joswick.p65 340 College & Research Libraries July 1999 Article Publication Patterns of Academic Librarians: An Illinois Case Study Kathleen E. Joswick Charting the characteristics of librarian authors offers insight into the field by defining and describing the research patterns of the profession. This study looks at the journal articles published by academic librarians practicing in Illinois. It finds that women are publishing close to their numbers in the profession, that more articles are being written collaboratively than in the past, and that women are more likely to col­ laborate than men. It also shows that librarians publish primarily in li­ brary/information science journals and that librarians at large universi­ ties are more likely to publish than librarians at small colleges. ecause the transfer of informa­ tion is central to the mission of librarians, it is logical that li­ brarians also are interested in the methods of information transfer and scholarly communication within their own profession. Descriptions of the publication characteristics of scholars in library and information science (LIS) have formed a considerable body of literature in recent years. Mapping the characteristics of librar­ ian authors helps to define the dynamics and vigor of the discipline, identify re­ search-oriented individuals and institu­ tions, and chart trends and techniques. These studies of authors and publication sources also serve as benchmarks of re­ search productivity for the profession. In his extensive review of the literature on authorship in LIS, Thomas E. Nisonger divides studies into two categories: jour­ nal-based analysis and individual-based analysis.1 Journal-based studies focus on the characteristics of authors in one jour­ nal or in a group of related journals. In contrast, individual-based studies center on the publication habits of a defined popu­ lation of librarians or information scien­ tists.2 Although library literature contains a significant number of journal-based studies, individual-based studies are rarer and often focus on narrow segments of the library population. This project is an individual-based study investigating the journal article pub­ lication characteristics of academic librar­ ians in the state of Illinois. Although aca­ demic librarians are repeatedly identified as the leading contributors to the scholarly literature, few previous studies have fo­ cused solely on their publications. As an additional refinement of the general de­ scriptive studies of authorship, earlier studies have limited their scope by analyz­ ing authors who either possess a certain terminal degree, work in a specific job cat­ egory, or are members of a particular asso­ ciation. This study presents a unique view Kathleen E. Joswick is a Reference Librarian in the University Library at Western Illinois University; e- mail: kate_joswick@ccmail.wiu.edu. 340 mailto:kate_joswick@ccmail.wiu.edu Article Publication Patterns of Academic Librarians 341 of authorship in the field by using a geo­ graphic limitation, an atypical methodol­ ogy specifically designed to study librar­ ian authors regardless of institution or po­ sition, publishing in both library and nonlibrary publications, in regional and national journals. Illinois provides a fertile base for such a study because it has a mix of institutions of higher education: publicly and privately funded, large and small populations, national and regional pres­ tige. Moreover, the state is home to a sig­ nificant contingent of academic librarians who have a reputation for being active re­ searchers in library and information sci­ ence. Even though this study is limited to authors in one state, it may serve as a pro­ file against which the profession might be measured nationwide. The findings can be generalized to define the activity of librar­ ians beyond Illinois boundaries. Methodology Most of the articles for the study were identified by searching the electronic ci­ tation indexes from the Institute for Sci­ entific Information (Arts and Humanities Citation Index via OCLC’s FirstSearch, and SciSearch and Social SciSearch via DIA­ LOG) for full or truncated versions of “li­ brary” and “Illinois” in the corporate source or “Illinois” in the corporate source and “Information and Library Science” in the subject category. The researcher also scanned ERIC and Library Literature look­ ing for a combination of keywords con­ sisting of some form of “library,” “Illi­ nois,” and/or “academic.” Additional articles were identified in response to a request addressed to participants in a mailing list sponsored by the Illinois As­ sociation of College and Research Librar­ ies (IACRL). An electronic message sent to the approximately fifty list participants who are almost exclusively college and university librarians requested citations to their own or colleagues’ recent journal publications.3 Finally, a few articles were identified totally by serendipity. The names of individual librarians were never searched nor were individuals or institu­ tions contacted for publication lists. The study was limited to authors who could be identified as practicing librarians in Illinois colleges and universities be­ tween 1995 and January 1999. Library school faculty and consultants, except for those primarily employed as librarians, were eliminated, but academic library deans and directors were included. Job position and institutional affiliation were recorded directly from the article byline; no attempt was made to update that infor­ mation. Gender was determined, as much as possible, by the author’s name. Partici­ pants of the IACRL message board were queried about questionable names and, as a result of the responses received, gender was determined for all but one author. Women in Illinois college and university libraries are making a significant contribution to scholar­ ship. Only journal articles, especially as de­ fined by the citation indexes, were ac­ cepted for this study. Book reviews, prod­ uct reviews, letters, introductions, correc­ tions, editorial materials, and disserta­ tions were eliminated. Reports, including third-party summaries of conference pro­ grams, were included. Books, book chap­ ters, and conference proceedings were not investigated, primarily because of the dif­ ficulty in gathering these data by the geo­ graphical location of the author. After it was collected, the information was entered into a spreadsheet for analy­ sis. Each Illinois academic librarian con­ stituted an entry, a research methodology established by John N. and Jane Kinch Olsgaard in 1980 and frequently followed since.4 For collaborated articles, therefore, separate entries were made for each au­ thor working as an academic librarian in an Illinois institution. However, provi­ sions were made to allow examination of data at either the article level or the au­ thor level, depending on the aspect of the topic being studied. Other data recorded for each data line included gender, posi­ tion or job, institution, Carnegie Classifi­ cation for the institution, number of au­ 342 College & Research Libraries thors per article and percentage of respon­ sibility for each author, article and jour­ nal title, and journal type. Limitations Unfortunately, the journals indexed in the “Information Science and Library Sci­ ence” category in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) are not as comprehensive as those indexed by LISA and Library Litera­ ture. The fifty-eight journals in the cat­ egory exclude many publications consid­ ered to offer major contributions to scholarly research in the field. Although additional articles by Illinois librarians were identified through keyword search­ ing in other databases, or by self-report­ ing, the corporate source field in the cita­ tion databases was the most effective way of identifying Illinois authors. Journals not indexed by one of the citation data­ bases are definitely underrepresented. In contrast, the journal Illinois Libraries may be overrepresented in this study. Because it is a logical place for Illinois librarians to publish, the researcher deliberately scanned each issue for academic authors. It is the only journal in the study that was routinely examined for that purpose. Results Rethor sharacteristics The study of 281 entries identified 210 articles written by 166 different Illinois academic librarians. Approximately 13 percent of the 1,294 librarians and pro­ fessional staff in Illinois colleges and uni­ versities wrote at least one article during the period of the study—1995 through January 1999.5 The average number of articles published per author studied dur­ ing the time frame was 1.27. Sixty-six (39.75%) of the authors were male, and ninety-nine (59.64%) were fe­ male (gender could not be determined for one author). These figures are more mean­ ingful when compared with the gender distribution of academic librarians nation­ wide: 32.01 percent male and 67.99 per­ cent female.6 Although men are still pub­ lishing slightly more than their numbers in the profession would suggest, the gen- July 1999 der gap in article publication among Illi­ nois academic librarians is definitely clos­ ing. It is difficult to compare one study directly with another because of varia­ tions in methodology and types of publi­ cations counted, but it is interesting to note that in the 1970s, Dwight F. Burlingame and Joan Repp found that only 41.9 percent of the authors sampled were female.7 In approximately the same time period, Olsgaard and Olsgaard found that the percentage of female aca­ demic librarian authors varied from a high of 39.6 percent for one journal to a low of 24.7 percent for another.8 James L. Terry’s more recent article on authorship characteristics in College & Research Librar­ ies includes a useful chart that illustrates the rise in the percentage of female au­ thorship in that journal from a low of 13 percent in the late 1950s to a high of 51.7 percent for the period between 1989 and 1994.9 Women in Illinois college and uni­ versity libraries are making a significant contribution to scholarship. One must assume that this is a national trend and not simply a phenomenon in Illinois. The vast majority of authors (107, or 64.46%) published only one article during the time frame of this study. The two most prolific authors published six articles apiece. The breakdown of numbers of con­ tributions per author can be seen in table 1. Although comparing author productiv­ ity data to those found in other studies must be done with care, Thomas E. Nisonger ’s convenient summary of the percentages of authors publishing one ar­ ticle shows much higher percentages of single authorship.10 This is undoubtedly one significant difference between inves­ tigations based on one journal or group of journals and those attempting to encom­ pass all the authors’ journal publications. When publication output was broken down by gender (table 1), female authors were shown to be more prolific. Of the fifty-nine authors who published more than one article, 33.9 percent were male and 66.1 percent were female. Only a small percentage of all the academic li­ brarians in Illinois published during the http:authorship.10 Article Publication Patterns of Academic Librarians 343 TABLE 1 Publication Out[ut [er Author Number of Number % of % of % of Academic Publications of Authors in Women Librarians in per Author Authors Study Authors Illinois 1 107 64.46 56.39 8.27 2 26 15.66 69.23 2.01 3 19 11.45 57.89 1.47 4 6 3.61 66.66 .46 5 6 3.61 66.66 .46 6 2 1.20 100.00 .15 Total 166 99.99 12.82 study, and the authors who published fre­ quently are an elite few (table 1). One hundred and thirty-three (63%) articles were written by only one author. The average number of authors per ar­ ticle is 1.524. Figures on the degree of col­ laboration can be seen in table 2. It is im­ portant to note that collaborative authors who were not Illinois authors or not aca­ demic librarians were included in the to­ tal number of authors per article but were not counted in any of the tabulations on Illinois authors. Nisonger summarized the extent of collaboration in many of the earlier authorship studies in terms of the percentage of collaborative authors in the individual journals surveyed. 11 The present study identified a higher percent­ age of author collaboration than many of the earlier studies did. This documents a growing trend toward author collabora­ tion in the professional LIS literature. When the extent of collaboration is ex­ amined by gender, an intriguing pattern TABLE 2 Extent of Collaboration Nwnber Nwnber of % of Articles of Awthors Articles in Stwdy 1 133 63.33 2 55 26.19 3 15 7.14 4 3 1.43 5 4 1.90 Total 210 99.99 emerges. Seventy-five of the sole authors were women (56.39%), and 58 (43.6%) were men. Thirty-one of the seventy-seven col­ laborated articles included at least one au­ thor outside the scope of this study (out­ side Illinois or not academic librarians). Discounting those articles, forty-six collabo­ rated articles remain. Of those, twenty-one (45.65%) were written by all women au­ thors, twenty (43.48%) were written by a combination of male and female authors, and only five (10.87%) were written by men working together. One may conclude, then, that women are more likely than men to collaborate and more likely to collaborate with one another. Inspecting authors by job position is fraught with difficulties. Determining job categories that are synonymous across many institutions is arduous at best, and using only author bylines to make the position determination increases the dif­ ficulty. Still, a study of academic librarian characteristics would be incomplete with­ out some consideration by position. The job category of authors (table 3) revealed that the most frequent publishers were administrators, reference librarians, and branch or department librarians. Some explanation for the large percentage of authors in the branch/department cat­ egory is required. Many of the largest aca­ demic libraries in Illinois are organized into divisions or departments within the same building or have branches separate from the main library. A librarian identi­ fied as a “psychology” librarian was http:surveyed.11 344 College & Research Libraries July 1999 TABLE 3 Job Position of Authors Position Number of Authors % of Authors in Study Acquisitions Administration ArchiveslPreservationlSpecial Collections Bibliographic Instruction BranchlDepartment Cataloging CirculationlAccess Collection DevelopmentlBibliography Government Publications ReferencelPublic Services Serials Systems Technical Servicesl MedialInternet Other Undetermined 3 23 5 5 42 13 9 3 7 34 3 9 3 2 5 1.81 13.86 3.01 3.01 25.30 7.83 5.42 1.81 4.22 20.48 1.81 5.42 1.81 1.20 3.01 Total 166 100.00 counted in the branch/department cat­ egory when, given a different corporate structure, he or she may have been clas­ sified in the reference or bibliographic in­ struction category. In addition, the present study documents the exceptional research and publication activity of health science librarians in Illinois, all of whom were included in the branch/department cat­ egory. Information on academic librarians by job category is not available for the state, so these data on authors cannot be compared with the number of librarians in each category statewide. Journal Information For the discussion of the journal charac­ teristics, articles with multiple authors were counted as one journal entry rather than as multiple entries. For example, a publication in College & Research Libraries authored by three librarians was counted as only one entry for College & Research Libraries. The vast majority of articles in the study were published in national li­ brary journals (165, or 78.57%). Eighteen (8.57%) national, nonlibrary journals pub­ lished articles by Illinois librarians. Twenty-six (12.38%) articles appeared in regional library journals; one article (0.48%) appeared in a regional, nonlibrary journal. To summarize, 183 (90.95%) ar­ ticles were in library publications; nine­ teen (9.04%) were not. Paula De Simone Watson reported an impressive 26 percent of journal publications outside the library field in her 1977 study.12 In 1993, A. Neil Yerkey also identified a larger proportion of publication outside the profession, but again, comparisons among studies are questionable because of differences in scope and methodology.13 LIS journals remain the primary outlet for the com­ munication of research findings among academic librarians in Illinois. Twenty-eight journals published one article by an Illinois librarian during the years of the study; one journal (Illinois Libraries) published twenty-six articles. The remaining figures for number of ar­ ticles per journal can be seen in table 4. In table 5, the number of articles in the leading journals is figured both in raw numbers (that is, each article with at least one Illinois author is counted as one) and also in terms of the percent­ age of responsibility (coauthors are as­ signed a percentage of responsibility http:methodology.13 http:study.12 Article Publication Patterns of Academic Librarians 345 nals devoted more to news and infor-TABLE 4 mation about professional activities, Article Distribution among Journals such as American Libraries and College Number of Articles per Publication Number of Journals % of Journals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 13 22 26 28 10 5 3 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 13.33 9.52 7.14 5.71 16.66 2.86 6.66 4.28 4.76 6.19 10.48 12.38 Total 61 99.97 and the percentages are tallied.) The re­ sults are very similar. The activity of Il­ linois’ health science librarians is dem­ onstrated again with the large number of publications in the Bulletin of the Medi­ cal Library Association. Collaborated articles were more likely to appear in certain journals. Table 6 shows those journals publishing at least five of the studied articles, ranked by the percentage of collaborated articles to noncollaborated articles. Predictably, jour­ & Research Libraries News, show fewer collaborative publications than the re­ search-oriented journals do. Institution To compare the institutions of the librar­ ian authors, the researcher used the cat­ egories described in A Classification of In­ stitutions of Higher Education published by the Carnegie Foundation for the Ad­ vancement of Teaching.14 Table 7 clearly illustrates that librarians in the larger in­ stitutions are the most frequent publish­ ers. Determining whether this is attrib­ utable to faculty status, workload, the research environment, or coincidence is important, but outside the scope of this study. When the number of authors is divided by the total number of librarians and professional staff in those institutions, one must conclude that, even considered on a per capita basis, the more frequent contributors are from larger, research-ori­ ented institutions.15 Recently, Mickey Zemon and Alice Harrison Bahr identified eight percent of the librarians publishing in College and Research Libraries or Journal of Academic Librarianship in the past ten years as college librarians.16 The present study detected 7.83 percent in the baccalaureate TABLE 5 Leading Journals Publishing Articles by Illinois Authors Number of Number of Articles Articles (By % of Journal Title (Raw Number) Responsibility) Illinois Libraries 26 24.83 Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 22 20.10 College &Research Libraries 13 12.33 College & Research Libraries News 10 10.00 Behavioral & Social Science Librarian 9 7.83 Journal of Academic Librarianship 7 7.00 Library Resources & Technical Services 7 6.16 Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory 6 5.00 Journal of Government Information 5 5.00 Information Technology & Libraries 5 5.00 http:librarians.16 http:institutions.15 http:Teaching.14 346 College & Research Libraries July 1999 TABLE 6 Collaborated Articles by Journal Journal Title Number of Collaborated Articles Number of Noncollaborated Articles % of Collaborated Articles versus Noncollaborated College & Research Libraries 9 Library Resources & Technical Services 4 Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 12 Information Technology & Libraries 3 Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory 3 Journal of Academic Librarianship 3 Illinois Libraries 10 Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian 2 College & Research Libraries News 2 American Libraries 0 Journal of Government Information 0 4 3 11 2 3 4 17 7 9 5 5 72.99 64.94 60.00 60.00 50.00 42.86 40.27 25.54 20.00 00.00 00.00 and associate institutions, corroborating institutions in the data set, fourteen had the earlier findings. Author gender by in- only one published author. The Univer­ stitution is also listed in table 7. In the cat- sity of Illinois, both the Urbana/ egories with enough authors to be valid, it Champaign and Chicago campuses, is only in the doctoral institutions that the topped the list with thirty and twenty- number of male authors approximates the eight authors, respectively. However, one number of female authors. also must compare the authors to the to- Looking at the individual institutional tal number of professional staff per insti­ affiliation of authors accents certain uni- tution. Libraries with fewer than ten pro­ versities. Of the thirty-three educational fessional staff members were eliminated TABLE 7 Institutional Classification of Authors Carnegie Classification of Institution Number of Authors in Study Total Number of FTE Librarians % of Authors Per Capita % of Female Authors Research I Research II Research Institutions Doctoral I Doctoral II Doctoral Institutions Master's I Master's II Master's Institutions Baccalaureate I Baccalaureate II Baccalaureate Institutions Associate of Arts Special 70 16 86 30 5 35 28 0 28 7 3 10 3 3 231.29 42.00 273.29 81.00 39.00 120.00 195.35 6.00 201.35 45.30 67.71 113.01 194.77 134.34 30.27 38.10 31.47 37.04 12.82 32.25 14.33 00.00 13.91 15.45 4.43 8.85 1.54 2.23 61.43 56.25 60.47 50.00 60.00 51.43 57.14 00.00 57.14 57.14 66.66 60.00 100.00 100.00 Article Publication Patterns of Academic Librarians 347 from this aspect of the study simply be­ cause the small numbers of staff could skew the data (one article published by a sole librarian in an institution would rep­ resent 100% author participation, for ex­ ample). The per capita ranking of authors per librarians at each institution with more than ten librarians is in table 8. The leading institution in this analysis is the University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign with 43.45 articles. The researcher recognizes that the high ranking of her home institution may be, at least in part, due to the more accurate re­ cording of publications of her immediate colleagues. Nonetheless, the fact that al­ most 65 percent of the professional staff at the Western Illinois University (WIU) li­ brary published a journal article between 1995 and 1999 is impressive. If one agrees with Watson’s statement that a “high rate of publication productivity provide[s] a stimulating work environment in which experimentation with new approaches and techniques is encouraged,”17 a high per­ centage of publishing librarians is a good index to an academic library’s quality. A ranking of the institutional homes of authors publishing three or more articles during the period of the study puts the University of Illinois-Chicago at the top, with twelve authors. Other institutions with authors publishing multiple articles are: University of Illinois-Urbana/ Champaign (7), Southern Illinois Univer­ sity (4), Illinois State University (3), West­ ern Illinois University (2), and Northern Illinois University, Loyola, and Parkland Community College each with one author. If the institutional data are scrutinized at the article level, rather than at the au­ thor level, the results are different. Rank­ ing the institutions not by number of au­ thors publishing articles but, instead, by number of articles produced, considering the percentage of responsibility for the authors affiliated with that institution, changes the profile considerably. An ar­ ticle published by four University of Illi­ nois authors would have been counted four times in table 8, but counted as four entries of 25 percent each in table 9. The leading institution in this analysis is the University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign with 43.45 articles. The top institutions with the number and percentages of the articles in the study are listed in table 9. Conclusions Investigating a discipline’s individualized characteristics of scholarly communication TABLE 8 Authors by Institution, as Per Capita of Professional Staff Number of Per Number of Professional Capita Institution Authors Staff Authors Western Illinois University 11 17 64.70 Southern Illinois University-Carbondale 16 42 38.10 Illinois State University 14 37 37.84 University of Illinois-Chicago 28 79.29 35.31 Eastern Illinois University 7 20.53 34.10 Northern Illinois University 12 44 27.27 University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign 30 152 19.74 Northwestern University 9 84 10.71 Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville 2 20.30 9.85 College of DuPage 1 10.50 9.52 Wheaton College 1 15.5 6.45 University of Chicago 3 75 4.00 348 College & Research Libraries July 1999 TABLE 9 Total Article Output per Institution Number of % of Total Institution Articles Produced Articles in Study University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign 43.45 20.69 University of Illinois-Chicago 42.86 20.41 Southern Illinois University 21.50 10.24 Northern Illinois University 14.83 7.06 Illinois State University 13.66 6.50 Western Illinois University 13.40 6.38 Northwestern University 5.83 2.78 Loyola University 5.0 2.38 through bibliometric measures is a recog­ nized method of defining and charting the vigor of a profession. Through research, scholars expand and inform the base of knowledge in their field; through publica­ tion, they communicate their findings to others. Ideally, that knowledge is finally translated into practice to improve the discipline’s theory and service. Because the discipline of library and information sci­ ence is, as Keith Swigger points out, “es­ sentially a practical one—an applied rather than a theoretical science—it makes sense to expect the practitioners to produce re­ search.”18 It is reassuring to note that the practitioners in the academic libraries in Illinois are also active researchers and pub­ lishers. Studying the work of the practic­ ing academic librarians in the state offers a unique view of authorship, freed from the restraints of many of the earlier meth­ ods. Nonetheless, investigating the publi­ cation habits of a sample of the population invites conclusions about the profession as a whole. Women academic librarians are publishing in numbers that are approach­ ing their representation in the profession. Collaborative authorship continues to grow, especially among women authors. Librarians are publishing in a diverse range of journals, but publication outside the library field is apparently less than re­ ported earlier. Large institutions continue to produce more librarian authors than smaller institutions do, but a significant percentage of the professional staff of some colleges/universities are actively engaged in research. Article analysis, and in particu­ lar analysis of authorship patterns, can be as pivotal as citation analysis in defining the group characteristics of scholars in li­ brary and information science. Notes 1. Thomas E. Nisonger, “Authorship in Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory,” Library Acqui­ sitions: Practice & Theory 20 (winter 1996): 395–419. 2. Ibid., 397. 3. Although one may expect that this method of self-reporting would have been highly effec­ tive in surveying librarians for publication activity, in reality, less than ten percent of the articles studied were identified in this manner. 4. John N. Olsgaard and Jane Kinch Olsgaard, “Authorship in Five Library Periodicals,” Col­ lege & Research Libraries 41 (Jan. 1980): 49–53. 5. National Center for Education Statistics, Academic Libraries: 1994 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Mar. 1998), 17. 6. Mary Jo Lynch, “Librarians’ Salaries: Small Increases This Year,” American Libraries 29, no. 10 (Nov. 1998): 68. 7. Dwight F. Burlingame and Joan Repp, “Factors Associated with Academic Librarians’ Pub­ lishing in the 70s: Prologue for the 80s,” in Options for the 80s: Proceedings of the Second National Conference of the ACRL (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Pr., 1982): 395–404. 8. Olsgaard and Olsgaard, “Authorship in Five Library Periodicals,” 51. Article Publication Patterns of Academic Librarians 349 9. James L. Terry, “Authorship in College & Research Libraries Revisited: Gender, Institutional Affiliation, Collaboration,” College & Research Libraries 57 (July 1996): 379. 10. Nisonger, “Authorship in Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory,” 403. 11. Ibid, 400–3. 12. Paula De Simone Watson, “Publication Activity among Academic Librarians,” College & Research Libraries 38 (Sept. 1977): 379–80. 13. A. Neil Yerkey, “Publishing in Library and Information Science: Audience, Subjects, Affili­ ation, Source, and Format,” Library & Information Science Research 15 (spring 1993): 165–83. 14. A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (Princeton, N.J.: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1994). 15. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), available online at: http:// www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/sipeds/start.htm (Jan. 1999). 16. Mickey Zemon and Alice Harrison Bahr, “An Analysis of Articles by College Librarians,” College & Research Libraries 59 (Sept. 1998): 422–32. 17. Paula D. Watson, “Production of Scholarly Articles by Academic Librarians and Library School Faculty,” College & Research Libraries 46 (July 1985): 334. 18. Keith Swigger, “Institutional Affiliations of Authors of Research Articles,” Journal of Edu­ cation for Library and Information Science, 26 (fall 1985): 108. www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/sipeds/start.htm