College and Research Libraries


to research. He calls for better organization, 
both local and national, for better control 
and management of all resources, and finally, 
for better funding. His paper should make 
good reading for some of our own faculty, 
many of whom do not appreciate how much 
they have. 

On the second day of the conference, the 
opening paper was given by Professor Fran-
cesco Ghiretti, who has had experience as 
a researcher in both Italian and American 
libraries, particularly in his field, biology. 
He paints a grim picture of the trials of 
research in the typical academic constella-
tion of little libraries attached to the "insti-
'tutes" of a university in Italy. In contrast, 
he describes his experiences in American li-
braries and finally asks why Italian libraries . 
cannot at least match those of other Euro-
pean countries, such as Sweden, Denmark, 
or England, if not America. He answers his 
own question with a stirring protest against 
the continuing proliferation of autonomous 
institutes and individual research and a 
plea for enforced collaboration, unification, 
or centralization. 

A short series of statements follow by three 
librarians responsible for small institute li-
braries of the type earlier mentioned. In 
each of these there is evident an intelligent 
appreciation of the changes needed and an 
awareness of the hazards of the course. In 
the discussion period a group of librarians 
who had visited libraries in the United States 
made short statements. Among these were 
Alberto Guarino, Ernesto Giangrasso, and 
Angela Daneu Lattanzi. The latter suggests 
a direct attack by the regional library as-
sociation in many of the areas mentioned. 
She speaks of microcopy as a means of cen-
tralizing little-used books, of cooperation in 
acquisitions within a university, if not on a 
larger scale, of improved and more numerous 
bibliographic tools in book form, of catalog 
cards, and of union catalogs. She also com-
ments on pers_onnel and training for profes-
sional librarianship. 

In brief, those who may still look back 
to the "great" libraries of Western Europe 
as our sources should find this little com-
pilation an eye-opening bit of reading. At 
the same time, the reader will undoubtedly 
be greatly affected by the obviously intense 
eagerness of the capable people here record-
ed to carry out a program which should en-

NOVEMBER 1963 

able them to meet their problems. Their 
problems are, in fact, different from ours 
only in degree, and we can all profit by 
studying what they produce.-]errold Orne, 
University of North Carolina. 

Photocopies 
Photocopies from Abroad, Directory of 

Photocopying and Microcopying Services. 
(Publication No. 347.) The Hague, Neth-

erlands: International Federation for 
Documentation, n.d. 25p. 5 guilders. 

In 1950 the FID published its Directory 
of Microfilm and Photocopying Services 
(Publication No. 244). This sixty-five-page 
booklet listed some 177 institutions in eighty-
five countries. By 1955 there were enough 
changes to justify a new edition: Directory 
of Photocopying and Microcopying Services 
(Publication No. 278). Growing from a 5y2 

x 8Y2 inch size to roughly 8Y2 x 11, it 
covered in fifty pages 192 services in ninety-
four countries. This second edition included 
useful chapters on the copyright problem, a 
survey of processes, recommended sizes for 
photocopies, and the use of UNESCO cou-
pons. 

A new edition has been needed for some 
time. Rising costs and the advent of new 
copying processes have increased the normal 
rate of change in photocopying prices and 
services. In the Foreword to the present 
volume there is a suggestion that publica-
tion be at more frequent intervals. A ques-
tionnaire sheet (two copies) is appended at 
the end .of the booklet to enable informa-
tion to be brought up to date. One can 
hope that we will not have to wait eight 
years for the next issue. 

The present edition updates the previous 
one, but it does not supplant it, so that one 
should not discard the second edition. This 
one covers 155 services in thirty-eight coun-
tries, and is based on a survey carri~d out 
in 1962. It no longer notes reference insti-
tutions in each country, listing only those 
institutions that offer photoduplication ser-
vice. Neither does it include the helpful 
expository chapters added to the second edi-
tion. It notes national directories when these 
are available. A check of institutions listed 
for the United States discloses one new one 

525 



(Catholic University of America) and seven 
that have been dropped since the second 
edition. Though not so stated, this probably 
was done because these institutions did not 
respond when queried. 

This useful reference gives comparable in-
formation on an international scale similar 
to our national directory compiled by Cosby 
Brinkley (reviewed in CRL 24:171-172). It 
does not follow the convenient tabular form 
of that directory, but each entry follows a 
general pattern. Sizes, types of copy, and 
prices are given, with additional notes of 
particular interest about institutions listed. 
Though it does not list as many services in 
the United States as does Brinkley (22 vs. 
120), it does include four (Brown Univer-
sity, Linda Hall, Lithographic Technical 
Foundation, and University Microfilms) that 
are not in that listing. This is a necessary 
continuation of a valuable reference tool. 
-Hubbard W. Ballou ) Columbia University 
Libraries. 

Scholarship 
American Doctors and Ge'rman Universities; 

a Chapter in International Intellectual Re-
lations) 1870-1914. By Thomas Nelville 
Bonner. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Ne-
braska Press, 1963. 210p. $4.25. 

Although there is not much on libraries 
in this brief book, the librarian interested 
in the history of American scholarship will 
find it fascinating indeed. Arthur Bestor has 
noted that the years between 1875 and 1917 
resulted in a "transformation of American 
scholarship" (Library Quarterly 23: 164-79), 
for it was during this period that numerous 
young Americans studied at German uni-
versities and enthusiastically brought back 
a desire to develop on our soil universities 
modeled on the German pattern. As Bon-
ner's new book points out, in no discipline 
was this more true than medicine, particular-
ly the basic medical sciences, where the Ger-
man emphasis upon the primary place of 
original research and the crucial importance 
of the laboratory method had a lasting in-
fluence on those who transformed American 
scholarship during the fifty-year period. Bon-
ner notes also in a subsection of the pro-
logue, "The Lure of the German U niver-

sity," the fascination of Americans with the 
unaccustomed freedom of teaching (Lehr-
freiheit) and freedom of learning (Lern-
freiheit), while the description of Henry I. 
Bowditch of his evolution as a student gives 
full credit to the impact of the great teach~r 
upon the promising student (p. 72). Per-
haps it is a further indication of the indi-
rect influence that the latter description 
could well be written of a similar impact in 
some graduate schools in America today. 

Professor Bonner calls his book "A Chap-
ter in International Intellectual Relations," 
indicating that his scope is not so broad as 
that of Bestor and others, for "doctors" with 
whom he deals are "medical doctors," not 
those who earned the PhD. Essentially, he 
has traced the German influence on Ameri-
can medicine during the period 1870-1914, 
and has examined thoroughly the main 
sources both in this country and in Ger-
many. What emerges is an examination in 
depth of German influence on a specific dis-
cipline. 

The book is divided into four sections. 
The first rna jor section, "The German Mag-
net, 1870-1914," describes the pattern of 
migration (no fewer than fifteen thousand 
American medical men undertook some kind 
of serious study in a German university 
during the period), the chief centers to 
which students migrated (quantitatively, 
Vienna and Berlin), student life (including 
its praise for German science and its un-
happiness at the undemocratic aspects of 
German social and political life), and the 
impact of foreign study on those who were 
to revolutionize medical education at Johns 
Hopkins, Harvard, Yale, and elsewhere. 

The second part, "Vienna, Berlin, and 
the Clinical Specialities," is a record of post-
graduate study in practical clinical applica-
tions of German medical science. Both Vien-
na and Berlin attracted older American prac-
titioners who wanted to come for relatively 
short periods and study under one of the 
acknowledged masters. It was not at all 
uncommon to find groups of American doc-
tors in both cities who had secured the ser-
vices of a popular instructor to lecture in 
English on the latest methods, a forerunner 
of the modern day "short course," perhaps. 
Bonner discusses the advantages as well as 
the disadvantages of this type of instruction, 
noting especially the criticism of Flexner in 

526 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES