College and Research Libraries Evolution of Preservation Librarianship as Reflected in Job Descriptions from 1975 through 1987 Michele Valerie Cloonan and Patricia C. Norcott This article examines the job content of the field of preservation librarianship as evidenced in job advertisements culled from five major publications from 1975 through 1987. The authors consider factors such as qualifications, duties, reporting line, and salary-all of which show that preservation librarians function in a largely administrative role, possess the M.L.S. in many, but not all cases, and are being paid below the average salary for functional and subject specialists and department heads. The findings also show a considerable variation in the per- ception of the functions of preservation administrators. n this study we examined the job content of preservation librarianship* as reflected in li- brary placement advertise- ments from 1975 through 1987 in order to trace the development and growth of preservation as a specialty primarily within the library profession. Addition- ally, we hoped that the data would help us draw conclusions about the ways in which preservation positions were situated in various organizational structures. Information came from advertisements in five publications: Abbey Newsletter, American Libraries, Chronicle of Higher Edu- cation, College & Research Libraries News, and Conservation Administration News. The study considered the following questions: 1. When did the title preservation librar- ian first appear in job ads? What other job titles have been in use? Does the terminol- ogy in these titles accurately reflect re- sponsibilities performed? 2. What are the required levels of knowledge, skill, and training for preser- vation librarians? 3. What are the responsibilities of a preservation librarian? 4. Did the number of positions for pres- ervation librarians increase from 1975 to 1987 and, if so, what was the magnitude of the increase? 5. What types of libraries and other or- ganizations are hiring preservation librari- ans? 6. To whom does the preservation li- brarian report? For which department of the library does the preservation librarian work? *We use the term librarianship acknowledging the fact that preservation administrators also function in other institutional settings. Michele Valerie Cloonan is Preseroation Librarian at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912. Pa- tricia C. Norcott is Assistant Dean at Syracuse University College of Law, Syracuse, New York 13244-1030. 646 Evolution of Preservation Librarianship 647 7. How do preservation librarians' sala- ries compare with salaries in other areas of librarianship? A data-collection form made it possible to systematize the evaluation of the job ad- vertisements. The number and type of in- stitutions, the number of positions, and the number of positions listed in each peri- odical appear in figure 1. The study revealed considerable varia- tion in the advertisements. Although the ads clearly reflected an increase in the number of preservation positions during the period under study, there was little consensus as to what duties this position entailed or even what title the position should have. For example, of the 116 ad- vertised positions, there were 68 variant job titles. For this reason, the data analysis in this study is qualitative rather than quantitative, consisting primarily of fre- quencies. Due to the small size of the sam- ple, true statistical analysis was not possi- ble. Thus, trends are identified rather than measured. BACKGROUND In a 1975 article by Gay Walker entitled "Preservation ~£forts in Larger U.S. Aca- 1. Total sample: 172 2. Net sample after duplicates removed: 116 3. Number of institutions: 63 4. Number of positions: 116 demic Libraries," the preservation activi- ties of 86large academic libraries (500,000 volumes or more) were reported. Of the responding libraries, 62 had preservation procedures, but only 4 had "independent preservation operations with one or more persons engaged in preservation activities of an organizational and decision-making nature.' ' 1 While the level of preservation activity was rather low, awareness of pres- ervation needs was clearly high. Just ten years later, the Association of Research Li- braries (ARL) conducted a survey of its member libraries. For 1984-85, the 97 re- spondents spent a total of $38.5 million on preservation programs, 2 although a high percentage of this figure went to contract binding and salary expenditures. Thirty li- braries spent a combined total of $604,874 on contract preservation microfilming. 3 Although the Walker and ARL surveys asked different questions, thus preclud- ing parallel comparisons, the ARL figures demonstrate that many large libraries have made considerable progress in mov- ing from preservation activities to preser- vation programs. (The ARL Preservation Statistics Questionnaire, 1987-88 will dem- onstrate even more strikingly the in- 5. Number of positions by year from 1975 to 1987: 1975: 2 1982: 1 1976: 2 1983: 4 1977: 0 1984: 11 1978: 5 1985: 18 1979: 8 1986: 35 1980: 6 1987: 21 1981: 5 6. Number of positions by periodical: Abbey Newsletter: 49 (28 excluding duplicates) American Libraries: 38 (25 excluding duplicates) Chronicle of Higher Education: 35 (31 excluding duplicates) College & Research Libraries News: 32 (21 excluding duplicates) Conseroation Administration News: 18 (11 excluding duplicates) 7. Number of ARL libraries: 36 8. Number of other libraries and institutions: 27 FIGUREl Data Collection Summaries 648 College & Research Libraries ''The field of preservation adminis- tration has grown substantially since 1975, and the literature has grown proportionately.'' creased preservation activities.) These two studies-spanning just over a decade-correspond closely to the date parameters of our study. They also pro- vide a barometer of the interest in and money spent for preservation programs since the mid-1970s. We included ads from 1986 and 1987 in order to increase the sample and to verify some of the trends predicted between 1975 and 1985. The field of preservation administration has grown substantially since 1975, and the literature has grown proportionately. 4 Yet the focus has been on preservation programs, planning and implementation, collection surveys, disasters, environ- mental standards, conservation treat- ments, and education rather than on the job content of preservation librarianship. Such a gap is understandable: the field is still quite young, and the literature has tended to focus on the most immediate concerns. 5 Further, there have been so few preservation librarians/ administrators un- til recently that a study such as this one would not have been feasible. Over the past eight years, however, there have been several developments which now make the study of preserva- tion librarianship appropriate. In 1981 the School of Library Service at Columbia University inaugurated degree programs for both conservators and preservation administrators. Simultaneously, and in some cases in conjunction with these pro- grams, many libraries received grants to hire preservation interns and/ or preserva- tion librarians. 6 With the existence of training programs for preservation librari- ans as well as more funding resources available for establishing programs, atten- tion can now be focused on the job content of preservation librarianship. METHODOLOGY Job advertisements from 1975 to 1987 in five professional publications provided November 1989 the data for this study. These publications represent the general library profession as well as the conservation and preservation fields. The AIC Newsletter, published by the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, was not used for two reasons: for the early years of this study, jobs advertised there tended to be for art conservators, and during the entire period, most of the jobs were for bench conservators rather than preservation ad- ministrators. Library Journal, originally chosen because of its large circulation, was eliminated after a search through an entire volume (1984) failed to yield appro- priate ads. The year 1984 was selected be- cause in that year eleven preservation po- sitions were advertised elsewhere; it was thus reasonable to conclude that if ads failed to turn up in that Library Journal vol- ume, it was probably not a useful source. Therefore, American Libraries was chosen as the journal to represent the general li- brary profession. As the organ of the ALA, it reaches a large audience and in- cludes all areas of librarianship. With the exception of the Chronicle of Higher Education and Conservation Adminis- tration News, all issues of the publications from 1975 through 1987 were examined. 7 For the Chronicle-a weekly-ads from al- ternate issues were taken. Since many Chronicle ads run for two or more consecu- tive weeks, a check of every issue would probably not have resulted in a higher yield of new preservation ads. Once the publications were selected, a strategy for selecting job advertisements was developed. Because job titles for pres- ervation librarians/ administrators vary so greatly, all ads were skimmed in order to select appropriate jobs. The following ad- ministrative responsibilities were sought: planning, decision making, staff supervi- sion and training, grant writing, the im- plementation of policies, and educational programs. Bench conservator and other positions were included only if the job en- tailed three or more preservation-related administrative responsibilities. Intern- ships for preservation administrators were included for two reasons: they tended to include administrative respon- sibilities such as planning and budgeting, and in many cases internships such as the Evolution of Preservation Librarianship 649 ones sponsored by the Mellon Foundation have been ongoing rather than nonrecur- ring positions. Furthermore, these intern- ships have influenced the field. The terms preservation and conservation should be considered here. Although there has been a trend toward the use of the term preservation for the administra- tor's care of library collections in the ag- gregate, as opposed to individual conser- vation treatment of books at the bench, 8 the term conservation is still used as part of some administrators' job titles. Job ads us- ing either term were included in this study as long as the position advertised entailed the administrative duties described here. By examining all jobs with preservation duties, it was possible to trace the devel- opment of full-time positions from 1975 through 1987. In three cases libraries that originally advertised for positions with some preservation duties later advertised for full-time preservation librarians. For example, in 1976 Princeton advertised for a curator of manuscripts with preserva- tion duties and in 1980 for a binding and . preservation librarian. SUNY/Buffalo ad- vertised for a curator of poetry and rare books with preservation duties in 1979 and in 1984 for a conservation officer. In 1980 Northwestern advertised for a head of collection development with preserva- tion duties and in 1984 for a conservation officer. These relationships were apparent because all of the job ads were examined. By 1981, however, there were enough full- time preservation positions advertised so that other positions with preservation du- ties appear with less frequency in this study. All the institutions represented are American. Included are libraries, histori- cal societies, one regional conservation center, state libraries, a few specialized li- braries, and professional organizations such as the Society of American Archivists (see table 1). LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY There are obvious limitations to a study such as this. Preservation positions have sometimes evolved from other positions in an institution and may not have been advertised. Therefore, some people who have been crucial to the growth of the preservation field hold positions that were never advertised, or perhaps were adver- tised only locally; these positions were not picked up in this study. Also, job ads re- flect the ideal rather than the real. Candi- dates who possess all the qualifications listed in an ad may not exist. Neverthe- less, the 63 institutions that advertised 116 positions (table 1) will at least allow us to identify trends. INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA Use of the Title Preservation Librarian; Other fob Titles; Levels of Responsibility In our sample the title preservation li- brarian first appeared in a 1978 job ad for Harvard University. Since then it has been used with increasing regularity. The three other most commonly used titles are pres- ervation officer, conservation officer, and conservation librarian. ''There is no evidence to suggest that the terms preservation and conserva- tion consistently describe different levels of responsibility or even dif- ferent areas of expertise." There is no evidence to suggest that the terms preservation and conservation consist- ently describe different levels of responsi- bility or even different areas of expertise. Usage seems to reflect the preferences of individual libraries. However, two li- braries stand out as having carefully dif- ferentiated the terms to reflect the nature of the work: New York Public Library (NYPL) and Columbia University. Ac- cording to John Baker, 9 at NYPL, the terms were always differentiated. Under James Henderson, conservation was used in the broadest sense to refer to all preservation and conservation activities. Since David Starn's tenure at the NYPL, preservation has been used as the broader term. The conservators treat the library materials while the preservation librarians are re- sponsible for activities such as microfilm- ing. John Baker's title is chief librarian for preservation. At Columbia, starting around 1974, ' 650 College & Research Libraries November 1989 TABLE 1 INSTITUTIONS ARL Libraries Arizona State University Brown University Case Western Reserve Columbia University Cornell University Emory University Harvard University Indiana University Johns Hopkins University Library of Congr-ess Louisiana State University Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Library of Medicine New York Public Library New York University Newberry Library Northwestern University Ohio State University Princeton University Smithsonian Institution Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Stanford University SUNY/Albany SUNY /Buffalo SUNY /Stonybrook Texas A&M University University of Chicago University of Cincinnati University of Connecticut University of Florida University of Maryland University of Michigan University of Virginia University of Wisconsin Vanderbilt University Yale University Non-ARL Libraries American Philosophical Society Boston College Brooklyn Historical Society Cleveland Public Library Georgia Department of Archives & History Hofstra Uruversity Illinois State Historical Library Indiana State University Indiana University of Pennsylvania Ithaca College J. P. Getty Center for the History of Art & the Humanities Jesse Ball duPont Memorial Library Marquette University Minnesota Historical Society New Jersey State Library New Mexico State University New York Botanical Gardens Book Preservation Center New York State Library Northeast Document Conservation Center Research Libraries Group SOLINET (Atlanta) Society of American Archivists Stanford's Hoover Institution University of Louisville University of Texas at Arlington University of Wisconsin at Madison Vassar College Virginia State Library ARL Statistics, 1984- 85. Washington, D.C. : Assn. of Research Libraries, 1986. Pamela Darling also used the term preser- vation to refer to administrative activities. Carolyn Harris, her successor, had the ti- tle head of the preservation department and later, assistant director for preserva- tion. Darling's views on usage of the two terms are expressed in articles as well as in a 1985 letter to the editor. 10 Required Levels of Knowledge, Skill, and Training for Preservation Librarians A clear preference is indicated for the ALA-accredited M.L.S., which was re- quired in 53 of the 116 ads. Eleven ads stated that an ALA-accredited M.L.S. was preferred. Six of the ads required a mas- ter's degree but did not specify that it be an M. L. S. A conservative interpretation of the data is appropriate here; we know of at least five instances in which candidates without an M.L.S. were hired for these positions. However, it is clear from the data that most libraries would prefer to hire candidates who have at least an M.L.S. The perceived importance of the degree for a preservation librarian may have something to do with the administra- tive responsibilities entailed for the jobs advertised. The relationship between the M. L. S. and administrative responsibilities of preservation librarians will be consid- ered in the conclusion. Fifteen ads offered an alternative to the M.L.S. This can probably be explained by the fact that preservation administration requires more skills than can be taught in most library school programs. Some li- Evolution of Preservation Librarianship 651 braries might prefer to hire someone who has training in the physical treatment of li- brary materials, micrographics, chemis- try, statistics, or whatever other areas best complement the needs of the particular hiring institution. The phrase administrative experience ap- peared in 28 of the ads; preservation admin- istration was listed only three times. In general, administrative skills dominated the experience portion of the job ads and included grant writing, preservation plan- ning, and supervising staff. Experience in the physical treatment of library materials was called for in 30 of the ads. Although some libraries feel that experience in the physical treatment of materials is impor- tant, more libraries find administrative ability preferable. Responsibilities of the Preservation Librarian Planning appeared in 96 job ads, and de- velopment of policy and procedures in 66 ads. Supervisory responsibilities was the third most cited administrative task; 58 ads listed it. The high ranking of these three tasks can probably be attributed to the fact that most preservation positions require all of these skills, though planning and de- velopment of policy and procedures are certainly interdependent. Planning may refer to the development of preservation microfilming programs, disaster pre- paredness plans, staff education, and se- curity systems-all of which ultimately re- quire the development of procedures. One might also argue that the develop- ment of policy and procedures is a facet of planning. Similarly, planning and budg- eting are interrelated. Does the separation of these tasks in the ads indicate a profes- sionwide confusion as to the role of the preservation administrator? Imprecise language often signals confusion on the part of the writer. In the case of the ads, it may indicate that some institutions are unsure either about what a preservation li- brarian does or what in fact the institution wants the incumbent to do. A more positive interpretation of the variant tasks listed in the ads is that the duties and relative rank of preservation positions reflect differences in institu- tional goals and styles. For example, a preservation administrator might have consultative rather than supervisory or budgetary duties. At the same time this in- dividual may be charged with developing library programs. The separation of duties in the ads may actually reflect the wide va- riety of duties that preservation adminis- trators are currently assuming in diverse institutional settings. One area of responsibility not often mentioned is grant writing. With the in- creasing pressure on libraries to obtain large grants, and with the increasing avail- ability of grant monies for preservation programs, it is surprising that grant writ- ing was not specified more than eight times. ''There were 2 positions advertised in 1975 and 21 in 1987, with a peak of 35 advertised in 1986." Magnitude of Increase for Preservation Librarian Positions There has been an unsteady increase in the number of preservation positions ad- vertised from 1975 through 1987. How- ever, the numbers before 1984 are so small that the magnitude of the increases and decreases is probably not significant. There were 2 positions advertised in 1975 and 21 in 1987, with a peak of 35 adver- tised in 1986. The years 1982 through 1987 represent the most striking increases, pos- sibly due to such factors as the increased availability of grants for preservation pro- grams, internships that grew out of the Columbia programs, and the expansion of preservation activities in professional or- ganizations such as the ALA, ARL, and Research Libraries Group (RLG). Again, it is important to remember that not all posi- tions are advertised, so the figures must be evaluated with this limitation in mind. Types of Libraries and Other Organizations Hiring Preservation Librarians Of the 63 institutions represented in this 652 College & Research Libraries study, 36, or 57 percent, are ARL-member libraries 11 (table 1). Significantly, from 1975 through 1985, ARL libraries ac- counted for 27 of the 38 (71 percent) insti- tutions represented. 12 This indicates that preservation programs have been cen- tered in large university and independent research libraries, though the figures for 1986-87 may signal a new trend. Conspic- uously absent from the sample before 1986 were public and college libraries, with the exception of the NYPL which is an ARL member. Although preservation pro- grams now exist in both public and college libraries, 13 at the end of 1987 they still rep- resented a small portion of the sample: 4 of 63, or 6 percent of the institutions. The appearance of these types of libraries over the past two years indicates that the field is expanding beyond its traditional boundaries. 14 The other types of libraries represented in the job ads were four historical soci- eties, three state libraries, and five miscel- laneous specialized libraries such as the J. P. Getty Center for the History of Art & the Humanities, and the New York Botan- ical Gardens Book Preservation Center. In addition to libraries, professional or- ganizations and other types of institutions have hired preservation administrators; these include the Society of American Ar- chivists, Northeast Document Conserva- tion Center, SOLINET, and RLG. Person to Whom the Preseroation Librarian Reports; Department for Which the Preseroation Librarian Works Fifty ads specified the position to which the preservation administrator/librarian would report. In 7 of the ads it was to the director, variously referred to as librarian, university librarian, director of libraries, and executive director and education offi- cer. In at least 13 others, it was to positions one level down from the director (for ex- ample, assistant university librarian). It would be impossible to tabulate the exact number of these mid- to upper-level ad- ministrative positions without examining the organizational charts for each institu- tion, because titles such as principal librar- ian [for] collection management and net- November 1989 work services do not indicate the level of responsibility. Only 34 ads specified the department in which the preservation librarian would work. Departments mentioned included conservation, preservation, custom bind- ing and restoration, collection develop- ment, collection maintenance, serials, public services, and library development. Interestingly, the positions to which the preservation administrators report, and the departments in which they work, rep- resent the major library divisions: admin- istration, technical services, public ser- vices, and special collections. Preserva- tion programs have gradually developed in three of the divisions: technical ser- vices, public services, and special collec- tions. The reasons for this are understand- able. In some libraries attention to preservation problems first focused on the rare deteriorating materials, and so pro- grams started in special collections depart- ments. The earliest positions found in this study were for rare book departments. In other libraries programs were started in the circulation department because brit- tle and/ or otherwise damaged books were identified as they were returned by the pa- trons. For example, the preservation pro- gram at Yale originated in the circulation department and Walker mentions other li- braries in which this was also the case. 15 The focus in these libraries was on books in the general collections. It is probable that most preservation programs started in cataloging and acqui- sitions departments where commercial and in-house binding operations are usu- ally located. In this study, the first collection- development-related position was adver- tised. by Northwestern University in 1980. The job was for the head of collection man- agement but the position included preser- vation administration responsibilities. The next collection development position with preservation responsibilities was ad- vertised by M.l. T. in 1985. Since then, one other position with this emphasis has been advertised-head, collection devel- opment and preservation-at Indiana State University (advertised in 1987). Evolution of Preservation Librarianship 653 The variety of positions to which preser- vation librarians report probably reflects the different administrative styles and de- partmental structures of individual li- braries. Preservation Librarians' Salaries Compared with Salaries in Other Areas of Librarianship We wanted to find out how the salaries for preservation librarians compared with salaries for other professional library posi- tions. Because 36 of the 63 institutions in this study are ARL libraries, it made sense to compare the salaries in the ads to the salaries in the three most recent ARL An- nual Salary Suroeys (1985-1987). 16 The ARL statistics report the beginning and median salaries, salaries by years of experience, and salaries by specialty/function. Anal- ternative source which provides salary fig- ures by library type and level of position is the ALA Suroey of Librarian Salaries, 1986. 17 Only the years 1985-87 were considered. Salary data from the earlier dates would not be particularly meaningful. The data were compared with average salaries for a functional specialist, a sub- ject specialist, and a department head (cat- aloging) in ARL libraries (table 2) so that a relative ranking could be made for preser- vation librarians. Our initial interest in salaries for preser- vation librarians was to compare them with the more established library special- ties. Some preservation librarians possess highly specialized skills-for example, in the physical treatment of library materials or in a subject specialty-and yet do notal- ways have a substantial amount of library experience, or even library d~grees. Many institutions are still willing to hire candi- dates who do not hold M.L.S. degrees. What sort of premium is put on preserva- tion skills? Although the data cannot an- swer the question precisely, they do indi- cate that most preservation librarians are being paid below the average salary for functional and subject specialists and de- partment heads. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY AND CONCLUSIONS Our study was based on the seven ques- tions presented at the beginning of this ar- ticle. Answers were found for questions one through five, and the data for ques- tions six and seven were inconclusive. Question one dealt with usage of the term preseroation librarian. It first appeared in the job ads in 1978. A variety of other titles have also been used for job descrip- tions that encompass similar duties. The different titles do not appear to describe different responsibilities with any accu- racy. Question two attempted to find out the required levels of knowledge, skill, and TABLE2 SALARY DATA Base of scale (n=46) Top of scale (n= 17) Average Salaries for Functional Specialist (all regions) 1985 1986 1987 28,270 29,663 31,396 Average Salaries for Subject Specialist (all regions) 1985 1986 1987 Average Salaries for Department Head (cataloging); (all regions) 1985 1986 1987 34,150 34,756 37,288 Preservation Librarian Salaries 1985-86 Low 16,000 17,000 Mean 23,325 28,488 High 40,000 41,500 654 College & Research Libraries training for preservation librarians. The information was very diffuse, but the ads reflected a clear preference for ALA.:. accredited M.L.S. degrees (64 requiring and preferring) and administrative experi- ence (28 requesting). The responses for question three, about the responsibilities of preservation librari- anship, indicated that administrative du- ties were central to these positions. Question four concerned the increase of preservation librarian jobs advertised dur- ing the period of this study. There was an increase from 2 in 1975 to 21 in 1987, with a peak of 35 advertised in 1986. However the increase was uneven: only from the years 1982 through 1986 was it steady; in 1987 it dipped. It may still be too early to draw any conclusions about probable fu- ture increases. Question five attempted to find out what types of libraries and other organiza- tions were hiring preservation administra- tors/librarians. The majority were ARL li- braries. Prior to 1986, the only public library represented was the NYPL, an ARL member. In 1986 and 1987, other public as well as college libraries appeared in the ads. There were two parts to question six: to whom does the preservation librarian re- port (50 ads provided this information), and for which department does the pres- ervation librarian work (34 ads indicated this). The answers to these questions were inconclusive because the data were so dif- fuse. Question seven, which sought compari- sons between the salaries of preservation and other librarians, can be answered ten- tatively. It appears that in ARL libraries, preservation librarians are being paid less than functional and subject specialists and department heads. Some of the areas explored in this study deserve further attention. For example, a survey could provide more information about the role of the preservation librarian in the organizational hierarchy of the li- brary. Although the ARL Preservation Sta- tistics Questionnaire, 1987-88 will present data on reporting relationships, it would be interesting to find out not only where preservation departments are located in November 1989 the organizational chart, but whether or not the preservation librarians surveyed feel that the reporting relationships have worked effectively. Organizational models for various libraries might be stud- ied and evaluated. More information could be gathered about the salary scale for preservation li- brarianship; a survey might be a better way to collect this information. If a survey was conducted, correlations could be made between salary and the M.L.S. For our study, such a correlation was not pos- sible; there is no way to ascertain whether the candidate chosen possessed an M.L.S., nor what salary was ultimately paid. Additional information could also be gathered about salaries in ARL versus non-ARL libraries. This study has several implications for the preservation field. There seems to be little consensus among library hiring com- mittees about what qualifications preser- vation librarians should have. Yet there has been a sharp increase in the number of preservation programs being established in libraries as exemplified by the ARL Sur- veys described. Perhaps workshops that would focus on the hiring of preservation librarians should be organized by RLG, ARL, or the PLMS section of RTSD for li- braries in the process of implementing preservation programs. Further, stan- dardization of the terms preservation and conservation might also help to alleviate confusion. Although this is the first study to focus on the job content of preservation librari- anship, Ellen McCrady wrote a column about the increase of the number of job ads in the Abbey Newsletter. In a brief item entitled ''Lots of Jobs,'' McCrady cited an increase of 100 percent from 1983 (23 ads) to 1985 (55 ads). 18 Her figures are substan- tially higher than ours because she in- cluded jobs for library and museum bench conservators as well as those for preserva- tion librarians. Nevertheless, we concur that the preservation job market is pres- ently healthy. At the same time, we hope that recognition of the growth of this field will lead to a reappraisal of the job content of preservation administration. Evolution of Preservation Librarianship 655 REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Gay Walker, ''Preservation Efforts in Larger U.S. Academic Libraries,'' College & Research Libraries 36:39-40 Oan. 1975). 2. ARL Newsletter, no.129 (Mar. 1986), p.5; ARL Pilot Preservation Statistics Survey, 1984-85 (Washing- ton, D. C.: Assn. of Research Libraries, 1986), p .1. 3. ARL Pilot Preservation Statistics Survey, p.34. 4. See the bibliographical essays in Library Resources & Technical Services for July/Sept. 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, and Oct./Dec. 1987. In the 1981 review essay by Rose Mary Magrill, preservation ap- peared as a short section in an essay entitled "Collection Development and Preservation in 1980." The 1987 Library Resources & Technical Services essay by Carla J. Montori, "Library Preservation in 1986: An Annotated Bibliography," was twenty-one pages. 5. For a comprehensive view of the history of preservation in this country over the past thirty years, see Pamela W. Darling and Sherelyn Ogden, ''From Problems Perceived to Programs in Practice: The Preservation of Library Resources in the U.S .A., 1956-1980," Library Resources & Technical Ser- vices, 25:9-29 Oan./Mar. 1981). 6. For example, the Mellon Foundation began giving conservation grants in the late 1970s. Since then it has supported conservation departments, training programs, and internships. The National En- dowment for the Humanities (NEH) established an Office of Preservation in 1985. See "NEH An- nounces Office of Preservation," National Preservation News 1:4 Ouly 1985). 7. The first issue of Conservation Administration News appeared in 1978; the first CAN advertisement used for this study was from a 1984 issue. 8. A discussion of the usage of the terms conservation and preservation can be found in Pamela W. Darling, ''Creativity v. Despair: The Challenge of Preservation Administration,'' Library Trends 30:180-181 (Fall1981), and her ''To the Editor,'' Conservation Administration News no.22:3, 20 Ouly 1985). 9. Telephone conversation between John Baker and M. V. Goonan, Jan. 18, 1989. 10. Telephone conversation between Carolyn Harris and M. V. Goonan, Jan. 20, 1989, and Darling (1981 and 1985). 11. ARL Statistics, 1984-1985 (Washington, D.C.: Assn. of Research Libraries, 1986). 12. The preliminary data for this study-covering the years 1975-1985-was reported as ''Preserva- tion Administration Job Market Studied," Abbey Newsletter 10:92 (Dec. 1986). 13. This activity is reflected in Robert and GraceAnne A. DeCandido, ''Micro-Preservation: Conserv- ing the Small Library," Library Resources & Technical Services 29:151-60 (Apr./June 1985). 14. Small special libraries are also developing preservation programs, though the impact of these pro- grams is not yet reflected in the job ads of the periodicals used for this study. See Wesley L. Boomgarden, "Preservation Planning for the Small Special Library," Special Libraries 76:204-11 (Summer 1985). 15. Walker, p. 41. 16. ARL Annual Salary Survey, 1987 (Washington, D.C.: Assn. of Research Libraries, 1988). 17. ALA Survey of Librarian Salaries, 1986 (Chicago: Office for Research and Office for Library Personnel Resources, American Library Assn., 1987). 18. Ellen McCrady, "Lots of Jobs," Abbey Newsletter 9:110 (Dec. 1985). 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