reviews Book Reviews 507 our own, where information technology coupled with economic changes exert tre- mendous pressure on the institution and profession. Sapp uses F. W. Lancaster’s Toward a Paperless Society (1978) to set the stage for a continuing debate about the role of libraries in a digital environment. Here we see references to the “scholar’s desktop” and “electronic communica- tion” as agents confronting the traditions and changing the identities of libraries. It is undeniably true that technology can function as an agent of transforma- tion, but less certain is the stability of val- ues and tradition. Although some will read this history of the future of libraries as a measure of the library’s ability to cir- cumscribe, adapt, and integrate techno- logical innovation to their goals, Sapp’s book also documents the library as an institution with mutating and oscillating functions. In many texts outlining the “History of Libraries,” the traditional goals of the library are represented as firmly cast upon the institution’s incep- tion or portrayed as a progressive evolu- tion. Sapp’s chronicle of voices serves to deconstruct these notions, as the library, in this speculative literature, is placed again and again on the precipice of obso- lescence. Rather than the embodiment of established concepts, the library is re- vealed as a contested site, where enter- prise, personality, and initiatives are played out against the backdrop of soci- etal forces. The ensuing dance between purpose and means is interesting because speculative writing is by form, social and political as well as often emotionally vola- tile. I suppose any annotated bibliography about futurology would be of equal in- terest, but what sets this volume apart is the role of its subject. The library, even in its most ambiguous manifestation, serves as a medium between the past and the future society. This institution serves as a metaphor for ideas about public space, intellectual freedom, equal opportunity, as well as technical prowess, cultural wealth, and social structure. Visions of its future are charged with social value, and the writings here are capable of reflect- ing contemporary ideology. Because li- braries are placed within the crucible of our technological and information revo- lutions (and, in fact, libraries, as recorded here, have often led and focused the forces of these revolutions), the library is both a harbinger and an agent of transformation in a wider informational/technological society. As such, Sapp’s effort will surely ap- peal to sociologists and historians of tech- nology. However, because of his economi- cal display of the vast amount of resources included, one will have to read closely. Although providing some context, Sapp does not afford space for an analysis of motives, social or personal, behind each author’s forecasts. Also, little attention is paid to the international forces weighing in and influencing the development of li- brary discourse; it is enveloped quite tightly in the U.S. context. A Brief History of the Future of Libraries is extremely useful for librarians seeking to trace the evolution of contemporary li- brary theories and goals, as well as those with the lingering recollection that “they heard that one before.” They probably have, for it is not that the future is un- written but, instead, that the future has been written in infinite ways.—David Michalski, University of California at Davis. Lives in Print: Biography and the Book Trade from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century. Eds. Robin Myers, Michael Harris, and Giles Mandelbrote. New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Pr.; London: British Library (Publishing Pathways), 2002. 208p. $39.95 (ISBN 1584560940; 0712347968). LC 2002-28304. One of the functions of biography is to view history through a lens focused on the individual. This collection of essays (the product of a conference held in Lon- don in 2001) takes just this approach to the history of books and publishing. As with all efforts that focus on the particu- lar and the specialized, some of these es- says are more successful than others at drawing in the reader. All seek to illumi- 508 College & Research Libraries November 2003 nate larger questions on the historical and social currents surrounding the book trade by describing particular individu- als, literary works, or sources of bio- graphical information, but some inevita- bly will be of interest only to the special- ist. A case in point is the opening essay by Joana Proud. Proud describes a particu- lar thirteenth-century manuscript (MS Rawlinson C. 440) containing lives of the saints and, as is usual in such compila- tions, a liturgical calendar of feasts. What marks the manuscript as unusual is its use of the calendar as an indexing tool: next to each saint’s name is a pressmark point- ing to another text in the same library with other accounts of the same saint’s life. Although this cross-referencing sys- tem will be of interest to catalogers and indexers everywhere, the author herself admits that this is a unique and local case, not a demonstration of a widespread and therefore representative practice. Two of the essays in the book contrib- ute to the publishing history of two monumental works: John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments and the Dictionary of National Biography. The first work became a best- seller upon its initial publication in 1570; the latter has become an indispensable reference source. Elizabeth Evenden and Thomas S. Freeman’s article on the print- ing of Acts and Monuments sheds more light on the relationships between authors and publisher/printers: Foxe apparently was an inveterate reviser and that, coupled with the large size of the volume, made the printing job a challenging one. John Day, printer of the first edition, had to make a substantial investment of capi- tal in the work; paper, labor, and proof- reading all contributed to what was to become the first book printed in England that could match the quality of the out- put of continental presses. The Book of Martyrs, as the book was more popularly known, signaled the birth of the English book as luxury item—expensive to pro- duce and to purchase. But Foxe was so culturally important to the early English Protestant community that it became a must-have title, to be read and reread in- tensively, along with the Bible. Robert Faber and Brian Harrison’s publishing history of the Dictionary of National Biography will be of special inter- est to librarians. Accustomed as we have become to the mini-industry of reference book production, it is refreshing to read about the creation of a scholarly resource so driven by the will of individual men. The authors’ description of the initial edi- torial work and the reasons for Oxford University Press’s decision to undertake a complete revision makes for fascinating reading. Ian Gadd’s complementary ar- ticle, reviewing his research on Elizabe- than bookseller and printer John Wolfe for the new DNB, demonstrates both what new scholarship can contribute to the bio- graphical and historical record and how methods of research have changed since the first volume of the DNB was pub- lished in 1885. Paulina Krewe’s essay, “Shakespeare’s Lives in Print, 1662–1821,” couples the story of the canonization of England’s most famous poet with the publication of Shakespearean biographies. Collective biographies of literary authors, separately printed lives, and biographical prefaces to the collected works became one mecha- nism to help publishers sell their works. Life and works were yoked together, and Shakespeare as natural genius and Brit- ish Worthy was born. In contrast to the proliferation of Shakespeare biographies, Anna Giulia Cavagna offers “Missing Lives,” an ex- planation for the absence of biographical writings on Italian printers until well into the nineteenth century. Why this paucity of biography on a group of men and women who were renowned for the qual- ity and quantity of their printing? Cavagna suggests a combination of fac- tors: the notion that printers were mere craftsmen and thus not worthy of heroic treatment or speculation on their intellec- tual development; a peculiarly Catholic view that the attention drawn to an indi- vidual biographee might be an occasion of the sin of pride; and an unconcern with Book Reviews 509 work and the ordinary lives of ordinary people. Only when printing became a public good during the formation of the Italian nation in the nineteenth century did it become important for historians and biographers to begin to record the accomplishments of members of the book trade. The remainder of the essays in the col- lection deal with the life of printer John Nichols, the archives of the Nichols fam- ily, and a selection of writings by Andrew Brice, an eighteenth-century Exeter printer. These articles are useful only as starting points for further research and do less to add to our picture of the ways in which individual lives contribute to the entire social history of books and the book trade. Because of the specialized nature of several of the offerings in this volume, this title is recommended only for re- search-level collections in the history of the book.—Cecile M. Jagodzinski, Indiana University. Jones, Reinette F. Library Service to Afri- can Americans in Kentucky, from the Re- construction Era to the 1960s. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2002. 200p. alk. pa- per, $39.95 (ISBN 0786411546). LC 2001-52118. In Library Service to African Americans in Kentucky, Reinette F. Jones has written a compelling and important book for both Kentucky and library history. It is not un- expected that the history of library ser- vice in Kentucky would reflect the his- tory of African Americans in the state, and Jones uses this history to bring to life the conflicts experienced by blacks during the one hundred years following the Civil War. Many libraries in Kentucky hired Af- rican Americans but did not offer services to them. Through an examination of these libraries, Jones has produced a concise history that illustrates the double stan- dard in a focused, but representative, way. The author, a librarian at Shaver Engi- neering Library at the University of Ken- tucky, was concerned about the percep- tion that African American librarians did not have a history of their own but had “simply appeared in Kentucky one recent day.” The structure of the book is largely chronological, but the chapter titles hint at a topical approach as well. Although the chronology is not necessarily broken in typical places for African American history, it does work for the topic. For example, 1954–1964 has been referred to as “the Second Reconstruction” in some historical reference sources, but Jones’s chapter division is from 1936–1963. The author obviously chose1963 because it was the year the first African American received a master of library science de- gree from the University of Kentucky. Chapter 6, “The Impact,” looks at the years 1892 to 1956, which is a little con- fusing when paired with the dates of the other sections. This seems to be a minor problem, but it may make some readers wonder whether a different editing ap- proach might have been useful. The preface sets a wonderful tone for the book by explaining Jones’s need to research the topic and by identifying a neglected aspect of African American and library scholarship. This is a well-docu- mented book, but perhaps more signifi- cantly, the documentation supports the personal lament in the preface, giving the facts a very human face. “I cried when the initial research showed that there had been an influential era of colored librar- ians in Louisville during the early twen- tieth century, and Kentucky had a history of desegregated and segregated libraries, beginning in 1866.” It is regrettable that some of the rich- est parts of this book are nearly lost to the casual reader. The appendices are wonderful, but the structure puts too much information in a small space and important quotes are lost. Citing the Filson Club in Appendix E, the author records their response to providing ser- vice to African Americans: “No service— but on several occasions those working on a thesis have been accommodated in a separate room, although not a practice.” The Filson Club is not listed in the index, << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /All /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning /CompatibilityLevel 1.3 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 1 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness false /PreserveHalftoneInfo true /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts false /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages false /ColorImageMinResolution 151 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.10000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages false /GrayImageMinResolution 151 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.10000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages false /MonoImageMinResolution 600 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.16667 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /CreateJDFFile false /Description << /ENU (IPC Print Services, Inc. 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