College and Research Libraries B y L O U I S R . W I L S O N The Library's Role in College Instruction Dr. Wilson, for many years librarian of the University of North Carolina and subsequently dean of the Graduate Library School at the University of Chicago, read the following paper before the College and Reference Section of the North Caro- lina Library Association at Charlotte on Oct. 20, 194.3. FOR LIBRARIANS w h o s e s p e c i a l field of a c t i v i t y is t h e f a c i l i t a t i o n of the use a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g of p r i n t W o r l d W a r I I has p r o v i d e d a s h o c k i n g r e v e l a t i o n . I n the p e r i o d w h e n C o n g r e s s w a s d e b a t i n g w h e t h e r to d r a f t p r e - P e a r l H a r b o r f a t h e r s , it s h o w e d t h a t 7 5 0 , 0 0 0 m e n of d r a f t a g e h a d been r e j e c t e d b y t h e a r m e d f o r c e s b e c a u s e t h e y c o u l d n o t r e a d a n d w r i t e . I t s h o w e d t h a t t h o u s a n d s of o t h e r s c o u l d n o t q u a l i f y f o r t r a i n i n g in s p e c i a l p r o g r a m s a n d t h a t t h o u s a n d s of m e n w h o h a d h a d c o l l e g e t r a i n i n g c o u l d n o t be c o m m i s s i o n e d as o f f i c e r s b e c a u s e t h e y h a d n o t l e a r n e d h o w t o r e c e i v e o r t r a n s m i t o r d e r s w i t h f u l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d c l a r - i t y . T h e s h o c k e x p e r i e n c e d by l i b r a r i a n s w a s n o t due to t h e n o v e l t y of the r e v e l a - t i o n b u t to the n u m b e r s i n v o l v e d . T h e y h a d l o n g s u s p e c t e d t h a t t h e h i g h p e r - c e n t a g e of f a i l u r e s by s t u d e n t s in c o l l e g e s u b j e c t s h a d been d u e to l i m i t e d v o c a b u - l a r i e s , l o w r e a d i n g r a t e , a n d b e l o w - a v e r a g e r e a d i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n . T h e y h a d l o n g been c o n v i n c e d t h a t in c e r t a i n s t a t e s a n d r e g i o n s these l i m i t a t i o n s of r e a d - i n g a b i l i t y w e r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o s h o r t s c h o o l t e r m s , p o o r l i b r a r i e s , a n d l a c k of i n s t r u c t i o n in e f f e c t i v e m e t h o d s of r e a d - i n g a n d s t u d y . T h e y h a d n o t k n o w n h o w e x t e n s i v e s u c h l i m i t a t i o n s w e r e n o r h a d t h e y p r e v i o u s l y t h o u g h t h o w s e r i o u s the r e s u l t s of s u c h l i m i t a t i o n s c o u l d be in a n a t i o n a l crisis o r in a p e r i o d w h e n a p o s t w a r p r o g r a m of w o r l d r e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d r e a d j u s t m e n t m u s t be t h o u g h t o u t a n d c a r r i e d i n t o e f f e c t b y the t o t a l p o p u - l a t i o n . T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s p a p e r g r o w s o u t of this s i t u a t i o n a n d is t h r e e f o l d . T h e p a p e r is i n t e n d e d ( 1 ) t o c e n t e r a t t e n t i o n u p o n t h e f a c t t h a t c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s s e r v e d by t h e l i b r a r i e s r e p r e s e n t e d a t this c o n - f e r e n c e a r e less w e l l e q u i p p e d as r e a d e r s t h a n s t u d e n t s in o t h e r r e g i o n s ; ( 2 ) to de- s c r i b e some of the m e a s u r e s w h i c h h a v e been e m p l o y e d t o i m p r o v e i n s t r u c t i o n t h r o u g h l i b r a r y u s e ; a n d ( 3 ) t o s u g g e s t a d d i t i o n a l m e t h o d s b y w h i c h c o l l e g e s t u d y c a n be i m p r o v e d t h r o u g h l i b r a r y use. W h a t a r e t h e f a c t s c o n c e r n i n g the r e a d - i n g a b i l i t i e s of e n t e r i n g s t u d e n t s in N o r t h C a r o l i n a c o l l e g e s ? W h e n I first b e c a m e l i b r a r i a n a t the U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h C a r o - l i n a in 1 9 0 1 I soon d i s c o v e r e d t h a t f r e - q u e n t l y as h i g h as 4 0 per c e n t of the f r e s h m a n class f a i l e d o n e or m o r e of t h e i r e x a m i n a t i o n s a t t h e e n d of t h e i r first t e r m of s t u d y . W i t h o u t t h e b e n e f i t of sta- t i s t i c a l o r r e a d i n g s t u d i e s I c a m e to t h e v 126 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES c o n c l u s i o n t h a t one of the c o n t r i b u t i n g causes w a s t h e i n a b i l i t y of m a n y s t u d e n t s t o r e a d w i t h s u f f i c i e n t speed t o c o v e r the s u b j e c t s assigned or to u n d e r s t a n d c l e a r l y w h a t t h e y w e r e supposed to l e a r n t h r o u g h r e a d i n g . A k e y w o r d in a s e n t e n c e n o t u n d e r s t o o d m e a n t f o r t h e m f a i l u r e t o c o m p r e h e n d t h e p a r a g r a p h o r p a g e in w h i c h the w o r d a p p e a r e d . T o d a y t h e m a t t e r is l a r g e l y r e m o v e d f r o m t h e a r e a of s p e c u l a t i o n o r o p i n i o n . T h r o u g h s t a t e - w i d e a n d n a t i o n w i d e v o - c a b u l a r y tests a n d tests t o d e t e r m i n e the r a t e of r e a d i n g a n d c o m p r e h e n s i o n , the f a c t is w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t s t u d e n t s in c e r t a i n states a n d r e g i o n s c o n s i s t e n t l y r a n k a b o v e the n a t i o n w i d e a v e r a g e a n d t h a t o t h e r s r a n k b e l o w . T h e per c e n t of m e n of d r a f t a g e r e j e c t e d in W o r l d W a r I on a c c o u n t of r e a d i n g l i m i t a t i o n s w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h in t h e S o u t h . T h e s i t u a - t i o n in W o r l d W a r I I has been s i m i l a r . I n 1 9 4 2 , w h e n t h e r e a d i n g of s i x t h - g r a d e p u p i l s in N o r t h C a r o l i n a s c h o o l s w a s c h e c k e d a g a i n s t the n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , it w a s f o u n d to be d e f i n i t e l y b e l o w the na- t i o n a l a v e r a g e . 1 O f the s e v e n h u n d r e d f r e s h m e n e n t e r i n g t h e u n i v e r s i t y i n 1 9 4 2 , it w a s s h o w n t h r o u g h v o c a b u l a r y a n d r e a d i n g tests t h a t t w o h u n d r e d of t h e n u m b e r w e r e in need of r e m e d i a l t r a i n i n g f o r t h e r e m o v a l of specific r e a d i n g de- ficiencies. N o n r e s i d e n t s t u d e n t s e n t e r - i n g the u n i v e r s i t y f r o m N o r t h e r n a n d M i d w e s t e r n s t a t e s h a v e c o n s i s t e n t l y r a n k e d h i g h e r on v o c a b u l a r y a n d r e a d i n g tests t h a n r e s i d e n t s t u d e n t s . E f f o r t s to i m p r o v e i n s t r u c t i o n t h r o u g h l i b r a r y u s e h a v e b e e n m a d e b y : ( 1 ) a g e n c i e s o t h e r t h a n c o l l e g e s a n d l i b r a r i e s , ( 2 ) c o l l e g e s , a n d ( 3 ) l i b r a r i e s , a n d h a v e t a k e n a n u m b e r of f o r m s . 1 G o r d o n , M a r y A g n e s , and D u r o s t , W a l t e r N . " T h e S i x t h - G r a d e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m . " North Carolina Education, v . 9, no. 3, 1942. Outside Agencies O f the a g e n c i e s o t h e r t h a n c o l l e g e s a n d l i b r a r i e s w h i c h h a v e a f f e c t e d c o l l e g e li- b r a r y use, the C a r n e g i e C o r p o r a t i o n has p l a y e d a n o t a b l e r o l e . 2 T h r o u g h g r a n t s t o t a l i n g $ 1 , 6 0 9 , 0 0 0 t o 2 3 5 l i b e r a l a r t s , j u - n i o r , t e a c h e r s , a n d N e g r o c o l l e g e s b e t w e e n 1 9 2 9 a n d 1 9 4 1 , it has a i d e d in b u i l d i n g u p b o o k c o l l e c t i o n s f o r the s u p p o r t of in- s t r u c t i o n in specific s u b j e c t s a n d has s h a r p - l y f o c u s e d the a t t e n t i o n of c o l l e g e presi- d e n t s , deans, c u r r i c u l u m c o m m i t t e e s , a n d l i b r a r i a n s u p o n t h e r o l e of the l i b r a r y in c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n . I t has a l s o g i v e n special c o l l e c t i o n s of m a t e r i a l s in a r t a n d m u s i c t o a n u m b e r of c o l l e g e s , a n d t h r o u g h t h e v a r i o u s a d v i s o r y c o m m i t t e e s w h i c h a d m i n i s t e r e d the g r a n t s has p u b - l i s h e d t h e S h a w 3 a n d M o h r h a r d t 4 lists a n d n u m e r o u s a r t i c l e s w h i c h h a v e d e a l t w i t h the o r g a n i z a t i o n , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d use of m a t e r i a l s in t e a c h i n g . T h e G e n e r a l E d u c a t i o n B o a r d has a t - t a c k e d the p r o b l e m in a d i f f e r e n t m a n n e r . I n 1 9 3 6 it u n d e r t o o k , t h r o u g h a s p e c i a l s e m i n a r f o r c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n s h e l d a t t h e G r a d u a t e L i b r a r y S c h o o l of t h e U n i v e r - sity of C h i c a g o , t o p r o v i d e i n s t r u c t i o n in m e t h o d s of i n t e g r a t i n g i n s t r u c t i o n a n d l i b r a r y use f o r l i b r a r i a n s of e i g h t e e n S o u t h e r n c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s to w h i c h it w a s m a k i n g g r a n t s f o r v a r i o u s p u r p o s e s . S i n c e t h a t d a t e it has h e l p e d finance a n u m b e r of c o l l e g e w o r k s h o p s in w h i c h c o l l e g e l i b r a r y p r o g r a m s h a v e been in- c l u d e d ; it has g i v e n i n d i v i d u a l S o u t h e r n c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n s s c h o l a r s h i p s a n d f e l l o w - 2 W i l s o n , L o u i s R. " T h e U s e of the L i b r a r y in I n s t r u c t i o n . " I n John D a l e R u s s e l l , ed. New Fron- tiers in College Instruction. C h i c a g o , U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1941. 3 S h a w , C h a r l e s B . A List of Books for College Libraries. C h i c a g o , A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n , 1931. S h a w , C h a r l e s B . A List of Books for College Li- braries 1931-1938. Supplement. Chicago, A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n , 1940. 4 M o h r h a r d t , F o s t e r E . A List of Books for Junior College Libraries. C h i c a g o , A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y Asso- ciation, 1937. MARCH, 1944 12 7 ships f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y to f i t t h e m s e l v e s f o r m o r e e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the c o l l e g e p r o g r a m ; a n d it h a s a i d e d a g r o u p of c o l l e g e s in m a k i n g a s e l f - s u r v e y of t h e i r i n s t r u c t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s , i n c l u d i n g l i b r a r y use. I n the s u m m e r s of 1 9 4 1 a n d 1 9 4 2 it c o n t r i b u t e d to t h e s u p p o r t of special c o n f e r e n c e s of S o u t h e r n c o l l e g e s a n d u n i - v e r s i t i e s w h i c h e m p h a s i z e d t h e r e l a t i o n of t h e l i b r a r y to t e a c h i n g a n d r e s e a r c h . 5 A c c r e d i t i n g associations h a v e l i k e w i s e a t t e m p t e d to i n s u r e g r e a t e r use of the l i b r a r y in t h e a t t a i n m e n t of c o l l e g e e d u - c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s . - T h e N o r t h C e n t r a l a n d S o u t h e r n A s s o c i a t i o n s of C o l l e g e s a n d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s h a v e s t e a d i l y raised t h e i r s t a n d a r d s f o r l i b r a r y s e r v i c e a n d h a v e s o u g h t to i n c r e a s e the e f f i c i e n c y of t h e l i b r a r y as an i n t e g r a l p a r t of the c o l - l e g e e d u c a t i o n a l process. T h e A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e s h a s s o u g h t the same end t h r o u g h t w o a d d i t i o n a l m e a n s . I n 1 9 4 0 it p u b l i s h e d Teaching with Books by B r a n s c o m b , 6 the e m p h a s i s of w h i c h w a s p l a c e d s q u a r e l y u p o n the g r e a t e r use of l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s , a n d d u r i n g the pres- e n t y e a r it has s c h e d u l e d a l i b r a r i a n on its a r t s p r o g r a m to spend t h r e e d a y s a t those c o l l e g e s w h i c h r e q u e s t s u c h s e r v i c e in c o n f e r r i n g w i t h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers, l i b r a r y c o m m i t t e e s , m e m b e r s of the f a c - u l t y , l i b r a r y s t a f f , a n d s t u d e n t b o d y c o n c e r n i n g m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g to t h e e n r i c h - m e n t of i n s t r u c t i o n t h r o u g h i m p r o v e d li- b r a r y s e r v i c e . T h e e f f o r t s d e s c r i b e d so f a r h a v e o r i g - i n a t e d o u t s i d e t h e c o l l e g e . T h o s e w h i c h h a v e been m a d e w i t h i n the c o l l e g e h a v e been p r i m a r i l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e c u r r i c u - 8 S o u t h e r n A s s o c i a t i o n of C o l l e g e s and S e c o n d a r y Schools. " G e n e r a l R e p o r t on the W o r k C o n f e r e n c e on H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n . " The Southern Association Quarterly, v . 5, no. 4, 1 9 4 1 ; v. 6, no. 4, 1942. 6 Branscomb, H a r v i e . Teaching with Books; A Study of College Libraries. C h i c a g o , A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n Colleges and A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n , 1940. l u m . T h e a d o p t i o n of a n e w t y p e of c u r r i c u l u m i n e v i t a b l y p r o d u c e s a c o r r e - s p o n d i n g c h a n g e in t h e c h a r a c t e r of l i b r a r y use. T h r e e t y p e s of c u r r i c u l u m w h i c h h a v e m a r k e d l y a f f e c t e d l i b r a r y use m a y n o w be n o t e d . The Junior College T h e f i r s t is t h e c u r r i c u l u m of the j u n i o r c o l l e g e , w h i c h g r o w s o u t of the i n t e r e s t s a n d needs of the i n d i v i d u a l s t u d e n t a n d is i m p l e m e n t e d l a r g e l y by i n d i v i d u a l g u i d - ance a n d c o u n s e l i n g . I n s u c h s i t u a t i o n s the l i b r a r y b e c o m e s one of t h e p r i n c i p a l m e a n s f o r the i n t e g r a t i o n of i n s t r u c t i o n . T h e l i b r a r y p r o g r a m of M e n l o J u n i o r S c h o o l a n d C o l l e g e , 7 d e v e l o p e d in 1 9 3 6 a f t e r a s e l f - s u r v e y of its l i b r a r y s e r v i c e , m a y be used to i l l u s t r a t e t h e e f f e c t of this t y p e of c u r r i c u l u m . A r e a d i n g c o u n - c i l w a s a p p o i n t e d ; space in the l i b r a r y f o r c h a i r s , t a b l e s , o p e n s h e l v e s , a n d f a c i l i - ties f o r d i s p l a y i n g l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s w a s m o r e t h a n t r e b l e d ; i n s t r u c t i o n in i m p r o v - i n g s i l e n t r e a d i n g w a s i n s t i t u t e d ; s t u d e n t s w e r e e n c o u r a g e d t o k e e p d a i l y r e a d i n g r e c o r d s ; and r e a d i n g r e c o r d s a n d the re- s u l t s of r e a d i n g tests w e r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e to f a c u l t y c o u n s e l o r s . T h e b o o k c o l l e c - tions w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y d o u b l e d in f o u r y e a r s ; a d i v i s i o n a l c o l l e c t i o n f o r the s o c i a l sciences a n d c l a s s r o o m a n d d o r m i t o r y li- b r a r i e s w e r e set u p ; m u s i c a l r e c o r d i n g s a n d r e p r o d u c t i o n s of p i c t u r e s w e r e p r o - v i d e d ; a n d a c o l l e g e - w i d e s t i m u l a t i o n of d e s i r a b l e r e a d i n g w a s i n a u g u r a t e d . T h r o u g h a r e a d i n g c o u n c i l , the c o m b i n e d l i b r a r y i n s t r u c t i o n a l e f f o r t s of the i n s t i t u - t i o n w e r e c o o r d i n a t e d a n d an e v a l u a t i o n of the p r o g r a m in t e r m s of the a t t a i n - m e n t of o b j e c t i v e s w a s u n d e r t a k e n . 7 A d a m s , H a r l e n M a r t i n . The Junior College Li- brary Program. Chicago, A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y Associa- tion and S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1940. v 128 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES T h e second c u r r i c u l a r c h a n g e t h a t has g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d l i b r a r y use has g r o w n o u t of the i n t e r e s t of c o l l e g e s in g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n . T h i s i n t e r e s t has m a n i f e s t e d itself t h r o u g h t h e s u r v e y or o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e in j u n i o r c o l l e g e s a n d t h e l o w e r divisions of f o u r - y e a r c o l l e g e s . T h e na- t u r e of s u c h c o u r s e s r e q u i r e s l i t t l e c o m m e n t . T h e i r l i b r a r y i m p l i c a t i o n s , h o w e v e r , c a l l f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . A t the U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o t h e i r l i b r a r y im- p l i c a t i o n s w e r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d b e f o r e t h e y w e r e p u t i n t o e f f e c t . 8 A special li- b r a r y w a s p r o v i d e d to house the m a t e r i a l s s e l e c t e d t o s u p p o r t t h e m . A n e x t e n s i v e s y l l a b u s i n c l u d i n g r e q u i r e d a n d o p t i o n a l r e a d i n g s w a s d e v e l o p e d f o r e a c h of t h e m . R e a d i n g m a t e r i a l s w e r e selected to c o v e r a l l t h e o b j e c t i v e s of the courses. R e c e n c y of p u b l i c a t i o n w a s s t r o n g l y e m p h a s i z e d . D u p l i c a t i o n of t i t l e s w a s stressed a n d an e x t e n s i v e r e n t a l l i b r a r y s e r v i c e w a s also p r o v i d e d t o s u p p l e m e n t this s e r v i c e . T h i s w a s o n l y one p a r t of the p r o g r a m . T h e s y l l a b i h a v e been f r e q u e n t l y r e v i s e d . N e w t i t l e s h a v e been r e g u l a r l y a d d e d . F a c u l t y c o u n s e l o r s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r con- s u l t a t i o n a b o u t a n y phase of the s t u d e n t ' s w o r k , i n c l u d i n g his use of l i b r a r y m a - t e r i a l s . D i s c u s s i o n g r o u p s s u p p l e m e n t g e n e r a l class m e e t i n g s a n d assistance is g i v e n c o n c e r n i n g m e t h o d s of s t u d y a n d li- b r a r y use. T h e use of the c a r d c a t a l o g , e n c y c l o p e d i a s , p e r i o d i c a l i n d e x e s , a n d the p r i n c i p a l r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l s of the m a i n l i b r a r y is t a u g h t as an i n t e g r a l p a r t of an E n g l i s h c o u r s e r e q u i r e d of a l l f r e s h m e n , a n d , in the e v e n t s t u d e n t s seem u n a b l e to k e e p u p w i t h t h e i r r e a d i n g a s s i g n m e n t s , t h e y a r e sent to a r e a d i n g c l i n i c f o r t e s t i n g a n d t r a i n i n g in speed of r e a d i n g a n d r e a d - i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n . S p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d 8 B o u c h e r , C h a u n c e y S a m u e l , and B r u m b a u g h , A . J. The Chicago College Plan. C h i c a g o , U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1940. m o t i o n p i c t u r e s are a l s o p r o v i d e d to sup- p l e m e n t l e c t u r e s , r e a d i n g , a n d discussion. Florida Plan T h e U n i v e r s i t y of F l o r i d a f o l l o w s a d i f f e r e n t p l a n f r o m t h a t of C h i c a g o in its e f f o r t to i m p r o v e s t u d e n t s t u d y a n d r e a d - i n g . 9 E n t e r i n g s t u d e n t s are g i v e n e x t e n - sive tests to d i s c o v e r p h y s i c a l d e f e c t s , poor r e a d i n g habits, c o n f u s e d or f u z z y t h i n k - ing, m e a g e r v o c a b u l a r y , a n d l i m i t e d ex- p e r i e n c e w h i c h m a y a f f e c t t h e i r s t u d y a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g a d v e r s e l y . O n the basis of the r e s u l t s of the tests, r e m e d i a l p r o g r a m s a r e p l a n n e d . T h e n , f o r ten w e e k s , a r e a d i n g a n d discussion p r o g r a m is p r e - s c r i b e d in w h i c h e x t e n s i o n of v o c a b u l a r y , increase in r e a d i n g rate a n d c o m p r e h e n - sion, a n d g r e a t e r s k i l l in s e l e c t i n g t h e c e n t r a l idea, in s u m m a r i z i n g passages, in m a k i n g o u t l i n e s , in l o c a t i n g m a t e r i a l s , a n d in p e r f o r m i n g a l l those exercises w h i c h aid one in m a s t e r i n g the a b i l i t y to c o m p r e h e n d the w r i t t e n w o r d , a r e e m p h a s i z e d . T h e p r o g r a m has been based u p o n a special c o l l e c t i o n of one t h o u s a n d v o l u m e s , a n d a t t e n t i o n t o r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g , a n d speech d i f f i c u l t i e s is p r o v i d e d , t h r o u g h a r e a d i n g , w r i t i n g , a n d speech l a b o r a t o r y a n d the u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r y . A c u m u l a t i v e r e a d i n g r e c o r d is k e p t by each s t u d e n t a n d is m a d e the basis of discussion a n d p r a c t i c e in w r i t i n g . O f six t h o u s a n d f r e s h m e n w h o h a d t a k e n the c o u r s e b e t w e e n 1 9 3 5 a n d 1 9 4 1 , 7 4 per c e n t s h o w e d increased r e a d - i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n a n d the e n t i r e g r o u p increased its a v e r a g e r a t e of r e a d i n g f r o m 3 0 6 w o r d s per m i n u t e to 3 9 7 , an increase of 3 0 per c e n t . A t N o r t h C a r o l i n a S t a t e C o l l e g e in- s t r u c t i o n in E n g l i s h c o m p o s i t i o n 1 0 has been 9 W i s e , J. H o o p e r . " T h e I m p r o v e m e n t of R e a d i n g H a b i t s " and " W r i t i n g L a b o r a t o r y in E n g l i s h C o u r s e s . " I n John D a l e R u s s e l l , ed., op. cit. 10 C l a r k , Joseph D . " A F o u r - Y e a r S t u d y of Fresh- man E n g l i s h . " English Journal, v. 24, no. 5, 1935. MARCH, 1944 129 based f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s u p o n an i n t e n s i f i e d r e a d i n g p r o g r a m as c o n t r a s t e d w i t h d r i l l based u p o n a t e x t b o o k . T h e r e s u l t s of tests r e c o r d e d o v e r a p e r i o d of y e a r s , in w h i c h t h e t w o m e t h o d s w e r e c o m p a r e d , d e m o n s t r a t e d the s u p e r i o r i t y of the r e a d - i n g m e t h o d o v e r the use of the t e x t b o o k . J u n i o r c o l l e g e s a n d the l o w e r d i v i s i o n of f o u r - y e a r c o l l e g e s h a v e been a b l e t o c a r r y o u t s u c h p r o g r a m s because of t h e i r f r e e d o m to b r e a k w i t h t r a d i t i o n a n d of t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s to a p p l y the r e s u l t s of e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h to c o l l e g e t e a c h i n g . U p p e r d i v i s i o n s of c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v e been less a g g r e s s i v e in ex- p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h c u r r i c u l a t h a n the l o w e r d i v i s i o n s . W h e r e such e x p e r i m e n t a - t i o n a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n h a v e o c c u r r e d t h e y h a v e e x p r e s s e d t h e m s e l v e s t h r o u g h h o n o r s c o u r s e s , t u t o r i a l or p r e c e p t o r i a l p r o g r a m s , house p l a n s , a n d o t h e r m e a n s . L i b r a r y use f o r m s .the p r i n c i p a l basis of i n s t r u c t i o n in h o n o r s c o u r s e s . T h e s t u - d e n t , u s u a l l y a s u p e r i o r s t u d e n t in the j u n - ior o r s e n i o r class, u n d e r t a k e s u n d e r f a c u l t y g u i d a n c e a p r o g r a m of i n d e p e n d e n t r e a d i n g a n d s t u d y based o n a l o n g - r a n g e g o a l of a c h i e v e m e n t . T h e l i b r a r y u s u a l l y e x t e n d s special p r i v i l e g e s to s u c h s t u d e n t s a n d f a c i l i t a t e s his w o r k in e v e r y w a y pos- sible. I n the case of t u t o r i a l a n d p r e c e p - t o r i a l p r o g r a m s , the s t u d e n t is u s u a l l y e x - p e c t e d t o c o n s u l t w i t h his f a c u l t y a d v i s e r c o n c e r n i n g his e m o t i o n a l a n d social g r o w t h as w e l l as his i n t e l l e c t u a l d e v e l o p - m e n t . T h e i m p a c t of this t y p e of p r o g r a m u p o n the l i b r a r y has been c a r e f u l l y re- c o r d e d a t S o u t h w e s t e r n C o l l e g e at M e m - phis, w h e r e the t o t a l n u m b e r of b o o k s l o a n e d f o r o v e r n i g h t a n d h o m e u s e in- c r e a s e d in a s i x - y e a r p e r i o d f r o m 4 6 . 0 2 b o o k s per s t u d e n t to 7 8 . 8 6 per y e a r . 1 1 O t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s of t h e c u r r i c u l u m 1 1 Branscomb, op. cit., p. 66. h a v e e f f e c t e d c o r r e s p o n d i n g m o d i f i c a t i o n s in the use of l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s in i n s t r u c - t i o n . T h r o u g h house p l a n s , H a r v a r d has p l a c e d l i b r a r i e s of f r o m f i v e t h o u s a n d to t w e l v e t h o u s a n d v o l u m e s in e a c h of s e v e n r e s i d e n t h a l l s t o s u p p o r t s u p e r v i s e d s t u d y u n d e r t u t o r s as w e l l as to p r o v i d e r e c r e a - t i o n a l r e a d i n g . T h r o u g h r e a d i n g p e r i o d s , d u r i n g w h i c h classes a r e s u s p e n d e d , the U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o has p r o v i d e d an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r e x t e n s i v e r e a d i n g , w r i t - i n g , a n d c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h i n s t r u c t o r s . T h r o u g h " g r e a t b o o k s " courses, S t . J o h n s has c e n t e r e d a t t e n t i o n l a r g e l y u p o n a h u n - d r e d or m o r e of the classics a r o u n d w h i c h it has d e v e l o p e d its i n s t r u c t i o n a l p r o g r a m . A l l of these d e v i c e s i n v o l v e the l i b r a r y in v a r y i n g d e g r e e s a n d h a v e as t h e i r o b j e c t the d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e s t u d e n t in d i r e c t - i n g his o w n s t u d y a n d t h i n k i n g . Changes in Libraries C h a n g e s w i t h i n the l i b r a r y w h i c h h a v e p r o m o t e d its use in i n s t r u c t i o n m a y n o w be m e n t i o n e d . O f first i m p o r t a n c e is the a t t e m p t m e m b e r s of m a n y l i b r a r y s t a f f s h a v e m a d e t o u n d e r s t a n d the e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m of t h e c o l l e g e as it r e l a t e s to the l i b r a r y a n d to p a r t i c i p a t e i n t e l l i g e n t l y in c a r r y i n g it i n t o e f f e c t . E i g h t h u n d r e d or m o r e c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i a n s h a v e t a k e n a d v a n c e d d e g r e e s e i t h e r in s u b j e c t fields or l i b r a r y science d u r i n g t h e past d e c a d e . M a n y of t h e m h a v e t a k e n g r a d - u a t e w o r k in special s u b j e c t s a n d h a v e p u r s u e d c o u r s e s d e a l i n g w i t h the c o l l e g e c u r r i c u l u m , the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of h i g h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d m e t h o d s of e d u c a t i o n a l c o u n s e l i n g , to increase t h e i r p r o f i c i e n c y as l i b r a r y c o u n s e l o r s o r a d v i s e r s of s t u - d e n t s . T h e second c h a n g e w h i c h l i b r a r i a n s h a v e h e l p e d t o e f f e c t h a s i n v o l v e d t h e p h y s i c a l r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of l i b r a r y v 130 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES m a t e r i a l s f o r specific uses a n d the m o d i f i c a t i o n of l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g s o r the a r r a n g e m e n t of n e w b u i l d i n g s to s e c u r e c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h a r e c o n d u c i v e to e f f e c - t i v e s t u d y . T h e n e w l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g at D a v i d s o n C o l l e g e h a s been d e v e l o p e d on the o p e n - s h e l f p r i n c i p l e . T h e l i b r a r y a t W e l l e s l e y has p r o v i d e d a n e w series of a l c o v e s in its m a i n r e a d i n g r o o m to g i v e g r e a t e r q u i e t a n d i n t i m a c y of c o n t a c t w i t h b o o k s . T h e n e w l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g at t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C o l o r a d o has been b u i l t o n a d i v i s i o n a l basis, w i t h special r e a d i n g r o o m s f o r t h e h u m a n i t i e s a n d social sci- ences, the e f f e c t of w h i c h u p o n i n s t r u c t i o n h a s been r e p o r t e d to be v e r y p r o n o u n c e d . P r o p o s e d p l a n s f o r a n e w l i b r a r y a t S t e p h e n s C o l l e g e c a l l f o r a b u i l d i n g w h i c h w i l l house u n d e r one roof the g e n e r a l li- b r a r y , d i v i s i o n a l a n d c l a s s r o o m l i b r a r i e s , c l a s s r o o m s , c o n f e r e n c e r o o m s , a n d f a c u l t y s t u d i e s . L i b r a r i a n s h a v e , in the t h i r d i n s t a n c e , t a k e n an a c t i v e p a r t in the s t u d y of c o l l e g e s t u d e n t r e a d i n g . T h e s e s a n d a r t i c l e s w r i t t e n b y t h e m h a v e c o n s t i t u t e d one of the p r i n c i p a l sources of i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l - able c o n c e r n i n g v a r i o u s aspects of c o l l e g e s t u d e n t r e a d i n g . T h e f i n d i n g s of these s t u d i e s w o u l d m a k e v a l u a b l e r e a d i n g f o r c o l l e g e e x e c u t i v e s a n d deans of i n s t r u c t i o n a n d s h o u l d be p l a c e d in t h e i r h a n d s as o f t e n as o p p o r t u n i t y p e r m i t s . Libraries on Teaching Level I n the f o u r t h i n s t a n c e , some c o l l e g e l i b r a r i e s h a v e u n d e r t a k e n t o p l a c e t h e i r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n on a t e a c h i n g r a t h e r t h a n on a s t r i p p e d - d o w n , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , or l i b r a r y - h o u s e k e e p i n g l e v e l . T h e y h a v e r e c o g n i z e d the t e a c h i n g f u n c t i o n of t h e l i b r a r y a n d h a v e o r g a n i z e d the staff a n d p r o c e d u r e s of t h e l i b r a r y o n t h a t basis. I n d o i n g this t h e y h a v e k e p t t h r e e g r o u p s in m i n d : ( I ) the s t u d e n t a t t h e c o l l e g e or l o w e r d i v i s i o n l e v e l , ( 2 ) t h e a d v a n c e d s t u d e n t , a n d ( 3 ) t h e f a c u l t y m e m b e r . I n i l l u s t r a t i n g w h a t I m e a n by s u c h o r - g a n i z a t i o n I s h a l l d r a w e x t e n s i v e l y u p o n the p r o g r a m of the l i b r a r y of the W o m - a n ' s C o l l e g e of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h C a r o l i n a d e s c r i b e d by L i b r a r i a n G u y R . L y l e in a r e c e n t l e t t e r . T h e l i b r a r y of t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n is m o t i v a t e d by the desire t o c o o p e r a t e w i t h the t e a c h i n g f a c u l t y in e d u c a t i n g s t u d e n t s f o r t h e i r l i f e w o r k a n d f o r d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e r i g h t k i n d of i n t e l l e c t u a l a n d social a t t i t u d e s . T h e v e r y f a c t t h a t t h e staff h a s s u c h a p o i n t of v i e w a n d a r e a l f e e l i n g of b e i n g e n g a g e d w i t h the f a c u l t y in a c o m m o n i n t e l l e c t u a l en- t e r p r i s e is p e r h a p s t h e l i b r a r y ' s g r e a t e s t c o n t r i b u t i o n to i n s t r u c t i o n . T h e l i b r a r y rates h i g h l y the e f f i c i e n c y of its p r o f e s - s i o n a l a n d c l e r i c a l staff in t h e a c q u i s i t i o n , p r o c e s s i n g , a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of books, b u t it n e v e r loses s i g h t of the f a c t t h a t its m o s t p r o f i t a b l e w o r k is d o n e a t the desks in h e l p i n g s t u d e n t s to f i n d i n f o r m a t i o n o n s u b j e c t s t h e y a r e i n t e r e s t e d in or in con- n e c t i o n w i t h class w o r k . I t f r e q u e n t l y h a p p e n s t h a t this " i n s t r u c t i o n a l p h a s e " of the l i b r a r y ' s w o r k e x t e n d s b e y o n d the desk a n d it is e s s e n t i a l l y the same k i n d of s e r v i c e . S u c h a p h i l o s o p h y of c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n - ship h a s to be i m p l e m e n t e d to m a k e it e f f e c t i v e . T h e l i b r a r i a n has o u t l i n e d the p r o c e d u r e s f o l l o w e d by his s t a f f . D u r i n g o r i e n t a t i o n w e e k t h e l i b r a r y c o n d u c t s t o u r s . T h i s is a c o o p e r a t i v e u n d e r t a k i n g of one of the l i b r a r y s t a f f m e m b e r s , the f a c - u l t y c h a i r m a n of the f r e s h m a n class, a n d u p p e r c l a s s s t u d e n t s . T h e l i b r a r y p r o v i d e s i n s t r u c t i o n in t h e u s e of the l i b r a r y t h r o u g h a m e m b e r of the r e f e r e n c e s t a f f w h o has the t i t l e of I n s t r u c t o r in L i b r a r y U s e . H e r p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n is to aid in MARCH, 1944 131 s u c h i n s t r u c t i o n . S u c h i n s t r u c t i o n is n o t g i v e n in a f o r m a l c o u r s e b u t is p l a n n e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t e r m p a p e r s a n d o t h e r d e f i n i t e p r o b l e m s to m a k e it as e f f e c t i v e as possible. T h e m a j o r i t y of n e w s t u d e n t s are u s u a l l y r e a c h e d t h r o u g h the E n g l i s h classes, b u t i n s t r u c t i o n is n e i t h e r c o n f i n e d to these s t u d e n t s n o r to n e w s t u d e n t s . A n a d v a n c e d class in classics o r in h o m e eco- n o m i c s m a y need h e l p in u s i n g special l i b r a r y t o o l s of use to t h e m . A n e f f o r t is m a d e to r e a c h t h e m by w o r k i n g t h r o u g h the i n s t r u c t o r s . I t is impossible to e v a l u - ate the r e s u l t s of the w o r k a l t h o u g h it is k n o w n t h a t it is h e l p f u l a n d a p p r e c i a t e d . T h e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g is to k n o w the in- s t r u c t o r s a n d to s h o w t h e m some of the a c t u a l m a t e r i a l s the l i b r a r y staff f e e l s t h e i r s t u d e n t s s h o u l d k n o w a b o u t . P e r s o n a l v i s i t s and w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s a r e used in m a k i n g c o n t a c t s w i t h i n s t r u c t o r s a n d a special h a n d b o o k 1 2 has been p r e p a r e d f o r t h e i r use. I n s t r u c t i o n is g i v e n in l e c t u r e s , t h r o u g h i n s p e c t i o n trips, a n d by m e a n s of slides a n d a s t u d e n t l i b r a r y h a n d b o o k . T h e l o a n a n d r e f e r e n c e desks s e r v e as i n d i c a t o r s of the q u a l i t y of i n s t r u c t i o n a n d t h e success of t e a c h i n g . A s d e f i c i e n c i e s a r e r e v e a l e d , an e f f o r t is m a d e to c o r r e c t t h e m . I f t o o m a n y b o o k s a r e p l a c e d on r e s e r v e or the r e s e r v e p r o g r a m is n o t w o r k i n g p r o p e r l y , the f a c u l t y is n o t i f i e d . I f stu- d e n t s t e n d to do t h e i r r e s e r v e r e a d i n g in s p u r t s a l a r g e - s c a l e g r a p h of s u c h r e a d i n g is m a d e w h i c h is s h o w n to i n s t r u c t o r s a n d s t u d e n t s f o r the i n f o r m a t i o n a n d g u i d a n c e of b o t h g r o u p s . L o a n p e r i o d s f o r r e s e r v e s a r e flexible: o n e - d a y , t h r e e - d a y , a n d one- w e e k c h a r g i n g p e r i o d s m e e t s t u d e n t re- q u i r e m e n t s b e t t e r t h a n one t y p e of p e r i o d . E m p h a s i s is p l a c e d by the l i b r a r y u p o n 1 2 L i b r a r y of the W o m a n ' s C o l l e g e of the U n i v e r - sity of North Carolina. Using the Library: a Faculty Handbook. Greensboro, W o m a n ' s C o l l e g e of the U n i v e r s i t y of North C a r o l i n a , 1943. the s e l e c t i o n of b o o k s a n d u p o n the in- s t r u c t i o n a l f u n c t i o n of the r e a d e r s ' ad- v i s e r . T h e a d v i s o r y s e r v i c e has a f o u r f o l d a i m : ( I ) to d e v e l o p the h a b i t of g o o d r e a d i n g , ( 2 ) to p r o v i d e b o o k s f o r r e c r e a - t i o n a l r e a d i n g a n d t o e n c o u r a g e an ap- p r e c i a t i o n of the b o o k a r t s , ( 3 ) to assist s t u d e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y those w i t h p o o r l i t - e r a r y b a c k g r o u n d , in c h o o s i n g s u i t a b l e t i t l e s f r o m r e a d i n g lists a s s i g n e d to class s t u d y , a n d ( 4 ) t o e n c o u r a g e s t u d e n t s to d e v e l o p t h e i r o w n p e r s o n a l l i b r a r i e s . T h e p r o g r a m is f u r t h e r i m p l e m e n t e d by t h e u s u a l r e f e r e n c e a n d r e s e a r c h s e r v - ices f o r a d v a n c e d s t u d e n t s , g r a d u a t e s , a n d f a c u l t y m e m b e r s ; a p i c t u r e c o l l e c t i o n has been e s t a b l i s h e d t o w h i c h a l l slides o w n e d f o r m e r l y by t h e d e p a r t m e n t s a r e b e i n g a d d e d a n d i n d e x e d ; l i b r a r y e x h i b i t s are c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n t h r o u g h the assistance of the f a c u l t y ; a n d an e x t e n s i v e series of p u b l i c a t i o n s is issued, i n c l u d i n g the t w o h a n d b o o k s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , a m o n t h l y list of n e w books, a n d special p u b l i c a t i o n s s u c h as " P o p u l a r S c i e n c e " 1 3 a n d The Woman's Collection: A Bibli- ography. 14 T h e t h i r d p u r p o s e of this p a p e r — n a m e l y , to s u g g e s t m e t h o d s by w h i c h c o l - l e g e s t u d y c a n be f u r t h e r i m p r o v e d t h r o u g h l i b r a r y u s e — h a s a l r e a d y been a c h i e v e d in p a r t by m e a n s of the e x a m p l e s of l i b r a r y p a r t i c i p a t i o n in i n s t r u c t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s in some c o l l e g e s . S u c h p a r t i c i p a - tion is n o t u n i v e r s a l , h o w e v e r . T h e r e a r e o t h e r m e a s u r e s w h i c h m a y be t a k e n w h i c h s h o u l d r e c e i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I s h a l l em- p h a s i z e f o u r . F i r s t of a l l , the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the 13 L i b r a r y of the W o m a n ' s College of the U n i v e r - sity of N o r t h C a r o l i n a . " P o p u l a r Science B o o k L i s t . " Library Journal 67:404-11, M a y 1, 1942. 14 L i b r a r y of the W o m a n ' s College of the U n i v e r - sity of N o r t h C a r o l i n a . The Woman's Collection: a Bibliography of Material in All Matters Pertaining to Women's Interests. Greensboro, W o m a n ' s C o l l e g e of the U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h Carolina, 1941. v 132 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES college should be urged to provide f u n d s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g the library at a teaching rather than at a library-housekeeping level. T h e library staff should be used as a part of the teaching staff and the library must be equipped and supported as a teaching department. Its procedures are different f r o m those of the classroom and the lab- oratory, but its objectives are the same. Classroom, laboratory, and library alike are useful only insofar as they contribute to the student's social, intellectual, and spiritual development. T h e library con- tributes to the l e a r n i n g process as defi- nitely as either of the other t w o . I f it does not, then it fails in p e r f o r m i n g its proper f u n c t i o n . In the second place, the library staff should become more expert in participating in the detection and removal of the vo- cabulary and reading deficiencies of stu- dents and should w o r k more extensively w i t h the f a c u l t y in p r o m o t i n g student in- terest and efficiency in reading. T h e li- brary's f u n c t i o n is to promote the effective use of graphic materials. If a student does not understand the m e a n i n g of such sym- bols, if he cannot read rapidly and under- s t a n d i n g ^ , he cannot profit f u l l y f r o m the special means of education f o r w h i c h the library has been established and is main- tained to provide. T h e accumulation of r e a d i n g records of students and observa- tions upon the difficulties w h i c h students experience in c a r r y i n g out their reading assignments, w o u l d undoubtedly contrib- ute to increased student effectiveness. T h i r d , the library should seek the op- portunity to participate more extensively in the guidance p r o g r a m of students. O p - portunities provided through orientation w e e k , through meeting students at the loan desk and in the reference room, and through contacts w i t h various student groups, m i g h t w e l l lead to library par- ticipation in the vocational and educa- tional guidance program of the college. T h e library can display books dealing w i t h these fields. I t should also be able, through its readers' advisory service, to counsel students as w e l l . F o u r t h , w h e t h e r the library actually assumes the role of teaching in the w a y s indicated, it can at least f e a t u r e in its display cases and upon its open shelves the kinds of books w h i c h aid students in learn- ing h o w to take notes, h o w to study, h o w to prepare bibliographies, and h o w to utilize library materials in mastering a subject and in acquiring ability to w r i t e about it clearly and interestingly. Such books should be made available so that every student may have the best possible guidance in l e a r n i n g h o w to secure and o r g a n i z e the kinds of information he re- quires and h o w to synthesize it f o r use in college and after-college l i f e . T o aid the student in e x t e n d i n g his v o c a b u l a r y and reading rate, to assist him in t a k i n g the f u z z i n e s s out of his thinking, to stimulate him in reading those w o r k s w h i c h inspire men to high l i v i n g and t h i n k i n g — t h e s e are chief a m o n g the shining goals of col- lege librarianship. MARCH, 1944 133