reviews Book Reviews 389 Through a persuasive analysis of women’s networks of community, poli- tics, kinship, and friendship, the book of- fers insight into women’s consciousness as librarians. While adding breadth and depth to the existing literature on the educational and professional history of women librarians, this book also chal- lenges the myth that the “femininization of librarianship” is a factor contributing to the profession’s downgraded image. Christine Jenkins in her essay also con- fronts what Geraldine Joncich Clifford described in the preface as “misconcep- tions about women librarians’ roles in defense of intellectual freedom.” The volume contains two parts. The first is full of colorful and informative accounts of heroines and tireless work- ers whose contributions often have been omitted or overlooked in the chronicles of library history. Each article illustrates the activism and enterprise of women from Jean Blackwell Hutson to Adelaide Hasse to Julia Brown Asplund to Anne Carrol Moore, describ- ing the vanguard that definitely shaped the librarian profession. Of all the ar- ticles, my favorites, “Dorothy Porter Wesley: Bibliographer, Curator, and Scholar” and “Librarian, Literary Detec- tive and Scholar: Fannie Elizabeth Ratchford,” reminded me of myself. All articles include endnotes, and some in- clude bibliographies of sources. Not every woman worthy of inclu- sion is found among the chapters in this monograph. The editor states in chap- ter one that “There are still many early library women to identify and study, in- cluding women of different races and ethnicities and lesbian women.” But one can hardly find fault with this effort. It also is argued that the burgeoning field of women’s history in librarianship should do more than tell stories of sex- ism and oppression. Instead, writes Geraldine Joncich Clifford, “in order to advance the historiography of librar- ianship beyond the herstory phase of feminist scholarship, it is necessary to do more than introduce female con- tributors into the saga. Rather, the ideo- logical foundations and structural op- erations of differentiated gendered ex- perience also need to be revealed and explained.” Which is just what part two aims to do—rescue women from the margins to which conventional histories have as- signed them. It contains articles, from four women librarians, that grapple with misperceptions and lack of awareness inherent in HIStory, by considering the experiences and institutional status of women. Clearly, the need exists for more studies of this kind, especially re- search that compares the experiences of men and women librarians. This is an essential book, one that will be of enduring value to students, re- searchers, and anyone interested in a fuller, richer understanding of library history. There is a detailed subject in- dex and a delightful cited author index. Also, I am pleased that placement of the notes is at the end of each chapter. One minor flaw is the small print, which detracts from the book’s readability. Nevertheless, I wish the widest possible readership for such a good work.— Gladys Smiley Bell, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. Reed-Scott, Jutta, principal author. Schol- arship, Research Libraries, and Global Index to advertisers ACRL 394 BIOSIS 309 Blackwell’s cover 3 Brooklyn College 354 Information Quest 296 Library Technologies 322 OCLC 291 Primary Source Media 292 Readmore 337 R.R. Bowker cover 2, 375 Todd Enterprises cover 4 390 College & Research Libraries July 1997 Publishing: The Result of a Study Funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Washington, D.C.: Association of Re- search Libraries, 1996. xx, 159p. $30. ISBN 0-918006-78-3. LC 96-13725. The message is here and the message is clear: U.S. and Canadian research li- braries do not now have the resources to acquire the foreign publications that are increasingly necessary for schol- arly research, and unless they begin to collect cooperatively, they will not be able to acquire essential foreign publications. This report traces the de- cline in foreign acquisitions, identifies its causes, shows that research librar- ies are building identical core collec- tions, and sketches solutions to the problem. This report should be read and studied by all area studies librarians, li- brary directors, and scholars whose re- search depends even remotely on for- eign publications. A crisis looms. This monograph is a result of the As- sociation of Research Libraries’ (ARL) Foreign Acquisitions Project, a four- year study of trends in “global informa- tion resources” funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The purpose of the project was to develop “a clearer understanding of the forces influencing North American research libraries’ abil- ity” to build and maintain collections of publications produced outside the United States and Canada. The pres- sure of budgets, the fluctuations in ex- change rates, the tremendous increase in foreign publications in English and in- digenous languages, and the associated costs of acquiring, cataloging, and pre- serving foreign publications are all sig- nificant factors in the decline of foreign acquisitions. The solution to this prob- lem is, according to this study, coopera- tive action at a time when advances in communications allow libraries “to re- design their modes of providing ser- vice.” Jutta Reed-Scott, senior program of- ficer for preservation and collection de- velopment at ARL, shows how support for foreign area and language collec- tions in North American research librar- ies has waxed and waned, from expan- sion in the 1960s, when funding was much more fluid, to subsequent re- trenchment in the 1970s and 1980s. One of the key points she makes, quoting a 1984 report issued by the Association of American Universities (AAU), is that area collections are crucial to area stud- ies scholars, but marginal to the pri- mary concerns of many universities. As area studies faculty and librarians well know, “marginal” areas are the most easily and most readily cut when uni- versities face a budget crunch, which is more and more an annual ritual. What is even more disturbing than the reali- ties of impending and experienced cuts is the fact that libraries that temporarily curtail acquisition of foreign publications cannot catch up. Not only are libraries unlikely to be funded in the future as in the past, but the publications the librar- ies missed, particularly those from de- veloping countries, will not be available for acquisition. And “area studies” en- compasses virtually the rest of the world: Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, Russia and Eastern Europe, and Western Europe. However, the real crunch comes when we realize, as this study notes, that U.S. and Canadian libraries are building identical collections, leaving the unique items out of their collections be- cause “only a handful of libraries—and foremost among them the Library of Congress—have invested in building comprehensive collections of global re- sources for all world areas.” Reed-Scott notes that “With some notable excep- tions, cutbacks in foreign acquisitions are driven by local demands, with little consideration of the effects on the en- tire North American access system for highly specialized resources.” The truth of this statement does not take into ac- count that local demands—the faculty, Book Reviews 391 students, and other researchers at each institution—are what drive acquisitions, and that no library in the United States, even the Library of Congress, is the national library. Reed-Scott calls for “fundamental changes in the ways major research li- braries of the U.S. and Canada acquire and maintain foreign area and lan- guage collections.” This is to be achieved through “coordinated strate- gies for ensuring the success of the ag- gregate holdings in the face of reduc- tions at the institutional level.” Her vi- sion is that libraries will not only collect collaboratively but also will share ac- cess and distribution, thus ensuring comprehensive collections of foreign materials while containing costs. They would do this by reallocating local bud- gets to support access and delivery, a proposal that many libraries, and their patrons, might find very difficult to ac- cept. Three demonstration projects have been set up by ARL in partnership with AAU. They target Latin American acquisi- tions, German-language materials, and Japanese-language scientific and technical resources as samples of the diverse chal- lenges—due to the “economic, cultural, political, and linguistic characteristics of these three cultures”—that will be encoun- tered in efforts to achieve the goal of col- laborative acquisitions and access. ARL also is working with the American Council of Learned Societies to involve scholarly societies both to build consensus for the strategies of this program and to assess and address their need for foreign research materials. Another very important compo- nent of the program focuses on promoting the education and development of area li- brarians. The 1995 conference on the de- velopment of area librarianship, held at In- diana University, highlighted the projected shortage of area librarians and the “dimin- ished priority” of ARL directors in filling area librarian positions. The time to iden- tify, educate, and train area specialists is now, well before implementation of the col- laborative plan called for in this study, but little is being done in the United States on a national or even a local level, nor are for- eign area library committees actively ad- dressing this issue, with one or two excep- tions. The second part of this study, “Fram- ing the Problem,” concerns shifts in area and international studies and in- formation needs; how the internation- alization of curricula and research is changing the way researchers work; the growth in global publishing between 1980 and 1990; the economics of inter- national research resources (increases in the cost of materials coupled with fluc- tuations in the value of the dollar and a decline in both internal and external funding for libraries); and the increas- ing diversity of resources. Part three of this study reports on the collecting patterns of North Ameri- can research libraries and provides summaries of the separate surveys of area studies collections prepared by the area studies library committees. Most of the surveys have been published in full elsewhere, and some are available on the ARL gopher. Because many of the surveys were prepared for this project, they trace the common themes of trends in the geographic area that is the focus of the individual committees, trends in publishing costs, state of col- lections, cooperative efforts, and the impact of electronic resources. Only two of the fifteen summaries mention the need for support for librarians. The next section gives information on coop- erative collection development pro- grams that already are in place and functioning. The final section of this book focuses on AAU/ARL initiatives in foreign lan- guage and area studies publications, with a review of the initial three demon- stration projects, and presents the ARL vision for the future. The appendix con- tains ARL’s strategic plan for improving 392 College & Research Libraries July 1997 access to global information resources in U.S. and Canadian research librar- ies. This is followed by a bibliography of references used in the text. Aside from the information given in this study on the ARL initiative, there is a wealth of useful information that would be very time-consuming to gather sepa- rately, particularly the summaries of area studies library committees, the surveys on international publishing, and the information on the economic reali- ties of maintaining area study collec- tions. This study is well organized, very readable, and very important, and is supported by numerous useful figures and tables. Its title, however, barely hints at its contents, nor does it indicate that the study is a response to an immi- nent crisis that is being addressed by a very far-reaching project. Those who want to keep up on the development of this program can subscribe to ARL-An- nounce on the Internet, but ARL also needs to be even more aggressive in getting the word out to librarians and faculty than it has been up to now. And the issue of recruiting and training the next generation of area studies librar- ians must be brought to the fore as the strategic plan is implemented. The project and this study already have made a significant contribution by in- cluding Canadian libraries. Three new developments support the concerns of this project: first, the U.S. government announced in January 1997 a proposal to make substantial cuts in the funding for the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), which would further diminish the resources on for- eign countries that American scholars use for research; second, in January, the Mellon Foundation awarded this project a substantial grant that will allow for Southeast Asia and Africa demonstra- tion projects and will enable ARL to move faster in promoting coordinated collec- tion management; and third, U.S. librar- ies with South Asian collections have formed three regional consortia to ad- dress some of the same concerns ad- dressed in this study.—Raymond Lum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachu- setts. Wallerstein, Immanuel, et al. Open the Social Sciences: Report of the Gulbenkian Commission on the Restructuring of the Social Sciences. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Pr. (Mestizo Spaces), 1996. 105p. alk. paper, $37.50 cloth. ISBN 0-8047-2726-0. $10.95 paper. ISBN 0-08047-2727-9. LC 95-45759. Although the distance between the cov- ers is not great, this book should play a major role in setting the agenda for dis- cussion on the future of the dominant social science paradigm. Immanuel Wallerstein, distinguished professor of sociology, president of the International Sociological Association, and director of the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economics, Historical Systems, and Civilizations at the State University of New York, Binghamton, is perhaps the preeminent scholar of the social sci- ences in relation to world systems and their study. Wallerstein, along with ten other scholars of world renown (six from the social sciences, two from the natu- ral sciences, and two from the humani- ties), has brought to the fore several consequential issues for deliberation regarding the existing disciplinary structure of the social sciences. In the first section of this book, the au- thors carefully outline the social and his- torical construction of the social sciences as a form of knowledge that was organized around two separate antinomies—one be- tween the past and the present, and the second between the descriptive (nomoth- etic) and the interpretive (idiographic) dis- ciplines. Cartesian dualism, the heart of contemporary inquiry, posited the bifurca- tion between the human, metaphysical world and the natural world. 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