College and Research Libraries Book Reviews Recycling Ideas Horowitz, Irving Louis. Communicating Ideas: Tlze Politics of Scholarly Publishing. 2d exp. ed. New Brunswick, N.J.: Trans- action Publishers, 1991. 311p. $19.95 (ISBN 0-88738-898-1). LC 91-647. Communicating Ideas is the "second ex- panded edition,"released in paperback by Transaction Publishers, of a book first issued by Oxford University Press in 1986 under the alternate subtitle The Cri- sis of Publisl1ing in a Post-Industrial Society. Although the subject, scholarly communication, is of interest to aca- demic librarians, the way in which the book has been assembled exemplifies some of the more troublesome aspects of academic publishing today. The 1986 volume is poorly written, carelessly edited, and of questionable scholarship, yet it was produced by an established and prolific author, working in concert with a reputable scholarly publisher. Now, five years later, a second edition is published that not only leaves the basic errors of the first uncorrected, but also compounds them. Moreover, because Horowitz is not forthright or accurate about the origins of his essays, librarians are misled into thinking that much of the material is new, when a lot of it is quite dated. Irving Louis Horowitz, the Hannah Arendt Professor of Political Science and Sociology at Rutgers University, is the author of numerous articles, reviews, and books on socioeconomic develop- ment, public policy, political sociology, and the sociology of knowledge. Identi- fying himself as "essentially an essayist rather than a writer of lengthy tomes," 1 Horowitz has published a number of an- thologies of his writings. Oxford Univer- sity Press is scheduled to publish his next book, tentatively titled Tlte Decom- position of Sociology, in 1993.2 Horowitz also enjoys considerable in- fluence in the field of scholarly publish- ing. He is the president of Transaction Publishers, a social science press that publishes over one hundred titles a year and includes almost fifty periodical and serial titles in its consortium. His spouse, Mary E. Curtis, serves as publisher and senior vice-president of Transaction and has coauthored several influential es- says with him. Horowitz is editor-in- chief of and a frequent contributor to Society, Transaction's flagship journal, which enjoys a circulation of 10,000 and prides itself on reaching out beyond the academy to decision makers and the in- formed public by presenting social science research findings in a "readable and useful manner."3 Horowitz also serves on the editorial board of and con- tributes articles to several other Transac- tion journals, including Publishing Research Quarterly and Academic Questions. Given the breadth of Horowitz's experience, it should come as no surprise that he is an active speaker on the conference circuit, appearing before such audiences as the Modern Language Association, the Society for Scholarly Publishing, and the National Information Standards Organi- zation. Communicating Ideas is a compilation of Horowitz's papers and speeches about scholarly communication.4 The book con- sists of twenty-four chapters, eight of which are "new'' to the second edition. Horowitz considers how technology has 453 454 College & Research Libraries transformed scholarly publishing, in- cluding its impact on copyright legisla- tion. He is concerned about the interplay between the consumer's right to infor- mation ("fair use") versus the author's and publisher's proprietary right to economic recognition for their product ("fair return"). He also describes the major categories of publishing (trade, textbook, and professional) as well as some of the characteristics of scholarly publishing, in general, and social science publishing, in particular. He comments on the "gatekeeping functions" of aca- demic publishers and outlines the safeguards in place "to reduce the prob- ability of issuing fraudulent or plagia- rized materials."5 Other chapters, particularly those added to the second edition, are narrow in focus and thin in content, and will, therefore, interest only a limited audience. They address issues such as the growth of specialist journals, publishing about philanthropy, the role of the Festschrift, and the proliferation of publishing prizes. The book closes with a startling essay about Horowitz's early publishing venture, Paine-Whitman Publishers. Horowitz's approach to the material is at times theoretical and philosophical, and at others, particularly in the second edition, pragmatic and "nuts-and-bolts" in orientation. Because of the diversity of subjects and variation in approach, the book lacks internal coherence and does not progressively develop a thesis about scholarly communication. Moreover, se- rious problems arise when one attempts to reconcile Horowitz's ideas about scholarly communication with his prac- tice, and as a result, some of his opinions seem disingenuous. In Communicating Ideas, Horowitz pro- motes the "calibrating-effect" of social science research findings through "me- diating publications."6 According to his ideal, social science research, originally conveyed in a scholarly form to a rela- tively elite audience, would reach an ever- widening circle in society as it is retransmitted via different media. Horowitz favors a "fluid notion of social science delivery systems" so that various September 1992 media can be exploited. He explains: "What first appears as a magazine article may filter into the network of social science users differentially. For example, the same article may be delivered in pre- liminary form to a professional society, then published as a scholarly essay, then be transformed into a popular magazine, finally to be made part of an anthology."7 This pattern describes the progression of much of Horowitz's own work, includ- ing Communicating Ideas, and he is quick to point out the positive aspects of this "calibrating-effect." His philosophy is essentially linked to democratic prin- ciples that aim to disperse information, and beneficial social research findings in particular, as widely as possible. Argu- ing that new technologies add value to traditional forms of scholarly publishing rather than replace them, Horowitz re- fers to a "multi-tiered system" in which various formats (ranging from books to interactive video) coexist. He points with considerable pride to an article on the Philadelphia prison system that ap- peared in Society and subsequently formed the basis for a CB5-TV report watched ''by approximately 25 million people."8 As a result of this exposure, a number of prison reforms were insti- tuted. Although Horowitz acknowl- edges that this level of impact is rare, it is, nonetheless, the goal to which he and Society aspire. Horowitz, however, seems oblivious to some of the disadvantages of "calibra- tion." Much of his work makes more sense in its original form than it does republished in Communicating Ideas. For example, chapter 1, which has the opaque title, "Valuational Presupposi- tions of the New Technology," was more persuasive in its original form, namely, as three distinct book reviews, than it is in Communicating Ideas, where these re- views are pasted together with a few in- terpolated paragraphs. Likewise, chapter 13, "Gate keeping Functions and Publish- ing Truths," is more compelling when read in its original context, with Horowitz and Curtis as a pair of respon- dents to a symposium essay by Richard Kluger, "On Truth in Publishing: The Cost of Integrity," that appeared in The Nation in 1978. Chapter 16, "Experts, Audiences, and Publics," in which Horowitz articulates his notion of "cali- bration," is much more interesting as a 1974 report,"Mediating Journals: Reach- ing Out to a Public beyond the Scientific Community," where readers can benefit from the full give-and-take among sym- posium participants, than it is in Com- municating Ideas where Horowitz simply strings together his remarks, as if they were a continuous train of thought, with no indication that he has deleted the in- tervening dialogue. In Horowitz's case, the "fluid delivery system" rapidly be- comes-to the unsuspecting librarian- a flood of virtually identical copies of his work located in different publications. As more and more academic librarians become mindful of the costs exacted by duplication within their collections, they may be distressed to discover that be- cause of Horowitz's practice of repub- lishing without informing them, or of changing titles without changing content, their institutions have naively purchased five barely distinguishable versions of the second chapter of Communicating Ideas, "New Technologies, Scientific Informa- tion, and Democratic Choice."9 Although Horowitz identifies ten pre- viously published chapters, according to my estimation another ten acknowledg- ments are missing entirely. In other words, at least twenty of the twenty-four chapters appear in print elsewhere, as outlined in the accompanying table. Re- publishing and repackaging material in new forms has become an accepted prac- tice in academic publishing and has long been part of Horowitz's repertoire, but with it comes the obligation of forthright documentation. This is not only a matter of professional courtesy and consumer respect but also of copyright compli- ance. In making decisions about whether or not to add a book to their collections, librarians rely on authors and publishers to inform them honestly about its prior publication history. Horowitz's penchant for unacknowl- edged republishing leaves him open to the criticism of "self-plagiarism." In a Book Reviews 455 recent contribution to the electronic dis- cussion group, HUMANIST: Humanities Computing, Irving Hexham distinguishes self-plagiarism from the legitimate recy- cling of a scholar's work in the following way: "Self-plagiarism occurs when no in- dication is given that the work is being recycled and where a clear effort has been made, through changing the para- graph breaks, capitalization, and the sub- stitution of English with foreign terms, to cause the reader to believe they are reading something completely new." 10 Hexham also distinguishes between academic and other types of writing, arguing that "if a book contains academic footnotes, is writ- ten in academic style, and is presented as a work of scholarship then it must be judged as such and measured against the accepted rules for citation .... " 11 It seems fair to expect Communicating Ideas to meet minimal academic standards. Horowitz confuses not only where he has previous! y published his rna terial, but also where the ideas originated. In Communicating Ideas, his pattern of inac- curacy seems to run well beyond inad- vertent carelessness. Horowitz is very casual about accurately attributing coauthorship of certain chapters to his wife, Mary E. Curtis. He neglects to men- tion her contribution to the original ar- ticle on which chapter 3, "Technological Impacts on Scholarly Publishing," is based, despite the fact that the earlier version appeared under both their names three separate times. In the case of chapter 8, "Scholarly Communication and Academic Publishing," Horowitz tells us that he "jointly authored" the original article with Curtis, when in fact it was first issued under her name alone. These seem clear-cut examples of expro- priation, but since Curtis was "instru- mental" in bringing Communicating Ideas to "fruition," she evidently has no objec- tion to this misrepresentation of her work.12 In addition to reprinting material without acknowledgment, Horowitz al- leges that previously published material has been "substantially rewritten, re- vised and expanded." 13 This claim proves false. A comparison of original 456 College & Research Libraries journal articles and chapters in Com- municating Ideas reveals that Horowitz has typically "rewritten" chapters by eliminat- ing any clue that they have been published before; "revised" them by haphazardly or speciously updating figures, merging par- agraphs, or interchanging synonyms; and "expanded" them by tacking on a couple of introductory paragraphs and a para- graph at the end. Chapter 15, "Social Science as Scholarly Communication," serves as an example of Horowitz's procedure. Although there is no indication that this chapter has been previously published, it appeared under the title "Marketing Social Science" in 1979 in Society. The version in Communi- cating Ideas has two new introductory paragraphs. Most of the other changes either camouflage the article's origin, ("in the previous section" becomes "ear- lier in this chapter"), or make the data seem current when it appears not to have been updated. Despite a discussion of "several recent trends," a glance at the footnotes reveals that most of the infor- mation dates from the mid- to Ia te-1970s. In the original Society article Horowitz states, without a footnote, that "overall library sales are expected to drop 28 per- cent between 1974 and 1981." 14 In Com- municating Ideas, Horowitz revises the statement to read, "overall library sales dropped 28 percent between 197 4 and 1981."15 In support of this statement, he footnotes John Dessauer's Library Acqui- sitions: A Look into the Future- published in 1976P6 The attentive reader can only wonder if Dessauer's predictions proved perfectly accurate or if Horowitz is merely "confirming" them ten years Ia ter by editorial fiat. He then uses these data to buttress his argument that im- poverished libraries rely increasingly on networks to obtain copies of needed material, rather than purchasing a jour- nal outright. Again, Horowitz uses the same statements in both articles, but without footnotes in the Society version. In Communicating Ideas he notes: "For the entire state of Ohio, only one copy of a periodical is needed. Within twenty-four hours, any article can be rotated to 258 participating libraries." He concludes: September 1992 ''This means that of 258 potential sub- scriber units 257 do not require a sub- scription."17 In my own perusal of Susan K. Martin's Library Networks, 1976-1977, which Horowitz cites in Communicating Ideas as the source for his statistics, I was unable to locate any such data, although my search was impeded by Horowitz's habitual citation to the entire work rather than to specific pages.18 When he "rewrites," Horowitz demon- strates the pitfalls of sloppy editorial prac- tices. In a discussion about "intellectual property," he drops an entire paragraph from his direct quotation of Dorothy Nelkin without indicating the deletion and then continues to make use of her exact words after he has closed the quota- tion and provided the footnote. Nelkin's original text (minus the dropped para- graph) appears below, followed by the mis- appropriation of her words in Horowitz's earlier work, and the cosmetically revised version that appears in Communicating Ideas. (Changes from the original text are highlighted in bold print) Original text: "Intellectual Property: The Control of Scientific Information," by Dorothy Nelkin, Science 216:708 (May 14, 1982): ''The ambivalence so apparent in the disputes over the control of research suggests that there have been significant changes in the social role of science and in the importance of research. Indeed, these disputes are part of a larger struggle to renegotiate relations between science and the pub- lic that were established at a time when science was a very different so- cial enterprise." Horowitz's text from Information Age 5:72 (Apr. 1983): ''The ambivalence so apparent in the disputes over the control of research suggests that there have been significant changes in the social role of science and in the importance of research." (Nelkin) These disputes are part of a larger struggle to renegotiate relationships between science and the public that were established at a time when science was a very different social enterprise. Horowitz's text from Communicat- ing Ideas (2d ed.), p. 26: "The am- bivalence so apparent in the disputes over the control of research suggests that there have been significant changes in the social role of science and in the importance of research."(Nelkin) These disputes are part of a larger struggle to renegotiate relations be- tween scientist and citizen that were established at a time when science was a very different, more confined, social enterprise. The contradictions between Horowitz's subject matter and his methods undermine his authority and make it extremely diffi- cult to ascertain where his ideas end and someone else's begin. Paradoxically, copyright regulation, specifically the protection of intellectual property rights through enforcement of the "fair return" concept, is a subject on which Horowitz is considered an authority. For example, Horowitz is cited in the May 1992 editorial of College & Research Libraries for his views on copyright.19 He devotes four chapters in Communicating Ideas primarily to the dis- cussion of copyright issues, including ''The Reproduction of Knowledge and Maintenance of Property." It is a consider- able irony that Horowitz gives no acknowl- edgment of prior publication for this chapter despite the fact that it formed the basis of a presentation at a public hearing before the Copyright Office at the Library of Congress in 1981, was adapted to an article in Scltolarly Publishing, "Corporate Ghosts in the Photocopying Machine," and reprinted by permission of the author and publisher (copyright 1981 by the Uni- versity of Toronto Press) in Library Lit.12 - The Best of 1981. The article was then expanded for presentation at a 1986 con- ference at the Center for Book Research, before its publication in Book Research Quarterly under the title, ''The Protection and Dissemination of Intellectual Prop- erty." This latter article acknowledges that Horowitz "is the author of Communicating Ideas, to be published in September 1986 by Oxford University Press." It does not state, however, that this article will appear as a chapter in the book. While cavalier in his own practice of disclosing copyright, Horowitz argues that the 1976 copyright legislation al- Book Reviews 457 lows for too generous an interpretation of the "fair use" doctrine, and he is espe- cially critical of academic librarians who have been its champions. He contends that technology has made it increasingly possible to violate copyright by permitting extensive photo duplication without ade- quate reimbursement to the author or publisher. Horowitz proposes that ad- vanced technology could also be used to remedy these infractions through the in- stallation of monitoring and reporting mechanisms. If authors and publishers are not compensated for their products, Horowitz believes, the wellsprings of creativity will dry up, and scholarly publishing will decline. Our enthusiasm for Horowitz's pro- posals might diminish, were we to con- clude that he has been overly concerned with the privileges of copyright, while neglecting its responsibilities. Because of the confluence of publication dates, he has certainly set himself a difficult task in obtaining copyright clearances. For example, chapter 2, which is not ac- knowledged as previously published, bears a copyright by Butterworth & Co. for the article in Information Age in April 1983; a copyright by Virginia Quarterly Review, The University of Virginia, for the article published in Autumn 1983; and a copyright by Elsevier Science for the ar- ticle in Representation and Exchange of Knowledge published in 1984. Horowitz then retains copyright in 1986 for its ap- pearance (and all other material) in the first edition of Communicating Ideas, while Transaction holds the copyright for all new material in the second edition. Horowitz argues against more con- trols in the scholarly publishing industry to prevent deceptive work. He believes that "the best safeguard against fraud is a free and untrammeled publishing net- work. Fail-safe systems urged by those who would make the publisher a Guard- ian of Truth represent a cure far worse than the disease." 20 If authors, editors, and publishers let us down, we can rely on the review process. According to Horowitz, "it should be remembered that one of the chief functions of making a work public is exactly to separate sense 458 College &: Research Libraries from nonsense."21 Yet Horowitz's own work has slipped through this safety net. The first edition of Communicating Ideas emerged from the review process relatively unscathed. One reviewer commented that "the book is more a collection ofindividual essays than a comprehensive statement'' (Altbach); another referred to "several wordy chapters" (Virginia Quarterly Re- view); a third noted the irony that a book on scholarly publishing was "riddled with typos'' (Boyer); and a fourth observed that "some of it is the heavy-footed dance around the obvious" (Garrett). Each of these criti- cisms, however, was counterbalanced by ac- clamations of a "stimulating book'' (Altbach) with "provocative observations" (Boyer), and an "informed and intelligent volume" (Gusfield).22 In the reviewer's opinion, were Horowitz not a major presence in the field, enjoying considerable influence, we might dismiss this book as an ill-con- ceived and poorly managed project. But because he is such a powerful figure- professor, writer, editor, reviewer, and publisher-what he says carries a great deal of weight. One is almost tempted to see his book as an elaborate hoax-a kind of intellectual game in which Horowitz deliberately contradicts his own tenets. However, it is not Horowitz September 1992 alone who is remiss, but also the publish- ers and a legion of forgiving reviewers. Horowitz exhorts readers to rely on the established safeguards of author reputa- tion, editor scrutiny, publisher validation, and reviewer legitimization to discourage, if not prohibit, marginal products-and indeed we do. However, when these "controls" prove inadequate, where do we turn? For academic librarians, our collection budgets, if not integrity, hang in the balance. If the need for the first edition of Communicating Ideas was un- certain, then the second edition is even more problematic. Should we choose to ignore the many questions raised by this book, perhaps in 1996 we will deserve to add a third expanded edition to our col- lections: Communicating Ideas: The Ethics of Scltolarly Publishing in the Twenty-First Century.-Martlza L. Brogan, Yale Univer- sity, New Haven, Connecticut. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the following people in either tracking down material for this review or discuss- ing their opinions with me: Christine Boy- land, James Brogan, Irving Hexham, John Kaiser, Jeffry Larson, Susanne Roberts, Cesar Rodriguez, Patricia Sabosik, Ed- ward Shreeves, Meneca Turconi, and the good offices of Yale University Library Interlibrary Loan. Chapter 1: "Valuational Presuppositions of the New Technology" Cited Source Infonnation Age Chapter 2: None "New Technologies, Scientific Information, and Democratic Choice" Chapter3: ''Technological Impacts on Scholarly Publishing" Journal of the American Society for Infonnation Science TABLE OF SOURCES Published Source Identified This chapter is an expanded combination of the following three book reviews: Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation. By J. Weizenbaum. London: Penguin Books, 1984,300 p. Appeared in Infonnation Age 6:186-87 Ouly 1984). Tile Rigllt to Commu11icate: A New Huma11 Riglzt. Ed. by Desmond Fisher and L.S. Harms. Dublin: Boole Pr., 1983,229 p. Appeared in Infonnation Age 6:249 (Oct. 1984). From Gutenberg to Telidon: A White Paper on Copyright, Proposals for tlte Revision of the Canadia11 Copyrigllt Act. By Judy Evola and Francis Fox, Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada and Del'artment of Communications, Government of Canada, 1984, 117 p. Appeared m Information Age 6:249-50 (Oct. 1984). . Unrevised version of chapter 1, which is not acknowled~ed, appeared as: Horowitz, Irving Louts. "Knowledge and Its Values. In Persuasions and Prejudices: An Infonnation Compendium of Modern Social Science 1953- 1988. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1989), p.620-30. Revision Review slightly expanded; footnotes inserted. Review unrevised; footnotes inserted. Review unrevised; footnotes inserted. Unrevised. "New Technology, Scientific Information and Democratic Choices." Information Unrevised. Age 5:67-73 (Apr. 1983). "Printed Words, Computers, and Democratic Societies." Virginia Quarterly Expanded version with Review 59:620-36 {Autumn 1983). footnotes added to "New Technology, Scientific Information, and Choices for Democratic Societies." In Representation and Exchange of Knowledge as a Basis of Infonnation Processes, Proceedings of the Fifth International Research Forum in Information Science (IRFIS 5), Heidelberg, F.R.G., Sept. 5-7, 1983, organized by Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Dokumentation e.V. (DGD), Sektion Informationswissenschaft in cooperation with Gesellschaft fiir Information und Dokumentation mbH (GID). Ed. Hans J. Dietschmann. (Amsterdam: North-Holland/Elsevier Science), 1984, p.397-415. "The Impact of the New Information Technolosy on Scientific and Scholarly Pubhshing," coauthored with Mary E. Curtis. In In(onnation Technology: Impact on the Way of Life, A Selection of Papers from the EEC Conference on the Information Society Held in Dublin, Ireland, 18-20 November 1981, Organized by National Board for Science and Technology, Ireland and Commission of the Eu.-opean Communities, FAST Programme, Ed. Liam Bannon, Ursula Barry and Olav Holst, (Dublin: Nationaf Board for Science & Technology /Tycooly International Publishing, Ltd., (1982), p.342-55. ''The Impact of Technology on Scholarly Publishing," coauthored with Mary E. Curtis, Scholarly Publishing 13:211-28 (Apr. 1982). "The Impact of the New Technology on Scientific and Scholarly Publishing." Coauthored with Mary E. Curtis, Journal of Information Science 4:87-96 (May 1982). Prior publication in Scholarly Publishing acknowledged along with its origin as a conference paper. chapter. Expanded slightly; added footnotes. Unrevised; footnotes revised cosmetically; Curtis dropped as co- author. Unrevised; Curtis dropped as coauthor. Unrevised; Curtis dropped as coauthor. Chapter4: "The Political Economy of Database Technology" Chapter 5: "Copyright Legislation and Its Consequences" Chapter6: "The Repro- duction of Knowledge and the Maintenance of Property" Cited Source The Virginia Quarterly Review TABLE OF SOURCES (Continued) Published Source Identified "The Political Economy of Database Technology." Infonnation and Behavior 1:149-60 (1984). Ed. Brent D. Ruben. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. Seminar paper from the ''Book in the Electronic Age," Mar. 16 and 17,1984, University of Scranton: ''The Political Economy of Database Technology." Book Research Quarterly 1:68-80 (Spring 1985). Journal of the American "Fair Use Versus Fair Return: Copyright Legislation and Its Consequences." Sodety for Coauthored with Mary E. Curtis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science lnfonnation Science 35:67-74 (Mar. 1984). with Mary E. Curtis None "Corporate Ghosts in the Photocopying Machine." Scholarly Publishing 12:299- 304 Ouly 1981). Acknowledged as: Presentation to the Public Hearing of the Copyright Office, Library of Congress, held in New York City on Jan. 28, 1981. Expanded for "New.Perspectives on Copyright." 1986 Conference, Center for Book Research. Published with footnotes added as: ''The Protection and Dissemination of Intellectual Property." Book Research Quarterly 2:4-13 (Summer 1986). Chapter 7: Scholarly Publishing None found. "From Computer Revolution to Intellectual Counter- Revolution" Chapter 8: "Scholarly Communication and Academic Publishing" Chapter9: "Expropriating Ideas-the Politics of Global Publishing" Journal of Infonnation Sdence, with Mary E. Curtis Book Research Quarterly ''The Informational Basis of Social Science Publishing." By Mary E. Curtis. Society 17:25-31 (Nov./Dec. 1979). "Expropriating Ideas: The Politics of Global Publishing." The Bookseller (Aug. 2, 1986), p.528-32. Copyright 1986 by Horowitz. Acknowledged as: paper delivered to the International Group of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers' Conference on ''The Future of STM"; the conference was held in May 1986 at Gleneagles. Revision Unrevised. Unrevised. Unrevised. Expanded. Unrevised. Expanded and cosmetically revised; footnotes added. Mary Curtis credited as co-author, when in fact she is the sole author. Expanded. Chapter 10: "Scientific Access and Political Constraint to Knowledge" Chapter 11: "From Means of Production to Modes of Com- munication" Chapter 12: "Advertising Ideas and Marketing Products" Chapter13: "Gatekeeping Functions and Publishing Truths" Chapter 14: "The Social Structure of Scholarly Communication" Chapter15: "Social Science as Scholarly Communication" None "Scientific Access and Political Constraint to Knowledge: Revisiting the Dilemma of Rights and Obligations." Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 7:397-405 (June 1986). Editor's Note: "This article was originally prepared as the opening presentation for the Research Access Conference held at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., on November 18, 1985, and cosponsored by the Social Science Research Council and the Smithsonian Institution." "Revisiting the Dilemma of Rights and Obligations." Society 23:5-8 (July/ Aug. 1986). Unrevised. Unrevised. Knowledge: Creation, Appeared in Italian translation: "Dai mezzi di produzione ai modi di Diffusion, Utilization comunicazione: la trasformazione delle classi sociali in gruppi d'interesse." The Bookseller Coauthored with Mary E. Curtis; no journal title given None None Studi di Sociologia 25:189-96 {Apr.-June 1987). "Advertising: Truth, Propaganda and Consequences." In Proceedings of the Expanded. Council of Better Business Bureaus on the Responsibilities of Advertisers to Society. Washington, D.C.: Council of Better Business Bureaus, 1978, p.63- 70. "Commercial Advertising as a Form of Knowledge: Ten Propositions in Search Expanded. of a Theory." Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 2:19-26 {Sept. 1980). "On Truth in Publishing: The Cost of Integrity." Respondent with Mary E. Curtis. The Nation ijune 3, 1978), p. 660-61. Expanded. None found. "Marketing Social Science." Society 17:12-19 {Nov./Dec. 1979). Expanded; footnotes added. Chapter 16: "Experts, Audiences, and Publics" Chapter17: "The Changing System of Author-Publisher Relations" Chapter 18: "Specialist Journals in America: Romantic Highs and Fiscal Bottoms" Chapter19: "Publishing about Philanthropy" Chapter 20: ''The Place of the Festschrift in Scholarly Publishing" Cited Source None 1987Modern Language Association (MLA) speech None Presentation for the Center on Philanthropy at Indiana University, March 1990 Scholarly Publishing TABLE OF SOURCES (Continued) Publis.hed Source Identified "Mediating Journals: Reaching Out to a Public Beyond the Scientific Community." International Social Science Journal26:393-97 (1974), with discussion on p. 403-10. Appears alongside piece by Paul Barker with commentary by other symposium participants. 1986 MLA speech. Adapted to "New Technology and the Changing sr.stem of Author-Publisher Relations." Editor's Notes 6:10-13 (Spring 1987. "New Technology and the Changing System of Author-Publisher Relations." New Literary History 20:505-9 (Winter 1989). Acknowledged as paper presented at - the 1986 Modern Language Association Convention. "Specialist Journals in America: Romantic Highs, Fiscal Bottoms and a Recipe for Survival." Logos 2:37-40 (1991). None found. ''The Place of the Festschrift in Scholarly Publishing." Scholarly Publishing 21:77-83 (Jan. 1990). Revision Expanded; footnotes added. Unrevised. Unrevised. Unrevised. Unrevised. Chapter 21: "Publishing, Prizing, ano Praising" Chapter 22: ''The Forms of Democracy: the Place of Scientific Standards in Advanced Societies" Chapter 23: ''Toward a History of Social Science Publishing" Chapter 24: "Scholarly Publishing as the Word Made Flesh" Book Research Quarterly 50th anniversary keynote address, National Information Standards Organization, Library of Congress, September18, 1989 1990 MLA speech "Command performance" in honor of his wife, Mary E. Curtis, Oct., 1990 "Publishing and Prizing." Book Research Quarterly 3:18-21 (Winter 1987 /88). ''The Forms of Democracy: The Place of Scientific Standards in Advanced Societies." Information Standards Quarterly 2:8-12 (Jan. 1990). Copyright 1990 by Horowitz. ''Toward a History of Social Science Publishing in the United States." Publishing Research Quarterly 7:59-67 (Summer 1991). None found. Unrevised. Unrevised. Unrevised. 464 College & Research Libraries September 1992 REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Irving Louis Horowitz, Winners and Losers: Social and Political Polarities in America (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1984), p.xiii. 2. In "The Decomposition of Sociology," Academic Questions 5:32-40 (Spring 1992). Horowitz acknowledges that this article will form part of the opening chapter of his forthcoming book. 3. Transaction Publishers, "Periodicals & Serials Catalogue 1992," p.26. 4. Thanking a host of sponsoring organizations, Horowitz acknowledges that "many (if not most) of these chapters [in Communicating Ideas 1 had their origin" in commissioned papers, addresses, and lectures. Horowitz, Communicating Ideas, p.xvii. 5. Ibid., p.167. 6. Ibid., p.202-3. 7. Ibid., p.208. 8. Ibid., p.202. 9. The appended table identifies the publishing chronology of each chapter to the extent that I have been able to untangle it. The first column indicates the title of the chapter in Communicating Ideas. The second column is Horowitz's acknowledgment of the chapter's previous incarnations. The third column gives the published sources I have identified. The fourth column identifies the variation between the article and chapter versions. 10. Irving Hexham, "On Plagiarism and Integrity in Scholarly Activity," HUMANIST: Humanities Computing 5:4 (Apr. 3, 1992). (Received electronically via HUMANIST@ BROWNVM.BITNET as contribution 5.0814). 11. Ibid., p.5. 12. It is odd that Horowitz does not provide an accurate account of his prior publications, since a bibliography of his writings appeared in 1984: Bibliography of tlze Writings of Irving Louis Horowitz, 1951-1984 (New Brunswick, N.J.: distributed by Transaction, privately printed). The bibliography has almost 500 distinct entries, not including those for the plentiful reprints and translations. 13. Horowttz, Communicating Ideas, p.xviii. 14. Horowitz, "Marketing Social Science," Society 17:16 (Nov./Dec. 1979). 15. Horowitz, Communicating Ideas, p.192. 16. Dessauer's actual statement reads: "Even more disappointingly, unit sales of domes- tically published books are expected to decline, from 125 million in 1974 to 90 million in 1981, a drop of nearly 28%." See John P. Ferre Dessauer, Library Acquisitions: A Look into the Future ([s.l.]: Book Industry Study Group, 1976), p.l. 17. Horowitz, Communicating Ideas, p .193. 18. Susan K. Martin, Library Networks, 1976-1977 (White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry, 1976). 19. Gloriana St. Clair, "Intellectual Property," College & Research Libraries 53:193 (May 1992). 20. Horowitz, Communicating Ideas, p.168. 21. Ibid., p.162. 22. I have consulted the following reviews of the first edition of Communicating Ideas: Philip G. Altbach, Scholarly Publishing 19:59-61 (Oct. 1987); P. Boyer, Choice 24:1204 (Apr. 1987); Joseph Branin, Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory 12:123-24 (1988); Journal of Aca- demic Librarianship 13:257 (Sept. 1987); John P. Ferr, "Information vs. Knowledge," Journal of Communication 38:174-76 (Winter 1988); George Garrett, "American Publish- ing Now," The Sewanee Review 96:522 (Summer 1988); Robert T.Golembiewski, Times Literary Supplement June 12, 1987, p.646; Joseph Gusfield, Los Angeles Times Book Review, Dec. 14, 1986, p . 4; Virginia Quarterly Review 63:64 (Spring 1987).