College and Research Libraries B y E D W A R D B . E S P E N S H A D E , J R . A Guide to Map Sources for Use in Building a College Map Library IN A p r e v i o u s a r t i c l e basic principles f o r p l a n n i n g the scope and c o n t e n t of a c o l - l e g e m a p l i b r a r y w e r e o u t l i n e d . T h i s a r t i c l e is designed to help the l i b r a r i a n i m p l e m e n t the p r o g r a m e v o l v e d . T h e i n t e n t is not to p r o v i d e e v e n a p a r t i a l list of m a p sources or agencies. I n f a c t , no such list exists a n d if it did it w o u l d require several v o l - umes. T h e i n t e n t instead is to i n t r o d u c e the l i b r a r i a n to the types of m a p sources, their n a t u r e , and the p e c u l i a r p r o b l e m s re- l a t e d to t h e m , and t o c u r r e n t b i b l i o g r a p h i c aids a n d m e t h o d s by w h i c h he c a n keep abreast of m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n b u y i n g books has m a n y a d v a n t a g e s c o m p a r e d to one p u r c h a s - i n g maps. H e has a v a r i e t y of w e l l - e s t a b - lished aids at h a n d , i n c l u d i n g c u m u l a t i v e book lists and lists of c u r r e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e b u l k of his m a t e r i a l is p u b l i s h e d in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ; c e r t a i n c o n c e r n s special- ize in a s s e m b l i n g obscure items. A l s o , f a c u l t y m e m b e r s f r e q u e n t l y are able to pro- v i d e precise i n f o r m a t i o n a n d specific titles. I n c o n t r a s t , the l i b r a r i a n p u r c h a s i n g m a p s is f a c e d w i t h special p r o b l e m s . T h e solu- t i o n to m a n y of t h e m is t i m e - c o n s u m i n g a n d is one of the reasons t h a t m a p s h a v e been n e g l e c t e d by libraries. I n the first place, he has no s i n g l e g u i d e to published m a p s or to n e w m a p s b e i n g p u b l i s h e d . S e c o n d l y , the b u l k of his m a t e r i a l is issued in f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . T h e signs and con- v e n t i o n s on m a p s p r o v i d e v i r t u a l l y an i n t e r - n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e , and l a n g u a g e is no bar- rier to the use of maps. M o s t of the maps, both s p e c i a l i z e d and g e n e r a l , w h i c h pertain t o a g i v e n area w i l l be p u b l i s h e d by agencies w i t h i n the c o u n t r y in w h i c h the area is l o c a t e d . T h u s , w h e r e a s a s u i t a b l e g r o u p of books on G e r m a n y in E n g l i s h m i g h t be o b t a i n e d in this c o u n t r y , m a p s ( w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of a f e w s m a l l - s c a l e g e n e r a l o n e s ) m u s t be purchased f o r the m o s t p a r t in G e r m a n y . P u r c h a s i n g of most maps, t h e r e - f o r e , is c o m p l i c a t e d by all the p r o b l e m s of f o r e i g n acquisition. T h i s also e x p l a i n s in part the l a c k of i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g the p u b l i c a t i o n of maps. I t is buried w i t h i n the p u b l i c a t i o n s of m a n y c o u n t r i e s and is l o c k e d therein by l a n g u a g e barriers. A t h i r d p r o b l e m is m a d e c o n c r e t e to the l i b r a r i a n w h e n he realizes t h a t the t e r m s " f u g i t i v e " and " d o c u m e n t a r y " m a t e r i a l s are a p p l i c a b l e p a r t i c u l a r l y to maps. M o s t m a p s are published by official g o v e r n m e n t a g e n - cies and m a n y m a p s are serial p u b l i c a t i o n s . L a r g e - and m e d i u m - s c a l e m a p series are u s u a l l y published o v e r a period of years. T h e t o p o g r a p h i c m a p of the U n i t e d S t a t e s has been in the process of p u b l i c a t i o n f o r m o r e t h a n s e v e n t y years and is o n l y a b o u t half c o m p l e t e d . W i t h i n t h a t time some sheets h a v e been p u b l i s h e d in several edi- tions. T h e i n a b i l i t y of m a n y libraries to m a i n t a i n c o m p l e t e files e v e n of selected U n i t e d S t a t e s d o c u m e n t a r y items s u g g e s t s the difficulties w i t h w h i c h the m a p l i b r a r i a n is f a c e d w h e n a s s e m b l i n g f o r e i g n d o c u - m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l s . U s e of the t e r m " f u g i - t i v e " as applied to m a p s indicates their e v a n e s c e n t n a t u r e . T h e y l a c k d u r a b i l i t y JANUARY, 1948 45 and as w o r k i n g tools are c o n s u m e d in m a n y cases. T h e l a t t e r is e v i d e n c e d by the tre- m e n d o u s m a p c o n s u m p t i o n d u r i n g W o r l d W a r I I . T h e r e are a l r e a d y cases of i m - p o r t a n t m a p s k n o w n t o h a v e been p u b - lished d u r i n g the w a r of w h i c h o n l y a f e w copies or no copies n o w exist. I n a d d i t i o n , some m a p s are p r e p a r e d f o r a special p u r - pose or deal w i t h a t o p i c of t e m p o r a r y in- terest. A s a r e s u l t , i n f o r m a t i o n as to their e x i s t e n c e is l i m i t e d a n d o n l y a f e w copies ( p e r h a p s p h o t o g r a p h i c p r i n t s ) are m a d e . E x a m p l e s of such items are m a p s p r e p a r e d to i l l u s t r a t e r e p o r t s by f e d e r a l a g e n c i e s d u r - i n g the last w a r a n d c o u n t y a n d c i t y m a p s used by l o c a l officials f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e purposes. Problems F i n a l l y , the c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n b u y i n g m a p s o b t a i n s l i t t l e h e l p f r o m f a c u l t y m e m b e r s a n d p u r c h a s i n g agencies. T h e f a c u l t y m e m - ber w a n t i n g a book on a p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t u s u a l l y w i l l p r o v i d e t h e t i t l e a n d a u t h o r . I n c o n t r a s t , w h e n he needs a m a p he is a p t to ask m e r e l y f o r a m a p s h o w i n g c e r t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n . L i m i t e d k n o w l e d g e c o n c e r n - i n g t h e existence of m a p s a n d p u b l i s h i n g agencies, the s m a l l d e m a n d f o r m a p s , their g r e a t n u m b e r a n d v a r i e t y , a n d the r e l a - t i v e l y h i g h cost of a c q u i s i t i o n c o m p a r e d t o the cost of the m a p itself h a v e p r e v e n t e d the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a g e n c i e s s p e c i a l i z i n g in their p r o c u r e m e n t . T h a t these p r o b l e m s are real a n d i n v o l v e c o n s i d e r a b l e expense is e v i d e n c e d by the e l a b o r a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h m u s t be m a i n t a i n e d by s u c h l a r g e m o d e r n m a p c o l l e c t i o n s as the A r m y M a p S e r v i c e a n d the S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t . B o t h r e l y o n r e g i o n a l f i e l d specialists w h o t r a v e l f r o m place to place, in a d d i t i o n to the c o n - suls a n d m i l i t a r y a t t a c h e s in v a r i o u s c o u n - tries. I n c r e a s e d interest in the d e v e l o p m e n t of m a p c o l l e c t i o n s by c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s in t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s o b v i o u s l y has r e s u l t e d 46 CO in a g r e a t l y e x p a n d e d interest in m a p sources. T h e r e are t h o u s a n d s of m a p sources, m a n y m o r e t h a n f o r books. I n the U n i t e d S t a t e s each of m o r e t h a n t h r e e t h o u s a n d c o u n t y s u r v e y o r s is a p o t e n t i a l p r o d u c e r of a m a p ; so are e a c h of the t h o u - sands of c i t y e n g i n e e r s . T h i s m u l t i t u d e of possible sources is a l m o s t c e r t a i n to be c o n - f u s i n g . O n l y if a concise p l a n c o v e r i n g the n a t u r e a n d scope of the m a p l i b r a r y has been f o r m u l a t e d in t e r m s of areas, s u b j e c t s , and scales, can the l i b r a r i a n hope to o v e r c o m e the p e c u l i a r p r o b l e m s of m a p sources and a c q u i s i t i o n . I n this m a n n e r his a t t e n t i o n is f o c u s e d on p a r t i c u l a r t y p e s a n d series of m a p s . W i t h a g e n e r a l k n o w l e d g e of the n a t u r e of m a p - p r o d u c i n g agencies, he can t h e n proceed to a c q u i r e specific i n f o r m a t i o n a n d m a p items. M a p sources are a n a l y z e d in the f o l l o w i n g pages, w i t h emphasis on sources in the U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e s t a t e - m e n t s m a d e are a p p l i c a b l e to m a p sources in o t h e r c o u n t r i e s also, b u t to a lesser de- g r e e . I n g e n e r a l , the h i g h e r t h e c u l t u r a l and m a t e r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t of a c o u n t r y , the g r e a t e r are the n u m b e r a n d v a r i e t y of m a p s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h a t c o u n t r y . Map Sources T h e r e are three m a i n t y p e s of m a p sources or m a p - i s s u i n g a g e n c i e s : g o v e r n - m e n t a l or official agencies, c o m m e r c i a l p u b - lishers or p r i v a t e agencies, and scientific so- cieties, institutes, a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s . T h e classification is s i g n i f i c a n t because each publishes d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of m a p s f o r t h e m o s t p a r t a n d each presents d i f f e r e n t p r o b - l e m s in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a c q u i s i t i o n of its m a t e r i a l . G o v e r n m e n t a l or official m a p a g e n c i e s are g r e a t e s t in n u m b e r and i m p o r t a n c e . P r o b a b l y 9 0 per c e n t of all d i f f e r e n t m a p i t e m s p u b l i s h e d are issued by official g o v - e r n m e n t agencies. I n c l u d e d a m o n g g o v e r n - m e n t a g e n c i e s are n o t o n l y all t h e v a r i o u s f e d e r a l d e p a r t m e n t s , b u r e a u s , a n d o t h e r LLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s u b d i v i s i o n s , b u t a l s o t h e v a r i o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n s of s t a t e s ( p r o v i n c a l , d e p a r t m e n t a l , e t c . , in s o m e c o u n - t r i e s ) , c o u n t i e s , a n d o t h e r m i n o r c i v i l d i - v i s i o n s ( t o w n s h i p s , c i t i e s , e t c . ) T h e b e s t e x i s t i n g g u i d e t o f e d e r a l m a p - p r o d u c i n g a g e n c i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s is W a l t e r T h i e l e ' s b o o k , Official Map Publi- cations.1 T h e b o o k d o e s n o t a t t e m p t t o l i s t t h e m a p s p u b l i s h e d b y e a c h a g e n c y b u t d e s c r i b e s t h e g e n e r a l n a t u r e of t h e m a p s a v a i l a b l e f r o m e a c h a g e n c y . S i n c e his b o o k w a s p u b l i s h e d , t w o n e w a g e n c i e s w h i c h p r o d u c e a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of m a p s h a v e c o m e i n t o e x i s t e n c e , t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e a n d t h e D i v i s i o n of C a r t o g r a p h y , S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t . U.S. Geological Survey I n t e r m s o f n u m b e r s of d i f f e r e n t m a p s i s s u e d , f o u r U n i t e d S t a t e s f e d e r a l a g e n c i e s a r e o u t s t a n d i n g a n d s o m e of t h e i r p u b l i c a - t i o n s s h o u l d be i n a n y m a p l i b r a r y . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y is r e - s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e t o p o - g r a p h i c m a p of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . 2 T h i s is t h e b a s i c l a r g e - s c a l e g e n e r a l m a p of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I t is f o r t h e m o s t p a r t o n t h e s c a l e of o n e i n c h t o a m i l e , a s c a l e l a r g e e n o u g h t o s h o w r e l i e f b y m e a n s of d e t a i l e d c o n t o u r s , a l l r o a d s , a n d i n d i v i d u a l h o u s e s . T h i s m a p a n d s i m i l a r o n e s in o t h e r c o u n - t r i e s a r e r e a l l y t h e base f r o m w h i c h a l l a c c u r a t e m e d i u m - s c a l e m a p s m u s t b e m a d e . T h e U . S . G . S . d o e s n o t issue a c a t a l o g of its m a p s b u t it d o e s issue a series of i n d e x m a p s f o r t h e v a r i o u s s t a t e s , w h i c h i n d i c a t e t h e s h e e t s p u b l i s h e d . I n a d d i t i o n it p u b - lishes base m a p s f o r t h e s t a t e s o n s c a l e s of 1 1 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 a n d 1 : 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . T h i s s i t u a t i o n is i n d i c a t i v e of c o n d i t i o n s f o u n d in m a n y o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . T h e r e a r e p r o b a b l y a t l e a s t f i f t y n a t i o n a l s u r v e y o r - 1 Thiele, W a l t e r . Official Map Publications. Chi- cago, American L i b r a r y Association, 1938. 2 For a description of the mapping activities of the U . S . G . S . , see Ibid., p. 121-27. g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h p r o d u c e t h e b a s i c g e n e r a l m e d i u m - a n d l a r g e - s c a l e m a p s f o r t h e i r r e - s p e c t i v e c o u n t r i e s . T h e i r n a m e , h o w e v e r , w i l l v a r y f r o m c o u n t r y t o c o u n t r y . 3 I n a d d i t i o n , t h e i r p l a c e w i t h i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a - t i v e s e t u p v a r i e s g r e a t l y . I n s o m e c o u n t r i e s t h e y a r e a p a r t of t h e d e p a r t m e n t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d o m e s t i c l a n d s ; in o t h e r s t h e y a r e u n d e r m i l i t a r y s u p e r v i s i o n . B r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e m a p s i s s u e d b y t h e s e a g e n c i e s f o r s o m e of t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t c o u n t r i e s c a n be f o u n d in s e v e r a l b o o k s . 4 F o r t h e s u r v e y o r g a n i z a t i o n s of t h e s m a l l e r a n d less i m - p o r t a n t c o u n t r i e s n o c o m p r e h e n s i v e l i s t is a v a i l a b l e . I n t h e a v e r a g e m a p l i b r a r y , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w i l l be less n e e d f o r d e t a i l e d m a p s of B u l g a r i a a n d L i b e r i a t h a n t h e r e w i l l be of F r a n c e , E n g l a n d , a n d C a n a d a . T h e l i b r a r i a n s h o u l d r e a l i z e t h a t , if his m a p l i - b r a r y p l a n p r e s c r i b e s m e d i u m - a n d l a r g e - s c a l e g e n e r a l m a p c o v e r a g e in a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , n a t i o n a l s u r v e y o r g a n i z a t i o n s s i m i - l a r t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y w i l l be t h e i s s u i n g a g e n c i e s . C o r r e s p o n d - e n c e w i t h i n d i v i d u a l f o r e i g n n a t i o n a l s u r v e y a g e n c i e s r e q u e s t i n g a c a t a l o g o r l i s t a n d i n d e x m a p s w h i c h i n d i c a t e t h e a r e a c o v e r e d b y e a c h s h e e t a n d t h e e x t e n t of t h e a r e a f o r w h i c h c o v e r a g e is a v a i l a b l e , is n e c e s s a r y . 5 T h e r e is n o s h o r t c u t f o r t h i s p r o c e s s a n d its a d v a n t a g e s a r e s e v e r a l . F r o m a c o m - p a r i s o n of t h e c o v e r a g e p l a n n e d a n d of t h e i n d e x a n d c a t a l o g i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d , a 3 A f e w examples are Ordnance S u r v e y of Great Britain, Reichamt f u r Landesaufnahme in Germany, S u r v e y of India, and the Instituto Geografico Militare in Italy. • T h i e l e , op. cit., p. 119-281. Olson, Everett C., and Whitmarsh, A g n e s . Foreign Maps. New Y o r k , Harper, 1944, 0.195-230. 5 Several factors explain the lack of collected index maps showing various map series for different countries of the world. T h e assembling alone, including infor- mation, d r a f t i n g , and printing, would be a monumental and expensive job. T h e changing situation with respect to various series would cause such a compilation to lose its value rapidly. D u r i n g the last war great strides were made in this field. T h e German army prepared comprehensive reports with index maps f o r each of the countries of Europe. Similar studies and extensive coverage indexes were made for large sec- tions of the world by the A r m y M a p S e r v i c e and the Geographical Section, General Staff of the United States and British military organizations respectively. It is unfortunate that both the quantity and distribution of these publications were limited. JANUARY, 1948 47 s i n g l e o r d e r c a n be m a d e f o r a l l m a t e r i a l w i t h its a t t e n d a n t p u r c h a s i n g e c o n o m y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e c a t a l o g a n d i n d e x i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l f o r m in t h e m s e l v e s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e m a p l i b r a r y f i l e s . T h e i m m e d i a t e n e e d f o r m a n y m a p s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y l a r g e - s c a l e g e n e r a l s u r v e y s ) is q u e s t i o n a b l e in t h e a v e r a g e c o l l e g e m a p l i b r a r y , b u t t h e m a p i n t e l l i g e n c e p r o v i d e d b y t h e c a t a l o g s a n d i n d e x e s is i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n a l r e s e a r c h i n - f o r m a t i o n . Army Map Service A s e c o n d i m p o r t a n t U n i t e d S t a t e s m a p p u b l i s h i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n is t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e . 6 I t is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r e p a r a - t i o n of t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e m a p s n e e d e d b y t h e W a r D e p a r t m e n t . T h e g r e a t v a r i e t y of m a p s n e e d e d in m o d e r n w a r f a r e a n d t h e g l o b a l n a t u r e of t h e l a s t w a r s u g g e s t t h e s c o p e of its m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s . I t h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e t h a n a h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d d i f f e r e n t m a p s w e r e is- s u e d b y t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e d u r i n g t h e w a r . I t s p u b l i c a t i o n s c o v e r e v e r y c o u n - t r y in t h e w o r l d a n d r a n g e f r o m s m a l l - s c a l e w o r l d m a p s t o d e t a i l e d s u r v e y s o n l a r g e s c a l e s w h e r e a c t u a l g r o u n d o p e r a t i o n s w e r e p l a n n e d . T h e y i n c l u d e b e s i d e g e n e r a l m a p s , a c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i e t y of s p e c i a l i z e d m a p s . T h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e s e m a p s a r e e i t h e r f a c s i m i l e c o p i e s o r s i m p l e r e c o m p i l a - t i o n s of e x i s t i n g m a p s w h i c h w e r e p u b l i s h e d b y t h e n a t i o n a l s u r v e y o r g a n i z a t i o n s of t h e c o u n t r i e s i n v o l v e d . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e m a p s e r v i c e r e i s s u e d t h e I : 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 1 : 5 o o , o o o , I : 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 , a n d 1 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 s h e e t s o v e r p a r t s of N o r t h A f r i c a w h i c h w e r e o r i g i n a l l y p u b - l i s h e d b y t h e F r e n c h a g e n c y , S e r v i c e G e o - g r a p h i q u e d e T A r m e t f , a n d b y t h e l o c a l s u r v e y o r g a n i z a t i o n s of A l g e r i a a n d T u n - 6 The A r m y Map S e r v i c e was formed at the begin- ning of W o r l d W a r I I . It was an outgrowth of the old Engineer Reproduction Plant, Corps of Engineers, W a r Department. Today it is probably the largest and most complete map compilation and printing organiza- tion in the world. isia. I n J a p a n t h e y r e i s s u e d m a n y of t h e 1 : 5 0 , 0 0 0 series in f a c s i m i l e w i t h t r a n s - l i t e r a t e d n a m e s , w h e r e a s t h e 1 '.200,000 a n d 1 : 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 series w e r e c o m p l e t e l y r e d r a w n a t s c a l e s of 1 1 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 a n d 1 : 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 re- s p e c t i v e l y . I n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e m a p p u b l i c a - t i o n s of t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e a n d t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n is l i m i t e d f o r m i l i t a r y r e a s o n s . T h e r e h a s b e e n a l i m i t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n of s o m e of its m a p s , h o w e v e r , a n d t h e s a l e of s o m e g e n e r a l s m a l l e r - s c a l e series h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d . T h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y of t h e i r m a p s w i l l c o v e r a r e a s in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s p h e r e of m a p p i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . 7 T h e p u b l i c a t i o n b y t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e of a c a t a l o g of m a p s w h i c h c o u l d be d i s t r i b u t e d a n d s o l d t o t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c w o u l d be v a l u a b l e . M e a n w h i l e , t h e l i b r a r i a n c a n t h r o u g h c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a s c e r t a i n w h i c h of t h e i t e m s in his m a p l i b r a r y p l a n are a v a i l - a b l e . H e s h o u l d r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e series m a y be e i t h e r a f a c s i m i l e o r r e d r a f t of t h e o r g a n i c series. A s s u c h it m a y be easier t o o b t a i n , easier t o r e a d b e - c a u s e of t r a n s l a t e d l e g e n d s , c a r r y l a t e r i n - f o r m a t i o n , a n d be c h e a p e r per s h e e t t h a n t h e o r g a n i c series. Other Countries A c o u n t e r p a r t of t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e e x i s t s or has e x i s t e d in s e v e r a l of t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t c o u n t r i e s a n d c o l o n i a l p o w e r s . P r i o r t o t h e l a s t w a r t h e G e o g r a p h i c a l S e c - t i o n , G e n e r a l S t a f f ( G r e a t B r i t a i n ) , w a s o u t s t a n d i n g . I t s c a t a l o g l i s t e d s m a l l - a n d m e d i u m - s c a l e series of a r e a s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d w h e r e t h e B r i t i s h w e r e e c o n o m i c a l l y i n t e r e s t e d o r h e l d s o v e r e i g n t y . T h e S e r v i c e 7 The A r m y Map S e r v i c e and the Geographical Sec- tion, General Staff ( S u r v e y Directorate, British A r m y ) divided mapping responsibility. T h e U . S . w a s re- sponsible f o r North A f r i c a , southern Italy, parts of southern Germany and central Europe, China, and Japan. T h e S u r v e y Directorates w e r e responsible f o r the remaining areas of military operations. T h i s division of labor r e f e r s to ground operations only. Both countries maintained their own small- and medium- scale series for air navigation. 48 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES G e o g r a p h i q u e N a t i o n a l e ( f o r m e r l y t h e S e r v i c e G e o g r a p h i q u e de l ' A r m e e ) of F r a n c e issued t w o c a t a l o g s , o n e l i s t i n g d o - m e s t i c m a p s , t h e o t h e r m a p s f o r v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e w o r l d w i t h s p e c i a l e m p h a s i s on F r e n c h c o l o n i a l possessions. T o a lesser d e g r e e t h e I t a l i a n , G e r m a n , a n d J a p a n e s e g o v e r n m e n t s issued m a p s f o r a r e a s o u t s i d e of t h e i r n a t i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s . 8 A t p r e s e n t , p u r c h a s e of m a p s f r o m these a g e n c i e s is i m p o s s i b l e , b u t s h o u l d be f e a s i b l e w i t h i n a f e w y e a r s w i t h t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n s of G e r m a n y a n d J a p a n . T h e s e a g e n c i e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r - t a n t t o t h e m a p l i b r a r i a n , since t h e y s u p p l y basic, o r i g i n a l , g e n e r a l , s m a l l - a n d m e d i u m - s c a l e c o v e r a g e f o r m a n y of t h e c o l o n i a l a r e a s a n d f o r t h e lesser d e v e l o p e d a r e a s of t h e w o r l d . 9 I n t h e f u t u r e , t h e i r p u b l i c a t i o n s p r o b a b l y w i l l p r o v i d e s u p p l e m e n t a l c o v e r a g e t o t h a t of l o c a l n a t i o n a l s u r v e y o r g a n i z a - t i o n s in c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l o r s t r a t e g i c m i l i t a r y a r e a s . Other Agencies T h e l a s t t w o of t h e m a j o r f e d e r a l m a p - m a k i n g a g e n c i e s a r e g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r . A l - t h o u g h t h e m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e a n d of t h e C o a s t a n d G e o d e t i c S u r v e y a r e , in t h e s t r i c t e s t sense, s p e c i a l i z e d in n a t u r e , t h e i r use f o r t h e a v e r a g e m a p l i b r a r y p l a c e s t h e m in t h e f i e l d of g e n e r a l m a p s . D e s i g n e d as c h a r t s f o r n a v i g a t i o n , t h e y are s p e c i a l i z e d i t e m s . I n a m a p l i b r a r y t h e y a r e u s e d c o m m o n l y t o p r o v i d e g e n e r a l c o v e r a g e o v e r t h e a r e a s 8 T h e Instituto Geographie Militaire, Firenze, issued a catalog listing single sheet and series maps for Italy proper as well as for her colonial possessions. The Reichamt f u r Landesaufnahme still issued a f e w sheets for parts of China and A f r i c a where the Germans had had colonial interests. D u r i n g the war, however, the Kriegskarten und Vermessungwesen and Geo-Mil, which were the counterpart of the A r m y Map Service in the United States, issued thousands of maps for most of Europe and North A f r i c a . U n f o r t u n a t e l y most of these maps are lost to the world, although the bulk of them were reproductions of organic series. 9 T h e F r e n c h and British organizations together covered all of A f r i c a with a series of maps at 1:1,000,000. T h e British also published a series at the scale of 1:1,000,000 for eastern A s i a and at 1:4,000,000 for all of A s i a . T h e A r m y Map Service issued a series covering Central America at the scale of 1:250,000. a d j a c e n t t o s h o r e lines. T h e C o a s t a n d G e o d e t i c S u r v e y issues m a p s f o r t h e c o a s t s of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d possessions, t h e H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e f o r t h e c o a s t s of re- m a i n i n g a r e a s of t h e w o r l d . T h u s , t h e y d o f o r t h e c o a s t s a n d w a t e r a r e a s of t h e w o r l d w h a t t h e U . S . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y a n d t h e A r m y M a p S e r v i c e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , d o f o r t h e l a n d a r e a s of t h e w o r l d . R e - c e n t l y b o t h a g e n c i e s a l s o h a v e issued a e r o - n a u t i c a l c h a r t s o v e r s o m e of t h e a r e a s f o r w h i c h t h e y a r e r e s p o n s i b l e . T h e c h a r t s of t h e H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e a r e of p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e in p r o v i d i n g c o v e r a g e f o r s m a l l e r i s l a n d s of t h e w o r l d , a l o n g t h e c o a s t s of u n d e v e l o p e d l a n d s w h e r e m a p s f o r t h e l a n d a r e a s m a y n o t be a v a i l a b l e , a n d f o r p o r t s o n a l a r g e s c a l e . B o t h a g e n c i e s issue e x c e l l e n t c a t a l o g s , w e l l c r o s s - r e f e r e n c e d a n d w i t h i n d e x m a p s . A s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r c h a r t a c t i v i t i e s , e a c h issues s o m e s p e c i a l i z e d m a p s r e l a t e d t o n a v i g a t i o n a n d of i n t e r e s t t o m a n y m a p l i b r a r i e s . I n c l u d e d a r e m a p s s h o w i n g t i m e z o n e s , o c e a n c u r r e n t s , t i d e s , w i n d s , m a g n e t i c v a r i a t i o n , a n d so f o r t h . A g e n c i e s w i t h s i m i l a r f u n c t i o n s a n d m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s e x i s t in a b o u t t w e n t y c o u n t r i e s . M o s t of t h e s e a g e n c i e s h a v e issued o n l y a f e w c h a r t s a n d t h e y p e r t a i n p r i m a r i l y t o t h e n a t i o n a l w a t e r s . T h e B r i t i s h A d m i r - a l t y , h o w e v e r , issues a n e s t i m a t e d t h r e e t h o u s a n d d i f f e r e n t c h a r t s . A l a r g e n u m b e r of these a r e r e p r o d u c e d in f a c s i m i l e b y t h e U . S . H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e . N o r m a l l y a m a p l i b r a r i a n w i l l be a b l e t o f u l f i l t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of his c o v e r a g e p l a n s f r o m t h e c a t a l o g of t h e U . S . H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e . O n l y in a f e w i n s t a n c e s , w h e r e he desires m o r e d e t a i l e d c o v e r a g e in a f o r e i g n a r e a , w i l l he r e q u i r e f o r e i g n h y d r o g r a p h i e s . F r o m t h e f o r e i g n a n d d o m e s t i c m a p - i s s u i n g a g e n c i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d , p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t h e l a r g e - , m e d i u m - , a n d s m a l l - s c a l e g e n e r a l c o v e r a g e n e e d s c a n be m e t , f o r t h e w h o l e w o r l d or p a r t s of it, if JANUARY, 1948 49 the areas h a v e been m a p p e d . T h e m a p s p u b l i s h e d by these or s i m i l a r official a g e n c i e s are t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r a n y m a p l i b r a r y w i t h g e n e r a l c o v e r a g e f a c i l i t i e s b e y o n d t h a t p r o - v i d e d b y a t l a s m a p s . Specialized Maps A n a n a l y s i s of o f f i c i a l a g e n c i e s p r o d u c i n g s p e c i a l i z e d m a p s c a n n o t be d e f i n i t i v e . S p e - c i a l i z e d m a p s m a y be p r o d u c e d b y d e p a r t - m e n t s , bureaus, a n d s m a l l e r s u b d i v i s i o n s of f e d e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t s . T h e r e m a y be as m a n y as a h u n d r e d f e d e r a l a d m i n i s t r a - t i v e u n i t s w h i c h h a v e p u b l i s h e d at least one m a p . S o m e of t h e m h a v e p r o d u c e d a rela- t i v e l y l a r g e n u m b e r ; f o r e x a m p l e , the B u r e a u of C h e m i s t r y a n d S o i l s w h i c h p u b - lishes m o r e t h a n 1 2 0 0 c o u n t y soil m a p s , the B u r e a u of R e c l a m a t i o n , t h e F o r e s t S e r v - ice, a n d t h e B u r e a u of A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o - n o m i c s . F o r a c q u i s i t i o n of such s p e c i a l i z e d m a t e r i a l t w o p r o c e d u r e s c a n be f o l l o w e d b y t h e m a p l i b r a r i a n . F i r s t , e x a m i n e care- f u l l y t h e s u b j e c t price lists of the S u p e r - i n t e n d e n t of D o c u m e n t s in the field or s u b j e c t f o r w h i c h s p e c i a l i z e d m a p m a t e r i a l is desired. F o r e x a m p l e , if soil m a p s are needed, Price List 46, Agricultural Chem- istry and Soils and Fertilizers has a complete list of the c o u n t i e s a n d areas f o r w h i c h soil m a p s are a v a i l a b l e . Price List 53, Maps, a l t h o u g h n o t c o m p r e h e n s i v e , lists m a p s f r o m s e v e r a l of t h e s p e c i a l i z e d m a p - i s s u i n g a g e n - cies such as t h e B u r e a u of t h e C e n s u s and the B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s . S e c o n d , w i t h the i n f o r m a t i o n g l e a n e d f r o m the price lists a n d o t h e r sources s u c h as T h i e l e , w r i t e t h e g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y or a g e n c i e s w h i c h are responsible f o r the s u b j e c t m a t e r i a l desired, r e q u e s t i n g a n y a d d i t i o n a l specific i n f o r m a - tion n e e d e d w i t h r e l a t i o n t o y o u r m a p li- b r a r y p l a n s . B l a n k e t requests r a r e l y w i l l b r i n g s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s . O n l y requests based o n a g e n e r a l k n o w l e d g e of t h e a g e n c y ' s m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s a n d c o u c h e d in t e r m s of specific needs s h o u l d be m a d e . F o r e x - a m p l e , the B u r e a u of A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m - ics has p e r h a p s a t h o u s a n d m a n u s c r i p t m a p s m o s t of w h i c h h a v e a p p e a r e d in its serial a n d o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e y p e r t a i n t o a v a r i e t y of i t e m s f r o m c r o p a n d l i v e s t o c k d i s t r i b u t i o n to v a l u e of f a r m l a n d s a n d e x t e n t of a n i m a l diseases. T h e a v e r a g e m a p l i b r a r y w i l l be i n t e r e s t e d in o n l y such of these m a p s as f a l l w i t h i n the scope of the p l a n s f o r m u l a t e d . T h e c o m p l e x i t y of the s p e c i a l i z e d m a p field i l l u s t r a t e s c o n c r e t e l y the need f o r c l e a r - c u t o b j e c t i v e s in t e r m s of s u b j e c t s f o r w h i c h m a p m a t e r i a l s are n e e d e d . T h e i n d i s c r i m - inate c o l l e c t i o n of m a p s p u r e l y to a c q u i r e g r e a t n u m b e r s is f u t i l e . S p e c i a l i z e d m a p m a t e r i a l s issued by state, c o u n t y , a n d c i t y a g e n c i e s are l i m i t e d and n o t w i d e l y p u b l i c i z e d . T h e p r i n c i p a l state a g e n c i e s are t h e h i g h w a y and a g r i c u l t u r a l d e p a r t m e n t s , t h e g e o l o g i c a l s u r v e y s , a n d the p u b l i c u t i l i t y offices. S u c h a g e n c i e s do not necessarily p u b l i s h m a p s in e v e r y case, al- t h o u g h each of the f o r t y - e i g h t states has issued a g e o l o g i c a l m a p . C i t y a n d c o u n t y m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s are a p t t o be b e y o n d the scope of the a v e r a g e m a p l i b r a r y , e x c e p t f o r m a t e r i a l w h i c h p e r t a i n s to the i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y of t h e l i b r a r y . H e r e the m a p l i - b r a r y has an i m p o r t a n t a r c h i v a l f u n c t i o n in p r e s e r v i n g l o c a l m a p m a t e r i a l s , b o t h in p u b - lished and m a n u s c r i p t f o r m . T h e s e m a - t e r i a l s are h i g h l y f u g i t i v e a n d o n l y l o c a l interests o v e r a l o n g period c a n c o l l e c t a n d p r e s e r v e t h e m . T h e need f o r the a s s u m p - t i o n of s u c h a f u n c t i o n by l o c a l libraries w a s i l l u s t r a t e d by the W . P . A . d o c u m e n t s u r v e y s . S t a t e c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y li- braries a p p e a r t o be l o g i c a l d e p o s i t o r y centers. S p e c i a l i z e d m a p s issued by o f f i c i a l a g e n - cies in f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , w i t h the possible e x c e p t i o n of t h e c o u n t r i e s in w e s t e r n E u - rope, are f a r less in n u m b e r a n d v a r i e t y t h a n those of the U n i t e d S t a t e s . H e r e t h e l i b r a r i a n m u s t d e p e n d t o a g r e a t e r d e g r e e 50 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES on p r o f e s s i o n a l j o u r n a l s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s versed in s p e c i a l i z e d fields. A s o u n d k n o w l - e d g e of the f u n c t i o n s of official m a p - i s s u i n g a g e n c i e s in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d their p l a c e in t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l f r a m e w o r k of the f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t c a n be of c o n s i d - e r a b l e h e l p in o b t a i n i n g f o r e i g n m a t e r i a l s . T h e s i m i l a r i t y of the f r a m e w o r k in f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s m a k e s possible the a p p l i c a t i o n of the p r i n c i p l e s and experience g a i n e d w i t h f e d e r a l m a p - i s s u i n g agencies here. E v e n a l a r g e , b a c k w a r d c o u n t r y l i k e C h i n a has its g e o l o g i c a l , m e t e o r o l o g i c a l , soil, a n d a g r i - c u l t u r a l g o v e r n m e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a l - t h o u g h , w i t h t h e possible e x c e p t i o n of the first, t h e i r m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s are l i m i t e d . Other Major Map Sources C o m m e r c i a l p u b l i s h e r s or p r i v a t e a g e n - cies are the second m a j o r m a p source b u t in the a g g r e g a t e are f a r less i m p o r t a n t t h a n official a g e n c i e s to the a v e r a g e m a p l i b r a r y . M o s t of t h e i r separate m a p s are on s m a l l scales and d e s i g n e d as w a l l m a p s ( f o r in- s t r u c t i o n a l purposes a n d n o t f o r r e f e r e n c e p u r p o s e s ) or f o r p o p u l a r a n d c o m m e r c i a l use. M a p s of states a n d c o u n t r i e s issued s e p a r a t e l y by t h e m u s u a l l y p r o v i d e no m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a n is a v a i l a b l e in l a r g e edi- tions of s t a n d a r d atlases. T h i s is especially t r u e of their p u b l i c a t i o n s in the U n i t e d S t a t e s . C o m m e r c i a l concerns, h o w e v e r , are i m p o r t a n t as publishers of s t a n d a r d r e f e r - ence atlases, o u t l i n e base maps, a n d s u p p l e - m e n t a r y , g e n e r a l , s m a l l - s c a l e m a p s . I n f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s c o m m e r c i a l m a p p u b - lishers are a p t t o be r e l a t i v e l y m o r e im- p o r t a n t in s u p p l y i n g n e e d e d c o v e r a g e . I n w e l l - m a p p e d c o u n t r i e s w h e r e f r e e road m a p s are n o t a v a i l a b l e a n d w h e r e the p u b l i c is m o r e m a p - c o n s c i o u s , c o m m e r c i a l c o n c e r n s issue e x c e l l e n t r o a d , h i k i n g , b i c y c l e , a n d c i t y m a p s . I n p o o r l y - m a p p e d c o u n t r i e s w h i c h l a c k a c t i v e official m a p p i n g a g e n c i e s ( s u c h as t h e B a l k a n s , C h i n a , a n d A u s - t r a l i a ) , c o m m e r c i a l c o m p a n i e s are r e l a t i v e l y i m p o r t a n t . F o r e x a m p l e , in G r e e c e the best t o p o g r a p h i c m a p of the c o u n t r y , w h i c h has a scale of 1 : 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 , is issued by a p r i v a t e c o n c e r n . T h e n u m b e r of these concerns, b o t h f o r - e i g n a n d d o m e s t i c , is n o t g r e a t . S o m e of t h e m are k n o w n w i d e l y , s u c h as J o h n B a r t h o l o m e w in G r e a t B r i t a i n , J u s t u s P e r t h e s in G e r m a n y , F r e y t a g a n d B e r n d t in A u s t r i a , a n d R a n d M c N a l l y in the U n i t e d S t a t e s . C a t a l o g s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n - i n g m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s of these a n d o t h e r c o m m e r c i a l c o n c e r n s are easier t o o b t a i n t h a n f r o m official agencies. S p e c i f i c n a m e s c a n be o b t a i n e d either f r o m b i b l i o g r a p h i c lists or, in t h e case of a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n t r y , f r o m its officials in this c o u n t r y . Scientific Societies T h e last of t h e m a j o r sources of m a p s are t h e scientific societies a n d institutes. T h e i r m a p s are l a r g e l y of a s p e c i a l i z e d n a t u r e related to their a c t i v i t i e s . T h e y sup- p l e m e n t s p e c i a l i z e d m a p s issued b y g o v e r n - m e n t agencies and are r e l a t i v e l y m o r e i m p o r - t a n t to the a v e r a g e m a p l i b r a r y t h a n their n u m b e r w o u l d i n d i c a t e . T h e y are d i f f i c u l t to acquire because of their s p e c i a l i z e d n a t u r e , c o v e r i n g a w i d e r a n g e of s u b j e c t s , issued by a v a r i e t y of o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a n d because of the i r r e g u l a r and i n f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s of p u b l i c a - t i o n . M a n y of their m a p s m a y be issued in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h their p u b l i c a t i o n s as w e l l as s e p a r a t e l y . I n some cases the p r o j e c t s u n d e r t a k e n are m o n u m e n t a l in scope, such as t h e m a p of H i s p a n i c A m e r i c a ( 1 : 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) r e q u i r i n g m o r e t h a n one h u n d r e d sheets, w h i c h w a s c o m p l e t e d r e c e n t l y b y the A m e r i c a n G e o - g r a p h i c a l S o c i e t y a f t e r n e a r l y t w e n t y y e a r s ' w o r k . I n o t h e r cases o n l y a f e w m a p s h a v e been issued, such as the t e c t o n i c a n d g e o - l o g i c a l m a p s of N o r t h a n d S o u t h A m e r i c a p u b l i s h e d b y the G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y of A m e r i c a . I n f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s such o r g a n i - z a t i o n s m a y h a v e a q u a s i - o f f i c i a l position, JANUARY, 1948 51 f o r example, the organization w h i c h issued the excellent National Atlas of France and the Societe d'Editions Geographiques, M a r i - times, et Coloniales w h i c h published the Atlas des Colonies Francaises. In acquiring material f r o m these sources the map librarian is faced with a situation similar to that in obtaining specialized maps f r o m official agencies. H e can depend in part on map bibliographies, but a greater degree of dependence must be placed on professional journals and individuals in the field of the subject matter involved. Books on Mapping Services T h e r e are relatively f e w books on map- ping services in various countries. Several books are invaluable, however, to the map librarian w h o is interested in modern map sources. O u t s t a n d i n g a m o n g these is T h i e l e , Official Map Publications.10 It contains a brief and excellent summary of each of the U n i t e d States governmental mapping services w i t h a reference list of their map publications o r notes as to their nature. Chapters are devoted to Latin A m e r i c a , G r e a t Britain, G e r m a n y , and a group of smaller countries. T h e only seri- ous deficiency of the book, besides its limited coverage, is its lack of index maps. N e v e r - theless, it offers the map librarian sufficient information and background in those areas described to initiate a purchasing program according to his needs. T h e most c o m - prehensive map catalog issued covers South A m e r i c a . T h e Catalogue of Maps of His- panic America lists not only separately pub- lished maps but also those published in books and periodicals.1 1 U n f o r t u n a t e l y , the pub- lication is n o w more than fifteen years o l d , although it may be supplemented by the summaries on cartography in the annual 10 T h i e l e , op. cit. 1 1 A m e r i c a n Geographical S o c i e t y . Catalogue of Maps of Hispanic America. N e w Y o r k , A m e r i c a n Geographi- cal S o c i e t y , 1933. volumes of the Handbook of Latin Ameri- can Studies. A d d i t i o n a l publications pro- vide only fragmentary information, but t w o in particular should be mentioned. O l s o n and W h i t m a r s h , Foreign Maps gives brief summaries of the more important map series f o r about forty countries and lists some of the outstanding government map catalogs.1 2 Hinks, Maps and Survey devotes space to a comparative analysis of some of the E u r o - pean series w h i c h is helpful in their evalua- tion.1 3 Building a Background Difficulties outlined in the brief descrip- tion afid analysis of map sources should not discoufage librarians. W i t h experience one develops the same "bibliographic feel or sense" as w i t h books. O n e of the best ways of building a background of map sources is through constant inspection of the reviews and notes in geographical journals. T h e y provide the most complete information con- cerning current general and specialized maps. T h e t w o m o r e useful current lists, w h i c h are based on n e w maps received at the A m e r i c a n Geographical Society and the R o y a l Geographical Society, are The Geo- graphical Record ( m i m e o g r a p h e d ) and " T h e Supplement" to the Geographical Journal respectively. Prior to the last w a r a useful monthly list also appeared in Peter- manns Mitteilungen. Supplementing these lists are the reviews of n e w maps and notes or articles concerning the mapping situation in various countries w h i c h appear in pro- fessional geographical journals such as the Geographical Review and surveying or mapping journals such as the Empire Sur- vey Review and Surveying and Mapping. A s these publications are examined, acqui- sitions w h i c h fit into the plans formulated can be made. T h i s method also provides 1 2 Olson and W h i t m a r s h , op. cit. 1 3 H i n k s , A r t h u r R . Maps and, Survey, 4th ed. Cam- b r i d g e , U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1942'. 52 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES an e x c e l l e n t w a y to m a i n t a i n , by a d d i t i o n of n e w sheets or editions, m a p series w h i c h m a y a l r e a d y be on h a n d . T h e k n o w l e d g e a c q u i r e d of m a p sources and of the scope of m a p m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e w i l l be of con- siderable v a l u e in p l a n n i n g a n d m a k i n g purchases to c o v e r specific areas. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t and m a i n t e n a n c e of a c o l l e g e m a p l i b r a r y of modest size c a n n o t be l e f t to i n c i d e n t a l purchases based on s u g g e s t i o n s by f a c u l t y m e m b e r s o v e r a period of t i m e . T h e p r e v i o u s discussion of m a p sources w h i c h i l l u s t r a t e d their d o c u - m e n t a r y and f u g i t i v e n a t u r e s h o w s t h a t an a d e q u a t e and b a l a n c e d w o r k i n g c o l l e c t i o n can be o b t a i n e d o n l y if a definite plan as to its n a t u r e and scope is f o r m u l a t e d and o n l y if t h a t plan is a d m i n i s t e r e d by an i n d i v i d - ual w h o is interested in a n d responsible f o r it. T h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s of m a p p u b l i c a t i o n s are such t h a t the a d e q u a c y of a g i v e n m a p c o l l e c t i o n is l a r g e l y a measure of the a b i l i t y of the l i b r a r i a n responsible f o r it. A li- brarian w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e g e o g r a p h i c t r a i n - i n g w i l l u s u a l l y be m o r e s u c c e s s f u l than one w i t h o u t such a b a c k g r o u n d . T r a i n i n g in g e o g r a p h y helps to p r o v i d e a k n o w l e d g e of spatial relationships w h i c h is necessary to an e v a l u a t i o n of m a p m a t e r i a l s . I t de- v e l o p s an a p p r e c i a t i o n of the d i s t r i b u t i o n a l p a t t e r n s of p h e n o m e n a f o r w h i c h m a p c o v - e r a g e is desirable and it supplies an i n t r o - d u c t i o n to the g e o g r a p h i c a l m a t e r i a l s f r o m w h i c h m a p i n f o r m a t i o n is o b t a i n e d . The Recataloging Program of the A r m y Medical Library (Continued from page 44) L i b r a r y , the f o r m e r series of S G c a r d s w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d , and a n e w series w i t h n u m - bers preceded b y M E D w a s b e g u n . I n order t h a t m e d i c a l libraries w h i c h m i g h t desire t o place a subscription to the w h o l e series c o u l d o b t a i n c a r d s f o r all m e d i c a l books a d d e d to the n a t i o n a l libraries, the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s asked t h a t its o w n c a t a l o g i n g of m e d i c a l titles be i n c l u d e d in the same series. T h e first c o p y f o r this n e w d e p a r t u r e in c o o p e r a t i v e c a t a l o g i n g w a s sent to the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s , O c t . 1, 1 9 4 6 . S i n c e then cards of the M E D series h a v e appeared in i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r s . JANUARY, 1948 53