College and Research Libraries (Catholic University of America) and seven that have been dropped since the second edition. Though not so stated, this probably was done because these institutions did not respond when queried. This useful reference gives comparable in- formation on an international scale similar to our national directory compiled by Cosby Brinkley (reviewed in CRL 24:171-172). It does not follow the convenient tabular form of that directory, but each entry follows a general pattern. Sizes, types of copy, and prices are given, with additional notes of particular interest about institutions listed. Though it does not list as many services in the United States as does Brinkley (22 vs. 120), it does include four (Brown Univer- sity, Linda Hall, Lithographic Technical Foundation, and University Microfilms) that are not in that listing. This is a necessary continuation of a valuable reference tool. -Hubbard W. Ballou ) Columbia University Libraries. Scholarship American Doctors and Ge'rman Universities; a Chapter in International Intellectual Re- lations) 1870-1914. By Thomas Nelville Bonner. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Ne- braska Press, 1963. 210p. $4.25. Although there is not much on libraries in this brief book, the librarian interested in the history of American scholarship will find it fascinating indeed. Arthur Bestor has noted that the years between 1875 and 1917 resulted in a "transformation of American scholarship" (Library Quarterly 23: 164-79), for it was during this period that numerous young Americans studied at German uni- versities and enthusiastically brought back a desire to develop on our soil universities modeled on the German pattern. As Bon- ner's new book points out, in no discipline was this more true than medicine, particular- ly the basic medical sciences, where the Ger- man emphasis upon the primary place of original research and the crucial importance of the laboratory method had a lasting in- fluence on those who transformed American scholarship during the fifty-year period. Bon- ner notes also in a subsection of the pro- logue, "The Lure of the German U niver- sity," the fascination of Americans with the unaccustomed freedom of teaching (Lehr- freiheit) and freedom of learning (Lern- freiheit), while the description of Henry I. Bowditch of his evolution as a student gives full credit to the impact of the great teach~r upon the promising student (p. 72). Per- haps it is a further indication of the indi- rect influence that the latter description could well be written of a similar impact in some graduate schools in America today. Professor Bonner calls his book "A Chap- ter in International Intellectual Relations," indicating that his scope is not so broad as that of Bestor and others, for "doctors" with whom he deals are "medical doctors," not those who earned the PhD. Essentially, he has traced the German influence on Ameri- can medicine during the period 1870-1914, and has examined thoroughly the main sources both in this country and in Ger- many. What emerges is an examination in depth of German influence on a specific dis- cipline. The book is divided into four sections. The first rna jor section, "The German Mag- net, 1870-1914," describes the pattern of migration (no fewer than fifteen thousand American medical men undertook some kind of serious study in a German university during the period), the chief centers to which students migrated (quantitatively, Vienna and Berlin), student life (including its praise for German science and its un- happiness at the undemocratic aspects of German social and political life), and the impact of foreign study on those who were to revolutionize medical education at Johns Hopkins, Harvard, Yale, and elsewhere. The second part, "Vienna, Berlin, and the Clinical Specialities," is a record of post- graduate study in practical clinical applica- tions of German medical science. Both Vien- na and Berlin attracted older American prac- titioners who wanted to come for relatively short periods and study under one of the acknowledged masters. It was not at all uncommon to find groups of American doc- tors in both cities who had secured the ser- vices of a popular instructor to lecture in English on the latest methods, a forerunner of the modern day "short course," perhaps. Bonner discusses the advantages as well as the disadvantages of this type of instruction, noting especially the criticism of Flexner in 526 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES his Medical Education in Europe (1912). He also discusses in this chapter indirect in- fluence of German medicine through immi- grant German doctors who taught those Americans who did not go abroad to German universities. While this kind of irtfluence is admittedly difficult to measure, Bonner pre- sents an interesting case. "German Universities and the Basic Med- ical Sciences in America" is the most im- portant section for medical education. If the German impact upon such specialities as op- thalmology, laryngology, and gynecology was profound, "the mold of the basic medical sciences in nineteenth- and twentieth-century America was cast in Germany" (p. 108). In contrast to the older men who were interest- ed in the clinical part of medical science, the younger men, generally just out of medical school, were intrigued by the basic medical sciences, and this training was found not in Berlin and Vienna but in some of the smaller German universities, such as Leipzig, Strass- burg, or Breslau. While numerically this group was not large, they exerted an impact upon American medicine out of all propor- tion to their numbers, for included were such men as Welch, Mall, Minot, and Chit- tenden. Bonner's method here is to take up various subjects such as "Pathology and Bac- teriology," and trace the German influence through specific Americans who became American masters in these fields. The last rna jor section notes the turning of the tide: "German Doctors in America be- fore 1914," when the visits to this country by German medical men resulted in increased respect for American medicine. Bonner takes issue with those who have dated the develop- ment of American medicine after the issu- ance of Flexner's famous Carnegie report in 1910. He presents rather convincing evidence that the tide had begun to turn much nearer the beginning of the twentieth century. Not that he labors the point nor loses scholarly caution in hedging his remarks, but he does point out that, from a widespread conviction that American medicine was inferior, the German doctors by 1910 were turning to praise and appreciation. The outbreak of World War I brought to an end this almost unparalleled chapter in the transmission of scientific culture. Ameri- can medicine had taken the German models, adapted them to their own situation, and NOVEMBER 1963 had begun to forge ahead of their own teachers. Prewar Germany had been the mecca not only for American doctors but for those from England, France, and Russia as well, demonstrating the international char- acter of science. After World War I the capital of the medical and surgical world moved across the Atlantic. Professor Bonner has provided an interest- ing and informative record of the interna- tional influence of scholarship in medicine. His book is more important for the general reader than the title indicates. One can only hope that other intellectual historians will do as well for other disciplines.-Edward G. Holley, University of Houston. Special Libraries Medi zinisch e Bibliotheken in der D eutschen D emocratisch en Republik. . . . Berlin: Deutscher Democratische Republik, Min- insterium fur Gesundheits-wesen, Abteil- ing Wissenschaft, 1963. 63p. and 2 plates. This is a first attempt, made under the editorship of Edith Krauss, head of the li- brary of the Deutsche Akademie fiir .Arzt- liche Fortbildung in Berlin, to present an overview of the medical libraries in East Germany. All the medical libraries of the area are listed, plus the medical sections of large general libraries, as for example the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, and of university libraries. To be included, a li- brary must have had: (1) at least five hun- dred volumes; (2) subscriptions to at least ten journals; (3) an alphabetical or classi- fied catalog; or (4) a full time employee. The entries are arranged first by place, in alphabetic order, and then by the principal words in its title. In the cities where there are many libraries, such as Berlin or Leipzig, the list is further divided by whether they are open to the public, or are in institutes and clinics, or in hospitals. The usual in- formation is given for each place: name, telephone number, whether it circulates ma- terials, hours of opening, holdings in books and journals, subject fields collected, cata- logs, publications, number of seats in the reading room, photographic equipment, rules for readers, and the year of founda- tion. A subject index to the numbered en- 527