College and Research Libraries is an image that this sophisticated society with a highly educated and literate popula- tion has not developed an appreciation for the library and librarians. For most of their information needs, the people bypass the librarians and even the library itself. Only in the science-technology fields, some sys- tematic services have been developed suc- cessfully. The overall quality. of his infor- mation is excellent if one keeps in mind the fact that six to ten years have elapsed since he has gathered them, and some things have changed for the better. There are, howev·er, a few questionable matters serious enough to be mentioned. First, Welch states that the University of Tokyo has revived its library science pro- gram and that it already has awarded doc- toral degrees in librarianship. To date, this univeTsity has not produced any graduates with degrees in librarianship, not even with a B.A. In the National University system, there is no program which offers a degree in librarianship. The Toshokan Tandai (the National Junior College of Library Science which offers two-year certificates) will be graded up to a four-year college in a few years when the college moves to a new site outside of Tokyo. The only Ph.D. program in library science in Japan began in 1975 at the Library School of Keio University, and none of its four candidates has re- ceived the degree as of April 1977, its sec- ond anniversary. Again, Welch mentions that there are more than 10,000 special clerks serving as school librarians and that they are paid a "mere 14 dollars a month." According to the Japanese Bureau of Statistics, the in- come of an average urban salaried family has tripled during the ten-year period from 1965-1975. It gives the monthly income of Y236,197 (about $840) for 1975. Even part-time student workers make $1.50 to $1.70 an hour in most places, including li- braries. To suggest that any regular em- ployee in Japanese libraries today earns a monthly salary of $14 is preposterous. Those who are ipterested in comparative librarianship may find this book very stim- ulating, and others will find it to be a val- uable handbook on Japanese libraries.- Eugene Carvalho, Librarian, East Asian Li- brary, Kansas University Libraries, Law- rence. Recent Publications I 537 Kunz, Werner; Rittel, Horst W. J.; and Schwuchow, Werner. Methods of Analy- sis and Evaluation of Infof'mation Needs: A Critical Review. Mtinchen: Ver- lag Dokumentation, 1977. 84p. $12.00. ISBN 3-7940-3450-3. (Available from Unipub, Box 433, Murray Hill Station, New York, NY 10016.) This work is a synopsis of a study per- formed under the auspices of the Federa- tion Internationale de Documentation en- titled Methods of Analysis and Evaluation of Information Needs to be Satisfied by N a- tional Documentation, Library and Archive Infrastructures. Although the frame of ref- erence throughout the work is the design of national and international information systems, the discussion is equally relevant to smaller constructs, such as local or re- gional networks or even individual librar- ies/ information centers. The authors' approach is conditioned by the basic assumption that "the effectiveness of such facilities depends upon the extent to which their system ·characteristics corre- spond with the situation of the user and on how much the potential user of these facil- ities is willing and able to make use of these services." Although librarianship has, in recent years, tended to concentrate on its service aspects rather than its archival func- tions, the equation of user satisfaction- especially the satisfaction of the unsophisti- cated user-with library success by no means commands the universal agreement assumed here. Nonetheless, users are obviously central to any information system so it is incum- bent upon the designers and operators of such systems to know as much as possible about those they attempt to serve. Kunz and his colleagues identify, discuss, and analyze the traditional methodologies em- ployed in user studies and conclude that for the most part they have "led only to an ac- cumulation of previously known data and to a confirmation of already known rela- tionships, and have not generated much new knowledge." The need for more and better research about users and the phe- nomenon of use is clear, and the relatively untried but promising research strategies suggested by the authors to expand our knowledge of this area are worthy of fur- ther development. 538 I College & Research Libraries • November 1977 Turning specifically to the design of in- formation systems, the authors posit that traditional concepts of systems analysis have been inadequate to the task because information problems tend to be "Wicked Problems." The properties associated with "Wicked Problems" include the following: there is no definitive solution to the prob- lem; problem formulation is identical with problem solving; wicked problems have no stopping rule, for improvement is always possible; solutions cannot be categorized as right or wrong, but only as "good" or "bad" in varying degrees depending upon the viewpoint of the evaluator; and there is no right to be wrong. Opportunities for experimentation and trial and error solu- tions do not exist. The authors describe a variety of meth- ods and techniques to assist in the design of information systems which they call "sys- tems research of the 2nd generation." The methodology requires the joint participa- tion of potential users as well as operators of the information system in all stages of design and implementation. The structured approach is an educational process and in- sures that competing demands (e.g., ex- haustiveness vs. costs) are recognized and compromised in a rational fashion. As a theoretical model the technique unquestion- ably has great merit; but it demands a level of leisure, cooperation, and rationality sel- dom encountered in the real world. Still, information systems designers would be well advised to consider the well-document- ed failures of the traditional approaches before dismissing this procedure as too the- oretical.-Robert L. Burr, Director, Crosby Library, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington. Turner, Eric G. The Typology of the Early Codex. Haney Foundation Series, Publ. 18. Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl- vania Press, 1977. 188p. $25. LC 75- 10125. ISBN 0-8122-7696-5. In this volume, which o~iginated in a series of lectures delivered at the U niversi- ty of Pennsylvania in the spring of 1971, E. G. Turner, professor of papyrology at the University of London, investigates the bibliographical form of the surv1vmg codices from the ancient world. The codex form in manuscript made its first appear- ance in the second century A.D. when leaves on papyrus or vellum were first placed between two covers rather than in a roll. Turner confines his examination to this early period through the sixth century and traces the early stages of the develop- ment of the format of the book. In this pioneering study, Professor Tur- ner has exami,ned more than 1,000 manu- scripts and has formed a series of tables where similar manuscripts are grouped to- gether based upon dimension, papyrus or vellum material, the format of the text, and paleographical evidence. He has examined the majority of the manuscript fragments personally and carefully gives sources for his information for the other manuscripts. The tables of series and groupings are distrib- uted throughout the text. A full discussion of these manuscripts and a review of the literature concerning each one is included. The second half of this volume consists of a table of eighty-three pages. It is a con- solidated list of the codices studied, giving in tabular form in columns the basic infor- mation about the codices cited in the text. Each is identified by a serial number that serves to lead the reader quickly from the text to the table when a manuscript is dis- cussed. A list of monographs and journals consulted precedes the text. Professor Turner, a distinguished papy- rologist and paleographer, has published a number of monographs and articles on books in antiquity. In this volume he has carefully pieced together his evidence from the extant fragments to create hypotheses that can aid in dating early codices and in tracing their development in a coherent manner. Considering the fragmentary and fragile nature of these manuscripts scat- tered throughout the Western world, his undertaking has been considerable. His hypotheses, while by the very nature of the objects studied tentative, are built upon the evidence gathered and are indeed impres- sive. They shed much light on the format and development of the earliest books in codex form. This book will no doubt be purchased by all research libraries for the use of their classical scholars, and one hopes that li- brary schools as well will want this study in descriptive bibliography for it is a sig- nificant contribution to the literature on the