903 In Aggregate: Trends, Needs, and Opportunities from Research Data Management Surveys Abigail Goben and Tina Griffin* Preliminary data presented at: In Aggregate: Trends, Needs, and Opportunities from Faculty Research Data Management Surveys [presentation]. IASSIST Annual Conference, May 23–26, 2017, Lawrence, KS. A popular starting point for libraries engaging in research data management (RDM) services is a needs assessment (NA); a preliminary count identified more than 50 pub- lished NA case studies. However, no overarching analysis has yet been conducted. The authors compared assessments to characterize the case study institution types; establish the target population assessed; discover cross-institutional trends both in the topics covered and the issues identified; and determine remaining gaps in the litera- ture. Thirty-seven studies conducted in the United States were included. Twenty-five were at public, doctoral, highest-research institutions. The most frequently assessed respondents were faculty (n = 3,847). The most frequent topics involved storing, sharing, and maintaining long-term access to data. Gaps include assessing students, staff, and nonfaculty researcher needs; determining needs at various sized and degree-granting institutions; and investigating RDM needs for non-STEM disciplines. Introduction As awareness of research data management has grown due to federal funding requirements, university libraries have explored the service needs of their institutions and researchers. A popular starting point for many libraries has been a campus needs assessment to determine where researchers encounter barriers, and, accordingly, where services might be most ap- propriately tailored. In the library literature, the overwhelming majority of published needs assessments are individual institution case studies; to date, no overarching analysis has been performed. The objective of this review is to detail the institution types where needs have been assessed; establish the target populations assessed; discover cross-institutional data manage- ment needs both in the questions asked and the responses given; and determine what gaps in the literature yet remain. Abigail Goben is Associate Professor and Information Services Librarian/Liaison in the Library of the Health Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago; email: agoben@uic.edu. Tina Griffin is Assistant Professor and Information Services Librarian/Liaison in the Library of the Health Sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago; email: tmcg@uic.edu. ©2019 Abigail Goben and Tina Griffin, Attribution-NonCommercial (http://creativecom- mons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) CC BY-NC. mailto:agoben@uic.edu mailto:tmcg@uic.edu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 904 College & Research Libraries November 2019 Literature Review Academic librarians have developed research data management (RDM) services and research over the past decade as researcher demands have derived from the implementation of the National Science Foundation Data Management Plan requirement1 and the Office of Science and Technology Policy memorandum for increased access to federally funded research.2 Librar- ians have undertaken reskilling,3 and there has been extensive research into the preparation and engagement of librarians with research data management.4 This has led to several papers describing opportunities for librarians to engage with researchers to meet these emerging needs and requirements.5 Simultaneously, as libraries have looked internally to determine capacity and skill sets, there has been a desire to identify current RDM practices, issues, and needs. This has re- sulted in general cross-institutional surveys,6 discipline-focused bibliographic reviews,7 and discipline-wide surveys.8 By far, however, the most common evaluation of researcher needs has come in the form of case studies at individual institutions. These have proliferated over the past decade, with so many having been done that, in their recent article on starting an RDM program, Henderson and Knott explicitly argue that no further surveys are needed.9 While the majority of these case studies have been performed at US institutions, several case studies are also available from the England, Canada, and Australia.10 Yet no articles exist that comprehensively review the depth and breadth of what has been surveyed. As a result, needs and practices remain inconsistently identified across institutional type, researcher level, and other categories. Methods Library literature indexes such as LISTA and general indexes such as Google Scholar were searched to populate an initial publication list. In addition, references and citations of initially identified articles were reviewed to discover more studies. Case studies were included if they focused specifically on the RDM needs and behav- iors at a specific institution or set of institutions. To retain homogeneity regarding research institution classification and funding mandates, only studies about United States universities were considered. The case study had to primarily focus on determining researcher needs as opposed to general library services or evaluations of RDM library service implementation. Accepted methodologies included surveys, focus groups, and interviews or combinations of those methods. Case studies could be discipline-specific or agnostic. Finally, case studies had to be published as a journal article, white paper, or in a completed manuscript by December 2017. Presentations and posters were excluded due to the challenges of comparing details across these format types. A preliminary categorization for articles was developed by the authors. Categorical data included bibliographic information, instrument metadata, assessment target populations, question topics, responses, and identified actionable outcomes. Question topics and responses were recorded from case study instruments, when available, and gleaned from narrative text in the methods, results, and discussion sections. Only questions or responses that were mentioned three or more times across all studies are reported in this analysis. Question top- ics and responses included: backup, cost, data format, data lifecycle stage, data management plans, data size, description/metadata, finding data, funding source, organizing data, person responsible for data management, policy, storage, preservation, privacy, requirements for In Aggregate 905 data management, research statement, retention, reuse, security, sharing, time and train- ing/education. Question topics and responses were coded according to author agreed-upon definitions, which are given in appendix A. Institution classification was determined by the Carnegie Classification public data file.11 The authors divided the included case studies in half for initial review and categorization. Ambiguous or multivalent results were discussed until a consensus was reached and coded under a single definition. Results A total of 55 publications were identified by the authors between initial searching and citation mining. After limiting for publication type, US only, and meth- odology, 40 documents representing 37 unique case studies were retained and categorized. Two case studies that had been reported in multiple articles12 and one case study synthesizing two phases of a previously reported research were collapsed13 to avoid duplicate data and skewing representation or impact. The 40 documents were published between 2007 and 2017. The complete bibliography is available in appendix B. The two highest years of article publica- tion were 2015 (n = 10) and 2014 (n = 5). The papers were published in 23 different journals, by three universities as white papers, and one presented but unpub- lished manuscript. The range of authors was one to six, with more than half of all papers having one (n = 10) or two authors (n = 15). Most of the case studies were done solely by librarians and sponsored by the univer- sity library. Of the case studies where other campus partners were involved, collaborators included the Office of Re- search, Campus IT, the Dean of Graduate Studies, the Chief Information Officer, and campus grant specialists. Forty-three institutions were studied, most of which were Carnegie Classified as highest- research, doctoral institutions (n = 33). The remaining studies were distributed among other institutions classified as TABLE 1 Journal Titles Journal Title Count Journal of eScience Librarianship 5 portal: Libraries and the Academy 4 Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship 3 College and Research Libraries 2 International Journal of Digital Curation 2 Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication 2 Program Journal 2 Ariadne 1 Bulletin of the Association of Information Science and Technology 1 College and Research Libraries News 1 Educause 1 Journal of Academic Librarianship 1 Journal of Agricultural and Food Information 1 Journal of Library Administration 1 Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education & Practice 1 Journal of the Medical Library Association 1 Journal of Web Librarianship 1 Library Hi Tech 1 Library Trends 1 Oregon State (white paper) 1 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 1 Practical Academic Librarianship 1 Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 1 Science and Technology Libraries 1 University of Iowa Staff Publications (white paper) 1 University of Minnesota Libraries (white paper) 1 (unpublished) 1 906 College & Research Libraries November 2019 doctoral higher research (4); all levels of master’s institutions (5); and one baccalaureate in- stitution. Differences between the institution counts and the number of studies is the result of three publications studying multiple institutions. Of the 43 institutions studied, 33 were pub- lic and 10 private. Public institutions account for 76 percent (33/43) of the represented institu- tions. Twenty-five institutions were both public and highest research activity and 4 were public higher research, representing 58 percent (25/43) and 9 percent (4/43), respectively, of all institu- tions. Eight institutions were private with high- est research activity. The remaining two private institutions have master’s small and baccalaureate classifications. Assessment methods used included interviews, surveys, focus groups, and combinations of interviews with either surveys or focus groups. The most common method was interviews (n = 19), followed by surveys (n = 17) and focus groups (n = 6). The survey response rate was frequently unavailable but ranged from 5 to 65.6 percent of the targeted population, with the majority reporting a less than 10 percent response. Focus group participant counts were 8, 10, 15, 18, 31, and one not reported. Interview participant counts ranged from 5 to 56. About 60 percent of all instruments were available with the papers, as appendices or supplemental documents. The most frequent instrument provided was the interview instrument at 70 per- cent (12/17). TABLE 2 Institution Classification Carnegie Classification Count Highest Research (R1), Doctoral 33 Higher Research (R2), Doctoral 4 Master’s, Larger Institutions (M1) 3 Master’s, Medium Institutions (M2) 1 Master’s, Small Institutions (M3) 1 Baccalaureate Institutions 1 FIGURE 1 Questions Administered In Aggregate 907 Recruitment methods were almost entirely emails (24/40), with preliminary emails targeting faculty listservs and secondary recruitment via emails from liaison librarians. Several studies relied on a personal invitation targeting researchers where a relationship already existed or where a researcher was identified as having funding (n = 5). The other method of recruitment was presentations (n = 3), and six studies did not report a recruit- ment method. The total number of participants across all studies was 5,359. Most respondents identified as faculty (n = 3,847, 71.79% of all reported); followed by staff (n = 590, 11.01%); graduate stu- dents (n = 582, 10.86%); undergraduate students (n = 143, 2.68%); postdoctoral researchers (n = 121, 2.26%); other (n = 70, 1.31%); and administration (n = 6, 0.11%). Twenty-three case studies interacted only with faculty. Faculty numbers were reported as identified in the study; and, depending on the institutional appointment hierarchy, it is possible that some postdoctoral researchers and clinical staff have faculty status and therefore are reported in these numbers. One study focused on graduate students, but the participant numbers were low (n = 6), and one study primarily interacted with postdoctoral trainees. No study actively focused on staff, undergraduate students, or administration. The most common question topics were the following: sharing, data format, storage, data size, and backup. These question topics were asked in more than 50 percent of the evaluated case studies. The following topics appeared in case study questions 25 to 50 percent of the time: preservation, data management plans, description/metadata, retention, research state- ment, organization, personnel responsible for data, training/education, privacy, requirements for data management activities. The following topics were asked about in less than 25 percent of the case studies: reuse, data lifecycle, security, finding data, funding source, policy. FIGURE 2 Responses Reported 908 College & Research Libraries November 2019 The most common responses and areas of interest reported by the participants were shar- ing, storage, preservation, backup, and data format. These appeared in more than 50 percent of the case studies. The topics appearing in case studies 25 to 50 percent of the time included data management plans, training/education, description/metadata, data size, organization, security, retention, and privacy. The following topics appeared as responses in fewer than 25 percent of the case studies: costs, personnel responsible for data, policy, requirements for data management, finding data, reuse, time, and data lifecycle. Comparing question topics to responses, the case studies asked about data format, size, retention, persons responsible for data management, requirements for data management, data reuse, and lifecycle more often than was indicated a response. Conversely, preservation, training/education, security, policy, cost, and time were indicated as a response more often than was asked. The remaining topics were asked and reported on equally. Over all studies, only 22 percent report on 75 percent or more of the questions they asked, 38 percent report on 50 to 75 percent of their questions, and 35 percent of cases report on less than 50 percent of the questions. Twenty-three case studies (66%) included outcomes, defined as activities that the library implemented following the completion of the needs assessment. Of the institutions that did provide outcomes, the most commonly reported were education (n = 13), creation of a service (n = 9), and creation of infrastructure (n = 8). Of the 11 remaining studies that did not have concrete outcomes, five proposed a variety of intentions, usually services, education, and FIGURE 3 Question and Response Comparison In Aggregate 909 outreach. Unanticipated but reported outcomes included hiring data librarians or specialists. Several institutions also mentioned creation of a LibGuide, but this was not tied to a specific service or job responsibilities. Discussion Institutional Representation in the Literature It is unsurprising to find that most of these studies were done at public universities with high research output. These institutions receive a large amount of federal funding, which dictates data sharing and access to research outputs, and have a perceived additional account- ability and requirements for transparency to state governments and other public funding agencies. This raises the question of whether these institutions are overrepresented across these studies, skewing the reports of availability or need for infrastructure. We report that public institutions account for a majority of published studies at 76 percent (33/43), and public, highest research account for 58 percent (25/43). The current Carnegie Classification data file14 reports a total of 1,225 institutions of the same classes represented in this study, of which 456 institutions are public, and 81 public, highest research output. In percentages, the total institution population is only 37 percent public (456/1225) and 6 percent (81/1225) public, highest research, indicating that that public overall and public, highest-research institutions are significantly overrepresented in the needs assessment literature. While it is not expected that the general research data management needs will dramatically differ at private institutions, not understanding how these things may be resourced across the two types creates the potential for uneven ground. The 2018 report on higher education revenues shows that private institutions rely more on tuition dollars while public institutions rely on grants and contracts. Private institutions also receive more in other revenues such as gifts, private grants, capital, and the like than public ones.15 Because of this, some of the more well-endowed private institutions may be able to provide more robust infrastructure such as ongoing storage, a data repository, campuswide access to costly visualization software or services such as data visualization and curation assistance, as their funding sources may FIGURE 4 Outcomes Implemented 910 College & Research Libraries November 2019 have more flexibility when determining allocations. This could cause disparities if publicly funded researchers need to write infrastructure, visualization, or preservation costs into their grants, resulting in overall higher costs in the grant and/or creating tension between funding their own infrastructure and executing their research. Additionally, the data management needs predicated on highest-research institutions distorts needs at institutions where promotion and tenure may not have the same research requirements and where graduate assistants are not as readily available. Stamatoplos, Neville, and Henry comment in their characterization of researcher understanding of data management that there are gaps in the literature where non–research-intensive institutions are concerned. This study reports similarities between their master’s level institutions and the reported lit- erature, and reports on an additional five institutions, but this is not adequate to determine if data management needs are truly comparable.16 Further, Clement et al. note that liberal arts colleges may privilege funding toward curricular and teaching needs as opposed to research infrastructure, further limiting the resources available to the faculty.17 One potential solution for the infrastructure disparity has been identified in a recent National Science Foundation report, which calls for dedicated funding to provide sustained midscale research infrastructure development and maintenance support.18 Other possibilities may involve collaboration between institutions to pool resources as proposed by the Data Curation Network19 or expanded support for disciplinary repositories and aggregators like DataONE.20 An additional correlate may be that the large public research institutions are where librar- ians are tenure-track or are otherwise under an onus to publish, or where a data librarian may have been hired in the past decade. Needing to publish original research or justifying new hires or services are likely to skew what is researched and presented in the library literature. Comparison and Continuity between Studies The structure of the individual studies and the format of their specific questions made it im- possible for the authors to speak beyond generalities in this review. One flaw of many stud- ies is that they are not true needs assessments. Needs assessments are the in-depth statistical analysis of “what should be” compared to “what is.”21 Most of the studies reported here take a discovery stance, where the focus is on one but not both of those aspects. As a result, there is an inconsistent reporting between questions and response. This disparity may have arisen from a lack of beta-testing of the instruments, a disconnect between the library and research- ers, or a failure to incorporate previous literature when developing the instruments. While study instruments were frequently provided, the raw data underlying the study were not and therefore could not be used to make our own determinations. As noted by Altschuld and Kumar, the wording structure in assessment instruments also affects results.22 The specific example they give of framing a Likert scale consistently or mean- ingfully across studies exists as an issue here, but there also was inconsistent terminology both within and across studies. For example, the terms security (as defined by the authors, focused on IT security and access to the data) and privacy (subject privacy for audio recordings, sensi- tive data, HIPAA information, and so on) were conflated in reporting questions, responses, or discussions. Together, these issues prevent the authors from making direct comparisons between the studies. An opportunity for qualitative analysis on these topics exists and may lead to a more nuanced interpretation of the data. In Aggregate 911 Other issues that limited analysis were the following: the participation results usually had a low response rate; personal invitation to participate in the research study will have introduced selection bias; and many institutions did not identify the specific colleges or de- partments surveyed or gave only very general explanations such as covering all the major colleges at a university. Specifically regarding low response rate, many studies mentioned this as a weakness of the publication; however, several articles asserted getting a representa- tive sample of their institutions despite most not providing a power analysis to corroborate. Demographic Characterization of Respondents When mentioned, these studies indicated disciplinary responses from the STEM and STEM- adjacent fields. Several reported that humanities or non-STEM scholars claimed that they did not collect or work with data, despite potentially performing text and image analysis, gather- ing artifacts or recordings, or needing to archive other products of research. As documented by Partlo, when speaking with humanities or those outside traditional STEM fields, using inclusive language like “products of research” or focusing on research objects as opposed to “data” or other science-centric language is likely to improve response rate from these other disciplines.23 Because of this limitation and the self-selecting nature of most of the case study invitations, it is unclear if the workflows, curation, or data management needs are significantly different in these areas. An impressive number of faculty members were contacted and participated across all 37 studies. However, considering that research groups consist of a varying array of postdoctoral researchers, staff, and graduate and undergraduate students, the research needs of these other groups are likely underrepresented. This is important because, in many research groups, these ancillary support people have the highest contact with research data. Frequently they are the ones generating, analyzing, and annotating, more so than the faculty investigators who were the subject of most of the case studies. More research is needed to see if the needs of nonfaculty groups differs or if their perception of needs changes as they progress through academic ranks. Based on the counted responses, the results above most likely reflect the needs of the faculty researchers. If faculty are focused on and responding based on their immediate per- sonal data management needs, while the librarians performing the research bring a broader institutional view across the full spectrum of data management activities, this may potentially explain the disconnect between the questions and reported responses. It also complicates the challenges faced by the libraries to identify and provide scalable services. Overarching Faculty RDM Needs and Gaps Looking at the questions topics individually, the highest number of both questions and re- sponses relate to concerns with sharing data. Understandably, the early literature reflected uncertainty regarding the then-new National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health data management mandates. The early focus remained on the creation of data manage- ment plans as the infrastructure for sharing data was in its infancy. Data management plan help is listed as a need in almost 50 percent of the studies reviewed here and has been consistent across the timespan of published literature. A decade later, these unfunded mandates still ex- ist, and this issue has come to light again as increasingly high-impact journals are accepting, if not requiring, data associated with publication.24 More recently, the conversation has begun 912 College & Research Libraries November 2019 to shift from whether one can and should share data to when, where, and how a researcher can share their data, either because of personal interest, disciplinary standards, or funder and journal requirements. Repository identification and selection was intermittently mentioned as a possible solution addressing these issues. This was also mentioned as a “service” outcome of several studies. Interestingly, there is a potential expectation for the library to house data as well. This has led to some institutions implementing data-specific repositories, prompting interesting collaborations at the institution level with many campus entities. The next prevalent need reported was storage. While there is interest in data repositories at some institutions, for many this is less about a permanent, curated home for data associ- ated with publications and grants and more about active storage for ongoing research work. This is arguably beyond the scope of library research data services at most institutions and more within the domain of campus IT to offer storage solutions. This is reflected in the lack of outcomes beyond finding or creating a data repository. However, this does speak to a need for the library to have a working relationship with campus-level entities like IT to effectively communicate support and handoff. As indicated in the outcomes, some libraries are already taking these steps by forming working groups with entities such as IT, clinical and translational science award (CTSA) recipients, and supercomputing centers. These partnerships also create an opportunity to educate campus partners on library goals and practices such as backup and preservation, the needs listed immediately after and closely related to sharing and storage. A frequent refrain among these studies is that data management skills are acquired through the culture of the research group, rather than through formal training. However, training and education came up as a resultant need in almost 50 percent of the case studies, suggesting the need for more formal education as students and early-career researchers are beginning to work with data or are developing their skill sets. This was also the most highly reported outcome, which is unsurprising as education can frequently be implemented by individuals or small teams at institutions, without the need for extensive campus funding or collaboration. The success or scalability of those educational interventions is an opportunity for further research. As research funding continues to become more competitive, graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, and junior faculty will need these skills when applying for grants. For those students moving beyond academia, data management skills may become a marketing point for industry, government, or other non-tenure-track jobs. The need for description or metadata was ranked next. However, from the case study instruments available or referred to, it is unclear whether the survey respondents understood what was intended by this phrase, and this was noted in the discussion of many papers. When further defined, the case study usually mentioned discipline-specific standards as opposed to more general metadata that might be included with any project. This library-centric language likely caused confusion, leading to potential misunderstandings of the intent of the question. Interestingly, despite respectable response number, addressing metadata or description was not identified as a targeted outcome in any of the case studies. There were several topics that were of lower interest in the responses. One of these was the persons responsible for the data. Few of the case studies, particularly earlier in the decade of publication reviewed, asked about who was creating the data, doing data entry, perform- ing analysis, or holding other aspects of responsibility. This became a more frequent ques- tion over time. Another was the data lifecycle. This was mentioned in earlier studies, likely coinciding with the advent of the DataOne and New England Consortium data management In Aggregate 913 curricula,25 but it has almost entirely disappeared from papers published in 2015 and later. A further low question/result was data policy. This was generally unexamined in the library literature prior to 2015 when a preliminary landscape on the topic was published,26 but it then starts to become more common as a question and a response. Finding data and data reuse were also not frequently asked. Interestingly, one would expect that, with the data-sharing mandate becoming established, we would see an increase in this question and response, but this is not yet the case. Two questions that were never directly asked by any of the studies was cost or time associated with data management activities, although funding source was asked. In many of the studies that allowed for researcher input, respondents mentioned time and cost as infrastructure or support needs to perform any data management, particularly sharing. The outcomes reported by the case studies for the implementation of tools, services, and data management groups come as a likely response to these articulated needs. Strong campus partnerships could lead to the establishment of data pipelines within an institution, greatly reducing the workload and time involved in data management for researchers.27 Conclusion This study confirmed that researchers are most worried about storage, sharing, and issues that revolve around long-term access to data regardless of context asked. Issues of intermediate concern were data management plan assistance, security/privacy, data organization, and the party responsible for data management. Of little interest, either asked or remarked upon, were finding data, the data lifecycle, and data policy. In aggregate, library outcomes have focused on education, service, and infrastructure as opposed to larger community partnerships and policy development. Overall, studies minimally discuss metadata, curation services, or cost recovery for data management activities, although these topics were brought up. In some cases, disambiguation of and/or education on these terms to research participants will be necessary to gain useful knowledge from future research. We concur with Henderson and Knott28 that myriad case studies have been done at highest- research institutions. The authors’ interest in the subject was to generally evaluate whether more research was needed and, if so, in what areas. Based on the gaps identified in this study, we would recommend future research be targeted to staff and postdoctoral researchers who are not institutionally classified as faculty; graduate students; and undergraduate students because they have the highest contact with research data and have been the least studied in terms of need. Needs assessments at liberal arts colleges, community colleges, smaller research institutions, and private institutions may also be beneficial, as these are underrepresented compared to research that has already been done. Finally, it is likely that more data are needed regarding data management needs in non-STEM disciplines like humanities, business, and social science. A more thorough qualitative analysis could be done on these data to determine if a STEM bias exists and which disciplines may deserve more attention. We expect that, be- cause of the difference in workflow and working with different research outputs that classify as data, there might be a significant difference in applying data management best practices at all levels of the data lifecycle for other disciplines Additionally, inconsistency between instruments made it difficult to correlate topics from one study to another. It speaks to a need within the greater data librarian community to structure our studies in such a way as to consistently build upon each other and advance our research topics, rather than repeatedly revisiting the same material at each of our respective 914 College & Research Libraries November 2019 institutions. We recommend reuse or combination of instruments rather than recreated or newly created tools. We did see this in some measure in the use of selected modules or modi- fication of the Data Curation Profiles. However, the full description of the modules used or modifications made often were not available. Release of full survey instruments, either with articles or in clearly marked repositories, would help future libraries reuse the data already created from this body of work and prevent duplication of effort. Release of de-identified raw data would also help in quantifying and provide an opportunity for more nuanced study. This study reported 23 topics of data management needs across studies conducted over approximately 10 years. This is a relatively short time and broad view of data management needs considering the growing advancements that the academic research enterprise has encountered in the same time. As such, we suggest that all of these topics would be worth further in-depth study as the data librarianship profession and library-provided research data services increasingly specialize in response to these advancements. Specific opportuni- ties for research include assessing the scope of technical services like security and privacy, examining backup implementations, accommodating formats and sizes, providing storage or preservation services; or alternately assessing the scope of advisory services such as data management plan review, and educational best practices for organization, documentation, metadata, finding, sharing, and reusing data. The authors anticipate the need for further evalu- ation of institutional needs, by both qualitative and quantitative measures, against disciplinary needs to more comprehensively determine the trends and correlate these with research data management library service maturity. Acknowledgments We gratefully thank our first readers for this manuscript: Kristin Briney, Paula Dempsey, and Amy Nurnberger; and our colleague Rebecca Raszewski for her ongoing support. In Aggregate 915 APPENDIX A. Question Topics and Response Definitions Category Definition Backup Identifying whether a copy of the data is stored either with or separately from the original data file. This may be remote or cloud storage or may be a locally kept external hard-drive for digital files. Cost Financial resources required to perform data management tasks. This includes paying for personnel, storage, software, and the like. Data Format File types of the data. This may include spreadsheets, video, images, or proprietary data types of equipment. Data Lifecycle Stage Using one of the established lifecycle diagrams or definitions, generally verbs that talk about aspects of data as it is collected, processed, analyzed, and published. Data Management Plan Specifically looking at the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies requirements for data management plans in the grant process. Data Size The size of data generated, as individual units or in aggregate. This may be both analog for lab notebooks or specimens or electronic, described in MB, GB, and the like. Description/Metadata The process that creates context between and/or describes various data objects. This includes wayfinding objects (table of contents, indexes), established or developed metadata schema, narrative documents (read-me files), or standards/ontologies. Finding Data Locating data for reuse, whether that is in disciplinary repositories, on peer websites, or other relevant locations. Funding Source Which agency provided funds for the research to be performed. Organizing Data Organization of the data. Differing from preservation, as this is referring to data currently being used. Examples would be file-naming conventions and folder organization. Persons Responsible for Data Management Identifying who has access to or control over the data, whether that be creating data, performing data entry, data analysis, or another way of working with the data. Preservation Curation of the data beyond the life of the research project; not just storage/ backup. May include modification and description activities. Privacy Focusing more on the privacy of research subjects. May include HIPAA compliance, anonymization, or another privacy source. Policy Focused on institutional or research team data policy. Requirements for Data Management Does the institution, funder, or journals used by the faculty require data management? Does their discipline? Research Statement A general description of the research project or a faculty member’s overall work. Retention Specifies how long data are kept after a project is completed, at the end of a grant, or another measurement of time. Reuse Making data available for replication, education, or other uses. Security Identifying physical and electronic security of the data. May include encryption, password access, or something similar. 916 College & Research Libraries November 2019 Category Definition Sharing Identifying whether data are shared internally such as with other members of the research team, externally with other researchers, externally to meet funder requirements, openly to the public, or something between. Storage Reporting where the digital files or analog specimens are kept either during or after the project (examples: local computer, department shared drive, cloud-based storage). Time Time associated with performing data management tasks. Training/Education Formal and informal education and training for members of the research team. In Aggregate 917 APPENDIX B. Categorized Institutional RDM Case Studies Case Study Citation Institution Type Publication Year Method Study Performed by Instrument Available Akers, K.G., Doty, J., 2013. Disciplinary differences in faculty research data management practices and perspectives. Int. J. Digit. Curation 8, 5–26. https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc. v8i2.263 Private 2013 Survey Library and IT Yes Averkamp, S., Gu, X., Rogers, B., 2014. Data Management at the University of Iowa: A University Libraries Report on Campus Research Data Needs. Public 2014 Interviews / Survey Library and IT Yes Bardyn, T.P., Resnick, T., Camina, S.K., 2012. Translational researchers’ perceptions of data management practices and data curation needs: findings from a focus group in an academic health sciences library. J. Web Librariansh. 6, 274–287. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/19322909.2012.730375 Public 2012 Focus Group Library No Berman, E., 2017. An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Researchers’ Data Management Practices at UVM: Findings from the Qualitative Phase. Journal of EScience Librarianship, March, e1097. https://doi.org/10.7191/ jeslib.2017.1097 Private 2017 Interviews / Survey Library Yes Berman, E., 2017. An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Researchers’ Data Management Practices at UVM: Findings from the Quantitative Phase. Journal of EScience Librarianship, March, e1098. https://doi.org/10.7191/ jeslib.2017.1098 Private 2017 Survey Library Yes Boock, M., Chadwell, F.A., 2011. Steps toward implementation of data curation services at Oregon State University Libraries. Public 2011 Focus Group Library Yes Buys, C.M., Shaw, P.L., 2015. Data Management Practices Across an Institution: Survey and Report. J. Librariansh. Sch. Commun. 3. https:// doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1225 Private 2015 Survey Library Yes https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v8i2.263 https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v8i2.263 https://doi.org/10.1080/19322909.2012.730375 https://doi.org/10.1080/19322909.2012.730375 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1097 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1097 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1098 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1098 https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1225 https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1225 918 College & Research Libraries November 2019 Case Study Citation Institution Type Publication Year Method Study Performed by Instrument Available Carlson, J., Fosmire, M., Miller, C.C., Nelson, M.S., 2011. Determining Data Information Literacy Needs: A Study of Students and Research Faculty. Portal Libr. Acad. 11, 629–657. https://doi. org/10.1353/pla.2011.0022 Public 2011 Interviews Library No Carlson, J., Stowell-Bracke, M., 2013. Data Management and Sharing from the Perspective of Graduate Students: An Examination of the Culture and Practice at the Water Quality Field Station. Portal Libr. Acad. 13, 343–361. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2013.0034 Public 2013 Interviews Library Yes Cragin, M.H., Palmer, C.L., Carlson, J.R., Witt, M., 2010. Data sharing, small science and institutional repositories. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 368, 4023–4038. https://doi. org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0165 Public 2010 Interviews Library No Delserone, L., 2008. At the Watershed: Preparing for Research Data Management and Stewardship at the University of Minnesota Libraries. Libr. Trends 57, 202–210. https://doi. org/10.1353/lib.0.0032 Public 2008 Interviews / Focus Groups Library N/A refers to same dataset as Marcus 2007 Diekmann, F., 2012. Data Practices of Agricultural Scientists: Results from an Exploratory Study. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 13 (1): 14–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/104965 05.2012.636005 Public 2012 Interviews Library No D’Ignazio, J., Qin, J., 2008. Faculty data management practices: A campus-wide census of STEM departments. Proc. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 45, 1–6. https://doi. org/10.1002/meet.2008.14504503139 Private 2008 Survey I-School No Ippoliti, C., n.d. Oklahoma Data Management Case Study (unpublished). Public — Interviews Library No Johnston, L., Jeffryes, J., 2014. Data Management Skills Needed by Structural Engineering Students: Case Study at the University of Minnesota. J. Prof. Issues Eng. Educ. Pract. 140, 05013002. https://doi.org/10.1061/ (ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000154 Public 2014 Interviews Library Yes https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2011.0022 https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2011.0022 https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2013.0034 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0165 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0165 https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0032 https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0032 https://doi.org/10.1080/10496505.2012.636005 https://doi.org/10.1080/10496505.2012.636005 https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.2008.14504503139 https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.2008.14504503139 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000154 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000154 In Aggregate 919 Case Study Citation Institution Type Publication Year Method Study Performed by Instrument Available Kutay, S., 2014. Advancing Digital Repository Services for Faculty Primary Research Assets: An Exploratory Study. J. Acad. Librariansh. 40, 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. acalib.2014.08.006 Public 2014 Survey Library and IT No Lage, K., Losoff, B., Maness, J., 2011. Receptivity to library involvement in scientific data curation: A case study at the University of Colorado Boulder. Portal Libr. Acad. 11, 915–937. https:// doi.org/10.1353/pla.2011.0049 Public 2011 Interviews Library Yes Marcus, M., Ball, S., Delserone, L., Hribar, A., and Loftus, W., 2007. “Understanding Research Behaviors, Information Resources, and Service Needs of Scientists and Graduate Students: A Study by the University of Minnesota Libraries.” University of Minnesota Libraries. Public 2007 Interviews / Focus Groups Library Yes Mattern, E,, Jeng, W., He, D., Lyon, L., Brenner, A., 2015., “Using Participatory Design and Visual Narrative Inquiry to Investigate Researchers’ Data Challenges and Recommendations for Library Research Data Services.” Edited by Dr Andrew Cox. Program 49 (4): 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1108/ PROG-01-2015-0012 Public 2015 Focus Groups Library, ISchool No McLure, M., Level, A., Cranston, C., Oehlerts, B., Culbertson, M., 2014. Portal Libr. Acad. 14, 139–164. http:// doi.org/10.1353/pla.2014.0009 Public 2014 Focus Groups Library Yes Mohr, A.H., Bishoff, J., Bishoff, C., Braun, S., Storino, C., Johnston, L.R., 2015. When Data Is a Dirty Word: A Survey to Understand Data Management Needs Across Diverse Research Disciplines. Bull. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 42, 51–53. Public 2015 Survey Library Yes Parham, S.W., Bodnar, J., Fuchs, S., 2012. Supporting tomorrow’s research: Assessing faculty data curation needs at Georgia Tech. Coll. Res. Libr. News 73, 10–13. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.5860/crln.73.1.8686 Public 2012 Survey Library No https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2014.08.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2014.08.006 https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2011.0049 https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2011.0049 https://doi.org/10.1108/PROG-01-2015-0012 https://doi.org/10.1108/PROG-01-2015-0012 http://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2014.0009 http://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2014.0009 https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.73.1.8686 https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.73.1.8686 920 College & Research Libraries November 2019 Case Study Citation Institution Type Publication Year Method Study Performed by Instrument Available Peters, C., Dryden, A.R., 2011. Assessing the Academic Library’s Role in Campus- Wide Research Data Management: A First Step at the University of Houston. Sci. Technol. Libr. 30, 387–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/019426 2X.2011.626340 Public 2011 Interviews Library Yes Pouchard, L., Bracke, M.S., 2016. An Analysis of Selected Data Practices: A Case Study of the Purdue College of Agriculture. Issues Sci. Technol. Librariansh. https://doi.org/10.5062/ F4057CX4 Purdue 2016 Survey Library Yes Read, K.B., Surkis, A., Larson, C., McCrillis, A., Graff, A., Nicholson, J., Xu, J., 2015. Starting the data conversation: informing data services at an academic health sciences library. J. Med. Libr. Assoc. 103, 131–135. https://doi. org/10.3163/1536-5050.103.3.005 Private 2015 Interviews Library Yes Scaramozzino, J.M., Ramírez, M.L., McGaughey, K.J., 2011. A study of faculty data curation behaviors and attitudes at a teaching-centered university. Coll. Res. Libr. 73(4), 349–365. https://doi.org/ https://doi. org/10.5860/crl-255 Public 2011 Survey Library No Schumacher, J., VandeCreek, D., 2015. Intellectual Capital at Risk: Data Management Practices and Data Loss by Faculty Members at Five American Universities. Int. J. Digit. Curation 10. https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v10i2.321 Public/ Private 2015 Interviews Libraries No Sheehan, J., Arlitsch, K., Mannheimer, S., Knobel, C., Llovet, P., 2015. Data- Intensive Science and Campus IT. Educ. Rev. https://scholarworks.montana. edu/xmlui/handle/1/9314 Public 2015 Interviews / Survey Library, CIO, Vice President for Research Partial Shen, Y., 2016. Strategic Planning for a Data-Driven, Shared-Access Research Enterprise: Virginia Tech Research Data Assessment and Landscape Study. Coll. Res. Libr. 77, 500–519. https://doi. org/10.5860/crl.77.4.500 Public 2016 Survey Library No https://doi.org/10.1080/0194262X.2011.626340 https://doi.org/10.1080/0194262X.2011.626340 https://doi.org/10.5062/F4057CX4 https://doi.org/10.5062/F4057CX4 https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.103.3.005 https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.103.3.005 https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.5860/crl-255 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl-255 https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v10i2.321 https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9314 https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9314 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.77.4.500 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.77.4.500 In Aggregate 921 Case Study Citation Institution Type Publication Year Method Study Performed by Instrument Available Steinhart, G., Chen, E., Arguillas, F., Dietrich, D., Kramer, S., 2012. Prepared to Plan? A Snapshot of Researcher Readiness to Address Data Management Planning Requirements. J. EScience Librariansh. 1. https://doi. org/10.7191/jeslib.2012.1008 Private 2012 Survey Interdisciplinary RDM Group Yes Toups, M., Hughes, M., 2013. When Data Curation Isn’t: A Redefinition for Liberal Arts Universities. J. Libr. Adm. 53, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/0193 0826.2013.865386 Private 2013 Focus Group Library No Valentino, M., Boock, M., 2015. Data Management Services in Academic Libraries: A case study at Oregon State University. Pract. Acad. Librariansh. Int. J. SLA Acad. Div. 5, 77–91. https://journals. tdl.org/pal/index.php/pal/article/ view/7001 Public 2015 Interviews Library Yes Van Tuyl, S., Michalek, G., 2015. Assessing Research Data Management Practices of Faculty at Carnegie Mellon University. J. Librariansh. Sch. Commun. 3. https://doi.org/10.7710/2162- 3309.1258 Private 2015 Interviews / Survey Library No Weller, T., Monroe-Gulick, A., 2014. Understanding methodological and disciplinary differences in the data practices of academic researchers. Libr. Hi Tech 32, 467–482. https://doi. org/10.1108/LHT-02-2014-0021 Public 2014 Survey Library and Dean of Graduate Students N/A same dataset as Weller 2015 Weller, T., Monroe-Gulick, A., and University of Kansas., 2015. “Differences in the Data Practices, Challenges, and Future Needs of Graduate Students and Faculty Members.” Journal of EScience Librarianship. https://doi.org/10.7191/ jeslib.2015.1070 Public 2015 Survey Library and Dean of Graduate Students Partial Westra, B., 2010. Data services for the sciences: A needs assessment. Ariadne. http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue64/ westra/ Public 2010 Interviews Library Yes https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2012.1008 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2012.1008 https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2013.865386 https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2013.865386 https://journals.tdl.org/pal/index.php/pal/article/view/7001 https://journals.tdl.org/pal/index.php/pal/article/view/7001 https://journals.tdl.org/pal/index.php/pal/article/view/7001 https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1258 https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1258 https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2014-0021 https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2014-0021 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1070 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1070 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue64/westra/ http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue64/westra/ 922 College & Research Libraries November 2019 Notes 1. National Science Foundation, “Dissemination and Sharing of Research Results,” US NSF—About (Nov. 30, 2010), available online at www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/dmp.jsp [accessed 27 January 2019]. 2. John P. Holdren, “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies: Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research,” Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the [US] President, The White House (Feb. 22, 2013), available online at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/ default/files/microsites/ostp/ostp_public_access_memo_2013.pdf [accessed 7 October 2019]. 3. Andrew Cox, Eddy Verbaan, and Barbara Sen, “Upskilling Liaison Librarians for Research Data Man- agement,” Ariadne: A Web & Print Magazine of Internet Issues for Librarians & Information Specialists, no. 70 (2012).; Dorothea Salo, “Retooling Libraries for the Data Challenge,” Ariadne 64 (2010), available online at www.ariadne. ac.uk/issue64/salo [accessed 27 January 2019]. 4. Andrew M. Cox and Stephen Pinfield, “Research Data Management and Libraries: Current Activities and Future Priorities,” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 46, no. 4 (2014): 299–316; Catherine Soehner, Cath- erine Steeves, and Jennifer Ward, “E-Science and Data Support Services: A Study of ARL Member Institutions,” Association of Research Libraries (2010), available online at http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED528643 [accessed 27 January 2019]; Carol Tenopir et al., “Research Data Services in Academic Libraries: Data Intensive Roles for the Future?” Journal of EScience Librarianship 4, no. 2 (Dec. 21, 2015): e1085, https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1085; Carol Tenopir et al., “Research Data Management Services in Academic Research Libraries and Perceptions of Librarians,” Library & Information Science Research 36, no. 2 (Apr. 2014): 84–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2013.11.003; Carol1 Tenopir et al., “Academic Librarians and Research Data Services: Preparation and Attitudes,” IFLA Journal 39, no. 1 (Mar. 2013): 70–78, https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035212473089. 5. K. Antell et al., “Dealing with Data: Science Librarians’ Participation in Data Management at Associa- tion of Research Libraries Institutions,” College & Research Libraries 75, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 557–74, https://doi. org/10.5860/crl.75.4.557; Marianne Stowell Bracke, “Emerging Data Curation Roles for Librarians: A Case Study of Agricultural Data,” Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 12, no. 1 (Jan. 31, 2011): 65–74, https://doi.org/10.1 080/10496505.2011.539158; Sheila Corrall, Mary Anne Kennan, and Waseem Afzal, “Bibliometrics and Research Data Management Services: Emerging Trends in Library Support for Research,” Library Trends 61, no. 3 (2013): Case Study Citation Institution Type Publication Year Method Study Performed by Instrument Available Whitmire, A.L., Boock, M., Sutton, S.C., 2015. Variability in academic research data management practices: Implications for data services development from a faculty survey. Program 49, 382–407. https://doi. org/10.1108/PROG-02-2015-0017 Public 2015 Survey Library Yes Wiley, C., Mischo, W.H., 2016. Data Management Practices and Perspectives of Atmospheric Scientists and Engineering Faculty. Issues Sci. Technol. Librariansh. https://doi. org/10.5062/F43X84NJ Public 2016 Interviews Library Yes Williams, S., 2013. Data Sharing Interviews with Crop Sciences Faculty: Why They Share Data and How the Library Can Help. Issues Sci. Technol. Librariansh. https://doi.org/10.5062/ F4T151M8 Public 2013 Interviews Library Yes http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/dmp.jsp https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/ostp_public_access_memo_2013.pdf https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/ostp_public_access_memo_2013.pdf http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue64/salo http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue64/salo http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED528643 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1085 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2013.11.003 https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035212473089 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.75.4.557 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.75.4.557 https://doi.org/10.1080/10496505.2011.539158 https://doi.org/10.1080/10496505.2011.539158 https://doi.org/10.1108/PROG-02-2015-0017 https://doi.org/10.1108/PROG-02-2015-0017 https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.5062/F4T151M8 https://doi.org/10.5062/F4T151M8 In Aggregate 923 636–74; Susan Hickson et al., “Modifying Researchers’ Data Management Practices: A Behavioural Framework for Library Practitioners,” IFLA Journal 42, no. 4 (2016): 253–65. 6. Katherine G. Akers et al., “Building Support for Research Data Management: Biographies of Eight Research Universities,” International Journal of Digital Curation 9, no. 2 (Oct. 30, 2014), https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v9i2.327; Anne R. Diekema, Andrew Wesolek, and Cheryl D. Walters, “The NSF/NIH Effect: Surveying the Effect of Data Management Requirements on Faculty, Sponsored Programs, and Institutional Repositories,” Journal of Academic Librarianship 40, no. 3/4 (May 2014): 322–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2014.04.010; Youngseek Kim and Jeffrey M. Stanton, “Institutional and Individual Factors Affecting Scientists’ Data-Sharing Behaviors: A Multilevel Analysis,” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67, no. 4 (Apr. 2016): 776–99, https://doi. org/10.1002/asi.23424; John Ernest Kratz and Carly Strasser, “Researcher Perspectives on Publication and Peer Review of Data,” PLoS One 10, no. 2 (2015): e0117619. 7. Erin Kerby, “Research Data Practices in Veterinary Medicine: A Case Study,” Journal of EScience Librarian- ship (2015): e1073, https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1073. 8. N.R. Anderson et al., “Issues in Biomedical Research Data Management and Analysis: Needs and Barri- ers,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 14, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 478–88, https://doi.org/10.1197/ jamia.M2114. 9. Margaret Henderson and Teresa Knott, “Starting a Research Data Management Program Based in a Uni- versity Library,” Medical Reference Services Quarterly 34, no. 1 (Jan. 2, 2015): 47–59, https://doi.org/10.1080/0276386 9.2015.986783. 10. Neil Beagrie, Robert Beagrie, and Ian Rowlands, “Research Data Preservation and Access: The Views of Researchers,” Ariadne, no. 60 (2009), available online at www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue60/beagrie-et-al [accessed 27 January 2019]; G. Knight, “Research Data Management at LSHTM: Web Survey Report,” London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London 8 (2013); Linda D. Lowry, “Bridging the Business Data Divide: Insights into Primary and Secondary Data Use by Business Researchers,” IaSSIST Quarterly (2015): 14; Christina Sewerin, “Research Data Management Faculty Practices: A Canadian Perspective” (2015), available online at http://docs.lib.purdue. edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2098&context=iatul [accessed 27 January 2019]. 11. Indiana University Center for Post-Secondary Research, “Carnegie Classifications 2015 Public Data File” (2016), available online at http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/downloads/CCIHE2015-PublicDataFile.xlsx [ac- cessed 13 December 2017]. 12. Leslie Delserone, “At the Watershed: Preparing for Research Data Management and Stewardship at the University of Minnesota Libraries,” Library Trends 57, no. 2 (2008): 202–10, https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0032; Uni- versity of Minnesota Libraries, “Understanding Research Behaviors, Information Resources, and Service Needs of Scientists and Graduate Students: A Study by the University of Minnesota Libraries” (June 2007), available online at http://purl.umn.edu/5546 [accessed 23 February 2018]; Travis Weller et al., “Differences in the Data Practices, Challenges, and Future Needs of Graduate Students and Faculty Members,” Journal of EScience Librari- anship (2015), https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1070; Travis Weller and Amalia Monroe-Gulick, “Understanding Methodological and Disciplinary Differences in the Data Practices of Academic Researchers,” Library Hi Tech 32, no. 3 (Sept. 9, 2014): 467–82, https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2014-0021. 13. Elizabeth Berman, “An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Research- ers’ Data Management Practices at UVM: Findings from the Qualitative Phase,” Journal of EScience Librarian- ship, March 31, 2017, e1097, available online at https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1097 [accessed 7 October 2019]; Elizabeth Berman, “An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Researchers’ Data Management Practices at UVM: Findings from the Quantitative Phase,” Journal of EScience Librarianship, March 31, 2017, e1098, available online at https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1098 [accessed 7 October 2019]. 14. Indiana University Center for Post Secondary Research, “Carnegie Classifications 2015 Public Data File.” 15. J. McFarland, “The Condition of Education 2018: Post Secondary Institution Revenues” (National Center for Education Statistics, May 2018), available online at https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2018144 [accessed 7 November 2018]. 16. Anthony Stamatoplos, Tina Neville, and Deborah Henry, “Analyzing the Data Management Environ- ment in a Master’s-Level Institution,” Journal of Academic Librarianship 42, no. 2 (Mar. 2016): 154–60, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.acalib.2015.11.004. 17. Ryan Clement et al., “Team-Based Data Management Instruction at Small Liberal Arts Colleges,” IFLA Journal 43, no. 1 (Mar. 2017): 105–18, https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035216678239. 18. National Science Board, “Bridging the Gap: Building a Sustained Approach to Mid-Scale Research Infra- structure and Cyberinfrastructure at NSF” (Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation, Oct. 1, 2018), available online at https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2018/NSB-2018-40-Midscale-Research-Infrastructure-Report-to- Congress-Oct2018.pdf [accessed 2 November 2018]. https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v9i2.327 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2014.04.010 https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23424 https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23424 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1073 https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M2114 https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M2114 https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2015.986783 https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2015.986783 http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue60/beagrie-et-al http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2098&context=iatul http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2098&context=iatul http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/downloads/CCIHE2015-PublicDataFile.xlsx https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0032 http://purl.umn.edu/5546 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2015.1070 https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2014-0021 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1097 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1098 https://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2018144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2015.11.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2015.11.004 https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035216678239 https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2018/NSB-2018-40-Midscale-Research-Infrastructure-Report-to-Congress-Oct2018.pdf https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2018/NSB-2018-40-Midscale-Research-Infrastructure-Report-to-Congress-Oct2018.pdf 924 College & Research Libraries November 2019 19. Lisa Johnston et al., “Data Curation Network: How Do We Compare? A Snapshot of Six Academic Library Institutions’ Data Repository and Curation Services,” Journal of EScience Librarianship 6, no. 1 (Feb. 28, 2017), https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1102. 20. “DataONE,” available online at https://www.dataone.org/ [accessed 2 November 2018]. 21. James W. Altschuld and David D. Kumar, Needs Assessment: An Overview (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010), 4, available online at http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=996658 [accessed 23 July 2018]. 22. Altschuld and Kumar, Needs Assessment, 5. 23. Kristin Partlo, “From Data to the Creation of Meaning Part II: Data Librarian as Translator,” IASSIST Quarterly 38, no. 2 (2014). 24. “Availability of Data & Materials: Authors & Referees @ Npg,” available online at www.nature.com/ authors/policies/availability.html [accessed 7 February 2016]. 25. DataONE, “DataONE Education Modules” (Nov. 12, 2012), available online at https://www.dataone.org/ education-modules [accessed 3 March 2018]; Lamar Soutter Library–University of Massachusetts Medical School, “New England Collaborative Data Management Curriculum” (2015), available online at http://library.umassmed. edu/necdmc/index [accessed 27 March 2017]. 26. Kristin Briney, Abigail Goben, and Lisa Zilinski, “Do You Have an Institutional Data Policy? A Review of the Current Landscape of Library Data Services and Institutional Data Policies,” Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication (Summer 2015). 27. Lisa Zilinski, Abigail Goben, and Kristin Briney, “Going Beyond the Data Management Plan,” in The Medical Library Association Guide to Data Management for Librarians (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016). 28. Henderson and Knott, “Starting a Research Data Management Program Based in a University Library.” https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2017.1102 https://www.dataone.org/ http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=996658 http://www.nature.com/authors/policies/availability.html http://www.nature.com/authors/policies/availability.html https://www.dataone.org/education-modules https://www.dataone.org/education-modules http://library.umassmed.edu/necdmc/index http://library.umassmed.edu/necdmc/index