention in the de­ signing o f the library building. Many factors will enter into a determination o f the quality o f a library building. They will include such esthetic considerations as its loca­ tion on the campus, the grace with which it re­ lates to its site and to neighboring structures, and the degree to which it contributes esthet­ ically to the desired ambience of the campus. They will also include such internal characteris­ tics as the diversity and appropriateness of its accommodations and furnishings, the function­ al distribution and interrelationships o f its spaces, and the simplicity and economy with which it can be utilized by patrons and operat­ ed by staff. They will include moreover such physical characteristics as the adequacy of its acoustical treatment and lighting, the effective­ ness of its heating and cooling plant, and the selection o f its movable equipment. Decentralized library facilities on a campus have some virtues, and they present some dif­ ficulties. Primary among their virtues is their adjacency to the laboratories and offices of some teaching faculty members within their service purview. Primary among their weak­ nesses are their fragmentation of unity of knowledge, their relative isolation from library users (other than aforementioned faculty), the fact that they can seldom command the atten­ tion o f qualified staff over either long hours during a week or over a sustained period of time, and the excessive costs of creating dupli­ cate catalogs, periodical lists, circulation ser­ vices, and attendant study facilities. Where de­ centralized library facilities are being con­ sidered, these costs and benefits must be care­ fully compared. In general, experience has shown that except where long distances are in­ volved, decentralized library facilities are at the present time unlikely to be in the best peda­ gogical or economic interests o f a college. S t a n d a r d 7 : A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 7 The college library shall be administered in a manner which permits and encour­ ages the fullest and most effective use of available library resources. 7.1 The statutory or legal foundation for the library’s activities shall be recognized in writing. 7.2 The college librarian shall be a member of the library faculty and shall report to the president or the chief academic offi­ cer of the institution. 7.2.1 The responsibilities and authority o f the college librarian and procedures for his appointment shall be defined in writing. 7.3 There shall be a standing advisory com ­ mittee comprising students and members of the teaching faculty which shall serve as the main channel of formal communi­ cation betw een the library and its user community. 7.4 The library shall maintain written pol­ icies and procedure manuals covering in­ ternal library governance and operational activities. 7.4.1 The library shall maintain a systematic and continuous program for evaluating its performance and for identifying need­ ed improvements. 7.4.2 The library shall develop statistics not only for purposes of planning and control but also to aid in the preparation of re­ ports designed to inform its publics of its accomplishments and problems. 7.5 The library shall develop, seek out, and utilize cooperative programs for purposes of either reducing its operating costs or enhancing its services, so long as such programs create no unreimbursed or un­ reciprocated costs for other libraries or organizations. 7.6 The library shall be administered in ac­ cord with the spirit o f the A LA “ Library Bill o f Rights.” Commentary on Standard 7 Much o f the commentary on general admin­ istration o f the college library is gathered un­ der the several other Standards. Matters of per­ sonnel administration, for example, are dis­ cussed under Standard 4, and fiscal adminis­ 304 tration is glossed under Standard 8. Some im­ portant aspects of library management, how ­ ever, must be considered apart from the other Standards. Primary among administrative considerations which are not part o f other Standards is the matter o f the responsibilities and authority both o f the library as an organization and o f the col­ lege librarian as a college officer. No clear set of library objectives, no tenable program of col­ lection development, no defensible library per­ sonnel policy can be developed unless there is first an articulated and widespread understand­ ing within the college as to the statutory, legal or other basis under which the library is to function. This may be a college bylaw, or a trustee minute, or a public law which shows the responsibility and flow of authority under which the library is empowered to act. There must also be a derivative document defining the responsibility and authority vested in the office o f the college librarian. This document may also be statutorily based and should spell out, in addition to the scope and nature of his du­ ties and powers, the procedures for his appoint­ ment and the focus of his reporting responsi­ bility. Experience has shown that, for the clos­ est coordination o f library activities with the in­ structional program, the college librarian should report either to the president or to the chief of­ ficer in charge of the academic affairs of the in­ stitution. Although the successful college library must strive for excellence in all of its communica­ tions, especially those o f an informal nature, with its publics, it must also have the benefit o f an advisory committee representing its user community. This committee— of which the col­ lege librarian should be an ex officio member — should serve as the main channel o f formal communication between the library and its publics, and should be used to convey both an awareness to the library o f its users’ concerns, perceptions, and needs, and an understanding to patrons o f the library’s capabilities and prob­ lems. The charge to the committee should be specific, and it should be in writing. Many of the precepts of college library ad­ ministration are the same as those for the ad­ ministration of any other similar enterprise. The writing down of policies and procedures man­ uals, for example, is required for best manage­ ment of any organization so as to assure uni­ formity and consistency of action, to aid in training of staff, and to contribute to public un­ derstanding. Likewise sound public relations are essential to almost any successful service or­ ganization. Although often observed in their omission, structured programs of performance evaluation and quality control are equally necessary. All o f these administrative practices are important in a well managed library. Some interlibrary cooperative efforts have on occasion tended in local libraries to enhance the quality of service or reduce operating costs. La­ bor-sharing, for example, through cooperative processing programs has been beneficial to many libraries, and participation in the pooled ownership of seldom-used materials has re­ lieved pressure on some campuses for such ma­ terials to be collected locally. The potential val­ ues of meaningful cooperation among libraries are sufficient to require that libraries actively search out and avail themselves of cooperative programs that will work in their interests. Care should be taken, however, to assure that a re­ cipient library reimburse, either in money or in kind, the full costs of any other institution that supplies it service, unless of course the supply­ ing institution is specifically charged and fund­ ed so to make its services available. College libraries should be impervious to the pressures or efforts of any special interest groups or individuals to shape their collections and services in accord with special pleadings. This principle, first postulated by the American Library Association in 1939 as the “ Library Bill of Rights,” should govern the administra­ tion of every college library and be given the full protection of all parent institutions. S t a n d a r d 8 : B u d g e t 8 The college library shall have the responsi­ bility for preparing, defending, and admin­ istering its budget in accord with agreed- upon objectives. 8.1 The amount of the library appropriation shall express a relationship to the total in­ stitutional budget for educational and gen­ eral purposes. 8.2 The library shall have sole authority to ap­ portion funds and initiate expenditures within its approved budget. 8.3 The library shall maintain internal ac­ counts, approve its invoices for payment, and monitor and evaluate the flow of its expenditures. Commentary on Standard 8 The library budget is a function of program planning and tends to define the library’s ob­ jectives in fiscal terms and for a stated interval of time. Once agreed to by the college admin­ istration, the objectives formulated under Stan­ dard 1 should constitute the base upon which the library’s budget is developed. The degree to which the college is able to fund the library in accord with its objectives is reflected in the relationship of the library appropriation to the total educational and general budget o f the col­ lege. Experience has shown that library bud­ gets, exclusive of capital costs and the costs of physical maintenance, which fall below six per- 305 cent of the college’s total educational and gen­ eral expenditures are seldom able to sustain the range of library programs required by the institution. This percentage moreover will run considerably higher during periods when the library is attempting to overcome past defi­ ciencies or to raise its “ grade” on collections and staff as defined elsewhere in these Stan­ dards. The adoption of formulas for preparation of budget estimates and for prediction of library expenditures over periods of time are relative­ ly common, especially among public institu­ tions. Since such formulas can often provide a gross approximation of needs, they are useful for purposes o f long-range planning, but they frequently fail to take into account local cost variables, and they are seldom able to respond promptly to unanticipated market inflation or changes in enrollment. Thus they should not be used, except as indicators, in definitive budget development. Among the variables which should be con­ sidered in estimating a library’s budget require­ ments are the following: 1. The scope, nature, and level o f the college curriculum; 2. Instructional methods used, especially as they relate to independent study; 3. The adequacy o f existing collections and the publishing rate in fields pertinent to the curriculum; 4. The size, or anticipated size, of the stu­ dent body and teaching faculty; 5. The adequacy and availability of other li­ brary resources in the locality to which the li­ brary has contracted access; 6. The range of services offered by the li­ brary, the number of service points maintained, the number of hours per week that service is provided, etc.; 7. The extent to which the library already meets the Standards defined in these pages. Procedures for the preparation and defense of budget estimates, policies on budget ap­ proval, and regulations concerning accounting and expenditures may vary from one institu­ tion or jurisdiction to another, and the college librarian must know and conform to local prac­ tice. In any circumstances, however, sound practices o f planning and control require that the librarian have sole responsibility and au­ thority for the allocation— and within college policy, the reallocation— of the library budget and the initiation of expenditures against it. D e­ pending upon local factors, between 35 and 45 percent of the library’s budget is normally al­ located to the purchase of materials, and be­ tween 50 and 60 percent is expended for per­ sonnel. The preparation o f budget estimates may be made on the basis o f past expenditures and an­ ticipated needs, comparison with similar li­ braries, or statistical norms and standards. More sophisticated techniques for detailed analysis o f costs by library productivity, function, or program— as distinct from items of expendi­ ture— have been attempted in some libraries. Such procedures require that the library de­ velop quantitative methods b y which to pre­ pare estimates, analyze performance, and de­ termine the relative priority o f services ren­ dered. Although this kind of budgeting, once refined, may lead to more effective fiscal con­ trol and greater accountability, libraries gen­ erally have thus far had too limited experience with program budgeting or input-output analy­ sis to permit their widespread adoption at this time. Hearings on this draft will be held in Chicago during the A LA Midwinter Meeting, on Mon­ day, January 20, 2:00-4:00 p.m., and on Tues­ day, January 21, 2:00-4:00 p.m. Comments on the draft may be directed to the committee members. Reprints of this article are available from the ACRL Office, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611. LIBRARIAN H O N O R ED FOR TEACHING EXCELLENCE E. Lorraine Penninger has received one of the 1974 North Carolina National Bank Awards for teaching excellence at the University of North Carolina, Char­ lotte. NCNB gives the university an an­ nual grant to honor its outstanding teach­ ers. Nominations are made by students, fellow faculty members, or alumni; each recipient receives a cash grant of $1,000 plus a framed citation. Mrs. Penninger is head o f the refer­ ence department in U N CC ’s Atkins Li­ brary. A graduate of Flora MacDonald College and the University of Denver, she holds the rank o f assistant professor. The award was presented on Septem­ ber 20 by C. James Nelson, an executive vice-president of NCNB, at a dinner hon­ oring the UNCC faculty and their hus­ bands and wives. Mrs. Penninger was honored for teaching students by helping them with their library research. “ I don’t have regular classes, but I am trying to get into the classrooms to teach students how to do their research better,” she said. Mrs. Penninger was the first nonteach­ ing faculty member to receive the award. Structure Bookmarks Draft: Standards for College Libraries 1975 Revision