College and Research Libraries By R O B E R T R E D F I E L D Research Materials in Middle Ameri- can Ethnology, with Special Ref- erence to Chicago Libraries Dean Redfield of the Division of Social Sciences, University of Chicago, read this paper at the Reference Librarians Section, December JO, 1941. Yo u H A V E A S K E D me to speak on the sources of materials in ethnology for Middle America, with additional refer- ence to sources in this field in the Chicago area. T h e subject is one with which I have long been concerned but my concern has been casual and unorganized. T h i s is the first time I have attempted to appraise the library collections in Chicago which make possible the ethnological investiga- tions in which I have participated. T h e opportunity to consider the subject is wel- come to me but I must at the outset confess that time has allowed me only a hasty review of the situation. In making this report I have been greatly assisted by James S. Slotkin and, indeed, without his efforts I could not appear before you today at all. D r . Slotkin helped me to accomplish the first task on which this report is based and almost singlehanded performed the sec- ond. T h e first task was to prepare a classified list of selected principal works in Middle American ethnology; the second was to discover in which of the principal libraries of Chicago these works are to be found. T h e checklist of selected works which is appended to this paper consists of about two hundred titles. T h e checklist was made for only three libraries, Newberry, Field Museum Li- brary, and the library of the University of Chicago. W e chose only three because time was lacking to do more and we chose these three because our experience sug- gested that these libraries have the three best collections on Middle American eth- nology in the city. If the public library or the Crerar library has a better collec- tion than one of the three libraries we have chosen, I shall be surprised, although in certain areas their collections are no doubt good. A s Middle American ethnology is not one of the most popular or best known of subjects, I have thought it a large part of my task here to set forth the nature of the materials on which scholars in that field rely. Most of the following remarks, therefore, consist of a sort of classification and appraisal of these materials, and what I have to say on the distribution of these materials in the three libraries we have examined is a secondary part of my paper. For the purposes of this report, I under- stand ethnology to have to do with the cultures of native peoples as they are learned about by direct verbal communica- tion with them. In short, I am thinking SEPTEMBER, 1942 2 77 of ethnology as an investigation of cus- toms and institutions as they are reported to us by the words and writings of the native peoples themselves. Archeology, on the other hand, which is excluded from this survey, recovers and studies the arti- facts made by unfamiliar peoples. In gen- eral, the ethnologist t^lks with the natives and sees them as living beings. A n arche- ologist digs up objects made by people before his time. Eyewitness Accounts In the Middle American field, however, the line is a little difficult to draw, be- cause we are interested in the customs of the Indian peoples of that area as they prevailed when the Spaniards came in over four hundred years ago. T h e Spaniards of that time must be regarded as the eth- nologists, and one large class of source materials consists of the documents in which those early eyewitness accounts were set down. These materials play a large part in the list of sources which we have prepared. Furthermore, one class of materials has here been included which the archeologist might also well include: the hieroglyphic records on stone made chiefly by the an- cient M a y a . I have included this class of materials on the ground that these are in fact books written by the Indians about themselves and that they may be thought of as ethnological as truly as we may think of the writings of the early Spaniards about these Indians as ethnological. Another difficulty which was encoun- tered in preparing the list arises from the large amount of secondary analytical and critical literature. In the case of the works of the great scholars in this field, such as Eduard Seler, the writings of these men amount to materials for research. Nevertheless, I have excluded them from my consideration and have considered only the more primary sources. T o this I must add one exception: I have included modern commentary on special selected primary sources where published with the primary document. Two Groups of Materials From what I have said you have already understood, no doubt, that I have defined my task to cover materials with reference to the Middle American peoples as they existed at the time of the conquest as well as in later times. A s a matter of fact, the materials tend to fall into two groups: accounts of native custom just before or not long after the conquest, and modern ethnology. Modern ethnology does not get under way until the very end of the nineteenth century, and indeed the titles of importance in the field are extremely few until the third and fourth decades of the twentieth century. T h e two groups of materials are in part connected by the travelers' accounts. During colonial times travel, especially by non-Spaniards, did not often occur in Latin America. Most of the titles worthy of mention under this heading appeared late in the nineteenth century. It is probably not necessary to declare that I have supposed that this audience is concerned with materials useful for re- search and scholarly work. Therefore, the mention I will make of books written for more popular consumption will be small. Before reviewing materials class by class, as I am about to do, I may declare my conclusion that the student of Middle American ethnology is very well provided 312 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES with the principal materials for work in his field by the three libraries I have men- tioned. T h e collection at the Newberry is surely the best of the three, as it is in many fields having to do with the Ameri- can Indian. Its collection of reproductions of native writing, the so-called codices, is particularly good. It is more difficult for me to compare the collections in the Field Museum and the University of Chicago but my impression is that the latter collec- tion is the better. Bibliographies T o my knowledge, no comprehensive bibliography on Middle American ethnol- ogy covering an entire period is in ex- istence. T h e older bibliographies of Chavero and Brasseur de Bourbourg (2 1 and 1) are, of course, greatly out of date. A l l three libraries have the well-known Handbook of Latin American Studies ( 3 ) , which gives excellent coverage of pub- lications in the field during the few years the Handbook has been in existence. T h e student who wishes to search for titles in incomplete lists will look at the Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris (6) or at the lbero-Amerikanische Bi- bliographic ( 4 ) . T h e latter can be found only at the Newberry Library. Bibliogra- phies of lesser importance are included in my list. I may add that I have in my office on cards, a bibliography of two or three hundred titles on recent Middle American ethnology which I would be glad to make available to students. It is, however, very imperfect in that coverage in the various areas is uneven, many titles are lacking, and some are included which should probably not be there. 1 R e f e r to the bibliography at the end of the article. Histories by Historians with European Training W h a t I have to say about the secondary works will be brief. T w o great profes- sional historians have summarized material they have drawn from some of the customs of the early Middle American peoples for their opera magna. I refer, of course, to Bancroft (8) and Prescott ( 1 0 ) . A l - though both of these men made a careful use of primary sources which is rarely matched today in the same field, what they have to say about Aztec and M a y a customs was so largely shaped by concep- tions of society formed by knowledge of Europe and Asiatic barbarisms and by ignorance of other Indian communities, that their pages are hardly satisfactory today, even as introductions to the subject. Recent General Works by Anthropologists O n the other hand, the works written by modern anthropologists, while they do better justice to the customs of the early Indian people, are in no cases works of scholarship and literary achievement com- parable with the writings of Prescott. W e have, however, been given in recent years books which present the facts about Aztec and M a y a life and which, at the same time, suit the reading appetites of the interested layman. These works are all available in all three of the libraries. T h e Frenchman, Genet, has written one work of this sort on the Aztec peoples ( 1 3 ) and another on the Maya-Quiche group ( 1 4 ) . O f writings in English in recent times one has a choice for the M a y a be- tween Blom's book ( 1 1 ) and that by Gann and Thompson ( 1 2 ) . Both have their merit but neither is a work of first class. Means' monograph on the conquest of Yucatan ( 1 5 ) does not attempt any SEPTEMBER, 1942 2 77 summary description of M a y a culture but it does have the advantage of publishing English translation of parts of certain of the source materials on the ancient Maya. T h e recent publication by George Vaillant on the Aztecs ( 1 7 ) will, I think, tend to take the place of the earlier work by J. Eric Thompson ( 1 6 ) . None of the books I have mentioned has bibliographies of any research consequence, and for a research worker or scholar they are to be mentioned chiefly because he will wish to see what competent scholars have written for the layman on some points where the reader of the work may be planning to do re- search. Important Series I turn therefore to source materials. T h e research worker will find practically all of the series that I have included in my list in the Newberry Library. In a few instances the library of the University of Chicago has series, or parts of series, which are lacking in the Newberry. T h e Field Museum collections are weakest in this class of material. M y list includes only series which bear on Middle American ethnology or closely related subjects, but the student will of course wish to have at hand more general periodicals in^anthro- pology. O f current series, the publications of Carnegie Institution of Washington are of great importance, although in this con- text it is to be remembered that most of the publications are archeological rather than ethnological. M a n y other important series such as The Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv (22) and the Ibero-Amerikanische Studien (23) are probably not continuing on account of the war. T h e important occasional proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists ( 2 5 ) will be wanted by every investigator, and he will find them in all three libraries, except that the series in the Field Museum is reported as defective. Apparently the University of Chicago library is better off with refer- ence to the publications of the National Museum of Mexico (31-37) than are the other two collections. T h e recently estab- lished and current Mexican scientific pub- lication bearing on ethnology (40) is available in all three libraries, as are the important publications of the Department of Middle American Research of T u l a n e University ( 4 3 ) . Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of the Maya I now turn to nonserial publications of source materials and consider first the writ- ings of the Indian peoples themselves. M y apology for including the hieroglyphic in- scriptions of the M a y a has already been made. T h e two great Corpora Inscrip- tionum, Morley's impressive publications on the inscriptions at Copan ( 4 5 ) and in the Peten ( 4 6 ) , and the Maudslay publi- cation of a generation ago ( 4 4 ) , are avail- able in all three libraries, as are the two best introductory works on the methods of deciphering hieroglyphs, of which Spinden (48) and Morley ( 4 7 ) are the authors. T h e more advanced student will need Teeple's monograph on M a y a astronomy ( 4 9 ) , which is also easy to get. It needs to be remembered that the study of M a y a hieroglyphs is one of the more esoteric and highly specialized branches of Middle American research, but just because work in that field may be pursued without much reference to other branches of anthropol- ogy and perhaps because it has the charm of a difficult crossword puzzle, it has at- tracted a number of interested and able lay scholars. 314 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Codices: Books Made by Indians W h i l e the M a y a or Yucatan and Guate- mala were the only Middle American people to develop a system of calendrical notation to complexity, thus bringing about the special body of source materials to which I have just referred, most of the Indians of higher civilization in Mexico and Central America made records in more elementary and pictographic form; the resulting documents written on paper or parchment are known as "codices" and constitute a second important class of source materials. T h e y were made for a variety of purposes and include no small range of subject matter. Some record calendrical computations; others give the divinatory tables and calculations of the priests specializing in the regulation of conduct according to days lucky and un- lucky ; others give records of land claims; still others list tribute demanded by a dominating tribe of a conquered group; and there are many that depict the re- ligious and cosmogonic ideas of the In- dians. T h e codices may also be considered from the point of vew of their time of manufacture. Those written before the conquest are, of course, sources on the customs of the time which cannot be im- pugned as representing an adulteration with European influence. O n the other hand some of these primitive books made after the Spaniards came are even more enlightening for the very reason that they were prepared in order to tell interested Spaniards what the old ways had been. Some of this latter class are provided with glosses either in Indian languages or in Spanish but in European script. T h e publication and editing of these codices has been a major task of Middle American research for several generations and is by no means ended. T h e various reproductions differ greatly as to their accuracy. T h e great Kingsborough col- lection ( 1 2 5 ) into which the English lord of that name put so much money, is a collector's item, but to the scholar the reproductions are not of great value be- cause the copying was carelessly done. T h e most important dependable series of reproductions is that which bears the name of the man whose wealth made it possible, the Due de Loubat. In recent years single codices have been reproduced either in this country or in Mexico and in most in- stances the recent reproductions are good. T h e Newberry Library is extremely well provided with materials of this class to the degree that the scholar needing only these materials may well establish himself in that library. In cases of important codices such as the three surviving codices of the Yucatec M a y a (50-65), the New- berry Library has all or most of the sig- nificant editions, while the Field Museum or the University of Chicago has to get along with one or two. Preconquest Codices O f the preconquest codices representing the Aztec and other Nahua groups, some of the most important, the Borgianus ( 6 6 ) , the Fejervary-Mayer (68, 69), and the Vaticanus ( 7 2 ) are all available in one edition or another in all three libraries. For these codices the commentaries (67, 70, 73) of the German scholar, Seler, are still of first importance. T h e Nahua codices dated after the conquest constitute a longer list (75-93). Here the gaps in the collection of the Field Museum and the University of Chicago are more notice- able. Nevertheless, their collections are not bad. A similar statement may be SEPTEMBER, 1942 2 77 made about the codices representing the Mixtec and Zapotecan peoples (94-106), lying geographically between the M a y a and the Aztec. T h e particular Indian groups to which some of these codices are to be assigned are in some cases matters of doubt among scholars. In the list which I have made there are probably some errors of this sort and I have further recognized the difficulty by including a subheading of unclassified codices ( 1 0 7 - 1 1 8 ) . A s I re- view the situation I am impressed with the richness of the combined collections of the libraries of the Chicago area. Besides the publication of reproductions of particular codices with or without criti- cal annotation, there have been a number of publications that might be described as codex anthologies. T h e Kingsborough col- lection ( 1 2 5 ) , already unfavorably noted, is present in the University of Chicago and the Newberry libraries, as are also the im- portant collections by Boban and Penafiel. For the Boban collection ( 1 2 0 ) one ap- parently has to go to the Newberry collec- tion, as is also the case with the well-known documents edited by Garcia Cubas ( 1 2 3 ) . Books by Indians in Their Own Language but in European Writing Still considering ethnological source materials written down by the Indians themselves, I have next in view those writings by Indians made after the con- quest in their own language but in the alphabetic characters which they learned from the Spaniards. These are again of many sorts. Some are tribal traditions including often myths as to the origin of the world and dynastic or genealogical lists. Some included prophecies and scraps of history. M a n y are tribal annals. Some of these were written down simply to per- petuate the sacred traditions originally, no doubt, expressed in native picture writing, while others were prepared for particular reasons connected with the relations of the Indians with their conquerors, notably in case of land disputes. T h e great American editor of these materials in the last decades of the nine- teenth century was Daniel G . Brinton. Various of his publications, some of which deal with the Nahua peoples and others with the Mayan group, are present in the libraries reviewed, but in this case the Newberry library is less well off than the other two collections. T h e Yucatec M a y a have provided us with a group of impor- tant documents of this sort, no one of which is actually very old but which were connected by copies now lost with pre- Columbian tradition. These copies are known as the books of Chilam Balam (131-33, 1 3 5 ) . T h e recent translations in editings of two of these are easy to get in the Chicago libraries. About the Quiche of Guatemala, the great work of this class is known as the Popol Vuh (136- 38). So far as my records go the Uni- versity of Chicago has the early edition edited by Brasseur de Bourbourg ( 1 3 6 ) while the Newberry Library has the later editions. I may add that none of these editions is quite satisfactory to a scholar. Eighteenth Century Materials T h i s review of materials has now passed the conquest and carries us into the eight- eenth century. I will return to consider the documents written in Spanish, in most cases by Spaniards but in a few cases by Europeanized Indians in the first genera- tion after the conquest. If any group of materials on the early ethnology of Middle 316 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES America is to be selected for emphasis, it will be this group. Here are included the fluent, first-hand accounts of those men who saw the Indian cultures as they were flourishing and put down not long afterwards what they saw. T h e y begin with the immediate reports of Cortes in his well-known letters (148-50) and go on to include such later and more reflec- tive military accounts as that of Bernal D i a z del Castillo ( 1 5 1 - 5 9 ) as well as the more penetrating and more important ethnological reporting of those missionaries who took the pains to learn the Indian languages and to live closely with the na- tives. T h e military accounts have the freshness of the first shock of contact, but the later missionaries got the facts. T h e greatest work of this group for the Nahua area is the famous book of the priest Sahagun ( 1 7 5 - 7 8 ) . T h e volumes in which he made his original notes in the Indian language of the Aztecs are still to be consulted in Mexico City. T h e r e has been a string of editions of the Spanish work which Sahagun made later from the notes. T h e recent Mexican edition in five volumes is probably most useful for most purposes. T h e corresponding work for the M a y a is Bishop Landa's account of Yucatan ( 1 6 9 - 7 1 ) . A s in most other cases the Newberry Library has the most editions of this work, but the scholar will find the very recent and almost definitive translation prepared by Professor T o z z e r ( 1 7 2 ) in any one of the three libraries. T o be included with this group of sources are the accounts written neither by con- querors nor by missionaries but by ad- ministrative investigators sent out from Spain to get facts about the native. T h e work of Zurita represents this class ( I 7 8 - A ) . O u r checklist of titles in this class groups these works according to the half- century in which the document was first issued. It will be seen from this list that the Newberry again leads but that the other libraries are not badly off. In recent years there has appeared no student of these sources comparable with Bandelier, who made such significant use of them over fifty years ago. A recent appraisal of sources by Waterman deserves mention; it is a brief critical discussion of works of this class. Besides Sahagun and Landa, other outstanding names of authors who set down ethnology are Acosta ( 1 6 1 - 6 4 ) , Duran ( 1 6 7 ) , Gomara ( 1 6 8 ) , Motolinia ( 1 7 3 ) , M u n o z Camarga ( 1 7 4 ) . A l l these represent chiefly the culture of the Aztecs. For the Zapotecs the important work is by Burgoa (180) and for the vari- ous Central American peoples we need the work by Oviedo y Valdes ( 1 6 0 ) . There have been several important col- lections of these documents from that of Garcia Icazbalceta ( 1 9 3 ) , which appeared in the middle of the last century, to the recent issue by France Scholes ( 1 9 5 ) of documents referring only to Yucatan. Here the student will find that the Uni- versity of Chicago and Newberry libraries can provide him with his wants. It has perhaps taken me too long a time to bring this review up to materials deal- ing with the Indian as he exists today in Mexico and Central America. But the fact is that in library research a wealth of material refers to early history and de- mands the training of an historian. Eth- nology, in a sense of systematic study guided by problems of living peoples, is a very recent phenomenon anywhere. W h e n it did appear in this country and in Eng- land, it is natural that it was first carried SEPTEMBER, 1942 2 77 on among the simpler peoples under the political control or influence of England or the United States. T h e extension of modern ethnological method into the In- dian peoples of Mexico and the Central American nations awaited the coming of age of the science and the establishment of such security and political relations as would make field work favorable. There- fore, what I have to say on the ethnologi- cal sources of recent times is not a very great deal. Travelers' Accounts A s I remarked earlier, a sort of link between the early materials and the new materials is provided by travelers' ac- counts. It was very exceptional for a non-Spaniard to travel in colonial Latin America. Thomas Gage ( 1 7 9 ) , an Eng- lish Catholic who gave up that religion and wrote a book about his experiences, chiefly in Guatemala, is almost an excep- tion. His work is of use in considering the seventeenth century ethnology of the Guatemalan Indians. In the middle of the nineteenth century John L . Stephens, a hardy and observant traveler, provided us with two works (200, 201) of great readability and considerable ethnological value. These are available in all three libraries. T w o less important works by Norman (198, 199), dealing only with the Yucatan, may be mentioned. T h e writers just mentioned made no claim to be scientists. A t the end of the nineteenth century there appeared the first professional ethnological visitors to M i d - dle America. T h e three great names in this group are Lumholtz (202-05), Starr (206-08), and Stoll (209). A l l three traveled extensively in areas where almost no ethnological knowledge existed and opened up fields for later intensive work. T h e chief writings of these men are easily obtained. T o this group might well be added Karl Sapper, whose writings are often geographical rather than ethnological in nature, but who has reported a great deal about well-known Indian customs. These men were the forerunners of modern ethnology. W h e n I come to this subject, which it might have been thought should have been the substance of my re- port, I find the difficulty of saying any- thing useful to be great. T h e facts are briefly these. T h e present-day native peo- ples of Middle America are represented in substantial ethnological monographs in no more than a score of titles. A l l these works appear in the twentieth century and most of them have appeared in the last decade. There has been in fact a sort of burst of scientific ethnology in Mexico and Guatemala. In the other Central American countries far less has been done indeed, except for the excellent work by the Swedish scholar, Nordenskiold, on a Panamanian tribe, and far less important reporting by Conzemius (224) on some surviving tribal groups along the Mosquito coast. Book-Length Ethnologies These more important book-length eth- nologies of recent times are well repre- sented in the Chicago libraries, as one might anticipate. If the student wishes to go beyond such works he will find himself digging for minute crumbs of ethnological gold in an immense mass of minor litera- ture much of it in periodical form. I have not attempted to list the publications in which such material could be found. M y own card index file includes a good many such references. It is at this point 318 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES that the student will find the Chicago li- braries do not give him everything he wants, particularly in the case of obscure periodicals issued in Central American countries. In bringing this review to a close it should be added that the development of modern ethnology has been, relatively speaking, so rapid and so recent that a considerable amount of important material lies unpublished on the decks of contem- porary ethnologists. Thus, the student of Indian peoples of the Midwest -Highlands of Guatemala will find himself writing letters to two or three specialists who are getting their notes into book form for publication and he will find it more im- portant to him to consult with such per- sons than to burrow deeply in the libraries in search of minor materials. T h i s re- mark takes me away from the libraries of Chicago which are your interest and so properly brings this report to an end. Classification of the Material A. Bibliographies B r a s s e u r de B o u r b o u r g , C . E. N ( i ) Bibliotheque mexico-guatemalienne. Paris, 1871 C h a v e r o , A . N ( 2 ) Apuntes V i e j o s de B i b l i o g r a f i a M e x i c a n a . M e x i c o , 1903-07 V o l . i - F Handbook of L a t i n A m e r i c a n Studies. C a m b r i d g e , 1935 U N F ( 3 ) Ibero-Amerikanische Bibliographie, 1930. N o . X I I I w a n t i n g N ( 4 ) Instituto Panamericano de G e o g r a f i a e His- toria U N F ( 5 ) Boletin bibliografico de antropologia A m e - ricana. J o u r n a l de la Societe des Americanistes de P a r i s U N F ( 6 ) T e i x i d o r , F . N F ( 7 ) B i b l i o g r a f i a Y u c a t e c a . M e r i d a , 1937 B. Secondary Works I. Histories (By Historians with European Training) B a n c r o f t , G . U N ( 8 ) N a t i v e Races of the Pacific States. San Francisco, 1874 B r a s s e u r de B o u r b o u r g , C . E. N ( 9 ) H i s t o i r e des Nations Civilisees du M e x i - que et de l ' A m e r i q u e - C e n t r a l e . Paris, 1857-59 Prescott, W . H . U N ( 1 0 ) T h e Conquest of M e x i c o . N e w Y o r k , 1922 II. Histories (Recent General Works by Anthropologists ) Blom, F . U N F ( 1 1 ) T h e Conquest of Y u c a t a n . Boston, 1936 G a n n , T . , and T h o m p s o n , J. E . U N F ( 1 2 ) T h e H i s t o r y of the M a y a . N e w Y o r k , 1931 G e n e t , J. U N F ( 1 3 ) Histoire des peuples Shoshones-Azteques. Paris, 1929 Histoire des peuples M a y a s - Q u i c h e s . Paris, 1927 U N F ( 1 4 ) M e a n s , P . A . U N F ( 1 5 ) H i s t o r y of the Spanish Conquest of Y u c a - tan and of the I t z a s . (Peabody M u s e u m , Papers, 7 ) . C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . , 1917 T h o m p s o n , J. E . U N F ( 1 6 ) M e x i c o before C o r t e z . N e w Y o r k , 1934 V a i l l a n t , G . C . U N F ( 1 7 ) A z t e c s of M e x i c o . N e w Y o r k , 1941 C. Source Materials I. Important Series C a r n e g i e Institution of W a s h i n g t o n publi- cations U N F ( 1 8 ) SEPTEMBER, 1942 2 77 Cortes Society U N F (19) Documents and Narratives Concerning the Discovery and Conquest of Latin America. New York, 1917 Ethnos U N F (20) Ibero-Americana U N (21) Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv U N F (22) Ibero-Americanische Studien U N F (23) Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e His- toria U N (24) Publicaciones No. 34 and 45 F International Congress of Americanists U N (25) Vols. 3, 6, 11 missing F Maya Research U N F (26) Maya Society N F (27) Publications Maya Society F (28) Quarterly Mexican A r t & Life (Missed N ) U F (29) Mexican Folkways U F (30) Vol. 7 N Mexico, Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Historia y Etnografia N (31) Anales U N F (32) Boletin (Incomplete) U (33) (Incomplete 1-3) N (Incomplete) F Cartillas de Vulgarizacion U (34) Monografias U (35) Publicaciones U N (36) Mexico, Museo Nacional, Seccion de Et- nologia U (37) Conferencias Museum of The American Indian U N F (38) Indian Notes & Monographs Peabody Museum U N F (39) Papers Revista Mexicana de Estudios U N F (40) Historicos Sociedad Mexicana de Antropologia Revista mexicana de estudios antropolo- gicos N (41) Societe des Americanistes de Paris Journal U N F (42) Tulane University, Department of Middle American Research U N F (43) Middle American Research series II. With Regard to Pre-Columbian and Early Post-Columbian Times /. Written by Indians in Their 0