VERA EFFIGIES LODOVICI ROBERTS CIVIS & MERCATOR: LONDI: NATs s BELLOMARISCO INSULA MONA ANNO DNI 1596  
This is th'effigies, yet his real worth in this his work, a livelier shape brings forth (Which shall outlive his fate, and given in trust his Name to fame, when he is written in dust ●…his speaks him outward, But his inward part is best expresst, within this Book of Arte.    

THE MERCHANTS MAP OF COMMERCE: WHEREIN, The Universal Manner and Matter of TRADE, is compendiously handled. The STANDARD and currant COINS of sundry PRINCES, observed. The Real and Imaginary COINS of ACCOUNTS and Exchanges, expressed. The Natural and Artificial Commodities of all Countries for transportation declared. The WEIGHTS and MEASURES of all eminent CITIES and TOWNS of Traffic, collected and reduced one into another; and all to the MERIDIAN of COMMERCE practised in the famous CITY of LONDON.  
By LEWES ROBERTS, Merchant.  
Necessary for all such as shall be employed in the public Affairs of PRINCES in foreign Parts; for all Gentlemen and others that travel abroad for delight or pleasure, and for all MERCHANTS or their FACTORS that exercise the Art of Merchandizing in any part of the habitable WORLD.  
AT LONDON, Printed by R. O. for RALPH MABB. MDCXXXVIII.   

TO THE RIGHT WORSHIPFUL AND WORTHILY EMINENT MERCHANTS:  
St. MORRIS ABBOT, Knight, Alderman of the City of LONDON, and Governor of the Company of English MERCHANTS, trading into the Eastindies▪  
And HENRY GARRAWAY, Esquire, Alderman of the said City of LONDON, and Governor of the Company of English MERCHANTS trading the Levant Seas.  
YOur excellent skill, (much honoured SIRS) in all the particular parts of Merchandizing, and your skilful excellency in the Universal Commerce of the World, not only demonstrated by continual experiments, but also practised by sundry demonstrations, (especially under your Government, in those so worthy and honourable societies, of which you are at this present the happy Governors) prompted me, that you were not only the fittest PATRONS of this Model, but the best judges of the WORK itself; and therefore if I were not induced by any other motive, nor yet moved by any other inducement; yet this alone might both move and induce me, not only to present you with this Dedication, but also crave from your Worths a friendly and favourable Protection.  
But the further consideration of my particular Obligement, and the daily experience of both your loves, challenged this justly from me, as the acknowledgement of my respect and service: for before I had the favour of your acquaintance, I was made acquainted with your favours; and in Constantinople before you knew me, I had the honour of your employments; and after my return thence, I found the approbation of my former endeavours extended itself not only to my admittance (as a Member) into those Societies you govern; but since into places of trust and repute in both of them.  
Your experience and judgement then in the contents of this Tract considered, and my neverdying Gratitude for these your noble courtesies remembered: please to Patronise these my Labours, and in a fare construction accept of this my New-year's acknowledgement: So shall both of you reap the Honour due to your own Worths, and I the respect due to a grateful FACTOR, which with all faithful expressions I shall ever covet to preserve; that I may as well futurely as formerly be honoured by your good opinion, and entitle myself still your thankful and affectionate friend, to serve you.  
january 6. 1688. LEWES ROBERTS.   

TO THE THRICE WORTHY AND WORSHIPFUL  

WILLIAM HARVEY, D. of Phys.  
DANIEL HARVEY, Merchant.  
MICHAEL HARVEY, Merchant.  
JOHN HARVEY, Esquire.  
ELIAB HARVEY, Merchant.  
MATHEW HARVEY, Merchant.   
BRETHRENS: And JOHN HARVEY, Merchant, only Son to Mr. THOMAS HARVEY, Merchant, deceased.  
THe Draught of this MAP of COMMERCE (Right worthy SIR and SIRS) was above twenty years past roughly traced out and delineated for the furtherance and help of my own employment beyond the Seas, at the charges and expense of that worthy Merchant, your loving Brother, and my deceased Master THOMAS HARVEY; since whose death, you were pleased for some years to second what he had thus given a a beginning unto, and by a continuation of that my then employment, and an acceptation of my then endeavours and service in many parts of the World, enabled and gave me means to proceed with that Model I had to this end thus begun: But time and my Mercantile Affairs not permitting me at that time to collect all those fit materials in those places, as were useful and necessary to perfect this Fabric, I have since my return from my former employment, been so much assisted by your help, and so much helped by your assistance, that I have brought it after many year's toil (notwithstanding my many other public and private affairs) to that perfection you now see it. Such then therefore as it is, in regard of the respect I own to the memory and worth of that my deceased Patron, and of the grateful acknowledgement jowe to your particular and joynt-courtesies:  
Be pleased to accept of this my thankfulness, and let the WORK (as a Child first bred under your Roof, and since nourished and educated abroad for many years at his and your charges) found from you all not only a favourable Patronage and courteous Protection, but also a friendly acceptation. So shall the Author have just cause to honour your love, and still persever to love your honour, which he prayeth may not only yearly, but hourly be multiplied and increased unto you,  
Resting yours most affectionate, to serve You, LOD: ROBERTS.   

To his much respected friends, the MERCHANTS of ENGLAND in general, and to the courteous READER, whom it may concern.  
I Was not ignorant, (Right worthy friends) when first I undertook this task, and busied myself to compass this Work, how difficult it would prove to be in it self; what slender furtherances I had to accomplish the same; and how weak my own abilities were to given it perfection: yet notwithstanding all these obstacles, when I had duly considered the general want thereof, and the common benefit and commodity that would redound thereby, especially to those of my own profession (if it might be fully, or in some measure truly perfected) I resolved (considering the silence of those of better endowments) to take the same in hand, and cheerfully and willingly laid both my hand to the Work, and my shoulder to the burden, collecting and gathering with laborious industry, and industrious labour all those principal points and heads, as might either conduce to the accomplishment of the building, or any way further my intended fabric: So that by my continual toil, and search after fit and apt materials, I hoped that at length a good issue would crown my endeavours, and finish this my intended undertaken task.  
But after long and tedious inquisition, I found that the further I sailed in this Ocean, the vaster were my desires, and the fewer were my furtherances to my wished Port; so that perceiving the Work thus to increase upon me, beyond my expectation and first purpose, I was constrained (with the wind-scanted Seaman) to cast about again, and limit myself to a narrower scantling; for that to do it at large, and as the matter punctually required, was fare beyond the reach of my knowledge; yet because I could not do as I would, I resolved to do as I could, and thereupon begun again to involve these my first scattered Collections into a lesser mould, and reduce my first thoughts and observations into such a second limit and order, as might best befit my experience, and the compass to which now I had confined it; conceiving that as my intentions (joined to my labour and pains herein) tended only to the good of others, and principally of Merchants and their actors, that reside or negociate in foreign parts, so they will in requital be induced to have a good opinion thereof, as a reward to me, for the benefit that shall redound to them by the same, excusing those errors which peradventure the better experienced may by trial found in the perusal of this Work, and the defects which my ignorance hath enforced me to let pass, which by reason of the diversity and rarity of the matter the same is most subject unto, and the rather because I have been constrained oftentimes in this Desert to travel without a certain guide, and not seldom to navigate by another's Compass, having not in any Language or Country met with any Author, that could either totally conduct me, or truly rectify my steps when I went astray; yet I must confess I met with some that shot at the mark I aimed at; but it was at random, and come not home to my proposed blank; and I found some that took up stuff upon trust, and a second followed him, and a third that second, and here (not able otherwise to contradict nor amend) I also become a follower of theirs; some again I observed to have borrowed from others, of which number I may account the Collections of Claud Bojer Lionois, of Gio: Mariana a Florentine, of jacob Cartolano, a Venetian, of Gio Baptist Zuchetta a Genovois, of Mr. Malines and Mr. Hunt our own Countrymen, and some others, who again gave addition to what they had in this nature gathered; but all these (though by their endeavours meriting due commendation) yet satisfied not throughly my curiosity, nor the earnest desire I had to bring this Work to a more absolute perfection: therefore in this case I was furthered by some friends, whose Star led me when I was benighted, and whose Candle lightened me, when otherwise I should have stumbled; by which means, and my own old twelve year's collections, during my abode and employment in many parts of the World, I have at last by due sounding of the Channel, safely sailed over the Ocean aforementioned, and brought my Bark to an Anchor in her desired Harbour; and I hope so well observed the depths, shouldst, rocks and sands thereof, that he that navigates after me, and by this my Map, shall be secured from all dangers, and thereby bring his accounts to that wished Port, that may prove both to his own profit and Commodity.  
Now Gentlemen, having thus then understood with what industry and care the materials of this Edifice hath been collected, what pains hath been used to bring it to this conclusion and perfection, and having truly weighed the benefit arising thereby; all these I conceive are effectual inducements to challenge a fare acceptance from you: yet notwithstanding all these real arguments I cannot deny, but the Work itself may not only suffer in the opinion of the censorious, but be also subject to the verdict of the judicious, both in the form, manner, method and Title thereof, which I shall easily be brought to acknowledge, though as easily I might allege, that had not my younger years been drawn by adverse fortune or cross fate, from the study of Arts to the study of Marts, I might peradventure have delineated this Map with more curious colours, illustrated it with more diversity of pleasing objects, and adorned it with some more delightful variety; but proceeding thus from the Pen of a Merchant, from whom such excellencies cannot be expected, it may the rather found a favourable construction from the ingenuous of my profession, and from the learned of what Art soever, to whose judgement and candid censure, I shall willingly submit both myself and these my Labours; and for those whose tender appetite cannot relish it in that nature as it is, and who are ignorant of my pains herein, it will not be judged to be a point of ill manners in me to tell them, that this method, form, and Title was prescribed me by the necessity and consequence of the Work in hand, and by the Enthusiasm of my own fancy, which I conceived in some sort I was bound a little to please, partly to ease the burden I endured in the building, and principally to add some delight and pleasure to the toil I underwent in rearing the same.  
Now as touching the Structure itself, many motives have induced me to lay the foundation thereof upon the knowledge of Geographie, and upon the use of Maps and Sea-Cards in general, so delightful, profitable and necessary to the Merchant, that it cannot be by him that would be accounted such a one, neither neglected nor omitted. The principal parts thereof I have touched, so fare only as conduced to the enlightening of the matter in hand, and to the general understanding of the ensuing Tract: from hence (for method sake) I was enforced to a cursory survey of the four principal parts and divisions of the World, according to modern Authors; from this I descend to the Empires, Kingdoms, and particular Provinces of each of them; and thence to the eminent and most noted Cities, and Towns of Traffic therein, whose situation I have superficially run over, and in some sort, observed the most remarkable passages as have presented themselves within the compass of my reading; and for matter of Trade, I have in the first place observed the natural artificial Commodities therein found; then the Coins there in use and currant, with the value and denomination thereof, and the species wherein Merchants do there frame and regulate their accounts by, also the Weights and Measures of those places, together with their Exchanges, and how these are found to be calculated amongst the Italians, who are accounted the most expert Bankers and Exchangers, with all other fit instruments and materials, as at this day is found practised in the Art of Merchandizing, in all the parts of the habitable World.  
And in conclusion, I have added a Table of the longitude and latitude of all these eminent places of Traffic, not only thereby to satisfy the curious, but the better to guide the inquirer to any such City or Town sought for: In the rest, I have (following the example of many Merchants) shown the worst first, and the best last; I mean declared the particulars of the Trade of America, as the lest and worst known unto us; then of Africa and Asia, and last of all Europe, as the best, and best known to us, and according to my Title included and concluded all, within the famous City of London where we abide, which ever with all gratefulness as the place of my Education in the Art of Merchandizing, I am obliged to honour.  
And to conclude, in all this Work my ambition still hath prompted me to an endeavour of pleasing all Merchants in general, and (if I may not be thought to judge too favourably of this Child of my own brain) I may be induced to believed I shall hereby please not only the most, but also the most ingenuous. I am confident, were my Labours truly scanned, my endeavours might challenge that thanks I expect; and he that knows both my public and private employments, may well answer for me, and excuse the defects or omissions, that may by further trial peradventure be found herein; and if in the future I found this acceptable, I may yet be encouraged to publish some other Works, which in this kind I have hewn out to your profit and commodity: till when, and ever, I remain,  
A wellwisher of your prosperities; LEWES ROBERTS.   


To his honoured friend and Kinsman, Mr. LEWES ROBERTS, Merchant.  

HOw ere our ruder Countrymen despise  
The Mysteries of Trade and Merchandise;  
With whom 'tis counted Learning but to know  
The price of Runts, how Sheep and Cattles go:  
Such as (for COIN) do only understand  
That which with them doth pass from hand to hand:  
And as for Weights and Measures, found no ground  
For any other thanthe Yard and Pound:  
So as thy BOOK, to these that judgement lacke,  
Seems of less use than an old Almana●…ke:  
How ere (I say) their ignorance incline  
To make waste paper of this Work of thine;  
Yet please t'admit one from thy native Clime,  
And of thy Blood too, to speaked truth in Rhyme.  
A verse protects not falsehood, and a Lie  
Is not excused by being good Poetry;  
That's but to sinne more wittily, and be  
Guilty of a more acquaint impiety:  
Such praise You'd scorn; and (though the vice of Time  
Make Sin in prose, but Courtesy in rhyme)  
Your better thoughts would never with patience brook  
That any damn himself to praise your BOOK.  
Isle then bring no feigned Eulogies t'invite  
The thrifty Buyers colder Appetite;  
Or (like a begging Prologuist) forespeak  
A fare Applause, for fear the Author break:  
Not thy Composures fare transcend that fate,  
And scorn alike the Vulgars' love and hate.   

They that (like Thee) refused no pain or toil  
With foreign Trade t'enrich their Native soil,  
And (like discreet Chameleons) can comply  
With each Man's humour for Commodity:  
That have read Kingdoms over, and can tell  
What Men, for Letters put together, spell;  
And understand too even the most perplexed  
And hidden meaning of that darker Text:  
These and these only are allowed to be  
The equal judges of thy BOOK and THEE.  
And sure Thy merit cannot want its meed;  
For doing well's rewarded in the deed.   
M. E.   

To my honoured friend and Cousin, Mr. LODOWICK ROBERTS Merchant, upon his BOOK.  

Steeled was his Courage, and undaunted Mind  
Who first spread Sails to catch the nimble wind;  
Culling the stately Pines from lofty Woods,  
To cut a passage through the raging Floods:  
The hazard of this Enterprise did make  
Thee this laborious Task to undertake;  
To make that way familiar, which before  
Was full of doubt; that where fear kept the door  
Security might enter, and men now  
Through Neptune's field safely might drive their Plough  
Our English Merchants justly may style thee,  
Not only Typhis, but their Mercury:  
For, how each Country doth to others prise  
The value of its Native Merchandise;  
What profit such COMMERCE to us may bring,  
Their Rites, and how the Image of our KING  
In foreign Climates is preferred before  
Exotic Princes, stamped in the same Oar,  
Thou in this little VOLUME dost contrive;  
That Merchants seeing them (through perspective)  
Discharge their Factors; for thy BOOK alone  
Seems a sole FACTOR for our NATION.  
CAMBRIA rejoice; hereafter thou mayst writ,  
I bore the MAN, who lent the World this light.   
F. H.   

To my loving and much honoured Cousin, Mr. LEWES ROBERTS Merchant, upon his MERCHANTS MAP of COMMERCE.  

MY praise is bootless, and to discommend  
Is fit for a Slanderer than a Friend;  
For my small judgement in this Art of Gain  
Makes both my verdict and my Censure vein:  
Yet I've perusd thy BOOK, and there have seen  
A Work of wonder; and though have not been  
Farr from my Native home; yet now I found  
The World's worth closed within thy knowing Mind;  
I see the Richeses of each Country's soil  
By this thy Art brought home, without our toil;  
I found the Rarities of each Place and Town  
Brought to our view with ease, and thou hast drawn  
All foreign COINS to Ours, and ours to theirs;  
Their Weights and Measures too, to us appears  
All but One thing; thy most industrious hand  
By this thy skill, has crowned thus this Land  
With strange Outlandish wealth, which shall commend  
Thy worth to after Times; and I, thy friend  
And Kinsman, glory shall that this thy Fame  
Hath thus raised up a WORK t'outlive thy Name.   
ROBERT ROBERTS of Llanvair in Anglesey.   

Ad Ingeniosum exactissimi hujus operis Authorem, Dm Lodovicum Roberts, Mercatorem Londinensem.  

MVltatuo (fateor) debentur carmina Libro,  
Qui dedit ingenij tot monumenta tui.  
Siste pedem, nec vade for as Mercator ad Indos:  
Huc ades, his paucis discere multapotes.  
Spargitur his folijs nummus peregrinus, et Aurum,  
Argentum, Aes, varijs sculptamoneta modis.  
Aspicerem, legem, placidâ brevitate docentur,  
Artificis, patriae, gloria, fama, decus.  
Vade Liber, plausuque volent (Lodovice) labores:  
Primadabunt merit is praemia digna tuis.   

Ad LECTOREM.  
QVisquis eris (Lector) Librinè supprime laudem,  
Ingenuum dices, si legis artis opus.  
Qui flocci pendes, tentes componere tale.  
Da sibi quod tibivis: Lector, Amator eris.   
GULIELMUS ROGERS.   

To the eminently deserving Author, Mr. LEWES ROBERTS.  

'TwereWere needless sure to fix a Poem here  
To draw the taken READER in by th'ear;  
'Tis cheap to praise the Author; we commend  
No worth i'th' Work by that, but love toth' Friend;  
And (by an open way of Flattery) make  
The Work approved for the Author's sake:  
So, (though we loathe) the thick-lipt Nurse we kiss  
For the Babes sake, that by her nourished is.  
Thy Genius, that first stamped a worth on This,  
Above its Reader, or its Praiser is;  
And we may make a doubt, whither best takes,  
The Coin thou speakest of, or the Coin thou mak'st;  
And live indebted, that thou hast brought hither  
To us, the Trade of all the World together:  
And (as i'th' World's MAP spacious Kingdoms lie  
Deciphered by small Atoms to our eye)  
So the great Worth in every Page by Thee  
Expressed; is richer than a MONARCHY.  
Live, live to Fame; and may its truth to You  
Make me a POET and a PROPHET too.   
THOUGH BEEDOME.   

Ad clarissimum virum D. Lodovicum Roberts Civem Londinensem, linguarum modernarum artisque Mercatoriae scientissimum; Chartam Mercatoriam edentem.  

QVid dignum Lodovice tibi, quid pectorepromam,  
Quo possim merito solvere digna tuo?  
Carmina quid canerem, dulces imitantia Musas?  
Carminasunt Libris inferiora tuis.  
Laudibus eveherem? tua pura modestia pellit:  
Notaloquor. Laudes respuis ipse tuas.  
Desistam meliùs. Reliquos tu pande labores.  
Laus Chartae Mercis nulla sat esse potest.   
HENRY GARTHWAITE.   

To his worthy Friend, and loving Fellow-servant, the AUTHOR.  

'Tis an old custom that this Age hath got,  
To praise their friends in print, I'll praise thee, not  
Because I am thy friend; only I'll tell  
The World, the WORK which thou hast done so well  
Speaks both thy worth and praise; it cannot miss,  
Those that are not thy friends must needs praise this;  
This thy COMMERCE, Child of thy Industry,  
Joining both POLES in near affinity,  
Nurse of thy Country's honour, and by which  
Only, all Kingdoms of the World grow rich;  
And (by the Currant of a mutual Trade)  
Thou showst how happy all the Earth is made.  
Let others praise Thee; yet in the degree  
Of Virtue, live beloved by W. B.    

Ad charissimum Fratrem Dm Lodovicum Roberts Civem Londinensem.  

QUas Phoebus merces terris adspersit Eois,  
Et quas occiduis aspicit ipse locis:  
Quicquid produxit Zephyrus, tu quicquid et Eurus,  
Antiquus quicquid et novus orbis habet,  
Collig is in fascem: numismata millia centum;  
Mille tibi merces; cambia caecapatent.  
Perge beare tuos foeliciprole cerebri,  
Utraquevix tant as India jactat opes.   
TASSS.   

To my ever loving friend Mr LEWES ROBERTS Merchant, upon his MAP of COMMERCE.  

CAll up the ancient Bards and let them praise  
This Britons skill not known in former days,  
For then Astraea fled and left the land,  
But now's returned with Balance in her hand,  
And teacheth out of Roberts new found treasure,  
To know the World throughout by Weight and Measure.  
First then lets weigh the man, weigh his good will,  
Than weigh our words, so shall we speaked noon ill.   
Charles Fetiplace.   

To his friend Mr. LEWES ROBERTS MERCHANT.  

SOme Merchant's travail without rest,  
From North to South, from East to West,  
To gain their wealth; which home they bring  
To fill their chests; or with full wing  
Profusely spend it here in pleasure,  
With health, time, credit and their treasure.  
But thou, experience having taught,  
That what is buried comes to nought,  
Here largely shows by course of Trade,  
The Merchant's MAP, COMMERCE to aid;  
And so by spending gathers more  
Than they that basely hide their store.   
Ralph Hanson.   

To his much Honoured friend Mr. LEWES ROBERTS Merchant, upon his MAP of COMMERCE.  

1.  
WHen that the portall of this goodly frame  
Was first presented to my greedy eyes,  
(Before I seen the Master-builders name)  
Me thought it was a promising Frontispiece:  
And then desires did kindle in my breast,  
To enter further and to view the rest.   

2.  
But looking longer on that beauteous Porch,  
I spied ensculpt on the outside building,  
The Authors name, that like a burning torch  
Did set on flame my pristine ardent longing:  
By that the builder of the work I knew;  
How could I then but thirst for further view?   

3.  
I craved admittance, 'twas a needless svite,  
(The Arts (they say) are called liberal;)  
Assoon as entered I was strucken mute,  
And made my moan to th' Muses several:  
They promised aid; but yet when I had done,  
They said 'twas lighting tapers to the Sun.   

4.  
Lo here I met with many sacred Arts,  
Which keep their Courts and usual residence;  
At Ox and Camber those two famous Marts,  
Partaking most of their munificence.  
These frankly sent this Architect a piece,  
To beautify his curious Edifice.   

5.  
Me thought I seen them sadly to lament  
The adverse fortune of so brave a Wight,  
That was not to their learned mansions sent,  
Ne'er could his Stars have wrought him worse spite:  
But yet to conquer their malignities,  
Th'enriched his Thesis with their dignities.   

6.  
Here did I see with strange variety  
The great Colosse of the terrestrial Globe,  
Brought by the Art of rare Geography,  
Within the compass of a paper robe;  
So rich the form and so compendious,  
As struck amazement in my wondering Muse.   

7.  
I further looked and seen with admiration  
Th'exact composure of two matchless lights,  
They serve not only for the contemplation  
Of men Merchantile, but of Gentle spirits;  
The one descries the paths of merchandise,  
The other shows Exchanges mysteries.   

8.  
I've read of Drake and Martin Forbesher,  
Whose manly faces all the Poles did see,  
With others famed for the Globes surrounder,  
Their worths have swollen the World's great History:  
I honour much those Heroes memory,  
Asmuch I loathe the stain of flattery.   

9  
But my opinion freely Isle express,  
And think that noon will judge it Heresy;  
That of the World in this MAP of COMMERCE,  
This age shall found more rare discovery:  
For here that Massy Ball and all its traffic  
At once is seen, as through a perfect optic.   

10.  
Go on (brave wit) and let the World possess  
Some further fruit of thy wel-tempred brains:  
Though Critics snarl, it matters not a rush;  
Honour and thanks attended thy matchless pains.  
The unborn Babe that shall a Merchant be,  
Shall honour in this work thy memory.   
I H.   

To the no less ingenuous, then really industrious Gentleman, Mr. LEWES ROBERTS, Merchant; and one of the COMMITTEES for the East-India COMPANY:  
Upon his Book entitled, THE MERCHANTS MAP OF COMMERCE. With an Animadversion to the Reader, and Allusion to the time of the first Impression, being the beginning of this present Year; MDCXXXVIII.  

HAd I (by frequent Traffic on the BURSE)  
Been versed i'th' notes of Mercantile Discourse,  
In proper Accents here I might set forth  
Some fare Expression of Thy pregnant WORTH;  
Or raised a TROPHY to Thy virtuous NAME,  
Of equal PARR, to Thy Deserving FAME:  
But, (having only touched APOLLO'S Lyre)  
Grant me yet room amongst this numerous Choir:  
And, (as I am) accept of what I bring,  
A Posy mean for such an Orient RING,  
A RING for every MERCHANT meet to wear,  
Though vast in Compass, as the Orbique Sphere:  
Thy Book I mean, the MAP OF fare COMMERCE,  
That takes Circumference o'er the UNIVERSE.  
Where first, (as to the life) I found displayed 
1.   
Due Method, and material form of TRADE;  
The STANDARDS value secondly, enjoins  
Of PRINCES to observe their currant COINS: 
2.   
The third, COINS real, and imaginary,  
Accounts, Exchanges; and wherein they vary: 
3.   
Fourthly, COMMODITIES for Transportation, 
4.   
The various sorts of every several NATION:  
Fifthly, of TOWNS and CITIES eminent, 
5.   
Their Weights and Measures to the full extent:  
Lastly, reducing all to One, (by This) 
6.   
LONDON'S COMMERCE, our fare Metropolis.   

Rare MERCHANT of the MUSES! may I call  
Thee Merchant? or Great FACTOR General?  
This Proof piece of Thy Service for the rest,  
May well oblige Them to Thy dear behest;  
For, of Thy equal sure no AGE can boast,  
That bringst Us Traffic home from every Coast;  
Rat'st the Commodities, the Coins, the Measures;  
And sum'st (in fine) a very Mass of Treasures.  
Go on, and prospero in Thy fare Designs;  
May these elaborate and experient Lines  
Add to those honoured PAIR of CITIE-SAGES,  
That shall receive them to their PATRONAGES.   

Mean while, (and to transmit my free Applause  
READER, to Thee (without collateral cause)  
Of th' AUTHORS Worth; not hereby to prefer  
This MERCHANTS MAP, (as does the Stationer,  
For his own private profit) but for Thy,  
To whom Our AUTHOR does His Work resign)  
This I infer; It has no PRECEDENT  
For THEORY; and to make equivalent  
Thy practic Part; the Author here bequeathes  
A VOLUME, not more continent of Leaves,  
Than various fruitful Matter; which his toil  
Has brought Thee home from every foreign Soil;  
And (as deep spelled in GEOGRAPHIQVE Arts)  
Run smooth division over the WORLD in Parts;  
Searching the bowels of each Kingdom's STATE:  
And not alone of TRAFFIQVE there relate;  
But Customs, Habits, Strength, and Government,  
Decked in so new HISTORIQVE Ornament;  
That here Thou mayst with ease and pleasure see  
The Rate and State of every MONARCHY.   

Nor needest Thou yet demand for whom is made  
This fare Commerciall MAP, this Map of Trade:  
To All 'tis needful; specially for Those  
That most for Travail shall themselves dispose;  
Or those who would employ or them or theirs  
I'th' public way of PRINCES great Affairs;  
Or any, who for private RECREATION,  
Make (by conceit) continual Transmigration:  
In fine, (and chief) for All that exercise  
I'th' spacious WORLD the Art of MERCHANDISE.   

Since now, for general Good (ased may appear)  
This HARVEST comes i'th' entrance of the YEAR;  
(As to so MANY useful;) Many be  
The future BLESSINGS shall be shoured on THEE:  
Yea, All (in part) Thy LABOURS to requited)  
Bless that New-YEARE brought this new WORK to light.   
MATHEW RHODES.   

In praise of my friend the Author, and his BOOK. To the READER.  

IF thou wouldst be a Statesman, and survey  
Kingdoms for information; here's a way  
Made plain, and easy: fit far for thee  
Than great Ortelius his Geography.   

If thou wouldst be a Gentleman, in more  
Than title only; this MAP yields thee store  
Of Observations, fit for Ornament,  
Or use, or to given curious ears content.   

If thou wouldst be a Merchant, buy this Book:  
For 'tis a prize worth gold; and do not look  
Daily for such disbursements; not, 'tis rare,  
And should be cast up with thy richest ware.   

READER, if thou be any, or all three;  
(For these may meet and make a harmony)  
Than praise this Author for his useful pains,  
Whose aim is public good, not private gains.   
Iz. Wa.   

SAMUEL WILLIAMOT, to his ever honoured Brother in law the Author.  

THis learned Issue of thy teeming Brain  
Calls me not UNCLE; yet let me obtain  
The Nurses usual freedom, to embrace it,  
And show it my best love, though 'twill not grace it  
For though new borne, it speaks as if it were  
The Son of Mercury, or Ulysses' Heir.  
Thy worth to praise, were fit Homer's Quill  
Than my rude Verse; yet here accept my william.   
S. WILLIAMOT.   

To my ever loving friend Mr. LEWES ROBERTS Merchant, upon his MAP of COMMERCE.  

THough many know much; yet we seldom found  
Spirits so free, and profitably kinds,  
T'impart what or the industry, or sweat  
Of a whole Life-time, could observe, or get;  
Like cunning STATISTS enviously prove  
To keep all Secrets of their Art unknown;  
Out of a fear that some (lesse-witted) may  
(Meeting their Rules) become as wise as they.  
But friend, thy Candor's such, I dare acquit  
Thee of that malice, by thy laboured Writ:  
And must commend thy judgement too, in this,  
That fixed thy Fame on such a Pyramid,  
As, (but the WORLD) it had missed a Basis, great  
And vast enough, whereon to plant its seat:  
And, (if my Word may pass) this glori's Thy,  
Men sail by all MAPS, but must thrive by Thy.   
W. Lewis.   

To his dear Brother in law, Mr. Lewes Roberts, Merchant, on his MAP OF COMMERCE.  

SHould I writ in thy praise, it would be thought  
Friends will commend, although the Work be naught;  
Not, I will leave it to each READERS mind,  
To judge the WORK as he the worth shall found:  
And if they say this MAP is not done well,  
Bid him that blames it, bring its parallel.   
R. HILL.   

To my most dear Father Mr. LEWES ROBERTS Merchant.  

A Father's love may well excuse  
The weakness of my Infant Muse,  
Yet (amongst the rest that praise thy Pen)  
As last admit me say, — Amen.   
GABRIEL ROBERTS.    


〈◊〉 New and accurate Map of the World, drawn according to the best and latest discoveries that have been made    

THE MERCHANTS MAP OF COMMERCE  

CHAP. 1.  
The description of Countries conducible to the description of Cities and Towns of Traffic.  
BEFORE I descend to the particular parts 
The description of Countries, conduceth to the description of Cities and Towaes of traffiqu●….  of this Treatise, and before I describe the Situations of these Towns and Cities of Traffic, which here I intent to handle, I must of necessity for Method-sake, first by a coursory draught describe the Countries, Kingdoms and Provinces; wherein the same are found to be situated and placed, and to do the same orderly, and as the subject requireth, it is fit I should surveyed the means whereby the same is or may be performed, which according to the opinion of the Learned, is noted only to be done by the knowledge of Geographie; which in itself is esteemed to be a knowledge so needful and requisite for a Merchant, Factor, or any other active person whose occasions may draw him to see or abide in foreign parts, that it may not be neglected nor omitted. Neither is it held only necessary to such as manage private affairs by Merchandizing, as Merchants or Factors, who are led thereto by the Motive profit; but also to such persons as are more Eminent, and such as are of greater quality, whose motives are the public affairs of Princes, as Ambassadors; or pleasure and delight, by Travelling, as Gentlemen, whose motive may be properly termed curiosity of mind and search of novelty; which last by observing the Fashions and Manners of diverse Nations, and the government and Policies of those Kingdoms, do not only very much benefit themselves, but better their understandings thereby, making their knowledge more capable of either public or private employment, when they return to their native homes.  
The like I conceive the ingenious Merchant or Factor may (if he please) do, for being in his younger years employed abroad in merchandizing, he may by well husbanding his mercantile employment and time, join a future benefit of mind, to a present profit of estate; and by a provident judgement, and a judicious pro vidence, so manage his idle hours, and vacant time, that he fit his capacity, not only wisely to undertake and discreetly to undergo, but also skilfully to perform the greatest employments that are incident to the service of a State or Kingdom, neither is it a rare or extraordinary thing to found those that have had their education thus, to have proved not only good commonwealths men, but also excellent Statesmen: our own Country hath afforded some examples in all ages, but in other Countries many more are daily found, for it must be acknowledged, that from this School those ripe and mature judgements have sprung up; that in many Countries abroad, have given sufficient testimony to the World of their excellent abilities this way: and that the Art of merchandizing, together with the frequenting of foreign Countries, at the first to that end, hath afterward rather furthered, than any way backwarded their abilities to undertake, and judiciously to perform the same.  
The ancient policies and present flourishing continuance of the state of Venice, the politic and rich estates of the Netherlandss, 
Merchandizing the first School of the present government of many Commonwealths.  the opulent and eminent quality of the Duke of Toscanie; the wealth wellgoverned Hans-townes in Germany, (and many more which I could nominate,) make good this assertion, for in all these, merchandizing is found to be the School from whence they gather their first principles, and indeed the chief foundation upon which their fabric of political government is raised: the scale by which their counsels are framed, and the pillars by which the same is seen to be supported and maintained.  
How excellent is it then for a Merchant (that hath another proper and peculiar end of his travels,) so to employ his time and spend his hours, as that he may at pleasure, without cost or charges, reap that benefit to himself which others purposely come to learn and painfully labour for, with great expense of time and money; and yet for all this, are peradventure destitute of those helps and furtherances, which Merchants and Factors by reason of their abode or vocation do continually enjoy, and who return as ignorantly home (perchance) as they went out; or happily furnished with some such cursory speculations, as reach not into the depth of such policies of government, as the real intent of their travel doth truly require; whereas the Merchant that comes thither, not purposely to that end, but to benefit himself as a Merchant, may gather and lay up those his observations obtained as pastimes, and collected as recreations, which will further and furnish him afterward; either by discourse for pleasure, or by necessity for profit and commodity, when he shall please to publish his secret treasure and put the same in practice.  
Geographie (by what hath been said,) being then granted to be 
Geographie delightful, profitable, and necessary to the Merchant.  both a profit and a pleasure to all, and specially to the Merchant, it must necessarily be granted to be useful also: for though we living in this Island acknowledge noon for Merchants but such as adventure their estates at Sea, and are by this means accounted for real Merchants; yet those that are versed in this profession, and seen in this Art, know also that there be Merchants likewise that have their residency in Continents, where neither Seas are known, nor yet navigable Rivers found, yet for all this, supply with land Carriages of Horses, Mules and Camels, by industry and labour, what Nature and our habitation doth freely afford unto us; by the commodity of the encompassed Seas in shipping, and these are observed and found to travel by Land in Companies and Caravans with their Merchandise from one Country to another, (as we do by Sea in Ships and Fleets) paying their duties, customs, and tolls upon the entry, and confines of every several Prince's dominions.  
How then shall this land-travelling Merchant know whose Kingdom he is in? what Prince commands, or who is lord of that 
The commodity of this knowledge to Merchants.  ground he treads upon; but by a speculation herein? Whereby shall he know what way he hath rid and traveled, where neither Miles nor Leagues are accounted, or in use but by this? how shall he know which way his course lies, where neither paths nor highways are found to direct him, nor guide to inform him; or how fare he hath yet to go in that Prince's dominion but by this? How shall he know what Rivers run in his way, what Straitss or Mountains he hath to pass over but by this? Nay hereby he is instructed whither those streams be great or small; and whither passable by Boat, Bridge or Ford; and by this also what Plains, Woods and Hills, with their extent fertility, and confinement, the better to provide for his accommodation, and the necessaries of his Journey; as also what Cities & Towns of traffic stands in his Road; the limits & bounds of kingdoms, the disposition of the Inhabitants, the alteration of the Climates, the Laws of those several Regions, the Commodities that those Countries do afford for merchandizing; the plenty & scarcity thereof; and lastly, how they are supplied with foreign Wares & Merchandizes, either by Land, Seas or navigable Rivers; and all these (besides many other needful lessons) may be hence learned and observed, which laid up in memory both in the course of his life & traffic, may in after times much profit and advantage him. The benefit reaped thereby being thus briefly expressed, the thing itself challengeth in the next place to be handled, which according to my skill and insight; I shall succinctly touch so fare as is needful to my present purpose.  
Geography in brief then, is an Art that doth demonstrate by rules in a flat, level or Plano; the whole Sea and Earth, and the division 
Geographie demonstrated.  thereof, setting down by a certain method, the limits and extents of Countries, Provinces and dominions of Princes; the situation of Cities, Towns, Hills, Rivers, Woods, &c. The bounds of Seas, Capes, Lands, &c. All which is performed and expressed by apt lines, numbers and parts of the Heavens: and lastly, it giveth rules to know the distances of the said places, either in leagues or miles from one Country, City or place to another; all which being also necessary to be known by the Merchant, I will in few words declare the same.  
First then to make the same more evident, the ground of this Art is ordinarily demonstrated and best expressed in Maps and 
Maps and Cards.  Cards, which doth comprise both the Earth and Waters, of which making one entire body, the Cosmographers do environ with five Circles, the first is the equinoctial, than the two tropicks, and lastly the two polar circles; thereby dividing the whole, which now we call the World into five Zones, two whereof are found to be cold, two temperate, and one extreme hot: all which in these our days are found to be habitable, contrary to the opinion of some ancient Cosmographers, of which circles and their particular parts, divisions, demonstrations and descriptions, it will not be unproper I should briefly handle, as an entrance into this work, and for the better understanding of what is to follow hereafter.  
Every Map or Card then for the most part is commonly 
The use of Maps and Cards in general. Meridian.  traced with two sorts of lines or circles, that is Meridian's and Parallels; the Meridians are either right or Circular lines, passing through both the poles of the World, and are imagined to be drawn right up and down from the head to the foot of the Map, and called Meridians, because that when the Sun cometh to touch any of those lines, it is midday to those that devil under the same.  
And Parallels are either right or circular lines, imagined to be equally distant one from another, which do cross the aforesaid 
Parallel.  meridians with right angles; and in the very midst of these Universal Maps and Cards, are most commonly drawn, from head to foot a right line, which signifieth not only the first Meridian, but also the axletree of the World; the upper end of which line is called the Poleartick, or the North Pole, and the neither end is called the Poleantartick, or the South Pole, and this line is crossed in 
Poles Arctic and Antarctic.  the very midst betwixt the two Poles, with another great circle, or rather right line called the Equinoctial; because, that when 
●…quinoctiall.  the Sun cometh to touch this line or circle, the day and night is equal throughout the whole World, the one half of which line towards the right hand, sheweth the East part, and the other half towards the left hand, sheweth the West part of the World; so as these two lines, the first meridian and the equinoctial, do point out the 4 quarters of the World; East, West, North and South, from whence the 4. principal winds do blow, between which winds are set down in all general Maps, and generally in all Sea-cards the other division of the winds, which as not much pertinent to my present purpose, I willingly omit.  
Further, it is to be noted that both the Equinoctial and the Meridian circles or lines are divided each of them into 360. degrees; so as every quarter of them containeth 90. degrees: and in the Equinoctial are set down the degrees of longitude, which is the length of the World, round about from West to East, and from East by West home again. The first degree whereof beginneth where the first aforesaid Meridian crosseth the Equinoctial, in the very midst of all Universal Maps in general, and so proceedeth Eastward unto the number of 180. degrees; which is as fare as you can go Eastward: for from thence by reason of the roundness of the Earth, you must needs turn back again Westward, until you come to the 360. degrees, which is the last degree of longitude, and endeth where the first degree beginneth.  
Moreover, in the said first Meridian are set down the degrees of latitude, that is, the breadth of the World, both in Northern and Southern, for from the Equinoctial to the North Pole, are contained in the aforesaid Meridian 90. degrees, and that is called the North Latitude; and from the Equinoctial to the South Pole are contained in the said Meridian, other 90. degrees, which is called the South latitude; and in most Maps the Equinoctial Line is divided and crossed with 18. Meridian's, on each side of the first Meridian, dividing the Equinoctial into 36. several distances; every distance containing 10. degrees, and every degree containeth 60. Italian Miles of length.  
Again; betwixt the Equinoctial and each of the Poles are 
Circles Arctic and Antarctic.  drawn certain Circles or lines, which as I said before, are called Parallèls, of which most commonly it is found that 4. are pointed with read ink, signifying, the 4. lesser circles; the highest towards the North Pole, is called the Circlearticke, which is 23. ½ degrees distant from the Pole; and the lowest towards the South Pole is called the Circleantartick, which is also distant 23. ½ degrees from the Pole; and as touching the other two read Circles, the one lying betwixt the Circlearticke and the Equinoctial, it is called the Tropic of Cancer; and the other lying betwixt 
2 Tropiques. 1 Cancer, 2 Capricorn.  the Equinoctial and the Circleantarticke, that is called the tropic of Capricorn, and each of these two tropiques is distant from the Equinoctial 23. degrees, 2. 8. ½ which is the greatest declination of the Sun; for betwixt these two tropiques the Sun continually maketh his course, and returneth, mounting never higher than the tropic of Cancer, nordescending never lower than the tropic of Capricorn: for which cause some do set down in their Maps betwixt the said two tropiques an overthwart line, signifying the ecliptic line, under which the Sun continually walketh.  
Furthermore, by help of the said 4. circles, the Earth, (as I said before) is divided into 5. Zones, one hot, two temperate, and two cold: The hot is contained betwixt the two tropiques in the midst of 
Five Zones and where placed.  which the equinoctial line is placed; and of the two temperate Zones, the one lieth betwixt the tropic of Cancer, and the Circleartick, and the other betwixt the tropic of Capricorn and the Circleantartick; and of the cold Zones; the one lieth betwixt the north Pole and the Circleartick, and the other betwixt the south Pole and the Circleantartick.  
Moreover, besides the 4. special Parallels, there be also diverse other Parallels drawn on each side of the equinoctial, both Northward, and Southward, which crossing in certain points, the first meridian marked with degrees, do show the true latitude of every place, and under what Clime or Parallel it is: and also how many hours the longest day of any place under every Parallel is, beginning to accounted the same; either from the equinoctial upward, towards the north Pole, along the first meridian, marked with degrees of Northern Latitude, or else from the first Equinoctial downwards towards the south Pole, marked with degrees of southern●… Latitude.  
Also this World in all common Maps and Cards is divided into 4. parts, Europe, Africa, Asia and America, the bounds whereof 
The division of the World into 4 parts.  will not be amiss here to be observed, and how many miles each particular division containeth, as well in longitude as in latitude, according to the opinion of Mercator, whom I willingly follow for my director in this point.  
Europe then is bounded on the North with the North ocean Sea, and on the South with the Mediterranean Sea; on the East with the 
Europe.  Flood Tanais, and on the West with the West ocean: and Europe in measuring with a right line from the farthest part of Ireland on the West unto the Flood Tanais, on the East, both places having 52. degrees of latitude, hath in longitude 2166. miles, and in measuring 
Long 2166. Miles. Lat. 2220. Miles.  with a right line, from the farthest part of Morea on the South, whose latitude is 35. degrees unto the North Sea side, having 72. degrees of latitude, hath in longitude 2220. Miles, or thereabouts.  
Africa is bounded on the North with the strait Sea Gibalter, and with the Mediterranean Sea; and on the South with a Sea which 
Africa.  divideth Africa from the South Land, not yet to us fully known; and on the East with the read Sea, and on the West with the great Atlantic Ocean: and in the measuring of Africa with a right line, from Gambra on the West, unto the cape de Gardaso on the East, both places having 10. degrees of North latitude, hath in longitude 4425. miles, and in measuring with a right line from the 
Long. 4425. Miles. Lati. 4020. Miles.  50. degree of the equinoctial unto the Mediterranean Sea; it hath in North latitude 32. degrees, which multiplied by 60. maketh 1920. Miles, and in South latitude measuring with a right line from the 50. degree of the Equinoctial unto the cape of bona Esperansa, it hath 35. degrees, which also multiplied by 60. makes 2100. Miles, which maketh the whole latitude of Africa to be 4020. Miles, or thereabonts.  
Asia is bounded on the North, with the North ocean Sea, and on the South, partly with the read Sea, and partly with other Seas 
Asia.  and gulfs adjoining thereto; on the East, with the East Indian Ocean, and the strait Sea of Anian; and on the West with the Flood Tanais and Fens of Moetis, with the Chimerian and Thracian Bosphorus, the Euxine and Mediterranean Sea, and part of the Arabian gulf: and Asia then in measuring with a right line from the mouth of the Flood Tanais, to the Promontory Tamos, both places having 50. degrees of latitude; hath in longitude 4284. Miles, and in measuring with a right line from the 150. degree of 
Long. 4284. Lat. 4500.  the equinoctial, unto the Promontory Tabin; it hath in North latitude 75. degrees, which being multiplied by 60. maketh 4500. Miles.  
America is bounded on the North with the North Ocean Sea, 
America.  and on the South with the Magellanick Sea; on the East with the Atlantic Ocean, on the West with the West Indian Ocean, and the straits of Anian, and in measuring with a right line from the straits of Anian to the farthest part of Estotiland upon the 64. degree of latitude, hath in longitude 164. degrees which maketh 
Long. 4264. Lat. 3210.  4264. Miles, and in measuring with a right line from the 270. degree of the Equinoctial unto the North Sea: it hath in North latitude 76. degrees, which makes 4560. Miles, and in measuring with a right line from the 305. degree of the Equinoctial unto the Magellanick Sea; it hath in South latitude 53. degrees, which makes at 60. Miles the degree, 3210. Miles.  
Thus fare shall suffice to have spoken ingenerall of the Lines, Circles and divisions of the universal Maps, and Cards found to be made by our modern Cosmographers. That which cometh in the next place to be handled, as the more material and useful part, belonging to my present work, is the knowledge and situation of every Kingdom, Region, City, Mountain, Flood and Lake found in this circumference: also the knowledge of the Seas, together with the Lands, Ports, Capes, Points and Bays which do belong to every one of the aforesaid parts and divisions of the World, and that are found therein comprised, which principally is manifested and learnt by the longitude and latitude thereof in itself, which teacheth these particulars: first, the very situation of the place; secondly, the very distance from one place or City to another; thirdly how one place lieth from another; and lastly, with what wind you may sail from one Point, Cape or City maritime to another: in which four things the chief use of Maps are found principally to consist. First then, the degrees of latitude or the 
Latitude how accounted.  elevation of the Pole (being both one thing) is accounted from the Equinoctial to either Pole which is 90. degrees, and the degrees of longitude accounted upon the said Equinoctial from the Isles of Cape Verde towards the East, and so round about the Earth till you come to the number of 360. degrees: where it is to be noted that the Provinces and Towns situated under one and the same degree of latitude, have at oneself time like hours of the day; but those that are situated under diverse degrees of longitude do differ in number of hours; and that is the cause that when it is in one town noontide, it is in another town distant thence 30. degrees towards the East two a clock in the afternoon, and so consequently for every 15. degrees distance, it is then found to differ one hour in time.  
Also those that devil under one and the self same degree of 
Days and nights differ according to the latitude.  latitude have equal quantity of days and nights; but yet so as they which dwell on the South side of the Equinoctial have the shortest day, whenwe have the longest, and have their Winter when we have Summer: and those that are under diverse degrees of latitude, have inequality of days and nights; for the nigher that any Place is situated towards any of the Poles, the more hours the longest day of the year in that place hath; and those that devil under the equinoctial have always their days and nights of like quantity: but I understand here by the day the space between Sun rising and Sunsetting; so that to those that have 30. degrees of latitude the longest day is almost 14. hours, and the nigher the Pole, the longer, insomuch as those that devil under the Pole, and whose Zenith is the Pole, their year is but a day and a night, that is to say, they have six months day, and six months night.  
It is also to be noted, that the Meridians are found to have many necessary uses in the general and common Maps, for thereby is learned that it is noon-tide or midday sooner in one place then in another, by observing that Meridian that is most towards the East, which the Sun toucheth always sooner than that Meridian which is more towards the West.  
By the Meridians is also known how the Eclipse of the Moon 
Meridian's and their use.  appeareth sooner to one place then to another, and sheweth what variety of time; for they whose Meridian is toward the West, do see the Eclipse of the Moon sooner than they whose Meridian is more towards the East; whereas indeed the Eclipse of the Moon is seen to all places (where it can be seen) at one very instant of like greatness, and yet seemeth to be seen later or sooner by reason of the diversity of the time of the day, in places standing one East or West from another; and if the distance betwixt those 
Eclipse of the Moon when seen.  two Meridians do contain 15. degrees of the Equinoctial, than the Eclipse appeareth to be sooner to the one then to the other by one whole hour, according to my former assertion, for every 15. degrees maketh an hour, and therefore observe how many 15. degrees you found betwixt the two meridians, so many hours are to be accounted, and if fewer degrees be found, than the time of the Eclipse is to be shortened accordingly, attributing 4. minutes of an hour to one degree, &c.  
As for the Eclipse of the Sun, it is seen neither generally nor fully at oneself same time, nor yet of the same greatness in all 
Eclipse of the Sun when seen.  places: indeed it appears sooner, to the Western Countries then to the Eastern; but the diversity of the time of appearance doth depend not only of the number of Meridians betwixt the two places, but also of the swift or slow motion of the Moon, which coming betwixt us and the Sun taketh the sight of the Sun from us.  
The latitude and longitude of Cities and places may be found 
Latitude and longit. found out by the Meridians.  out by the meridians also; but here it is observable that the degrees of latitude are in all places of like bigness, as making ever 60. miles, but the degrees of longitude proceeding from the Equinoctial towards any of the two poles, are unequal, and every one shorter than the other, and containing 4. miles; so that if two Ships were under the Equinoctial 150. degrees distant each from other, and being to sail towards the North pole, upon the same course when they come to the 60. degree of latitude, their distance shall be but 75. leagues, and the farther they go towards the Pole, the less distance they shall be one from the other, insomuch as when they are right under the Pole itself, they shall both meet: but this point doth more particularly concern Navigation, which so fare forth as it is requisite to the knowledge of a Merchant, I have handled in my Book of the Factors Aviso, which together with a collection of the Sea-lawes I intent (God willing) hereafter to publish.  
Now forasmuch as the use of these latitudes and longitudes is most necessary and needful in this Art, it is proper I should set down the ways whereby not only these latitudes and longitudes, but also the distances of all Cities and places by all universal Maps and Sea-cards that are perfectly drawn and delineated, is learned and found out.  
First then, to found out the longitude of any place, do thus: Extend 
To found out the longitude of a place.  a thread so as it pass through the Pole and through the place whose longitude you seek in any Map or Card, even to the very Equinoctial and somewhat beyond, holding the thread straight, and then the number of degrees written upon the Equinoctial or Parallel will show the longitude;  
Again, by the Meridians likewise are known what longitude any place in the Map hath: as thus; Set the one foot of a pair of compasses in the place itself, and the other in some Meridian, that is next unto it, wither on the right hand or onthe left it matters not; from thence draw down your compass, following still that Meridian until you come to the Equinoctial line, and there mark upon what degree of the Equinoctial that foot of the compass which you did first put in the place doth rest; then count how many degrees that is distant from the first Meridian, and that is the true longitude of the place; and note that that longitude serveth to all the places that be under that Meridian, though they be never so fare distant one from another North and South.  
Now for the latitude of that place or anyother, do thus: Set 
To found out the latitude of a place.  the one foot of your compasses in the very pole, extending the other to the place or City whose latitude you seek, and keeping your compass at that wideness, bring the movable foot to the first Meridian whereon the degrees of latitude are marked, and there staying it, the number of the degrees counting from the Equinoctial upwards towards the Pole, will show the latitude of the place sought, and note that the like latitude have all they that devil under that parallel, how fare soever they devil asunder east and west, and by knowing the latitude of any place, you may quickly also found in some Maps under what clime or parallel such a place is situated, and of how many hours the longest day is there.  
Now to know how one place beareth from another and with what wind your Ship is to be directed from one Maritime port to another, is needles here to be handled, as not pertinent to my task; but for what distance is betwixt two several places, many Cosmographers have found, by several ways taught the same, one only, the most common in use, I will pitch upon, as the most facile and easy.  
To found out then the distance betwixt any two places, do thus: 
To found out the distance of two places or Cities.  Set the one foot of your compass on the one place, and the other foot on the other place, and apply that wideness to the equinoctial, and look how many degrees of the equinoctial that wideness comprehendeth, and allowing 60. Italian miles to every degree you shall have the distance by a right line of those two places demanded.  
But if the said two places have both either North or South latitude, then subtract the lesser latitude out of the greater, so shall you found the difference, which difference if you multiply by 60. the product will be the number of miles; and if to the whole degrees of difference there be annexed any minutes, than you must add to the product for every minute a mile.  
But if one of the two places have North latitude, and the other South latitude, than you shall found their difference by addition only, 
The distances of two places having different longitudes and east and west latitude.  and not by substraction.  
Now if you would found the distance of two places, differing only in longitude, both places having either east or west latitude; then subtract the lesser out of the greater, so shall you have the true difference, which difference you must multiply by the number of miles belonging to their latitude, which commonly is found on the Northwest side of the Maps, or by the table of miles answerable, of one degree of every latitude, and the product thereof will be the number of miles; whereby the one place is distant from the other; but if the one place have East longitude, and the other West longitude, than you must found the difference as well by addition as by substraction.  
To conclude this point, I conceive it not much material to my purpose further to insist hereupon; for the diligent and ingenious will easily hereby comprehend the benefit that may redound to him by a general inspection in this Art, referring what is here by me willingly omitted to his own private search and study, and to such Authors as have learnedly written of this subject more at large; and therefore from the universal knowledge of Maps that pointeth out the general divisions of the World, I will come to the particulars comprised therein, and view the subdivisions thereof, as Potency, Might and Sovereignty have prescribed rules thereunto.  
This World then, consisting as I noted before of four principal parts, and every part consisting of several Empires, Kingdoms and Provinces in which many commodities both natural and artificial are found fit for Commerce, and traffic, and also wherein are noted to be diverse eminent Cities and Towns of great concourse, of Shipping, Merchants and Trade; which Trade is maintained and driven by the said Commodities and Wares, and by the natural inclination of Mankind to enrich themselves by, Invention, and Time; hath devised the Art of Merchandizing, and by means of Weights, Measures, Coins, Exchanges and Accompt-keeping, have drawn the same to certain heads and principals, which in this MAP OF COMMERCE I shall endeavour to demonstrate: But before I fall to particulars, it is requisite I should first say somewhat of the same in general.   

CHAP. II  
Of the Art of Merchandizing and the general parts thereof.  
MERCHANDIZING (truly considered in itself, and rightly practised) may well be said to be an art 
Merchandizing accounted an Art  or science invented by ingenious mankind, for the public good, commodity and welfare of all Commonwealths; for thereby some places and Kingdoms are supplied and furnished with those necessary things, whereof Nature herself hath proved deficient in, and which in some other places or Kingdoms hath abounded, tending either to the need, ornament, or commodity of humane life, and is performed by exporting the superfluities, that are found in the one, to furnish the defects and wants that are found in the other: and the Arts-men that are seen thus to practise and exercise the same, and which do thus transport these things from one place to another, are generally known to us and commonly termed by the name of Merchants, and the things themselves wherewith they negociate and traffic are termed merchandizes or commodities.  
Merchandizing then of it self in effect is nothing else but a 
Merchandizing what.  Commutation, bargaining, contracting or exchanging of one man with another, and by giving by one, so much of one thing or commodity, to have of the other, so much and the like value, of some one other differing commodity else; and the things themselves subject to this commutation, or exchanging, are principally observed in all places to be two; first wares or goods, and secondly moneys or coin; which two are usually 
The ma●…rials of Merchandizing, are commodities and Monies.  observed to be contracted and bargained for, in three several distinct manners.  
The first is goods for goods, and this is termed bartering. The second is goods for money, and this is termed bargaining, and the 
Commutations d●…stinguished into 3. manners or kinds.  third is money for money, and this is properly amongst Merchants, (in these days termed) exchanging, from whence it proceedeth; and may be concluded, that all merchantile affairs and commercelike negotiations may be distinguished into three kinds or sorts, that is, into Bartering, commonly called Trucking; Bargaining, commonly called buying and selling; and into returning of monies from one place to another by bills, commonly called Exchanging.  
The first of these was taught to mankind by necessity, who to provide himself of things that were needful, gave in lieu and in Trucke thereof and for the same, the things whereof he had store and plenty: The second kind was found out and invented to facilitate the first; and the third and last to facilitate the second.  
In the times of old amongst us, and yet in these days in many 
Bartering.  places of America, Asia and Africa; the first manner of Bartering was and is yet in use and practised, where though gold and silver and brass was not known nor accounted as a stamped coin, yet it was then both here, and is still there held in greater estimation than was any other commodity or mettle; the which Homer inferreth in his relation of the Trojan War, where he mentioneth that Achilles his golden Armour, was valued in barter at one hundred Oxen, and that the brass Armour of Diomedes was valued in barter but at nine: But Man in process of time, finding it too too difficult a thing, and too too troublesome a business, to carry about him, all things thus bartered and trucked from one place to another, chose out one singular thing; which as a common standard or measure, should countervail and be in Value as all other things, and which should be received and accounted of in payment, satisfaction, and equivalency to all others, and the things thus chosen and estimated, was gold, silver and brass, the most excellent of Metals, which being then and since, by the authority of Princes, divided into great and small pieces, and into several and distinct parts and denominations, was stamped and coined with several characters, to denote thereby the true weight and value of the same; the which was first done by Servius in Rome of brass, whereon was imprinted the image of Sheep and Oxen, betokening the wealth and riches of those days, as moneys do now with us; and because that ten of those pieces was then called a denier, therefore it is, that universally all such moneys are still called by the Latins Denarij: this being then the original of Monies, afterward come to be coined both of silver, and gold; as I shall more at large have occasion to demonstrate in the Chapter of moneys, in this following Treatise.  
This first sort of Merchandizing or Commerce then, as I said 
Bargaining.  before, termed Bartering or Trucking, of one commodity for another, begat consequently by the means of moneys, the second manner of negotiation, which is buying and selling, or bargaining; for all Merchants that would transport commodities from one Country or place to another, to effect the same, needed either other commodities, wherewith to barter and so to procure them, or money and so to buy them; and therefore to facilitate Merchandizing, and to take away the incommodity and danger of the carriage of moneys, about a man, or from place to place, A mean was invented to have the same in what Country a man pleased, without trouble or danger of the transport, carridges or rigour thereof; and this was found to be best performed by exchange, 
Exchanging.  which is the third sort of commutaetion; the which is noted to be no other than the giving of so much moneys in one place to one, who should 'cause it to be again repaid in another place by another for him; as for example, Edward hath here in London one thousand pounds, and desireth to remit the same, or have it in the hands of joseph, who resideth in Venice; and Lodowick hath one thousand pounds in Venice, in the custody and hands of Thomas, which he would get, receive, and recover out and have them here: it happeneth that Edward meeteth with Lodowick, to whom he delivereth and payeth the said one thousand pounds; and thereupon Lodowick writeth to Thomas, that he pay the said thousand pounds to joseph, and thus each party come to be both satisfied and accommodated; by which it may be discerned, that in all exchanges, there is concluded two payments, two places, and fouro distinct persons; as he who payeth in the one place, and he who receiveth in the other; and he who receiveth in the one place, and he who payeth in the other; and from hence it consequently follows, that no man can remit, except there be another to draw; nor no man can in the second place receive, except there be another authorised to pay.  
In this manner then come in use the original of exchanges, purposely 
Exchanges drawn into a profitable Art, and the reasons there of.  invented to accommodate Trade and Commerce, the which at first was practised without either benefit or loss, or any other consideration; and to tender again the self same sum and parcel as was received: but in process of time it come to be considered, that the giver or deliverer of the money come both to loose a certain space in time ere the same was repaid, and did also run a certain risgoe in the payment thereof, which the receiver or drawer enjoyed, and profited by; and therefore it was held reasonable that the deliverer should have some fruit and benefit, in requital and satisfaction thereof, which afterward occasioned that the second payment come to be somewhat greater than the former; and that in consideration thereof there should be restored, more than was received: The endeavour of this gain then hath converted exchanges since into an art or mystery; from whence it proceedeth, that many are found at this day to remit and deliver moneys, to the intent, to have the same returned with benefit, and not for a need or necessity to have it more in one place then in another; and many again are found to be takers and drawers, not with intent to withdraw or recover their money, from another person, or place; but to serve themselves and their occasions with that of others, for a certain time, paying and allowing for the same, that consideration and interest as is agreed upon, and covenanted between them; which really and in effect is nothing else but a certain kind of permitted Usury, and therefore by some accounted as a thing unlawful, though by many, and by the common and received practice of the World, it is upheld and maintained with many solid reasons and substantial arguments; besides which, it is considerable, and peradventure it may well be granted, that if it were not, that there is by this art and mystery, again and profit made thereof, very few exchanges would present; because that draughts and remittances would in this nature but seldom happen, that would or might any way be available to Traffic and Commerce, and less benefit would consequently redound to the public and universal Commerce of Kingdoms; and therefore though the intention of particular exchanges, be not always found good herein, yet the general good effect which it produceth, and that proceedeth therefrom, is in it self and in the true use and custom thereof both approved and laudable.  
Now in the first sort of commutation, which I term bartering, 
Things considerable in Bartering.  many things do happen considerable and necessary in the art of Merchandizing; the first is the knowledge as well in the commodity, thus to be delivered, as in the commodity so to be received: next a knowledge in respect of the value and present request and estimation of both; then in respect of the quality, whither it be lasting and durable, or impairing and perishable; and lastly in respect of the property, whither it be of itself natural and growing, or Artificial, and made by the hand and industry of man; and lastly in respect of the quantity, whither plentiful and in abundance, or scarce and in few hands.  
In the second sort of commutation, which I term bargaining, or 
Things considerable in Bargaining.  buying and selling, are likewise besides the above mentioned, these particulars to be well known and considered; first a knowledge how the commodity is either bought or sold, as either by weight, as are ponderous commodities, or as by Concave or long measures, as are commodities of length, or commodities solid or liquid; the knowledge of which weights and measures, is in like manner perfectly to be known, and really to be understood; and then the fineness, goodness and currant valuation of the money of the place, is also to be known, and perfectly and rightly to be found out and distinguished, that the bargain may appear to be made the more justly, equally, and conscionably between both parties; and for the needful circumstances observed in bargaining, these four things are considerable, as having necessary dependences upon.  
First, a Merchant must know what to bargain for, and under 
Prncipally four.  this the knowledge of the commodity itself is comprehended. Secondly, how to bargain, and under this the knowledge of the weights and measures in the general is comprised. Thirdly, when to bargain, and under this the fit and proper seasons of bargaining are generally included. Fourthly, with whom to bargain, and under this point is comprehended, the person and party interessed, that requires the accomplishment or credit in the bargain.  
Now in the third sort of commutation, which is here termed Exchanging, the things necessary to be known and considerable by 
Things considerable in Exchanging.  the said Art of Merchandizing are these: First a knowledge of the fineness, goodness and currant value of the Princes Coin, both where the party Remitter abideth, and wither the said moneys are remitted; then a knowledge of the currant rate of the Exchanging of the Par or Value for Value, both according to the Standard of the Country, and according to the valuation of the currant Coin there passable; then of the Usance of the Place; and lastly and principally, to avoid all prejudice and loss, a knowledge is to be had of the party who is the Dutiful and Receiver of the same; and in default made of currant satisfaction and payment accordingly, knowledge is to be had of the due and true manner and form of making of all legal intimations, protests, and other such needful instruments, circumstances and observations as are requisite thereto, according to the strict and solemn rules required in a Bill of Exchange, which in its due place I shall more at large declare.  
Now forasmuch as many of these afore mentioned points may as well be included within the mystery of some subordinate tradesmen, as comprehended within the bounds of the Art of Merchandizing; I shall not need to insist farther thereupon, only here insert some other principal parts and points more aptly comprised within the particular limits of this Science, which in brief I will only nominate, as fitly serving for an Induction to this present MAP OF COMMERCE, and as being the proper instruments, wherewith also this Art of Merchandizing is practised.  
I have noted before that Merchandizing principally consisteth of Adventures made abroad into several Regions, and that for the most part Merchants are found to traffic and negociate into diverse parts and Countries of the World by the help and benefit of the Seas and Navigation, and have to that end their Factors, servants and agents resident in foreign parts to perform those their Mercantile Occasions, and that Ships and Vessels of all burdens are daily seen to be by them so employed and set on work through all the parts of the habitable World, therefore the next point needful their knowledge, and comprised in the Art of Merchandizing, I may entitle under the name of Shipping; which properly consisting of sundry portions may be fitly distinguished within the duties of four several distinct persons.  
The first Person is represented in the building of a Ship, wherein 
First duty to build, belonging to the Shipwright.  the whole materials are to be considered; next the Art of the framing, forming and making thereof, is to be observed, the due rules of length, breadth, depth, stowage, offence, defence and commodiousness in general is to be noted with all other circumstances thereunto appertaining: and this I hold to be the proper duty of the Shipwright, and the knowledge consequently not unproper to the Merchant, and fitly comprehended within the Art of Merchandizing.  
The second is represented in the setting forth of this Ship, wherein her tackle, apparel, victual and munition and all her needful 
Second duty to furnish and set out, belonging to Owners.  and dependant furniture is to be considered, her provision and store is to be observed: and this I hold to be the proper duty of the Owners and letters out of Ships to freight, and the knowledge most proper for the Merchant, and comprehended also in the Art of Merchandizing.  
The third is represented in the sailing of this Ship, wherein 
Third duty to sail the Ship, belonging to the Pilot or Master.  the Art of Navigation is generally to be considered, with all circumstances thereunto of right appertaining, which I hold to be the duty of the Master and Pilot, and how fare this knowledge may be necessary to the Merchant, I have mentioned in a Book entitled The Factors Avizo, which I may, if occasion serve, publish to the use and benefit of Merchants and Factors that frequent the Seas, and take pleasure therein.  
The last is represented in the employment of this Ship, wherein is 
Fourth dvety of employing this Ship, belonging to the Merchant.  considerable these six things. First the lading of the goods aboard, by which this Ship comes to be employed, which must be done in fare and dry weather and at fit seasons: secondly the stowage thereof aboard, which must be done without prejudice or hurt of one commodity to another, by building of bulk heads and providing of desnege and the like whereon the said goods must bear or lie upon: thirdly in truly marking the said goods, that it may evidently appear who is the right Owner and proprieter thereof: fourthly in really paying and truly discharging of all customs, duties and charges thereupon, that neither the Ship nor goods may be subject to loss, confiscation or prejudice thereby: fiftly in making assurance thereon, that the Imployer preventing losses may not endanger his whole Adventure: and sixthly and lastly in a general knowledge of all the Sea Laws comprised either in the Role of Olcron or Consolato of Barcelona, that all controversies between the Merchant and Mariner may be avoided; that he may thereby the better right himself, and do also that which is right to all others; and this I hold to be the proper dvety of the Merchant and his Factor.  
In order to this I may here nominate such other things as are 
A Merchant is to know the form of a bill of Exchange.  needful to his knowledge, and which have a necessary dependence upon the Art of Merchandizing, as next to know all manner of specialties proper to his Place and Calling. And first the manner, form, force, and virtue of a bill of Exchange, the terms, and proper method thereof, with all manner of observations required thereto by the solemn, and strict rules of the proceed commonly used therein.  
Secondly, the making of all Intimations, and protests, in all cases 
Secondly, of all manner of protests and intimations. Thirdly, of charter parties.  whatsoever incident to this Art  
Thirdly, the manner and making of all charter-parties for the fraightment of Ships; wherein all conditions and their circumstances must be truly and at large set down and declared as the time when the covenanted Ship is to departed, the Ports, where She is to unlade, the days agreed upon for her unlading, the sum agreed upon for freight, and all other the particular conditions accorded upon, the better to avoid all inconveniences and contentions in law that may happen thereupon.  
Fourthly, the manner of making of bills of lading, wherein the goods laden and the condition thereof is to be truly set down: 
Fourthly, of bills lading.  also the Ship wherein the same is put, and the Master or Pilots name, and who taketh the charge thereof; the place of unlading the said goods, and lastly, the freight to be paid for the same, when delivered according to conditions specified.  
Fiftly, the manner of making of policies of assurances; wherein 
Fiftly, of Policies of assurances.  the goods assured is to be nominated, the Ship upon which the same is laden, and the Master thereof declared, the dangers and Adventure assured to be specified, the places whence and wither bound noted, the rate or premio agreed upon observed; and lastly, the persons or Parties assurers subscribed, &c.  
Sixtly, the manner of making of all manner of specialties and bills of debt, either as they are simply in use amongst us in England, 
Sixtly, of bills of debt and obligatory.  or obligatory, as also to know the force and strength thereof in law, both here and beyond the Seas, with transportations thereof, as is used in many foreign Countries; wherein is to be set down the name and profession of the party debtor, the sum owing thereby, to whom the same is due, and the time when the same is payable, and the place where, and in bills obligatory, the penalty for non payment accordingly.  
Seventhly, when the same is discharged, the form and manner of an Acquittance and general release in full discharge for the 
Seventhly, of an acquittance.  payment thereof.  
Eighthly, the manner of drawing a Letter of Attorney or procuration, with the strength thereof both here and beyond the Seas: 
Eighthly of a letter attorney.  wherein is to be mentioned the power and authority given, the party that giveth the same, and the party who receiveth it, and the scope, end and determination thereof; and lastly, to conclude these necessary appurtenances and dependences upon the Art of Merchandizing, there must be added a right and perfect skill 
Ninthly, In accompt-keeping.  in Accompt-keeping, that thereby all his daily Affairs, his Adventures, Shipping, Sales, Buy, Payments and Receipts, &c. may orderly and truly be manifested, which is so fare forth to be learned and known, that his Estate, Gains and Losses, and all passages that are else needful happening in the course of his Negotiations, Merchandizing or Commerce may appear, and which may thereby be either yearly, or oftener reduced into a balance, to his own contentment, and to the commodity of his Estate and daily Traffic.  
And as a handmaid or Usher to this Art of accounting, he must, to finish and make up these helps and furtherances, have the 
Tenthly, of Arithmetic.  assistance of the Art of Numbering or Arithmetic, in which whosoever is ignorant may not challenge to himself the Title of a Merchant, nor be said to have any judgement in the Art of Merchandizing, nor hardly deserve the attribute of a rational man.  
These are now the principal parts of the Art of Merchandizing, and the Basis whereupon the same is observed to have its foundation, as it is seen practised and exercised by all Merchants in general in these our days throughout the habitable World, the most part whereof I have more particularly handled in the following succinct Chapters, and some others I have willingly omitted, as being such as are so inherent to the Art itself, that every knowing Merchant must not be ignorant therein, having in all other respects endeavoured to make this MAP OF COMMERCE so perfect, absolute and complete, that it may stand the Merchant (especially the Learner) in stead, both at home and abroad beyond the Seas, and serve him as a guide and Tutor to direct and instruct him in all the parts of the Art of Merchandizing.  
And having thus run over the ground of this Art itself in the general, I will in the next place begin with the Cities and Towns, where at this day it is found, that for the most part this Art of Merchandizing is seen to be practised and used.   

CHAP. III  
Of Cities and Towns of trade in general, mentioned in this MAP of COMMERCE.  
MY purpose is not here to show the antiquity of 
Cities and Towns eminent in trade, only mentioned in this Map.  Cities and Towns, according to their first original, nor the manners and custom used in their first foundation; neither yet speaked of the diverse kinds thereof, as at this day they are in themselves observed to be: But my intention is, in this following Map of irade, (having briefly showed the common division of the 4. parts of the World,) to nominate and quote out, the chief and principal thereof as they are known to be to Merchants, and as they are found the most eminent and absolute in the trade of Merchandizing; and therewith distinguish the diversities that are observed to be therein.  
An absolute and complete City or Town, as some learned have 
Six parts required in a complete City.  set down and expressed, cannot subsist of itself without six principal parts and helps, for the supportation thereof; and without which no City or Town can properly be said to be, or to have a being: First, it must have Victuals to feed and nourish it; and this is the proper task and dvety of the Husbandman and Shepherd. Secondly, it must have Arms and Armour to defend it, and offend its Enemies; and this is the proper task and dvety of the Soldier. Thirdly, it must have wealth and riches, as sinews for its employment, in private and public affairs; and this is the proper task and dvety of the rich and eminent inhabitants of this City. Fourthly, it must have Justice for criminal and civil causes, to punish the bad and reward the good; and this is the proper task and duty of Counsellors and Senators of State. Fiftly, it must have Religion and the worship of GOD duly and reverently performed in it, and this is the proper task and dvety of the Priesthood: And Sixtly, to make it a complete, able and absolute City, it must have Trade and Arts, practised therein, and this is the proper task and duty of the Merchant and artificer that inhabit it. Now though many Cities are seen sometimes defective, in some of these parts, and are not so well furnished as this rule and the exactness of a complete City requireth; yet it is daily manifested to the judicious and learned in policies of State, and government of commonwealths, that Merchants, and such as exercise the trade of Merchandizing in Cities, do supply by their endeavours and abilities by traffic, most of those other parts and helps here before specified; and which are or may be found deficient and wanting therein. For setting aside the worship and service of God, which is only fit and proper to Divines and Churchmen: The person and purse of the Merchant supplies in a fare measure, all the other parts beforementioned; for first the Merchant's Navigation and traffic, is seen to supply the City with corn, grain, 
The Merchant's purse and person supplies many defects in a City of trade.  cloth, &c. and all manner of provision, both for back and belly, delight and ornament, tending either to pleasure or need; and this way he performs the part of the Husbandman and Shepherd; His traffic is seen to supply the City with arms, armour, and all manner of ammunition, either offensive or defensive; and thus fare he perfomes the part of a Soldier: His traffic likewise is seen to bring Richeses into the common purse by customs, imposts, and such duties; and thereby may be said to perform the part of the wealth and most eminent thereof. He is seen by his wisdom, travel, and experience abroad, to be able oftentimes to sit at the stern of the Cities government, punishing the vicious, rewarding the virtuous; and herein be performs the part of a Senator and Counsellor: neither yet is he wanting in many other particulars, to perform the dvety of a good patriote and citizen, (not comprised within any of these aforesaid limits;) for his traffic is seen to improve the Countries commodities, to set the poor and needy on work, to invent new fabriques, stuffs and the like; to plant foreign colonies, to settle peace and amity amongst Princes, to build warlike Ships, to train up Seamen; and to make the City and place of his abode famous and eminent by sundry other means, which I could exemplify if need were in this place, and which at present I willingly omit.  
Now than if the Merchant and the art of merchandizing be so excellent, and consequently necessary in a City, and bringeth with it so many benefits and commodities: how happy then is that City, where many notable and well governed Merchants are found to reside, and where their care of their own profit is so necessarily interwoven with the care of the commonwealths, and its good, that to themselves and to their Country; their labours and adventures do bring in thus mutually, not only a commodity, but also an honour: but to the matter, All Cities and Towns 
What Cities are found fit for trade and commerce.  are not found in themselves proper for commerce and traffic, nor yet all of them fit residences for Merchants; therefore it is seen by experience, that trade hath settled it self principally in two sorts of Cities and Towns, and in such first the Inhabitants by inclination; and then Foreigners and Strangers by conversation, are observed and noted to have planted themselves and established a trade therein.  
Traffic then residing and abiding principally in two several 
Two sorts of Cities of traffic.  sorts of Cities and Towns, by daily observation are found to be such as these; the first is the Maritime, and these are they that have their situation on the Sea shore or coast, or upon navigable Rivers and streams; and the second are they that have their situation within some continent, and may be called land Towns and Cities, distant both from Sea and River. And though that in both these, trade and commerce is observable to be settled and driven; yet the manner and common form of this trade is found to differ much, as being both of them proper to two several sorts of traffic and Negotiation. 
Sea Towns of trade what.   
The trade observed then to be driven in Sea Towns or Cities, seated on navigable Rivers, is noted to subsist principally by navigation, and by the easy transportation of merchandise by that commodiousness, from one place to another; which is indeed the most proper and customary way, whereby traffic is in these days seen to be maintained and preserved; for in many places thus situated, it is noted that eminent Merchants do reside, who by reason of this neighbourhood of the Sea, and consequently of navigation, do hold a respondency and trade from one fit place to another, over all the known parts of the habitable World, importing the commodities of all other Countries, and exporting the native commodities of the place itself; and of this sort is Marsilia, Amsterdam, Genoa, Venetia, Seville, Lisbon, London, and many others, &c. But the trade observed to be driven in inland Towns and 
Land Towns of trade what.  Cities, subsists by carriage of commodities by land, which in some places is done by Carts, in some by Camels, Caravans, Mules, Horse, &c. as is at this day seen practised in many great Cities of the World; as at Aleppo in Turkey, at Spahan in Persia, at Agra in the Moguls Country, and such other, who enjoy neither the benefit of Rivers, not yet the commodity of the Sea itself by many miles distance; yet therein are oftentimes found residing many Merchants of great eminency and a nample trade is discerned therein, as may be seen in this following tract. And sometimes to add some furtherance to this their want: some of these have a Sea port or haven, as the nearest whereto ships from other parts do come in; and do there both land and relade as occasion requireth, in which nature is Alexandria to Aleppo, Combrone to Spahan, and Sindy to Agra.  
Besides which, I might here add a third sort of Cities, where yet trade is noted to be settled, differing from both the former, and 
Towns of trade inmanuall arts and fabrics.  which cannot be comprised within either of the limits; and these are such as subsist by some excellent or curious manual Arts or fabriques, as is Norimberg and others in Germany, Roven in Normandy, Florence in Italy, and Norwich in England; and some others, whose trade subsists by the benefit of nature, producing of itself, special or needful commodities for traffic, as doth Bordeux by Gascoine Wines, Zante by Corrants, Smirna by Cottons, Gilan in Persia by raw Silk, Ivisa by Salt, and the like: and where these are joined by situation proper for traffic to the former, they are found to be fare more absolute, eminent and complete, as shall be discerned also in this following tract.  
These are then the Cities and Towns which generally in this 
The Cities of trade mentioned in the Map of Commerce.  Map I handle, relating as near as my observation and reading will permit me, the commodities that the place doth naturally afford for Merchandise, and the commodities the same is noted properly to vent; together with the time when the same is either sent out or brought in, the quantity, how much; with all other such circumstances as are thereunto belonging.  
Moreover it is to be noted, that in all Cities and Towns of 
Five places in a City depending upon trade.  traffic, there are always found five particular places, that only have a being and dependency upon the trade thereof.  
The first place is it where Merchants and tradesmen do assemble and meet at certain hours, and limited times of the day, to confer 
The Burse or Exchange.  and treat together, concerning Merchandizing, shipping, buying or selling, and the like; as is seen to be the Royal Exchange of LONDON, the Burse in Antwerp, the Piazze in Venetia, and the like in other places.  
The second place is it where the Princes, customs, and dveties 
The Custom house.  upon all Wares, either imported or exported by way of Merchandise is seen to be paid and collected, where officers are appointed to attended the same; and where all Writs, as Cockets, bills of entry, Certificates; and the like are granted, both to load and land goods, either going out or coming in, and these are called by several names, as in most places Customhouses, Dattio, Commercios, and the like.  
The third place is it where Merchants do keep their goods and 
Magazines for commodities.  wares in, where weighers, porters, carmen and labourers do hourly attended to be set on work; where Brokers and Contractors are daily employed in making of bargains, showing of Wares, transporting of bills of debt, and such like, as is seen in the Besistons and Basars' in Turkey, Alfond●…ces in Barbary, pack-houses in the netherlandss; and as was accustomed to be done in the stillard in London.  
The next place is it where the public beam is set up, by the authority of the Magistrate, to weigh all ponderous commodities 
King's Beam.  bought or sold; to decide differences and controversies arising by weights and weighing, and where a sworn weigher, with labourers at all hours attendeth upon Merchant's occasions, and who by his place is to keep a Register of all commodities weighed, to serve if need shall so require; and in this nature is the weight-house called the King's beam in London, the Dumb at Amsterdam, the Viconte in Roven, the Romano in Marsilia, and such like in other places of trade.  
The next and last place is it where the public measures, both 
Met-house.  of length, of dry, and of liquid commodities, in every City are kept and set up by the authority of the Magistrate, to measure all measureable commodities bought or sold; to decide all differences and controversies arising thereabouts; and where a sworn measurer is to given attendance with other necessary helpers at all hours to dispatch Merchants occasions, of which he is to keep a Register to serve in time of need, as was seen of old to be the standard of Cheap in London, and as is found the like in other places.  
And thus much shall serve to have said of Cities and Towns in general, of trade, and of the principal places found therein, which have a dependence thereupon; which few Cities in the World, of traffic do want or are found to be defective in.   

CHAP. FOUR  
Of Customs, Impositions, and other duties in general paid by Merchants upon commodities in all Cities of trade.  
TRADE in its self, hath ever been found to be, not 
Customs payable to Princes.  only beneficial to the City and Country where the same is exercised and preserved; but also to the Princes and Sovereigns who command the same; and though the commodities and benefits that it brings with it, be many and great, yet the principal are such as accrueing to the Princes coffers, comes to them by the payments of certain customs, imposts and dveties, that are by them imposed upon all commodities and wares, which by the way of Merchandise is either imported out, or exported into their dominions, and for the better raising and collecting of which, there is seated as is before remembered, by the said Princes and their authority in every such City and Town (where any trade and concourse of Merchants is found to be) certain public houses, as offices by the name 
Custom houses.  of Customhouses where these duties are collected, and where the Traders and Merchants do accordingly pay and satisfy the same.  
The dvety then of Custom, though in all Countries it be generally 
Customs not always alike in all places.  paid, yet it is not always found to be paid alike in all places, for it is sometimes found to be more and sometimes less, and often times in some Countries it is paid according to the will of the Prince who imposeth the same, as being partly a Prerogative inherent to their Sceptres, and partly as they are absolute Commanders in those Cities, Ports and Havens where this Traffic is so exercised, and is found to be payable as I said before, upon all 
Custom due upon all commodities.  manner of commodities used by way of Merchandise, either exported or imported out or into their Dominions, Countries and Cities.  
This duty then thus called Custom, is conceived by some to 
The original of Customs.  have its first original from a safeguard given by those Princes at Sea, to their Subjects and Merchants from all Rovers, Pirates and Enemies, and a protection for free trading from all such dangers from one Port or City of trade to another: but we see that in these days the payment of the duty is still continued, and is daily paid by all Merchants; but the first institution and ground thereof (if so it was) is by many Princes either totally omitted, or at lest wise forgotten, and therefore it may now be more properly called a Custom then heretofore, and the places where the same is paid and collected called thence Customhouses.  
The Merchant then who intendeth to negociate and traffic 
The Merchant must learn what the Customs are, and duly pay them.  into any City or Kingdom (seeing there is a necessity in the payment and discharge thereof) aught first diligently and carefully learn and observe the sum and quantity payable upon all commodities whatsoever; and then truly and honestly satisfy the same according to the ordinances and proceed used respectively in those Countries, partly to avoid the danger of the loss of the commodity (the nonpayment being in many places the forfeiture) and partly the better thereby to make his calculation either to buy or cell to profit, and that before he make entry of any goods in the said Customhouses or office (thus appointed for the collecting of this duty) and that he take notice what the true and right custom in itself is; to further which knowledge it is often seen that a settled rate by Book or particular Teriffe either in print or writing may easily in every such City of trade be had 
Book of rates.  and obtained: But if (as it is sometimes seen) in some places that the same cannot be had, than the Trader must learn in this case from others what the dvety and Custom of the place is; wherein much care and circumspection is to be used, for the fraud and poling deceit, that is practised in sundry Customhouses by many officers where no such Books are public, is excessive, when either they collect the same to the immediate use of the Prince, or when they collect the same to their own use, being let out to farm by contract and yearly rent unto them by his authority; many Merchants being deceived by their devices and slights, many under officers and new offices being daily hatched up and maintained by the chief Customers and Farmers, not only to the detriment of Merchants and of all Trade in particular, but also to the prejudice of the Sovereign and all Traffic and Commerce in the general.  
These Customs then, as I said before, are noted not to be paid 
Custom differs in many respects.  in all Countries alike, for they are found to differ in diverse regards; the principal whereof I have observed to be these.  
First, they are found to differ in regard of places and kingdoms, 
In regard of place.  as a far greater Custom is paid in Spain, and generally throughout the King of Spain's Dominions, then in France, Italy, Turkey, and in some other places.  
Secondly, some difference is also found in regard of times, as in 
In regard of time.  privileged Towns, enjoying free Fairs, Marts and Markets, as is seen observed by custom and long use in Roven, Beaucaire, Frankford, Mesina, and other places where the Customs are then and at that time little or else nothing, or far less then at all other times of the year beside.  
Thirdly, somewhat again in respect of Cities, enjoying a more 
In regard of Cities.  peculiar privilege and continued freedom in Trade in sundry Kingdoms, where little or no Custom is paid upon any commodity whatsoever, either during a year after the importing of the goods, or for certain limited time or months, as it is seen in Leghorn, Marsolia, and in many other free Cities and hanse Towns, &c.  
Fourthly, somewhat again in regard of commodities, as is seen in 
In regard of commodities.  England, and many other places elsewhere, where some commodities are higher rated in the custom than other some; some paying after the rate of 5 per Cent. some 10, some 15, and some 20 per Cent. and some yet more, and some less.  
Fiftly, somewhat again in respect of the weight, as is seen in 
In regard of weight.  Roven by the Viconte, in Lions by the King's beam, in Stockholme by the Merchant's weight; and so in other places where there is used a large weight in favour of the Merchants to pay their Custom by, and another lesser to buy and cell withal.  
All these things and many others, as necessary to this Commerce, 
Strictness for not paying of Customs.  must be truly learned; for ignorance herein is not pardonable, and is ever a prejudice to him that is found to exercise Trade; for the rigour and strictness practised in sundry Countries herein against Merchants is extreme, whereas these Customs are not duly and truly to the utmost satisfied and paid.  
As first in Russia, Denmark and Sweden, the law is, that if a 
In Russia Denmark, Sueden.  Merchant do not declare all his goods in the Customehouse which he either importeth or exporteth, but concealeth some part thereof; all the rest of that commodity being of the same kind, are forfeited to the Prince without favour or redemption.  
In Spain, and generally throughout all the King of Spain's dominions, 
In Spain's Dominions.  the commodities concealed are only forfeited, unless they be prohibited, or as they term it Contrabanda goods, and then all is lost.  
In England, Scotland and Ireland the like; for there the goods 
In England, Scotland and Ireland.  concealed are only forfeited; but yet they may be had again upon composition, for the Officer that maketh the seizure hath power by a Licence sued forth to compound for the one half, which is his part: and if no int●…tion to defraud the King appear in the fact, the Barons of the Exchequer will deal favourably with the Merchant for the other half, which is the Kings, and if a Merchant cannot for want of a factorie make a direct or perfect entry, he may declare his goods in the Custom house, at sight; and taking up the same, it may be either weighed or measured, opened and perused by an officer, and then afterward the Custom may be satisfied accordingly without further danger.  
And if the Merchant would again ship out those goods, so brought in by him, he may do it by certificate free of Custom for 13. months, and have the impost thereof returned to him again, provided the property hath not been during that time altered.  
There is also by way of tares granted to the Merchant in the Custom house 5. per cent. upon all commodities, either weighed or measured, and allowances upon Wines and Oils for leakage, and upon Clotheses, Kerseys and such like one in ten for wrapers, with many other limited observations, which are found published in his Majesty's declaration, before the printed Book of rates for Customs in England, &c.  
In France, Germany, and many places of Italy and in the low Countries, 
In Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands.  the goods concealed are only forfeited; but the same may be afterwards compounded for, wherein the circumstances will in some places be considered, and the manner how the error grew, and whither it appear to be done with a set purpose or not.  
In Constantinople, Smyrna, and many places of Turkey the goods 
In Constantinople, Sm●…a.  concealed are not at all forfeited, but are to pay double the imposed custom if taken, and then to be again restored.  
I have noted that the rates of the customs is found to altar in sundry countries, as in Spain and Portugal is paid upon diverse goods, 10. per cent. upon some 20. and 25. per cent. In Turkey is paid by the English only 3. per cent. but by all other Christian nations 5. per cent. and the same is not there paid nor satisfied in moneys, as in other Countries, but in species and in kind, except compounded for before hand, and so by a value reduced into moneys: so also it is in some Countries more and in some less, sometimes settled upon the hundred in value, and sometimes upon the piece; and in China and some places of India it is noted that in favour of this dvety the vessel and Ship is measured in length, and breadth, and depth; and so by a certain rule and sum the custom is levied accordingly, upon all sorts of goods aboard her without distinction alike in bulk.  
Besides this duty of Custom paid in most Cities by Merchants, 
Impositions upon goods.  as I have showed, there is another dvety like to this, which is called by the name of impositions, because the same is imposed upon some certain and particular commodities, and not in general (as customs are) upon all; the which also is not alike rated upon all wares: for though they be found now to be much of the same nature as customs are, yet originally they are conceived to be nothing but custom strained beyond a fare proportion, and are imposed oftentimes more for the enriching of some private courtier then for the profit or benefit of the Sovereign, and which in themselves are found to be, very heavy excessive and burdensome upon some particular commodities; and therefore, as there is a necessity in the payment thereof; so is there likewise a necessity that the same be truly learned and known, and also the commodity upon which the same is so imposed; jest otherwise the Trader make a short reckoning in his accounts, and found this impost to deceive him of his expected and hoped for gain.  
To conclude, neither are these duties thus to be only learned 
Fees to officers to be paid and known.  and duly satisfied according to the customs and usance of every City and Country, but also all such appurtenances, as belong thereunto, in the passing of all goods in the said offices and Custom houses, as in bills of Entries, Cockets, Certificates, passing of Bonds, and all fees thereunto appertaining and thereupon depending, as to Waiters, Searchers, Clerks, Visitors, and such like, be also known and satisfied, the better to avoid the dangers and inconveniences that may happen by the default thereof to the goods whereupon the same is liable.  
These Customs then and Impositions thus varying by time, places and circumstances, and imposed, altered and changed oftentimes at the will of the Prince, are not by the industry of any one hand, to be punctually known in all places; therefore it sufficeth me to have given here these general rules and observations conducing both to the knowledge and the necessity of the discharge and payment thereof, for the better Reglement of Commerce in this particular; therefore I may be held excusable, if I be found in this point to be defective in this MAP, and so concluding herewith, proceed to the next point, which is of the Monies and Coins of sundry Kingdoms used in the traffic of Merchandizing.   

CHAP. V  
Of the moneys and Coins of sundry Countries, used in general in the traffic of Merchandise.  
Among all the diversity of Metals which GOD 
Silver & gold the most excellent of metals.  the Creator hath shutup in the closet and concavity of the earth, noon is accounted more singular and excellent than silver and gold, of which the communication and Commerce of mankind, have framed and invented the use of money and coin, which money and coin, may be properly termed to be the universal measure of all things in the world, and though that thus naturally and originally they be but metals, and so to be in themselves accounted, yet in value and estimation, the monies and coins made thereof are to us (as all things) for they are to us, (converted once to this use) as meat, cloth, house, horse, and generally what other thing soever man hath else need of; and thereby it is evident and manifested that all things are obedient and in subjection to monies; and that by this devise, a mean was found out and invented, whereby one thing should be to Merchants as all, and therefore men thrust forward by 
Coins made of Silver and Gold.  natural inclination and worldly judgement, chose to this end and use at first, the thing that was found most durable, proper, and maniable, which they only observed best to be mettle; and amongst all metals gave silver & gold the pre-eminence in the invention of monies, which of their own nature was thus observed to be most durable, and incorruptible, and of which we found as well in these our times as in times past, most Princes of the world to make their currant coins of, between man and man in trade of Merchandise. I deny not but in the innocency of those golden times of old, when 
Bartering and exchanging before the use of gold and silver.  neither silver nor gold was put to this use, there was yet a traffic found, and a Commerce practised amongst mankind, which may be imagined did not then extend itself to buying and selling in that same nature, as now it is in use since the invention of Monies, but only to a trucking, exchanging, and bartering, and that only for things necessary to back and belly, to feed and cloth, and so to preserve life; but these times worn out by a more acute age, and men laying to themselves a foundation of sovereignty and greatness, the stronger still depriving the weaker, and riches thereby becoming desirable, this mystery crept up, and was admitted, and therefore from these two minerals was found out a body, which once authorised by power of the Magistrate, had a predominancy over all earthly things, and by which was squared out and levelled (as by an indifferent measure) all things appertaining to mankind, the abundance thereof brought with it the abundance of honour, attendants, necessaries, and superfluities, so that he that had most in his possession, was accounted of, as being the most eminent and greatest personage in the eye, rule, and esteem of the world.  
But to come to the present times, though in the general throughout all Europe, it is now found that Coins and moneys, of silver and gold (as is afore observed) is only in use, and that all Commerce and traffic is principally drawn and maintained thereby; yet is it noted in this Map, that all Nations have not yet submitted their judgement to the prerogative of these two minerals, but retain still in use some other things serving in their stead and place; for first in the Lands of Porto Ricco, Saint Dominico, and in many places 
Several sorts of moneys in use in several Countries.  of America, they have in use small pieces of Leather, currant for Coins amongst them, not that they want silver and gold, for they enjoy it in greatest abundance, but want the use and invention thereof; as of late days it is found to be established there by the 
Monies of leather in S. Dominico, &c.  Spaniard, as with us in Europe. Neither was this only the custom of these parts alone; for it is observable, that in Peru, and elsewhere, where the greatest plenty of silver and gold was found out and digged, it was never put to this use by the Inhabitants themselves.  
Divers yet in this kind to this day is the custom of Coins and moneys that are used and goeth currant throughout the world; for beside the aforesaid use whereto these metals have been put, as to be thus employed, the common Standard to rule all trade and commerce, and the estates as well of the Prince as subject in Europe and many other parts of the world: those Nations that have been defective in this point, and that have not valued these metals as the Europeans do, have yet found out some particular thing or matter, whereto they have by a national and unanimous consent, (as it were) attributed this power to have a main stroke in their negotiation and traffic, and wherein their wealth is found principally to consist.  
In sundry parts of Africa, they use for their small coins a kind 
Monies of shells in Tombuto.  of shells as currant amongst them, though their greatest payments be made either in sand of gold, which they term Tiburin, or in Ingot. The same is the use this day also in the kingdom of Tombuto, and other adjoining Countries.  
In other places of that Continent, they use Iron for their coin, 
Of Iron in Massa.  their smallest pieces being an ounce weight; and this is seen practised in Massa, and other kingdoms also thereabouts.  
In the kingdom of Congo is taken up along the Sea-shoare, great store of shell-fish, differing from the former used in Tombuto, called 
Of Lumaches in Congo.  Lumaches, which they distinguish male and female, the shell whereof is there accounted a coin, and wherewith they use to buy both silver and gold, but with silver or gold either in mass or coin, can they not buy any other thing needful whatsoever.  
In Melinda, they have little balls of glass, in manner of our read beads, which come to them from Cambaia, and other places, 
Of Glass beads in Melinda.  and these are their coins and moneys; and with them gold is neither found to be of account nor esteem.  
In some places of Cathay, their money is a kind of paper stamped, 
Of Salt and Paper in Cathay.  and in some other Salt baked into small cakes, for the excellent use and scarcity thereof, passeth currant as coins amongst them.  
In Pegu their money is called Ganza, and is made of copper and lead, which every man may at his pleasure both coin and siampe 
Of Gansa in Pegu.  that is able; for gold and silver is accounted as a Merchandise amongst them.  
In Bengala their small money is a fruit resembling the Almond, 
Of Almonds in Bengala.  which passeth currant from man to man in traffic. And in the Island Sumatra, it hath been observed, that the sculls of their slain 
Of sculls of dead men in Sumatra.  enemies was accounted their greatest treasure, with which they buy and barter; and he is the richest man that hath the greatest number thereof in his house. And lastly, in many places of India they use pepper and Cocos nuts in lieu of money; and the same passeth 
Of pepper and Cocos in India.  currant for coin in many places of India: and to conclude, it may be observed throughout this MAP of COMMERCE, that though silver and gold is not the mettle generally in use for the coining and stamping of money throughout all the world; yet these other things specified, carry with them in matter of commerce in these places the like efficacy and power.  
To proceed then, Budelius, Varro and sundry Authors writing 
Monies called by 3. several names.  upon the original of moneys, and upon the excellency of this predominant point of traffic; affirm that all coins in the general have been nominated by their several and distinct names. 1. Moneta, 2. Nummus, 3. Pecunia; the reasons given thereof are 
Moneta.  these: First, Moneta is said to have taken that name, and is derived a Monendo, which is to admonish and warn the people of the name of the prince, vel Nummi nota, and of such a sign or mark impressed thereupon, thereby alluding to the saying of CHRIST, Matthew 22. Where the Pharises brought him a penny, he thereupon demanding whose image and superscription that was? and they answered Caesars; then said he unto them, given therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and unto GOD the things that are GOD'S.  
Secondly, Nummus is said to take its name as some will have it à Numerando vel Nomine, of the name of the Prince stamped upon 
Nummus.  it, as a Ducat is said from Ducatus, or as some say from Numa Pompilius the Roman King, who is said to be the first that 1900. years past, commanded moneys to be made, whereof ever since after his name every piece of money is called Nummus; or again, as some hold, it is derived from Nomos, which signifieth a Law, and implieth as much as such a Prince, or such a common wealth hath ordained money, from whom it hath taken a certain price and value.  
Thirdly, Pecunia is derived à Pecude. of cattles, sheep, and Oxen; 
Pecunia.  wherein was said to consist the wealth of the ancients, and whereon the figure thereof was stamped; and is construed to be all manner of living Creatures, wanting the form of Man: and some hold that the name of money signifieth, not only money numbered or told, but also all things that are contained in the World; aswell movable as immovable, liquid as solid; and in general all things whatsoever men have upon the earth.  
From these three names and kinds grew first amongst the Romans a particular distinction, and nomination of the quality of the species, as they were currant in worth and esteem amongst them: for they had then in use certain moneys of copper, aswell as the others of silver and gold: and because every piece of the silver was in value ten pieces of the copper, it was called Denarius; 
Denarij.  and because every piece of gold was worth 10. pieces of silver, the same was also called Denarius; and thus for distinction sake, other Nations in their coins in after ages followed their example; and our English moneys come to have the apellation of starling, and to be distinguished into pounds, shillings and pence, as some say from the esterlins that were in times past the masters of our mint, and the refiners of our coins, which yet holdeth this name, and by 
Esterlin money of England.  which the same is known throughout all Europe. But to conclude this Chapter, however coins and moneys come at first to have their original and names, and however the same come to be distinguished, and of what mettle soever the same is in these days found to be made of and framed; yet when once the same is allowed by the public authority of the Prince and Sovereign Magistrate, it is held a capital crime in all 
Coins debased or altered is a capital crime.  Countries, either todeface, mend, altar, or any ways to debase the same; and therefore most justly (the circumstances considered) do the coins of Princes currant in all their Countries challenge a principal part and interest in the Universal commerce of the World.   

CHAP. VI  
Of weights in general used in Merchandizing, and mentioned in this MAP of COMMERCE.  
THE next principal point handled in this MAP of COMMERCE, is the Weights in general of all 
Of Weights in general.  Kingdoms, and known Cities of trade, by the invention whereof (as by measures) a true mean was found out, to given every man his own; for all worldly things are found to be governed by it and measure; but most especially the same hath a great prerogative in all contracts and bargains, where either buying or selling is either used or practised, which indeed is the fundamental part of the World's Commerce and traffic; for thereby are all commutations regulated, all accounts framed; and all profit and loss in trade found out and distinguished: It is also one of the standard of all Kingdoms, Cities and Provinces, and therefore aswell as measures carries with it the approbation and authority of the sovereign Magistrate, and therefore either to falsify, add or detract therefrom, is accounted a capital crime, and worthy severest punishment.  
Now for their sorts; These weights are observed to vary and differ 
Differences of Weights in all Countries.  in all Countries, aswell as in sundry Mart and principal Cities; though otherwise oftentimes neighbours yet are herein discrepant, and not seldom it is seen, (as in this Map shallbe made evident) that several sorts of weights are found to weigh several sorts of commodities, in one and the self same place, City and Country; as in England where it is observed, that raw silk is weighed by the pound of 24. ounces, and other commodities by the pound of 16. ounces: and in Aleppo some commodities is weighed by the Rotolo of 680. drams, some by a ℞ of 700. drams; and some by ℞. of 720. drams. And as these weights are found to vary in respect of their greatness, so are they found to differ in respect of 
The greatest denomination.  their denomination; for some Countries use to weigh their commodities by hundreds, some by quintals, some by centiners, talents, thousands, weighs, shipponds, chargos, lisponds, roves, stones, bahars, maundss, candils, peculls, and the like.  
A second denomination is again produced out of this, as a 
Second denomination.  lesser weight, whereof the former is composed; and is also found in use for weighing in sundry places, as pounds, man's, batmen, rotolos, minas, lodoros, oaks, cattees, barotes, sears, wesnoes and the like.  
A third sort again are found to be in use, whereof these latter are composed and in use, in the custom of weighing; and which are of another denomination, and lesser in quantity, as Ounces, 
Third denomination.  whereof sometimes 12 14 16 20 24 and 30. do make according to the custom of the place the pound weight, and then again have a subdivision into drams, scruples, obolos, carats and grains; so that the greater contains the lesser in parts, which also is observed 
Lest denomination.  to differ according to the proportion of the first and greatest; for the Cantar, which commonly is observed to be the greatest weight, is so termed, as being the hundred of hundreds, and consisteth 
Hundred, &c.  sometimes of 100 li. just, though sometimes of hundreds, of 112 l. of 120 l. of 125 l. 128 l. and 132 l.  
The Weigh and Cargo are in like manner found likewise to vary 
Cargos, &c.  in many places, and to consist sometimes of 163 l. of 181 l. of 200. and 300 l. to a weigh, and Cargo or charge.  
The Shipond also consists sometimes of 300 l. sometimes again 
Shipond, &c.  of 320. 340. and 400 l. the Shipond.  
The Lispond also is found to consist sometimes of 15 l. of 16 l. 
Lispond, &c.  and 20 l. to the Lispond.  
Roves are noted likewise to be in some places 10 l. 20 l, 25 l. 
Roves, &c.  and 30 l. and sometimes 40 l. to the Rove.  
Stones are noted also to consist of 6 l. 8 l. 10 l. 14 l. 16 l. 20 l. 
Stone, &c.  21 l. 24 l. 32 l. and 40 l. to the Stone, still altering according to the custom of the place.  
Rotolos are also noted to vary and to consist sometimes of 400. 
Rotolos, &c.  drams, sometime of 600 dr. 680 dr. 700 dr, and 720 drams, according to the custom of the place, and according to the custom in use of the commodity.  
In all which the Merchant must not be ignorant, that intends to 
The Merchant must be versed in all weights.  make either an use, or reap a benefit by this MAP OF COMMERCE: for all weights must be to him (in regard of his skill and judgement) as one weight; knowing readily how to make his calculations in all contracts; how the one weight doth advance of the other, or what the one may want of the other, making his account of concordancy allowing or deducting, where he finds the discrepancy arising by an overplus or by a want either in the one or in the other.  
Now for the manner of weighing in general (so fare forth as 
Two manners of weighing in use.  ever I have observed) hath been noted to have been done by two several ways; that is, either by a Beam, or by a Romano or stalier: the weight by Beam I hold the best and justest performed 
By Beam.  with leaden, brass or iron weights, provided the said Beam be good and even both empty and laden with one equal weight; and this is seen to be the common custom of weighing in England, Netherlands, and in many other places and Countries.  
The weight by stalier which is used in Turkey, Barbary and Italy and sundry other Countries, I hold not so sure; for thereupon is 
By Stalier.  marked all the number of weights that may be weighed thereby, which by the help of a small counterpoise removed to several stations, supplies sometimes the place of a pound, and sometimes the place of 100 pound, wherein is oftentimes found great deceit, which by the buyer and seller is carefully and heedfully in those places to be both prevented and avoided.  
Now if with a Beam one would abbreviate a long labour with 
To abbreviate the labour of weighing.  small time and pains, and weigh much with few weights, his weights must be made by an augmentation doubled, as by pieces of 1 lib. 2 lib. 4 lib. 8 lib. 16 lib. 32 lib. and 64 lib. making in all 127 lib. with which all sums under that number may be comprehended and weighed, and some exercised in great affairs, by single weights tripled have go further and procured 1 l. 3 l. 9 l. 27 l. 81 l. &c. and thereby with little labour have performed very weighty and great business: but I leave this to the ingenious, and to him that shall fancy this method and manner of weighing.  
In all Cities then and places of traffic there is found a weight 
Weights authorised by the Magistrate.  (as I said) authorised by the Magistrate, which to altar or diminish is ever held a capital crime: this weight thus settled in every place and City of trade, is reputed the Standard of the place, by which as well the inhabitants as strangers do make their bargains and contracts, and without which many bargains cannot be made and perfited, and therefore partly to avoid scruple and doubt, and partly to do justice to all men, and partly to decide all controversies incident in weighing, there is in the most eminent Cities a public Weigh-house set up and appointed, where 
Weigh-house.  every man may repair unto either for necessity of weighing, or trial of his weights, and which is authorised by the Prince as a rule for all men that shall have occasion to make use thereof in the said places, serving sometimes as the beam whereby his customs and dveties are paid him; the Master, Overseer or Weigher being ever sworn and deputed to do justice and right in his 
Weigher sworn.  weighing, not only between man and man, but (if need be) between the Prince and the Subject.  
This Weight accounted thus the common and received Standard 
By which weights the weight of this book is calculated.  of Cities and Countries, is it, upon which (as near as I could possible) I have in all these following places made my observations, and from thence raised not only the agreement thereof, with other neighbouring places and Cities, but also with that which we call our haberdebois weight of England, wherein with all industry I have laboured to found out the truth and certainty thereof, which (as subject to error by reason of the diversity) I must refer to the future trial of the better experienced, concluding this point with a way and method invented by unequal weights to accord the weights of any two known places or Cities, which 
A way to accord the weight of any two places.  briefly is thus performed.  
Prepare a balance as exactly made as is possible, that a very little thing may 'cause them to incline one way or other; likewise prepare of the one place, the just pound, the half pound, the ¼ the ⅛ the 1/16the 1/32the 1/64the 1/128and the 1/125part of that pound, if it be possible, until you judge it to be sufficient; then take the just pound weight of the other place, and put it into one of the Scales of the Balance, and in the other Scale, put such weights as may justly counterpoise the pound weight of that place; as for example:  
Say that the half the ¼ the ⅛ and the 1/256part of the pound of the first place do justly counterpoise the pound weight of the other place; then by consequence it follows, that 128 li. 64 li. 32 li. and 1 li. that is in all 255 li. of the first place, do justly weigh 256 li. of the other place. Again, say that the 1 li. the ⅛ 1/2261/512of the first place, do justly counterpoise the pound weight of the other; then I infer thereby that 512. 64. 2. and 1. that is in all 579 li. of the first place do justly weigh 512 li. of the other place; by which the calculation may be made both to the hundred and to the pound, therefore the further search and consideration thereof, I willingly here omit, and refer the same to the curiofitie of the more ingenuous.   

CHAP. VII.  
Of Accounts and Account-keeping in general, observed in this MAP of COMMERCE.  
ALL rational negotiators, and traders in general will 
Accounts necessary in the Map of Commerce.  grant, that this Map of Commerce would appear to be very imperfect, if it should want the due rules and observations whereby accounts are in all Cities of commerce ordered and kept, which though found in themselves to vary in several Kingdoms, and places, as having oftentimes a dependency, and sometimes concurrency with the coins and moneys of each kingdom; yet in all places they are not found to have the like agreement together. Some Countries being observed to keep their accounts, and the denomination thereof in imaginary coins, such as neither that Country nor place hath either proper coin or money, that hath any affinity therewith, 
Accounts kept diversely in diverse Cities & Countries.  as by daily practice is seen used in Venice by the ducat of lire 6⅕; in Florence by the Crown of gold of lyre 7½; and as in England it is used in those ancient accounts, kept in some offices for the revenues of the Crown by the name of Marks, of which we found not at this day any proper coin or money in use. Again, it is seen by experience, that one and the self same place, affordeth several denominations in their accounts, and diverse ways are used in one and the self same City and Country therein; as in some Cities of Italy, some are observed to keep their accounts in lyre, soldi, and denari; and some again in the same place in Crowns, or scudi, soldi and denari; as the like in England is noted, some as before observing their rules of accounts in marks, and pence, and some, and those the most usual and common, in pounds, shillings, and pence, starling; the which is necessarily both duly to be learned, and truly to be known, and understood, by such as shall have occasion to make use of, and exercise the art of Merchandizing, and this Map of Commerce.  
Now for the method used in keeping these accounts, every 
The method used in Accounts is diverse.  Country and Nation are observed to frame to themselves, ways means and rules, whereby the same is performed and perfitted, and have for the most part every Country a peculiar form by themselves. The general known method and best form is by the laudable and excellent way of Debtor and Creditor, first invented in Italy, and now generally practised by most part of the 
The best is by way of Debtor and Creditor.  eminent Merchants of Europe, received for the most absolute, best, and truest method of accounts that hitherto hath been found out and invented, which here to set down would challenge a Volume by itself; yet such is the necessity of this knowledge, that every Merchant should by the rules of his profession, be well versed and seen therein; the grounds whereof being universally known and daily taught, I refer to my good friends, Master Ralph Handson, and Master Valentin Markham, who are both excellent, and excellently learned therein; concluding this place with 4. principal rules required, and not to be omitted by such 
Four rules required in an Accountant.  as have to do, and practise accounts in Merchandizing.  
First, it is required that in his account-keeping, he writ all and singular the passages thereof, and thereto belonging, with all circumstances 
1 To writ all, and all circumstances.  of time, price, and other conditions, in every bargain, contract, adventure, receipt of goods, sales, &c. in which though there should afterward appear an error, either by disorderly charging, or by over or under charging, yet it will easily at a second view be both corrected and amended.  
Secondly, It is required that he never come behind hand with 
2 Not to suffer his accounts to outrun him.  his accounts, by letting the same run overlong, for being daily finished the trouble will be nothing, but being a while neglected, a man is still found to be the loather and loather to go in hand therewith, and thus growing more loathe every day than other, when necessity constraineth him, either he is enforced to mumble them up to his own prejudice, or to cast them off, and to neglect them altogether to his own shame and undoing.  
Thirdly, It is required, that he keep them, just, true, and perfect, and not to falsify any parcel, matter, or thing, nor yet interline 
3 To keep them true and perfect  or shuffle one matter with another, but to set every thing (either appertaining to himself, or to any other) plainly, directly, and orderly down.  
Lastly, It is required, that he be well skilled in the art of Arithmetic 
That he be a good Arithmetician.  and numbering, which indeed is the principal step to this art of accounting, and the first degree of this Map of Commerce, without which knowledge, let noon dare to entitle himself a Merchant, nor expect a benefit from this Worke. For the skill whereof I refer the learner, to the judicious, and excellent Arithmeticians of this City, and so proceed to the next general point of Commerce, which is Measure.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Of Measures in general used in Merchandizing, and comprehended in this MAP of COMMERCE.  
THE next material point here handled, is the Measures 
Of Measures in general.  in general, used in all Kingdoms and known Cities of trade, by means whereof a certain way and method was found out and invented to distinguish and order by rule the length and breadth of all commodities measurable, especially accustomed in all manner of fabrics, either linen, woollen, silks or other stuffs; and this is observed also (as in weights,) to have a special prerogative in many bargains and contracts, where either buying or selling of things measurable is subsistent and in use; being granted to be a fundamental point of all the traffic and commerce of the Universe; for thereby as by weights many commutations are regulated, many accounts are framed, and profit and loss is also thereby found out and distinguished: It is also estimated to be one of the standards of Kingdoms and Cities; and therefore (aswell as weights) carrieth with it the approbation and authority of the Sovereign Magistrate; and therefore to add or detract therefrom, is ever in all Countries held punishable, and accounted a capital crime.  
The measures of length are found so diversely to vary, that every 
False measure is punishable by the Magistrate.  City and Province is noted almost to have aswell a distinct measure as a distinct weight, which in themselves oftentimes are found much to differ; and some particular Cities are observed by custom to have diverse measures, for diverse sorts of commodities, as 
Diverse Countries have diverse Measure  it is seen practised by example in the City of London, where the yard is accounted the common measure for cloth of woollen, and silk &c. the elle accounted the common measure for linen, and the goad for friezes, cottons and the like, which in many other Countries is also observable. And as for measures in the general, It is a received opinion that the first measure that was to this end invented was the cubit, agreeing as some imagine with the half elle, the which was divided into 4. parts or quarters, and every quarter 
Cain the first inventor of Weights and Measures, josephus.  into 4. inches; peradventure this was in those times a general rule to all Nations: but time and traffic have since given to every Country a particular measure, and therewith a peculiar law of measuring, which contains a succinct length by itself; which at this day we see practised through most parts of the known World in several ways: and thus diversity of places gave also diversity of names to their measures, such as are the ell yard, goad, fathom, cane, alne, brace, pico, stick, palm, vare, covado, and the like.  
But Invention by the help and assistance of time, growing 
Measures of solid bodies.  more perfect and absolute, and finding that neither weight nor yet this measure could extend itself to all commodities used in and by the way of merchandise; the art of measuring of solid bodies become to be hence produced, as we see it in use in the measuring of timber, stones and such like commodities: neither yet was commerce satisfied herewith; for the ingenious Merchant found it still defective, and therefore to have it yet more perfect, invented the art of concave measures, that should serve aswell for dry as for liquid commodities, as it is seen practised at this day for grain, rice and such like commodities; and for oils, wines, waters, liquors and such like commodities, setting by this way by art and invention, in 
Measures of dry and liquid commodities.  most of these commodities, a concordance of measure with weight, as in other commodities was set a concordance of weight with measure: but forasmuch as this knowledge in the general is of itself too capacious and large to be particularly handled, as the subject required, I have been therefore constrained to confine myself to measures of length; only as being the most necessary part of this MAP of COMMERCE, yet so as I have not omitted the rest where they have fallen within the compass of my observation; and if I have therein been found defective, the vastness of the subject may pled my excuse.  
He then that intendeth by way of traffic to make use of this tract, must aswell be skilled in measures, (as I have observed) he 
All measures to the Merchants must be as one Measure.  aught to be in weights; for he must not only readily know his own measure as it stands, and is found to be in itself in use, but also the measure of that place whereto he bendeth his trade and negociation, allowing or deducting by addition or substraction where the overplus or want doth challenge a part, to make a due proportion of both, and be so well versed therein, as that all measures may be to him as one measure, by a true calculation of the length or the shortness thereof.  
Again it is found by the observation of Merchants, that in all Countries and well governed Cities, there is for the reglement 
All Cities of trade have sworn and public Measures.  of things measurable, instituted a public measurer, authorised by the Sovereign Magistrate, who is sworn to decide all controversies that happen in and about the Art of measuring; to whose honesty and faith is entrusted this public measure, and to which all Merchants and traders may in time of need and difference repair and have recourse unto, and by which in many places 

An Instrument to found out the agreement of Measures in any ●…wo Cities.   it is seen that Princes do receive their duty of customs upon commodities measurable; and by this common, known and received public measure, I have made my observation in all places, and as near as I could, not only rectified the same in the agreement thereof with other neighbouring places and Countries, but also with our own use in England: and therefore to conclude this point, I have inserted the form of an Instrument here following, easy to be made, and purposely invented to accord the measures of any two known places or Countries, whither they be else, vares, yards, canes or any other measure whatsoever.  
First then learn the order and custom of measuring of all those sorts of commodities in both the places which you would inquire after, then prepare a smooth strait board, plate or such like, and draw upon the same a strait line of the length of the measure in one of the places with his allowance of measuring, either an inch or shaftnet or such like; which for example I will demonstrate in the Figure following, A B. Frst then divide the line A B into 4. equal parts, which is CDE, and divide the quarter of A C into 250. equal parts, and number them from 10. to 10. upwards, making the print C the 750. part; for the number of parts contained in the other three empty quarters:  
Than mark upon the line A B the length of the measure of the other place, with his allowance, which is for example from B to F being just in the 900. parts; therefore 900. of those measures in the first place, make just 1000 of those measures in the other place: but if the measure of the other place be longer than the measure of the first place, as for example, if it were from B to G, then take the distance of A G with a compass, and set the one foot in C, and extend the other towards A, which for example doth come to rest in F, being 150. parts from C; therefore than 1150. measures of the one place makes just 1000 of the other, by which you may calculate to a lesser proportion; and this is as much as I conceive needful to insert concerning the knowledge of measures in general, and proceed to the next, which is the knowledge in general of commodities used by the way of Merchandizing.   

CHAP. IX..  
Of Commodities in general used by the way of Merchandise, and of the knowledge thereof.  
HAving spoken of Cities of trade in general as they 
Commodities in general used in Merchandizing, and the knowledge thereof.  are distinguished in these days; and of the Customs more or less that are imposed (by Princes in all Cities where trade is practised) upon all commodities used as Merchandise, by such as negotiate and use traffic and of the moneys and current Coins whereby this trade is driven, with the weights and Measures whereby the same is distinguished and regulated: the next thing to be handled in order is the Commodities and Wares themselves, wherewith this Commerce is maintained and practised in every City and Country comprised in this MAP; which is the proper thing upon which the said duties are paid, and for which the said moneys are seen to be given in Exchange, by the way of buying and selling.  
All Commodities then that are used as Merchandizes by traders 
All commodities are either natural or artificial.  and Merchants may properly be distinguished into two kinds; and are either natural or artificial commodities; natural commodities I call such as the Earth or Creatures, either with or without the labour and industry of man doth naturally produce of themselves: 
Natural commodities.  of which kinds are wines, oils, cottons, wools, fruit, grain, raw silk, spices, drugs, gems, gold, silver and the like.  
Artificial commodities I call such as are either wrought or perfited 
Artificial commodities.  by Art or Mystery, of which kind are all fabriques of either woollen, linen, silk, and also the commodities of all manual crafts, this day seen practised through the world in sundry Countries, within the compass of which two sorts may all wares and all things used as commodities be comprised.  
Again, both the natural and artificial commodities may be distinguished into two other sorts and kinds, which are either such as are staple and lasting commodities, or impairing and decaying commodities.  
The staple and lasting commodities I call such as endure at all 
Staple commodities.  times and continued for ever in their true estate and first condition of goodness, never decaying, nor never losing their virtue and quality: and of this kind are gems, gold, silver, copper, brass, led, iron, steel, and the like.  
The impairing and decaying commodities I call such as are either 
De●…ying 〈◊〉.  subject to corruption, or to leakage, and do loose and decay either by long lying, or by keeping, as are the first-fruits of the Earth, corn, wines, oils, currens, figs, fish, and the like.  
The infinite variety of which passeth any one man's judgement perfectly to know and distinguish, because that Nature and Art in all Countries and places brings into the world such change and diversity, in place, time, use and quality in all professions, that it were a work endless to set down the natures, conditions and properties thereof; therefore it hath contented me in all Countries and Cities here collected, to nominate only the commodities that the places are observed to afford, either natural or artificial, either staple or perishable, wherewith Merchants are found to negociate, and upon which it is found that a custom is imposed by Princes, and by them satisfied accordingly.  
And yet forasmuch as many of these commodities herein named and found throughout the world, may seem strange to some not well versed in the general knowledge thereof; and yet this knowledge so necessary to all that profess Merchandizing; I hold it not improper here, not only to add a word or two, conducing to this so needful a skill; but also to the preservation and true keeping thereof in their prime goodness and beauty.  
He that intendeth then by his pen to teach the theoric of this mysterious part of Commerce must needs come short of his aim: I hope I may therefore be well excused if I appear defective herein; for I know it is practice and daily use that maketh a man skilled in this Art; and many lets and impediments appear daily in many men, that hinder the true attainment thereof: for it must needs be granted that he that is imperfect in any one natural sense, or wants those helps that nature affords to perfect minds, must neither be a Merchant, nor yet addict himself to this knowledge: for any one sense being either depraved or defective in part or in whole, will enforce him to commit (against his will and mind) many errors, and constrain him to take the bad for good, or (at lest wise) the bad as soon as the good; and sometimes (as we say) chalk for cheese, or one thing for another: for experience tells us that all commodities are not learned by one sense 
All commodities are known by the senses.  alone, though otherwise never so perfect; nor yet by two, but sometimes by three, sometimes by four, and sometimes by all: and yet this Art is now a days come to that height, (I may say) to that height of cunning, that all these are little enough too.  
But in the general it must be granted that the eye above all the rest of the senses, still claimeth an especial interest and prerogative herein, and must ever be admitted as one of the chiefest that must still accompany the rest in this distinction, and therefore many things are oftentimes found saleable that are pleasing thereto; and in some commodities the same is noted to have the whole stroke, and only to given the judgement, as in all manner of colours, and such like things depending thereupon.  
Some are noted again to require the sense of feeling to be assistful to the eye, as where the hand is of necessity to be employed, as is seen in cloth and such commodities. Some require the sense of hearing, as where the ear giveth a help to the eye, as is seen in some metals, minerals and such like: and some again require the sense of smelling, as where the nose helpeth the eye, as is seen in some drugs, perfumes and the like; and lastly, some requireth the sense of tasting, as where the palate giveth the help, as is seen in spices, wines, oils, and many such commodities, where it is to be noted 
A principal part of Merchandise consists in the knowledge of commodities.  that in this knowledge doth consist much of the Art of Merchandizing, a principal part of which profession is properly to know and learn the same; and therefore a Merchants judgement must no●… be limited within the compass of any one particular trade or Vocation: for herein must his mystery, skill and art exceed all other, as requiring by necessity a more general knowledge than any other tradesman; from whom there can be expected no more, than a skill in those commodities they challenge a property or right by trade unto; or as appertaining particularly to their peculiar profession and calling.  
This is manifested in many tradesmen, as in the goldsmith, whose knowledge is confined in silver and gold, and in the goodness, fineness 
A Merchant must be seen in all commodities,  and quality thereof: In the jeweler, whose knowledge is confined in gems and precious stones; in the Clothiers to their clothing, in the Druggesters to their drugs, in the Grocer to his spices; and so generally in all others: But the Merchant whose judgement must be larger, must have skill in all, and have a general inspection in every part and member of each of them, as being only branches of his unlimited knowledge; which is not confinable to commodities and wares of value and consequence only, but also to the wares of the meanest artificer; so that in this point his art may be compared to the Poets, whose excellency must consist in a coursory judgement in all sciences, and to be learned in all professions, the difference being that the Merchant's skill, must be real, solid and substantial, and the Poets may be feigned and poetical.  
Therefore both the natural and artificial commodities must be comprehended within the circuit of his judgement, and into all 
And in all trades.  trades he aught to have a general insight, as with the fisherman, he must dive into the deep, and know all sorts of merchantable fish, as ling, cod, haberdine, herring, pilchards, salmon, eels, how caugh●… and how preserved, and the proper season for the same.  
With the Husbandman and labourer, he must have insight in the Harvest of the Earth, and know all commodities that the same is found naturally to afford for Merchandise, as all manner of corn, grain or pulse; the vintages for all manner of wines, the recoltoes for all manner of oils, cottons, currants, figs, reasons, and other fruit of the Earth, how and when the same is gathered, and how and by what means the same is kept and preserved: with the shepherd to know all manner of wools, with the woodman to know all manner of timber, and all circumstances thereto belonging; and to conclude, his skill and inspection must be such, that it extend itself from the commodities belonging to the meanest artificer, to the commodities belonging to the most eminet shopkeeper, which I neither know, nor yet am able in all necessary points to learn; but specially so much of this knowledge must not be omitted as cometh within the compass of that place, wherein and whereunto the Merchant resideth or bendeth his trade and adventures. 
A Merchant must know the value of all commodities, and all other circumstances thereof.   
Neither yet must his knowledge rest itself here upon the consideration of the mere goodness of commodities, but must also extend itself to the consideration of the true worth and value thereof, both in the price and in the esteem; and also know how the same is both requested and spent, and how imported, and how exported, either for use or for ornament, from one Country and place to another; together with the due circumstances of times and seasons, when this vent or sale presenteth, and when the same is out of use and not demanded: also when signs of plenty doth offer itself, and when of scarcity, when of rising and when of falling; what commodities in themselves naturally are friends, and sympathize in the Shipping and will endure packing, binding, and ftowidge together; and which again have a secret antipathy, and will perish and consume each other; all which circumstances I have at large handled in a tract which I have called the Merchant's Magazine, which I may hereafter publish, if I found this my labour prove acceptable to Merchants. 
Merchant's should reduce this knowledge of commodities to profit.   
Moreover, all Merchants endeavouring to obtain this exquisiteness, should not be satisfied with a naked skill and knowledge in these commodities thus belonging to other men's professions, but their main scope and aim should be to make this knowledge and skill profitable and beneficial unto them, as by exporting the superfluous commodities of one Country at the plentiful season of either harvest, recolto or vintage to another place or Kingdom, where either nature, scarcity, the curiosity, pride, sloth or necessity of the Inhabitants challengeth a supply or stand in need of, which must be done with many advised circumstances. First, in that consideration must be had aswell to the place as to the time, aswell in the importation as in the exportation; and to the property and fitness of both the place and time; for all commodities are not transportable at all seasons, nor yet every season fit for every commodity; some commodities requires winter and cold seasons for transportations, and some again requires summer and warmer wether, and in the fitness of the place, a judicious eye is to be had, and the same to be done with a great deal of providence and circumspection, observing well the nature and property of the place, wither the same is to be imported, and whence exported, and not as that Dutch Merchant is said unfitly to have done, that carried fish to Rome at Easter, or shooe-hornes and hats to Constantinople, or as we commonly say coals to Newcastle, where great quantities are daily digged up and vented thence to all parts of the World.  
And for as much as Merchants found not at all times, a present 
Merchant's should know how to preserve all commodities.  vent and sale for their commodities, according to their mind, and to a contented profit, therefore their knowledge must yet extend itself so fare, as that they know how the same is both to be preserved and kept, from either spoiling or perishing; for experience shows, that almost every several commodity doth demand almost a several and different way of preservation and keeping, that the same may continued and hold its prime virtue, worth, and goodness, both in colour, substance, and beauty; and also know what may be opposite thereto, and incident either to spoil, hurt, harm, or prejudice it: for first some commodities are observed to be best preserved dry, as is seen in some sorts of Spices, Drugs, Sugars, raw silk, and such like, and these require a dry, close, warehouse or magazine for stowedge thereof; some are found to be best preserved by lying close without air or vent, as some wines, some first-fruits, and such like; and some are observed to be best preserved by moisture and no air, as Tobacco, Civet, Musk, Verdigrace, and such like; and so in some other commodities, which do also differ in respect of the place; some commodities requiring low and close Celleredge, and some high and airy warehouses, &c. all which things are considerable in the housing and keeping of wares, and commodities, and necessary to be known, lest that by ignorance a damage be sustained in staying for a Market, or a fit or more proper season for the sale and vent thereof.  
Neither is it sufficient that a Merchant do know how to preserve 
Merchant's should know how to better their commodities.  his wares and Commodities in their first splendour, goodness, and virtue, but their skill must extend, if possible, to given it new vigour, life, strength and beauty, being either by casualty or time, dead or faded, dying or perishing, which though in some commodities it may (in some sort) be performed, yet in all commodities it is a matter not only unprobable, but utterly impossible to be in any manner of ways effected; for this only secret, if any where it were to be learned, would prove a most profitable knowledge, and worth the learning, and a mystery that would too soon enrich tradesmen and Merchants. Yet some such there be their Artsmasters, who before they will throw away their goods, when either they are in part decaying, or totally perishing, will try many ways and conclusions to rectify the defaults and defects thereof; sometimes by commixtures, compositions and helps, adding excellent good to the very worst, or sweet to sour, or one colour to another; as is imagined is too oftentimes practised by the art of the Vintner, in his old perished or palled wines. Others again by changing the Objects, turning one die into another, as it is conceived is daily practised by Mercers, and others, by new dying of spotted stuffs and silks: many such ways being practised, which the ingenious head and hand of the Artsman hath found out, and invented, to save, preserve, maintain, and sometimes to restore a commodity that is wasting and perishing, which I refer to those that are more skilful therein.  
Now the last point resting to conclude this Chapter, is to show 
How a Merchant may have knowledge in all commodities.  briefly how this knowledge first spoken of in commodities may be gained and acquired, which doubtless is best done by experience, the true mother of knowledge; and this experience is best gotten by often viewing the same, and heedfully marking the quality and properties thereof, and especially the best and principal of each sort, that a man would be expert in; to which end, it is ever good to procure and keep patterns, and samples, and thereby so to imprint the very Idea thereof in a man's mind, that at sight of the like or equal, the same may instantly be known and discerned, and the sooner to obtain this knowledge, a man that would learn must be very inquisitive of men of experience that are able to instruct in the commodities required, and learn from such what is the principal notes requisite thereunto, either in their colours, goodness, substance, virtue, taste, seeing, or feeling; and what he hath 
Merchants to writ down their observations upon commodities.  thus learned and gained, to take order never to forget, by committing the same to writing, and therewith to note, the signs and marks of the goodness and badness of all those commodities that a man doth either deal in, or would learn to know, and to make this knowledge the more complete, to note down therewith all manner of charges incident thereto, and that grow in that place upon the same, with the ordinary price which there it doth commonly bear and hold; and though these notes should either by haste or misinformation be at the first rude, and undigested, or though many should prove frivolous, and to little purpose, it matters not much; the one sort may soon be better ordered, and the other may as easily be rejected; his better knowledge and a little consideration may amend both these defects, my reason for the same is, that the use and custom of noting in this manner, will make a man (especially young beginners) more skilful and ready in this knowledge in a year, than he that taketh only a bore, idle, and superficial view, shall be in his whole life time; for it must needs be granted, that it both perfecteth skill, and helpeth memory, which is the only means hereto, and by graving deeper impressions in a man's mind, enforce him will he, nill he, to a more considerate and judicious observation, and marking thereof; when as he hath thus absolutely tied himself to a necessity of setting down every commodity, and each particular circumstance in this manner thereto belonging. And this being as much as I think needful to insert, concerning this point in general; I will proceed to the next and last, which is of Exchanges practised amongst Merchants in the art of Merchandizing.   

CHAP. X.  
Of Exchanges in general, used by Merchants in this MAP of COMMERCE.  
THE next and last general point handled in this Map 
Exchanges in general practised by Merchants in the Map of Commerce.  of Commerce, is Exchanges, which is observed to be the most mysterious part of the art of merchandizing and traffic, being not only necessary for the knowledge of all Merchants, but also fit and useful for such as negociate the public affairs of Princes, and for such as sit at the stern and government of the Commonwealth.  
The necessity and commodiousness of these exchanges in all 
The necessity and commodiousness of Exchanges.  traffic is doubtless very great, it having found in all Countries hitherto, such a general allowance and approbation, and having for so many years stood uncontrolled, and is still preserved in its pristine splendour and integrity, shows evidently that at first the same was invented, and devised to a most excellent use and end, it being observed, that as money was devised, and first invented of the best, and purest metals, to avoid the chargeable and troublesome carriage of commodities in trade, from one place to another; so was Exchanges of moneys, first also devised and found out to avoid the danger and adventure thereof, and the chargeable and troublesome carriage of the same from one City or Country, to another.  
I conceive it will not be material for me in this place to reckon 
The excellency, &c. of a bill of Exchange.  up the diverse manner of exchanges, that have been of old in use, and as yet are practised amongst traders and Merchants, throughout the world, nor yet here insert the form of a bill of exchange, which in itself is accounted so noble and excellent a speciality, that it carries with it not only a kind of commanding power to pay, but is accordingly observed, satisfied, and discharged; though directed from the servant to the Master. Such a high esteem being ever had to the quality thereof, that the proceed and ceremonies used therein, are both singular and extraordinary, and are not subject to any prescription by Law or otherwise, but subsisting merely of a reverend custom, used and solemnised in and about the same. Neither yet will I here mention, the formalities and peculiar rites and customs that is only found to appertain thereunto, either in the punctual presentment, intimation, acceptation, protest and return, that is requisite, and necessary, and thereto belonging; for it is to be understood, that he that doth take upon him, the title of a Merchant, and intendeth to make use of this Map, aught not to be ignorant in all the particular circumstances of place and time, either of presentment, of payment, of ●…w protests in default, and therewith know the common rates go●…rning, the causes of rising, the signs of falling of the said prizes, ●…hich I here willingly omit, reserving the same to a more fit oc●…sion in the end of this Tract.  
I have noted then the first use of this exchanging, and the excel●…ncie 
The mystery of exchanges reduced to profitable principals.  thereof, being preserved in times past in its true integrity ●…d reality; but those honest and innocent ends are vanished ●…ith those innocent and honest days of our forefathers; for since ●…rade by a more general and universal Commerce and concurren●…ie of Nations, being grown to that height and perfection that ●…ow it is, this fare and candid manner and use of exchanging, ●…nd the most excellent commodities thereof, is in part given over; ●…or the subtlety of these times hath made an art and mystery there●…f, which being reduced into heads and principals, hath proved 〈◊〉 many places so profitable and beneficial to the studious therein, ●…at it is now a received opinion, that the excellency thereof ex●…eeds the art of Merchandizing itself, and what inventions and ●…eights to enrich themselves, their policies have brought to the ●…iew of the world, I leave to the censure of Malines and others, ●…hat have at large discoursed thereof, and described the same.  
But where the ancient custom of Exchanges is still preserved ●…nd maintained in its true and moderate use, and the crafts and ●…buses thereof taken away and purged, it then appears to be most ●…xcellent, useful, commodious, and beneficial, as well to Kingdomes ●…nd Cities in general, as to private traders and Merchants in ●…articular.  
I have observed before that all weights and measures should be 
All Coins brought into one by Exchanges.  ●…o the Merchant, as one and the self same weight and measure, ●…bating or allowing, as the difference of the place requireth. ●…o by this knowledge of exchanging should all Prince's coins be ●…rought into one and the self same quality, and parity, and be ●…o him, as one and the self same coin; for if the allay or Stan●…ard of one Prince's moneys, be finer or better, than the coins and ●…oneys used in that place where the Merchant resideth, and his ●…onsequently courser or base, the allowance given by exchange, ●…ither in time, in price, or in both, makes up that disparity, and ●…etles thus a parity between them, in drawing down the one which is the finer, or raising up the other, which is the base, to an even scantling, time and price giving the allowance to rectify both the one and the other, in equality and true value.  
But so fare forth is this to be understood, that this is truly seen practised where a course of quiet traffic is settled between two Kingdoms and Nations, continuing in amity and firm peace together: But where Princes either by the necessity of wars, or accidental great disbursements, have occasion, or do use to enhance the current rates of their moneys in their payments, or decrying them in the receipts, and that moneys by that either casual or constant course, become either more plentiful or more scarce then ordinary, than these rules of parity holds not so justly; yet ever so as having in its self a predominant power over the sudden affairs of Princes in matters of moneys, and with 
The Exchanger rectifieth the disorders of Mints, and the necessity of Princes.  all expedition possible rectifying by a common knowledge and consent of Exchangers and Bankers, the error or necessity of Princes and their mints (who indeed are the Sovereigns of all coins and moneys) so that though the Exchanger be not called to the Prince's Counsel, nor yet admitted to given his opinion and verdict, either in his mint, or in the allay of his current moneys; nor yet to his Proclamations and Decrees in the settling or rectifying of the goodness or current value thereof; yet the overruling part or Balance is in his hand, and he orders (by an invisible mystery of a visible Exchange) the allay, value, debasement or inhancement thereof, with due allowances, circumstances, places and times being rightly considered, such as the necessity of the Country, the plenty or scarcity of moneys, or other such like accidents may admit; regulating by this means tacitly in his Closet, the disorders committed by mints, and the oversights which the great affairs of Princes necessities plunge them in: and thus erecting to himself and others of his profession a certain Rule and public Balance, that shall serve as an equal Parr and Standard of all Prince's coins whatsoever; thereby (as with a Touchstone) taking the true valuation thereof; distinguishing still the fineness and coarseness according to the true worth and real goodness, altering and changing the price and rate thereof, as time, place and occasion may admit and given consent thereunto.  
It now remaineth that I should show this true Parr of Exchanges, 
How to found out the Parr of Exchanges.  and how it may be found out and discerned in all Exchanges, experience hath made it evident to all the learned in this Art, that the true Royal Exchange for moneys by bills of Exchanges, is fairly and substantially grounded upon the weight, fines, and valuation of the moneys of each several Country, according to the Parr which by Bankers is understood to be value for value, as the truth thereof is seen in our Exchanges in England, which hath its ground upon the weight and fines of our starlin English moneys, the weight and fines of each other Country according to their several Standards, proportionable in the valuation, being truly and justly made, giving also thereby the price of the Exchange, in and for every place according to the denomination of the money, and by which all Exchanges are or should be in themselves framed, cast up and calculated: but besides this real Parr of Exchange, there is also a Merchants Parr, which in due place I shall declare.  
These Exchanges then in the general property thereof, do much differ both in the name and in the proportion between the gold and the silver observed in most Countries, and that to set down the Parr of Exchanges exactly, we are to examine and compare, not only our own weight (as is aforesaid) with the weight of other Countries; but also the fines of our sterling Standards with the fines of the several Standards of the Coins of other Countries; and if we be found not to differ with them in the proportion between the gold and silver, then may our Exchanges run at one and the same price and rate, both for gold and silver, taking the denomination according to the valuation of the moneys of each Country; and hereby shall we found how much fine silver or gold our own pound sterling containeth, and what quantity of other moneys either of France, Italy, Germany, Low Countries, Eastland and elsewhere, we are to have in exchange to countervail the same, in the like weight and fineness answerable to ours, be it by the pound, dolor, ducat, crown, or any other imaginary or real Coin, giving always a value for value, and receiving the like, which is called by Exchangers (as I said before) the Parr; the which should in all Exchanges be so particularly known and considered, that as money is publica mensura, or the public measure within the Realm between man and man, so should Exchanges thus made for these moneys, be the public measure between us and foreign Countries, for all commodities either bought or sold, which therefore necessarily requireth a certainty in the calculation of this Parr aforesaid, admitting nevertheless (as I said before) an advantage upon the same upon good ground and just occasion on either side.  
But as the price of Exchanges is at this day seen to be at the only 
The price of the Exchanges at the disposal of the Exchanger.  and sole disposal of the Exchanger and Merchant, and that the same carrieth with it a predominancy in the buying and selling of their commodities as is observed especially beyond the Seas, so aught they carefully and circumspectly to consider the true nature thereof, and not only look upon the present object, which is to know how the price of the Exchange goeth at the time when they have occasion to deal therewith, but also truly to consider the Reality of this Parr, as is aforesaid, and as it is in it self really found to be, for it is observed both here in England, and abroad elsewhere beyond Seas, that those who altogether do practise this exchanging, and deal for moneys by exchange, have this observation therein; for they being Exchangers indeed, know perfectly the weight and fines both of our English and of foreign coins, and comparing the same together, make thereby to themselves the true calculation of the Par aforesaid, wherein they are not directed by the current valuation of coins, which is often seen to be inconstant and uncertain; nor by the toleration of moneys, either here or beyond the Seas, going sometimes and in some places current above the said valuation, and this indeed is one of the most mysterious parts that is included in this Art of Exchanging, which the Merchant aught considerately to learn and distinguish. And concluding here all further observations and circumstances practised in the general Exchanges amongst Merchants, I refer the Reader, for what is here purposely omitted, to the end of this Tract, where I have inserted what I have conceived to be further needful hereunto.  
HAving then thus briefly run over the general Heads upon 
The particulars observed in this Map of Commerce.  which I have grounded this MAP OF COMMERCE and Trade, and noted first the division of the world, according to the received opinion of modern Authors, and shown how the same is generally bounded, and how distinguished into Empires, Kingdoms, Provinces and Islands, and how again these Countries contain certain eminent and principal Cities and Towns, both maritime and Inland, which for their situation, opulence and concourse of Merchants, do merit the name of the great and famous places of Commerce and traffic in the world: And having therein observed the commodities either naturally there growing or artificially there produced, whereby trade is in the said places both maintained and preserved; and therewithal noted the general duty of Customs and Imposts levied upon the said Commodities by the authority of Princes, and settled in all the said traffiquing Cities, and collected in certain public places from thence termed Customhouses, and then shown the coins current in those several Cities and Kingdoms with the original and present kinds thereof in sundry Countries, and then the real and imaginary denomination of species, wherein Merchants are observed to keep their accounts in all the said places, with the weights and measures there extant and in use: and lastly the manner how the Par and prices of all Exchanges in the said places are settled, ordered, continued and maintained:  
I will now proceed to the particulars thereof, making my entrance into AMERICA, as fu●…thest from us, and as lest known to us, and first surveyed the Trade thereof, according to my proposed Method in this universal MAP OF COMMERCE: And from thence coasting through Africa, Asia and Europe, conclude my Pilgrimage, and finish my MAP in the desired Port of the CITY of LONDON.    


AMERICA AND THE PROVINCES THEREOF.   

  

OF AMERICA AND THE PROVINCES THEREOF.  
CHAP. XI.  
THIS body then contained in this universal 
America and the Provinces thereof.  Map, or (as now I may term it) this World, is by Geographers divided (as I said before) into 4. parts, Europe, Africa, Asia and America; which last was altogether unknown to the ancients, and being of a large extent, the modern have divided it, some into two, some into three parts, Mexicana, Peruana, Magellanica, and each of these parts are found to contain several Provinces and Kingdoms, the which I will only superficially look over, thereby the better to come to the Towns of traffic, situated in those Provinces and Kingdoms; upon which my method and present intentions will enforce me the longer to insist upon: and because this last mentioned, parts America as last discovered, is least known unto us, and the lest frequented by our Nation; I think it not improper there to begin to delineate my MAP of COMMERCE, borrowing herein the liberty of those navigators that publish their Cards, leaving unperfect to the view of all men those places, lands and harbours, which have not been fully discovered and found out; and thence sailing homewards by Africa and Asia into Europe, gathering in each Country as I pass more variety of colours to adorn and beautify this Treatise, and so at last to close my whole labours, and finish my MAP within the circumference of London, as better known unto us, and as being better versed in their several manner of negotiation.  
This new World then called by us America, and now adays passing by the name of the west Indieses; being West in respect of its Situation, and India in respect of its wealth, was at first discovered by Christopher Columbus à Genoes', at the charges of Ferdinando, and Isabel King and Queen of Castilia, after 63. days sail from Sivil. Than secondly by Americus Vespatius à Florentine, at the charges of Emanuel King of Portugal: and thirdly, by john Cabbot a Venetian, at the charges of Henry the seventh King of England, the first and last had their adventures of discovering of some Lands only in this part; and Americus of the Main continent, and thereby gained the honour of giving name to that vast circuit of Earth, which since by sundry others have been more exactly discovered, as by our Countrymen Drake, Candish, Frobusher, Davies, Willowby, Burrows, and others as desiring to share with the first discoverers in the riches and wealth which thence spread itself over all the other parts of the World.  
This America then or more properly in honour of the first discoverer Columba, bounded as I mentioned before, is found by the Spaniard, (who challengeth all this large territory) for their own by conquest, to be divided into 2. parts, Mexicana, and Peruana, of which briefly.   

CHAP. XII.  
Of MEXICANA, and the Provinces thereof.  
MExicana containeth the northern tract of America, and comprehendeth these distinct Provinces. 
Mexicana and the Provinces thereof.   

1 Mexico.  
2 Quivira.  
3 Nocaragua.  
4 jucutan.  
5 Florida.  
6 Virginia.  
7 Nurembega.  
8 Nova francia.  
9 Corterialis.  
10 Estotilandia.   
Mexico giveth name to half America, now known by the name of nova Hispania, whence the Kings of Spain style themselves Hispaniarum Reges; it was very populous before the arrival of the 
Mexico.  Spaniards, who in 17. years slew 6. millions of the Inhabitants, roasting some, cutting off the members, and putting out the eyes of others, and casting them living to be devoured of wild beasts; to which place now is found no trade nor commerce by any Nation, save only to the subjects of this King, and to such only as are known for natural borne Spaniards, though at first the same was granted by Isabel to the natives of Castille only, and Andalusia; but now indifferently to all.  
The commodities that this Country is found to afford for Merchandise 
Commodities of Mexico.  is principally gold and silver mines, sugar, tobacco, ginger, tallow, hides, and some spices not known to our ancestors till the discovery thereof; and amongst others not to be forgotten that admirable tree called Metle, which by them is planted and dressed 
Metle an admirable tree.  as we do our Vines, having 40. kinds of leaves serving to several uses, for when they are tender they make of them conserves, paper, flax, mantles, mats, shoes, girdles and cordage: on these leaves grow certain hard prickles so strong and sharp, that they use them instead of saws: from the root of this tree cometh a juice, like unto syrup, which being sod becometh honey, if purified becometh sugar; or otherwise thereof is made both wine and vinegar: the rind roasted healeth hurts and sores, and from the topboughes issueth a gum which is an excellent Antidote against poison.  
This Country is divided into 4. divisions, the first is nova Galicia, 
St. Michael.  the chief Town thereof is called Saint Michael a Colony of the Spaniards. The second is Mechuacan, one of the best Countries of new Spain abounding in mulberry trees, silk, honey, wax, and store of fish of all kinds; the principal Town is Sinsonso, and the chief Havens are at Faint Anthony's, and at Saint james; or 
Sinsons'.  as the Spaniards called it Saint jago. The third Province is Gustacan, the chief City is Ilascalan, yielding for beauty and state 
Ilascalan.  precedency to Mexico, and noon other in all these parts, the principal part is Uillarico, a wealthy Town, as the place through which all the traffic of old and new Spain doth pass. The 
City of Mexico  fourth is Mexico, wherein that famous City of Mexico is seated: now the seat of the Spanish Uiceroy and Archbishop of new Spain, this City is said to be situated in a Lake upon certain Lands, as Venice doth, every where interlaced with the pleasant currents of fresh and Sea waters, and carrieth a face of more civil government than any other in America, though nothing, if compared with any in Europe: the Lake is said to be 50. Miles in compass; on whose banks are found many pleasant Towns and houses: also it is said that 50. thousand Wherryes are seen here continually plying, and affords such quantity of fish that the same is worth 20000 Crown's yearly. The City of Mexico itself is 6. Miles in compass, containing 6000. houses of Spaniards, and 6000. of Indian's: it hath also a Printing-house, a Mint and an University; and some Churches of note that beautify the same: it was vanquished by Fernando Cortes in Anno 1521. with an Army 100000. Americans, only 900. Spaniards, 80. horse, 17. pieces of small ordinance; in 13. Brigantins and 6000. Wherries, most of the Americans were of Ilascalan, who were ever adversaries to the Mexicans; for which cause that City doth enjoy many immunities to this day; and to conclude, according to the opinion of an English traveller, whose relation I herein follow; Four things are here remarkable for beauty, their apparel, their women, their horses and their sticats: and thus much shall serve of Mexico.  
The second Province is Quivira, seated on the most western 
Quivira 2.  parts of America, in which are two Provinces, Cibola taking its name from the chief City subdued by Francisco Vasques, in Anno 1540 and Nova Albion discovered by that famous Seaman Sir Francis Drake An. 1585. and by him so called: the chief commodities and riches of this Count●…ey is kines, some men being owners of 40. thousand, and these serve to the Inhabitants here, as we say of our ale to drunkards in England, meat, drink and cloth and more too; for first the hides yield them houses, or to say more properly the covering of them, their bones, bodkins, their hair thread, their sinews ropes, their horns, maws and bladders, vessels, their dung fire, their calfeskins budgets to draw and keep water, their blood for drink; and lastly their flesh for meat, &c.  
The third is Nicaragua, being Southeast from Mexico, with which it agreeth in nature both of soil and Inhabitants, and accounted 
Nicaragua 3.  for its pleasantness, Mahomet's paradise, having trees in 
An admirable tree.  great abundance, of that strange nature, that a branch touched by the hand of any man, withereth presently. The chief City is Nova Grenada, and Lea a Bishops Sea. The commodities thereof are, honey, wax, cotton, and bal●…am in great abundance; it is extreme 
Nova Grenada.  hot, and therefore not to be travelled by day, but by night: their winter beginneth in May, and from thence raineth for six months; the other six very fare and dry; and the day and night being here of equal length.  
The fourth is jucatan, and was discovered in Anno 1517. which in the language of the place, signifieth, What say you? which 
jucatan 4.  was the answer the Inhabitants gave the Spaniards that first demanded of them the name of their Country; and since by this means retains that name by the Spaniards. The chiefest City is Campechio, whence comes that wood so well known in Europe; also here is the Island called by the Spaniard, Santo Crux, wherein 
Campechio.  is a City of that name well fortified by them.  
The fifth is Florida, discovered by the English, under the conduct of Sebastian Cabbot, Anno 1467. then possessed by the Spaniards 
Florida 5.  in Anno 1527. and called Florida; afterward the French got footing here in Anno 1562; but the Spaniards unwilling the French should be eye-witnesses of their rich booty, waged war with them so long, that there was not a man left on either side to maintain the quarrel; and then was Florida again in 1567. abandoned: the Spaniards now hold here three strong Forts, St. james, St. Philip, and St. Augustin; which last was taken and burnt by Sir Francis Drake 1586. which since is repaired, and that is all the Spaniards hold here at this day; desiring (as it seems) neither to plant further himself, nor suffer other to do it.  
The sixth is Virginia, wherein is said to be rich Veins of Allom, 
Virginia 6.  Pitch, Tar, Rosen, Turpentine, Cedar, Grapes, Oils, plenty of Sweet Gums, Dies, Timber trees, Ours of Iron and Copper, and abundance of Frait, Fish, Beasts, and Fowl; it was discovered at the charges of Sir Walter Raleigh in Anno 1584.; and in honour of our Virgin Queen, called Virginia. The chief Town is called james Town, and of late days the northern part of this Uirginia, being b●…tter discovered than the other, is called New England, full of good new Towns and Forts; wither many persons discontented with the form of our Ecclesiastical Government, are (said to be) the principal Planters, and is likely in a short time to prove a happy and flourishing Plantation.  
The seaventh is Terra Corterialis; on the South whereof runs 
Corterialis 7.  that famous river of Caneda, rising out of the hill Hombuedo, running nine hundred miles, and found navigable for eight hundred thereof; this Country was discovered by Gasper Corteralis a Portugal in Anno 1500. and affords only some rich skins and furs for commodities and Merchandise. The chief Town thereof is Breast, Cabomarso, and others of little note.  
The eighth is Nurembega, and the chief Town carrieth that 
Nurembega 8.  name, in possession of the French; other things remarkable I found not observable therein.  
The ninth is Nova Francia, discovered by jaques Cartier, a 
Nova Francia 9  Frenchman, in Anno 1534. inhabited besides the Natives, with some few Frenchmen. The chief Towns are Canada, and next Sanguinai, seated both upon two rivers so called, affording only some skins and furs, especially Bevers, which thence by the French are transported into Europe.  
The last and tenth is Estotiland, called by us Newfoundland; by the English discovered in Anno 1527. who imposed the names 
Estotiland 10.  upon the Capes and Rivers which now they hold, where some have go to plant, but the cold hath been found to be too extreme for the English constitution; but in the Summer season the Seas here are found to abound with Fish in such abundance, that a man may take in an hours space a hundred great Fish, which being opened, salted and dried upon the rocks and branches, 
Fishing in the New found land.  are hence transported to all parts of Europe; and known in England by the name of New-land fish; in French by the name of Morleux; in Italy, Bacalio; and in Spain, Abadeses: five hundred sail great and small do from England yearly sail to this coast, and to a place called the Bank, a sand of 15 in 20 fathom deep, thirty leagues off of this Coast; and these departed from our Coast about the end of February, and arriving there about the middle of April, unrigge their ships, set up booths and cabanets on the shore in diverse creeks and harbours, and there with fishing provisions and salt, being their fishing in Shallops and Boats, continued it till September, and in this time do not only catch as many fish as will lad their ships, but also as many as will lad vessels of greater burdens, that in the Summer come hither from England and other parts, to buy up the same, and purposely to transport it for Spain, Italy, and other Countries: and this fishing ended and the cold beginning, they leave their stations and booths and repairing aboard their ships, lad their fish, and rigging their vessels, return to their native homes, where these fishermen winter, and then become husbandmen; so that their lives may be compared to the Otter, which is spent half on land, and half in Sea.  
This fishing is found to be wonderful beneficial to our western parts of England, whose Inhabitants confiding upon the constancy of the yearly fishing upon this Coast, it is usual with them to cell the said fish either by tale or by the hundred weight in England by contract, before they either departed their homes, or before the said fish be caught, at profitable rates; and when their Summer is once spent, and that the cold approacheth, and that the fish beginneth to leave the Coast, they return contented to their Families; where oftentimes in Winter they merrily spend, what thus in Summer they have painfully fished for.  
Other notes of trading, worthy observations, at my therebeing in my younger days, I observed not. The Weights and Coins of England passing there currant amongst the English, and the price of fish once generally Cut at their fishing Stales, doth afterward in lieu of Coin, by way of Commutation, all that year pass currant for all needful Commodities, and is esteemed as a valuable consideration amongst them from one man to another: and thus much for the Provinces and Cities of Mexicana.   

CHAP. XIII.  
Of Peruana, and the Provinces thereof.  
PERUANA contains the Southern part of America, 
●…eruana and the Provinces thereof.  and is tied to Mexicana by the Strait of Darien, being ten miles broad; some hold the Spaniards did once intent to cut this Strait through, and make it navigable, and thereby shorten the way to the South Sea, China, Molluccoes, but hitherto we hear not that the same is any way attempted; this Part doth comprehend by the computation of the Spaniards, whose relation in this vast Country I must follow, five distinct Provinces.  

1 Castilia Aurea.  
2 Guiana.  
3 Peru.  
4 Brasilia.  
5 Chile; of each briefly.   
Castilia Aurea, is the first, and was so termed by the Spaniards 
Castilia Aurea.  at its discovery, for the abundance of gold found therein, besides which it is admirably stored with silver, spices, and some drugs; it is divided into four Provinces, which are first Castilia del Oro, situated in the very Isthmus, and is not populous, by reason of the unhealthfulness of the air, proceeding from the many standing pools found therein: the chief Cities are Nombre de Dios on the East, and Panama on the West side thereof, both built by Didacus 
Nombre de Dios.  Niq●…esa the discoverer; which since for their unhealthful situation, were removed by the King of Spain's command, by Petro Aria, than Viceroy; through which two Towns cometh all the rich traffic that is betwixt Spain and Peru; for whatsoever commodities cometh out of Peru, is unladen at Panama, carried 
Panama.  by land to Nombre de Dios, and thence shipped for Spain, and what commodity comes from Spain is landed at Nombre de Dios, is carried by land to Panama, and so laden for Peru.  
If I should silently pass over the attempt of one john Ocknam 
Ocknams' brave attempt.  a follower of Sir Francis Drake, in his World's incompassement in this place, I should much wrong the honour due to so much worth: this man as Mr. Hackluit hath it, with 70. companions, in a creek a little above these Towns, drew on shore his Bark, covered the same with boughs and leaves, and so leaving it marched over with his company, guided by some negroes, until he come to a River which ran into the South Sea, which by the relation and Mercator his Maps, may be Tomobonda, or the Creek Uentura, where he cut down timber, built him a freggat, entered the South Seas, went to the Isle of pearls, lay there 10. days, and there intercepted in two Spanish Ships 60000 pound weight of gold, and 200000. pound weight of silver in ingots, with diverse other rich commodities; and after that returned safely again to the main land, where rowing up the same stream where his frigate was built, he was discovered by some feathers plucked from certain soul they had killed for their provision, which swum upon the River down the current; and though by this means he was taken, and returned not into his Country, nor yet his hidden Vessel; yet it is an adventure that deserves a remembrance from all such as are lovers of their Country's honour, and it is held in admiration by the Spanish writers that have made mention thereof.  
Andalusia Nova is the second; the chief Cities are Santa Margarita, and Santa Sperita. 
An●…alusia Nova.   
Nova Grenada is the third, the chief City is jungia, a pleasant 
Nova Grenada.  and strong Town directly seated under the Equator; then next is St. Foy an Archbishop's Sea and a Court of justice..  
Cartaghena is the fourth, accounted a fruitful soil; but therein is found a tree, that whosoever toucheth doth hardly escape poisoning: 
Cartaghena.  the chief City is Cartagena; which our Country man Sr Francis Drake, in An. 1585. surprised; where besides inestimable sums of moneys, he took with him from hence 240. pieces of Ordinance.  
Guiana is the second Province, directly situated under the Equinoctial 
Guiana, second Province.  line, and is the fruitfullest part of Peruana: the Inhabitants in winter time dw●…ling in trees, for fear of inundations, on which they built ma●… pretty Uilages and artificial mansions: it is watered with two goodly Rivers; theone hath the name of Orinoque or rather Raliana, borrowing the same from Sr Walter Raughlie, who first of all to any purpose, made a plenary survey of this Country, with the commodities and situation thereof in An. 1595. and found this River navigable for great Ships of burden 1000 miles, and for Boats and Pinnaces 2000 miles. The other River is called Orellana, or the Amazons, discovered 1543. the which is found navigable 6000. miles, and 200. miles broad at the entrance into the Sea.  
The chief City of this Country (and if Spanish writers may 
Manoa the golden City.  herein be believed the chiefest City of the World) is here found and called Manoa, or as Diego Ordas the discoverer calleth it, el Dorado, or the golden, from the abundance of gold, both in coin, plate, armour, and other furniture, which he there seen. This discoverer or traveller, (for by that name the truth of his wondrous relation may be the better considered) is said to have entered into the City at noon, and to have traveled all that day, and the next also until night through the streets hereof, before he come to the King's Palace, which peradventure was the policy of those people; as I have seen it to be in Constantinople in An. 1621. when as the Duke of Avarascah coming with a great train in Embassy from the King of Poland to Soltan Osman the then great Turk, after his unfortunate expedition to Poland, caused him and his whole train to be led a whole afternoon thorough the most eminent streets of that City, when he first entered the same, and so to his appointed lodging, whereas an hours easy walk to him that had known the direct way, would easily have served the turn; perchance imagining this a fit way to demonstrate to the Ambassador the beauty and vastness of that City, together with his own greatness in ostentation, and to recover that honour and repute which he had a little before lost by the insolency and cowardice of his Soldiers in his said expedition thither.  
The third Province is Peru, which above all others in America 
Peru the third Province.  abounds in gold and silver, the mine whereof in diverse places is better stored with metals than with Earth: the chief City whereof is St. Michael, the first colony the Spaniards placed here, and fortified by Piscaro a famous Spanish captain, who subdued the Country, took the King thereof prisoner, and had for a ransom for his liberty and life a house piled upon all sides with refined gold and silver, in estimation about ten millions, which when he had received, most perfidivosly contrary to his oath and promise slew him: by which appears the wonderful riches of this Country. Besides which the soil is luxurient in all manner of grain, fortunate in the civility of her Inhabitants, frequency of Cities, and salabrity of air; and abundantly stored with that herb Tobacco, from hence brought first into England by Sr. Francis Drakes mariners in An. 1585. In this Country also is now found that famous River called of Plate, being 150. 
Rio de la plata.  miles broad at the Embosheur, and above 2000 miles long: and on this stream is found certain fig trees; the part towards the River bearing fruit in winter, and the other part thereof towards the land bearing fruit in summer.  
Brasilia is the fourth, affording a soil fat by nature, and always flourishing, yielding great store of sugars, and wonderful rich in 
Brasilia the 4. Province.  mines; and hence our read wood which is hereused by dyers called brasile doth come: the trees whereof are found of that bigness, that whole families live in an arm of one of them, every tree being as populous as many of our Country Villages, which is the reason that few Cities are found in this Country, yet along the Sea coast some Cities are of late built by the Spaniards, and by them fortified where the Dutch have lately got some footing, and taken Todos los santos, and thence marched to Fernand buck, whence that wood comes so well known to dyer's by that name, where report saith they are now settled and daily get ground in that continent.  
The fifth is Chilo, taking its name as some would have it, from the 
Chilo the 5. Province.  exceeding cold there found, so that the Rivers are here observed to run in the day, but by night to stand still, or at leastwise to move very slowly: this Country boasteth of 5. or 6. Towns inhabited by Spaniards, the Town called the Imperial being a colony of the Spaniards is found to be the principal.  
This Country bordereth upon the straits of Magelan, through which Sr. Francis Drake passed in his World's incompassement; many of the ports and bays herein owing him that honour due to this adventure, for the names they now are known by: which voyage finished by him in 2. ½. years, as the relation of Diego Nunio his Pilot testifieth, made profit to himself and Merchants of London his partners and fellow adventurers, according to an account made up at his return, all charges paid and discharged which I have seen subscribed under his own hand 47 li. for one pound; so that he who adventured with him in this voyage 100 li. had 4700. li. for the same, by which may be gathered the benefit that redounded thereby; though accompanied with many rubs, delays and dangers. Having thus run over the main continent of this World's division, let us see what Lands of note belong thereunto.  
First in the South Seas are found the Lands of Solomon 18. in number, and imagined by the discoverer in An. 1567. to be the 
Isles of Solomon.  land of Ophir, to which Solomon sent for his gold; but in this he was deceived: the next are the Lands of thiefs of no account, therefore I pass over them, and in the next place peruse the Lands in the Virginian Ocean; the first worthy of mention is Margarita, deficient both in corn, grass, trees and water; yet the abundance of precious stones here found makes some amendss for these defects, from whence the name of Margarita is imposed on it. 
Margarita.   
The next is Trinidado discovered by Columbus in An. 1497. being famoused for the best Tobacco, which by some Nations carrieth 
Trinidado.  the name of this Island.  
The next are the Isles of Bacaloes lying against the influx of Caneda, 
Bacaloes.  and own the first discovery to Sebastian Cabot 1447. by some termed Terra Nova, well known for the great quantity of fish taken on this coast, as I have noted in the passage of that part of America.  
The next is the Island of Beriquen, the North part affording plenty of gold, and the South part of vital provisions; the Cities here 
Beriquen.  are St john's, built and inhabited by the Spaniards 1527 and Porto Rico ruined by Henry Earl of Cumberland 1597. and whose walls was then first mounted by my deceased Uncle Captain Tho. Roberts, to whose worth and valour I own here this remembrance.  
The next is jamaica once very populous, insomuch that the 
jamaica.  Spaniards here slew 60000 living souls, and the women beholding their cruelty, did kill their Children before they had given them life, that the issues of their bodies might not serve so cruel a Nation. The Towns of note are Crestana and Seville, acknowledging Columbus for its first discoverer.  
The next is Cuba, made known by Columbus his second Navigation, it aboundeth with ginger, cassia, mastic, aloes, cinnamon, 
Cuba.  sugar; the earth producing brass, of excellent perfection, but the gold somewhat drossy: here is the famous Road Havana, a staple of Indian and Spanish merchandise, and where the King of Spain's Navy rideth till the time of the year, and the convenience of the wind join together to waft them homeward.  
The next is the Lucay Lands 400. in number, who glory in the matchless beauty of their Women, and mourn for the loss of a million 
Lucay.  of the Inhabitants murdered by the bloodthirsty Spaniards at the first discovery thereof.  
Hispaniola is the next, now lamenting the loss of three millions of her Inhabitants, butchered by her new Spanish Masters, enjoying a 
Hispaniola.  temperate air, a fertile soil, rich mines, amber and sugars; it excelleth all other the Lands of these Seas, especially in three prerogatives; first, in the fineness of the gold, which is here digged more pure and unmixed; secondly, in the increase of the sugar cane, which here is found oftentimes in one cane to fill up twenty and sometimes thirty measures of liquour; thirdly, in the goodness ●…f the soil for tillage, the corn here yielding an hundred fold, ●…nd in sixteen days, herbs and roots are found to ripen and to ●…e fit for meat; this fertility is ascribed to four rivers running East, West, North, and South, and all four springing from one mountain standing in the very centre of this Island; the chief Towns here is Saint Dominico, ransacked by Sir Francis Drake 1585. Besides which Lands inhabited by Spaniards, there are belonging to this division of the world, some that are inhabited by the English, as the Barbadas, Bermuda, and others, in which certain 
Barbadas, Bermuda.  Colonies of English have planted themselves, which is found agree●…ble with the English constitution, and being well fortified and peopled, may in time prove main instruments of sharing with ●…he Spaniard in his American Dominions. And thus briefly stands ●…he present state of this new found climate, lest acquainted to our Nation, and only subject to the will and power of the Spanish Sceptre, who challengeth the sovereignty and rule of this vast Country, the trade whereof is only permitted to his subjects, and debarred from all others; save what is obtained by force or strength, and purchased by Colonies planted where the Spaniard is neither known nor seated.  
To given here a small touch of the traffic of this new world, is 
The trade of America by the Spaniards.  the principal scope of my intention, but being shut up from the eyes of all strangers, we must be content till time produce it more apparently to live in ignorance: true it is that the Coun●…rey abounding in Ours of silver and gold, and the soil rich in ●…ringing forth all first-fruits, that from Spain have been hither tran●…planted, adds every day an increase to their present traffic, ●…he special matter here sought out for is gold and silver, the load●…one that attracts all Merchants to adventure hither: and in their Ours the Inhabitants are set continually to work, living poore●…y, and undergoing thus the punishment of their ignorance and pu●…llanimitie, suffering themselves to be so easily overcome and so ●…asely subjected; out of which Ours the King hath the ⅕ part of ●…ll extracted, which in the Emperor Charles the fifth time amounted but to five hundred thousand Crowns of gold yearly, but since it hath been found that the Kings of Spain have had thence sometimes ten, sometimes fifteen, and sometimes seventeen millions of gold yearly. The Merchants carry thither Spanish wines, woollen and linen cloth, and other merchandizes of Europe, and (if report may gain credit) do make returns thence above one hundred profit for another, in spices, sugars, some drugs, and in gold and silver ingots in great abundance, as well for the accounts of private merchants, as for the account of the King himself; so that it doth appear in the Records kept in the Customhouse of Seville, that in these seventy-foure years last past, there hath come from this India into Spain two hundred and sixty millions of gold, which hath been the mover of all those broils and wars that have been set afoot in Europe by the Kings of Spain, it being affirmed without contradiction, that by means thereof, Philip the second during his reign, did spend more than all his predecessors, being in number sixty-two that have reigned before him in this Kingdom since they shaken off the Roman yoke; for he alone spent more than an hundred millions that come out of this India.  
This Country also giveth employment to many ships of great burden, to carry their sugars, ginger, cottons, fernandbucke, and such other commodities that are here sounded daily to increase by the industry of the Spaniard, which by good government may come in time to a great height, and had not the sword of these bloodsuckers ended so many millions of lives in so short a time, trade might have seen a larger harvest, and a more profitable crop by their industry and labour.  
It will not be further useful for me to insist upon other particulars of traffic in this Continent in matter of coins, of weights and measures; for in all these they follow the rules observed in Seville, where the rendezvous of those ships are made, that go and come into these parts; and so leaving this new discovered Division of the World, I will cross the main Ocean, and with a somewhat better Survey, I will observe the needful occurrents of trade in AFRICA, my second part of this Model, and of the World.    


AFRICA, AND THE PROVINCES AND CITIES OF TRADE THEREOF.   


AFRICA DESCRIPTIO    

OF AFRICA, AND THE PROVINCES THEREOF.  
CHAP. FOURTEEN.  
AFRICA I make to be my second division 
Africa and the Provinces thereof.  of the world, which is found to be a Peninsula, almost encompassed round, having the read Sea on the East, the Atlantic Ocean on the West, the Southern Ocean on the South, and the mediterranean on the North; and where the Sea is defective to make it a complete Island, there is a little Isthmus of twenty leagues that tyeth it to Asia, which sundry Princes in former ages intended to trench through, to have the benefit of both those Seas united, but have desisted as finding the Sea in the read Sea gulf to be higher than the land of Egypt, by nature all flat, level, and plain, and so might thereby overflow and drown all Egypt.  
Africa is at this day usually divided into eight parts, which 
Divided into eight parts.  are; 

1 Barbary.  
2 Numidia.  
3 Libya.  
4 Negrita.  
5 Ethiopia Interior.  
6 Ethiopia Exterior.  
7 Egypt, &  
8 The Lands thereof.    
And first Barbary is now divided into four Kingdoms, which 
Barbary 1.  are, first, Tunes; second, Argier; third, Fez; and fourth, Morocco: the commodities these Countries sand abroad, I shall speaked of when I come to these particular places.   

CHAP. XU  
Of TUNES and the Trade thereof.  
THE Kingdom of Tunes contains sundry Cities of 
Tunes and the trade thereof.  trade, the principal being the city of Tunes itself, than Bona, Biserta, Tripoli, and Africa, and here was seated that famous City of Carthage, who contended 
Bona. Biserta. Tripoli. Africa.  with Rome for the mastery of all the world, and challenged the priority in Africa as queen and supreme Lady thereof, now only seen in her ruins, and known by her vast extent, and from whose ashes sprung up Tunes the abovesaid, seated upon a Lake six miles distant from the Sea; the Port commanded by the Fort of Golletta, and at this day acknowledging the great Turk for their Protector, who every three years doth 
Golletta.  sand hither a Bashaw to command; but the chief rule appertains to the Die or Governor, chosen and elected by the natives of this Kingdom. This Kingdom is much bettered and enriched by the labour of those Moors which by thousands were banished from 
Moros franc●…s or Granatines.  Spain, who have here built many Cities, and Temples, according to their superstitious use, planted Vines, Oranges, Lemons, Figs, Dates, Almonds and Olives, and thereby have both much peopled and profited this whole Country; and where in Anno 1619. and 1620. in two several voyages, at my residents there I observed in trade these things.  
Their coins used in trade is here commonly most currant the 
Coins currant in Tunes.  Spanish both silver and gold; the Rial of ½ Spanish is accounted 46 aspers, the ℞. of 4/423 aspers, the ¼ 11½, and the Pistolet of Spain commonly by them termed the scudo, is 64 aspers, but these rise and fall according to the plenty and scarcity thereof: silver coins of their own I have not observed any stamped amongst them, save the asper spoken of before, eighty whereof makes a sultany, chicquin, or hangar ducat, which is the common piece of gold known passable through all Africa & Asia, and through all the Dominions of the Grand Signior: and these coins pass thus currant in Tripoli, Barbaria, in Africa, una, Biserta, and other maritime parts alongst the coast.  
Their common weight is a cantar, or 100 li. being about two 
Weights of the Kingdom of Tunes.  pound bigger than our 112 li. of England, so that their pound weight hath been found to make near 16 ounces Troy, and produceth in Lighorne the common scale of passage from Christendom 150 li.  
This cantar cont. 100 Rotolos or li. each Rotolo is divided into 16 ounces, and each ounce into eight tamins, and hereby is weighed all sorts of commodities, except silver, gold, pearl, &c. which are weighed by a carrot weight and mitigals, as I shall show in another place more convenient.  
Their common measure of length is a pico cont. 27 inches English, 
Measures of Tunes.  by which all silks and woollen are measured, and called the pico turkisco, but the Morisco pico, is an inch less and q t 26 inches, by which all Linens is only sold, and no other commodity.  
Their liquid measure is a Mettor, which in oils makes about 32 li. English, and accounting 7½ li. to a gallon is four gallons and 2 li. by which is sold honey, wines, and such like liquid commodities.  
Their accounts by Merchants are kept by dollars and aspers, and by some in sultanies and aspers, as being the proper coins and 
Accounts in Tunes.  species of that kingdom.  
The commodities of this Kingdom, are excellent horses, wax, 
Commodities of Tunes.  honey, raw and salted hides, coral taken up at Bona on the coast where the Genoes' and Marselians have built them forts and scales for trade and commerce with the Inhabitants, to this purpose sponges, dates, almonds, rice, oil, hard soap, Christian captives of all kinds and Nations.  
The customs paid usually is ten per cent. upon all commodities 
Customs of Tunes.  entering, fo●… so much only as is landed and sold, accounted upon the real value sold, and what is not sold may be at all times shipped without payment of any custom or duty whatsoever: a Broker being appointed by the Die of the City to attended the Merchants actions, who keepeth a register of the sales made, according to which the said ten per centum is paid by the Merchant seller. The City of Tripoli distinguished of Barbary 
Tripoli in Barbary.  is found upon this coast, and to agreed with Tunes in weights, measures, and coins: and thus much shall serve to have said of Tunes in Numidia.   

CHAP. XVI.  
Of ARGIER, and the trade thereof.  
ARGIER contains only two Towns of note, Tremesin once the principal of a Kingdom, and 
Argier and the trade thereof. Tremesin.  Argier the principal now of this Country, not found to be very spacious in its self, but strong and of late much fortified, enriched not only by the labour of the Moors banished out of Spain, but also by the spoils of many Merchants of all nations, brought thither as the retreat and receptacle of all Turkish and Moorish Pirates, which do much infested the mediterranean Seas, and of late years have found the way out of the Straitss of Giblatar into the Canary Lands, and into sundry other Countries bordering upon the Ocean. In it are accounted eighty thousand souls, the most part of them living by Piracies. Merchandizing is not much in use in this City, yet some of the Inhabitants are found to detest this common ill gotten gain, by piracy and theft, and these are observed to maintain some trade with other nations alongst the coast. What points necessary thereto according as I noted there in 1619. I shall here set down: and first their commodities vented thence to foreign parts, are such as follows.  
The commodities this Kingdom affords is, Barbary horses, Ostrich feathers, honey, wax, reisins, figs, dates, oils, almonds, castile 
Commodities of Argier.  soap, brass, copper, and some drugs: and lastly, excellent piratical Rascals in great quantity, and poor miserable Christian captives of all Nations too too many, God given them comfort, patience, and release in due time, if it be his blessed william.  
Their coins passing currant here in trade is the Double, which is 
Coins of Argier.  accounted to hold correspondency in value with the English shilling, or rather two Spanish Rials single.  
Four doubles is 1 ℞ 〈◊〉, called there an Osian.  
Five doubles and 35 aspers is a pistolet of Spain.  
Seven doubles is accounted a sultany or Chequin, the common piece of gold found currant in all Barbary.  
Fifty aspers is accounted to make a double; and these are the usual coins passable in all this coast belonging to this Kingdom.  
The 100 li. or Rotolos here is 120 li. English, so that their 84 li. 
W●…ights of Argier.  makes 100 li. sutle, and 94 li. or Rotolos is 112 li. English, according to the custom of Valentia in Spain, from whence it is conceived they have drawn this original of Weights: they are observed to have two several maights, the proportion being 10 li. of the small making, 6 li. of the gross.  
But here sundry commodities are found to be weighed by sundry Cantars', as iron, led, yarn, and all wools are weighed by a Cantar of 150 Rotolos of the Rotolos above specified.  
Reisins, figs, butter, honey, dates, oil, soap by the Cantor of 166 Rotolos abovesaid.  
Almonds, cheese, cottons by the Cantar of 110 Rotolos.  
Brass, copper, wax and all drugs by the Cantar of 100 Rotolos.  
And Flax is weighed by the Cantar to contain 200 Rotolos.  
Gold, silver, pearls and gems are weighed by the mitigall, which is worth there 9 doubles, and is 72 gr. English: and the soltany, checquin or hunger weighs 52 gr. English, being accounted equal to Angel gold and worth in England in circa 3 l. 11 shill. per ounce, Troy weight, or thereabouts.  
They use in Algiers two picos or measures, the Turkish and Morisco, 
Measures of length.  the Morisco pico being the measure of the Country, and ●…s ¾ of the Turkish, by which is sold all linen only.  
The Turkish pico is divided into 16 parts, and every 〈◊〉 part is called a Robo, and is 131/192part of an English yard, which with the al●…owance of an inch according to our custom in England, hath been found to make 1. ½ picos turkisco and by which all silk stuffs and woollens are sold in this place.  
Their dry measure is called a Tarry, which heaped up, as they 
Dry measures.  use it, is 5 gallons English, and so hath it been found to produce ●…n corn, salt and some such commodities.  
They keep their account in doubles and osians, and some in sol●…anies 
Accounts in Argier.  and aspers, the coins of Barbary, 4 doubles making an ossian, ●…nd 50 aspers making a double.  
Their customs are here 10 per cent. as in Tunis, and paid upon 
Customs of Argier.  ●…he commodity according to the value sold, and permission given to ●…and, and if not sold, to be shipped again free of all dveties (as I said ●…efore) in the Kingdom of Tunis. And it is to be noted, a Ship ●…ntring here and anchoring, must either landlord her sails or her ●…udder for prevention of running away without licence, which ●…ust be obtained in Duano, which is the common assembly of ●…he Bashaw, who is Commander for the grand Signior and of the 
Clearing of a S●…p in Argier.  ●…rincipall Moors of the Kingdom and City, and then paying ●…hese duties with licence she is dismissed, viz to the Kaiffa 28 dou●…les, to the Alamine 31 do. to the captain Anchoredge 15 do. to the Bashaw, 8 do. to his Chiouse 4 do. to his Almin, 8 do. to his Chouse, 4 do. to the Bashaw sorman, 2 do. to the Druggerman, 8 do. to the Sackagie 8 do. to the Consoles dvety, 42 do. which in all make 162 doubles: And so much shall serve for Argier; now I sail along the Coast, and observe some Maritime Towns of note there seated.   

CHAP. XVII.  
Of ORAN, and the Trade thereof.  
ORAN is seated upon this Shore also, and of late in possession of the Spaniards, whose immunities to such 
Oran and the Trade thereof.  as come hither to reside have made the place noted for some traffic, especially for the commodities of this Country, which hence are transported into Spain and Portugal, such as are horses, wax, and some years corn in a great measure, as I have noted before.  
The coins currant of Barbary, and which pass currently here, 
Coins of Oran.  are those indifferently named before, and the coins of the opposite shores of Spain.  
It is found they have here four several weights: First a quintar of 5 roves of 20 l. to a rove which is 100 l. or Rotolos: Secondly, 
The Weights in use in Oran.  a quintar of spices of 4 roves of 25 l. per rove which is 100 Rotolos: Thirdly, a quintar for corn, every quintar being only 6 Rotolos, and lastly a quintar for cottonwool, every quintar being 15 Rotolos, the 100 l. of London makes in the first 90 Rotolos; in the second 133. Rotolos; in the third for corn 48 Rotolos; and in the last 58⅛ Rotolos.  
The Measures of ORON are found to be principally two, the one being the pico Morisco, the proper measure of the Country 
Measures of Oran.  agreeing with the measure of Argier, before mentioned, and the other the Vare of Spain here used in cloth, silk, and such like, by the Spaniards.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
Of una, and the Trade thereof.  
una is also seated upon this coast, and dependeth for the most part in matter of trade, upon the inland Inhabitants; 
Una and the Trade thereof.  affording for transportation the common commodities of Barbary, and by reason of the situation little known to our nation, therefore I shall the more briefly pass over the same.  
The coins before mentioned are here current, only with little alteration, as also the same is found to be in Bona (anciently Hippona 
Coins of una.  the seat of Saint Augustin that learned Father) in Cola, Tabara●…ha, Bugia, Constantine, and other towns of trade upon this coast, therefore I will omit the repetition thereof, having all a reference in trade one to the other.  
But in weights they much differ; for here is found in use three 
Weights of Unia.  several quintals composed of one l. or Rotolo, one for cotton wool, another for spices, and the third for corn; thus agreeing with London.  
The 100 l. of London makes 63 Rotolos for weight of wool.  
The 100 l. of London makes 72 Rotolos for weight of spices.  
The 100 l. of London makes 91 Rotolos in the weight of corn.  
All which is to be observed by him that trades into this port, in the sale of these and the like commodities.  
The measure of length is here the pico Morisco, which generally 
Measures of Vnia.  ●…s used in all commodities and contains 26 inches English in circa.   

CHAP. XIX.  
The trade in general of ARGIER and TUNIS.  
THough these two Kingdoms of TUNIS and ARGIER 
The general trade of Argier and Tunes.  do afford many fare Towns according to the manner of this Country, yet it is not found that the same doth produce many Merchants of quality or of great consideration; This tract of land is found at present to belong to three several inhabitants, the Moors as propriators, enjoy the principal part; and these are found within themselves to acknowledge several Sovereigns, which not seldom are at variance, sometimes amongst themselves, sometimes with their neighbours, and because of the liberty given here for entertainment and protection to all nations, not only these Towns do harbour Levents which we call Pirates, and they call natural Turks, but also Christians of all Countries which hence with robberies infested these adjoining Mediterranean Seas, and joining themselves with the abovesaid Levents, make up a dissolute and resolute company of Seafarers and Pirates; and because these are not sufficient to work any matters of moment alone to make their strength the greater, and their force the stronger, there is of their own accord added thereto the Tagarins, a poor, desperate and naked rascality, and the Spanish Moors, or Moorish Spaniards of late years banished from the Kingdom of Spain, who willingly some in purse and some in person undertake these designs to be revenged of their banishment from their native Countries, their case herein being most miserable; for whilst they lived in Spain they were accounted for Moores, and now being amongst the Moors are still doubted as Christians.  
These last and some others inhabitants of these Cities of Tunis and Argier, do still profess more civility than the common sort, and have some relics of that honesty left them which peradventure they brought with them hither out of Europe; and these are only they that in these Cities profess Merchandizing, and are found to use some trade alongst this coast from one part to another, and so to Marselia and Lighorne, Towns seated on the Christian opposite shore enjoying many privileges and immunities for Merchants of what nation soever.  
The Spaniards inhabiting in this coast in sundry good and well fortified Towns, are the second that here bear sway; the Country for some certain miles in circuit overawed by their garrisons pay them contribution; and it is supposed that the charges in maintaining these exceeds the gain yielded thereby, and here is but little trade found.  
The third sort I accounted the Genois and the French nations, who upon this coast by permission of the State, do pay certain yearly pensions, for admission of trade, and have built themselves Fortresses and Castles for the defence of their estates and persons; and shipping; and these are now found the only Merchants inhabiting this coast: here they have their scales for the coral fishing; for honey, wax, corn, hides, horses, sponges and many other commodities, which the Country men willingly for love of their Spanish plate do bring them in, and here traffic is made upon good terms and sure guard, buying and selling as they list to enhance or debase the commodities they either buy or cell: by which a great gain is yearly made unto them.  
And this is as much as I conceive necessary in this point of Mercantile traffic in these two Kingdoms and Cities of Tunis and Argier: but there is here a piratical Trade also much practised by the people of these two places who set out Vessels in partnerships 
The piratical trade of Tunes and Argier.  and shares for to take Prizes or Gonima as they term them, which is ever performed by all manner of advantages without faith or promise either kept or regarded, which spoils have been so great, and their booties so beneficial, that the desperate spirits of many of sundry nations have come hither in hope to raise by rapine and theft what else by honest courses they could not elsewhere compass: their manner of setting forth these Ships is upon a small cost and done with little charge, considering the frugality in diet used in these Countries, and their division at their return is commonly allotted, (as I observed in these parts when for some time I abode amongst them) ⅓ for the body of the Vessel ⅓ for the Victuallers and setters out, and ⅓ for the Captain and his company; and this is truly and exactly made in species and kind, for they hardly admit a commodity taken or slaves captivated to be sold at the Market, and the dividend to be made in money: but they (as I have often seen) will divide it in kind, as if a bag of pepper, then by dishfulls, or a piece of cloth or linen, then by proportional shares, according to their gross capacity, which custom I understand is since by their better judgement rectified, and Merchants Ships warned by their losses of latter days, go better armed, maned and provided; and seeing their prizes come in thinner, they are more provident in their division, though more venturous in their thefts. Argeer in this kind hath been able to set out near 300. sail little and great in those times, now not a quarter so many: and Tunes then had 20. in 31. good sail, now it hath not a dozen; so that I may conclude their trade decreaseth and daily diminisheth, which GOD of his goodness grant it may still do, to the Merchant's comfort and the mariners joy: and thus leaving these two piratical Kingdoms and Cities, with this Maritime coast, I come in the next place to the famous Kingdoms of FEZ and MORTIMER.   

CHAP. XX.  
Of the Kingdom of FEZ and the Provinces thereof.  
FEZ is divided into 7. Provinces, which borroweth 
Fez and the Provinces thereof.  their names from the Towns seated therein; the first is Ham lisnon, seated in the mountainous part of this Kingdom; the second is Seuta, now in possession of the Spaniard, having a Town of this name strongly by them fortified; the third is Tanger, a City also fortified and belonging likewise to them; the fourth is Mehenes; the fifth Arguer; the sixth is Alcaser, (near to which the three Kings, Sebastian of Portugal, Mahomet of Fez, and Abdelmelech of Morocco, competitors for this Kingdom were slain in one day, together with many others of eminent quality; and Stukley that famous infamous english rebel in Anno 1578) and seventh FEZ the Metropolis, which for its greatness merits a more serious consideration.   

CHAP. XXI.  
Of the City FEZ and the Trade thereof.  
THis City bears this name of Fez from the abundance of gold, (as writers record) that was found in 
City of Fez and the Trade thereof.  digging the foundation thereof; it is beautified with many goodly buildings both public and private; it is divided by the River Sahu into three parts, containing in all 82000. households, having 700. mosces or Temples, 50. of them being adorned with pillars of alabaster and jasper; and one seated in the heart of the City called Carucen is the most sumptuous, containing a mile in compass, in breadth containing 17. arches, in length 120. and borne up by two thousand five hundred white marble pillars, under the chiefest arch (where the Tribunal is kept) hangeth a most huge lamp of silver, encompassed with 110. lesser; under every the other arches hung also very great lamps in each of which burn 150. lights: it hath 31. gates great and high; the roof is 150. yards long and 80. yards broad, and round about are diverse porches containing 40. yards in length, and 30. in breadth, under which are the public storehouses of the Town: about the walls are pulpits of diverse sorts, wherein the Masters of their Law read to the people such things as they imagine appertain to their salvation: the revenues thereof in Anno 1526. was 200. ducats a day of old rent accounted 100 li. sterling; until the late civil wars it was a City of great traffic, and many Merchants of diverse Nations resorted hither, and were allowed a public meeting place for their Commerce, and lodging for their residence, being in form of a Court or Exchange, enclosed with a strong wall, with 12. gates, and limited with 15. streets for several Nations to meet for their business, and for the laying up of their commodities; and every night for security of their goods and persons the same was kept guarded at the Cities charge, resembling the Besistens or Canes now in use in Turkey and other southern Countries.  
There is here also diverse Colleges where the sciences are taught, amongst which Madorac is the chief, and accounted for one of the excellentest pieces for workmanship in all Barbary: it hath 3. cloisters of admirable beauty, supported with 8. square Pillars of diverse colours; the roof curiously carved, and the Arches of Mosaique of gold and asore; the gates are of brass fare wrought, and the doors of the private chambers of inlaid work: it is recorded that this College did cost the founder King Abuchenen 480. thousand sultanies in gold, which is in English money 192. thousand pound; which would hardly in these days were it now to be built perform the twentieth part thereof, and this was not above 150. years past, and about that time Henry the seventh King of England did build that sumptuous Chapel in Westminster; which as I have been informed, did in those day's cost 7448. li. and let it be judged by artists how much more would build the fellow of it in these our days.  
They have also here for the commodity and pleasure of the Citizens 600. Conduits, from whence almost every house is served with water; besides what goeth to their religious use●…, at the entries of their Temples and Mosces: but I have dwelled too long in surveying this City, I will now see what commodities and merchandise this Kingdom affords.  
The commodities found in general, aswell in the Kingdom of 
Commodities in the Kingdom of Fez.  Fess as of Morocco and found transportable for merchandise, is first-fruits of all kinds, such as is principally of dates, almonds, figs, refins, olives; also honey, wax, gold, and sundry sorts of hides and skins, especially that excellent sort of cordovante from this Kingdom of Morocco called Maroquins, famoused throughout Spain, France, & Italy; also corn, horses, wools, whereof the Inhabitants are observed of late days to make some cloth: here is also found for Merchandise fabricated here some sorts of stuffs of silks, as satins, taffetaes, and some sorts of linen much in use in this Country, made partly of Cotton and partly of Flax, and diverse other commodities.  
The moneys of this Kingdom, and generally of all the Kingdom 
Monies of Fez and Morocco.  of Morocco is the Sheriff or Ducat in gold deriving the name thereof from the Sheriffs, who within these few years made conquest of these Kingdoms under pretext and colour of the sanctity of their Religion, and is accounted to be about ten sh. starling money, divided into 8. parts, and esteemed ⅛ each part, which may be compared to be about 14. d. in 15. d. starling.  
They keep their accounts in these places by ducats, or old sheriffs 
Accounts in Fez and Morocco.  now almost out of use divided into 8. parts, accounted in common value, but 12. d. every, though worth more, as above is declared.  
Their weight here is two, one used in all ordinary commodities which is the Rotolo, containing () ounces or drams, it having been 
Weights in Fez.  found by observation that the 100 li. haberdupois London hath made here 64. Rotolo, and 100 Rotolos is here a Cintar. The second weight is here the Mitigall, used in the weighing of silver, gold, pearl, musk and the like, agreeing with the mitigall used in Argier and Tunes spoken of before.  
The common measure for length is here the Covado, 12. whereof is accounted to a Cane: and it hath been observed by Barbary 
Measures in Fez.  Merchants hither trading, that the 100 yards of London make here about 181. to 182. covadoes. 
Customs of Fez and Morocco.   
The customs of Fez and Morocco are paid at the entrance thereinto, as is likewise due at the entrance of any other the Cities of this Kingdom, and is by the subjects natives upon all commodities paid two in the hundred, and by all strangers ten in the hundred collected for what is sold or landed without leave, for exportation again if once landed; which causeth diverse of our Merchants bound for those parts to make their Ships their shops, and consequently land so much of their commodities as they imagine the Market will vent, and no more. But because the Kingdom of Morocco obeyeth the same rules in matters of trade, I will speaked a word of that place likewise, and then surveyed the trade of them both together as they are known now to us, to be as it were but one, though indeed different Kingdoms.   

CHAP. XXII.  
Of the Kingdom of MORTIMER and the Provinces thereof.  
THE Kingdom of Morocco once of great splendour is now divided into 6. Provinces, the first Tangovista, 
Morocco and the Provinces thereof.  having a Town also of that name: Fisidet is the second which giveth name likewise to a Province; the third is Massa the principal of a Province abounding in Amber. Alarach is the 4th fortified and kept by the only garrison of this Country. The 5. is Taradant, in times past the second in this Kingdom, and the principal for traffic, ruined by the late wars, whereunto yet the resort is commonly made by many English and French for commerce. The 6. and last is Morocco the Metropolis, of which a word according to my intended method.   

CHAP. XXIII.  
Of the City MORTIMER and the Trade thereof.  
MORTIMER is the chief City of this Kingdom, and in times past was accounted the Metropolis of all 
City of Morocco and the trade thereof.  Barbary, as once containing one hundred thousand households, but now inferior to Fez in beauty, spaciousness and populousness: it is strongly walled about, and within adorned with many private and public edifices, the chief being the Castle or Arsenal, and the Churches, or Mosces; one whereof is bigger, though not so beautiful as that of Fez, seated in the midst of the City and built by Hali their King, augmented by 50. fathom in spaciousness by Abdull mumen and Man●…or his son with many exquisite Pillars brought from Spain, he ●…lso covered the same with lead, and made a cistern of the same greatness as this Temple was to receive the rain water that ●…ame therefrom; besides which he made therein a Tower of Masonry in form of the Roman Colossus, equal in height to the famous Tower in Bolonia, which being ascended the Hills of Asaffi, being 130. miles distant, may be easily discerned. The Castle is also very large and strong, of the bigness of a reasonable Town, in the midst whereof is a Temple, which hath a Tower, whereon is fixed a spindle of Iron passing through three great round Globes made of pure gold, and weighing 130. thousand Barbary ducats, which is 58500. li. starlin, which diverse Kings have go about to take down and convert into money; but have all desisted, by reason of some strange misfortune that have been inflicted on them, so that the common people imagine they are kept by a guard of spirits.  
They have here also a Burse for Merchants, which is now taken ●…p by artisens, the late civil wars having eclipsed the glory of the famous trade that was seated in this Country, which in its former splendour was found to have several streets for several artsmen, and no one artsman permitted to make his abiding but amongst those of his own profession.  
The commodities of this kingdom are the same as in the kingdom 
Commodities of Morocco.  of Fez, spoken of before, save that the same abounds more in sugars, especially in Taradant, where diverse Merchants are found to reside purposely for that commodity, from whence it is exported into other Regions.  
The coins currant is also the Sheriff common with Fez, and all 
Coins of Morocco.  these parts of Barbary, and by some called the ducat of gold, having eight divisions or parts, esteemed to be about nine shillings and four pence sterling, each 〈◊〉 worth fourteen pence sterling. They are found here to have two several quintals, one that doth 
Weights of Morocco.  accord with the quintall of Fez, specified formerly, and the other which doth agreed with the quintall of Seville, which may be seen there more at large in this ensuing Tract, and there it may be observed, how the same doth agreed with the weight of London, and other places; besides which it is observable, that sundry commodities are weighed by this quintall, yet comprehending more or less Rotolos, according to the custom in sale of that commodity which the Merchants must learn to know.  
The measure of length here is also covado, agreeing with that of 
Measure of Morocco.  Fez, as you shall found in the Chapter before touched.  
The customs of Morocco is the same as specified in the kingdom 
Customs of Morocco.  of Fez, at thentrado 2 per cent. by the subject and 10 per cent. by the Merchant stranger: But the civil wars hath given a period to that famous traffic here maintained by the Barbary Merchants of London, which from this kingdom had its original, and which flourished in the days of Queen Elizabeth; the faction, dissension, and banding for this kingdom and Fez, overthrew that company, from whose ashes and dissolution, arose the society 
Barbary Merchants.  of merchants trading into the levant Seas, known by the name of the Turkey Company, which now we found to be grown to that height, that (without comparison) it is the most flourishing and most beneficial Company to the Commonwealth of any in England 
The original of the Turkey and East India Company.  of all other whatsoever; into whose Patent was at first inserted the Eastern Indieses, as only proper to their navigation, which within few years after being by the way of Turkey better discovered, and gathering thereby new strength, it was in the beginning of King james Reign incorporated a society by itself, and for encouragement to adventurers in consideration of the length of the voyage, and of the great charges and dangers incident thereto, it was permitted that all men of what quality and profession soever, might be adventurers therein, and be admitted thereunto, contrary to the custom and privilege of the Turkey, and said Barbary Company, and of all other Societies of Merchants, who admit not any to be a member thereof, but such as are mere Merchants, and noon others.  
The trade of these Countries by reason of their discontent is almost come now to nothing, every Town and Province for the 
The trade general of Barbary.  most part acknowledging a several sovereign; and where peace and unity is wanting, trade must decay. Some good ports these two Kingdoms are found to enjoy for traffic, as Tituan within the Straitss, Tanger and Seuta at the Straitss mouth, Larache, Maxinara, Sali the old and new, a second Argier, and sure receptacle for Pirates, lately reduced to better conformity with the English subjects by the valour of some English, under the fortunate and happy conduct of Captain William Rainsborough, to whose worth I own this particular remembrance; Assaffe, Mogador, and Santa Crux, with some others; and lastly, Taradant the only Mart of all these Countries, seated 
Taradant.  upon the River of Sues, in a spacious plain between the Mountain Atlas and the Sea, abounding with sugar, and all other kind of provision, the good regard and continual abode that Mahumet Xeriffe, one of their late Sovereigns made in this place, hath greatly augmented and ennobled this Town; the observations upon the present trade thereof, I am constrained by reason of my ignorance, to refer to another hand.   

CHAP. XXIIII.  
Of Numidia, and Libya, and the Provinces thereof.  
NUmidia hath on the East Egypt, on the West the Atlantic 
Of Numidia and Libya.  Ocean, on the North Atlas, on the South Libya: It will not be material to relate the Provinces, for in them are found but few Towns, by reason of the yearly progress of the Inhabitants from place to ●…ce in families and tribes; the Country abounding in Dates, 〈◊〉 food here of man and beast.  
Libya hath on the East Nilus, on the West the Atlantic Ocean, 
Libya.  〈◊〉 the North Numidia, and on the South the land of Negroes; the ●…untry altogether sandy, barren, and a desert, the inhabitants ●…ogether heathenish, and therefore not worthy the conversa●…n of a civil Merchant, or the residence of any commerce.   

CHAP. XXV.  
Of NEGRITA, or the Land of Negroes, and the trade thereof.  
THIS land of Blackamoors hath on the East Ethiopia superior, on the West the Atlantic Ocean, on the 
Negrita & the trade thereof.  North Libya, on the South Manicongo; in this tract of ground is accounted twenty-five Kingdoms or Provinces, through which runneth the famous Ri●…r of Niger or Sanega, in whose overflowing consisteth the ●…elfare of the Inhabitants; even as in Egypt it doth by the in●…dation of Nilus, for this (as that) increaseth for forty days, ●…d decreaseth for forty days more, during which time the In●…abitants sail over the whole Land in Boats and Barges.  
This whole Tract principally now acknowledgeth 3. Sove●…aignes, which is the Kingdom of Tombutu, the Kingdom of Born●…o, and the Kingdom of Goago; each Kingdom giving name to a City the principal residence of the Kings. The City of Tombutu 
Tombut●….  ●…yeth beyond the River of Sanega or Niger, wherein is found a ●…rade driven by many French, Dutch and English Merchants; the manner thereof, and the matter wherewith I shall hereafter as well as I can particularise. Four hundred miles from Tombut is the City of Goaga, wherein are found eminent Merchants 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
Gaogo. Borne●….  and sumptuous merchandise of all sorts. Borneo is the third, the Inhabitants whereof are better versed in breeding of cattles, than in the art of Commerce, and better read in Mars than Mercury. The commodities of these Countries, are corn, sugars, cattles, horse, rice, first-fruits, gold in sand which they term Siga and we Tibur; 
Commodities thereof.  and also in Ingots without sovereign stamp or character, and is distinguished by its fineness and goodness, which the Inhabitants by way of exchange do barter with their neighbours, and other foreign Nations, against clothes, linen, calicoes, Basins 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, iron-worke, sword blades, hand-guns, glasses, beads, &c. such 〈◊〉 and principally against salt, which of all other commodities this country is most defective in, and in some places affords not, and therefore pays for it at an excessive dear price to strangers. The trade of all this tract such as it is now in these days known to our Nation, is comprised alongst the Sea coast, which the Portugals by reason 
The trade of Giney and Benin, and the golden coast.  of their former plantation here, and rich commerce, have entitled the golden coast, and we in common appellation, term the trade of the coast of Genin and Benin, two of the principal Provinces maritime that are found included within the circuits of these three beforementioned Kingdoms: which trade that it may be a little the better understood, I shall more particularly surveyed, according to the observations made by some hands thereon.  
In the beginning and discovery of this Maritime coast, (for 
The Portugals the first traders into Giney and Benin.  thereto I intent to apply the trade of this Country) the Portugals were the first that ranged this shore, and had some small knowledge of their commodities and of the manner of trading with them, who partly by fare means, and partly by constraint got footing in this Sea coast, building Forts in some, and ●…risons and Factories in others, which then was found 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and beneficial to that Country, that it is conceived th●… only thing (as what will not gold attract) drew them to search 〈◊〉 the Maritime coast of this tract all along to Cape bona esperansa, ●…d so consequently thereby into the East Indieses: fare quarter and courteous usage being then perceived in these Forts and Towns thus subjected to the Portugals, drew the Inhabitants and Countrymen to a fare and ordinary commutation and exchanging of commodities with them, which according to the then custom of that Kingdom was maintained by Factors appointed for the King's private account in every Port and Town, as if he intended to make the profits of Merchandizing to defraie the charges of his Conquest and Garrison, furnishing them with salt, iron, tin, copper, basons, knives, cloth, linen, and other European commodities; receiving in exchange partly the commodities proper for their nourishment, such as was cattles, corn, rice, and the like; and principally commodities beneficial, as gold itself in great abundance, both 〈◊〉 sand and ingots melted, which gave a quickening and life to the ●…rther discoveries of those Countries and continuance of the ●…de, which is found there maintained to this day, though in fare ●…ser manner. The English and other nations afterwards defi●…s 
Who showed the way to the English and others.  to share in this rich trade, sailed within a short time likewise ●…ther; and because they had not such places and Forts for their ●…arehouses, and the protection of their persons and goods, there●…re would not, or else might not with safety land their commodi●…es without danger of the falsehood of the Portugals or treache●…e of the Inhabitants: therefore at first sailing hither were com●…eld to anchor along the coast nearest to the best Towns, and of ●…reatest concourse, and signify to the Inhabitants the commodi●…es they had brought to utter, drew at length by their fare de●…eanour and courteous usage the Moors to come aboard their ●…hips, and bring their gold with them; the manner of which trade ●…as being different from any other Country) I shall briefly set ●…wne. In the morning betimes, having for the most part then ●…e wind of off the shore, and calm weather, the Moors come a●…oord in 
The manner of the usual trade of Giney and Benin.  their Conoes and Scutss to traffic, some for themselves ●…nd some which they call Tolkens or factors for others, who carry ●…t their girdles a purse, wherein small clo●…ts or papers containing ●…ometimes 10. several men's gold are wrapped and laid up; which ●…hough it should be of one and the same weight and goodness, they ●…otwithstanding readily distinguish, and having made their bar●…ers for cloth, linens or the like, at noon return with the Sea-turne, ●…r as they call it the brise again to the shore; and besides their ●…argaines covenanted, these factors have some small thing for ●…hemselves as the reward of their pains by way of brokidge or ●…ctoridge, which they called by the name of Dachio. But in pro●…esse of time the Netherlanders frequenting this coast, and well ac●…uainted with the manner of this English traffic; and coming in●…o the same parts where the English traded and were known, were ●…e first that spoiled this golden trade, partly by their sinister dea●…ng, 
The●… undermining tricks of the Dutch in the trade of Giney & Benin.  and partly by their undermining and fraudulent tricks; for ●…ey coming to an anchor together with the English to cell their ●…mmodities, and finding that the English vented more wares, and ●…ad a larger traffic by the concourse of the native Merchants ●…om ashore, with these Tolkens above mentioned, than they had, ●…ired these pilots, boatmen and Tolkens (that were thus employed, ●…o carry their passengers and Merchants aboard,) underhand to carry them aboard of their Dutch ships, and not aboard the English, and so to trade with them only; which the English at last perceiving and smelling out their craft, were by the same craft compelled to prevent the same; so that by this means the one out vying the other, these fellows for their good will and brokeidge have by this means drawn the duty, or rather courtesy of Datchio to 6. in 7. per cent. to the prejudice of all traders upon this coast: but this rested not here, for this dealing drew on a greater inconvenience in their trade, for when the Flemings had first been the authors of this ill custom or courtesy of Dachio to these Boatmen and Tolkens, which necessarily were by all succeeding European Merchants to be imitated, or their voyage lost, and their commodities remain unsold: It was found that many Merchants Moors inland men coming to the Sea side to buy wares of them, bringing great store of gold with them for traffic, and having diverse slaves, some 20. some 30. and some more according to their means and trade, to carry back those wares that they thus bought on shipboard, and these Moorish Merchants taking their lodgings in the houses of these Tolkens and using to acquaint them with their full commissions and intents, and then receiving of them their gold repaired aboard the Ships to trade and barter; and if the Moorish Merchant were not skilled in the Portugal tongue; these Tolkens would presently tell the Flemings and desire them not to speaked Morisco to them, because their Merchants were such as devil fare within the land; thereby giving them to understand that they meant by this watchword to deceive him, and afterward to share those so ill gotten purchases amongst them: and it did nor doth not seldom fall out, but that the Merchant Moor, not accustomed to the Sea, lies Sea-sick aboard all the whilst the knavish Tolken makes his bargain for him with the crafty Dutch, conniving at the Flemings great inhansed prizes of his commodities, to draw the greater gain and more gold from the Moor; whom sometimes he cousin's by stealing some of his gold, and putting it into his mouth, ears or otherwise; which the Moor finding by the scale and weight to want, adds some more knavery thereto by blowing into the Christians scale and balance to make it weight; and when all these his intended bargains are finished, and the Moor again landed, the Tolkens and Boatsmen return again aboard to divide the cozened profit and ill gotten gain between them, wherein it may be imagined that the Fleming for his part of the knavery and connivance must have a share of the gains, which hath proved such a hindrance and detriment to the English and other Christians that trade upon this coast, that unless they also connive at the Tolkens villainy and deceit as the Dutch do, their voyage will be lost and their commodities to their prejudice remain unsold; this is in brief the manner of their trade, the means now follow.  
As for their customs due to the Kings and Sovereigns upon 
Customs of the golden coast of Geney and Benin.  this coast, it is found to vary in diverse Ports and Havens, and only paid by inhabitant in case the Christian bring not his goods ashore to cell, every Haven having a peculiar Officer, and every Merchant that cometh with an intent to buy wares at a Port Town, payeth a toll or small custom for his person, though he buy nothing; and that no deceit may be used in the collector, there is ●…er a son or some near kinsman of that Prince, joined in au●…ority with the said collector or customer; and if the Merchant ●…y any commodities aboard a Ship for less than two ounces of ●…ld at a time, than he must compound with the customer for the ●…stome as he can at his pleasure, as that which is the customers own ●…ofit, fee and wages: but if he buy above two ounces of gold which ●…hey call a Benda, than the custom is an Angel of gold for every Bne●…a, as I am given to understand.  
I have showed that coins acknowledging any Sovereignty by 
The coins currant in Giney and Benin.  ●…ampis not here in use, but gold passeable either in Sands or Ingots ●…ccording to the finesse and goodness is the currant coin passeable, ●…hich our Merchants very well distinguish by 24. artificial needles ●…ade by allay of metals, from the lowest sort of gold to the finest ●…f 24. Carrots fine, having exact rules for the valuation thereof, ●…ccordingly as the same is found either in finesse or coarseness: ●…either use they any money, or any kind of minted coin wherewith ●…o pay each other; but when any commodity is bought, the payment thereof is made with gold, and that likewise by weight; and it must be a very small parcel that hath not some kind of weight to distinguish and weigh it withal, and they pay each other with four square pieces of gold, weighing some a grain, and some half a grain; and about Mina a castle of the Portugals, they pay each other with Kacorawns, which is gold drawn out into wire, and cut afterward into small pieces for all trivial commodities; and in 
Kacorawns.  other places with little pieces of iron of a finger in length, with some Character stamped thereon; and in some places they have not the art of melting their gold, but cell it or rather pay it one to another in sand by weight, according as they shall agreed both in the value and in the quantity.  
The weights are made of copper of diverse sorts, and have little 
The weights of Giney and Benin.  round copper scales, like a hollow Orange pill for gold.  
A Benda is the greatest weight, which weighs 2. ounces.  
A Benda-offa is half a Benda, and is an ounce.  
Asseva is two pesos and a half.  
Egebba is two pesos, and accounted half an ounce or the fourth part of a Benda.  
Seron is accounted for one peso and a half.  
Eusanno is accounted a peso.  
Quienta is three quarters of a peso.  
Each Peso is held a loote.  
Media taba is a quarter of a peso.  
Agiraque is half a peso, so that by those that have made the trial of their weights with ours, they have found them to be in every pound Troy a peso and half in every pound hevier than our Troy pound used in England, and this weight is the rule for their gold in passing for commodities: where note that all Countries have not in this and other these large coast moneys currant of mettle as we have in Christendom, for in some parts of Ethiopia their money is pepper, in Tombotu, and about the river Niger their money is cockles 
Coins of many parts of this co●…st.  or shell-fish, in Azanah their money is porcellette, in Bengala porceletta and mettle together, as in China they use porcolette for money, and in some other places of India, paper stamped with the King's seal passeth currant for money, and in some places the barks of certain trees called Gelsamora, and in Congo and many places of these Countries Lumach, and in Angela, beads of glass, and such like in many other places.  
Their Measure for length in cloth or other commodities, is a 
Measures of the Geney and Benin.  jactam, which is accounted with us 12 foot or two fathom which they cut the one from the other, and in that sort cell their linen the one to the other; and those two fathom by trial of the Dutch make a stork and three quarters, but in woollen they never measure above pieces of one handful broad, which they so cut off and use for girdles which they wear about their middles, and cell it among themselves in this manner in these pieces abovesaid, and use no other kind of measure save one which they call a Paw, which is ¾ 1. d. English.  
The Inhabitants of this coast at the first trading here of the Portugals, were very rude and ignorant, and were easily beguiled in all the commodities which they sold them; and not only taken in good part the badness of the ware they received, but were also deceived in their measure; the Portugals by these means putting off their rotten linens, rusty knives, broken and patched basons, pieced kettles, and such like, and these at what measure, value, weight and quantity they pleased for their gold: but the times are now altered, and they by their usual sufferings in this kind by the Portugals, made the more wary, provident and circumspect in their traffic with the English, French and Dutch: so that in those commodities which they buy or barter, either for their own use, or for Merchandise, they are found to have as good judgement in them as the sellers themselves.  
Their ignorance in trade may be judged by their ignorance in accounting 
Their m●…nner of accounting.  and reckoning, for when they have past the number of Ten they rehearse so many words one after another for one number, that they are so puzzled and cumbered therewith, that they cannot tell how to get out, and so sit buzzing so long, till at last they have lost their tale, and forgot their number, and so are forced to begin to tell again: but since they began to trade with the English, and were to reckon above the number of Ten, for they use no more amongst them, they reckon on till they come to Ten, and then take one of their fingers into their hands, and then tell to Ten again; and then take another finger into their hand, and so proceed till they have both their hands full, which in all maketh one ●…undred; then they mark that up, and then begin again to tell ●…s at the first, and use the same order as before.  
To conclude this traffic, and to leave this coast, I hear not ●…hatin these days the English frequenting that coast, or that the ●…rench or Dutch make any great benefit thereby: for the present ●…ubtilty of the inhabitants, perceiving how their gold is sought ●…eagerly after by them and all Nations, can now a days set such 〈◊〉 rate thereon by this their manner of Exchange and barter, and ●…hat by being so often beguiled by others, they are now grown ●…more wary and circumspect in their bargain, and are as ready ●…o beguile the beguilers as to be beguiled themselves; for they ●…ooke now narrowly both to their measure and the goodness of ●…heir commodity; and though at first they knew no distinction of Christians, but took the Portugals and all white men to be of one Nation; yet since they know each Nation, and are acquainted with their particular manners and manner of dealing, having e●…er hitherto from the beginning found the fairest and squarest Trade with the English, therefore when they come, they are the best welcome to them, and speed best of any other Nations whatsoever with them.  
I willingly omit here to speaked of the Sugar-trade, and of the 
Sugar trade.  plenty of Sugarcanes growing upon this Coast; the King of Por●…ugall here in certain places farming the sole Trade thereof to certain his own Subjects with a strict proviso, that the same be sold to noon other but to his own subjects, and that provision to be sent only for Lixborne to gain a great Custom thereby ●…mposed thereon, therefore the Portugal being here the only ●…uyer and engrosser, the inhabitants must and are enforced to ●…ll only to them, and at what reasonable rate they best can agreed upon; and this restraint of this commodity hath drawn the Dutch to build and fortify in some places upon this Coast, as now of late they have done at Mina opposite to the Spaniard, where they are at continual variance, the river only parting them.   

CHAP. XXVI.  
Ethiopia superior and inferior and the Provinces thereof.  
EThiopia the superior is known to us by the name of Abasine, and comprehendeth many large Provinces 
Ethiopia superior.  and Kingdoms, and contains the Springs of three famous rivers, Abas, Totiasis and Nilus arising out of the lake Zembre, being for the most part Christians, and commanded by that so much renowned Emperor Prester john, affording for commodities to the neighbour regions, rice, barley, 
Commodities of Ethiopia superior.  pease, sugars, minerals of all sorts, goats, sheep, and oxen, but because these Towns of these Provinces are for the most part in land, they afford no great matter of trade, and as little known to our nation, I willingly omit them.   

CHAP. XXVII.  
Of Ethiopia inferior, and the Provinces thereof.  
EThiopia inferior, hath the read Sea on the East, the Ethiopian 
Ethiopia inferior.  Ocean on the West, the land of Negroes on the North, and the southern Ocean on the South, commonly divided into these parts, Aian, Zanbar, Monomotapa, Caffaria, Monicongo.  
In Aian, are upon the Sea coasts these three Cities much frequented 
Aian.  by Merchanrs, Arar, Zeila, Borbera, the second of which was sacked by the Portugals in Anno 1516, and is found to abound with flesh, honey, wax, corn, gold, Ivory and cattles; especially 
Commodities of Aian.  sheep in plenty.  
Zanibar contains 15 Towns that gives names to 15 several 
〈◊〉. Quiloa. Mosambique. Soffolla.  Kingdoms, the chief for trade is Quiloa where the Portugals have Forts built and fortified Anno 1509. Mosambique also forti●… 〈◊〉 them, Soffola which for the abundance of ivory and gold is conceived to be the land of Ophir to which Solomon sent by his three year's Voyage.  
Monomotapa contains also sundry Provinces environed almost 
Monomotapa.  round with waters, and abounding with mines of gold, accounted to contain above 2000, the principal being three, Monica, 
M●…nica.  Boro and Quitiana; which yields not any commodity else save 
Boro Quitiana. Elephant's teeth.  ●…lephants teeth, to procure which, it is supposed 5000 are yearly ●…aine in these Kingdoms.  
Caffaria hath nothing famous in it, save that famous and no●…d 
Caffaria. C●…pe Bonae Spei.  headland Cape bona speranza, discovered by the Portugals in ●…nno 1497.  
Manicongo was discovered by the Portugals 1486, and by them 
Manicongo.  ●…hen converted to the popish Religion, which the Inhabitants soon ●…orsooke, as peradventure seeing that that Religion was made the ●…loake of their conquest, yielding yearly 30000 slaves in sale to the ●…ortugals, which they carry to Brasile to work in their silver Ours; of the trade of the principal of these it is fit I should in ●…his place more particularly handle.   

CHAP. XXVIII.  
Of Mosambique and the Trade thereof.  
THe Sea coast affording the prime places of traffic 
Mosambique and the trade thereof.  known to our Countrymen in this large tract of land before mentioned, and especially from cape bona esperanze, to the entrance of the read Sea, which now cometh to be handled, it will not be fitting I should wholly omit the Trade thereof, before I have better surveighed ●…he same, together with those Towns of Traffic as are found to ●…e there most eminent, and therewith relate the manner how and ●…he matter whereof this trade is here maintained and preserved; 〈◊〉 will then include the trade of this whole Coast under the title of Mosambique, as being the principal town of negotiation found ●…longst this shore, having Soffalla on the one side thereof, and ●…uiloa on the other side: all which being fortified by the Portu●…als the first Christian discoverers thereof given yet that liberty ●…nd freedom to the Country inhabitants and others to exercise ●…he same that would, and considering their manner of traffic, ●…t is seen plentifully stored both with the native commodities of the coast itself, and of the inland Countries; there are here found the Towns of Cuama, Sena, Macava, Brava, Melinda, and others along this shore, seated some on the coast of Abex, and some on the coast of Melinde, but Quiloa for the commodiousness of the River, and the passage into the main Continent, having but a short cut into the Lake of Zaflan, in which there ariseth a great River, that runneth into Nilus, and so to Cairo, and therefore the same is accounted the principal City for eminency and concourse of people, though for traffic this and the rest given place (if the Spanish Relations be true) to Mosambique, wherein is found the first Fortress that was built by the Portugals on this coast and Seas.  
Mosambique then is not only the name of an Island, but also of a Kingdom, seated between Monomotapa and Quiloa; the Island is found to have a pretty Town seated upon it, and together with the Lands of Saint George, and Saint jacob, makes a large, fare, and secure haven for ships of the greatest burden, fit to receive and harbour all vessels, that come and go, both to and from India to Christendom; and although this Island nor Kingdom are not very great, yet they are very rich, and most abounding of all the Countries of this coast of Mosambique; the Island whereon the Town is situated, is inhabited now by two manner of people, Christians and Mahometans; the Christians accounted themselves Portugals, or of the Portugal race, who are the keepers of a strong Castle seated therein, from whence also all other their Castles and Forts seated in this Tract are supplied with their necessaries; especially Soffala, where the richest mine of 
Soffa●…▪  gold of all this coast lieth, and there the Portugal ships do use to harbour in winter time, when they are not able to sail either backward or forward otherwise to accomplish their desired voyage; and there likewise the Indian ships are accustomed to take in victuals and fresh water, and by the only discovery of this place, the Portugals first found out the way to India; for here they met with Pilots that were able to instruct them in the manner of the navigation of these Seas, and were expert in the maritime coasts thereof; they have no sweet water in the Town, nor in the Castle, though it be imagined to be the strongest in India, but have many cisterns round about it, wherein a years provision of water is ever found, which they fetch from the continent from a place called Cabasar. The Captain of this Castle is 
The Capt●…ine of Mos●…mbique the greatest Merchant.  still found to be the greatest Merchant here, for he keeps a Factor in Soffala, and another in Quiloa, and yearly sendeth barks for trade alongst the coast, who commonly for some good service performed, ha●…h this place and command assigned him for three years, which is conceived to be worth to him 400 thousand ducats, and afterward he is to go into India, and upon his own charge to serve there at the command of the Viceroy for the King of Portugal other three years, and then may departed for Spain if he please, besides whom noon may hence trade for India, but the Inhabitants Portugals, and who are also enjoined to be married men, for such as are unmarried may not stay here by a special priviled●…e from the King, granted to those that inhabit here, to the end ●…at the Island should be peopled, and thereby kept safegua●…ed and maintained, and for this immunity they are only bo●… in ●…me of need to defend the Castle, and are accounted as th●… Garrison thereof, though it is found that the Governor and his family only lieth therein, and the Townsmen by turns, having the warding and watching thereof committed to their charge and trust.  
Their navigation is hence into India but once a year, which 
Navigation of India.  is in the month of April, and continueth till the midst of September, because that throughout the whole Country of India, they must sail with Monsons', which are certain current constant winds, which have a settled course of blowing throughout the year, whereby they make their account to go and come from the one place to the other, and in thirty days they may sail from Mosambique to India, and they are then forced to stay in India till the month of August, when as then the wind or Monson cometh again, to serve them for Mosambique and this coast, in every which year the Captain abovesaid hath ever a Ship for his own account going and coming into India.  
As for the commodities which this Country and coast is found 
Commodities of the coast of Mosambique.  principally to afford to the Merchant for transportation, it is chief gold, for near Soffalla is a very rich Mine, and within the land, the famous Mine of Angola, the richest in the world, is said to be seated, besides the rich mines of Monomotapa, wherein a River running thereby is found sands of gold in great plenty, which is accounted the finest and best, and called by the Portugals, Botongorn Oroempo. The King of Portugal having ever a special Factor resident in Mosambique, trading for his account, keeping correspondence with other his Factors, and sending merchandise from one place to another; for by this means the Kings 
The Kings of Portugal great Merchants.  of Portugal, the first Navigators into these parts, so fare honoured merchandizing, that they held it no disparagement to raise thus some estate the better to perform and accomplish these long and chargeable Navigations, and hence it grew that they bringing these Indian commodities into Europe, for their own account did by commissioners contract with private Merchants for the same in Lixborne, and other places; which hence from this authority were termed Regal Contracts. The other commodities 
Regal Contracts.  of this Country, besides Gold in sand, and Ingots, are, Ambergrise, Ebonwood, Ivory, Elephants teeth, and many slaves both men and women, which hence are carried principally to India, as being reputed the strongest Moors 〈◊〉 all the East Countries, and are put throughout India to the hardest labour and loathsomest drudgery.  
In order here according to my intended method, for the explanation 
Coins, measures, and weights in Mosambique and the coast.  of the trade of this place and Country, I should lay down the Coins currant here, and their valuation, their measures of length, and their weights used in merchandizing; but because that by the collection I have made, and the observation that I have noted, the Portugals at their first conquest here, brought with them their own species and coins, as also their own weights and measures, as a testimony of their Regality and Sovereignty, and that the particulars thereof shall be more at large showed in its due place, when I come to handle the trade of Lixborne, from whence the same had its original, I shall to avoid needless repetition, desire the Reader to be referred thereunto, and so leaving this large coast with this slender Survey, I shall proceed to what doth rest behinded of Africa, which is better known unto us, and wherewith our Nation is more familiarly acquainted.   

CHAP. XXIX.  
Of EGYPT, and the Provinces thereof.  
EGYPT on the East is bounded with the read Sea, on the West with Cyrene, on the North with the 
Egypt and the trade thereof.  mediterranean Sea, and on the South with Habasia: this Country is watered by the fruitful River Nilus, which for the more benefit of the spreading plains 
Nilus.  divides itself into seven channels, and gins about the fifteenth of june to rise and swell above his banks, and for forty days doth so continued, and within forty days again collecteth itself into its own limits: all the Towns here are seated on the tops of hills, which during this flood appears to the strangers like Lands; intercourse and commerce being all this time preserved by boats, skiffs, and lighters, instead of camels and horses;. this river is in length 3000 miles, and when it is found not to swell, it portendeth some fatal accident either to Country or Sovereign.  
In this Country are found these famous Towns for traffic, Alexandria, built by Alexander the Great, the most eminent Seaport 
Alexandria.  of all Egypt, and wither before the discovery of the Indieses was the Scale of all those commodities which since we found to come thence, and then most frequented by the Uenetians, who had almost the sole trade of the commodities of India and Egypt in their own hands, and from them dispersed and transported through Europe, and who to this day yet keep a Consul there for the protection of their Merchants.  
The next is Damiata, seated at the entrance of one of the channels of Nilus, the command whereof cost much blood in the 
Damiata.  days of those wars in the Holy land by the Western Christians.  
The next is Sues, a haven of consequence standing at the north 
Suesa.  end of the read Sea, wherein the great Turk keeps a Station for his Galleys, commonly built in Cairo, and afterward carried thi●…her by Camels to command his Dominions in those parts.  
The next is Rossetta, seated on the principal channel of Nilus, 
Rossetta.  ●…nd in a triangle from the two abovenamed Cities of Alexandria ●…nd Cairo, serving for a Scale for both.  
The last and most principal is Cairo, the chief of this Country, 
Cairo.  containing 18000 streets, and each street being every night locked up and barred, which makes the City impregnable, of which more hereafter. I found some Authors to have left for a remembrance behind them, a touch of the trade of this Country in 
The trade of Egypt in times passed settled in Alexandria.  times passed practised by the commodiousness of the read Seas, which entereth into the heart of this Country, and because that Galuano relateth the beginning, continuance, and period of this trade, I will briefly follow his words. Ptol: Philadelphus then 277 years before the Incarnation, was the first that gave beginning, and set afoot this Navigation, bringing the spices, drugs, and commodities of Arabia and India through the read Sea into Egypt to the port of Alexandria, where the Venetians as then the only famous Merchants of Christendom, brought up the same, and were the first that this way dispersed it through Europe, Africa and Asia. Casirs being then the principal haven Town in the read Sea, whence their voyage to India was set forth and begun, 
Casirs in the read Sea.  and where the same afterward was ended, and from thence by land these commodities were conveyed to Coptus, a town now 
Coptus.  altogether inhabited by jacobite Christians, and so thence down the River Nile to Alexandria in the mediterranean Sea, by which traffic this City become so rich and eminent, that the Customhouse there yielded to Ptol: Aalates 7½ millions of gold: and afterward when the Romans come to be Lords of Egypt, they found it to yield them fifteen millions. These last augmented this trade, and sent into India every year by the testimony of Pliny an hundred and twenty sail of ships, whose lading was outward bound worth 120000 Crowns, and it produced in profit at the return homeward, for every Crown, a hundred. But when the Vandals, Lombards, Goths and Moors had rend asunder the Roman Empire, all commerce in these parts between these Nations began to cease, but when the inconvenience and discommodity thereof was sensibly discerned and perceived, it was begun again and set afoot anew by other Princes that coveted this rich trade, conveying the Indian commodities afterward with great difficulty, partly by land, and partly by water to Capha in the black Sea, 
And removed first to Caffa in the Euxine Sea.  as then belonging to the Genoes'; but this by reason of the long way and dangerous passage, being found too tedious and prejudicial, Trade (which is ever found to have a secret Genius and hidden course of itself) was removed, for these and other causes to Trabesond, which was then conceived the fittest Mart Town, 
Than to Trabesond, sarmacand &c.  than Sarmachand in Zagethai had it, where the Indian, Persian and Turkish Merchants met to barter, their commodities; the Turks thence conveying the same to Damascus, Baruti and Aleppo, from which last place the Venetians again transported these commodities to Venice, making that City thereby the common Emporium of Christendom; and lastly in Anno 1300, the Soltans' of Egypt restored the passage by the read Sea, and the Venetians resettled their Factors in Alexandria, which continued for two hundred years, until the Portugals, Spaniards, English, and lastly the Dutch, found a new way by the back side of Africa, to convey the same to their own homes, whereby the great trade which the Egyptians, and principally the Venetians had to themselves for many years, come thus to nothing, and the traffic of Alexandria and read Sea thereby is now decayed, and become altogether unfrequented, as at this day we found it, subsisting only by the native commodities thereof, in which nature it is fittest I should now survey the same.   

CHAP. XXX.  
Of ALEXANDRIA, and the Trade thereof.  
ALEXANDRIA is said to be built by Alexander 
Alexandria and the trade thereof.  the great, and was called by the Turks the lords thereof Scanderia, and which in the Nicene counsel was ordained to be one of the four patriarchal Cities; it is yet the fairest and best maritime port of this whole Country, and hath yet some relics of that trade it erst enjoyed, as I have noted before; and because it is the principal of this region for Merchandizing, I hold it proper to comprehend under this Chapter the greater part of the trade Universally of Egypt and the neighbouring Cities.  
The commodities of Egypt, besides what comes hither out of Arabia, Persia and India, is rice, corn, flax, hemp, honey, wax, balsam, 
Commodities of Egypt.  dates, some drugs, and some few spices, and in especial it yields abundance of Palmetrees, which is of very strange properties, for they are found to grow in couples, male and female, both 
The excellency of the Palmtree.  thrust forth cod full of seed, but the female is only fruitful, and that not except growing by the male, and having his seed mixed with hers; the pith of these trees are excellent meat: of the branches they make necessary uses in their houses; of the leaves baskets, mats and fans, of the outward husk of the cod; cordage, of the inward brushes; the fruit is like a fig, serving the Inhabitants sometimes dried in the su nne as bread, and green as meat: and finally it is said to yield whatsoever is necessary to the life of man.  
The weights in use in Cairo, Alexandria, and generally through●…ut 
Weight of Alexandria.  all Egypt for trade are found to be of 4. sorts, the first is the ●…eight called the quintar of Zera, the second the quintar Forfor; ●…e third the quintar Zaidin, and the fourth the quintar Mina; ●…hich because of their former great trade with Venice, I will first ●…ompare with the weights of that City, and then apply the same to ●…he weight of our own Country.  
One quintar of Zera hath been found to make of Venetia gross 
1 Zera.  200. li. and sutle 312. li. and in London 212. li. haber.  
One quintar of Forfori hath been observed to make in Venice 
2 Forfori.  140. li. subtle and gross 87. li. and in London 93. li. haber.  
One quintar Zaidin, hath made by observation in Venetia 127. 
3 Zaidin.  ●…i. gross, and 200. li. subtle, and in London 134. li. haberdepois.  
One quintar Mina, proper only to Alexandria, hath made in 
4 Mina.  Venetia 250. li. subtle, 155. li. gross, and in London 167. li. haberde●…ois. Whereas note that the first three quintars are accounted by Rotolos, but the quintar of minas contains in Alexandria 20. ounces to the Mina, and in Cairo 16 ounces to the Mina: And also observe that amber, musk, and some other fine commodities are sold by a Metalico or dram, and also by the Peso, whereof 1½ is a Metalico; 50. Metalicoes is here a mark in gold or silver weight, and 42. Metalico our English mark weight of 8. ounces Troy. Again note that  
One Rotolo Zerai makes Venetia subtle 3. li. 1. ½ ounces.  
One Rotolo forfori makes Venetia subtle 1. li. 5. ounces.  
One Rotolo Zaidin makes Venetia subtle 2. li. gross 1. li. 3¼ oun..  
One Mina makes in Venetia subtle 2¼ li. and gross 1⅔ li.  
Now let us observe how these weights are found to accord one with another, and so with Venetia.  
One quintar Zera, which is the general quintar of Egypt makes 〈◊〉. quintars and 16. Rotolos of forfori in Alexandria.  
Again, one quintar Zerai makes one quintar and 56. Rotolos of Zaidni, and maketh 120. Minas of Alexandria.  
One Rotolo Zera makes 2. Rotolo 1 ounce and 〈◊〉 forfori.  
Again, one Rotolo Zeri makes 1 Rot. 6 9/25ounces of Zaidin.  
One quintar forfori makes 46. Rot. 3½ ounces Zerai,  
And one quintar forfori makes 20. Rot. 11 23/27ounces Zaidni.  
One quintar forfori makes 55. ½ minas,  
And one Rotolo forfori makes 111. oun. Zerai, and 6½ oun. Zaidin.  
One quintar Zaidin makes 64. Rot. 2 ounces of Zerai.  
One quintar Zaidin makes one quintar 28. Rot. 5⅓ oun. forfori.  
One quintar Zaiden makes 76. minas 11 ounces.  
One Rotolo Zaidin makes 7 7/10ounces Zera,  
And again, one Rot. Zaidin makes one Rot. 4⅗ ounces Forfori,  
And one Rotolo Zaidin makes one and 3 quarters ounces minas.  
One quintar minas makes one quintar 2 Rotolos forfori,  
And one quintar minas makes one quintar 30. Rotolos Zaidin.  
And one Mina makes ten ounces Zera:  
And again, one Mina makes one Rot. 9¼ ounces forfori.  
And lastly, one Mina makes one Rot. three ounces Zaidin.  
The variety of these weights will excuse this tedious repetition, which I was enforced to perform for the better understanding of the same; and for the shortening of my present survey of the trade of Egypt: I will here reduce not only the weights abovenamed, 
Weights of Egypt and sundry Cities in Barbary, to the 100 l. haberdepoise.  but also the weights of some of the principal Cities of traffic upon this coast to the 100 li. subtle haberdepois of London, which hath been observed to make by:  
Zera quintar— 48 Rot. In Cairo and all Egypt. Forfori quintar— 108 Rot.  Zaidin quintar— 75 Rot.  Minas quintar— 54 Rot.  Iripoli suria— 25½ Rot. whereof 100 makes a quintar. Achria— 17 Rot. the 100 makes a quintar Tamperan. Aleppo common— 21¾ Rot. the 100 whereof is a quintar. Tripoli Barbary— 62 Rot. the 100 where of is a quintar. Oran common with— 91 Rot. the quintar is 5. Roves of 20. Rot. Oran for spices— 133 Rot. the quintar is 4. Roves. Oran for corn— 48 Rot. each quintar 6. Rotolos. Oran for cotton— 59 Rot. each qui●…tar 15. Rot. Una in Barbary— 63 Rot. for cotton wools. Una— 72 Rot. for spices. Una— 90 Rot. for corn. Fras— 153 Rot. the quintar is 100 ℞. Baruti— 20¼ Rot. the quintar is 100 Rot. Argier—  Thunes—  Cathaio— 84 Rot. the quintar is 100 Rot. Cyprus— 19½ Rot. Famagosto 4. per cent. more. Suus in Barbary— 90 Rot. 100 Rot. to a quintar.  
When I come to handle those particular places, I shall do the same more exact, for the better satisfaction of the reader. 
Measures in Egypt.   
The measures of length in Cairo, Alexandria, and in general through Egypt is found to be of two sorts, the one the pico Barb●… resco, or proper measure of the Country, serving for cloth, linen and other commodities, being 25⅞ inches English: The other the pico Turchesco, serving for silks, cloth of gold, and fine stuffs, which is 22. ¼ inches English, and with Venetia they are found to tender, viz.  
100 braces of silk in Venetia, makes here Barbaresco pico 116.  
100 braces of cloth in Venetia, makes here Barbaresco 124. ½.  
But I have found some observations that have noted that the 100 yards of London have made here and in these others Cities in Barbary thus, in 
100 yard's 〈◊〉 London ●…ave made 〈◊〉 


Alexandria— 165. pic.  
Baruti— 148. pic.  
Tripoli Barbariae— 165. pic.  
Damascus— 148. pic.  
Bugia— 210. pic.  
Tripolia Suria— 149. pic.  
Rama— 151. pic.  
Tangir—  
Bursa in Anatolia— 150. pic.  
Amano— 133. pic.  
Sidon— 151. pic.  
Gira— 165. pic.  
Salonica— 145. pic.  
Achria— 151. pic.  
Aleppo— 133. pic.  
Argier—  
Thunes—  
Oran—  
Bona—  
Morocco— 181. cov.  
Una—      
And forasmuch as Cairo is the Metropolis of Egypt, it will be ●…oper I should travel thither and surveyed a little the present trade ●…d estate thereof, before I leave this COMMERCE.   

CHAP. XXXI.  
Of CAIRO and the Trade thereof.  
I Willingly omit the present trade of Rosetto, Damietta and some others of lesser note comprehended within 
Cairo and the trade thereof.  the limits of Egypt, and also (here pass over to a fit place) the present trade of Sues in the read Sea, till I come to surveyed that gulf and the neighbouring ●…ownes of Zebit, Mecca, Aden and others, and now content my ●…lfe to consider the present state of the place and condition of ●…affique of Cairo, and it is found at this day under the sceptre of the ●…and signior.  
Cairo is then commonly reputed to be one of the greatest and ●…st famous Cities of the world called by the Arabians el Cahair, ●…ted in a beautiful plain near the Mountain Mucatun, and ●…out 2. miles distant from the famous River of Nilus, environed 
Misraim.  ●…th stately walls, and fortified with Iron Gates, having therein ●…ny fare, large and long streets, where are seen placed by ●…emselves each trade and occupation, and some streets wholly ●…autified with Colleges for the studious, palaces for the honourable, ●…emples for the religious, and Caens or Burses for the Merchants ●…d negociators; the principal of which is called Caen Haleli, for●…erly the residence only of Persia Merchants, now admitting of ●…ther nations, built in manner of a King's Palace, having three ●…ories one above another; the lower only containing ware●…ouses for the keeping of heavy and bulky commodities, the ●…iddlemost for spices, perfumes, and richer Merchandise, and the uppermost for lodgings for those Merchants that have their warehouses therein: near which, and round about the same the richest shopkeepers are found to have their dwelling; and where in times past the principal Merchants of Christendom had a place of residence appointed for their factors and agents.  
This City is surrounded with sundry large and spacious Suburbs, which is peculiar to sundry Artisans and Artists, the principal Suburbs is called Bullach, distant 2. miles from the walls of the City, and stretching itself along the banks of the River of Nile, beautified with many fare buildings, and is now the common residence of the principal Merchants of this City: and here are all such commodities landed, as either cometh out of the mediterranean Sea by any the channels of Nilus up this River, or out of Arabia or other Countries down this stream; here lies all the Vessels moored, either to lad or unlade; and here do the Officers reside, which receive the customs of all goods coming by water from either Damieta, Roscett a, or Alexandria, which in itself is but small, the principal custom and dvety being paid by these Merchants, and collected by the agents of the customers at these Maritime ports abovesaid: but those commodities that come out of the firm land do here pay the said entire customs as shall be mentioned hereafter.  
This City is inhabited by six sorts of Merchants, each of them trading by so many distinct ways; the native Egyptian I reckon 
Merchants of 6. sorts in Cairo.  the first ever accounted expert Merchants, but never adventuring out of his own Country, who buy from other foreign Nations their commodities in gross, and supply the necessities of their own Country by retail. The Arabian or Moor is the next, here esteemed 
2.  the greatest and most eminent Merchants; for these are they who are found to furnish all Egypt with the spices and gems of India, and the drugs of Arabia, importing the same by camels and dromedaries from Goa, Ormus, Aden, Zebit, Dangula, Mecca, and other places from and about the read sea: and in return thereof exporting hence the drugs of Egypt, and such other commodities as are brought hither by those Nations neighbouring, principally upon and about the mediterranean sea. The principal commodities accounted and fittest for them is the excellent gold of this Country called the Solianies and sheraffie, which Egypt in great plenty affordeth. The third sort of Merchants I accounted the 
〈◊〉  Christians of Europe, as principally the French and Venetians, who have here their consuls and viceconsuls for the preservation of their trade, and protection of their Nation, by certain capitulations agreed uponbetween their sovereigns and the grand signior in Constantinople, paying such dveties and customs to his Officers here as their said capitulation do nominate; and these thus furnish Egypt with leventine commodities, and generally with all the of bricks and wares of the growth of Europe; and these carry hence in returns these commodities brought hither both out of Arabia ●…d India, and the native commodities of this Country. The 
4.  ●…urkes I accounted the next, whose Emperor swayeth the sceptre 〈◊〉 this rich Country, and who in respect of their easy customes ●…ape a peculiar benefit by the trade of this place; but the most ●…inent of them residing fare hence and in Constantinople, and ●…eir adventure proving dangerous and hazardable by reason of ●…e incursions of the Malta and Florentine Galleys, joining there●…o the dull temper of that Nation generally in matter of Com●…erce, and the ill success their grand Galons have of late years ●…ad, doth much divert their minds from any eager pursuit of that ●…o rich a traffic. The jews here resident I accounted the fifth, who ●…y reason of their general knowledge in trade, and their general 
5.  ●…orrespondence in all these Countries beforementioned, partake of all the Commerce and traffic practised by these several persons; for from Venice, Constantinople, Ormus, Goa, and other eminent places of traffic they are found to adventure and to have adventures; they travel and return with the Arabian into India and Arabia, they traffic here both in gross and retail; and besides their subtlety in driving of bargains and making of contracts between man and man as brokers, they are here found to be of all professions, and are the professors of all Arts. The last which I reckon in this roll is the Armenian, Grecian and Coptie, 
6.  all Christians, who in their ways set the wheel of trade on work, by being some shopkeepers, some artificers, and some Merchants, principally trading by Caravans to and from Aleppo, Damascus, Amman and Baruti, and in the commodities of those Countries of Armenia, Georgia and Persia, they carry the principal sway and stroke, all which considered, what doth the place want to make it absolute but only what it hath lost? which is the vast trade of India, which of late years the Portugals, English and Fleming hath deprived them of; for which I leave them to sorrow for, as for a thing past remedy.  
The commodities that this Country and place principally afordeth to these Merchants, whereby their commerce is now preserved 
Commodities of grand Cairo and Egypt.  to them is flax, and all sorts of pulse, abounding in the Province of Sahid, where the Pharaoh's resided, first-fruits, rice, balsam, &c. abounding in Eriffia, where the Ptolemy's resided; cottons, sugars, and some drugs, &c. abounding in Marrema, where the Romans and Grecians resided; and all these annually foretold by the inundation of the River Nilus, discerned by a pillar seated in the Island Michias opposite to the City of Cairo, beginning ever to increase about the 15. june, so continuing 40. days increasing, and 40. days decreasing as I said before; the height of the increase giving assured testimony of that years abundance and plenty, at the end whereof a solemn seven day's feast is kept to Nilus, in which it is oftentimes seen the Egyptian to sp end asmuch in jollity as with great pain and industry he hath gathered the whole year before with penury; out of this plenty and abundance is yearly drawn for revenue of this Kingdom three millions of sheraffies, 
Revenues of Egypt.  in value 8. sbil. starling a piece, the one whereof is now adays sent to the grandsignior (by land and Caravan for fear of surprisal at Sea by the Florentine or Maltagallies;) the second million is spent in the pay of the Militiae and Soldery of this Country: and the third redounds to the benefit of the Bassa, here resident for the grand signior for the maintenance of his own Court and dependants.  
Their principal parts for traffic in the mediterranean Sea is Alexandria, as before I noted, accounted a free port for friend or enemy; the harbour commanded by a Castle, and the entrance guided by an eminent watchtower to given light to sailors: the customs of which place is form by Jews at 20. thousand Medins, per diem 30. Medins accounted for a Royal of eight Spanish, which here may be valued 5. sh. starling, the which by the year may amount to 55. thousand pound starling, all goods entering here pays the custom in species, or compounded for at 10. in the hundred, 
Customs of Alexandria.  only moneys entering pay but one and half per cent: but outward all commodities pays 11. per cent. but this is to be accounted the Soldans custom, and called the great custom: the other customs raised here is as much, or very near as much more, as he shall found to his cost that tradeth into these parts, whereto for better trial I will refer him.  
Now for the trade in general of Cairo, the Merchants thereof are found at this day in some sort to have the relics of that former 
Merchants of Cairo.  great trade which they lost out of the read Sea; for hence they sand by Caravans sundry European commodities thither, especially at the time when the yearly caravan departeth hence for Mecca, and Medina Talnabi, the Sepulchre of their false Prophet Mahomet, which arriving at Sues in the read Sea, is there found to have a general dispersion, some going for the City of Assuan, which is commodiously seated upon their river Nile, and upon the borders of the Kingdom of Nubia, which hence fits itself with the commodities both of Asia and Europe, and is equally distant between Cairo and the City of Suachen or Suasuem, once the principal port of this Kingdom, situated on the read Sea, but now in the subjection of the great Emperor of the Abassins': from which is commodious navigation to Brava, Melinda, Quiloa, and other places alongst the coast of Abex and Mosambique, as I have mentioned before. And because it is the principal Town of trading on Africa side in the read Sea, I hold it here worthy a better and more serious survey.   

CHAP. XXXII.  
SVACHEN, on the read Sea, and the trade thereof.  
SVACHEN is one of the richest Cities of the Orient, 
Suachen on the Read Sea, and the trade thereof.  situated within the Arabic Gulf in the coast of Ethiopia sub Aegypto, and amongst all the famous Cities of trade in the Orient; this is accounted equal, if not superior to them in four things; the first in 
Suachen famous for 4 excellencies needful in trade.  ●…he goodness and security of the Haven; the second in the faci●…tie and good service for lading and unlading of ships; the third ●…n the traffic with very strange and remote people and Coun●…ries, and of diverse behaviours; the fourch in the strength and ●…cituation of the City; as for the goodness and security of the Port, Nature hath so made it, that it is defended from all storms whatsoever; the Haven is capacious and large, of smooth tides, the ground good, and able in circuit to hold 300 great sail of burden, with water at all times, from six to twelve fathom; the Ships are laden round about the whole circumference of the City, casting only a plank into the Merchants warehouses where their wares are kept; and the Galleys fastening themselves to the stones and doors of their houses, set their prowess over the streets, and by them as by bridges they are commodiously laden or unladen; and secondly, as touching the traffic and navigation thereof, few Cities can in these parts be compared with ●…t, for this City is found to have traffic with all India intra and extra Gangem, that is, Cambaia, Tanacerim, Pegu, Mallacca, and with the Arabic, with judea Cairo and Alexandria, as I said above, and with all Ethiopia and the land of Abexi; from whence ●…t gathereth great abundance of gold and Ivory: thirdly, for the ●…cituation of it, for it is such as if nature had framed it purposely for a Royal Mart, for it is an Island round in form, encompassed with many sholds and flats, for defence of the Port and the City, occupying and taking up the whole body of the Island, so that it may as properly be termed an Island of a City, as a City in an Island; for there is no one foot of waste ground upon the whole Island, but is employed in housing and Magazines: the manner of trade here, as fare as I have gathered is thus:  
It is now the principal port Town in these Seas belonging to Prester jean, from whose Court called Dombia, it is twenty-five days journey by Caravan, and the concourse of Merchants are here so great, that twenty caravans are yearly found to set out hence towards several parts of the neighbouring Regions.  
The commodities they carry are all kind of Indian clothing, and 
Commodities of Suachen.  also of our English commodities, as Broad clotheses, kerseys, lead and tin; likewise Velvets, Damasks, Satins, Taffettaes, and all other sorts of silk stuffs; their colours more desired are reds, greene's, violets, murries, and other light colours.  
Their measure is called a (—) about half a yard, and cloth 
Measures of Suachen.  that is worth in Suachen 4 Rials of 8/8is there worth 8 Rials, and the price of kerseys is half the price of Broadcloth; Uelvets of China is here worth 10 ℞ 〈◊〉 the said measure, and Italian Velvets are much more worth, but not so profitable to the Merchants as being much dearer; Satins of Florence are worth 10 〈◊〉 Damasks of the best sort worth from 8 to 10 ℞ 8/8Taffetta's 3 ℞ 〈◊〉 and all colours well sold, excepting yellow and black, which are out of use in these Countries.  
Their weight is the Rotolo, which is about 16½ ounces haberdepois, 
Weights of Suachen.  the Rotolo is four Wakies, and 360 rotoloes makes here a weight called a Bahar.  
The commodities here abounding are these; Civet in great quantity, and worth a R 8/8a wakia, Elephants teeth also plenty, worth thirty R 8/8the Bahar, Wax worth 1 R 8/8the 100 rotoloes; Gold worth 60 R 8/8the rotolo, Tynn worth 1 ℞ 8/8the rotolo, and led much more; but the Turks will not suffer any to be brought hither through his Dominions, for they hold it a conterabanda commodity: from Grand Cairo there goeth always in August a great Caravan for these parts, and likewise another in November, and the commodities they carry thence is broad clotheses, kerseys, velvets, satins, damasks, and silks of all sorts, and from Cairo to Dombia this way is fifty days travel by Caravan, and no more, which hence is easily performed.  
Now for as much as I found not on the Arabian side of the read Sea any other Town of eminence in trade besides this, and that from cape guarda fue alongst the coast, I found noon other worthy my detention, I will hence sail down to the bottom of this Gulf, and willingly pass by in silence the famous Port Town of () the place conceived where the Israelites passed on dry foot over, or rather through this Sea, when they were pursued by their envious enemies the Egyptians, who therein found their death the reward of their hatred; and perusing the same survey the now famous Port of Sues, the present station of the Grand Signiors Fleet, that aweth this Sea, and the neighbouring Regions thereof.   

CHAP. XXXIII.  
Of SVES, and the trade thereof.  
SVES is now the relics of that ancient Heros, to 
Sues in the Read Sea.  which place Cleopatra carried her Galleys by land after the defeat of Mark Anthony her beloved, accounted fifteen leagues from the nearest branch of Nilus running to Cairo, it is strengthened by a strong late fortification raised by the Turks, not only for the defence of the Town, but in defence of those his Galleys here kept to command these Seas, and his maritime coasts on both ●…des the gulf; and here it was that several Egyptian Soltans' intended to dig a channel, and thereby join the commodity of this Sea to the Mediterranean, but all of them desisting ere the work was brought to perfection, the relics whereof in many places remains yet to be seen, the divine providence having given bounds to Seas which the wit and power of man, though Princes, cannot transpose or altar. This place would long since have given way to the envy of time by decay and rvine, had it not been for that relic of trade which is here preserved by a few inhabiting Merchants, and the station for the great Turks Galleys, which he is enforced to build on the Medi●…erranean Sea, for want here of wood and fit materials, and thence convey the same hither by camels and dromedaries in several ●…eeces, where afterward they are set up and accordingly imploy●…d, sometimes mastering the Portugals, and other Kings his ●…eighbours, and sometimes again being by them mastered, ac●…ording to the fortune of war; other subject of trade I found not ●…ere material, therefore in silence pass it over. And having ●…hus then briefly run through the principal places of trade, comprised within the limits of Egypt, and noted the concordancy of the weights and measures used commonly throughout this whole Country, both with Venice the former great traders hither, and with ours in England, before I come to the Coins currant of this Country, it will not be unproper I should insert a concordancy of the weights of this place with some other neighbouring Countries, according as I have gathered them out of the works of Alexander de Pasi, a Venetian Merchant, which here for many years resided.   

CHAP. XXXIIII.  
Egypt weight compared with the weights of sundry other Countries.  
I Have noted before how that in Egypt is used four several weights proper to several sorts of commodities; 
Egypt weight compared with the weights of sundry other Countries.  the cantar forfori is used in several sorts of spices coming from Cairo; the cantar zero is the greatest and most common in use for all such commodities as are sold here by Christian Merchants; the cantar laidin is 
The several commodities weighed by the several weights in Egypt.  only used in flax, hemp, &c. and the last is the cantar mina, most used in Damietta, for cloves, maces, cinnamon, musk, and some sorts of spices; the observations made thereon, with some other eminent Cities, are these:  
A cantar of Tripoli in Syria is thus found to accord with Egypt. 
Egypt weights compared with Tripoli in S●…ria.   
A cantar forfori is, in Tripoli 1 cantar 24 Rotolos.  
A cantar laidin is in Tripoli—— 33⅔ Rotolos.  
A cantar Zeroi is in Tripoli—— 52½ Rotolos.  
A cantar mena is in Tripoli—— 42 Rotolos.  
And note that from Egypt is sent to Tripoli in Suria, some spices, sugars, rice, casia, salt, &c. and from Tripoli is sent to Egypt white soap, dates, and some other commodities.  
The weight of Cyprus is thus observed with Egypt.  
The cantar of Cyprus makes in Egypt 5 cantar: 20 rotol. forfor. 
Egypt weights compared with Cyprus.  2 cantar: 30 rotol. zoroi. and the cantar forfori is in Cyprus 19 Rotolo ¼.  
A cantar laidin is in Cyprus 26½ rotolos.  
A cantar zoroi is in Cyprus 42½ rotolos.  
A hundred Mino is in Cyprus 33⅓ rotolos.  
And note that from Egypt is brought to Cyprus, some spices, casia, rice, flax, salt, fish, and some other goods, and from Cyprus is brought to Egypt, honey, melasso, sugars, cottons, chamblets, grograms, and some other commodities.  
Rhodes is thus found to accord with Egypt. 
Egypt weights compared with Rhodes.   
The cantar forfori is in Rhodes 18 Rotolos.  
The cantar laidin is in Rhodes 25 Rotolos.  
The hundred mino is in Rhodes 32⅔ Rotolos.  
The cantar of Rhodes is in Egypt 2 cantar 56 Rot. Zeroi.  
And note that Rhodes sends to Egypt, honey, wax, oils, reisins, ●…d some first-fruits, and from Egypt is sent to Rhodes, some spices, cas●…, sugars, rice, Cowhides, flax and salted fish.  
Egypt is thus found to agreed in weight with Scio and Smyrna. 
Egypt weights compared with Scio and Smyrna.   
The cantar of Scio is in Egypt 1 cantar 11 Rotolos forfori.  
The cantar Zeroi is in Scio 1 cantar 95 Rotolos.  
The cantar forfori is in Scio 89½ Rotolos.  
The cantar laiden is in Scio 1 cant. 24 Rotolos.  
And note that from Scio is sent for Egypt wax, honey, figs, ma●…icke, white soap, cottons; and from Egypt to Scio and Smyrna is sent ●…ssia, rice, flax, sugar and sugar candid, ●…xe and buffolo hides, salted ●…h, &c.  
Egypt with Candie is thus found to accord in weight. 
Egypt weights compared with Candia.   
The 1000 li. gross of Candia makes 3 Cantar 63 Rotol. Zero.  
The 1000 li. sotile of Candia makes 3 Cant. 57 Rot. Zero.  
The Cantar Zeroi makes Candia sotile 274 li.  
The Cantar forfori makes in Candia sotile 125 li.  
The Cantar laidin makes in Candia gross 115 li.  
The hundred of Meno makes in Candia sotile 220 li.  
And note that from Candia is sent to Egypt honey, wax, cheese, ●…andia wines and some other commodities: And from Egypt is sent 〈◊〉 Candia some spices, rice, cassia, sugar candid, flax, and some other ●…ommodities.  
Egypt is found thus to accord with Cania. 
Egypt weights compared with Cania.   
The 1000 li. gross of Cania is in Egypt 6 cantar 33 in 35 ℞. Ze.  
The cantar Zero is in Cania sotile 278 li.  
The cantar forfori is in Cania is sotile 127 in 128 li.  
The cantar laidin is in Cania gross 100 li.  
The hundred mina is in Cania sotile 221 li. in 223 li.  
And note that the commodities transported for merchandise are ●…e same as is above rehearsed in Candia.  
Egypt is found thus to accord in weights with Brussia in Anatolia. 
Egypt weights compared with Brussia, Anatolia.   
The cantar Zera is in Brussia 1 Canar 77 Rotolos.  
The cantar forfori is in Brussia 82 Rot.  
The cantar laidin is in Brussia 1 Cantar 14 Rot.  
The hundred Meno is in Brussia 1 Cantar 42 Rotolos.  
And note that from Brussia is sent to Egypt wax, honey, carpet ●…lke, sivet and other commodities: and from Egypt those commodi●…ies mentioned heretofore.  
Egypt is found thus to accord with Constantinople in weights. 
Egypt weights compared with Constantinople.   
The cantar Zera is in Constantinople 1 Cantar 77 Rotolos.  
The cantar forfori is in Constantinople 82 Rot.  
The cantar laidin is in Constantinople 1 cantar 14 Rot.  
The hundred of Meno is in Constantinople 1 cantar, 42 Rotolos.  
And note that the commodities accord with the precedent of Brussia. 
Egypt weights compared with Corfu.   
Egypt is found thus to accord with the Island of Corfu.  
The 1000 li. sotile corfu is in Egypt 4 cant. 27. Rot. Zero.  
The cantar forfori is in corfu sotile 108 li.  
The cantar laiden is in corfu sotile 150 li. gross 126 li.  
The hundred meno is in corfu sotile 187 li.  
The cantar zero is in corfu sotile 234. li.  
And note that from Egypt to corfu and the parts adjoining is sent Cassia, pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and some other spices, sugars, rice, flax, ox and buffello hides, and other commodities of Egypt, and from Corfu is sent to Egypt, wax, honey, &c.  
Egypt is found to accord with Rhagusa in Slavonia. 
Egypt weight compared with Rhagusa in Slavonia.   
The cantar forfori is in Rhagusa 120 li.  
The cantar laiden is in Rhagusa 166½ li.  
The cantor Zero is in Rhagusa 163 li.  
The hundred of Mena is in Rhagusa 208⅓ li.  
The commodities are the same as above mentioned in Corfu. 
Egypt weight compared with Catarro in Dalmatia.   
Egypt is found in weight to agreed thus with Catarro.  
The cantar forfori is in Catarro 108 li.  
The cantor Zero is in Catarro 234⅓ li.  
The cantar laiden is in Catarro 150 li. gross 126 li.  
The cantar Meno is in Catarro 187 li.  
and note that the commodities are the same, as is mentioned in Corfu.  
Egypt is found to agreed with Spollato thus in weight. 
Egypt weights compared with Spollato in Istria.   
The cantar forfori is in Spollato 144 li. sotile.  
The cantarlaidin is in spollato sotile 200 li. gross, 126 li.  
The cantar Zero is in spollato sotile 312 li. in 316 li.  
The hundred Meno is sotile spollato 250 li.  
Note the commodities are the same mentioned in Corfu and gulf Venetia.  
Egypt is found in weight thus to agreed with Ancona. 
Egypt weight compared with Ancona.   
The cantar zera is in Ancona 268 li.  
The cantar forfori is in Ancona 124 li.  
The cantar laidin is in Ancona 172 li.  
The hundred meno is in Ancona 215 li.  
And note that the commodities of Egypt are nominated before, and from Ancona is sent to Egypt white soap, oils, nuts and the common commodities of the Kingdom of Naples.  
Egypt is found in weight to agreed with Apulia thus, 
Egypt weights compared with Apulia.   
The cantar of Zero is in Apulia 1 Cant. 7 Rot.  
The cantar forfori is in Apulia 48 Rot. or 155 li.  
The cantar laiden is in Apulia 68 Rot. or 188 li.  
The hundred Meno is in Apulia 85 Rot. or 235 li.  
These weights are found in this manner also to agreed with Naples, and hath the commodities transportable for merchandise, as is mentioned before in Ancona.  
Egypt is found in weight thus to agreed with Sicilia. 
Egypt weights compared with Sicilia.   
The cantar forfori is in Sicilia 55 Rotolos or 138. li.  
The cantar forfori is in Sicilia 1 cantar 29 Rot. or 300 li.  
The cantar laidin is in Sicilia 77 Rot. or 192 li.  
The hundred meno is in Sicilia 96 Rot. or 240 li.  
And note that from Sicilia is sent to Egypt, Mellassus of sugars, ●…uts, cheese and brimstone pumicestones: and from Egypt is sent to Si●…ilia the commodities abovenamed of Egypt.  
Egypt is found to agreed with Tunes and Tripoli in Barbary thus,  
The cantar of Tunes is 1 cantar 17 Rotolos forfori. 
Egypt weight compared with Tunes and Tripoli in Barbary.   
The cantar forfori is in Tunes and Tripoli 85 Rotolos.  
The cantar laiden is in Tunes and Tripoli 1 cantar 19 Rot.  
The cantar zero is in Tunes and Tripoli 1 cantar 84 Rot.  
The hundred Meno is in Tunes and Tripoli 1 Cantar 47 Rot.  
And from Egypt is sent to Tunes and Tripoli, some sorts of spices, as pepper, cloves, cinnamon, cassia, Benjamin, musk, ambergris, civet, storax, camphora, flax, and such like. It resteth yet to make the knowledge of these several weights in themselves perfect; that I should show what commodities are weighed by each of them, and afterward show in brief how they are found to accord with other principal places of traffic not here above mentioned.  
The cantar forfori is the weight wherewith in Egypt Merchants 
The agreement of the Cantar forfori with other Countries.  do buy and cell pepper, ginger and green ginger, lache, read and white sandal, incense, myrrh, zedoaria, gum arabic, semensie, asafetida, mirabolans, indigo, sugars of all sorts, s●…l armoniaque, Elephants teeth and the like: agreeing thus with other Countries of trade.  
Cantar forfori, that is 100 Rotolos is in 

Rhodes— 17½ Rotolos.  
Cyprus— 18⅔ Rotolos.  
Petras— 108 li.  
Salonica— 109 li.  
Zara— 116 li.  
Fiume— 140 li.  
Ancona— 120 li.  
Riconati— 123 li.  
Pesaro— 124 li.  
Arminio— 116 li.  
Lanfano— 123 li.  
Apulia— 132 li.  
Acquilla— 124 li.    
The Cantar forfori of Egypt, is in 

Sicilia— 134 li. which are 54 Rotolos.  
Calabria— 131 li. which are 47 Rot.  
Naples— 121 li. which are 47½ Rot.  
Roma— 117½ li.  
Florence— 112½ li. now all one. Pisa— 124. li.  
Genoa sotile— 133 li.  
Lucca— 123 li.  
Bologna— 116½ li.  
Milan-—— 129 li.  
Cremona—— 132 li.  
Piedmont—— 129 li.  
Geneva— 88 li.  
Lions—— 98 li.  
Avignon—— 102 li.  
Barselona—— 98 li.  
Majorca— 100 li.  
Marselia— 105 li.  
Valencia—— 120 li.  
Sivil—— 90 li.  
Lixborne—— 79½ li.  
Bona and Bugia— 83⅓ Rotol.  
London-—— 81 li.  
Bridges—— 92 li.    
The weight called Meno is accounted by the hundred and not 
The agreement of the Cantar me●… with other Countries.  by the Cantar which is also peculiar to some commodities only and thereby is weighed cloves, maces and fust of cloves, nutmegs, cinnamon, cubube, long pepper, aloes epatica, boras, in past and in gain, cardamon, spikenard, costus sweet and bitter, sarcacole, armoniac, oppoponax, storax, calamit, turbit, spodium, ermodotili, mumia, be●…in, laccia, euforbio, lignum aloes, rhubarb, manna, and other such like are sold by this weight, the hundred whereof, make of the cantar forfori 180 Rotolos, and makes in  
The 100 Rot. meno doth make in 

Venetia soteli— 250 li.  
Petrasse—— 184 li.  
Corfu— 187 li.  
Rome—-— 211 li.  
Ricante—— 220 li.  
Lanfano-— 215. li.  
Acquila—— 223. li.  
Fermo—— 223. li.  
Rhagusa-— 208 li.  
Piedmont— 229 li.  
Savoy—— 157. li.  
Avignon— 181 li.  
Marselia-— 187 li.  
Majorca— 179 ℞  
Granado— 148 li.  
Seville—-— 158 li.  
Lixborne— 142 li.  
Tunes—— 148 li.  
Salerno— 235 li.  
Ancona— 215 li.  
Pesaro— 220 li.  
Bologna— 208 li.  
Florence— 219 li.  
Milan— 229 l i  
Cremona— 232 li.  
Genoa— 238 li.  
Verona— 225 li.  
Geneva— 157 li.  
Lions— 175 li.  
Paris— 169 li.  
Barcelona— 178 li.  
Valencia— 208 li.  
Cades— 164 li.  
Tripol. barb.— 148 li.  
London— 166½ li.  
In Flanders-173 li.    
The next is the Cantar Zero by which is sold Cassia ●…nd not any 
The agreement of cantar Zero with other Countries.  other spice, also tin, led, brass and some other commodities the which is found to make in  
The cantar Zero doth make in 

Venetia grow.— 200 li.  
Venetia soteli— 316 li.  
Salonica— 177. Rot.  
Petrasse—— 140 li.  
Fiume— 312 li.  
Pulia—— 108 li.  
Lansano-— 268. li.  
Ricante—— 275 li.  
Pesaro—— 275  
Barcelona— 219 li.  
Majorca— 223 ℞  
Valencia— 227. li.  
Seville—— 198 li.  
Lixborne— 250 li.  
Tunes——— 186 ℞  
Bome— 266 li.  
Ancona— 268 li.  
Florence—— 273 li.  
Genoa—— 297 li.  
Lucca—— 276 li.  
Milan— 287 li.  
Sicilia—— 120 li.  
Piedmont— 287 li.  
Marselia-— 231 li.  
Cades—— 200 li.  
London—— 223 li.  
Flanders— 215 li.  
Tripol. barb.— 116 ℞.  
Granado— 178 ℞.    
And this is as much as I have collected concerning the several weights of Egypt used constantly in Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta and other the principal places of that Country which by reason of the diversity as being fourfold have proved the more tedious and intricate; wherein if error be found by the trial of him that shall have cause to make an experiment, I shall (I hope) found the more favourable construction of this my pains taken, wishing that I could have thus enlarged myself in the measures of these Countries and the agreement thereof with the other places beforenamed, wherein (being defective) I must crave to refer the Reader to him that is herein better acquainted, and therefore next to the coins currant.  
The coins currant of this Country are in traffic of Merchandise, 
Coins currant in Egypt.  partly foreign, and partly domestic; the foreign is the Spanish Rial of eight, which they call here the piastre and dolor and worth in common 80 and sometimes 90 aspers, which is the domestic coin of this Country, and the Maidin which is the common silver coin of all the grand Signors Dominions. Three a. or aspers make a Maidin, and 30 maidins makes a Dollar, the gold coins here is the soltany, sheriff and chequine all of one value little differing, accounted 8 shil. sterling; but rising and falling in aspers according to the plenty and scarcity of gold.  
Their accounts are here diversely kept, the inhabitants for the 
The accompt●… kept in Egypt.  most part accounting by aspers and maidins, three aspers being a maidin, and some Christians by dollars and aspers 80 aspers to a dolor, and some by ducats of Pargo accounting that 3 ducats of Venice make one ducat of Pargo; besides which, there is also in use an Italian ducat 10 per cent less.  
The customs of Alexandria, Damietta and Rosetta is 10 per cent. 
The customs of Alexandria Damietta and Egypt.  as I noted before upon all Commodities inward and outward, and paid in kind or species, but upon moneys brought in it is only ½ per cent. and very strictly looked into and exacted; but the Bashaw governing here for the grand Signieur, being ever a principal man, and fare remote from the imperial Port of Constantinople, lays in many towns of this Kingdom what custom he please; and though it be held now to be but 10 per cent. which is the old and ancient custom of Egypt, yet the Merchant that tradeth here shall found ere his goods be sold and the moneys in his purse accounting the consoledge and other duties to be above 22 or 23 per cent. the place being much subject to anuenus and mangaries, and the Customhouse being farmed to jews, add thereto the greatest deceit they can possible to raise the daily customs of the place, Alexandria itself paying in this manner 20 thousand medines a day by farm, which at the rate of 30 medins to a Rial of 〈◊〉 Spanish, and the Rial of 〈◊〉 accounted at 5 shillings sterling, amounteth to 54750. li. per annum. 
54750 li.   
I should in the next place surveyed the general trade of Egypt as it is observed and found to be at this day: but by reason I have in many places of the beforementioned Chapters particulary handled the principal parts thereof, and noted the most eminent nations that at this present do hither traffic, I shall the more willingly pass over the same in silence, and only now observe that besides the French and Uenetians, not any other European Christians are found here to traffic, and the English have given over all Trade into this Country, by reason they are furnished with all the commodities that this place did formerly yield, at the first hand from India, and what else they want, being commodities either of Arabia or Egypt, they furnish themselves from Aleppo where many English are resident: But here are found Consuls for both the Venetians and French Nations, which continued still some Trade hither, as indeed more proper for them wanting the Trade of India which the English enjoy, of which I have made mention before, and therefore leaving Egypt, and with it the firm land. I shall take leave now to view the Lands that belong to Africa, by modern Cosmographers.   

CHAP. XXXV.  
Of the Island Madagascar.  
I Found belonging to Africa many Lands, which are 
Madagascar.  found to afford many notable commodities for Merchandise, which for brevity's sake I will only touch, that the Factor may know whence those commodities do come which are found amongst us. Madagascar, otherwise called the Island St. Laurence, giving name 
Otherwise St. Laurence.  ●…o a Town the principal of that Island was discovered by the ●…ortugals, Anno 1506: the Inhabitants willingly permit no man ●…o land upon their Country for traffic sake; it yields cloves, ●…inger, and some silver, to the Inhabitants own use; but not ●…or exportation, and their moneys in use are the glass beads of Cambaia, which in Merchandise and barter currently pass amongst them.   

CHAP. XXXVI.  
ZOCOTARA Island.  
THe Island of Zocotara lieth in the mouth of the read 
Zocotara.  Sea, 10 degrees North from the Equator, wherein the Portugals have fortified two Towns for traffic, it is replenished with drugs for Physic, and especially, with that so excellent and well ●…nowne in Christendom, by the name of Aloes Zocatrina which ●…s sold there by a quintall which (by observation) makes in En●…land, 93. li.   

CHAP. XXXVII.  
Of the Island of Saint Thomas.  
SAint Thomas Island lieth just under the Equinoctial 
St. Thomas.  Line; the prime City is Povoasan, inhabited principally by Portugals and Negroes, abounding only in Sugar, which here groweth in Canes, and are made so that yearly 50 great Ships are here laden with that Commodity for Spain and Portugal, whereto I am not able to add any other material point of Trade, because of my ignorance therein.   

CHAP. XXXVIII.  
Of the Lands of the Canaries, and Trade thereof.  
THese Lands are seven in number, and under the command 
Canari●….  of the Spaniard formerly called the Fortunate Lands. They abound in Sugars, whereof great quantity of Marmalet and other conserves are made; in Birds, which hereof take their names, excellent in singing; in Wines which hence are known by these Lands names, excellent in taste; and in Woad found excellent for Dying.  
To these Lands is now found and practised some small trade by 
The Trade thereof.  the English; to which place they import some seys, serges, bays, linens, and such like, and export thence Woad, and Sugars and Wines of the growth of these Lands which last is vented thence into England and Holland above two thousand Tons yearly, to the great enriching of the Inhabitants.  
Their weights, measures, and coins are altogether concurrent 
Weights, Measures, &c. concur with Seville.  with the weights, measures, and coins currant in Seville, to which place it was annexed by the Spaniards the first discoverers therefore I shall not need to say aught here further thereof.   

CHAP. XXXIX.  
Of the Assores, commonly Tercera Lands.  
FHe Tercera Lands were first discovered by the Flemings 
Island Assores called Terceras.  and a while bore their names; upon which is placed the Meridian line, dividing the East from the West part of the world; it only aboundeth in Oad or Woad used by Dyers, and is now in the hands of the Spaniards, and in special use to them in their voyage to the East or West Indies, and affording them for refreshment good water, and store of goat's flesh. Other matter of Trade it affordeth not, therefore this shall serve to have said of the Lands, willingly omitting the Hesperides, the Gorgades, the Princes Lands; and others of lesser moment, and proceed in my MAP to view the Trade of ASIA, somewhat better known to us than AFRICA.    


ASIA, AND THE PROVINCES AND CITIES OF TRADE THEREOF.   

  

OF ASIA, AND THE PROVINCES THEREOF.  
CHAP. XL.  
Of ASIA, and the Provinces thereof.  
ASIA, The third division of the World, 
ASIA.  is separated from EUROPE by the Egean Propontis, and Euxine Sea, by Paulus Maeotis, Tanais, Duina, and from AFRICA by the read Sea, and the Egyptian ●…stmus, as I remembered in the beginning of this Worke. Five notable things have made this Country famous, and 
Five notable things in Asia.  have given it the garland of supremacy over all the other parts of the World. ●…irst, the Creation of Mankind: Secondly, the Birth of our Savi●…ur; his Miracles wrought, and place of his sufferance: Thirdly, the Actions memorised by the holy Penmen of the Old and New Testament: Fourthly, the famous Monarchies of the Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians', and Medes: And fifthly, being the common Mother of us all, from whence innumerable troops of men issued to people the other parts of the habited World, of which see other Authors further at large.  
The principal Regions of ASIA, are  

1. Anatolia.  
2. Syria.  
3. Palestina.  
4. Armenia.  
5. Arabia.  
6. Media.  
7. Assiria.  
8. Mesopotamia.  
9 Chaldea.  
10. Persia.  
11. Parthia.  
12. Tartary.  
13. China.  
14. India.  
15. The Lands thereof.   
And of these in brief according to my first intention.   

CHAP. XLI.  
Of Anatolia, or Anatolia in general.  
ANatolia is limited on the East with the River Euphrates, 
Anatolia.  on the West with Thracius Bosphorus, Propontis, Hellespont, and the Egean; on the North with Pontus Euxinus, on the South with the Rhodian and Lician Seas. In this Country was anciently accounted 4000 Cities and Towns, those seven famous amongst the rest to whom Saint john dedicated his Revelation; but now the ruins of them are hardly to be seen, and the Provinces that are found in this Region are these. First, Cilicia: secondly, Pamphylia: thirdly, Lycia: fourthly, Caria: fifthly, jonia: sixthly, Lydia: seventhly, Molis: eighthly, Phrygia minor: ninthly, Phrygia major: tenthly, Bythinia: eleventhly, Pontus: twelfthly, Paphlagonia: thirteenthly, Galatia: fourteenthly, Cappadocia: fifteenthly, Licaonia: sixteenthly, Pisidia, and Armenia minor. Of these in order.   

CHAP. XLII.  
Of Cilicia, and the Cities thereof.  
CIlicia is not found at this day to have any Town of 
Cil●…cia and the Cities thereof.  note or consequence in it, save Alexandria, built by Alexander the Great, and to distinguish it from Alexandria in Egypt, is named Alexandretta, now known to us by the name of Scanderone, a famous Haven town, 
Scanderone, or Alexandretta  serving for the scale to Aleppo, for ●…ll such shipping as come thither, either out of the Ocean or Mediterranean, and where the English, French and Venetians have their Vice-consuls to protect ●…eir Merchants goods and Ships, and where all Merchandise are ●…ther landed or laden that go to or from Aleppo, of which it ●…ill be more proper that I enlarge, when I come to speaked of A●…ppo which is seated in Syria, as I shall show hereafter.   

CHAP. XLIII.  
Of Pamphilia, Licia, and Caria.  
ALl these have not any thing now worthy note in them, 
Pamphilia, Lycia, and Caria.  conducing to Trade and Merchandizing, save the abundance of those goats upon whom grows that wool whereof is made the Chamlets and Grograms of which I ●…all have cause to speaked more at large, when I come to treat of ●…e Trade of Angora, and in the interim it is to be noted that ●…ese Provinces having lost their former names, are now known ●…o us by the name of Caramania, and are at this present under the ●…ommand of the grand Signior.   

CHAP. XLIIII.  
Of jonia, and the Cities thereof.  
IOnia is the next Province, wherein is that ancient 
jonia and the Cities thereof. Ephesus.  famous City of Ephesus much ruined from its ancient recorded beauty, famous for the direction of an Epistle by Saint Paul to the inhabitants hereof: famous also for the Temple of Diana: and lastly, famous for the burial of S. john the Evan●…elist, who went here alive into the grave. But this City is now be●…ome a poor village, and retains no monument of her pride ●…at I could found in Anno 1624. but a porch of a Graecian Church of ●…lack Marble, wherein is excellently engraven the life of our Sa●…iour Christ, much admired by all Artists.  
But now the only City of Trade in this Province is Smyrna, one 
Smyrna.  of the places that strove for the birth of Homer, and wherein was found one of those Churches whereto S. john dedicated his Revelation, seated in the bottom of a Bay or Gulf, known to our Seamen by the name of the gulf of Smyrna; and where there is a Consul resident for the English, as also for the French and Vene●…ians to protect their Merchants and Trade, where in Anno 1619 ●…n matter of traffic, I noted these things.   

CHAP. XLV.  
Of SMYRNA and the trade thereof.  
THE principal trade of this City was within these 
Smyrna, and the trade thereof.  few years transported hither from the Island Scio, where the consuls abovesaid had their residents, and from thence are entitled Consuls of Scio and Smyrna, but by reason that scale both for sales and investments had then a dependency upon this, it was found more proper and less chargeable to remove their abode and warehouses hither, and by that means this become the principal Port, the goodness of the harbour much furthering the same, being both under the command of the Grand Signior, and within these later years much enriched by the trade of English, French, and Venetians.  
The commodities that are found here to abound, and that are 
Commodities of Smyrna.  hence transported into other Countries of Christendom, are cotton wools, which in great plenty grow in the adjoining plains of this City; also Galls for Dyers, aniseeds, cordovants, wax, cotton and grogram yarn, cute, carpets, grograms, mohers, chamblets, and some first-fruits and drugs, raw Persia silk is likewise hither brought by land from Persia; and all other commodities found in Turkey or of that growth is here to be had, and the commodities here vented from England are Clotheses of Suffolk and Gloster, kerseys of Yorkshire and Hampshire, lead, tin, calicoes, pepper, Indigo, and other spices, which within these late years we had formerly from this and other places of Turkey, and which now by the commodity of the East India trade and navigation, we carry to them; and from Venice is brought some clothp aper, silks, velvets, &c. and from France some few clotheses and paper, &c.  
The coins currant of Smyrna are those of Constantinople, and 
The coins of Smyrna and accounts.  generally those of all that Empire, which I shall show when I treat of that City, and for that cause here omit it, and their accounts they also keep here in the same nature with them, and therefore refer you to that place in both these particulars.  
The weights of Smyrna and Scio, for they agreed both in one, 
Weights usual of Smyrna  is the quintar, which contains 100 Rotoloes, or 42 Oaks, and every oak being 400 drams, and every Lodoro being 176 drams, and the pound haberdepois hath been found to be 148 drams, and the quintall of 42 oaks abovesaid, which produceth 119 li. English, but in many commodities it is found to answer but 117 li. so that ●…irca 9●… drams is 1 ounce English haberdepois.  
They have here in use two measures, one for linen and ano●…r 
Measures of Smyrna and Scio.  for woollen, but because they nearly agreed with Constantino●… I will refer the same to that place.  
The customs paid by the English here and throughout all Tur●… 
Customs of Smyrna and Scio by the English.  by virtue of their Capitulations with the great Turk, is only ●…ree per centum; and oftentimes the customhouse of Scio and of ●…yrna is in one man's hands, and though by their Capitula●…ns it is so agreed, that those goods that have once paid custome ●…one port, should not pay any more being thence exported to ●…y other place of his Dominions, and that commands have been ●…anted to that end by the grand Signior at several times; yet the ●…stice of that Country is so defective in this particular, that the ●…mmodities landed in Smyrna, and paying there three per centum, ●…d afterward transported to Constantinople, pay there again ano●…er three per centum, or compound with the customer, which ●…metimes is done at 1½ per centum, and sometimes at less: note 
By Venetians and French.  ●…at here as in all parts of Turkey the Venetians French and Dutch ●…y five per cent. two per cent. more than the English, which is ●…ounded upon their capitulations with the Emperor.  
The port charges of clearing a Ship in Smyrna is paid in com●…odities 
Port charges of a Ship.  of our Country, and was to that end thus at first regula●…d; but since converted into payment by money, as to the cadie ●…o is to have five pico of Venice cloth, and a bundle of cony-skins ●…r a vest, which in the infancy of our English trade was here ●…und to be much requested.  
The cadies' servant to have 3½ pico english cloth.  
The cadies' caya to have 3 pico of ditto.  
The cadies' scrivan to have a chicquine in gold.  
The cadies pages to have 2½ dollars.  
The Mosur Bashaw to have 1½ pico cloth.  
The cadies janissaries to have a chicquine.  
All which charges amount in circas to 68 dollars.  
To conclude, the trade of this port it is most noted for the a●…ndance of cottons which hence is transported to England, France, ●…olland, and Italy, estimated yearly to be about 20000 quintall, and found here to grow in the adjoining plains, which they do ●…w as we do Corn, the stalk being no bigger than that of ●…heat, but stronger and tougher, bearing a head, round and bear●…ed and hard as a stone, which when it is ripe it breaketh and is ●…livered of a soft white bombast or cotton, mixed with seed, which ●…ey separate with an instrument, selling the wool, but reser●…ng the seed for the next harvest; see more of this trade in Cy●…us and Constantinople, to which I refer the inquirer.   

CHAP. XLVI.  
Of Lydia, Eolis, Phrygia minor and mayor.  
ON the North-east of jonia is Lidya, famous only for the 
Lydia, Eolis, Phrygia.  two rivers, Castrus abounding with swans, and Meander with windings, from hence termed meanders; and if some Authors may be worthy of credit, the natives were anciently the first known men that gave beginning to Merchandise, and exercised buying and 
The first Merchants.  selling, and proved the original of the Tuscans, whose supreme Duke continues the same to this day, and is one of the greatest and most eminent Merchants in the world.  
In Eolis are seated the two Misia Provinces, which hold not any thing note worthy.  
In Phrygia minor, is not found any thing at present worthy i●… 
Minor.  trade to stay the course of my pen; it affordeth the place where the ancient and famous City of Troy was seated, which cost the 
Troy's ruins, ruined.  Grecians ten year's siege to take it, with the loss of 860000 of the Trojans, and 666000 of the Grecians, but in Anno 1620, I hardly seen the relics of this mighty fabric, though I traced it for many miles, and gave care to all the ridiculous fables of those poor Grecians that inhabit thereabouts in many villages which lie within the compass of her ancient walls, from mount Id●… to the River Scamander, now only a brook not two foot deep; so that, what Ovid said of old I found by experience verified, I a●… seges est ubi Tr●…ia fuit, &c. Neither  
In Phrygia major, doth not remain any thing note worthy, 
Major. Gordian.  save a remembrance that Gordian the seat of Gordius was here found in Alexander's time, who cut that knot with his sword which he seen he could not otherwise undo; also Midium the seat of Midas, whose covetous petition was granted by Bacchus, 
Midium.  to convert all into gold that he handled, and so had like to have eaten gold for meat, had not his after wit mastered his covetous appetite, and made him to his repentance see his error, & acknowledge it; and falling again to a second oversight in judgement, as the first was an error in desire, he preferred Pan's pipe before Apollo's harp, and was rewarded for his small skill in music with a comely pair of Ass' ears: also in this Province stood Colosso, to whom Saint Paul writ one of his Epistles; and Pesinus, where the goddess Sybile was worshipped, which being brought 
〈◊〉.  into Rome, would not stir further than the entrance of the river Tiber, which the Romans much wondered, because the dominion of the world was prophesied to that City that had the custody thereof; but the vestal Claudias girdle performed that which all the strength of Rome could not, and she halled up both the Ship and goddess, to the wonder of the Citizens at that time, and of all the world ever since, though Fare greater miracles are found to be reported of that City, and the holy inhabitants thereof at this day, if the said reports might gain that credit now as this miracle then did.   

CHAP. XLVII.  
Of BITHYNIA and the Cities thereof.  
ON the North side of the Phrygias is seated Bithynia, 
Bithynia and the Cities thereof.  which is famoused first for the victory of Alexander against the Persians', of whom he slew 20000; secondly, for mount Stella, where Pompey overthrew Mithridates, and Tamburlaine with 800000 Tartarians, encountered Baiaset with 500000, where 20000 lost their lives, and Baiaset in his pride of heart taken and ●…end up in an iron cage, against whose bars he beaten out his brains: thirdly, for Nice, where the first general Counsel was held Anno 31●… to repel the Arian heresy; and fourthly, Chalcedon, where the fourth general Counsel was assembled to repel the Nestorian heresy, where yet in Anno 1620, the Inhabitants do show to strangers the place of this assembly by tradition in manner of an oval circle built purposely for this occasion; and lastly, here is Bursa by some Prusa, the seat of the Ottoman Kings in Asia till they gained Adrianople in Europe, which was done by Mahomet the first: of the trade thereof a word in my passage.   

CHAP. XLVIII.  
Of BURSIA in BITHYNIA, and the Trade thereof.  
BURSIA seated in the bottom of a Bay known to the Turk by the name of the Gulf of Bursia, being 
Bursia and the trade thereof.  a fare City and anciently the seat of the Mahumetane Kings, is now inhabited by Turks, Jews and Greeks'; who by reason of their neighbourhood, and in the way from Smyrna to Constantinople for land travellers is found to have some Merchants of quality, and affordeth quantity of Persia commodities, as brought hither from Eusdrom and other bordering Towns of Armenia and Persia, principally occasioned by the immunities that have been granted by several Princes that have here resided, to the inhabitants thereof: but because the Venetians are found at present to be the prime traders hither, it will not be amiss that for the weights and measures of the place we should be ruled by their observations which thence may easily be reduced to ours.  
Their commodities afforded to foreign Countries are the same 
Commodities of Bursia.  as Constantinople, only some fabriques I have seen to have been in my time there made of silks by Moores that have been banished out of Spain, and come hither to reside, as damasks, taffetas and stripped stuffs, and such like; also commodities which the earth hath produced, as aniseeds, galls and sugars.  
Their coins are the same currant in Constantinople.  
100 Rotolos makes Venice sotile 176 li. and Venice gross 112 li. 
Coins and Weights of Bursia.   
The Ocha of Bursia is Venice sotile 4 li.  
The Rot. of Bursia is Venice sotile 9 ounc. and gross 1 li. 1 o●…. 1½ li.  
The 100 drams makes sotile Venetia 1 li. which is 72 metalichi.  
The 100 Kilats' of Turkey makes in Venetia 87¼ Kill. gold weight 7 metalich make oun. 1 gold weight in Venetia.  
And by the English the same is observed to be within 2 per cent. to agreed with the weight of Constantinople, as shallbe showed hereafter.  
There are found here several picos which with the brace of Venetia is found thus to agreed. 
Measures of Bursia.   
Braces 100 of cloth▪ scarlet and fine cloth makes 108 picoes cloth here.  
Braces 100 of course cloth common makes 114 picos in Bursia.  
Braces 100 of cloth of gold makes in Bursia 102 picos.  
Braces 1000 of linens is found to make in Bursia 772 picos.  
And this is noted to be a greater pico than the rest: but by the observation of some English they found only 2 picoes, one for cloth and the other for grograms, and do agreed with those of Constantinople.  
There is no custom due upon goods in Bursia, it being accounted an Inland Town; but if sent thence to Smyrna or to Constantinople, 
Customs of Bursia.  and exported out of the grand signior's dominions, it is liaable to a custom, according to the capitulations or privilege granted to that Nation that transporteth the same: but if those commodities bought in Bursia being carried to Smyrna or Constantinople and there sold, it payeth no customs but a small dvety for registering, and quitting at the custome-houses of both the said places, as hath been practised by diverse Merchants. In this Town of late years some English have resided, and do found a fare and friendly quarter with the inhabitants; but they are accounted as subfactors to those resident in Constantinople and Smyrna, therefore I shall not need to say further of this place.   

CHAP. XLIX.  
Of PONTUS, and the Cities thereof.  
ON the North side of Bithynia is Pontus, wherein is 
Pontus.  found the ruins of Tom●…s to which Ovid was banished, and Pithius where Chrusostom lived in exile: here also ruled Mithridates, who for 40. years withstood the Romans, not more excellent in War then lear●…ing and memory, who spoke 22. languages, and invented that ●…unterpoyson from him named Mithridate; and who at last by the ●…bellion of his son and the valour of L. Sylla, Lucullus and ●…ompey was vanquished; the last of which erected a pillar upon a 
Pompey's Pillar.  ●…mall Island at the entrance of the black or Euxine Sea, which at ●…is day is known by his name, and showed by the inhabitants to ●…rangers as a trophy of his Victories in these parts.   

CHAP. L.  
Of PAPHLAGONIA and GALATIA and the Cities thereof.  
IN Paphlagonia I found not any City notable for trade▪ 
Paphlagonia and Galatia.  nor other thing note worthy: and as for Galatia, it is observed that to the people of this Province did Saint Paul dedicated one of his Epistles; and here is also sea●…d the City of Ancira, now commonly Angora, famous for the ●…finite store of grograms, moheires and chamblets▪ that are made 
Angora.  ●…ere and frabricated, and from hence transported to Constantino●…e, being 16 days journey distant; and to Aleppo having a like re●…otenes; and from thence again exported into all the Countries ●…f Europe.  
In this place the Venetians have a factorie to provide them the ●…aid commodities, and the English in imitation thereof about 1624. did first sand thither two factors from Constantinople, to furnish themselves with these commodities at the first hand: but some of the yarn called hence grograme yarn, (and not camels hair as some 
Grograms trade.  ●…ainely conceive) being lately brought into England, ingenious workmen were here found that invented therewith Tames, and many other stuffs, to the great decay and prejudice of the Grograme trade of this Country, and of such as lived thereupon in Angora; whereupon the inhabitants in Anno 1630. petitioned the Duana of Constantinople, that this yarn might not be exported out of the Kingdom until it were put into work, and made into stuffs, which was granted them; but the farmers of the grand signiors customs at Constantinople conniving thereat, and suffering the same to be exported, paying double custom, which is 6. per cent. and so it continued till 1634. at what time a second stricter prohibition with confiscation was proclaimed and nearly looked into, so that what quantity is now found to come thence is by indirect means, and not otherwise, if possible thereby a gain to given life to the grogram trade and the makers thereof in these parts.  
There was of late years an offer made by the Venetian Ambassador resident at Constantinople to export 500 of the goats that bear this wool to Venetia, thereby in time to bring this commodity in request in their signory; but the Turks perceiving their drift denied the same, lest his subjects and Country might futurely be deprived of the benefit of so excellent a commodity, had our ancestors foreseen the like discommodity that would have ensued by the exportation of English sheep into Spain, it may be conceived it would never have been in those days permitted.  
The weights and measures of this place are the same as are found in Constantinople, the grograme pico having from this Town its original, 
Weights and Measures of Angora.  and is the proper pico of this Country and City; whereby all grograms, moheires and chamblets are measured and sold throughout all Turkey, and is in grograms found in England to answer proportionally as 24 pico, being a piece of ordinary grograms to make 16. yards London: for their moneys and accounts they are found to be the same as in Constantinople, vide there.   

CHAP. LIVELY  
Of CAPPADOCIA and the Cities thereof.  
ON the East side of Galatia is Cappadocia, the chief City is Erzyrum, situate on the confines of Armenia, 
Cappadocia.  being held the rendezvous for the Turkish Militia in their expeditions to Persia; and the place where when the war is ended they are dismissed; here is the entrance into the dominions of the grand signior, and though wars happen between the Turks and the Persians', yet these barbarous Nations are so careful of Merchants and the preservation of commerce, that the Merchants of both Countries, though otherwise the Provinces be at variance, may here enter and transport their merchandise into one another's Country, paying a ●…all custom as acknowledgement to the Prince, carrying a Tesca●… ●…or certificate thereof with them to such other places wither ●…ey go, which in itself protects their goods and persons from ●…nger or confiscation, or other dveties▪ so that it is an ordinary ●…ing to see Persia Merchants with great estates in Aleppo and ●…nstantinople in the hottest of the wars between their two So●…eraignes, to the shame, and contrary to the custom of many Chri●…an Princes, who first prey upon the Merchants that inhabit their ●…ountries, making a war upon their estates and persons, before ●…ey meddle with or haply hardly publish their intentions to ●…eir Sovereigns; the ancient Tibarenean custom being now out ●…use in Christendom, who are said never to wage war against any ●…emie; but they faithfully certified them beforehand both of the ●…me and place of their intent and fight; and as it may be conjectu●…d, gave first a fare dismission to the subjects of their enemies, and ●…onsequently to their Merchants.  
Here is also Amasia, where the grand signiors eldest son is seen 〈◊〉 abide after his circumcision, till the time of his Father's death, 
Amasia,  ●…d the beginning of his reign: And Trabesond, formerly an Im●…riall seat, now a small City seated upon the Euxine or black Sea, 
Trabesond.  ●…aving a reasonable good harbour, and where the grand signior ●…aintaineth certain Galleys to scour these coasts: here is found ●…great trade in summer for fish, which to me did much resemble ●…e English herring, which they take upon this coast in good quan●…ty, and is by the inhabitants, who are for the most part Armeni●…s pickled and salted, and so preserved and sent into Caffa, Con●…antinople and other parts. Their manner of salting, and the mat●…er wherewith is likewise as strange; for the Country affording ●…ot our common known bay salt, there is a Mountain within 
Mineral Salt.  ●…me leagues of the City, out of which with ease they dig a ●…one, to the eye appearing black and no way transparent; but ●…eaten in marble mortars with them in use, it becometh very ●…hite, and is found to preserve all Meats aswell as salt de bay, and ●…r merchandise is carried thence to Constantinople and other ●…ountries, and sold in the stone unbeaten by the Rotolo, Oache or ●…intar.  
In this Country did inhabit the Amazonian Viragoes, Pen●…esilea one of their Queens, come with her troops to assist the ●…rojans, and long after Thalestris another of their Queens come ●…o Hyrcania to be Alexander's bedfellow, having now no memory extant of this feminine government.   

CHAP. LII.  
Of LICONIA, PISIDIA and ARMENIA minor.  
IN Liconia is found the City of Iconium, the regal seat of the Aladine Saltans, the rvine of Lystra where Timothy 
Liconia. Pisidia. Armenia.  was borne, and where Paul and Barnabas healing a cripple were adored for Mercury and jupiter.  
In Pisidia was the famous battle fought between Cyrus and Artaxerxes, where Cyrus lost his life and the victory; and out of which Xenophon made that notable retreat with his Grecians, in despite of 20000 which followed him at the heels.  
In Armenia minor is seated the Mountain Ararate, on whose 
Ararate.  top the Ark is said to rest after the deluge. And thus much shall serve to have said of Anatolia which in general for merchandise doth yield these commodities, galls, carpets, oils, wines, cottons, wools and cotton yarn, grograms, grograme yarn, sheep wools, hides r●… 
Commodities of Anatolia.  and salted, and dry Cordivants, aniseeds, goats wool, soap, silk, comi●… seed, muscadins, cute, resins &c. and thus much in general of Anatolia, which ere I leave, a Word of Trapesond.   

CHAP. LIII.  
Of TRAPESOND and the Trade thereof.  
TRapesond formerly the seat of an Empire, now a 
Trabesond.  Province of the grand signior is inhabited by Jews, and Greeks', but principally by Armenians; the coins are those common with all Turkey.  
There is found in Trapesond in use two weights, one for spices, 
Weights in Trabesond.  drugs and fine commodities, which is the same with the weight of 〈◊〉, which they here brought into use in their great trade into this City from Gallata Caffa and other places subject in those days to their government; the other for gross commodities, is the Rotolo, 100 whereof is the Cantar, agreeing with that common Rotolo of Constantinople, vide there more.  
Their common measure is a Pico agreeing near with Constantinople, 
Measures in Trabesond.  making about 26½ inches English.   

CHAP. LIIII.  
Of SYRIA in general and the parte thereof.  
SYria hath on the East Euphrates, on the West the mediterranean Sea; on the South Palestine, on the North Sil●…cia, 
Syria.  watered with Euphrates, which anciently passed through the garden of Eden; and having its source in the Mountains of Armenia, running at this day by Euphrates. ●…abylon or Bagdate, disgorgeth itself into the Persian Sea, and O●…tis which arising on Mount Libanus saluteth the walls of Silu●…, and disi●…bogeth in the mediterranean, and is divided into 3 Pro●…nces, viz. Phenicia, Celosyria and Sirophaenicia, of which in order.   

CHAP. LU  
Of Phenicia and the Cities thereof.  
IN Phoenicia is seated the City of Ptolemais, or Acr●…, 
Phoenicia and the Cities thereof.  or Acon, famous for so many Christian Armies that have in times passed besieged it, and which likewise added fame to our Kings Richard ceur de lion, and Edward the first, in which place the Venetians and French have some trade for wax, hides, corn, ●…ke; and therefore following the observations made by them in ●…atter of weights and measures, I found the same to be thus accorded.   

CHAP. LVI.  
Of Acria commonly S. ●…ohn de Acria, and the Trade thereof.  
ACria being seated in the bottom of the mediterranean, and now struggling with its own ruins, hath yet 
Acria and the trade thereof.  by reason of its small but commodious harbour some trade maintained by the French, but principally by Venetians; who in small vessels coast these parts, and pick up some of the Asian commodities out of these Villages and Towns bordering upon the Sea coasts, as both in this place, Tripoli, Sidon, &c. the agreements of their weights and measures observed by Venetians, I will insert.  
The cantar of Acria commonly called by them the cantar Tambaran 
Weights of Acria.  makes sotile in Venice 900 li. which produceth in England 603 li.  
Rotolo 1 makes soot pounds in Venetia 9 li.  
Braces 100 of cloth of gold and silk is in Acria 108 pic. Braces 100 
Measures of Acria.  of cloth woollen of Venetia is in Acria 115 Picos.  
Their coins is generally the same with all the Dominions of 
Coins.  the grand signior, which I shall declare coming to treat of Constantinople the Metropolis of that Empire, and of Aleppo the principal City of trade in this Country, therefore shall not need here to insist further thereupon.   

CHAP. LVII.  
Of SIDON and the trade thereof.  
SIDON is now limited within a narrower compass 
Sidon.  than its ancient bounds, commanded by the Emir or Prince of the Drusians, the offspring of Christians, but now hardly professing any religion at all; it i●…●…eated upon the same shore as Acria, and where the Fench and Venetians maintain consuls, and is better known to us than Acria: and where by their means all western Christians found 〈◊〉 reasonable favourable protection in their trade.  
The Country doth principally abound in corn, which some 
Commodities▪ of Sidon.  years is hence distributed and dispersed to Marselia, Lighor●… and other parts of Christendom, with galls, wools, wax, &c.  
Their coins are principally Rials of 〈◊〉 Spanish and Chequins in 
Coins common in Sidon  gold, the Rial accounted for 72 aspers, and the chickquine 108 aspers, but the valuation alters according to the occasions of the state and course of traffic, therefore no great confidence can be given thereunto.  
Their weights is the dram and Rotolo currant in these parts of 
Weights of Sidon.  Asia, 650 drams, making the Rotol. 4 li. 5½ ounces English.  
Rotolo 100 is their cantar q t 433⅓ li. English.  
Rotolo 1 is accounted to make there also 12 ounces.  
Rotolos 110 makes Rotolos 100 common in Aleppo.  
Rotolos 115 makes Rotolos 100 common in Cyprus.  
Their measures 〈◊〉 〈◊〉——— 
Measures of Sidon.   
In this tract lies the place where Tyre was seated, now devou●… by the encroaching Sea, of whose ancient traffic see the 66 ●…pter; and also Sarepta, where Elias who had formerly lived in ●…ount Carmell nigh adjoining, was sustained in a famine by a ●…dow whose son he raised from death: other matters of con●…ence have not fall'n out within my reading happened in this ●…uit, therefore hence I will travail to the next Province.   

CHAP. LVIII.  
Of Syrophoenicia and the Cities thereof.  
SYrophoenicia hath been better beautified with Cities than now it is, the wars of Princes and time hath 
Syrophoenicia.  given a period to many, of which Antioch was famous both for being the Metropolis of all Syria, and the place where the Disciples of our Saviour were first cal●… Christians, now nothing but the ruins to be seen upon those ●…ge plains, which doth led from Alexandretra to Aleppo; it ●…prehendeth the famous City of Baruti, which deserves a re●…d for the present trade thereof.   

CHAP. LIX.  
Of BARUTI, and the trade thereof.  
BARUTI formerly called julia Felix, is a famous Mart Town, yet much inferior in trade to what it 
Baruti and the trade thereof.  hath formerly been; near this town is that noted Valley where it is said Saint George by kill of a Dragon delivered the King's daughter, in memorial ●…ereof there was a Castle and Oratory here built and conse●…ed to him, and whose name it bore, whose ruins do yet ap●…re, if the Inhabitants may be believed; it is now the common ●…age for all those Caravans that travel from Aleppo, Damascus 〈◊〉 jerusalem to Cairo and Mecca, and thereby made a place of ●…t concourse of Merchants. It is subject to the grand Signior, 
Coins currant in Baruti.  〈◊〉 therefore his coins in silver and gold are the currant coynes ●…reof, partaking of those that are currant in the neighbouring ●…untries, as all bordering Towns are found to be. The English ●…ve no scale or residence here, but the Venetians who pry with ●…re industry into these parts, found here a profitable traffic, ●…erefore in the weights and measures thereof we must sail by ●…eir observations.  
The cantar containing 100 Rotolos of Baruti makes s●…tle Venetia 
Weights of Baruti.  weight 750 li. and of gross 475. li. and of English 502 li. The Rotolo makes Venetia s●…le 7½ li. gross 4 li. 9 ounces, English 5 li. the cantar or 100 Rotolos of Baruti is in Aleppo 96 Rotolos, the common weight and 90½ Rotolos of silk weight.  
Measures of Baruti is the pico, 100 whereof makes in Venetia 
Measures of Baruti.  86 Braces, and the 100 Braces of Venetia of woollen cloth makes in Baruti 112 or 113 picoes, which is in England () yards.  
The Town of Amano lieth also in this Syrophoenicia, and is 
Amano and the trade thereof.  found to be a Town of great trade and confluence of Merchants of Arabia, Persia, and Turkey; but because I found the weights and measures thereof to accord with the same that are found in use in Aleppo, and their coins the common currant coins of Turkey, I shall refer the Reader to Aleppo, and the trade thereof.   

CHAP. LX.  
Of CELOSYRIA and the Cities thereof.  
CELOSYRIA doth not now afford many Cities 
Celosyria.  of note, Hieropolis was here famous for the Temple and worship of the Syrian goddess; but now Damascus is the principal scale and City of this Province, which requires for the trade thereof a longer discourse, than my information can guide me, how ever what I have gathered I shall here willingly insert.   

CHAP. LXI.  
Of DAMASCUS and the Trade thereof.  
DAMASCUS is so pleasantly seated, that the impostor 
Damascus and trade thereof.  Mahomet would never enter into it, lest forgetting by the ravishing pleasures of the place, the business (as he said) he was sent for, and make this his Paradise; it is seated in a very fruitful soil, bearing grapes all the year long, and girt with curious and odoriferous Gardens; being also famous, first, for her founders, who were Abraham's servants; secondly, for the Temple of Zacharias; and thirdly, for the conversion of Paul, who here first preached, and escaping the traps of his enemies, was let down the walls of the house by a basket. And in matter of trade it still continueth a place where all commodities of Turkey, Arabia, and India are brought in●… where Caravans of th●…se Nations do pass through, going 〈◊〉 Constantinople, Bagdat, and Aleppo, to Egypt, Mecha or India, 〈◊〉 so again back.  
The currant coins of this City is those common with all Syria, 
Coins of Damsco.  ●…ppo being the principal, where you may see further for the ●…eys of the place.  
The Damascus cantar is in Venetia sotile 600 li. gross 380. li. which 
Weights of Damascus.  ●…aberdepois 402 li. yet observed to make in some commodities ●…6 li. English, so that by the said Venetian calculation which I ●…e by (because of their residence there, and their great traf●…e thither) 100 li. gross Venetia should tender 26⅓ Rotolos, and 〈◊〉 100 li. sotile 16⅔ Rotolos Damascino Rotolo. 1. makes Venice sotile 〈◊〉 gross 3 li. 9⅓ ounces; Peso 100 Damascino are 〈◊〉 66 〈◊〉 so●… Venice 1 li. metallichi 100 damas: gives in Venetia silver waight ●…¼ ounces; Killats 100 Damascus gives silver weight in Venetia 90 〈◊〉: Killats 100 damasco gives by spice weight in Venetia 106 〈◊〉: ●…tar 7½ of damasco gives in Rhodes cantar one, cantar one damasco ●…es in Genoa 550 li.  
Measures of length is the pico, which is accounted about 27 〈◊〉, 
Measures of Damascus.  agreeing thus with other places.  
Pico 100 damasco, makes Venetia measure of cloth 87 brac; makes in Genoa 24 Canes of 10 palms every Cane. makes in Flor●…ce ●…4 〈◊〉 Canes.  
Braces 100 of cloth in Venetia gives here 11●… 〈◊〉. 100 of silk Venetia gives here 106 pic●….  
Pico one Damascus make scarcely ⅞ Brace of Venetia.  
The commodities coming hence are cottons of Syria, Saffron, 
Commodities of Damascus.  ●…le, excellent blades for swords and knives, wrought and raw silks 〈◊〉 the growth of this Country, oil, ●…oney, wax, 〈◊〉, Almonds, ●…es, some drugs, rice, which here are noted plentiful, besides 〈◊〉 commodities here found and hither brought from other Re●…ns, which I need not here nominate.  
There is used in Damascus in the buying and selling of diverse 
〈◊〉 upon all commodities in Da●….  ●…modities a certain Tear and allowance to be given, over and a●…e the weight, from the buyer to the seller, most especially ●…actised in bargains of spices and drugs, which as I found them ●…served by others, I think good here to show; as in  
Ginger 5 per cent. 105 Rot. Myrrh 5 per cent. 105 Rot. Maces 5 per cent. 105 Sugar candid 5 per cent. 105 Ro. Cinnamon 5 per cent. 105 Wor●…seed 5 per cent. 105 Rot. Cloves 5 per cent. 105 Zedoaria 5 per cent. 105 Indigo 5 per cent. 105 Spikenard 5 per cent. 105 Gallingall 5 per cent. 105 Mirabolans 5 per cent. 105 Nutmegs 5 per cent. 105 Aloes epatica 5 per cent. 105 Lack 5 per cent. 105 Cardamom 5 per cent. 105 Long pepper 5 per cent. 105 Turbit 5 per cent. 105 Cutchenele 5 per cent. 105 Silk 10 per cent. 110 Greeneginger 0 per cent. 000 Ambergris 10 per cent. 110 Sugars 0 per cent. 000 And many others which the Merchant must learn.   
All these commodities are found to have these certain Tares, besides the bags, canisters, boxes, churls, and the like, by the custom and practice of the place, and for as much as this City is an inland Town, wherein a Bashaw is found to command for the grand Signior; there is here a custom imposed upon all goods entering and issuing to foreigners and Merchant strangers 3⅓ per cent. which is paid in money and not in the same species, according to the customs of Alexandria before specified.  
And to conclude the trade of this place, I will insert an old observation 
Agreement of the weight of Damascus with other places of trade.  fall'n into my hands, made upon the weights here and the agreement thereof with other Countries, the certainty whereof I will refer to trial.  
The cantar of Damascus making as I said before 100 Rotolos, makes in  
The cantar of Damascus by observation hath made in 

Alexandria 428 Rot. forfori.  
Constantinople 341 Rot.  
Venice sotil: 600 li.  
Ditto gross: 380 li.  
Ancona- 517 li.  
Florence— 525 li.  
Rhagusa— 500 li.  
Naples— 566 li.  
Sicilia— 576 li.  
Idem— 203⅔ Rot.  
Milan- 552 li.  
Genoa— 570 li.  
Valentia- 400 li.    
The Rot. Damas': is 

in Valentia 4 li. 11½ ounces, and 1 li. Ual. is 120 drams. 
The agreement of the Rotolo of Damascus with some other places.   
in Genoa 5 li. 8½ ounces,- 1 li. Genoa is 105 dra: here.  
in Milan 56¼ ounces,- 1 li. Milan is 208 drams.  
in Sicilia 59 ounces.  
in Naples 5 li. 6 〈◊〉 ounces,- and 1 li. Naples is  
in Rhagusa 5 li.- and 1 li. Rhagusa.  
in Florence 5 li. 3 ounces,- and 1 li. Florence is 112 dr.    
The truth of these observations I must leave to the trial of the more expert, and given you a touch, what I have gathered in the matter of agreement of measures of length.  
100 Braces of cloth in Florence have made in Damascus 99 picos. 
The agreement of the pico of Damascus with some other places.   
100 pico of Damascus have made in Naples 28½ canes.  
100 pocos of Damascus have made in Sicilia 28¾ canes.  
100 picos of Damascus hath made in Milan 87 braces.  
10 Canes of silk in Genoa hath made in Damascus 37½ pico.  
100 pico of Damascus have made in Venice of cloth 87 braces.  
100 braces of Venice silk have made in Damascus 106½ picos.  
And for as much as the English, French, and Dutch are not found at present to have any trade hither, and that the Venetians are the only western Christian Merchants that here reside, and have here a Consul for the protection of them and their trade & goods, it will fit me best to borrow some of their observations, and observe the trade they now drive to this City.  
The commodities which the Venetians then carry hither for merchandise, 
The trade of the Uenetians to Damascus.  are woollen clotheses, honey, almonds, tin, quicksilver, lead, latin wire, iron wire, latin plates, brimstone, alum, wax, mastic, coral, saffron, Flemish beads and bracelets, crystal looking glasses, linen of diverse sorts, course canvas, some few furs, sugars of Cyprus, writing paper, velvets, taffetas, damasks and satins, some Norimberge wares, coral, beads, and many such European commodities.  
The commodities that they found here to make returns of, are these, Raw silk of this Country's growth, and of Persia Ardasse and lege, Belledine, Tripoli, Bodovin, Baias and others; also some spices and some drugs, as Ginger, Cloves, Maces, Sandoll, Incense, Myrrh, Nutmegs, Indigo, Gallingall, long Pepper, Mirabolans, Armoniac, Aloes Epatica, Cardamon, Turbit, sanguis dragonis, Sugar candid, Wormseed, Zedoaria, Spignard, Cinnamon, Tutia, Cottons, and some cotton yarn, Benjamin, Assafoetida, Manna, Camphir, Cassia, and the like, of which some are found to be sold by the cantar of Damascus, and some by the Rotolo: also observe  
That Musk, Ambergris and pearl is sold by the metalico, which is 1½ dram, and Sivet is sold by a weight called Ongia, being 10 drams, which makes 6⅔ metalicos, which makes sotile in Venice 1 ounce 1 sacc: and 5 carats.  
The Rotolo is accounted here 600 drams, but lege and ardasse is here sold by a Rotolo of 680 drams, which is 7 li. sotile Venice, but Damascus silk and all silk of the growth of the Country is sold by the Rotolo of the place of 600 drams.  
These notes the Venetians have made upon their weights and measures.  
1 Cantar Damascus is sotile Venice 600 li. and gross 380 li.  
1 Rot: Damascus is sotile 6 li. and gross 3 li. 9½ ounces.  
100 Drams Damascus is 66½ metigall sotile Venice 1 li. and of the silver weight in Venice 10 ounces ¼ and 5 Carats.  
100 Drams makes silver weight in Venice 12 Marc. 6 ounces & ½.  
100 Mitigal Damascus is in Venice 15¼ ounces and 5 Carats.  
100 Carat damasco is silver weight in Venice 91 Carat.  
1½ dram damascin is 24 carat damascin, the which 24 carat is one Miticall damascino. Again è contra  
The 1000 li. gross in Venice makes in Damascus 263⅓ Rotolos.  
The 1000 li. sotile in Venice is in damasco 166⅔ Rotolos.  
So that the 100 li. gross is 26⅓ Rotol. damascine, and the 100 li. sotile is 16 〈◊〉 Rotol. damascine.  
As for the measure of Damascus, there is but one here in use, and 
Measures of Damascus.  is common to all commodities, both linen, silk, and woollen, which is the pico, which by the calculation of the Venetians I found thus, 100 pico in Damascus is in Venice cloth measure braces 87, thereby 〈◊〉 estimating the said pico to be almost ⅞ of brace Venetian.  
100 Braces of cloth in Venice make in Damascus 111 in 112 pico.  
100 Braces of silk in Venice makes in Damascus 106 in 107 pico; and how they agreed with the measures of England and other places I have showed before, therefore leaving Damascus trade to the judgement of the better experienced, and finding the Caravan of Aleppo ready to departed, I am called thither, where by the way observing some relics not here worth mentioning, and where arriving you shall found in the next leaf what I have there observed in the matter and manner of the trade thereof.   

CHAP. LXII.  
Of Aleppo, and the Trade thereof.  
ALeppo, called in the 2. Sam. 8. 3. Aram sobab, is now 
Aleppo and the trade thereof.  the most famous City in all the grand Signiors Dominions, for the wonderful confluence of Merchants of all Nations and Countries, that come hither to traffi●…e: It is pleasantly seated upon a Plain, in the midst whereof doth rise a small hill, whereupon is built a strong Castle that commands the whole City; it hath in it many Canes for lodgings and warehouses for Merchants, which resembling small Forts being shut with iron gates, defend the Merchants, and their goods from all wrong or theft; their streets are shut with doors every night at each end, in the manner of Cairo, and thereby every street becomes a defensible place by itself.  
There are of all Eastern, Southern, and Western Nations Merchants found therein, many of which enjoy several immunities and privileges, granted them by their particul●…●…lations from the grand Signior who is Lord hereof: the English, Venetians, and French, are found to be great Traders hither, each bringing hither their native commodities, & here exchange them for Arabian, Persian and Indian drugs, gems, spices, and such like commodities, ●…ongst which the English are most eminent, by reason that they ●…t only furnish this City with the native commodities of En●…and; but also with such as come to them from India and Persia 〈◊〉 Sea, and which in former days were from hence brought in●… England.  
This City is seated about 100 English miles from the Sea, A●…ndretta or Scanderone being the Sea Port and Road whereto 
Scanderone.  ●…ll shipping, either out of the Ocean or Mediteranean come to ●…de and unlade their goods, and are hence transported by Ca●…els to Aleppo; which scale was formerly in Tripoli, which is a ●…ore commodious Port, and nearer in distance; but the way be●…g found more craggy, rugged, and dangerous, by reason of the ●…solencie of the Arabians, it was by all Christians disused, and ●…y consent the same was here settled.  
The commodities which are found in this City, are commonly 
Commodities of Aleppo.  ●…ll the commodities of Asia and Africa, as spices of all sorts, drugs ●…f all sorts, silks of Persia, gems of India, spices of Arabia, and the ●…ommon commodities proper to the Country, as Grograms, grogram yarn, galls, Cottons, and cotton yarn, silk of Tripoli, Bacai, Bedovine, and Damascus, and other sorts in great quantity.  
The Weights used here in particular, is the dra●… and Rotolo, as in 
Weights of Aleppo.  most parts of Turkey; but the Rotolo is found in many commodities to differ in drams, according to the custom in weight of the place and commodity.  
The Cantar is also found to disagree in Rotolo, according to the common and usual weight of commodities, which I will declare thereby to show first how they accord with England and other places of trrade, and then how they agreed amongst themselve●…:  
And first silk of Persia is sold by the wesno, which is 30 ne●…her, and 〈◊〉 ne●…her is 120 grains, and every grain is 30 drams, by which account the wesno amounts ●…o 3600 drams, and 〈◊〉 make a coal.  
But the common weight better known to us is the Rotolo, which of ardesse and lege is 680 drams, of 〈◊〉 700 drams, and so changing in other sorts of commodities, which the Factor is to take notice of.  
The Rotolo is also divided into 12 ounces, and ounce 1 is drams 60, drams 3600 is accounted a wesno.  
Drams 2400 is a botman, which is the weight by which silk is sold in Constantinople, and makes there 6 oaks.  
Cantar 〈◊〉 is Rotolos 100, making near 481 li. haberdepois.  
Rotolo 1 is haberdepois 4, 13 ounces accounted and found sometimes 4 li. 14 ounces; so that 112 li. haberdepois, is found hereby to be Rotolos 22, ounces 8.  
Rotolos 100 common weight, is 494 li. 8 ounces haberdepois which is above 4 li. 15 ounces, and so is sometimes found to produce in some commodities.  
A wesno of silver is 100 drams, which is 68 lyre of Venetia, and it is found that 11 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 full weight, makes a wesno of silver here.  
Silver, gold, gems, etc., are sold by the mitigall, which is 1½ drams, which is carat 24 English, or grains 96.  
Wesno's of Aleppo are in buying of silk thus reduced into Rotolos 
Wesnos reduced into Rotolos in Aleppo.  and drams following.  

Wesno 1 is Rotolos 5 drams 200.  5 26 320 10 52 650 20 105 600 30 158 560 40 ●…11 520 50 264 480 60 317 440 70 370 400 80 423 360 90 476 320 100 529 280  
Which may be enlarged to a greater number, having purposely here inserted the same for the benefit of the ignorant, and learner.  
Now for asmuch as the Venetians have been accounted the first Christian Traders into this City, let us observe the agreements 
Aleppo with Venetia.  in weights of this place and Venetia.  
Cantar 1 makes sotile Venetia 720 li. gross. 456 li. which this way reduced to English weight, is 482 li. haberdepois.  
Rotol. 1 Venetia sotile li. 7, ounces 2, sache 2 2/4gross. li. 4, ounce. 6¾.  
Gross Venetia 1000 li. i●… i●… Aleppo cantar 2, Rot. 19  
Solite Venetia 1000 li. 〈◊〉 in Aleppo, cantar 1, Rot. 40; so that 100 li. gross. is Rotol. 21 & 100 li. ●…ile is 14 Rotolos.  
Cantar 1 hath produced in Florence 660 li.  
Now it will be necessary to note some observations upon commodities weighed in Aleppo, with the ●…res and allowances by 
Aleppo notes of weighing.  custom of the place given to the buyer.  
All sorts of Indigo is sold by the C●…le, which is 27½ Rotolo of 720 drams, churls 2, makes a chest, allowing in account 327 li. to 
Indigo.  a churl of neat Indigo, and there is allowed to the buyer 3 ounces per churl for dust, and 3 ounces for single shire, and 6 ounces for double.  
Silk of all sorts hath allowance for heads of skeins if course, 
Silks.  〈◊〉 in 130 drams per wesno; if fine 60 drams notwithstanding.  
Musk being bought by the mitigall, out of the Cod gives no al●…wance, 
Musk.  in the Cod 20 per cent.  
Drugs of the growth of this Country, are sold by the Rotolo 
Drugs.  〈◊〉 720 drams, and pays no custom; but of the growth of foreign ●…rts, by Rotolo of 600 drams, and pays great custom, as are ●…mphire, aloes, Socotrina.  
Silk also of these Countries as Damascus, Tripoli, Bacas, gives 
Silk of Damascus.  ●…o allowance in tare being clean silk.  
Oppion is sold drams 110 for 100 drams, the 10 drams being al●…wed for tare in that commodity.  
Spices of all sorts are sold by the Rotolo of 720 drams, and if the 
Spices.  ●…me be ungarbled, the allowance is 132 for 100; but if garbled, ●…10 for 100 notwithstanding, as in cloves, maces, cinnamon, &c.  
Galls have allowance for dust 2 per cent. and briefly observe 
Galls.  ●…ese commodities given these tares to the buyer, Aloes epaticum with ●…e skin, and aloes socotrina, asaphetida with the skin, Bedillio gives ●…0 in. 120: Cinnamon, Cubebus, Casa fistula, Oculus Inde, Galbanum, 
Spices.  Maces, Oppion, Rhubarb, Manna, &c. 10 per 100; Camphora, Lig●…um Aloes, Nutmegs, &c. 5 per 105.  
Note, that forasmuch as no English Merchants are permitted ●…o trade into Turkey but the levant company, and that this company ●…re incorporated by especial privileges in London by the favour of his Majesty of England, the orders of that company by the traders hither to other the Ports of Turkey is to be observed, according to their established acts and ordinances, whereto I refer the inquirer for further information.  
The Coins currant of Aleppo is the same common with all the 
Coins of Aleppo.  dominions of the great Turk; the passable here is  
The Soltanie is medines 80, aspers 120, sh. 16.  
The Lion dolor, med. 50, asp. 80, sh. 10.  
The Ducat, med. 40, asp. 60, sh. 7½.  
Rials of 8/8have passed 6½ per cent. better than lion dollars, and 1½ ℞. 8/8hath passed for a soltanie: but this rule holds not in these days, for the wars and troubles of that Country have altered these observations.  
She's. 1 is medin. 5⅓, or aspers 8, and the med. 1 〈◊〉 she's.  
But these rules following are more certain and found true.  
℞. 8/8is found to weigh 424 grains the single Rot. 26½ gr.  
The Crown or single pistolet found to weigh 53 grains.  
The Solianie, hunger, or chequine to weigh 54 grains.  
And the Mitigall is found to weigh 72 grains.  
Their accounts are kept as by a common consent throughout 
Accounts in Aleppo.  the principal places of traffic in Turkey in dollars and aspers; the dolor containing 80 as. at what rate otherwise soever the same do pass amongst all Christians that are Merchants, and here resident; yet it is found that the account of the Country (as proper to the revenues and treasure of the grand signior, and practised by the receivers of his estate) is kept in aspers, wherein they accounted to thousands, ten thousand and hundred thousand aspers, and so by a cargo or load of aspers which they account to be 100 thousand aspers, and at 80 aspers per dol.. amount to 1250 dollars, o●… 312 li. 10 shil. starling.  
There is found in Aleppo but one measure or pico which is 27 
Measures in Aleppo.  inches English or ¾ of a yard, and is the same for linen and woollen, and doth agreed with the Venetian brace, used there in cloth of gold and silk; and the 100 braces of cloth in Venetia is found to tender here 106 picos.  
There is also a pico found for grograms, chamblets and Moheres, but this is the proper pico of Angera the staple of that commodity, and is found to be but 2 inches English incirca less, as I have more at large noted in that place.  
As for the customs of this place they are as in Constantinople, for the English nation 3 per cent. with some innovations crept i●… 
C●…stomes in Aleppo.  by the corruption of customers and foreigners which here are found to be Jews; and which in this point are loathe to derogate from the common manner of almost all customers and foreigners in the World: but the last agreement between Mustafa, Aga the customer and the consul of the English was thus,  

Kerfies rated at medines 14 〈◊〉 per piece, at 3 per cent.  
Broad clotheses rated at medines 120 per cloth at 3 per cent.  
Co●…e skins the bundle 50 skins at 14 dol.  
Tin rated at 55 Rot. per chest and 3●… dol. is 157½ dol.  
Indigo at medines 587 per chest.  
Galls at 12 dol. per Rot.  
Silk at medins 6 per Rot.  
Grograms the ball at 33 dol.  
Fillades per quintall at 33 dol.  
Cotton wool per cent— 33 dol.  
Quilts at 50 dol. per ball.  
Botanoes at ball 80 dol.  
Cordovants at ball 8 dol.  
Turmeric at medins 80 per Rot.  
Gumdragan●… at ball 60 dol.   
Note that all spice as nut●…egges, cloves, mace and Cinnamon pays 21 per cent. but to be rated at 14 per cent. less than the same cost as being commodities of India properly,  

Nut●…egges valued at medines— 60.  
Cloves per Rot. at— 160.  
Maces per Rot. at— 220.  
Cinnamon per Rotolo at— 90   
Pepper owes but half custom, and therefore rate it at ½ less ●…hen it cost, and then pay 21 per cent.  
Before I leave this place, it will be needful that I do more 
The general Trade of Aleppo surveyed in its particular colours.  ●…articularly surveyed the body of the great trade which is deen ex●…rcised here at this day; and first for the trade of the English as the most eminent, it is found that this place doth yearly vent about ●…6000 English clotheses of several sorts, about 600 quintals of tin, some furs, kerfies and other English commodities, besides 100 
The English the prime traders to Aleppo.  thousand rials of 8/8brought yearly hither by them in ready mo●…eys to be invested in raw silk, drugs, and other commodities of this Country: they have here to this end a consul, who is intitu●…ed of Syria and Cyprus, who hath here the pre-eminence of all other Christian consuls resident; and in returns of this estate carry ●…ence great quantity of raw Persia silk termed and known to us by the name of Ardasse and Lege, and also Bedovin Castravan, Bele●…in, Baias, and other sort of the growth of this Country; also they carry hence great quantities of galls of Tocat, some drugs of Arabia, great quantity of grogram yarn and grograms, cottons and cotton yarn, and other commodities of this place, which investments were formerly in a large nature in drugs, spices and gems, which ●…ow the English furnish themselves at the first ●…and from India, &c. and though otherwise thus their returns are thereby shortened, yet having a greater part of their returns in these sorts of silks above said, it hath herein found a fare enlargement for the abatement made in spices. The scale of this City is Alexandretta as I noted before, commonly Scanderone, whereto all ships 
Scanderone.  come that have business hither; and here likewise the English have a factorie entitled a vice consul for the effecting and preservation of their affairs here, and for the landing or lading of all goods coming in or going out from this City; and where also to the same end the Venetians and French have likewise their particular vice consuls to manage the public trade of their several Nations.  
The Venetians I accounted the next Merchants of consequence 
The Venetians the s●…ond.  here resident, who bring hither great quantity of clothes Venice making, and others of several sorts, some German commodities, as latin plates, wire, shaved latin, steel, iron, silks wrought, as satins, damasces, velvets, taffetas, paper, and some ri●…lls of eight and Venetian chiequens in gold, with crystal looking glasses, quicksilver and other commodities. And hence in returns thereof export silks raw of all sorts, cotton wool and cotton yarn, grograms, moheires, chamblets, sundry sorts of drugs, spices, gems, and galls, indigo and other such.  
The French are the next of note that trade hither, having to 
The French the third.  that end also a consul in Aleppo, and a vice consul in Alexandretia, and who carry hither some few clotheses of Languedocke, and of rials of plate a great quantity, which every small Bark is found to bring hither from Marselia the only French port hither trading, in return whereof they used some years past to carry hence abundance of raw silk of all sorts, to the imports sometimes of 600 in 800 bales upon a vessel: but this their trade by sundry losses occasioned is now decayed, and their ships are only laden with galls, cotton wools, cotton yarn, grograms, some drugs, spices, calicoes, and such.  
These are then the only 3 Christian nations that have any trade of moment here, the trade driven here by the Dutch not worthy consideration; besides which this Town is found to be the great magazine of all Persia, India and Arabia commodities; the Merchants whereof come hither in great troops and caravans, with their Camels laden with the rich wares of those several Countries, and make their returns in the commodities of Europe abovenamed, which they buy and barter with the English, French and Venetians, which here have their residence as aforesaid. To conclude then the trade of this place, and to omit nothing that I have judged proper for the demonstration thereof, I will insert the observations made here by experience in the weights and measures of this place, with the weights and measures of some other places of trade in the elevante.  
It is before noted that in Aleppo there is but one quintar accounted 
The agreement of the cantar of Aleppo with other places.  as the common cantar of the place, by which all commodities are both bought and sold; yet it is to be noted withal, that from this quintar is many other cantars derived, varying according to the custom practised in the weight of some special commodities, as I have before likewise noted: now this cantar consisteth of 100 Rotolos; the common Rotolo here which is also accounted 600 drams, though as I have there observed, several commodities are weighed by a several Rotolo, some consisting of 600, some 680, some 700, and some 720 drams: therefore to explain this point it hath been observed that the common cantar of Aleppo containing 100 Rotolos, and each Rotolo containing 600 drams have made in these Countries following:  

The 100 Rotolo of 680 drams is  
In Naples— 633 li.— 6 li. 8 ounces.  
Uenetia sotile— 720 li.— 7 li. 2 ounces 2⅖ such.  
Uenetia grosse-456 li.— 4 li. 9¾ oun.  
Florence— 626 li.— 6 li. 3⅛ oun.  
Gotile sotile— 624 li.— 6 li. 10 oun.  
Sicilia— 691 li.— 6 li. 10 〈◊〉 oun.  
Milan— 662 li.— 6 li. 7½ ounces.   
I have noted the measure here in general for all commodities to 
The agreement of the 100 picoes of Aleppo with other places.  be the pico in Cloth, the 100 picoes hath been found thus to concord with other Countries.  

100 pico have made in Venice cloth— 94 braces.  
In Venice silk— 100 braces.  
In ●…lorence— 107½ braces.  
In Genoa— 28½ Canes.  
In Milan— 81 braces.  
Sicilia— 31 Canes 1 palm.   
And thus much is what I conceive needful to have 〈◊〉 ●…ning the trade of this famous City of Aleppo.   

CHAP. LXIII.  
Of TRIPOLI and the Trade thereof.  
THE next and last of note in this Country is Tripoli, 
Tripoli in Syria and the Trade thereof.  and to distinguish it from that in Barbary commonly called (in Syria) it hath in former times been a fare Town, and enjoyed a fare and commodious harbour; now ruined, and hath (as I said before) of late days been accounted for the Port and Scale of Aleppo, where our Ships ever la●…ed ●…nd unladen, but since their removal to Scanderone it is of little commerce: some Venetians are here found to reside, and who pick out hence some small wade with the inhabitants of the Country, who afford●… them silke ●…re growing, some cotton yarn and cotton wool, some drugs, corn and other commodities.  
Their weight agrees with that of Damascus, which is Rotolo 100 & is a C●…ntar d●…scino, which is Venetia sotile li. 600, gross 380 li. 
Weights of Tripoli.  which this way should be English li. 402. but it hath been found to yield 416 li haberdepois, drams 52 is an ounce.  
Ounces 12 is a Rotolo which hath been found to be 4 li. 2 ounc. of haberdepois, and ounces 8 is an oak, which hath been observed to make out 42¾ li. haberdepois.  
Their measure being a Pico is somewhat less than 27 inches 
Measures of Tripoli.  English.  
Their moneys is generally the same with all Turkey, but thus accounted— 
Coins in Tripoli.   

Asper's 2 is a medin.  
Asper's 40 is ¼ Rot. 〈◊〉.  
Asper's 160 is a Rot. 〈◊〉.  
Asper's 140. is a dolor lion.  
Asper's 240 is a sultany.   
And thus much shall serve for Tripoli in Syria.   

CHAP. LXIV.  
Of PALESTINE and the Cities thereof.  
THE next Country in order is Palestina, having on 
Palestine.  the East Euphrates, on the West the Mediterranean Sea; on the North Phenicia, and on the South Arabia; this Country hath so often changed its name that it hath been called by 6 several names, 1 Canaan, 2 the land of promise, 〈◊〉 Israel, 4 judea, 5 Palestina, and lastly the holy land; and now divided into 4 parts, Galilea, judea, Idumea and Samaria.  
In Galilea is not found any City either of note nor trading, 
Galilea.  though in times past it was famous for many, as Bethsaida the birth place of Peter, Andrew and Philip; and Nazareth second to noon, where the Virgin Mary was saluted with those joyful tidings by an Angel: in this Country ariseth the two spring heads of Iord●…, jor and Dan, of which two that united River doth derive 
jordan.  its name.  
Neither doth Samaria now afford any City of commerce, though many notable places were there found in the flourishing days of 
Samaria.  the Israelites.  
Idumea is also destitute of trading, though it have the commodious Sea Por●… I●…ppa in it, where our Western Pilgrims are seen 
Idumea.  to land and foot it to jerusalem; where also in times past jonah took shipping to fly to Tarsus, and where Peter lying in the house of one Simon a Tanner, was in a vision taught the conversion of the Gentiles: here also was Gasa where the Persians' did hoard up in the greatness of their Empire the customs and tributes of their western dominions: take what I found in trade here worthy observation.   

CHAP. LXV.  
Of Gasa and the Trade thereof.  
GASA hath been more famous and beautiful than 
Gasa and the Trade thereof.  now it is, and renowned through Europe both for a good Sea Port and a good defence to the western Christians in their wars here against the Saladin and Sultan's of Egypt, and for a good seat of trade; but all these good things were too good for those Nations that have since been Masters thereof: for the goodness of the Port is ●…oyled by rubbish, the goodness of the walls ruined by the wars, ●…d the goodness of the scale in trade decayed by the neighbou●…g Towns situated upon this coast. It is seated in the bot●…me of all the mediterranean Sea, and sees yet a little trade by the ●…nefit of a creek capable to receive small vessels, wherein the ●…enetians and French pick out some trade with their ready mo●…ey: it is a station common to those caravans that by land travel ●…om Damascus, Aleppo or Constantinople to Ca●…o, and so back 〈◊〉; and these caravans keeping their settled times of progress ●…d regress, are the cause of some traffic here maintained: the ●…arrennesse of the neighbouring deser●…s drive som●… hither to in●…bit, which makes the Town to be better peopl●… than other●…ise it happily would be, thereby enlarging the commerce of the ●…lace. What observations therein I have learned I must acknow●…dge due to the endeavours of a Venetian Merchant who much ●…equented these parts, which is The commodities of this City are 
Commodities of Gasa.  ●…ose proper of the Country, and as the place partaketh as a con●…e Town of Egypt and judea, so it must be understood that it ●…oth participate of the commodities for merch 〈◊〉 proper to ●…oth of them, as cottons, cotton yarn, silks, some drugs, some spices, ●…nd the like.  
The coins here currant I need not nominate, neither yet the 
Coins of Gasa.  manner of keeping of Merchants accounts here; for as seated in the dominions of the grand signior; the coins and accounts are the same common with Constantinople and other parts of Turkey.  
The weight of Gasa is found to be only one, composed of the 
Weights of Gasa.  Rotolo, and 100 Rotolos making their cantar; which cantar by the said observations make in Venetia 800 li. sotile, and the 1000 li. grow. ●…n Venetia hath made here 191 Rot. and the 1000 li. sotile Venetia hath made here 125 Rotolos: but because I found a Country man of our own to have made a differing observation from this in the point of weight, which is, that the cantar of Gasa will make in London 536 li. haberdepois; I will leave the experiment to that hand that shall have cause to make a further trial.   

CHAP. LXVI.  
Of TYRUS, and the ancient Trade thereof.  
TYRUS lieth also in this Tract, or to say more properly and more truly did once lie in this Tract, 
Of Tyrus and the ancient Trade thereof.  which for its great splendour in traffic in time past deserveth here the commemoration thereof▪ which I will insert as I found it noted by the Prophet Ezech●… in chap. 26 and 27; the greatness and amplitude o●… which trade now ruined and altogether desolate, serving for example to all eminent Cities of traffic, that the Merchants Inhabitants of those places forget not GOD the giver of that plenty and abundance; nor yet abuse the same to their own destruction▪ as is showed there it was to the Tyrians. Tyrus then in the heig●… of its greatness is recorded to have a very great trade, and so large that it served for a general mart to all the World, and that all Nations were furnished with their merchandise and commodities thence, which wonderfully enriched the City and increased the power of the citizens; so that she is there termed the strong and renowned City of the Sea, and which was mightily inhabited by Se●… men and Merchants, whose power and greatness in Navigation and trade is described by many particulars in that Chapter; as first that her Ship timber was of the Fir trees of Hermon hill, and the Masts thereof was of cedar, and brought from Libanon, and the Oars thereof were of the oaks of Bashan; the Sails thereof was fine embroidered linen brought from Egypt, and the covering●… (or as Seamen term it their awneings) were of blue silk and purple, brought from the Isles of Elishah: their mariners were the Inhabitants of Sidon and Arvad, and their Shipmasters and Pilots were the wisest of the City, and their Carpenters, shipwrights and Calkers were the ancients of Gebal, and the wise men thereof; and all the Ships of the Sea with their Mariners negotiated in her in the traffic of merchandise. Now those that traded hither and were the Merchants thereof, and the commodities for which they traded is also recorded there, for the Merchants of Tarshish brought hither to the Fairs all rich commodities, as silver, iron, tin, led: The Merchants of Grecia, Italy and Cappadocia furnished it with slaves for labour, and with all manner of vessels of brass. The Merchants of Togarmah brought hither to her Marts Horses and Mules for carriage. The Merchants of Dedan brought Unicorns horns and Elephants teeth. The Merchants of Aram brought to her Fairs emerald, coral, pearls, fine linen, and purple embroidered works. The Merchants of Israel brought honey, ●…lme, oil and wheat. The Merchants of Damascus brought wines, ●…ols, and multitude of other rich wares. The Merchants of Dan ●…d javan brought iron work, cassia, calamus. The Merchants of ●…rabia furnished it with cattles. Of Sheba and Ramah with spices ●…d precious stones and gold: and to conclude, all the nations of ●…ose regions were accounted the Merchants that did traffic ●…ither with all the riches of their several Countries, and furni●…ed the same with the best of their Seamen, and the principal of ●…eir Ships for navigation: but the Holy Prophet in lieu of their ●…en greatness, prophesied their future misery; instead of their ●…en riches prophesied their future poverty, which is there recor●…ed to have fallen deservedly upon this City and their inhabitants ●…r glorying in their own strength and opulence, and for deri●…ing of the holy City of jerusalem, by rejoicing at the visitation ●…nd fall which GOD had been pleased to afflict her withal; 〈◊〉 that many years past the said prophecy hath been in her fulfilled, ●…s now we see it in these days to be; for many nations hath ●…sen up against it, and the waves of the Seas hath devoured it; the ●…iches thereof are rob, and the merchandise thereof are spoy●…ed: the nations that have known the splendour of it are risen up ●…n astonishment at it, the waters hath covered it, and in fine the ●…ame is brought to nothing, and shall never hereafter have a bee●…ng, which is fully accomplished in every particular: therefore ●…et each flourishing City of trade, and every Merchant exercising ●…raffique take warning by their rvine and desolation, and by their ●…ust and faithful dealing and upright conversation endeavour to divert the wrath of GOD from the Cities of their habitations; and having the sin of the Tyrians ever in remembrance, they may thereby hope to avoid their punishment.  
Now as for the Country of judea, I found not that it affords any eminent City of trade in these our days, though otherwise it be famous in Scripture in times past, both for the City of Bethleem, where our Saviour CHRIST was borne, and where it was found the innocents did suffer for him ere he suffered for them; and also for the City of jerico, destroyed by the sounding of rams horns; 
jerico.  and lastly for jerusalem the City of the Lord, built by Melchisedec Prince and Priest of Salem, in the Country of the Jebusites; but 
jerusalem.  since that time having been lain waste diverse times, and having again found new reedifiers, is now of little consequence: here was that most magnificent Temple built by Solomon, and the famous Temple of the Sepulchre built by Helena daughter to Coilus a British King, and mother to Constantine the Great; the ruins thereof is yet much resorted unto both by Protestant's and Papists, though for sundry ends; which place affordeth now not any trade to any nation save to the Jews, who farm of the grand signior this abovesaid Temple at 80000 sultanies yearly, and every pilgrim or other Christian entering, must pay 9 sultanies to the said farmers for admittance; so that the posterity of those Jews make an unrighteous gain and traffic by his death, whom unrighteously their forefathers occasioned to die.   

CHAP. LXVII.  
Of ARMENIA and the Provinces and Cities thereof.  
ARMENIA hath on the East Media, and the Caspian Sea, on the West Euphrates and the Euxi●… 
Armenia.  Sea, on the North Tartary, on the South Mesopotamia; the whole Country is divided into three Provinces; first, Colchis; secondly, Georgia; thirdly, Turcomania.  
Colchis lieth on the Euxine Sea, the Inhabitants thereof being Christians; hence did jason in the days of old steal the golde●… 
Colchis.  fleece; and here is also seen the ruins of that famous City Dioscuria, where by reason of the many foreign Merchants from all 
Dioscuria.  Countries that here frequented, three hundred languages was commonly spoken and practised.  
Neither can I found in Georgia, erst called Iberia, any City of note for trading. Turcomania being also as barren in this kind. 
Georgia . It is observed by sundry Authors that out of this Province is derived 
Turcomania.  the Name and Original of the Turks, who here had their offspring, and who within these three hundred year's last past have made themselves potent by their Armies, and to the rvine of many Kingdoms, the present Grand Signior Sultan Amurath, who 
The kingdoms under the Turk.  in Anno 1623., at my being in Constantinople was proclaimed Emperor of that Nation, hath under his Dominions and command in chief as Sovereign all these Countries; first in Europe he hath Dacia, Grecia, all the Aegean Lands, and Taurica Chersonesus; in Asia he hath the Provinces before already described; also Arabia, Syria, Media, Mesopotamia, Rhodes, Cyprus, and other Lands; and lastly, in Africa he hath Egypt and the Kingdom of Tunes and Argier, and many others of lesser consequence: and thus leaving Armenia, my next step is to Arabia, which cometh now to be handled.   

CHAP. LXVIII.  
Of ARABIA and the Provinces thereof.  
ARABIA is bounded on the East with the Persian gulf, 
Arabia.  on the West with the read Sea, on the North with Mesopotamia and Palestina, on the South with the Ocean; the Inhabitants are extremely addicted to theft, this ●…ade being found to be the best part of their maintenance, the ●…ountry is divided into three parts, Arabia deserta, Petrosa, and Fe●…x. 
Deserta.  Arabia deserta is the place where the people of Israel wandered ●…or forty years under the command of Moses; the most eminent City of this Province is Bolsora, whereto by reason that it serveth 
Bolsora.  ●…or thoroughfare from Arabia to Aleppo, and Damascus, is found a City of great concourse of many Merchants, and which doth ●…rincipally consist more upon the commodities brought hither ●…rom other Countries, as of India, and other parts of Arabia, then of any found here to be transported into other Countries; the ●…urther trade thereof by reason of my ignorance I omit.  
This Country by reason of the thievish lives of the Inhabitants and the general barrenness and infertilitie thereof some Authors have observed in the course of their trade and merchandizing, that the sandy Deserts are the Seas of the Arabian Merchants, the wild arabs their pirates, and their Camels their ships, usually carrying 600 li. for an ordinary burden, and so we found them to do in the carriage of our goods and wares from Scanderone to Aleppo, and so back again, a Camels load being accounted ten Clotheses Suffolk, which by statute weigh 640 li. which with the packing may be 700 li. or else two barrels or Chests of Tin found to be incirca 600 li. and so in other commodities.  
In Arabia Petrosa I found not any City of trading: Esion Gebor 
Petrosa.  on the coasts of the read Sea, where Salomon's Navy kept station before the setting out and at their return from Ophir, was once a famous place, and of great traffic, though now it lies buried in its own ruins.  
In Arabia faelix, Merchants should be better welcome were 
Faelix.  the Inhabitants so beneficial to their traffic as their commodities might be made, for it is esteemed the richest and pleasantest part of all Arabia, and indeed of all Asia, abounding with Gold, pearls, Balsam, Myrrh, Frankincense, and many other precious drugs.  
Here is those two notably noted Towns of Medina and Mecha, 
Medina Talnabi and Mecha.  the one the birth place, the other the burying place of Mahomet (who in his younger years was a Merchant, and in his elder a cunning impostor) where Christians are forbidden to enter, lea●… they should see (as some Authors allege) the absurdities of the Mahumetane adoration of their great Prophets Sepulchre, whose body enclosed in an iron chest, is said by an Adamant to be drawn up to the roof of the Temple where it hangeth; but herein many of them are and have been for a long time deceived, for 〈◊〉 self and other Merchants that have for some term of time resided in Turkey, and specially in Constantinople, know by experience that the grand Signior doth yearly sand a Carpet or rather tombecloth of green Velvet to cover the said Sepulchre, the old being then taken away and accounted the fees and veils of their Priests and clergy men that attended thereon, who cut the same into several small pieces, and cell it to the superstitious at extreme rates for precious relics; the Tomb itself being seated in a Temple built in Mecha, of no great magnificence or beauty, save the cost daily bestowed thereupon in Lamps of silver and gold, wherein is Balsam and other such rich odours, ointments and oils continually burned, and is seated on the firm ground and not in the air, is above is said, and enclosed within an iron grate, wherein some by favour are permitted to enter, from some of whom I have had this relation, and is by diverse Turks that I have known and that have seen it and reported it to be so, and no otherwise: this large circuit of ground hath not afforded me much matter of trade worthy observation that hitherto hath come to my hands; the most pertinent and eminent places are Mocha, the Seaport of the said Mecha abovenamed, and Adam, both on the read Sea; of the trade whereof a word, so fare forth as I have gathered, and then I will conclude.   

CHAP. LXIX.  
Of MOCHA, and the trade thereof.  
MOcha, or Muchi as some name it, is seated in the read Sea, almost opposite to Zuachen that famous City of 
M●…cha, and the trade thereof.  trade on the African shore, and serveth as the Port and scale to Meccha, the birth place of Mahomet the famous Prophet of these Countrymen, much here resorted unto by Turks, Moors, Arabians, and other Nations professing this superstitious religion; it is frequented by diverse Merchants, especially Arabians and Egyptians that take it in their way to Aden, Ormus, India, or the like; and also much frequented by Mahumetane Pilgrims, who in blind devotion come this way to Meccha to pay their vows to their ungodly Patron.  
It is subject to the grand Signior, and acknowledgeth his coins 
Coins in Mocha.  ●…r the currant in this place in matter of trade, which is the asper ●…mmon with all Turkey.  
Whereof 60 is here accounted for a Rial of 〈◊〉 Spanish.  
An hundred is accounted for a Soltanie, chiquine or sheriff.  
The common gold here currant 8 sh. sterling.  
Their weights here used partake also somewhat of the common 
Weights in Mocha.  ●…eight in appellation used throughout all Turkey, which is the ●…am, 10 whereof is accounted here an ounce.  

14 Ounces is a Rotolo.  
24 Rotol. is a fracello, which is 25 li. 12 ounces English.  
15 Fracellos makes a cantar, or as they term it,  
1 Bahar, making English incirca, 386 li.   
The Measures here is the pico, accounted incirca 26½ inches 
Measures in Mocha.  ●…nglish, other notes have not fall'n into my hand of this place, ●…erefore hence I will bend my course to Aden.   

CHAP. LXX.  
Of ADEN, and the Trade thereof.  
ADen is the strongest and fairest Town of Arabia foelix, 
Aden, and the Trade thereof.  situated in a valley and encompassed most part with hills of marble, upon which it is conceived it never raineth; it lieth on the North side of the entrance of the read Sea, reaching 60 miles further inwards than the opposite cape Guardefu; it is fortified with 5 strong Castles, kept by Garrisons, and within late years surprised by the Bashaw of Egypt, for the grand Signior, in whose obedience it now quietly remaineth by the death and slaughter of the natural Sovereign thereof: it is now by the industry of man from a firm land become an Island, and yet commanded by a strong Castle, the residence of the Governor seated on an adjoining hill.  
It is accounted to have 6000 houses in it, inhabited by sundry Nations; or more properly a miscelanie of Indian's, Persians', Ethiopians, Arabians, and Turks which here do reside for the benefit of that great trade and commerce that is exercised in this City. The Portugals had once got the possession thereof, and were masters of it for some few years; but finding the charge of the Garrison to exceed the benefit afforded by the trade and neighbouring confines, they willingly surrendered the place to a Moor; who paying them for some years certain tribute, they seated as a Sovereign to command the same, who ruled here till the Turks become to be masters thereof.  
This City is now the principal Magazine for the commodities of Persia, India, and Arabia, and affording naturally great store of Drugs, as Myrrh, Balsam, Manna, and many sorts of spices: The heat of this place is so excessive in the day time, that all the bargains and contracts made here amongst Merchants, is done by night, as the cool●…st season to effect the same.  
Now for the coins here currant, the weights and measures here in use and other needful further observations of the trade of this place, I am enforced to be silent in, and refer the same to the more experienced, to be hereafter added, as occasion shall serve hereunto.   

CHAP. LXXI.  
Of Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Chaldea, and the Cities thereof.  
ASsyria hath on the East Media, on the West Mesopotamia, 
Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Chaldea.  on the North Armenia minor, on the South a part of Persia; in which I found no City at present of any note: here is seen to this day the ruins of that Ni●…iveh whose walls were of three days journey in compass about, one hundred foot high, and thirty foot broad, and beautified with 1500 Towers of 200 foot high; through which ran the famous River of Euphrates, and to which place was jonas sent to preach; here being 120000 persons found so ignorant in the things of God, that they are said in Scripture not to know the right hand from the left.  
In Mesopotamia is seated Caramit a famous Town and Bashawlike 
Mesopotamia.  of the grand Signior whose commerce is unknown unto us by reason of its situation; in Genesis 12 it is called Padan Haran, and is the place where Abraham dwelled after he had left Vr; and in this Country was Abraham borne, and to which place he sent his servant to choose a wife for his son Isaac; and here in some Author's opinion, (which in this description I followed, did Paradise stand. 
Paradise.   
In Chaldea we found many Cities to have been of old; and amongst 
Chaldea.  others Babel, famous for the confusion of Languages that here happened in building that stupendious Edifice which was raised 5164 paces high, and who had its basis and circumference equal to that height; it is now much lessened of its ancient greatness, and from Babel it become first Babylon, and now Bagdat, 
Babylon, now Bagdate.  a Bashawlike of the grand Signior, through which runs the River Euphrates, which is in part the cause of her present traffic which daily is found to be maintained by the help of Aleppo, where is kept (by the intercourse of Merchants, and the commodity of Caravans, and intelligence of Pigeons carrying letters) a neighbourlike commerce; Bagdate oftentimes venting into the land, what Aleppo doth receive by Seas.   

CHAP. LXXII.  
Of BABYLON, now BAGDATE, and the Trade thereof.  
BAbylon, now Bagdate, was at first founded by Nimrod, 
Babylon, and the trade thereof.  but never finished till that warlike Semiramis took it in hand whose walls were 60 miles in circuit, 200 foot high, and 75 foot broad, seated upon the River Euphrates, in those days a fare and beautiful City, now having almost lost all that splendour and glory it then justly boasted of: Many famous accidents have here happened; here died Alexander the great, after which his body lay eight days ere his ambitious Captains could have leisure to given it a fitting burial; here it is also said that when this place was taken by Zopyrus the Macedonian with his Grecians, it was full three days ere one part thereof took notice of the conquest, since which it hath been subject to several sovereigns, and it is at this day a Town of very great traffic, between which and Aleppo are many Caravans found to travel with many 1000 Camels laden with sundry commodities, the rich commodities of India brought from Ormus by Sea to Balsara, seated as the maritime Port of the City in the Persian Gulf, and so up the River Euphrates hither, and hence to Aleppo, Damascus, and other Countries, which again returnes-them in exchange the commodities of Turkey, Egypt, and Europe.  
In this Country, and generally through many parts of Turkey, 
●…igeons Letter, or news Carriers.  they have a custom to given advice of their affairs by pigeons, which serve Merchants here for Posts; and hereby the English are found in Aleppo to have advice from Alexandretta, which is accounted 100 miles, in 24 hours, and hereby the Caravans here travailing given from time to time advice of their journeys and success, which is done in this manner: when the hen dove sitteth and hath young, they take the cock pigeon and put him into a cage, whom (when he is by the Caravan carried a day's journey off) they set at liberty, and he strait flieth home to his mate; when by degrees they are thus perfectly taught: the Carriers and Merchants on any accident fasten a letter about one of their necks, and they being freed without any stay hasten to the place from whence they were brought, and such as at home do watch their return, (climb their hole and take away their Letter) are certified of the mind of their friends, or any other tidings, after a very speedy manner.  
The commodities of this place, are the common commodities before 
Comm●…dities of Babylon.  nominated in Aleppo, and their coins currant, are the same that are found throughout Turkey, as subject to one and the same Sovereign; but the coins of Persia are found here likewise to pass currant for their value, and so doth also their gold without 
Coins of Babylon.  exception; it being a received custom in Trade, that frontier Towns of Trade admit the coins of the bordering Inhabitants and Regions.  
The weights of Babylon known amongst us is the dram, mitigall, Rotolo, and Cantar. 
Weights of Babylon.   
Their Rotolo hath been observed to make 1 li. 10 ounces English, and our 112 li. English hath made here 68 Rotolos.  
Their measure in length common in this place is the pico found to be by trial about 27 inches English. 
Measures in Babylon.   
To conclude this Country's relation; from hence come the 3 Wise men called of the East, who worshipped Christ and presented him with gifts, and the inhabitants hereof are said to be the first inventors of Astronomic and Astrology; and therefore hence have all such the title of Chaldeans, and for other matter of trade, here is only found the famous Town of Mosul, situated on the River Euphrates, abounding with Forests of Galls, so much required and requested by diverse throughout the world: and now to MEDIA.   

CHAP. LXXIII.  
Of MEDIA, and the Provinces thereof.  
MEdia is limited on the East with Parthia; on the West 
Media and the Cities thereof.  with Armenia, on the South with Persia, and on the North with the Caspian Sea; being absolutely the greatest Sea of all others that hath no commerce with the Ocean, by some called the Hyrcanian Sea, and by some the Sea Bacchu, of a Town of that name thereon bordering.  
The chief Cities of this Country is Sultania, famous for the 
Sultania.  fare Mosque in the East; Sumachia, the strongest of all the rest, taken by the Turks in Anno 1578, and now the seat of a Turkish Bashaw; Eres, Ardovile, Shervan, Bacchu, and some others; and lastly, the most eminent Tauris, of the trade hereof see hereafter.  
Likewise in this Tract is comprehended the Province of Albania, 
Tauris.  now Zairia, little beholding to the industry or labour of the Husbandman, yet of its own accord yielding for one sowing, most times two, and sometimes three reapings: the chief City is Caucasiae Portae, built hard upon the hill Caucasus, one of the best fortified Towns of the East, now called Derbent, a strong 
Derbent.  City environed with two walls, and fortified with iron Gates; yet nevertheless taken it was by the grand Signior in his last wars against the Persians', under whose command it now remaineth, being now accounted one of the keys of this kingdom, and the common entrance into Persia; and lastly in this Country Phidon an Argive in Anno mundi 3146 is said to found out the use of weights and measures; which knowledge and concordance by this Tract I covet to obtain.  
And to conclude, a word of the Trade of this Country in the 
The Weight of Derbent is the Moon, which is 3 li. 11 ounces Venice sotile.  general; I found that the Moscovia company were the first that sought the knowledge thereof in these parts; for upon their discovery of Moscovia, they traded down the River Volga to Astracan, and thence in Barks sailed with their English commodities to Bacchu, Derbent, and other places on the Caspian Sea, and since some of the East India Company have more narrowly traced it, and have observed the same more particular: the principal commodities proceeding hence is the raw silk made at Gilan, Zahaspa, Rastiguan, Chiulfall, and others, now known unto us by the name of Persia, Ardasse, and Lege silks, and from this last the dealers in silk here are throughout Asia commonly termed Chiulfallins.   

CHAP. LXXIIII.  
Of TAURIS and the trade thereof.  
TAuris, is the Metropolis of Media, and the summer seats of the Persian Sophies containing 16 miles in 
Tauris and the trade thereof.  compass, and including 100 thousand Inhabitants; it hath within late years been three times conquered by the Turks, and hath as often again returned to the Persians', under whom now it resteth: first, by Selimus, then, by Soliman the magnificent, and lastly, by Osman General to Amurath the third; it is now in the possession of the Persian, and strongly fortified, and seated in a cold, yet wholesome Country, the Inhabitants more addicted to the making of silk, than to the sword; distant six days journey from the Caspian Sea; and indeed encompassed by several great Towns of note, whose manual labours are famoused over the world, as first Eres, whence come the fine silk called the Mamodean, now out of use; then Gilan abounding with lege silk; Sumachia, abounding in excellent carpets, 
Gilan & Bilan. Sumachia. Arasse.  whereto the people wholly addict themselves; then Arasse, the most eminent and opulent City in the trade of merchandise throughout all Servania, partly by the abundant growth of silk there nourished, and hence called Arasse, vulgarly Ardasse (2000 sums yearly going hence to Aleppo in Syria) and partly by the growth thereof; Galls, cottons, wool, alum, some spices, drugs, and sundry other commodities; so that to make this place the happy scale of merchandise, Nature having played her part, there wanteth only peace between the Kings of Persia and Turkey, which at present is denied them: the further manner of trade of that place, I am constrained for want of due information to omit, and refer what I have thereof collected to PERSIA.   

CHAP. LXXV.  
Of PERSIA and the Provinces thereof.  
PERSIA is bounded on the East with the River Indus, 
Persia and the Provinces thereof.  on the West with Tigris and the Persian gulf, on the North with the Caspian Sea, and the River Oxus, and on the South with the main Ocean, the people are much addicted to hospitality and poetry; in their compliments lordly, in their apparel fantastical, in their expenses magnificent, and in their lives lovers of learning, nobility, and peace.  

This Empire containeth these several Provinces.  
1 Persis.  
2 Sussiana.  
3 Caramania.  
4 Gedrosia.  
5 Drangiania.  
6 Arica.  
7 Arachosia.  
8 Parapomisus.  
9 Saccha.  
10 Hyrcania.  
11 Ormus.   
Of all which in brief, and no further than may concern my present purpose.  
In Persis now called Far, having the gulf of Persia to the South 
Persis Far.  limit, Caramania for the East, Susiana for the West, and Media for the North, was seated Persepolis the ancient seat of this Empire, which Alexander at the request of his Courtesan Lays commanded to be set on fire, but afterward repenting him of so great a folly and so unworthy an act, he re-edified it, though yet now having lost much of its former beauty, and giving place to the famous City of Casbin, the residence of the present Sophies brought hither from Tauris by Sophie Tamas.  
The commodities that this Country is in general found to afford 
Commodities of Persi●….  for merchandise, is silks of all sorts, raw growing plentifully in 1 Bilan, 2 Gilan, and 3 Aras, some precious stones, many sorts of drugs, wrought silks, Chamblets, Carpets, sashes, callicoes, and many excellent Arms used in war both for horse and man, which is here so well tempered in the framing and making (with some virtuous simples) that it makes it both hard and excellent for use, and preserves the same clean from any rust or perishing.   

CHAP. LXXVI.  
Of CASBIN and the trade thereof.  
CASBIN is now accounted the Metropolis of Persia, 
Casbin and the trade thereof.  and sometimes the residence of the Sophies, hither removed from Tauris, as I said before, it is accounted a day's journey about on horseback, well walled and fortified with a strong Fort, and beautified with two fare Straglios; the walls whereof are made of read marble, and paved with Mosacque work; the chief street hereof is called the attimidan, in figure foursquare, each angle being ¼ mile in length, encompassed with scaffolds for the people to sit and behold the King and his Nobles at their exercises of shooting, riding, running, and the like; this City is seated in a goodly fertile plain of three or four day's journeys in length, which is furnished with near two thousand Villages to supply the necessary uses thereof, which did much in rich this place before the removal of the Persians' Court to Hispahan, which is fourteen days journey further into the East; three places herein do much adorn and beautify 
Three excellencies in Casbin.  this place; first, the Attimidan aforesaid; secondly, the King's palace, which is so brave a fabric, and so richly furnished, that Europe can hardly match it; and lastly, the Bassars which are many in number, which are in the manner of our Pawns in London, where are to be sold all manner of Persia, India, Turkey, Moscovian, and Arabia commodities, as all rich gems, jewels, drugs, spices, silk 
Commodities of Cosbin.  wrought in Damasks, Velvets, and raw, transported into other Countries; the attimidan serving the Merchants for an Exchange or place of meeting, where every day is seen a continual fare, where all manner of commodities is sold both for back and belly; also Goldsmiths, Exchangers of moneys, and all other professions, who come hither and display their commodities, as to some public Mart. And the moneys and currant coins here passable amongst Merchants, I refer to the chief City of Persia, Hispahan, the present residence of the Persian Monarch; and I am informed that the weights and measures thereof do also agreed therewith, so shall not need to enlarge myself further in that particular.   

CHAP. LXXVII.  
Of BALSARA and the Trade thereof.  
BALSARA lieth in the bottom of the Persian gulf, 
Balsara and the trade thereof.  and is seated on the mouth of the River Euphrates, serving as a Magazine for all the commodities of Arabia, India, Turkey, and Persia, and as a thoroughfare for all Merchants travelling from one of those Countries to another, but especially for such as here take shipping to the Isle of Ormus, India, Arabia, &c. This town was of late years subject to the Persian, but now in obedience to the great Turk, and is the last of his Dominions this way: and here it is observed that the water doth ebb and flow, as with us in England, and in no place else adjoining upon the Ocean Seas, the indraught may be imagined to be the cause, as it is observed the like in Venice.  
It hath been noted in matter of trade here, that there is paid for every sum of goods carried from Bagdat hither by water, six sehids, and from Balsara to Bagdat two Medins per Wesnoe, and 100 Wesnoes from Balsara to Ormus, cost carriage twenty Lairins, and the like back from Ormus to Balsara.  
Hither always comes the Syria Caravans that are bound for India, and end their land travel, and embark themselves and goods for the great Marts of Ormus and Cambaia, and here returning they conclude their Sea navigation, and begin their land peregrinations for Turkey, &c.  
The customs payable at Balsara as the last port of the grand Signiors 
Customs paid at Balsara.  Dominions, who conquered the same from the Persian in Anno 1550, is 1 in every 14 sehids for gross commodities, but it is 1 per 20 or 5 per cent. upon Clotheses, silks, and fine goods, but here is a tare of 3 in 10 Wesnoes allowed both in spices, drugs, &c. for dust, and upon silks for waste, heads, and the like.  
The prices of commodities ruled some years passed thus here. 
Prices of commodities in Bilsara.   
The Wesnoe of Maces is worth in Balsara 13 ducats.  
The Wesnoe of Nutmegs was worth 6 ducats.  
The Wesnoe of soap was worth 15 seheds.  
The Wesno of Almonds was 24 sehids.  
The Wesno of Galls was worth 10 larins, and for this weight of Wesno, it is found that 16 Wesnoes of Balsara make a Kintar of Aleppo common weight, but the 100 Wesnoes in the weight of silk of Rotol: 680 dr: in Aleppo makes silk Rot. 529 dr: 28.  
The weight common here in the sale of commodities besides this 
Weights used in Balsara.  Wesno, is the Maund which is 100 Rotolos, which hath been observed to have made 500 li. English, which is 5 li. a Rotolo, but I have met with an observation upon this place made by some English that have travelled hither, that the 112 li. hath made 19 Maundss 2¾ Rotolos, which must be 5 li. 4¼ ounces English; the difference I refer to be rectified by the better experienced.  
Their measure is found to be about 26 inches English. 
Measures of Balsara.   
To proceed to the next Province in Persia, it is Cusestan, situated Eastward from Persia, called in Scripture Havilah, having in it 
Cusestan.  Susa, a City where sometimes the Persian Monarch abides in winter, as being more Southerly than Ecbatana; and lastly Casan, of which a word.   

CHAP. LXXVIII.  
Of CASAN and the Trade thereof.  
CASAN is a principal fare and famous City in this Country, but much troubled with excessive heat 
Casan and the trade thereof.  by reason of its situation in a pleasant and large plain; it consisteth altogether of merchandizing, and the greatest trade of all the inland Country is found herein, and most especially frequented by Indian Merchants; the Inhabitants are in general addicted to all curious manufactures, and fabrics, as in weaving of sashes, turbans, and girdles, in making also of velvets, satins, damasks, curious and fine Ormusins, and Carpets; and indeed it is accounted the very Magazine 
Commodities of Casan.  of all the Persian Cities, for these commodities; here is also to be sold all manner of drugs, and spices, pearls, diamonds, Rubies, and turkeses, and all sorts of silks, both raw and wrought, so that the Author (who in this relation I follow) is verily persuaded that there is more silk yearly brought into Casan, than there is of broad cloth brought into London. The civil policy of this City is 
Policy of Casan.  also commendable, an idle person not being permitted to live amongst them, and the children after six years old, are presently set to work; here being a Law to the shame of Christendom, that every Inhabitant must yearly given up his name to the Magistrate, therewith declaring how and in what manner he liveth, what art he exerciseth, and if he be found in a falsehood, he is beaten on the fe●…te, or else employed in some public slavery, to the example of others: and for other notes of trading, see Hispahan in Parthia.  
Caramania is the third Province, the chief Cities are Gadil, Cobin 
Caramania.  and Caraman, famous for the excellent fabrics here made of Cloth of gold, and for the best Semiters in the world; and here it was that Alexander being returned out of India, kept his Bacchanalian feasts.  
In Gedrosia, Drangiana or Sigestan, Aria now Sablestan, Aracosia 
Gedrosia, &c.  now Cabull, Parapomisus, Saca and Hyrcania, I found not any thing worthy the survey, therefore I willingly pass them over and close these Provinces with the City of Sciras, which is comprehended in this tract.   

CHAP. LXXIX.  
Of SCIRAS, and the Trade thereof.  
SCIRAS in times past Persepolis, built by Perseus, 
Sciras and the trade thereof.  who gave the name of Persians' to the Inhabitants, was for a long time the seat Royal of this Empire, for which cause Alexander (as is before mentioned) at the request of his Courtesan Lais, commanded it to be set on fire, but afterward repenting him of so great an oversight, he re-edified the same; it is situated on the banks of the famous River Bindamir, which courseth through the Kingdom of Persia 
Bindamir.  and Lar, and so emptieth itself into the Persian gulf, and standeth just in the road way which leads from Hispahan to Ormus; it sheweth yet many eminent signs and monuments of its former glory, as two very great Gates twelve miles distant asunder, showing what the circuit was in the time of the Monarchy; also the ruins of a goodly Palace and Castle, built by Cyrus, having a threefold wall, beautified with many spires and turrets; the first twenty-foure foot high, the second forty-eight foot high, the last ninety foot high, all of free stone, and form in a square with twelve gates of brass on each angle, with pales of brass set before them curiously wrought, testifying the magnificence of the founder. It is now accounted one of the most famous Cities of the East, both for traffic of Merchandise and for excellent armour and furniture for war, which the Inhabitants here with wonderful cunning and art do make of iron and steel, and the juice of certain herbs, of much more notable temper and beauty, than are those which are made with us in Europe.  
The coins here in use being proper to the whole Kingdom and the weights and measures not found differing from the same used in Ormus, the prime port of this whole Kingdom, I shall not need here further to insist thereupon, and therefore from hence accompanying the Caravan, I in the next place survey the said famous port of Ormus.   

CHAP. LXXX.  
Of ORMUS and the Trade thereof.  
THE last Province of this Country is accounted to be 
Ormus and the trade thereof.  the Island and Territories of Ormus, twelve miles from the Continent, small in compass, and very barren, yet famous throughout the world for the great trade there exercised by the Indian's, Persians', and Arabians, and other Nations, the King thereof some years past was a Mahometan, and drew by the customs of this City 140000 sheriffs yearly, since which it become tributary to the Portugals, who fortified the same in Anno 1506, and for the excellency thereof, the Arabians use to say proverbially:  

Si terrarum Orbis, quaqua patet, annulus esset,  
Illius Ormasium gemma decusque foret;   

If all the world should be a Ring, the stone  
And gem thereof were Ormus Isle alone.   
Since which time by the valour of our English East India Companies arms, this Island hath been reduced to the subjection of 
Ormus restored to the Persian by the English valour.  the King of Persia, to whom it is now obedient, and still enjoyeth the former splendid trade to all the parts of the East; here are found the spices and precious gems of India, the tapestries, carpets, and sashes of Persia, the grograms, mohers, and Chamblets of Turkey, the drugs of Arabia; and lastly, the ●…neys called the larins of Persia, which are here accounted as a great and special Merchandise, all which be excellent helps to make this place a famous Mart and Magazine of all Eastern commodities. Now the cause that in part moveth this great trade hither, and the great concourse of Merchants into this Island, is that twice yearly there 
Orders of Caravans from Syria to Balsara.  cometh a great company of people over land out of Syria, Aleppo, and other those parts, which are called Caffiles or Caravans, with all the commodities of the mediterranan Seas, which in their journeys observe this order; They have first a captain, and certain hundreds of janissaries or Soldiers, which convey and conduct the said Caffilla or Caravan until they come to Balsara, from whence they travel by water to Ormus; and this twice yearly happeneth, in April and in September, which constant times of their departure thence thus known, their number is oftentimes augmented to 6000, in 10000 persons, with their Mules, Camels and Dromedaries, passing by Babylon now Bagdat, and so to Balsara as is abovesaid; and in this same nature they travel at certain set times; in their return hence for Aleppo, carrying with them all manner of Merchandise of this place, fitting either for Turkey, or the mediterranean Sea; and in which Caravans all nations are found freely to travel, excepting the King of Spain's subjects, which are very narrowly looked into, though notwithstanding they are found oftentimes to pass in the names of Uenetians, French, and other Nations, so that when these Caravans do come to Ormus, against their coming there is general preparation made by all other Merchants of that Country, for to have commodities in readiness to barter and exchange with them. The Island itself is but small and barren, and composed only of a salt rock, whereof their houses and walls are made; and in Summer it is found so excessive hot, that the Inhabitants are forced to lie and sleep in wooden Cesterns made for the purpose, full of water, and all naked both men and women lying clean under water, their heads only excepted; yet have they no fresh water in the Island, but what they fetch from other Lands in the Sea near there adjoining, which they also keep in cesterns for their use, as is accustomed in some part of Spain in jarres, or as they term them in Tenajos. At the last reduction of this Town to the Sceptre of Persia by the aid of the English, they had many immunities of trade granted them, and to be here free of all custom, and withal to draw the one half of all the customs thereof; but that good service was soon forgotten, and they have now only the honour of the good service for their pains and reward, and nothing else.  
To this City and Island, I must add the two only Seaports of consequence on this coast, appertaining to the Crown of Persia, which are jasques and Gombrone, in which the English have 
jasques. Gombrone.  their Factories and residency, and is the place where their ships do lad and unlade their burdens for this Kingdom, and where also the goods and commodities bound for Hispahan, Casbin, Sciras, Casan, and Tauris, and generally for the whole Empire are landed, and here laden upon camels, dromedaries, and horses into those places; and because that I found that the coins, measures and weights of this place do somewhat differ from them passable and in use at Spahan and more within the land, I have thought it needful here to insert the same, according as I have gathered them from those that have frequented the places above mentioned, referring the Reader for what is here omitted to Spahan itself, the Metropolis of this Empire in the following Chapter.  
The Coins then here in use and valuation are these:  

1 Bess of copper is 4 Cosbeggs. 
Coins currant in Gombrone and jasques and Ormus.   
1 Shahee of silver is 2½ Bessees, which is 4d d starling or 10 cosbegs.  
1 Mamothy silver is 2 shahees which is 8d d star. or 29 cosbegs.  
1 Abashae of silver is 2 mamothies, which is 16 d star. or 40 cosb.  
1 Asar of gold is 20 shahees or 6 shil. 8d. starling.  
1 Toman of gold is 10 asars, which is 66 shil. 8 d. star. and this Toman is accounted 50 abashes or 2000 cosbeggs.   
These are the general coins currant throughout Persia; to these I must add those in use in these parts above mentioned: The Rial of 〈◊〉 Spanish is here a commodity, and bought and sold, and the common estimation thereof is here 130½ cosbegs or 13 shahees, and somewhat more, which accounted at 4 d. per shahee is little more than 4 shil. 4 d. starling. Again, this Rial of eight passeth here for 5¼ la●…rees, which larrees are 10 d. star. and by this account the Rial of 〈◊〉 is 4 shil. 4½ d. starling.  
1 Larree is 5½ saddees, each saddee being not fully 2 d. star. and each saddee accounted here for 40 flosses; so that the larree is here 220 flosses, and every ℞. of 〈◊〉 is here at Gombrone and jasques 1155 flosses.  
The common weight here and throughout Persia is the dram, 96 drams making 16 ounces haberdepois; so that 6 drams makes the 
Weights of Ormus, Gombrone and jasques.  said ounce, and 1200 drams being a maund shaw, or as we may call it the Kings Maund, which hath been found to make in England 12½ li. haberdepois: In weighing of silk, they observe the maund Tauris which is ½ the maund shaw or 600 drams, and 5 Maund Tauris is accounted here for 1 maund of Sarrat, which by this computation should make 3000 drams, or 500 li. haber: 36 maund shaws or 72 mands Tauris is a load of silk, which is by the said calculation 43200 drams, which is 7200 Ounces English making silk pounds 300 li. haberdepois, which is about two coals of Aleppo of 46½ Rotolos per peer.  
Their measure in use here as throughout all Persia is not found much to vary, they have in general two, which they term the 
Measures of Ormus, jasques, and Gombrone.  Coveda, the short and the long; the long coveda is somewhat longer than the English yard, accounted by some 37 inches; and at Sciras and in some other Cities it is found to be 38 inches, by which all clothes, kerseys, and outlandish manufacturies are sold by. The short Coveda is proper only for the manufacturies of Persia, accounted to hold out 27 inches, and found agreeable to the pic●… used in Constantinople and Aleppo. And thus leaving Ormus and the said port Towns of jasques and Combrone, I will hence travail to Parthia, wherein I found Hispahan the Metropolis of Persia seated.  
The next Country subject to the Crown of Persia is Parthia, bounded on the East with Aria, on the West with Media, on the 
P●…ia.  South with Caramania, and on the North with Hyrcania, and is now in the Persian tongue called Erache.  
The chief Cities that are found in this tract are Guerde, Irsdie, and last Hispahan, formerly Hecatompyle, the residence of the present Sophy, and accounted of that bigness, that the Persians' hyperbolly call it, Half the world; under which I will comprehend the general trade of Persia, so fare forth as I have found it observed.   

CHAP. LXXXI.  
Of HISPAHAN, and the Trade thereof.  
HISPAHAN in times past was called Hecatompolis, 
Hispahan and the trade thereof.  or the City of 100 gates, which name it may well still retain, seeing that the walls thereof contains a reasonable day's journey on horseback, it is now become the greatest City in all the Persian Dominions, and so much the more populous and magnificent, as being the common residence of the Persian Sophies; it is strong by situation, defended by a high wall, deep ditches, and a good Castle; on the west side stand two stately Palaces or Seraglios, for the King and his Women, fare exceeding in state and magnificence all others the proud buildings of this City. The walls are of read marble, and pargetted with diverse colours, and all the Palace is paved with chequered and fretted work, and on the same is spread curious Carpets both of silk and gold; the windows are of Alabaster, of white and other spotted marble; the posts and wickets of massy Ivory chequered with glistering black Ebony, so curiously wrought in winding knots, as may easilier stay than satisfy the eyes of the wondering beholder; to which is added a pleasant Garden, wherein is seen a thousand fountains, brooks and lesser rivulets; and also what may else be wanting, to make it fit for so great a Monarch.  
The Inhabitants of this City do all their affairs one horseback, both public and private, going from place to place, they confer one with another on horseback; and so do the Merchants buy and cell and negociate; the difference here between the Gentlemen and the slave being, that the slave never rideth, nor the gentleman never goeth on foot.  
It is not questionable but that this City, the splendour of all Persia, the continual residence of the Kings, and inhabited by so many eminent persons, as always attended this Monarch, but that it is of great trade and concourse of Merchants, and furnished not only with all the native commodities of Persia, but also of those of Arabia, Turkey, India and China, hither brought in great abundance to be exchanged for the native commodities of this place: and though it want the commodiousness of the Sea, yet by Caravans it is supplied with all those things that are conducible either to beauty, necessity, or ornament. The Caspian Sea affords it the commodities of Turkey, Russia, and Moscovia and jasques with Ormus; his two Seaports in India affords it the commodities of India and Arabia; all other commodities from either the Turk or Mogur is supplied by Caravans Dromedaries and Camels: which hath cost by late observations in portage and carriage of commodities thus:  
The carriage of 100 mands of wares from Sciras to Hispahan 
Carriage of Commodities by Caravans.  costeth 70 sehids, and from Spahan to Casan 60 sehids, from Hispahan to Ormus by Scyras 120 sehids, and from Hispahan to Tauris 40 sehids.  
The common commodities of Hispahan I have already nominated, and though all commodities in general are subject to rise and fall in price amongst Merchants, yet the maund of cotton is here 
Prices common of Commodities in Spahan.  commonly at 12 sehids, the maund of Rice 7 Beste, the maund of Dragant 2 Beste, of Enapp 2 Beste, of Non 3 Beste, of Laghem 4 Beste, of Anil 40 mamhodies, and the Cattee of sugar is worth 400 Tomans, which is () pound English.  
Their coins currant in Hispahan, and generally throughout all the Kingdom of the Sophy are of several sorts, partly of brass, partly of silver and partly of gold. The principal whereof is the 
Coins currant in Persia.  Toman, which formerly hath been accounted to be worth 6 li. starling, since 4 li. and by reason of the late wars embased, and worth now only 3 li. 6 s8. 8 d. at Sea side starling, and by some accounted 3 li. 12. sh. 6 d.  
This Toman is worth 200 Saheds or Shahees, 14½ or 15 ℞. 8/8span. or 10 asures, which have been accounted 4 li. star. a piece, a Mamothy of silver, is 2½ Bestees of copper.  
The Rial of 〈◊〉 span. is here accounted for 13 Shahees, and 1 cosbeg or 5¼ lorins.  
The lion dolor currant in these parts is 10 Shahees, every Shahee is 4 d. starling, or 50 deniers here in account.  
A Rupias, which is the coin of the Mogul is abashees, 4¼ which is 2 sh. 3 d. starling.  
A Mamothy is 9 cosbegges or 32 doors, or 100 deniers.  
A Bestee of copper is 4 cosbegges, or 20 deniers.  
An Abaisce silver is 2 Mamothies, or 20 shahees, or 200 deniers.  
A Chicken of gold, sheriff or solton is 18½ shahees, yet in some places of Persia they pass for 20 shahees, and in some for 24 sha.  
An azure of gold is 20 shahees, and 10 asures is a Tomano 3-6-8 d. saint  
A Larin is 5½ shahees, and in some places only 5 about 10 d. or 10½ d. starling, here 25 cosbeggs.  
A Fonan is 9 Cupans. A mitigall is 3●…½ or 34 shahees.  
A sadee is 40 flosses. A shahee is 10 cosbeggs.  
A mitigall is 33½, and in some places 34 shahees.  
A Tanger is 12 pulls, which is shahees.  
They here keep their accounts in sundry species and denominations, 
Accounts kept in Persia.  some in Sheriffs, some in Spanish Rials, and some in tomen, and some in Shahees: The common account is thus distinguished.  
The Abashee is 200 deniers, or 20 shahees. The Mamothy is 100 deniers, or 10 shahees. The Sadon 50 deniers, or 5 shahees: The Uiste is 20 deniers, or 2 shahees. The Cosbegge is 5 deniers.  
And those that keep their account in shahees, only they reckon them to hundred thousands, and hundred thousands, as the proper known coin of the Country; and this manner hath seemed the best to our English there resident, which they account 60 shahees for 20 sh. starling.  
The weights of Persia are subsistent of 3 sorts, of the Dram, the 
Weights currant in Persia.  Mitigall, and the Manned or Mandshaw:  
The dram is the lest, 100 whereof makes 66⅔ mitigals.  
The mitigall is the next, 100 whereof makes 150⅓ drams.  
The manned or mandeshaw is the greatest, and makes 1200 mitigals, or else 1800 drams; which hath made by the observation of some Factors that have resided there 14 li. 9 ounc. haberdepois.  
The sum or cargo of silk is accounted here 36 Mandshaw, which accounted as above, makes English 524 li. haberdepois, and is great pounds of 24 ounc. incirca 350 li. But the east India company found it to be 300 great silk pounds and no more by often trial: But it is to be noted that these mandshaws is found to differ in many Provinces and Cities in Persia, and the bordering Countries, and doth differ in many commodities; but the mandeshaw common of Persia is 1200 drams for silk.  
The mandeshaw of Tauris is but 600 drams.  
The mandeshaw of Syrrat is 5 mands of tauris abovenamed.  
The maund of hispahan is accounted one and half manned of Sira●…, besides which they have these weights in some places;  
1 Dubba is counted 5 mands.  
1 Sherway is counted 50 mands.  
1 Rellaij is counted 7 mands.  
1 Maund is counted by observation pounds English.  
In Tauris also before named, a City in times past of great trad●…, in this Country they have 2 Maundss, the one of silk which hath made by a Florentines observation 5⅝ li. Florence, and another for all other commodities; the 100 whereof hath made there by the said observation 264. li. Florence.  
The measures of length used in Persia is of 2 sorts, and both of 
Measures used in Persia.  them called a Covedo; A long and A short:  
The long accounted to be 37½ inches English measure, agreeable to the pico of Turkey. The short accounted to be 27  
Thus is what I found observable in the particular trade of Persia, I will now view it as it stands in the general parts thereof.   

CHAP. LXXXII.  
Of the Trade in general of PERSIA.  
THE trade of PERSIA as it is found subsistent in 
The Trade in general of Persia.  these days, consisteth more by an Inland than a maritime traffic; for if the large extent of the Sophy's dominions be well considered, and the neighbouring regions whereon it bordereth, it will be found that it wanteth many things to make it eminent: It is plentifully supplied of commodities, and those also of excellency, as of silver in great quantity, raw silk in abundance, and of some drugs naturally grown: but when the industry of the natives is surveyed, it will be soon discerned that the costly, rare and rich carpets here made, the curious and fine cotton clotheses here wrought; for their tulbants, girdles, sashes, shireing and the like, interwoven with silk, and not seldom with silver and gold; and the daily use thereof not only in PERSIA itself, but throughout India, Arabia and Turkey; witness to the World the ingeniousness of this Nation: the greatest want and impediment of trade that they have here is of Seaports and Havens, of which they are much scanted; they enjoyed once a large tract of land lying along the Caspian Sea, from Derbent on the one side, bordering on the Turks, to Deristan on the other, bordering on the Tartars; but of late days the same is much shortened, for the grand signior hath laid Tauris one of his metropolitan Cities for his limits, and the Bohemian-tartar hath entered as fare as Minerdon, so that he hath only left him upon this Sea the Ports of Gilan and Pismir, that are of any consequence, wherein much trading is not exercised, by reason of the ill neighbourhood of the Turks, Muscovites and Tartarians, coasting the Caspian Sea. In the Persian gulf he did i●…joy the commodious and famous Town and Port of Balsara, taken from him by the Turks about 60 years past, and Ormus in the entrance of that gulf is but lately reduced to his sceptre by 
jasques and Combrone Ports belonging to the Persian, and where the English resort to.  the valour of the English, though anciently belonging to his crown. The Ports of jasques and Combrone being the only two Sea ports he enjoys upon that continent of any quality, to which and Ormus all the trade of PERSIA toward India is observed to be driven, and to which the Portugals, Dutch and English resort unto for their silks, and others the rich commodities of PERSIA; and where each of them have factories and residency for the trade of this Country: now on each side of PERSIA by land-ward he ●…s environed by three mighty and powerful Nations, with whom ●…e is sometimes in wars and sometimes in peace, the Moguls Country and Bohemian-tartar on the one side, and the Turks on the other. For the trade thereof; It is observed that PERSIA yielding yearly incirca 12000 coals of silk, which is the prime commodity of this Kingdom growing principally and made at Gilan, Bilan, Mahmody and Araste, (which last affords that sort of silk which we call vulgarily Ardasse,) the one third part of which is conceived to be ●…ented into Turkey, transported by Camels into Aleppo, Damascus, Constantinople, Brussia in Anatolia, and of late days to Smyrna, and ●…rom thence conveyed for the most part into Europe, principally ●…o England, France and Italy, where the same is spent and consu●…ed, in return of which they have from Syria and those parts principally rials of 8/8Spanish, some gold and some sorts of cloth, ●…oollen and silk stuffs brought thither out of Venice, Marselia and London. Another third part of the said silk is carried to and spent ●…n Agria and the dominions of the Mogul, into Ormus, jasques, &c. and thence by the Indian's and Arabians into Sarmacand, and other the dominions of the great Bohemian-tartar, and into Astracan and other the dominions of the Moscovite, in return whereof they have the spices of India, the drugs of Arabia, the rich furs of Russia, and the precious gems of Cathai, and other the commodities of Tartary; and the other third part is imagined to be spent for their own use and clothing at home in their own Country, so that by virtue of this sole commodity which this Country thus abundantly affordeth, and which is so sought after by all other Nations, (and the curiosity and luxury of this Nation in general) they have the commodities of all other Countries in return thereof brought unto them. Diverse propositions have been made, and diverse inventions proposed, and sundry treaties have been set on foot, only to compass the sole trade of these silks of PERSIA, with the Sophy himself, who challengeth a property therein throughout his whole dominions. The Dutch have more than once thrust at it, and to have it delivered at Astracan, and so to be conveyed against the stream of Uolga into Moscovia, and so to Holland: but the sum and stock required was so vast to compass and manage it, and the propositions and passage so difficult and dangerous, that they gave it over with this opinion of the World, that they endeavoured to swim against too great a stream, and that they had some plot to set it afoot, and never intended to go through with it, or otherwise were not able to compass the same; since which the Duke of () hath put on for a branch only thereof: but when the account come to be made up, his means was too mean to go through with that small proposed part he aimed at: and lastly the English East India company, (as Merchants measuring their actions with the weight of their purses) have more prosperously succeeded; and in Hispahan have contracted with the Sophy for a round quantity, who have Merchantlike performed on their parts the conditions agreed upon, so fare to his good liking, that by his late Ambassador in England, the whole yearly growth was tendered and offered to them; but his ill performance in the lesser, made them question the like in the greater; and therefore to their honour refused it. Now as concerning the lesser parts of this Country's traffic, which consi●…ts in the manufactories of this Kingdom; I pass them over in silence as being of lesser consequence, and hasten to Tartary the next Country, bordering upon the Persians'.   

CHAP. LXXXIII.  
Of Tartary and the Provinces thereof.  
TARTARY is bounded on the East with the eastern 
Tartary.  Ocean, on the West with the Moscovia and Moldavia; on the North with the frozen Ocean, on the South with the Caspian Sea, the hill Taurus, and the Wall of China: it is divided into these Provinces, Procopensis Asiatica, Antiqua Zagathai and Cathaia.  
In Tartary procopensis is found the ancient City of Crim the seat of the Tartarianrulers, whence this Nation had their original 
Procopensis.  and name: also Oksacou the residence of the present Princes; and lastly Caffa the only Seaport of consequence in these parts, of the trade whereof it wilbe needful I should speaked a word.   

CHAP. LXXXIIII.  
Of CAFFA and the Trade thereof.  
CAFFA anciently Theodosia, seated commodiously 
Caffa and the T●…ade of it.  for traffic in the bottom of the black sea, was by Mahomet the great taken from the Genoes', and is the present scale for all commodities that pass by Sea from Constantinople, Trabesond, Podolia, and Walachia by Danubius, and such other places to Tartary, Muscovia, &c. The Country affords great abundance of cow hides, furs, wax, honey, and a kind of pickled fish much resembling the English herring here caught upon this coast: also it sends to Constantinople some butter sowed up in ox hides of all colours and sluttishly made, which serves for provision there to the slaves, and the meanest sort of people inhabiting that large City; also thence the grand signior hath his principal timber for the building of his Galleys, Ships, and such like other provisions.  
Caffa doth in matters of Merchandise and trade retain still much of the customs of the Genoes', to whom for a long time it was subject; and so doth Thana, Sorgat and other principal Cities bordering upon the black sea, which I will in brief touch so fare as I have gathered the same when I lived in Turkey.  
First then the coins of Caffa are the same as is currant throughout Turkey, save that the neighbourhood of Tartary and Moscovia 
Coins currant in Caffa.  makes the coins of those places and Kingdoms likewise pass currant there, as it is found in all frontier Towns which borders upon two Nations, and that are either free of themselves, or subject to other; therefore for the same I will refer the Reader to the coins currant in those bordering Countries.  
Their weight is a Rotolo, 100 whereof makes a Cantar, which answers 
The weight of Caffa.  in haberdepois weight to 70 li. English; which said Cantar is divided into several divisions, according to the commodity bought or sold thereby; as sometimes to Batmas, accounting 7½ Batmas to a Cantar, and 12 Rotolos to a Batma, and then the Cantar is but 90 Rotolos: and sometimes to Sommas and Saggies, as 124 saggies makes a Somma, and 10 Sommas makes a Cantar of 100 Rotolos abovesaid; and silk is sold by this Somma, 20 Sommas to a draught, which is 2 Cantars', and is English about 140 li. and in Venetia sotile weight 212 li. circa.  
Their measure so fare as I could learn is but one, which is the 
The Measures of Caffa.  pico, the 100 whereof made in Venetia by trial of a friend silk braies 130, and this pico is divided into 8 Rupps, as at Constantinople.  
They have also a coin which is called a Somma, in which their 
Accounts in Caffa.  accounts are kept, and to which other coins currant are reduced; and the same is divided to saggis, which they account by 45 saggis to a somma, and 4 sums to a soltany or checquin; and thus much shall serve for the trade of Caffa.   

CHAP. LXXXV.  
Of Astracan and the Trade thereof.  
ASTRACAN is in Tartary Asiatica, as I shall show hereafter, seated in the Emboshure of the River 
Astracan and the Trade thereof.  Uolga, having 70 mouths and receives the trade of all the Caspian Sea, into which the said River entereth; it hath a very great confluence of Merchants, who by the benefit of that Sea have here a very great trade, Uolga bringing it all the commodities of Moscovia, Russia and Tartary and this Sea; the commodities of Persia, Arabia and other Provinces abutting thereupon; it is situate in an Island of 12 leagues compass, defended by a wooden Castle and earthen walls, taken by the Moscovites in Anno 1552 from the Tartarians: it is all winter shut up by the immeasurable cold, and all traffic over and upon this great stream is performed on dry foot. The coins here currant by reason of my ignorance I must refer to the better experienced.  
Their weights are here two, a gross for gross commodities, and a sotile for fine commodities; the gross cantar hath been observed to 
The Weights of Astracan.  have in England yielded 268 li. the small cantar hath made English 103 li. now in both these cantars there is accounted 20 Rotolos to a libb, and 5 libbs to a cantar, and 12 tochats to a Rotolo; which by the ingenious may easily be reduced to the sotile English pound, therefore I pass it over and come in the next place to the measures.  
Their common measure is a pico, and the 100 thereof hath made by observation in Venetia 126 braces of cloth measure, which is in 
Measures of Astracan.  England about (—) inches.  
Corn and all other grain is sold by a measure called the Chistetto, which in Venetia comes to make 8 〈◊〉 staios. 
Corn and   
Wine and liquid commodities is sold by the but, which is 46 mistaties, and which also renders in Venetia 3¼ Bigonso. 
Wine.   
In Tartary Asiatica there are few Cities; for the inhabitants by hoards or tribes travail with their substance from one place to 
Tartary Asiatica  another; yet in this Tract is found Casan, and Astracan aforenamed, which is a very great Town of commerce, considering these Regions, commodiously seated, (as I said before) on the mouth of the River Volga, by which there is passage found from the Caspian Sea in some seasons of the year up to Moscow, and by which way (as I noted in the trade of Persia) some Merchants of Christendom more than once intended to transport the silks, and other the riches of Persia to Moscovia, and so to Europe; but the design proved dangerous and chargeable, by reason of such potent Princes that border upon that River; and by reason that the same must pass against the currant stream, which in winter is not found passable by reason of the frost, by which and other discouragements the design was given over and fell to nothing.  
In Tartary antiqua, I found not any thing worthy of note, nor yet 
Tartary antiqua.  City of import, the inhabitants living like vagabonds; only it affordeth Rhubarb, which is so excellent in Physic by its proper 
Rhubarb.  nature, that the whole world is beholding to these Barbarians for the same as a cure for many diseases.   

CHAP. LXXXVI.  
Of Zagathai and Cathai, and the Provinces thereof.  
ZAgathai contains sundry Provinces, and but few Cities; 
Zagathai.  the most famous is Sarmachand, which gave both 
Sarmacand.  cradle and grave to mighty Tamberlan, from whom the Great Moguls boast themselves to be lineally descended.  
But Cathai is esteemed the richest and civilest Kingdom of all 
Cathai.  Tartary, the which is furnished with sundry great and populous Cities, especially Cambalu, the residence of the Great Cham, and 
Cambalu.  where Merchants of all Nations are found to reside and traffic to; as I shall show hereafter.  
This Country is found to abound with rice, grain, wool, hemp, Rhubarb, coral, and abundance of silks, both growing and 
Commodities of Cathai.  brought hither from China and other Countries amounting to two thousand Cartes yearly; the City is held to be 30 miles about in compass, and is replenished with all Artsmen (Astrologers being here in great reputation) which may (considering their number found here, being as some writ 5000) be more properly termed fortune-tellers, or Gypsies; but these Countries resemble in customs the Moscovite and Chinois, noon being permitted to search into their Cities and manners, except they come either as Ambassadors or Merchants; yet what I have gathered of the trade of this Country, I will include under the title of Cambalu, the principal City of this Empire.   

CHAP. LXXXVII.  
Of CAMBALV, and the Trade thereof.  
CAmbalu, the Metropolis of Catai, as Samercand is of Zagathai, is seated on the North-east border of this 
Cambalu, and the Trade thereof.  Country, containing both the old and the new City, through which doth run the famous River of Polisanga; it is accounted 28 miles in compass, or rather in square, each angle containing 7 miles, and in every square is placed three principal Gates which encloseth the Town with earthen walls or rampires of 10 paces in thickness, and every Gate comprehending a sumptuous Palace, and every angle having also an excellent Palace, where the Armours of the Garrison Soldiers are kept, which is 1000 Soldiers at every Gate.  
The Buildings are squared out proportionably, and every street is drawn out to a line, so that every Gate yields a free prospect through the City to the opposite Gate, be beautified on each side with stately edifices and houses for the honourable of this Country.  
In the midst of the City is a sumptuous Palace, wherein the grand Cham resideth, with all his Queens and Children, and wherein is placed a Bell, which is tolled at certain hours of the evening, after which may no man stir out of doors, until the beginning of the day following; the largeness, rarities, curiosity, and richness of this palace, the partitions allowed his Queens, and lodgings appointed for his Children, and their daily attendants, and the order, beauty, and manner thereof, I willingly omit, as not pertinent to my present purpose.  
Without this City walls are accounted 12 suburbs of 3 in 4 miles long adjoining to each of the aforesaid 12 gates, and here all Merchants, strangers, and foreigners do abide, each nation having a several Cane or storehouse, where they both lodge, and exercise their Merchandise and traffic one with another, for the commodities of these several Countries, the confluence of Merchants here cannot choose but be wonderful, seeing it is reported that the City is so populous, that the Cham maintaineth 5000 Astrologers here daily, besides many thousands of Soldiers both of horse and foot that 12000 horse is accounted but as his ordinary and daily Guard; besides which, the near neighbourhood of Exendu, the principal place of the grand Cham, seated not 
Exendu, and the largeness thereof.  many days journey fare hence where Merchants are not permitted to enter, is built in a four square figure, every side extending eight miles in length; within this Quadrant is another, whose sides are six miles long; and within that another of four miles square, which is accounted the very Palace itself; and between which several walls are found walks, gardens, orchards, fishponds, places for all manner of courtly and military exercises, and also parks, forests, and chases, for all manner of pleasures and game, and the infinite number of attendants and servitors that of necessity is required to wait upon so great a Prince, with the officers thereto belonging, cannot but much increase the trade and commerce of this City and place.  
As for the Trade of this City of Cambalu, and generally of all Tartary, it is observed, that the Country (though in a large tract) extending itself upon the North Ocean; yet by reason of the long continued colds and frosts, the Inhabitants have but little benefit thereof; however it may be conceived, that the Moluccoss, japans, and other Islanders thereabouts in the season of the year, have here a great traffic, and that hence these Tartarians are furnished with the spices of India, the gems of Pegu, and Bengala, and peradventure with other the drugs of Arabia: but upon the Caspian Sea, they are the masters of many good Seaports, besides Astracan which of late they have lost to the Moscovite, as Zahaspa Cosmi, Melmesuach, and others; by which is conveyed to them the silks, tapestries, carpets, arms, and excellent manufactures of Persia, and in the black Sea, besides Capha, now in subjection to the Turks, they enjoy the brave Ports of Curaropo, Asow, and others, serving to convey unto them the commodities of Turkey, Trabesond, Podolia, Walacia, and other Countries bordering upon the famous rivers of Danubius.  
Now for the other parts of this large Empire, it bordereth on the one side with Moscovia, with whom it is now in peace, though not seldom at debate, from whence by the benefit of traffic, which I found observed not to be of any great consequence, they have rich furs and other the commodities of this Country.  
But where it bordereth upon China, which is for a very large extent of ground, by some Authors accounted 400 leagues, the common report of the strict laws and customs of that Nation (to debar entrance to all strangers) should persuade me of little traffic that way; yet I found it observed by some late travellers whose relation herein is questionable, that the City of Cambalu receiveth yearly thence by way of traffic, 10000 carts laden with silks and stuffs of the China fabric; the truth thereof I refer to the censure of the Reader.  
As for the moneys currant in this large Territory, I found it to 
Coins currant in Cambalu, and through Tartary Of the bark of mulberry trees.  be diversely made, yet neither of gold nor of silver coined, but of the middle bark of the Mulbery-tree, which being made firm, and cut into diverse and round pieces great and little, they imprint the Kings mark thereupon, and from this mean stuff, the Emperor causeth a huge mass of moneys to be yearly made at Cambalu, which sufficeth for his whole Empire, and no man under pain of death may coin or spend any other money, or refuse it in all his Kingdoms and Dominions; whereby it cometh to pass, that Merchants often coming hither from fare and remote Countries, bring with them gold, silver, pearl, and precious stones, and receive the King's money for them; and because the same is not currant in their Country, they therewith buy in this Empire other the commodities here found, which they carry hence away with them: the King also payeth his stipends, officers and armies with the said moneys, and buyeth whatsoever else he needeth with the same, so that no Prince in the world can exceed him in treasure, which is at so easy a rate provided and procured.  
Besides which, I found it observed in some parts of this large Country subject to some subordinate Kings, in subjection to the Great Cham, that they use in some places pieces of polished coral in 
Of coral polished.  stead of money; and in others they have certain twigs of gold, in lieu of money, which is distinguished by weight into several parcels, without stamp or Character, and this is accounted in matters of consequence: but they have a lesser coin (if I may so term it) made of salt which they boil in coldrons for a certain 
Of salt in loaves hardened.  time, which congealed they make into lumps, like our penny loaves, which being made solid, is signed with the Prince's stamp, and passeth thus currant amongst them, & wherewith they provide themselves of all necessaries: in some others I found also that they use purs●…ane for money, and weighted pieces of gold; for in some Countries of this Empire silver mines are not found, and they given in proportion one ounce of gold for five ounces of silver; neither is it found that in many places of this Country that they have the use of letters; therefore the Merchants make their contracts and obligations in tallies of wood, the half whereof the one keepeth, and the other the other half, which being afterwards paid and satisfied, the said tally is restored; not much unlike the custom of tallies in England. And thus much shall serve to have said of the trade in general of this Country, the strange customs, manners, and forms of government hinder all further particular knowledge of Trade to our European Merchants: therefore leaving thus this Empire and City, (contented with this short survey) I proceed to India, of late years become somewhat better known to Europe and our Nation.   

CHAP. LXXXVIII.  
Of INDIA, and the Provinces thereof.  
INdia is bounded on the East with China, on the West 
India, and the Provinces thereof.  with the River Indus, on the North with Tartary above mentioned, on the South with the Ocean, taking his name of Indus, a famous River here running 1000 miles ere it meet the Ocean; it lay after the conquest thereof by Alexander the Great for many years undiscovered, the Merchants only thereof were found to bring their native commodities to Sarmacand, and Cambalu aforementioned, to exchange against such commodities as those countries afforded, as to the common Empories, and likewise to Ormus where they provided themselves of all Egyptian and Arabian commodities: by which means knowledge was got of their countries; but the great worth and wealth thereof was not fully known and discovered to us till of late years, by the navigation first of the Portugals, then of the Dutch and English, this Country become better surveighed, finding that the same afforded and abounded in all manner of minerals, (lead and copper only excepted) 
Commodities of India.  with all manner of cattles (horse excepted;) with all manner of precious stones, with all manner of spices, some drugs, and other commodities, as in their particular Provinces shall be more particularly remembered.  
The famous River Ganges runneth through this Country, to 
Ganges.  which the Indian's go in pilgrimage, as if the water washed in or drunk could bring salvation to them: this divideth India into two parts, called India intra Gangem & India extra Gangem, both which include many large Provinces and Kingdoms; and first India intra Gangem hath 9 principal Kingdoms, which I will briefly following some Authors opinion pass cursorily through.  
First Narsinga, the chief City Maleaper or S t. Thomas, where 
Narsinga. 1.  they hold the body of this Apostle was burnt, though the Spaniards hold his body was found under I know not how many fathom of ground in Calamana, by devout Friars, that after the religions receipt of the Sacrament of their wafer god, digged for him and found it; vide Mafe jesuit. The second is Malavar, and the 
Malavar 2. Ballasia. 3. Cononor.  third Ballasia, in which are found 3 famous Mart Towns, Cochin and Calicute, and Conanor: the last having a large and safe Haven commodious for the trade of these Countries, distant from Calicute 30 miles, and Calicute distant from Cochin 80 miles: Calicute by reason of its great concourse of Merchants is here a famous Mart, and extendeth itself for 3 miles all along the shore, principally affording to Christendom that sort of pepper taking its name hence of Calicute pepper, also calicoes cloth, and the other sort of pepper of the name of this Country of Malavar.  
The fourth is Cambaia, a famous Kingdom, very rich and populous, the chief City is also of the same name, and one of the richest 
4 Cambaia.  of these Countries containing 800000 persons.  
The fifth is Mandao, wherein is the City Mandao, being 30 miles in compass, which held out a siege of 12 years against the Mogul, 
5 Mandao.  who is King hereof, as likewise of those former Provinces named.  
The sixth and seventh is Bengala and Aristan, where is found the Cities of Cattigan and Satigan, and principally for trade that of Ben 
6 Bengala.  gala, on the banks of a gulf known by that name; and Orissa inhabited 
7 Aristan.  by Christians of S t. Thomas so called, because he converted them.  
The eighth is Canora, under command of the Mogul; the most famous Cities are Ultabat, Lispor, Melinda, &c. 
8 Canora.   
The ninth is Dellia, the chief City being Dellie, the sometimes residence of the great Mogul; the other famous Cities are Tremel, 
9 Dellia  Fatabar, and Chesmer famous for the study here of Magiqu●…: all these mighty Provinces have been conquered by the Great Moguls forces within these 90 years, to the astonishment of all India.  
India extra Gangem contains 12 potent Kingdoms, and all under command 
India extra 'Gan gem.  of the potent Kings of Barma, which cursorily I will also run over.  
The first is Macin, famous for that sweet wood which this Country doth produce, called Aloes or lignum vitae, valued at its weight 
I Macin Lignum Uitae.  in pure silver, serviceable only here for the pompous funerals of great Princes; the chief City for trade is the said Macin.  
The second is Aracan, wherein is the City of Ava, which 
2 Aracan. Ava.  through the World is so famous for the abundance of gems.  
The third is Camboia, famous for the City of Camboia, a place of great traffic, which affords plenty of gold, silver, aloes, and many 
3 Camboia.  other commodities of great worth.  
The fourth is Cauchin China, aboundeth with the like commodities 
4 ●…auchin China.  brought to Cauchin China, the chief City of this Kingdom, and much frequented by Merchants of all Countries for Porcelain and China dishes here made, and much in esteem and use in these Countries.  
The fifth is Barma, made famous only within 60 years, for the Princes hereof have vanquished all the former Kingdoms, and 
5 Barma.  made them tributaries to this Kingdom and this Sceptre.  
The sixth is Siam, once the Lady of all India, now subject to Barma; the principal Cities are Mollacia in compass 20 miles, a Town 
Siam  of great resort for Merchants, for the traffic of spices, and now in subjection to the Portugals: the next is Siam, situate on the River Mean, which every year overfloweth the Country for 120 miles: and lastly Odin, on the River Cuipomo, on which 200000 boats are found daily to be set on work, and contains 400000 families: and is now known the residende of that famous and fortunate King of Barma beforementioned.  
The seventh is Pegu, which gives name to a principal City, 
7 Pegu.  having a rich soil and harberous Sea shore, the principal known Haven is Mar●…ban; and here is also Lasmin a City of great commerce. This Country hath suffered much by sword, pestilence and famine, within these late years, and is now as the rest a Province of this a foresaid powerful King of Barma.  
Now having thus survaid India in the general and in gross, as it is divided into Kingdoms and Provinces, it will be requisite it should next be surveyed in the particular, so fare as it may concern our present purpose, which is the commerce and trade thereof, so fare forth as it is at this day known to our Nation, wherein I could wish my experience better to show the particulars thereof, in consideration of the large extent of ground that is comprised under this name of India, stretching itself from Taurus to the Ocean one way, and from China to Persia, which is near 4000 miles another way, at which place it will be fittest for me to begin my trade, and see what may be observed therein. Yet before I enter into this discovery, and given a particular relation of such materials, wherewith trade is in itself practised through this large tract of Lands, Lands and Seas; and before I show the matter wherewith this trade is in all this Country driven, it will not be improper I should also see who they principally are that manage this trade, and to whom this great traffic appertaineth, either as they are natives and here borne, or as they are strangers and here are induced to reside, attracted thereto by the sole motive of the great commerce and rich commodities found either naturally here growing, or artificially here made and produced.  
This Country then as I said before aboundeth in the general with all manner of minerals, copper and led excepted; with all 
Commodities of India in general.  sorts of cattles, Horses excepted, with all manner of spices, with many sorts of drugs, cotton cloth, precious stones, &c. to which may be added the want of Wine and Wheat that here they have, that so this Country might be beholding in some sort to others, as others are for her commodities to this. These being then the prime commodities wherewith trade is here maintained, I will note the traders and native Merchants that are here resident, which properly I may accounted to be of 5 several sorts, all acknowledging several rites, religions and customs; and therefore partake of so many several forms and manners in the managing of their affairs of merchandizing. The Gentle Merchants are the first, and are found of great eminency in some parts of this Tract. 
The Merchants in general trading in India.  The natives Christians converted by the discipline of S t. Thomas are the second, who in many places are found to manage a great and ample trade through this Country: the third are the Mahometans, Persians' and Tartarians, especially since the great victories of the Mogur found here also of great quality and estates. The 4th are the Jews, who live strag lingly dispersed over and through all the parts of this Country, and in every Prince's dominions exercise the same. The 5th are Moors and Arabians, who some 200 years past, seized on some Haven Towns here alongst this coast, driving the natives unto the inland parts, and at this day are seen to be very great Merchants. The 6th are the Portugals, who possessing some few Sea-towns commodious for traffic, brag of the conquest of the whole Country, which they are in no more possibility entirely to conquer and possess, than the French were to subdue Spain when they were possessed of the Fort of Perpignan, or the English to be Masters of France when they were only Sovereigns of Calis. And now to the Cities of this Tract, where at this day is found a trade to be practised, and first of Diu.   

CHAP. LXXXIX.  
Of DIU and the trade thereof.  
THE Town and Island of DIU lieth about 20 
Diu and the trade thereof.  Leagues from the famous River Indus, and not fare distant from the firm land; it is now subject to the Portugals, who have conquered both the Island and Town from the King of Cambaia, and so fortified it, as it is conceived to be now invincible. This Town hath a very good and great Haven, and therein is found a great concourse of Merchants of all Nations, as Turks, Persians', Arabians, Armenians, and others of sundry Countries; and because of the continual traffic thereof, it is accounted the best and most profitable revenue the King of Spain hath in all India, for that the Banians, Guserats, Rumos and Persians', which traffic in Cambaie, and from thence to the read Sea and Mecca, do both discharge their wares and take in their lading here at DIU, by reason of the commodious situation thereof, as lying at the entrance of Cambaia, and from DIU it is shipped and sent to Cmabaia, and so brought back again to DIU.  
The commodities of this place and this coast are first, fine cotton 
Commodities of Diu, and that Coast.  linen of sundry sorts, which they call joryms, Sluyers, and Lamparads, and which we call by the general name of calicoes, also Cocos oil, India nuts, butter, pitch, tar, sugar candy, iron good store, and most excellent and fare leather, which is artificially wrought with silks of all colours, both flowers and personages; and which is in India much esteemed to lay upon beds and tables, instead of carpets and coverlets: they make also here all sorts of curious desks, cupboards, chests, boxes, standishes, and a thousand such like devises in wood, guilded with variety of colours, wrought with imagery and mother of pearl, which are carried hence throughout all India; but especially to Goa and Cochin, against the time that the Portugal Ships come thither to take in their lading to go homewards.  
Other observations of the further trade of this place I refer to Goa, the Metropolis of India in possession of the Portugals, to which all the other forts possessed by the Portugals, in some sort have a reference in the matter and manner of their trade.   

CHAP. XC.  
Of CAMBAIA and the Trade thereof.  
CAMBAIA the principal City of the Kingdom so 
Of Cambaia and the trade thereof.  called, is a fare and large City, and contained some years past 800000 persons; it is seated on the imbosure of the famous River Indus, and there the River enlargeth itself to a great breadth, till it come to the Isles of Vacas, having the Island of Diu on the one side, and the Cities of Deman and Surrate on the other: it is absolutely the greatest City of trade in these parts, and therein is a Factorie seated for the traffic in these Countries of the English and Dutch East India Companies: here is also found great concurrency of Merchants as well of Christians, as of Persians', Arabians, and Armenians, but the natives which are called the Gusarates and Banians, are esteemed the greatest and most politic Merchants of all India, and held in subtlety equal with any Nation under the Sun.  
The commodities for traffic that this Country either naturally 
Commodities of Cambaia.  affordeth, or is artificially here fabricated, is corn, rice, and such grain, Butter and Oil, wherewith for their abundance they furnish all the Countries round about them; also great quantity of cotton linens are here made, which we term calicoes of all sorts, called by them Canequins, Boffettas, jarins, Cautares, and others of sundry kinds of making, from the very coursest wherewith they make their sails for shipping, to the finest, which are by us known by the name of Calico Lawns; also here are made sundry fine carpets called Alcatiffes and Banquys; also many sorts of coverlets, called Codorins; also many manufactures of wood carved and embellished, some with mother of pearl, and some with silver and such like; also here are found sundry sorts of precious stones, as Spinalls, Rubies, Granads, jacints, Amethysts, Chrysolites, Amber, agates, jasper; also sundry drugs, as Opium, Camphora, Bangue and sandallwood, sugars, and lastly and principally Anil or Indigo is here growing prepared and made ready, and from hence carried throughout the whole world: the principal places in this Country affording the same is, Bianny, Fetterbarre, Sherkiss, Lahore, and other places thereabouts.  
To this place I should add the famous Port of Surrat and Baroche, 
Surrat and Baroche, and the trade thereof.  being as is Cambaia under subjection of the great Mogul, and seated in this tract, which because in matters of traffic I do not found to vary from the former, I willingly omit, and therefore comprehend them under this Chapter and title, proceeding to the currant coins weights and measures found in use and practised in these Cities, as in subjection to one and the same Prince, who is sovereign thereof.  
The ancient currant and general coin of this Country is the 
Coins of Cambaia and Moguls Country.  Mahmudy, stamped by that famous King Mahmood in the first conquest of these Countries, which was accounted for (—) Res of Portugal, and by the English there resident estimated 12 d. starling. But the Grand Mogul being the last Conqueror, prohibited the said coins of Mahumdis, and therefore at this day they are found very scarce, yet most frequent in Gussurat. The most current coin now throughout his Territories being the Ruppie, of which there are diverse sorts, which are,  
The Casanna Ruppia which is the common Ruppia worth in India ¼ mahomudy, and estimated incirca 2 s. 3d d starling.  
The jacquerree Ruppie, 5 of which make 6 Casanna Ruppies.  
The soway Ruppie— 4 whereof makes 5 Casanna Ruppies.  
The Hondee Ruppie of equal value with the Casanna Ruppie abovesaid; and in these last do the Merchants of Gusurat keep their accounts: Besides which they have for smaller coins currant 
Accounts kept in Surrat and Cambaia.  these:  
The Pice, accounting 34 to the mamodie, which is 10 d. starling.  
The shahee accounted to be 10 Pices or 10 Cosbeggs.  
And some there are that keep their accounts in Mahomodis, accounting 2½ mahomdy to be one Hondee or Cassanna Ruppie, being thus esteemed for 2 shil. 6 d. star. as 2 Ruppies are accounted for 1 ℞ 〈◊〉 Spanish, though indeed not found always of that value, for the Ruppie is here observed with the right of a Princes coin, and the R. 〈◊〉 for a merchandise or commodity, rising and falling: the said Ruppia in Agra is found to pass for 84 pices; but this is thus most currant in Amadever, Lahore, and other the places where the Christians of Europe and others do provide & buy their Indigo, &c. and there two of the said Ruppias make in ordinary payment for Merchandise 1 ℞ 〈◊〉 of Spanish.  
There is generally found throughout the Dominions of the 
Weights in Camba●…a, Surrat, Agria, and the Mog●…lis Dominions.  great Mogul two several weights; the one proper to silk, and the other for all merchandise beside, and both of these have their foundation upon a weight of copper called as the coin aforesaid the Pice.  
A Pice in silk is accounted 5½ mitigalls.  
A mitigall is () a pice is about 13 d. 10 Troy.  
A pice of silk is also accounted for 2 Tolls, 1 Toll is 12 masses.  
A sear of which there is a small and great; the small sear is ordinarily used in silk and accounted 30 Tolls.  
Now for the common weight for all other commodities, I will begin with the sear which varies here in several parts of this Country.  
A sear of Surrat is 18 pices weight of copper money, which is 13⅓ ounces haber.  
A sear of Agra called the sear Acoberg, is 30 pices, which is 22 ounces haber.  
A sear of Agra called the sear janquery is 36 Pices, being the common sear of all India, and double the Surrat sear, which is 26 〈◊〉 ounces.  
A sear of Puttana and Ganges is 37 Pices, and those that have made a strict calculation, have found that 22 common pices makes 16 ounces haberdepois.  
They have also in use in these Countries two Maundss.  
A maund small of surrat is 40 sears of surrat, and the said maund is 33 li. haber.  
But they have for some commodities another maund in Surrat about 27 li. haberd.  
A candil of Surrat Cambaia &c. is 20 of the said mands.  
Seares 40 make a small maund of 33 li. English.  
Seares 40 great make a great maund of 54 〈◊〉 li. English, and some have observed it to be 55 li. English; and this is the maund of Agria.  
In Amadever this differenee is found in the said weight. 
Amadever.   
A maund is 40 sear, which is 18 pices and 33 li. English.  
And the 100 mands of Amadever is 63 mands of Agria.  
For gold, silver, musk, civet, Besor-stone they have another weight which they call the Toll, being 12 masses, and is 7 d. 16 grain Troy weight in England, as hath been observed both by the English and Portugal Merchants.  
It is not to be questioned but that this so large tract of Country must admit of more diversity of weights, which I am enforced to pass over in silence by reason of my ignorance, and refer what is here omitted to the better experienced.  
There is used in these parts two common measures, and both called 
Me●…sures in Camba●…a, Surrat, Agria, and M●…s C●…trey.  a Covado, a short and long covado.  
The short covado of Surrat, Cambaia, &c. used in the sales of many commodities, as linen and silk, is 27 inches English.  
The long covado of Surrat used for woollen cloth is 35 inches.  
But in Agra, Lahore, Dilly, Brampore, &c. the ordinary and common covado is found to hold 32 inches, and called in some places of this Country Elahy.  
At Puttana they have a covado of 38 inches, and by the observation of some, it hath been found that 1⅓ covado of Puttana is 5 covadoes of Agra, which makes 4 yards English.  
And note that in all the Moguls Country they use no concave measures for any grain or liquid commodities, but cell the same by weight, in the same nature as they do all ponderous and massy commodities.  
They measure their ground and days journeys by a measure which they call a Corso, which is one thousand five hundred geometrical paces, and is accounted in common estimation of our late travellers a mile and a half English.  
In this tract and belonging to this Prince are many famous Towns of trade, the chiefest is Lahore, famous for the Indigo there growing, and prepared; and for that admirable high way 
jabore.  to Agria of twenty days journeys, beset on each side with mulberry-trees, and whence there departeth yearly above twelve thousand Camels laden with spices to Hispahan, which are brought hither from India.  
The next principal town is Amadabar, famous in these parts for the great trade and excellent situation thereof, and as being 
Amadabar.  the most eminent City of the Guserats. Neither is Tutta here to 
Tutta.  be forgotten, though an Inland Town, yet seated on the famous River of Indus, and having dependency and belonging thereunto; and that excellent Port of Lowribander, three 
Lowribander.  days journey distant from it, on the shore commonly entitled the Coast of Sindie, wherein it hath been observed by our European Navigators, that Ships may safely ride without harm receiving by the worms, which doth much hurt in SURRAT, and all alongst the coast of India.   

CHAP. XCI.  
Of GOA, and the Trade thereof.  
GOa, is the Metropolis of India, I mean of those that are 
Goa, and the trade thereof.  under the command of the Portugal or Spaniard, where the Viceroy, Archbishop, and the King his Consul, and Chancery do reside; here is also the Staple of all India commodities, whereto Merchants of Ara●…ia, Armenia, Persia, Cambaia, Pengala, Pegu, Siam, Mallacca, java, Mollucco, China, and of sundry other Countries do resort: It is ●…eated in an Island of three mile's circuit, but is but little distant ●…rom the firm land; the Port is capacious of good ships, but if they exceed 200 Tons they unlade short of the Town at a place called Bards, well built with fare houses both public and pri●…ate, after the Portugal manner, and hath in it many Cloisters, Churches, and Friaries; but is not fortified with any walls, but the contrived and continued buildings of the houses, serves both for defence and enclosure: in the heart of the City is a Street called ●…he Leilon, where a daily assembly is made from 7 to 9 in the mor●…ing, not only of Merchants from all parts, but also of gentry; ●…nd during the said hours the said Street is replenished with all commodities and merchandise from all the aforenamed Kingdoms, ●…et forth in manner of our Fairs in England; which daily is thus practised, and wherein the rich commodities of those Countries ●…re vented and put to sale; besides which, there are particular Streets where the native Indian's do devil together, being found to be here great Merchants, and for the most part inhabit near together, especially such as are found to be of one and the same Art and Profession, being bound by the strict laws of this Country, every man to mary within his own and the same Trade, and to bring up likewise their children in their own and the same Profession; which law (being strictly observed) giveth great perfection to all Arts here practised: their Winter gins here the last of April, continuing till September, and is called Winter, not for the cold, but for the continual reinss that are found all this time; the rest of the time is accounted Summer, which ●…s without rain, and the pleasantest of all other seasons upon this Coast.  
The commodities natural of this place is not observable, the 
Com●…es o●… Goa.  ●…land small, and the firm land plentiful in Palmtrees, cocus, and the like: the City is the common Staple for all India commodities, brought hither by others, and here bartered and exchanged for other; but of itself not affording any of note or consequence.  
They have here two sorts of monies, a good, and a bad, and therefore in all contracts they are as well to bargain for the money 
Coins curt●…nt in Goa.  that is to be received, as for the commodity that is to be sold: but because this place is neighboured with sundry great Nations that traffic hither; it will be fit I should enlarge myself a little further on this subject.  
The common moneys here currant is called the Pardaus Xeraphin, coined here, and worth 300 Res of Portugal, and is as much as three testons, which is English money about four shillings six pence sterling.  
One Pardau is five tang as, which is an imaginary coin, and is in both sorts of the coins in use, as accounting five tang as bad money, being the same in worth as four tang as of good money.  
One tang as is worth four good ventins, and five bad ventins, a coin also imaginary, and not real, and is worth seaventy five basarucos.  
A vintin is worth 15 bad basarucos, and 18 good basarucos, which is the lowest and smallest coin here in use.  
Three basarucos is worth two Res of Portugal money, and by this account, the Pardu sheraphin is worth 375 basarucos: and these are all the proper coins of Goa: the other here currant are  
The Persia larins is a coin of very fine filver, and worth 110 basarucos.  
The Pagode of gold worth about 10 tang as, is eight shillings sterling.  
The venetiander of gold, worth two pardaus sheraphin.  
The St. Thomas of gold, worth 8 tang as.  
The Rial of 〈◊〉 called Pardaus de reals, worth commonly 440 Res of Portugal; but these and the larins of Persia may here be accounted for commodities, rising and falling in price, as the occasions of Merchants enforce them.  
But note that all moneys are here paid and received by the hands of Sheraffs, as is the manner in Turkey and other Eastern Countries, 
Sheraffs.  who make good the loss and damage either in tale or goodness for a small consideration, and by the Portugals termed Cernidors'.  
The weights common in Goa, and along the coast of India, that is subject to the Crown of Spain, are diverse; the usual known 
Weights of Goa.  is as in Portugal the quintall and the rove; and this is most in use for all European commodities.  
But they have in use another proper, for honey, sugar, butter, which is called the maund, being 12 li. of the weight above mentioned.  
Another proper only to pepper, and other such Indian spices, they have, which they call the Bahar, accounted 3 quintals and a half of Portugal weight, which by reason of the near concordancy that it hath with the hundred of London, I shall not need to say any thing further thereof.  
The measure of length is the same as is used in Lixborne.  
The measure of grain, rice, and such like commodities is called a 
Measures of Goa.  Medida, being about a span high, and half a finger broad, 24 whereof is accounted a manned.  
Maundss 20, is accounted one candil, which is about 14 bushels Eng. and by this measure they account their tunnage in shipping; yet it is found, that some sort of rice is here sold by the fardo, being round bundles wrapped straw, and bound about with cords, and these should weigh by the custom of the place 3½ mands.  
There is upon this coast a great trade in use for pearls, which 
The order how they fish, and trade for Pearls.  because it is of great moment in this and other places of India; it will be fit I should show the manner thereof.  
The fishing for pearls beginneth yearly in March and April, and continueth but 50 days; but yet they fish not always in one place every year, but change their places by certain appointed and settled orders amongst the principal that have the oversight thereof.  
Now when the time of this fishing draweth near, than they sand very good diverse that go purposely to discover where the greatest heaps of oysters are under water, and on the shore opposite to that place, there they set up and plant a village with houses, and a Bazaro or market place, of stone and other materials, which standeth as long as the fishing time lasteth, and is for that time furnished with all things necessary, which now and then happeneth to be near unto places inhabited, and now and then a far off, according to the place appointed for that years fishing.  
The fishermen themselves are for the most part Christians, natives of that Country; neither is any other debarred from this fishing that will, paying a certain tribute or acknowledgement to the King of Spain, and to the jesuites who have sundry Churches upon that coast: now during the said fishing, there are always maintained three or four fasts or galliots armed to defend the fishers from injuries and Rovers. The order of which fishing is observed to be thus.  
There are commonly three or four barks, and their companies that make consortship together, much resembling our English pilot-boates, having eight or ten men in a boat, and in the morning they go out together from the shore, and anchor in 15 or 18 fathom water, which is the ordinary depths of this whole coast; and being thus moored to their Anchor, they cast a rope into the Sea, and at the end of that rope usually make fast a great stone, and then they have in readiness a Diver, who hath his nose and his ears well stopped and anointed with oil, and a basket fastened about his neck, or under his left arm; then he sinketh down by the said rope to the bottom of the Sea, and as fast as he can he filleth the said basket, and being full, he then shaketh the rope, and his fellows that hold the other end, and are in their Bark, instantly hale him up with his filled basket, and in this wise they go one by one until they have laden their said boat with Oysters; and in the evening returning a shore to the village, every company maketh their own heap or mount of Oysters by themselves, one distant from another in such wise, that there is seen a great long row of mounts or heaps of Oysters, which remain untouched until such time as the fishing be ended; and at the end whereof every company sitteth down about their mount or heap, and fall to opening of them, which they may easily do, because that then they be both dry, dead, and brittle; and if every Oyster should prove to have pearls in them, it would prove a very good purchase unto them: but many are found to have no pearls at all in them; therefore when their fishing is done, they then perceive whither their said fishing and gathering proveth good or bad.  
Now there are certain men expert in the choice and distinction of Pearls, which here they call Chittini, which set and make the price of Pearls, according to their carracts, each carat being four grains, and these with an instrument of copper having holes therein of several greatness serving to distinguish the sorts, to which also they consider their beauty and goodness, and then thereof make 4 several sorts. The first sort be the round Pearls, which they call aia or unia of Portugal, because the Portugals buy them: the second sort which are not round, are called aia of Bengola: the third sort, which are not so good as the second, they call aia of Canora, that is to say, the Kingdom of Besnegar: the fourth and last, and indeed the worst sort, they call aia of Cambaia: and thus the price being by the men set thereon, according to their sorts, goodness, and greatness, there are Merchants of every Country which are ready with their moneys in their hands to buy them; so that in few days, all the said parcels are bought up, according to the said prizes set upon them altering according to the carat, beauty, and shape thereof. And this is the manner of the fishing, and dispersing of the Pearls throughout India, and thence through the World, so fare forth as I thought good to insert the same in this place.   

CHAP. XCII.  
Of the Trade in general practised alongst the Coast of INDIA.  
THe Coast of India known in these Regions, is only 
The general Trade of the Coast of India.  so accounted from the Lands called las Vachas, or from the Town of deman to the Cape of Comorin, not above 200 miles in length, wherein besides the Metropolis Goa, is found sundry others in subjection to the Crown of Portugal; as first Daman to the North of Goa; then Basain, than Shall, Dabull, and then Goa: and to the Southward, which some call the coast of Mallubar, they hold Rome's, Onor; Barselor, Mangalor, Cananor, Calicut, Cranganor, Cochin, Coulon, and cape de Comeri, which is accounted the last end of the Coast of Malabar and India, for the better understanding of the trade of these Seaports, it will be needful I should somewhat more particularly surveyed the same.  
First then, it is to be understood that the Northern part of this Coast is held the wholsomest and purest air for habitation, the principal places being Daman, Basasen, and Chaul, which are found 
Daman. Basas●…. Chaul.  in themselves to have good havens, whereto great traffic is maintained throughout India; the Country hereabouts abounding in rice, pease, and other grains, butter and oil of nuts, also cotton cloth great quantity, especially Baroches, taking the name from a City of this coast; and in Shall is found very great concourse of Merchants and traffic to Ormus, Cambaia, Sinde, Masquate, Bengala, having therein many rich Merchants, and ships of great burden; and here is also made diverse kinds of silk stuffs, as grograms, satins, taffatas, and such like in such abundance, that India, and all other places bordering, are served therewith, and beholding thereto, which brings a great trade to the said City of Shall; for they bring in the raw silk of China, and being here spun, woven, and wrought, carry it out again, and distribute it throughout India, and the neighbouring Countries; here also they make fare and excellent wrought bedstead, boxes, desks, stools, and other wooden arts, which brings them great profit, and makes this place famous throughout these parts.  
As for the coast of Malabar, Onor is of good esteem, where 
Coast of Malabar, and the trade thereof.  there is a great quantity of pepper yearly laden by the Portugals factors, accounted the best and fullest berry in all India, the Country hereabouts belonging to a Queen rich in pepper, who selleth the said commodity only to the Portugals; but receiveth her money 6 months beforehand, and at the season delivereth the said contracted pepper, which by the Portugals is housed in their Fort, which (by her leave) they have here built, till their shipping come to fetch it away, which is commonly but once a year.  
Cananor is held the best fort they have upon all this coast, and 
Cananor.  doth, abound with rice and pepper, and near the fort is a fare Town which is plentifully stored with all the commodities of this coast and shore, especially abounding in all manner of victuals and provision and masts for ships of all sizes and sorts.  
Calicut was once the most famous town of trade of all this shore, 
Calicut.  and gave name not only to the sorts of pepper that here grow, but also to that sort of cotton cloth that was first hence transported for Europe; but the Emperor the then Sovereign, being enemy to the King of Couchin, with whom the Portugals at their first arrival here sided, and prospered, by that means, overthrew the great traffic of Calicut, and advanced the traffic of Cochin, whose 
Cochin  Sovereign by means of the trade is now become a mighty and rich Prince in this Country, the City of Cochin itself thereby so enlarged, enriched, and so well inhabited by Portugals, who are in part the new Masters, by native malabars and other Nations, and seated upon a pleasant River, and enjoying the commodity of a good Channel and Haven; that it is accounted in these parts for trade and concourse of Merchants the only second to Goa: here is laden yearly great quantity of pepper, and a course sort of cinnamon, vulgarly called de Matte, nothing comparable to cinnamon of Seylon accounted the best; and hither come all the Portugal ships to lad homewards, after that they have unladen their European commodities in Goa, which adds much to the trade of this City. Two commodities hither imported do much enrich this place, 1 the great store of silk that cometh hither raw from China to be wrought, and next the great store of sugar that cometh from Bengala to be spent, for which the married citizens are found to pay no custom to the King of Cochin, though for all others they pay 4 per cent. but the stranger and unmarried pay at Cochin nothing to the King; but to the Portugal 8 per cent. And because 
The manner of the f●…rming of the pepper in India by the Portugals.  this great traffic for pepper is only peculiar to some private Merchants or Farmers authorised by the Kings of Spain, it will not be unproper I should here relate the manner thereof: It is to be understood then that the Kings of Portugal, the first European traders into these parts, in all their navigations and discoveries, ever added the benefit of commerce towards the supportation of the expenses of their conquests; and having here built for conveniency of trade, and protection of their Merchants, and subjects many Fortresses and Castles; they ever so settled them, that the commodiousness of the Haven, Port or harbour, joined to the native commodities of the place, might add means and fare inducements to make by traffic their conquests profitable. This coast then being found to abound with pepper, a principal commodity then requested in Europe, designed it to be converted to his peculiar profit, by all the provident ways of a circumspect Merchant; but Princes that will embrace all, sometimes grasp but a 
Chi cro●…o abrazia ●…oca strin●….  little; for the same could not be so profitably contrived, considering the distance of way, length of time, and trust to be committed to factors, Captains of Forts, and others; but he found himself to come fare short of his expectation in this point, whereupon he was advised to let out the same to Farm, and contracted it at certain conditions to certain great and eminent Merchants, who should stand in his place strongly and amply privileged, and should enjoy a part of the gains for themselves, and yet bring the greatest crop of their labours into his coffers; hereupon it was first let out for five years, the farmers and contracters binding themselves to sand such a stock to India in ready money, as would extend for 30 thousand quintals of pepper yearly, conceived to be in those days as much as all Europe could annually vent in that commodity; but then the King was bound to sand his Ships to India to lad the same, in number five Ships of sufficient burden yearly; the Farmers bearing the adventure both of their moneys outward, and of the said pepper homeward, lading it in India into the said Ships at their own costs and charges, all which brought into Portugal, they were to deliver to the King at the price of 12 ducats per quintall, and what was either cast away, lost, or taken, was to be borne by the Farmers; the King paying for no more than what was thus fairly laid on land into his store-house at Lixborne, neither yet paid he ready money for the same, but paid them with their own money when the pepper was sold; so that the King without disbursement or hazard, had and hath a certain great gain without the loss of a penny; in consideration whereof the farmers have many great and strong immunities and privileges; as first, that no man upon pain of death, of what estate or condition soever he be, may any ways deal or trade in pepper but themselves, which is still strictly observed; secondly, that they may not upon any occasion or necessity whatsoever, diminish or lessen the said ordinary stock of money, nor the King his said stint of shipping; neither hinder nor let them in any sort concerning the lading thereof, which is also strictly looked into; for though the pepper were for the Kings own person or proper account, yet must the Farmer's pepper be first laden; thirdly that the Uiceroy, and all other the Officers and Captains in India shall given them all assistance, help and favour, with safe keeping guarding and watching the same, with all other needful offices as shalbe by them required, for the safety and benefit of the said pepper: fourthly, that 
The Ships of pepper departed from Co●…n about the months of December and Ianu●…ry.  for the lading and providing thereof, the said Farmers may sand their Factors into India with their servants and assistants of what nation soever they be, (English, French, and Spaniards only excepted) and that unto every place to see the same laden and dispatched away: and in latter times it is observed that they have also farmed of the King the ships and their fraightment, with large conditions to build them, and make the provision of all necessaries for them, and all at their own adventures; and if the Ship come safe home, they given the King in lieu of licence a certain sum of money for every Ship, and annually do furnish these five Ships at their own charges: but for such Soldiers as are appointed to go in them, they are bound to sail for the King and at his charge, and have but only their meat and drink at the Farmer's charges, the officers and sailors being placed therein by the King's admiralty, which the Farmers may not once deny or refuse; so that the King adventureth nothing, neither in pepper nor in Ships; but only if the Ships be cast away, he loseth the money that he should have, and otherwise gain by the farm of every Ship, if it had returned safe; and the profit of the pepper that should have been delivered him at a certain price, which is the cause now that the King doth not sand out his Fleets to meet and waft them from the Flemish Lands, as for long time he was accustomed to do; and the King is found so nearly to look to this Farm, that he will not abate the Farmers a penny, how great soever their losses happen otherwise to be: And thus much shall serve for Goa and the trade of the Portugals in India; now in the next place I will come to the coast of Chormandel.   

CHAP. XCIII.  
Of MESULIPATAN and the Trade thereof, with the coast of CHORMANDEL.  
THE Coast of Chormandel beginneth from the cape Negapatan to the Town of Musulipatan, between which 
Musulipaton and the trade of the coast of Chormandel  said places is found a place called S t. Thomas, where the Apostle Thomas is said to have preached salvation to these Nations and whose Tomb is had still in great reverence to this day amongst the native Christians of this Country: besides which is found the Towns of Pettipoly and Armagow, where the English of late have settled factories that have dependency on the factory of Mesulipatan; under which therefore I will include the trade of this coast.  
Musulipatan by reason of the commodious situation, is the most eminent place of trade of this coast, where the English have to that purpose planted a factorie, both for providing and lading hence the commodities of this Country; this place is seated on the same coast, or rather Isthmus, as Goa is with the Cities beforemen●…ioned, which are seated to the eastward, as the coast of Mallabar ●…s to the westward: the pleasantness of the adjoining River ●…unning down from Bisnagar the Metropolis of this Country, ●…nd the goodness of the Haven, with the wholesomeness of the ●…oile and the temperancy of the air, adds much to the excel●…encie of it in matter of trade and concurrency of Merchants; to which if we add the industry of the inhabitants, and the fruit●…ullnesse of the Country bearing many commodities naturally, it ●…s not to be reckoned as the lest or the worst part of trading in India.  
From this place and coast then is found a great trade, to be driven into Bengala, Pegu, Siam, Mallaca and to India, and the principal commodities that this City is noted to be famous for, is those 
Commoditi●… of the cost of Cormandel.  excellent fine cotton linen, made here in great abundance, and of all colours, and interwoven with diverse sorts of loom works and flowers, very fine and cunningly wrought, and therefore much worn in India, and better esteemed there then silk, as indeed being both found finer and richer, and used by the greatest women in those parts for their clothing, wherein is found interlaced oftentimes threads of silver and gold, and diverse other rare fabriques of cotton, &c.  
The currant usual coins in Mesulipatan, Armagon, Petipoli, 
Coins currant in Musu●…ipatan and coast of Cormandel.  St. Thomas, and all alongst the coast is the Pagode of gold, and the Mahomody and fanan of silver, and are thus valued.  
A Pogode is worth 15 fanams', or in English 8 sh. starling.  
A fanan is 9 cashee, or as some call them cupans about 6¾ d. star.  
A Mamody is 32 pices, or as in some places they are called docres.  
A rial of 8/2Spanish is here 5 mamodies or 9 fanans, or 5 sh.  
And 10 rials 8/8is here currant for 6 and sometimes for 6½ pagods.  
And 10 R 8/8are called in these parts a Seare incirca 50 sh. star. But in Armagon it is observed they have this difference. 
Armagon.   
Rials of 8/811 are accounted for 8 pagods.  
One pagode is accounted worth 20 fanams'.  
And 5 pagodes here are accounted but 4 in Mesulipatan.  
The pagode by this account may be said to be in value about 8sh. starling equivalent with the chequin of Venice, or the sheriff of Egypt, or sultany of Turkey, and the mamody accounted for 12 d. starling, and the fanans about 6 d. ¾ or 7 d. per piece.  
Their common weight used along this coast is the candil, which 
Weights currant in Mesulapa●… 〈◊〉 co●… of Co●…mandel.  in gross goods is most usual, accounted for 20 Maundss.  
A Maund is 40 Seare or 22½ Masses, or 26 li. 14½ oun. English.  
A Seare is 17 Kashee, which thus answers with England.  
The sear is twofold, as the small sear is of 16 Mass, and found to be about 10 li. English, or as some observe it 10 〈◊〉 li. and the great sear is accounted as above.  
And the candil of 20 maundss of 26 li. 14½ ounc. haberdepois, brings it to be English pound sotile 538 li. incirca.  
But this finds some disagreement with the weight of Petipoli, for their candil is 20 maundss found to be but 26 li. English in all 520 li.  
A manned is here counted for 5 Uisko 5 li. 3 ounc. English.  
One Uisco (or as the Portugals call it fisco) is accounted 8 sears, which is found to be 10 ounc. ¼ haberdepois incirca.  
Further observations I found not of the trade of Mesulapatan, saveing that the governor of this City, having settled a trade with the English, and that they should pay for custom 4 per cent. he afterwards raised the same to 12 per cent. till Anno 1614 one Floris, and other English surprised the chief customer being the governor's son, and brought him aboard their Ship then in port, who thereupon come to a new composition restored the overplus taken, and settled it for the future at the first agreed rate of 4 per cent. as now it standeth.   

CHAP. XCIIII.  
Of SATAGAN the Metropolis of Bengala, and the trade of that coast and the River Ganges.  
AT the ending of the coast of Coromandel, beginneth this coast of Bengala, through the middle whereof 
Satagan and the trade of the coast of Bengala.  the famous River Ganges runs, making a large bay or Gulf, which carrieth the name of the Gulf of Bengala: This Country is under the command of the great Mogul; whose coins are here currant; the holy and reverend opinion that the Gentiles through all India have of this River, and the concourse of Pilgrims thereto, for devotion sake, adds much to the traffic of Satagam, the chief City of this Country, which is pleasantly seated on another fare and large River, whose imbosure is not fare distant from the imbosure of Ganges, and upon which boats sail by the violence of the current a hundred miles in fifteen hours without the help of sails or oars, and when the tide turneth it, is found to be so violent that the sailors are forced to make fast their boats to certain trees fixed on the shore side, for they are not able to make way against the stream and current thereof. At the entrance of this River is a place called Butter, which the Inhabitants of the Country and Merchants there do yearly build in form of a village, of straw, branches of trees, reeds, and the like, and is of great largeness, to which they bring all manner of merchandise, to meet the ships which at certain set times with the Monsoons come hither for trade, who are not able to go higher for want of wa●…er; and when the ships are go with the change of the Moun●…oon, and that years trading past, they then burn their said town ●…nd houses, and carry up their goods and merchandise to the City ●…f Satagan; wither also all small barks and boats do go to ●…ade and unlade.  
It is observable that thirty or forty sail of great ships of 
Commodities of the Coast of Bengala.  ●…undry Countries and Nations do here yearly at this time found ●…ading; the principal commodities of this place and the coast, being Rice here growing in great abundance, cloth of cotton of infinite sorts, made here in great quantity, Lacca good store, great plenty of sugars, Mirabolans both dried and preserved, long pepper, Oil of Zerseline, and many other commodities; the City in itself is a fare City, and abounding with rich Merchants that trade to Pegu, Musulipatan, Sumatra, and sometimes to Cambaia, and the read Sea; their time of traffic by reason of the heat is for the most part here by night, and when they have once burned their town of Butter, as hath been noted, they then hire galliotts and boats, and there with transport their commodities up the River from one Town to another, situated upon the same, where every day is found in one or other a public fare and market, so that their whole life is still in motion and agitation, providing in one place and putting off in another, here buying and there selling.  
The Portugals are found to have some trade hither, but those that reside here are not subject to much government, but make their will their law; only two Forts they hold upon this coast, the one they call porto grande, the other porto pequenom, whereto there is driven an orderly trade, and thereby that Nation is kept within some order and discipline.  
As for the coins currant here, the weights and measures here in 
Weights and measures of the coast of Bengala.  use, I must omit them by reason of my ignorance therein, and therefore shall refer them to the better skilled.  
Before I leave this coast, I must not forget a strange custom, not only here much used, but also alongst the coast of Malabar, and in many other parts of India, which is thus, if a Debtor break 
Custom in India for Debtor●….  the day of payment with his Creditor, and oftentimes disappoint him, than he goeth to the principal of the Bramenes, and receiveth of him a rod, with which he approacheth to the debtor, and making a circle about him, chargeth him in the name of the King and the said Bramen, not to departed till he hath satisfied the debt, which if he do not, he must then starve in the place; for if he departed, the King will 'cause him to be executed; and this is in use in many parts of India, but especially where the Brahmins are reverenced; it is daily seen practised amongst Merchants the natives of these places.   

CHAP. XCV.  
Of PEGU, and the coast thereof with the trade.  
IN order having passed the coast and gulf of Bengala, the next in this tract, is the Sea-coast of Aracan, Peg●… 
Pegu and the trade of the coast thereof.  and Sian, stretching itself to the Island and Fort of Malacca, of which according to the observations in trade, as I have collected, I will in brief touch.  
The first on this coast and shore is Aracan, situated upon the 
Aracan.  River of Cosnim, which passeth through some part of Bengala, and entereth into that gulf at this City, by which commodious situation it is found plentifully stored as well with the commodities of that Country, as the natural commodities of the place itself.  
The next is Macoa, seated upon one of the mouths of that great 
Macca.  and famous River Martaban, which by ten mouths issuing into the Sea, gives a great supply to this Country of all the commodities that are found in India, from whence this mighty River hath its source.  
The third is Pegu itself, giving name to the whole coast, seated in like manner upon one of the said mouths, which as being 
Pegu.  the principal seat of the Princes of this Country, I will a little more particularly surveyed.  
The marvellous great tides, and violent current of this great River is not here to be omitted as appertaining to trade, for it is 
River of Martaban.  found to be in itself so swift, th●… neither wind nor oar can make head or way against it, and because it is found to keep: constant course of ebbing and flowing, therefore in their sailing they still observe the tides thereof, and when those tides are at highest, there are certain stations on the banks whereto their boats galliots and barges are fastened, until the tide do again serve their turn to proceed on their voyage: this one thing more I found wonderful here, that these tides come not in by a constant continued pace or measure, but come rushing in at the first with a great violence, with a hideous noise and roaring, such as in some lesser sort is seen in the River of Roven, and in our River of Severne in England.  
As for the City of Pegu itself it is divided into two parts, in the one the King and his Nobility resideth, lately built and richly beautified, and therefore called the new Town; the other part inhabited only by Merchants, Artificers, Seamen, and such like, and called the old Town; every house in the old Town where Merchants do reside, hath a place built strongly of brick which as a warehouse serveth his occasion, called by them Godon, espe●…ally to prevent firing, which this Town is much subject to by ●…ason of the combustible matter it is made of; the new Town 〈◊〉 walled about and is a perfect square, having twenty gates, five 〈◊〉 each angle, ditched about and watered, wherein many Crocodills ●…re kept for the watch of the place by night; the walls are beau●…fied with many Turrets for sentinels guilded with gold; the streets ●…re very fare, strait as a line, and so broad as fifteen horsemen ●…ay ride abrest on both sides; at each man's door are set palm ●…rees, which groveing makes a fare show, and thereby all passen●…ers may walk daily in the shadow from one street to another, ●…o prevent the extraordinary heat of the place and climate: the greatest trade that is found at this day exercised in Pegu, is from the coast of Cormandell with pintadoes, cotton cloth, and other bombasins much in request here; but it is to be noted, that these Ships must departed that coast by the sixt of September, and take the monsone wind, otherwise they loose their voyage for that year: from Bengala also cometh hither sundry ships with cotton cloth and other such wearing commodities, which taking also the season of the wind arriveth here when the Cormondel Ships are ready to departed. The principal harbour or port where these Ships do ride is called Cosmin, and is the place where the greatest Ships do Anchor to lad and unlade their goods. From Mecca comes also sundry Ships laden with woollen cloth, Damasks, Velvets, and Chickens. From Mallacca comes many small Vessels laden with pepper, sanders, Porcelan of China, Camphora, and other commodities. From Sumatra cometh also sundry Ships with pepper and other wares; all which goods are very strictly looked into for the payment of the King's customs at landing, which is here paid in kind, and amounteth unto twelve per cent. and the King doth hold it for a great affront to be wronged of a penny of it: Rubies, Sapphires and Spinalls paying here no custom in or out, as being the proper commodities of the Country.  
For the effecting of the trade and commerce of this place, there is ordained eight Brokers or Tareghes by the King's authority, who are bound to cell and vent all the goods and merchandise coming to Pegu, for all men's account of what Nation soever they be, having two per cent. for their brokeredge, and are liable to make good the debts they make, which no Merchant there resident can avoid; for they will have the said two per cent. by the King's authority granted them, whither their help be taken or not.  
In like manner, there are ordained certain Brokers for the buying of all the commodities bought in Pegu, wherein is found amongst them such candid dealing, that a stranger can hardly be wronged or abused, if he have but so much discretion to provide such goods as may be proper for the Country wither he sends them.  
The commodities native of this place and Country are these, Gold, Silver, Rubies, Sapphires, Spinalls digged at Caplan six days journey from Ava in this Kingdom, great store of Benjamin, lo●… pepper, led, lacca, Rice, Niperwine and sugar; and many other commodities. The manner of their bargaining as being contrary to the 
Strange man●…r of buying 〈◊〉 selling in ●…gu.  custom and use in most parts of the world, is here worth observing; all their bargains by their law must be made publicly and in open assemblies of and before all standers by, who because they should yet not know, what is bidden or demanded for any commodity, the Brokers either buyer or seller having seen the commodity, and liking of it, putteth his hand under a cloth and toucheth the parties hand interessed, and by nipping, touching and pinching of certain joints of each others hands, they know what is bidden and demanded without words speaking, which these Brokers again with the other hand covered in the like manner, given notice of to the party who sets him on work, and either so orde's him to proceed to bid more or less, or else to given over: and after this manner are all their contracts here made, and afterward by the said Broker registered accordingly in leaves of trees which with them is used as paper with us.  
And when any strangers and foreign Merchants arrive here, these Brokers are bound by their place to provide them a house, 
Maids let out to serve both by day and night service to Merchants.  Magazine, and lodging, whilst they here are resident, and when the house is taken, the Governor of the Town sends to know how long time he intends to stay with them, and withal appointeth certain maids of the Town to go to him, that out of them he may make choice of one whilst he remains there, and then having chosen one to his mind, he contracts with her friends for her use for the said time at an easy rate, which done he bringeth her to his house or lodging, and she serveth him willingly in all his affairs both by day and night, as both his slave and wife; but than he must take care that during that time he keepeth not company with any other woman; for so he might incur a great danger and peril of his life by the law of the Country. Now when the time of his residence is expired, he payeth the parents of the maid the price agreed for, and departeth quietly away, and she returneth with credit to her friends, being as well esteemed of as ever she was before; and if afterward this maid chance to mary, though with the principallest of the Country, and that the aforesaid stranger should again return hither to trade, he may again demand his woman, and he shall have her by the law of the Country, without the resistance of her husband, or any shame unto him, and she remaineth by the stranger as long as he abideth there, and he travelling from thence, she goeth home to her husband again, which amongst them is held for a most sure and inviolable law and custom.  
The coin currant here and throughout all this coast is called 
Coins currant in Pegu.  Gansa, which is made of copper and lead, and is not the proper money of the King, but every man may stamp it that will, and that is able, because it hath its just value in stuff and materials; there is much counterfeiting of this coin, but it is soon discerned by the Brokers, tellers of money, who readily spy it out, and therefore not passable, nor will not be taken by any; with this money Gansa you may buy Gold, silver, Rubies, drugs, spices, and all commodities; and no other money is currant amongst them.  
This Gansa goeth by a weight called a Biso, and this name of Bise goeth for the account of the weight, and therefore a Bise of a Gansa is accounted by strangers there trading ½ R. 〈◊〉 or 2 shil. 6. d. starling; and albeit that gold and silver as all other commodities do rise and fall, yet this Bise never altereth in value or estimation. Every Bise maketh a hundred Gansaes of weight, and so it doth come to pass that the number of the money is Bisa.  
In this Country is also seated the Town of Martaven, a place 
Martavan.  of great traffic, and the last of this coast; the Inhabitants whereof are wonderful expert in making of hard wax, which hence is dispersed throughout India, and into many places of Europe; here is also made those great earthen jars or vessels which serve them to keep water, oil, or any other liquor, and are much used in India, and aboard their ships in stead of cask, barrels, and such vessels, and throughout all these Countries are called of the name of the place Martavanas; and in some places by the Portugals Tenajos.   

CHAP. XCVI.  
Of SIAM and the trade of the coast thereof.  
Under the title of Siam I will comprehend the City of 
Of Siam and the trade of the coast thereof.  Tenaserim, a famous town of traffic, and the Metropolis of a Kingdom; also Pottana, another City on this coast, not fare distant from Siam itself, being a place where the English Merchants have a residence and hold a Factorie; and lastly Siam as the principal, and as one upon whom the rest have a dependency, both in matter of government and trade. This City then of Siam some years past (as appears by the relation of that worthy Merchant Ralph Fitche, and others) was the prime of all these and the neighbouring Regions; but being for twenty-one months besieged by the King of Pegu, who after four months march encompassed it with a million and four hundred thousand Soldiers, and at length by means of treason and not of strength gained it, drove the King thereof to that desperation that he poisoned himself with all his wives and children; since which time it hath obeyed several Princes and been subject to sundry Masters, according to the 
The fortune of Sam and Pegu  various chance of war, and of this Country, which in one age is seen here so diversely to altar into sundry shapes; for a petty King which now commands one only Town or Province, in a few years comes to be a great Emperor over several Kingdoms, and peradventure that that great Emperor who now commanded so many several Nations, within few years after is glad to rule over a small Province, City, or Island, which the Princes of Pegu and Siam have of late years to their great grief found too true by experience.  
This City of Siam is yet notwithstanding the former suffered calamity, a place of great traffic, not only hence to Cauchinchina, Macau, Cantor, Mallacca, Cambaia and the Lands, Sumatra, Borneo, Banda and others by Sea, but also is much augmented by the inland trade thereof, partly to Martavan, Tenaserim and others, which are seated on the same Land, but as seated on the backside thereof, and as enjoying thereby the commodity of another Sea, but the same is found proper for trade by its own commodious situation, being on the banks of that great and famous River Menan, which runneth hither through or rather thwarteth India, 
River Menan.  arising in the lake of Chiamay, as they term it, at lest 22 degrees from this City, where it issueth into the Sea, and is here found about the month of March so to overswell his banks, and the neighbouring Country, that it covereth the earth for 120 miles in compass, and therefore the Inhabitants are said to retire themselves during this inundation to the upper part of their houses, so purposely made to avoid the inconveniency of the waters, every house then having a boat or frigate belonging thereto, by which means they converse together and traffic, as on dry shore, till the said River return to her wont channel again.  
The Kings of this Country as indeed of all these Regions, are for the most part Merchants, who gave the English admittance to trade and residence here about 1612; upon whom he bestowed also a fare house for their abode, and warehouses to lay up their merchandise; where since for some years they have continued, but of late years have left it off and discontinued, upon the little benefit this scale and Country afforded them.  
The principal commodities of this City and coast, are cottonlinens of several sorts, and that excellent wine or distilled liquour, called 
Commodities of Siam and Pattana.  here by the name of Nipe, made of Cocos or India Nuts, and hence transported into all parts of India, and the adjoining Regions: here is also great quantity of Benjamin, and of lacc: wherewith the hard wax is made that is brought hence into sundry parts of the World, also that costly wood called by the Portugals palo dangula, and calamba, which being good, is weighed against silver and gold; for rich perfumes, and the wood sapon used by dyers; also here is Camphora in great plenty, Bezoar stones and gold in some measure good store; also here is found Diamonds, Nutmegs, and some other Spices, which the Country of itself affordeth for the maintenance of the trade thereof.  
The coins here currant as I am informed are these following. 
Coines ●…ant in Siam, and the Coast.   
The first is a Tail which is worth 4 Ticalls, or 17 shillings ten pence, or eighteen shillings sterling.  
A Ticall is accounted 4 mass, or 4 shil. 4 d. in circa sterling.  
A mass is accounted 4 copans, about 13 d. sterling.  
A copan is accounted 750 cash, or 3¼ d. sterling.  
A tail is 16 mass, and accounted worth 14 Rials of eight Spanish.  
And 20 tail is a cattee worth 48 Rials of 〈◊〉 Spanish.  
And 1 tail of Siam is worth 2 tails of japan.  
And note that in Pottana and elsewhere on this coast coins found little alteration in currant prizes and rates, except upon some extraordinary 
Coins at Potana.  occasions, when some of these species are sought out, and provided by Merchants to transport into other places where the same do turn them better to benefit; and note that at Pottana,  
A mass is as above worth 4 capons.  
A capan worth 4 conderies.  
A conderie is 100 cash, which is 800 cash, which is 50 more then at Siam as is above mentioned.  
The measures and weights are not come to my knowledge.  
So leaving Sciam and the trade of this coast, I shall repair to Mallacca inhabited and fortified by the Portugals, and of great consequence in these parts.   

CHAP. XCVII.  
Of MALLACCA, and the Trade thereof.  
MAllacca is the next Country to the aforenamed Siam, 
Mallacca, and th●… trade the●… of.  seated between the Coasts of Siam and Pegu, upon the utmost bound of a long tract of land, on which is found the City of Mallacca in obedience to the Portugal, and conquered by them in 1511 and accounted the most profitable command of all India next after Ormus, which of late they have lost, and of Mosambique: it is commodiously seated on the River Gasa, which is here 10 miles broad, (as some writ) and is accounted the Staple for all India and China commodities, and hath a very great traffic to China, Moluccoss, Banda, java, Sumatra, and all the Lands bordering thereabouts as also to Siam, Pegu, Bengala, coast of cormandel, and other the parts of India, whereby many ships are found daily to be employed, coming in and going out, there lading and unlading, selling, buying, and bartering the commodities of these Countries together; the Country affording of itself no commodities to preserve trade, but all other Countries afford to this (by reason of its proper situation for trade) their native commodities; a ship or two coming hither yearly from Lixborne to traffic, which thence departeth 30 days sooner than the rest, for India, and is at her return found commonly the richest that frequent these countries: and here it is observable in navigation that the monsons or trade 
Monsons' at Mallacca.  winds here continued West and Northwest from the end of August to the end of October, and in November gins the Northerly and North-easterly winds, which blow till the beginning of April, and from May till the end of August, the South and Southwest rule, according to which, the trader hither must direct his trade and course, and take the proper season both for his coming and going.  
When Albuquerke the vice-King of Portugal took this City, finding it inhabited and frequented by Merchants of sundry Nations, he established Magistrates for both the Ethnics, Moors, and Christians, with appeal only reserved to the highest Sovereign the conqueror: one remarkable passage in this conquest, I cannot omit, which was, that an inhabitant of this place of eminent note in this City, fight naked in defence of himself and of his native Country, was found to be wounded with many deep and wide wounds; but on his arm he wore a chain whereto was fastened the bone of a javan beast, called a Cabal, by virtue whereof, notwithstanding all those wounds which were many and large, he lost not one drop of blood; but when that chain was taken from him, his veins suddenly and at once emptied themselves both of blood and life together: the riches and greatness of the place may by this particular then happening be considered, whenas the King's tenths in the sack thereof, come to 200000 ducats of gold, the Soldiers and adventurers satisfied, besides the concealed and pilfered booty, there found and shared by them.  
The currant coins are not as yet come to my knowledge; therefore 
Coins of the City Mallacca.  I refer the same to the better experienced.  
The weight here common in use, (as fare forth as I have collected) 
Weights used in Mallacca.  is the Cattee Bahar, and Pecull, wherein I found the observations made hereupon to disagree; some making but one Bahar to be here in use, and some two sorts of Bahars, as thus.  
One Bahar to be 100 cattees of Malacca, and each Cattee to be 4½ cattees of cantar and Cauchinchina which is 21 li. English, which thus estimated, must be 590 li. English.  
A second Bahar they account to be 200 cattees of Mallaija, which here are 302 China cattees, and thus estimated, the same should be 400 li. English.  
Again, they have a weight called the Pecull, which is 100 cattees of China, and makes 132 li. English; but if this observation be found true by trial, the cattee must be more than 21 li. English, which I refer to the better experienced, this is the late observation of some of our Merchants trading into these parts; but by the observation of the Portugals I found the weight to be thus.  
In Mallacca they say are two sorts of weights used, a great and 
Weights of Mallacca.  small, which is composed of the Bahar.  
A Bahar great weight is 200 cattees, or three pices.  
One pice is 66⅔ cattees.  
A cattee is 26 tails.  
A tail is 1½ ounce Lisbon weight.  
And by this great Bahar they weigh pepper, cloves, nutmegs, sanders, indigo, alum, sanguis draconis, palo dangula, camphora, and many other commodities.  
The small Bahar is also 200 cattees.  
A cattee is 22 tails.  
A tail is almost an ounce, 5/8Portugal all weight.  
And by this small Bahar they weigh quicksilver, copper, vermilion, ivory, silk, musk, amber, lignum aloes, tin, led, benjamin, verdet, and other commodities, &c.  
Again, some observe that a tail of Mallacca is 16 masses.  
And 10¼ masses is an ounce haberdepois, and 1½ ounces is 16 〈◊〉 masses, by which masses they cell Bezoar stones, and some other commodities.  
I should here proceed to survey the trade of this remaining tract and Coast, especially that of Camboia, Cauchinchina, and others but little having fall'n into my hand of the trade exercised there, I willingly omit the same, and next proceed to look only upon the traffic of China itself, and then to the Lands belonging to Asia.   

CHAP. XCVIII.  
Of CHINA and the Provinces thereof.  
CHina hath on the East, Mare del Zur, on the West, 
China, and the Provinces thereof.  India, on the North, a Wall extending 1000 miles in length, between the Chinois and the Tartarians, and on the South, the Ocean.  
The Trade of this Country is accounted very great, the situation of the place, the temperature of the air, the disposition of the inhabitants, the continual peace that abides amongst them concur to enlarge the same; the many navigable Rivers, and the excellent fabriques here wrought, add to make it eminent, and the commodities that it yields to maintain the same are these; barley, rice, wool, cottons, olives, vines, flax, silk 
Commodities of China.  raw and wrought into infinite sorts of stuffs, all kinds of mettle, first-fruits, honey, wax, sugars, Rhubarb, porslaine dishes, camphire, ginger, all kinds of spices, musk, civet, amber, and infinite abundance of salt, which commodity only in the town of Cantor, yields custo●… to the Prince yearly 180000 ducats.  
This Kingdom contains 15 large Provinces, each Province having a Metropolis besides many Cities of lesser note; so that in the 
The greatness of China.  whole tract of this Country is accounted to be 30 Kingdoms and therein writers have mentioned to be 1597 Cities and great Towns walled, 1154 Castles 4200 Borroughs without walls, wherein Soldiers are quartered, besides an infinite number of villages and hamlets; the Metropolis of the whole Kingdom being vulgarly called Quinsay, and is said to contain in circuit 100 miles, having in the midst thereof, a lake of 30 mile's compass, in which 
Quinsay.  are two fare Lands, and in them two magnificent Palaces, adorned with all necessaries, either for majesty or conveniency: the lake is nourished with diverse rivers, on which is counted 12000 bridges, and in many Cities here seated on the banks of great and famous navigable Rivers, are found oftentimes ten thousand sail of great and small vessels; the King himself having in the City of Nanquin (accounted the second in this Kingdom) seated 
Nanquin.  upon a fare and large river (if writers relations may have credit) 10 thousand sail of ships of his own, and the City being 9 leagues from the Sea, the whole distance is found to be as it 
Ten thousand sail belonging to the King of China in one River.  were wholly employed and taken up with Vessels and Boats; for therein the inhabitants make their abode, devil, negociate, and remove at their pleasure, from one place and City to another:  
It is confidently affirmed by all modern travellers that have been here, that the inhabitants are not permitted to issue out of this Kingdom, nor yet strangers permitted to enter into it; and though for the commodiousness of traffic this strict law found some toleration for a certain limited time for the nativ●…s to trade abroad, yet is it most nearly looked into on the behalves of strangers, that would enter into their Country: therefore (this considered) though the motives of trade and commerce be many; yet this inviolable custom so severely executed, hinders justly the particulars I should in this place set down of the trade of this mighty Empire; howsoever, it is observed that the japaners and some neighbouring Islanders, as also the Portugals, and some other Christians, have (by the favour of the great maritime commanders in this Country, and their own fare deportment) procured a licence of trade in Canton, Macca●…, Nanquin, and some other Seaports; but with such strict limitations, as that in some Cities it is death for them to lie or abide a night either in the Town or in the Suburbs, but aboard their own Ships, and in Canton where they found the most courteous usage, they may not upon pain of death abide one night within the City walls; but as in the morning their names are regis●…red at their entering into the City; so they come at night and bl●…t out the same with their own hands: I can then but afford a taste of the whole Trade, by a little that I have observed out of the collections of others, which must serve for a model to the frame and foundation of what is practised in other Cities throughout this Empire, which I will comprehend under the title of Maccau, most frequented by our Nations.   

CHAP. XCIX.  
Of MACCAV, and the Trade thereof.  
THe Island and Town of Maccau, (as the place best 
Maccau and the tra●… thereof.  known upon this Coast to our Nation) is seated on the North side of a Bay, which is at the mouth of the great River of Canton, which runneth out of the Lake of Quinsay spoken of before, opposite to which standeth the great City of Canton, which I mentioned, as the place where is found the present Staple of all the commodities of China; and thither do Merchants of all parts frequent to buy and barter for other commodities, with the restrictions and limitations above specified: and as for Maccau, it is inhabited by Portugals intermixed with the natural Chinees; the principal of their commerce being with the inhabitants of Cantaon, from whence all the commodities of China are found to issue; and here the Portugals at the arrival of their Ships, do choose out a Factor amongst themselves, who is permitted in all their behalves, to go to trade for them at Cantoan, but in the night he is to abide in the Suburbs under severe punishment, as I have before remembered.  
Hear is found a Ship to come yearly out of India, by a particular licence of the King of Spain; the Captain's place is ever bestowed 
A particular Ship yearly touching here from Goa to japan.  upon a person of quality, in reward of some former service, as indeed all the Captains places of the Fortresses in India are; from Maccau the said ship then (having dispatched her business) doth sail to japan, and there fully dischargeth her lading, and thence returneth again to Maccau, and from thence to Malacca, and so to Goa in India; and though this voyage of japan is ever granted by particular licence to some one in particular; yet to Maccau and Mallacca any Merchant may go that will; but noon may yet lad or unlade in either place, before such time as these Ships termed of the Kings, are fully dispatched and laden, and are ready to departed for India: it is recorded by some Portugals that this Captain's place may be worth to him for his part 200 thousand ducats, and that the said Ship is commonly 1500 Tons in burden, and that the voyage continueth for three years from India, and so back; for in April they set sail from Goa to Mallacca, where they abide some season for the winds or monsons, which at certain times blow certain set months together; and then from Mallacca they sail hither to Maccau, where they stay at lest nine months for the said monsons, and then sail to japan, where they must stay likewise certain months for the dispatch of their business; and the monsons to return again to Macca●…, where again they stay, as in their voyage outward: so that by these delays the time of three years is fully expired before they have ended their voyage to and from japan; and all the time of this Captain's residency either in Maccau or japan, he is there accounted the chief ruler and governor of the place, having the like power as their viceroy in Goa, and as the several Captains in their forts; for that when the one departeth from Maccau to japan, there cometh another from Goa to Maccau, to make the same voyage after the other hath performed his; and when he returneth again from japan to Maccau, the other saileth to japan, and so the first continueth Governor again at Maccau, until he departeth from thence to Mallacca, and so to India; and by this means, there is always found a Portugal Governor at Maccau.  
The commodities in general of China, I have mentioned before the particular and principal commodities of Cantoan and Maccau, 
Commoditi●…s of Maccau and Canton.  is silks raw, and silk wrought; the raw is found to be of three several sorts, first lankin which is the best; the second is fuscan; the third and worst is lankam, and these are known to us in Europe, and bear price there commonly about 145 or 150 R 〈◊〉 Spanish, the pico of lankin, the fuscan is worth 140 or 145 R. 〈◊〉 and the lankam is worth 70 or 75 R 8/8, and all these are counted unspun silk; but the spun lankin is worth from 150 to 170 R 〈◊〉 the pico; the spun fuscan is worth 130 or 135 R 〈◊〉, and the spun lankam of canton 80 R. 〈◊〉 the pico: and these I thought good to mention as being the principal commodity vented out of these Countries to other places.  
The commodities then wherewith the Portugals do drive this 
Commodities fit for China.  trade, and which they carry to Maccau from India is principally R 8/8rials of eight, which in China is cut into pieces, and so paid out, as I shall show hereafter in payment of merchandise; also wines of Spain and India, olive oil, velvets, which of all other sorts of silk stuffs they cannot make, and fine woollen, scarlet cloth, whereof they have noon, nor yet can they make any, although they have materials, as sheep and wool plenty; also looking glasses, and all sorts of drinking glasses, and Crystal, ivory, Elephants teeth, and sundry other commodities.  
The moneys or rather the manner of payments made here for 
Coins of China and Maccau  commodities, differ from all other Countries observed in this Tract, for silver here in some nature is accounted better than gold, not in value and worth, but in currant esteem and repute, as holding still the same quality in goodness, and more apt and proper for their use; for the manner here is that every man carrieth about him his weight and balance, to weigh the silver he taketh or giveth in payment; and hath also a pair of shears to divide, cut and proportion his payment according to his commodity; so that for the general the commodity is fitted to the payment in silver or piece of silver, and not the silver (as in most places of the World) to the commodity or ware: and this silver thus cut and divided into small parcels, hath not any Sovereign stamp or character thereon; nor is acknowledged as the peculiar coin of any Prince: but being all reduced to one and the same allay, is passable at a valuable rate and consideration amongst the Merchants of Maccau, Cantoan, and generally as I am informed throughout all China. Besides which they have a Ticall of gold, esteemed at 12½ R 〈◊〉; and note that the Ticall of silver of Siam is here 22½, and 23 Foras accounted a Tail of gold.  
The payment of custom in this place is also seen to be done in a rare and seldom seen manner, for I found it noted by some to be here the custom, that a Ship entering into Maccau, the King's officers cometh aboard, and measureth her breadth, length and depth; and so by a rule and proportion that they use, they cast up the custom due by the bulk of the Ship, by which the same is paid; and then the Merchants may unlade and lad at pleasure, without concealment of any sort of merchandise whatsoever they have aboard: how true it is I know not, with me it carrieth not any great belief, for that by what I have read, the acuteness of this Nation is such that they cannot in so especial a point of trade possibly be so dull conceited, nor of such gross understandings.  
How fare the weights of Mollacca differeth from the weight of China, I have showed before in the Chapter of Mollacca, I will now 
Weights of China, Maccau.  show how the weights in China are distinguished: I found by the observations of some English, Portugals and Dutch that have had trade hither, the Bahar to be the common weight of China; but in the concordance thereof with their own they differ much.  
The common Bahar of China is 300 Cattees, which is the same as 200 Cattees in Mollacca small weight, as I have afore remembered, for that three cattees of China makes two catees of Mollacca; and this by the calculation of some doth make English 386 li. and yet by some others should produce in England 400 li.  
A Cattee of China is 16 Taels', which are 14 Taels' in Mollacca, which respond with 20¾ ounces Haberdepois, and this way reduced the said Bahar is about 389 li. in 390 li.  
A Hand is 12 cattees small weight.  
A Cattee is 22 Taels', and a Tael is 1½ ounces haberdepois, and this way reduced it produceth 412 li. haberdepois.  
Hands 16 and 8 cattees, makes 200 cattees, which is the Bahar in small weight; and because these observations do much disagree, I refer the truth to trial and experience; for the calculations of English, Dutch and Portugals in this particular do differ very much, as is before expressed.  
The measures of the place I am enforced to omit, therefore refer it to the better experienced.  
Having thus done with the main continent of Asia, and corsorily surveyed the particular trade of some of the most eminent Cities of the Kingdoms therein contained; being constrained by reason of the remoteness of these places, and want of better information, to let the same pass not so perfect as otherwise I could wish for and desire, I shall willingly in what is here by me omitted, crave the advices of the better experienced; and that they would add by their knowledge and trial what is either here defective or altogether left out: and thus leaving the continent (according to my method) I will in brief run through some of those Lands which merit observation, and surveyed the trade thereof as amply as my advisos will given me leave.   

CHAP. C.  
Of the Lands of ASIA, and the Trade thereof.  
THe Lands of Asia are either in the oriental Seas, as japan, 
Lands of Asia and the Trade thereof.  Seilon, Mollucques, javas, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philipines and others: or in the mediterranean Sea, as Rhodes, Cyprus, &c. of the trade whereof a word, before I conclude this commerce of ASIA.   

CHAP. CI.  
Of the Island of japan, and the Trade thereof.  
JAPAN is situated over against Canton in China, 
japan Island and the Trade thereof.  having in length 600 miles, but narrow in breadth, in some places 90, and in some but 30 miles: it obeys 66 several Sovereigns, the King of Tense holding the principal authority, commanding 50 of the 66 above mentioned Kingdoms, every King, Lord and Master having full power and authority over the goods and lives of the subjects, servants and children subject unto him. It was discovered by the Portugal Anno 1542, and since is much frequented by Jesuits, who in great numbers have settled themselves here, and are found to exercise trade and commerce, as cunningly and subtly as any Jew elsewhere in the World.  
Their chief Towns are Osacaia, Bunguin, Meaco, and are the principal Ports frequented by Merchant's strangers: the c●…modities of this place and Lands, is silver in some good measure ●…gged up here, and carried hence by Merchants to China to exch●…ge for silks, and principally rice, which is found here growing in such abundance, that the King or Emperor draweth 2 millions of ducats yearly, out of that which is gathered from his own possessions, which he hath received as his own demesne; and at Firando 
F●…rando.  one of the Lands of japan, the English have settled a factory for trade, in 1613 by Capt. Saris labour and industry.  
The civil wars that continually vexeth these Lands, hinders 
Coins currant in japan.  an exact survey of the materials, whereby their trade is driven; yet so fare as I have collected I will here insert.  
Their moneys currant for the most part through these Lands are thus termed, and with some small difference have this value.  
Their silver coins currant is A Tail, A Master, and A Condery.  
A Tail is a ℞ of 〈◊〉 or 5 sh. starling, or ½ Tail of Siam; and this A Tail is 10 Mass, or 100 Conderies.  
A Mass is 10 Conderies, or 6 d starling.  
And in some places the R 8/8passeth for 74 Condereiss only and no more.  
Their gold is coined into two small Bars of two several sor●…, the one is called an Ichebo, worth about 15 in 16 mas of silver; the other is called A Coban, worth from 60 to 68 mas, which may be valued from 30 sh. to 34 sh. starling. The wars that continually vexeth this Country is the cause of this inconstant rate and price thereof.  
The weights in use in japan is the Pecull and the Cattee.  
A Pecull is 10 Cattees. 
Weights in japan.   
A Cattee is accounted by some 21 ounces, and by some 20¾ o●… haberdepois; so that a pecul is about 130 li. or 131 li, English.  
Their measure of length is an Inckhen or Tattamy, which is 〈◊〉. 
Measure of lengthin japan.  yards English; 25 yards being 12 Tattamies.  
Their measure for rice is thus accounted,  
A Gant is 3 Cocas, being as much as three English alepints. 
Measure for Rice and grain in japan.   
An Icke Gaga is 100 Gantas.  
One Ickmagog is 1000 Ickgogas.  
One Mangoga is 10000 Ickmagogs'.   

CHAP. CII.  
Of SILON and the Trade thereof.  
SILON lieth in the gulf of Bengala, in length 250, and in breadth 140 miles; found so fruitful, that the 
Island Silon and the Trade thereof.  grass groweth, and the trees bear fruit all the year long without intermission: it is commanded in chief by the great Mogul; the principal Towns are Zilan, the Metropolis of the Island, and Columbo, fortified by the Portugals; and as it is conceived commanding over the best harbour in India.  
For commodities it hath many, and almost all things that are found in India, through all the several Provinces and places 
Commodities of the Island Silon.  thereof; first it hath nutmegs, cloves and pepper trees good store, and the best cinnamon in all India, which is here had and found growing in whole woods, and hence dispersed into all parts of the World: also it affords all kinds of precious stones (except diamonds) as Sapphires, Rubies, Topasses, Spinals, Granati; also a plentiful fishing for Pearl, yet not accounted so good as at Bareim by Ormus; it hath likewise mines of gold, silver, and other metals; also iron, flax, brimstone, ivory bones, and sundry other commodities. Here is also a hil●… of that great height, that the Inhabitants hold it the highest in India, and call it Adam's hill, upon which they say Paradise stood, and that Adam was there created; whose footsteps, if they may be 
Adam's hill the Silon Paradise.  believed, do remain yet engraven there in the Rock, and goes not out: but the Inhabitants being most active in their bodies, may be imagined to be so also with their tongues, for throughout India they practise nothing but juggling, and Hocus Pocus, and other feats of activity; being the most excellent managers of hobby-horses, and tumbling, by which trade they get money throughout all the neighbour regions; and therefore not surveying this their traffic 
Siloners excellent tumblers.  further, I will leave them to their come aloft jack, pass and repass, and pass myself over to the next Lands, being those famous of the Moluccoes, the only Lands of all India, affording in such store and plenty, that excellent and admirable spice, known to us by the name of cloves.   

CHAP. CIII.  
Of the Moluccoes and the Trade thereof.  
THE Moluccoes are five in number, Mallucco, Tarnate, Tider, Gelolo and Macian, to which may be added 
Lands Moluccos and the Trade thereof.  for nearness in the situation Banda, and 70 other lesser Lands, which submit themselves; and their delicious commodities to the King of Terenate, at present the most powerful through all these Lands. These Lands are found to have for commodities some nutmegs, especially in Banda, 
Commodities of the Moluccoss  also some maces; but the principal commodities of all these Lands is the delicate spice, known to us by the name of cloves, and 
Clovesaboundance.  found here growing in so great abundance, that as it is apparent the whole World is furnished from hence; and all Merchants coming hither, and frequenting these Lands, are found only to come for this commodity and for nothing else. In this number I may also reckon the Amboina Lands, as the Island Amboina itself, Pollerone, Pollowaie, Lantore and Rosingon, abounding with 
Amboina Lands  the self same commodity, and of late years made infamous, by the bloody slaughter and but cherly tyrannical torture and death of some English Factors, by the Machiavilian and matchless villainy of the Dutch; the actors of which have all of them, or the most part come to untimely 
The matchless v●…lany of the Du●…h in ●…he Amboina Iles.  and fatal ends (if reports be true,) thereby showing the manifest judgement of GOD in punishing their villainies and wickedness, when as they thought themselves safe and free from the hands and justice of Man; and for those that as yet are living, I leave them to the terror of their guilty consciences, and without repentance to their due punishment in the World to come; where an uncorrupted and unpartial Governor and Fiscall shall examine their Amboina proceed truly, and reward them according to their merits. Some of these Lands are now by them commanded, having driven out the Inhabitants, and by death cut off the interest of the English, who were jointly partners with them, both in their conquest and trade; and now there is noon left to the English but Polerone, originally theirs, yet now due to them by a second composition and agreement, who coming of late to take possession thereof, found that those barbarous and wicked Dutchmen resident in the neighbouring Lands, had cut down and killed all the clove tr●…s, and other of worth there growing, thereby depriving the English of all their expected benefit, by that last but prejudicial composition.  
The coins currant in Molluccos, Amboina, Banda, &c. and other Lands, I found not any settled in use amongst them; the Spanish R 〈◊〉 
Coins cu●…rant in Mollucco, Banda, Amboina, &c.  is the most usual in their payment for commodities, and for the most part they use no other coins but it: but I found that according to the innocence of the times past, they barter and cell one commodity for another, which is yet the most usual custom amongst them.  
Their common weight in use is the Bahar and Cattee. 
Weights of Mollucco, Amboina, &c.   
The Bahar of Amboina of Cloves is 200 Cattees, and is English 625 li. which is the great Bahar.  
This great Bahar is 50 Barrotes, every Barrote being 12½ li. haberdupois.  
They have also in some of these Lands a greater Bahar, being ten times the former quantity, making 6250 li. English.  
A cattee is 100 Rials of 〈◊〉 almost 6 li. English.  
Ten cattees of Mace is called a small Bahar of Maces, and of the value of 10 Rials of eight.  
100 Cattees of Nutmegs, is a small bahar of nuts, and is of the aforesaid value of 10 Rials of eight.  
100 Cattees of Maces is called a great bahar of maces.  
And 1000 of Nutmegs is accounted a great bahar of Nutmegs.  
And note that 10 bahars of nuts is accounted for 1 bahar of maces usually throughout all the Lands.  
A cattee of maces being commonly worth 1 ℞ 〈◊〉.  
And 10 cattees of Nutmegs commonly worth but also 1 ℞ 〈◊〉.  
The Inhabitants finding now their native commodities requested by all other Nations, who come from fare Regions to traffic with them for the same, have daily learned new experiments of traffic and commerce; and whereas in former time they exchanged their cloves, &c. for cotton cloth & such like to clothe them, which yet is in some use amongst them; yet now they begin to know the worth of silver, and the value of the Rial of eight, ●…nd how that hath power to bring and provide to them all other ●…ecessaries whatsoever.  
Their measure of length is distinguished by fathoms and cubits, 
Measures of Molluccoes, Banda, Amboina, &c. Dry measures in Molluccoes, &c.  ●…orrowed from their late Masters the Dutch and Portugals.  
But their dry measures for corn, grain, rice, &c. is called a Can●…on, making about 5½ pints English.  
A Quoian is their greatest measure, and is 800 Cantons.  
It is to be noted here, that the Lands of Molluccoes were first discovered by the Portugals in their Navigations to these parts, and ●…fterward finding them rich in Cloves, by little and little got foo●…ing therein, partly by fare means, but principally by building of Forts and Castles in diverse of them for the better obtainement ●…nd preservation of the brave trade of these Lands: but of latter ●…eares, the Hollanders envying this their engrossing of this rich ●…ommoditie, endeavoured to supplant them, or in default of means ●…nd power to effect that, so to plant themselves, that they might ●…artake and share with them in the Cloves, Nutmegs, and Maces, ●…he only commodities these Lands are found to produce, which ●…y their policy, valour, and craft, at length hath so well succeeded with them that now they are Masters and Commanders over many Forts and strong Castles in these Lands; as at Mallayo, Tal●…ucco and Tacuma, in the principal Island of Ternate, at Mariero in 
Dutch Forts and trade in Amboina.  Tidoro, at Nassaw in Timor, Mauritus and Tabiliola in Machian, and which is entirely the Hollanders, 2 in Banda, 2 in Amboina, Barnefelt, in Bachian, and sundry others, seated here and there through the most convenientest and best ports for trade and shipping in all these Lands; so that now being become more strong, potent, and daring, they have coped with the Portugals in diverse encounters by Sea and land, sometimes winning and sometimes losing, according to both their force and fortunes; in all their occasions, adding violence to trade, trading peaceably where they cannot otherwise choose, and robbing and pilfering when and where they cannot otherwise make up their mouths to profit; in which practice of trade and thievery or thievish trade, I leave them and these Lands, and come next to java.   

CHAP. CIIII  
Of JAVAS, and the Trade thereof.  
IN this tract is found java mayor and java minor, the greater being in compass 3000, and the lesser 2000 miles; 
javas and the trade thereof.  the nearness of these two Lands to the Aequator, maketh these Counties so wonderful fertile, that they are termed the Epitome of the world. The chief Cities here are Pala●…ban, Mega, Pegar, Agaim and Ballambua; and in the lesser java, Basnia, Samara, Limbri, and others, but their principal trade is driven at Sunda calapa, Bantam, jacatra now baptised by the Dutch Batavia, and lastly, japarra; in which three last, the English have residency and Factories.  
The commodities of these Lands, is Rice in abundance, Oxen, 
Commodities of java Lands.  kines, hogs, sheep, Indian nuts, and all provisions for food; also all kinds of spices, as Cloves, Nutmegs and mace, which the native Merchants transport to Mallacca and other neighbouring Lands in great measure, also pepper in great quantity, esteemed fare better than that of India or Malabar, principally growing about the straits of Sunda, of which there is yearly laden hence about ten thousand Quintals English; it hath also much Frankincense, Benjamin, Camphora; also Diamonds, and many other precious stones, which are found therein.  
The fittest and most proper commodities for these Lands trade, are diverse and different sorts and colours of cotton linens, which 
Commodities of India fit for javas.  are made at Cambaia, Cormandel, and Bengala, called Serasses, Sarampuras, Cassus, Sa●…eposas, black cannequins, read Turrias, and diverse other sorts found made in the places abovesaid.  
Here the Hollanders are found to be Masters of jacatra, of late 
Batavia alias jaccettra.  years called by them Batavia, the best and greatest Port of their trade and rendezvous in these parts, where by little and little they have so fortified themselves, that they prescribe laws to the Inhabitants, and endeavour to debar, both English and all other from enjoying any benefit of the trade thereof.  
In Sunda (which I accounted here as the principal mart Town and in a manner the greatest in java major) they have no other 
Coins currant in java, Sunda, Bantam, jacatara.  kind of money than certain copper pieces minted, which they call Caixa, in the middle whereof is a hole to hung them on strings, for commonly they put 200 or 1000 upon one string, wherewith they make their payments, as by this following account.  
A Satta is 200 Caixas.  
Five satas is 1000 Caixas, which is a crusado Portugal money, or about six shilling starling.  
The Merchants of Europe here resident keep their accounts 
Accounts in java, Bantam, jacettera.  in R 8/8and pence, accounting 60 pence to the R 〈◊〉 Spanish.  
The weight at Bantam, jacetra, japparra, and at Sunda, is the Picull, 
Weights in java, Bantam, jacettra, japarra, Sunda.  the Cattee, and Bahar.  
A Cattee being less than the Cattee of Macau, contains but 20 ounces English, and the other 20¾ ounces.  
A Picull is 100 Cattees, and consequently is 125 li. English.  
A Bahar is 330 Cattees of China, of 20 ounces as abovesaid, and may make in England 412 li.  
Their measure for length is (——) 
Measures in java, Bantam, jacetra, japarra, Sunda.   
Their dry measures for grain, rice, and pepper, is a Timbam, and contains ten sacks, principally used in Pepper and Rice, consisting of 5 piculls; so that by this computation each sack should contain in weight 62½ li. English, two sacks for a Pecull.  
The common prices of commodities as I found them here observed, 
Prices of commodities in javas.  are pepper of Sunda, is sold by the sack weighing ½ a picull or 45 Cattees of China, each cattee being 20 ounces English, at 5000 Caixas, and when it is at highest at 6 or 7000 Caixas, maces, cloves, nutmegs, white and black Benjamin and Camphora, are sold by the Bahar, good mace commonly sold for 120 thousand Caixas; the Bahar and good cloves after the same rate, but bad and soul cloves, are sold at 70 or 80000 caixas the Bahar; Nutmegs commonly sold for 20 or 25 thousand Caixas the Bahar, white and black Benjamin sold for 150 or 180 thousand Caixas, and if extraordinary good, 200 thousand the bahar; but how fare these agrees with the now common currant rates, I refer to the better experienced.   

CHAP. CV.  
Of SUMATRA, and the Trade thereof.  
SUMATRA, anciently Traprobana, and Salomon's supposed 
Sumatra and the trade thereof.  Ophir, was esteemed the biggest Island in the world, but modern experience hath found the contrary, being only 700 miles long, and 200 miles broad: The Aequator cutteth through it, so that the Sun's vicinity, makes it abound in several precious commodities 
Commodities of the Island Sumatra.  for traffic, as first it hath Pepper in abundance, whereof above twenty Ships of burden is hence yearly laden; also Ginger, Aloes, Cassia, raw silk, gold and silver, brass, and some other drugs. This Island is subject to many Princes, the principal whereof are the Kings of Pedor and Achin; it is here a custom that the natives do eat their slain enemies, and did erst accounted their skulls for a great treasure, which they exchanged for other necessaries, he being accounted the richest man that hath most store of them in his house, this custom is almost extinguished, for the trade of Merchants from other Countries thither, of late years having brought silver and gold in request amongst them, hath made them since know better.  
In this Island is found a hill of brimstone continually burning, and two very strange and admirable Fountains, the one yielding pure 
Rarities found in Sumatra.  and excellent Balsamum, and the other most excellent Oil.  
The chief Cities of this Island, is Daren, Pasen, and Androgede, the habitation of so many Kings, but the principal places and parts for trade known to the Europeans, are Dachem or Achim, 
Achin, Tico, jambe, and Priaman, English Factories in java.  Ticko, jambe and Priaman, all maritime and good harbours; where the English are found to have residence and Factories; also Pedir, Campar and Manancabo, to the which the Portugals generally do trade; but the Inhabitants for the most part transporting the native commodities of this their Island to Mallucca, which is not distant above twenty miles of, are not much troubled with the Portugals Commerce; though in lieu of them the Dutch have of late got footing and built Fortresses amongst them, to their as great trouble, vexation, and slavery.  
Within these few years these Islanders were not known to have any coins currant in payment for Merchandise amongst them, 
Coins currant in Sumatra, Achin, Priaman, &c.  but the sculls of their slain enemies, as I said before, which they accounted as their greatest treasures, and with which their barters and exchanges for things necessary were made; but now of late the King of Achin in imitation of other adjoining Princes, and the so near neighbourhood of Mallacca, now in possession of the Portugals, have coined moneys, which in these days are observed to be these:  
A Mass, which is here accounted for 4 Cappans, which is 12d d starling.  
A Taile is 16 masses or 3⅕ R. 8/8or starling money 16 shil.  
A Cattee is 8 tails in ordinary account, and worth 25⅗ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Spanish or 6li. 8 shil. starling, and sometimes in exchange from hence to other adjacent parts, they accounted 7¼ and 7½ Tails to one Cattee.  
In other parts of this Island, as jambe, Tico, and Priamon, they 
Accounts kept in java.  have no coins of their own, but the most currant is the Spanish R 〈◊〉, in which the Europeans keep their accounts, and for distinction divide ●…t to 〈◊〉 ●…0 deniers or pence to a R. 8/8.  
The common weight through all Sumatra is a Bahar, but yet 
Weights of Sumatra, Achin, Priaman, jambee.  ●…ound to vary in many places, and consisteth of Cattees, which in greatness also varieth, and from thence cometh the difference, ●…ut in Achin, Praman, Ticcou and jambe, where the English reside, ●…he Bahar is found to be in each of these places 200 Cattees; every ●…attee is 29 ounces English, so that by this computation the Ba●…ar must make 360 li. English sotile.  
The measures here in use are (——) 
Measures in Sumatra.    

CHAP. CVI  
Of BORNEO Island, and the Trade thereof.  
THe next Island in this Tract is Borneo, and is equally divided 
Borneo Island, and the trade thereof.  by the equinoctial into two parts, putting as it were a bond between the dominions of the King of Borneo on the Northside, and of Laus on the South, in compass accounted above 2200 miles, and held the greatest of all this ocean.  
The Country doth yield in great abundance, the wood which we call Camphora; also that wood known by the Portugals by the 
Commodities of Borneo Island  name of Polad 'aguila; and also that costly sweet wood which is called Callamba, which being good is weighed against silver and gold: also here is found some gold, diamonds, nutmegs, maces, agaric, and other spices; and great abundance of that excellent antidote, which in Europe is called the Bezoar stone.  
It is plentifully stored with many fare Towns and harbours, as Cabura, Taioparra, Tamorutas and Borneo, the Metropolis and 
Towns of Borneo Island.  most magnificent above all the rest, containing 25 thousand Inhabitants, and seated in a Marish of the Sea, after the manner of Venice. Also Socodana, where many diamonds are found, and where the English some years past had a factory and residence, as also the 
Socodana and Beniermasa English Factories in Borneo.  same in Beniermasa, another good Port in this Island.  
I have not met with the coins currant here in payment for mer●…handize, nor yet with the weights and measures in use in this Island; therefore must refer the same to the better experienced, and to the traders thither.   

CHAP. CVII.  
Of CELEBS Island, and the Trade thereof.  
THe Island Celebs is the next in this Tract, not fare distant from Borneo Island, through part of which runneth 
Island Celebs and trade thereof.  the Equator, yielding by the vicinity of the Su●… the same commodities proper to Sumatra, Borneo, Gilolo and others, seated under the same line; it is subject to several Princes, and enjoyeth some eminent Towns frequented by European Merchants, for the sake of their rich commodities, as Durati, Mamaio, Tubon and Maccasar, the 
Maccas●… the English Factory in Seleb●….  chiefest Port for the trade and commerce of this Island, and where the English have a residency and factory, and following their observations made in this place, I found,  
Their coins currant here in use is found to be the Mass, Cup●… 
Coins currant in Celebs and Maccasar.  and Taile thus valued.  
A tail is accounted for 16 masses in currant value, and is reckoned to be worth 15 rials of eight.  
A mass is a gold coin, as is the tail, and wants somewhat of 5 sh. or a rial of 〈◊〉 Spanish.  
And this mass is 4 cuppans, each cuppan esteemed to be about 14d d starling money; and by this calculation the tail should make starling 3 li. 14 sh. 8 d. and by the account of R 〈◊〉 at 5 sh. starling, the tail is 3 li. 15 sh. starling.  
The common weights in use is the Ganton, Zicoyan and Mass, 
Weights in Celebs and Maccasar.  thus agreeing with the English weight haberdepois.  
The Ganton is both a weight and measure, in weight it is found to be about 5 li. English, and in measure about two English gallons.  
A Mass in weight is 40 Gantons, which is 200 li. English, or 80 gallons English.  
A Zicoyan is 20 Masses in weight, which is 4000 li. English, or 800 Cantons of this place.  
To proceed to the rest of the Lands in these Seas, is a work past my skill, or I think most men's els, considering the multitude thereof, the Philipins being discovered by the Spaniard in Ann●… 
P●…pins  1564, being in number 110 thousand, as some Author's report. Over against China are also found 7448 Lands, and about India 127000 great and small more, which in many places stand so ●…igh one to another, that they seem not only to such as are afar off to touch and to be all as one firm land, but whosoever passeth between them, may with his hands touch the boughs of the ●…es, both on the one and on the other side. Many commo●…es are found growing upon these Lands, with which the In●…itants of many of them, maintain a Traffic with their ●…ghbours; the knowledge whereof I leave to the better ex●…ienced.  
Now forasmuch as Portugals, Dutch and English have of late 
The Portugals the first Masters of the trade of East India, 1498.  ●…ares discovered those Countries of India, and that some of them ●…ve since settled themselves by Forts and Castles there: It will ●…t be improper I should here surveyed their strengths and holds ●…ilt for defence, and their factorie settled for traffic throughout is continent of Asia and the Lands thereof. The Portugals ●…en were the first that broke the ice, and in Anno 1498 departing ●…om Lixborne, under command of Vasco di Gamma, doubled the ●…e of bona Esperance, which hath proved so successful to them ●…ce that time that they have mastered, conquered and fortified ●…emselves beyond that cape in Soffala, Quiloa, Mosambique, Mom●…a, and in Ormus in the Persian gulf, lately again lost. In In●… they have the Castles and Towns of Diu, Daman, Basain, ●…aul, Goa, Honour, Barsola, Mongalor, Cananor, Cronganor, Cochin ●…d Colan. In Silon they have Collumbo, bragging of one of the ●…st Ports of the World, on the coast of Cormandell; they hold ●…egapatam and S. Thomas: In Bengala they have Porto pequenio, and ●…rto grande, and Serapure; also Serone, Mollucca; and some holds 〈◊〉 the Mollucca Lands, Macao, and Nungasarke in japan and diverse ●…hers; in all which they are found to be both strong, powerful, ●…nd great, and masters of all the rich traffic of these places, ●…hich thus for 100 years very near, they have both peaceably ●…nd quietly enjoyed at their own terms and conditions, till the ●…utch disturbed them, who seconded them in the trade of India, ●…ho were the next who envying, that this rich stream should ●…nely run his current to Lixborne, and that all the precious commo●…ities of India should first salute Portugal, set out from Amsterdam 
The Hollanders become sharers in 1595.  〈◊〉 Anno 1595, and have since so well played their cards, and plea●…ed as some allege so strongly with Cannon law and steel argu●…ents, that within 30 years they have found themselves to be Masters and commanders. In these Countries and Seas of 28 Forts ●…nd Castles, and of 44 or 45 factories, for the preservation and pro●…ecution of their trade and government; the names and draughts of which, some of their own Nation have published to their no lit●…le honour, and no small estimation; so that it may be imagined ●…hat their flood and the Spaniards ebb, will in few years bring the Indieses to be more theirs then the Portugals, notwithstanding their so long possession.  
The English Nation are the last and lest in this trade and disco●…ery, 
The English Nation the last traders into India, in An. 1600  for they imitating only the Portugals and Dutch in the due ●…ules of the prosecution of a trade, but not in the prosecution of the natives; begun their discoveries in Anno 1600, under the command of S r. james Lancaster, with 4 Ships, the Dragon, Hector, Asenton and Susan, whose endeavours have since by the blessing of GOD, and the good government of that company so well succeeded, that they have sent forth above 30 Fleets or voyages; and have settled their residence and Factors in 20 or 24 several place●… of note, as at Ormus and jasques, in the entrance of the Persian gulp●…, under the Persian Monarch at Cambaia, Surrat and Agria, and other places in the great Moguls Country, at Musulapan, Armago●… Petipoly, Pottana, Siam and other places on the coast of Cormandel●… and the continent of Asia: at Achin, Ticko, jambe and Prianian, o●… the Island Sumatra, at Bantam, jaccettra and japarra on the Island 〈◊〉 java, at Socodana, and Benier masa on the Island Borneo; at Mogass●… in the Island of Celebs, at Palleron on the Island Banda, at Firando i●… japan; and lastly in Amboina, Hitto, and other of the Molucco●… which they quietly enjoyed, until the traitorous and bloody mind●… Dutch did butcherly betray their lives, purposely to deprive them of th●… trade, and to satisfy their unsatiable bloodthirstiness; as is extant 〈◊〉 the passages of that act in several languages in the World.  
These are then the only three European Nations that now contend and get share amongst them; the traffic and commodities of these eastern Countries, the Portugals making Lixborne the scale of the East India commodities; the Hollander making their Amsterdam the staple for their parts, and the English London for their emporium; which within these late years, notwithstanding the sundry crosses and losses, is increased to that height and eminency, that these Merchants do not only furnish Italy, but also Constantinople, Aleppo, Smyrna, and other parts of Turkey, with all those Indian commodities, which within less than these twenty years, they brought from thence into England, to the prejudice of Syria and Egypt, and to the enriching of the English subjects in general: as hath been most judiciously and at large demonstrated (by that right honourable Knight Sr. D. D. in several particulars; as first by the rial founder's thereof; secondly by the equity and justice of the trade; thirdly by the honour arising thereby to the English nation, in the strength added to the Navy Royal of this land; fourthly by the former fortunate success of it, and the profit that may be yet reaped thereby to the whole Kingdom, and to the fellowship of that society; besides the increase of Mariners, and of arts and knowledge; fifthly, by fare discoveries and hopes of propagation of religion in those yet heathenish Countries.  
But leaving thus the Indian Lands, and the further surveyed thereof to those late Masters of that trade, I will proceed in what is yet resting to pass through, as belonging to Asia, which are the Lands of Cyprus and Rhodes, seated in the mediterranean Sea, to which I shall now hasten.   

CHAP. CVIII.  
Of CYPRUS Island, and the trade thereof.  
THe Island of Cyprus is accounted also belonging to Asia, 
Island Cyprus and the trade thereof.  and situated in the Syrian Sea; in length 200 miles, in breadth 65; and is 60 miles distant from the shore of Cilicia, and 100 from the main land of Syria.  
This Island is said to afford materials to build a Ship from the keel to the topsail, and fitted for the Sea, either ●…s a Merchants vessel for transportation of goods, or as a Princes ●…or warfare.  
It affordeth also these commodities, as wine, oil, corn, sugars, cot●…ns, 
Commodities of Cyprus.  honey, wool, turpentine, alum, verdigrace, salt, grograms, and o●…her commodities.  
The chief Cities of this Island are Paphos, Famagusta, Nicosia, Lescara, Salines, and some others; in which Island the English have a factorie, for the only trade of cottons here in use; and the English 
English consul at Cyprus.  consul resident in Aleppo carrieth the title of consul of Syria and of Cyprus, in which place he hath a vice consul to supply his occasions for the preservation and maintenance of the English trading hither; which are only the Company of Merchants called the levant or Turkey Company, as included within their privileges.  
The moneys of this Island currant I need not mention, nor 
Coins of Cyprus.  yet their accounts, as being the coins of the Grand Signiors, and their accounts kept after the same denomination as in Constantinople.  
The weight in use through this Island is the dram, 750 whereof is 
Weights of ci●…rus.  the Rotolo, and 100 whereof makes a cantar, which is accounted 4 per cent. greater than the common cantar of Aleppo; and is by calculation of such as have resided there 80 ounces haberdepois, or 5 li. the Aleppo rotolo yielding by this computation 4 li. 13 ounces, or 77 ounces: and the quintall or Cantar of Cyprus by this account should be 500 li. sotile; but I found some observations made, that upon some commodities that the 100 Rotolos of Cyprus have made in London 510 and 512 li. The Rotolo of Cyprus contains 750 drams: and the Rotolo of Aleppo is accounted 720 drams, and 62½ drams makes 1 ounce, & 6½ ounces make here an Oak: but note that the cantar of Famagusta, is 4 per cent. greater than this general cantar of the Island, which is above 1½ ounces per Rotolo. 
Note Famagusta.   
This common cantar of Cyprus, I found thus to respond with the City of Venice and other places.  
Rotolos 100 of Cyprus, makes sotile U●… 780 li. and of gross 480 li. which by this computation should be about 522 li. English: but I imagine this is accounted the c●…tar of Famagusta, which is 8 per cent. greater then that of Aleppo, which deducted, being 42 li. there resteth 480 li. haberdepois, the weight rendered of Aleppo; so that Rotolo 21 in circa, makes 100 li. gross, and Rotolo 13½ do make 100 li. sotile; and Rotolo 1 is 7½ sotile or 4 li. 8 ounces gross of Venice weight.  
Again, I found these observations made on the weights of Cyprus, 
Weights of Cyprus compared with other places.  for cottons, viz. 100 Rotolos of Cyprus cottons, hath made in Venice 750 li. which is 30 li. less than the aforesaid notes which are meant of Famagusta, and hath made in Naples 671 li. Bologna 627 li. Montpelier 678 li. Barcelona 564 li. Seville 589 li. Paris 448 li. Marselia 567 li. Genoa 710 li. Florence 656 li. Milan 678 li. Avignon 570 li. Bridges 555 li. Rome 631 li. London 506 li.  
The truth whereof, I refer to the trial of the experienced.  
Measures of length are here two sorts: first, the pico, by which is sold all woollen cloth, and silk accounted 26½ inches, and the 
Measures of Cyprus.  brace, by which is sold linen, being 〈◊〉 longer than the pico abovesaid.  
The 100 picos rendering in Venice 125 woollen braces and 116 of silk braces.  
Wine is sold here by the Cusse, 7 cusses makes 6 fetches of Venetia, which is a candy barrel, so that a cusse and a half, and a Zant jar, 
Of Wine.  are of one and the same bigness.  
Oil is sold by the Rotolo, which weighs 2½ oaks which is accounted for 1000 drams. 
Of Oil.   
Graine is sold by a measure called the moose, which weigheth 40 oaks, and 2½ moose, or 100 oaks makes one staio in Venetia. 
Of Grain.   
Salt is sold by the Moose; 1000 mooses here of salt, makes 14 Moose in the account of Uenetia. 
Of Salt.   
Also some grain is sold by the coffino, 100 whereof making 24 in 25 steras of Venetia, which is () bushels English.  
In this part of Asia (following the opinion of Authors) is 
Island Rhodes seated amongst the Isles Archepelago.  the Island of RHODES seated, formerly the habitation of the Knights of S●…. JOHN, now a Beylque of the Turks, and where for the commodiousness of the Port, there is maintained a squadron of his Galleys yearly employed, to clear and protect those Seas: matter of trade presenting here, I have here willingly omitted, and placed the same amongst the Lands of the Archipelago; to which place I refer the Reader, and who desires to see further thereof.   

CHAP. CIX.  
Of the Trade in general of ASIA, as it is found at this day.  
TO conclude then the Trade and Traffic of ASIA 
Of the Trade in general of ASIA.  in general; it is comprehended within a few principal Cities thereof: as first, in the Grand Signiors Dominions in Aleppo, Smyrna, Constantinople, Alexandria, Balsara, and Baruti, and Damascus: in Persia Dominions, in Sciras, Ormus, Casbin, Gilan, and Hispahan: and in India and these Coasts, at Goa, Mallacca, Siam, Pegu, Cochin, Calicut, Mesulapatan, and the Lands of java, japan, Sumatra, Moluccos: in Tartary, in Astracan, Capha, Sarmacand, and Cambalu, &c. The Turkish Nation affords not many Merchants of note; yet some are found that from Constantinople do drive a Trade by Sea to Venice, Cairo, Trapesond, Capha, and some few other places; and some again that with Caravans by land drive a Trade from Aleppo, Damascus, and Egypt, to the Read Sea, and to Mecha; but these I may more properly accounted Arabians then natural Turks, who in general have been esteemed in times past, and yet are more industrious and better versed in all manual Arts, then in the mystery of Merchandizing; but now they have well near lost that attribute, and wholly addict themselves by reason of their grand Signiors tyranny, to no further trade than what necessity doth for the most part compel them, therefore not much worth here further consideration.  
But those several Nations inhabiting the large Coast of India, Persia, and these abovementioned Lands, are found to be more addicted thereto and of greater eminency, and are found by their traffic and commerce to have raised to themselves Estates in these Countries equal to many of our European Dukes & greatest Earls, whereof the Gusurets and Canarins, the frugal and proper inhabitants of India, are accounted the chiefest & principal, occasioned partly by their excellent subtlety in accounts and numbering, and partly by the late navigations and commerce of the Europeans, Arabians, and other remoter Nations amongst them, who bring them (for the most part) no other commodity but plate and silver in Rials of 〈◊〉 which they there exchange for the rich commodities of India, as their Cloves, Maces, Nutmegs, Pepper, Diamonds, Emeralds, Rubies, Pearls, and such other, the precious Wares of these Countries.  
The Persian Nation challenge also a large share in this Trade of ASIA, occasioned by their excellent and industrious fabriques, and their natural plenty of raw silks, which from them is abundantly transported and spread over all the World, and their sumptuous adorning and curiosity of living, drawing to them by exchange, the riches and commodities of India and China and other places.  
The Arabians, (as possessing a great part of ASIA) may not here be omitted, amongst which are found many eminent Merchants, not only trading by Camels with Caravans from Turkey into Egypt and other places, and into the Read Sea, but also from Aleppo to Babylon, Balsara, and so to the Persian gulf; and also by Sea, not only on the Coast of Sindy, India, Cormandell, Siam, Pegu, and the Lands aforesaid, where many Mahumetane Princes are found to bear rule; but also at Suachem, Melinda, Brava, and Quiloa, and many other parts and Ports of Africa  
Neither amongst all these abovementioned Nations, which are found in the general to afford Merchants of eminency and note, and to have a Country for a particular residence to themselves, and where their Princes do bear Sovereignty, are the Nation of the jews to be omitted or forgotten, who (though by the curse of the Almighty) are scattered and dispersed as it were over the face of the whole earth, and are permitted (with some limitations and restrictions) their abode in several Countries, paying for their liberty, and freedom of residence and commerce, both great and large annual contributions in sundry places; yet by their ingeniousnes in Trade, and their expertness in Arts, and their subtlety in the valuation of Princes coins, and their skill in Accounts, they are found in all these afore-named Countries to be both eminent and rich Merchants, trading as well by Land as by Sea through all these afore-named Countries, and by their craft and Art, raising to themselves eminence and great Estates thereby.  
I should here given a share of this ASIAN Trade to the Chinois, Tartarians, and other great Nations: but my ignorance herein doth silence me.  
Therefore it shall content me to have surveyed it in the general, and to have left behind me what observations I have been able to collect of the Traffic, and Traders of those vast and large Territories and Countries, knowing that their strange Customs, and the manner of their Laws and Government debars all easy access into their Dominions, and what others must not dare to see, I must not dare to offer to recount.  
To conclude then, having thus run over and surveyed the general Commerce and Traffic of ASIA, I will now turn myself towards EUROPE, the last division of the World, and of this Work, and as the best known to us, and the best reputed of Us.    


EUROPE, AND THE PROVINCES AND CITIES OF TRADE THEREOF.   

  

CHAP. CX.  
Of Europe the last division of the World here handled, and the Kingdoms thereof.  
EUROPE which I have willingly omitted as 
Europe 15. parts.  last and principal, cometh now to be surveied, that the Trade thereof may the better appear in her particular Provinces and Cities, should be in prerogative of worth the chief and first, but following the custom of Merchants, I show the best last, and the worst first.  
Europe then is divided into these Provinces and Lands.  

1 Spain.  
2 France.  
3 Italy.  
4 Belgia.  
5 Germany.  
6 Denmark.  
7 Norway.  
8 Sweden.  
9 Moscovia.  
10 Poland.  
11 Hungary.  
12 Dacia.  
13 Slavonia.  
14 Gracia.   
The Lands of Europe are dispersed through these Seas.  

1 Greek Seas.  
2 Egean Seas.  
3 Cretan Seas.  
4 Ionian Seas.  
5 Adriatic seas.  
6 Mediterranean seas.  
7 British Seas.  
8 Northern Seas.   
Of all which in order, and of each of these Divisions in order.   

CHAP. CXI.  
Of Spain and the Cities thereof.  
SPAIN the most Western Continent of Europe is environed on all sides with the Seas, exc●…pt 
Spain.  towards France, from which it is separated by the Pirenean Mountains, and the Fortress of Pampelona on the Northwest, and Perpignan on the Southeast.  
The Commodities that this Country yields for Merchandise, is Wines, Sugars, Oils, Metals, Licoris, Rice, Silks, Wool, Cork, Rosen, 
Commodities of Spain.  Steele, Oranges, Limmons, Rasens, Almonds, &c. Aniseeds, Anchovies, Soda Barrellia, Figs, Tuny fish, Iron, Shumacke, Saffron, Soap, Coriander, Honey, Wax, &c.  
Spain is found at this day to be divided into twelve Provinces, which formerly were petty Kingdoms; viz. 1. Leon & Oucedo, 2. Navarre, 3. Corduba, 4. Gallicia, 5. Biscay, 6. Toledo, 7. Murti●…, 8. Castille, 9 Portugal, 10. Valentia, 11. Cattelona, 12. Arragon. Of which in order, with their Cities of note and traffic.  
In Leon and Oucedo I found no City of Trade memorable, the City of Leon being the principal, and is the Principality belonging 
Leon 1. Oucedo 2.  to the Princes of Spain, under the name of Ast●…rias.  
In Navarre is of note, the City of Pampelona famous for her fortification, and not for her negocation. 
Navarre 3.   
Corduba is accounted the most fertile soil of all Spain, and hath Corduba for a principal City; from whence cometh that excellent 
Corduba. 4.  Cordovant leather, known to us. 2. March●…na. a principal breeder of the best Genets in Spain: also 3. Medina Sidonia, whose Duke was principal Commander of that pretended Invincible Armado 1588. Also Lucardi Barameda a great Haven-towne, X●…res which yields the Wines known, Sherry Sacks, because the Spaniards are found to pronounce x as sh in English: and also Seville which requireth (according to my Method) for her worth and eminency of Trade a Chapter by itself.   

CHAP. CXII.  
Of Seville, and the Trade thereof.  
SEVILLE is accounted the fairest City of all Spain, in compass six miles, environed with beautiful Walls, and adorned with many stately buildings; as Palaces, Churches, and Monasteries; one whereof is endowed with 25000. Crown's annual rent. The river Baetis divides it into two parts, yet joined by a stately Bridge: from hence the Spaniards set out towards the Western India, and hither return again to unlade the riches of those Western parts of the world, which principally are found to be Silver, Tobacco, Ginger, Cottons, Sugars, Brasill, and Ferinand Bucqu●… wood, and so●… Drugs. Here is 30000. Genets maintained continually for the King of Spain his service; and the Trade of this place is of that greatness, that some are of opinion, the Customs of this Town only is wo●…th unto the King half a million of gold yearly; and the Archbishop of Seville is held so rich, that his rent amounts to 100000 Crowns yearly, and hath under his Jurisdiction ●…000. sm●…ll Villages, and consequently, in his whole Diocese 2000 Benefices, besides Friaries, Nunneries and Hospitals, and esteemed the next in degree to him of Toledo: the rarities of this place I willingly omit as well known to our Nation.  
In Seville, Madera, &c. the Merchants keep their Accounts by Marvides, 
Account kept in Seville and Madera.  of which 3●…5. are esteem●…d to make a Ducat of Exxᵒ of 11. Rials, every Rial being 37. Mal. and so is but 374. Mal. But our English there resident keep their Accounts in Rials of 34. Mal. the Rial.  
Their currant moneys are these,  
A Ducat of Gold of Seville is worth 375. Marvides accounted 
Coins of Seville.  5. s. 6. d. Stir.  
A Riall of Castille is worth in Seville 34. Marvides. and is so worth throughout all Spain, which is accounted 6. d. Sterling. money.  
A Dobra currant is worth of Carlin money 〈◊〉 Marvides; every 1000 Dobras are 80. V 888. Marvides, and is accounted in Merchandise 71. Mar. and is worth in Valentia at even hand 4. Sold. 7. Den. 1/10of Valentia money without charges of Exxch.  
A Dobra of Castille is worth 375. Marvides, or is as above a Ducat of Gold.  
A Castiliane of Merchandise is worth 485. Mervides, about 7. 〈◊〉. Sterl. Vide moneys in Castille currant in all Spain.  
Their Exxo. are made upon the imaginary Ducat of 375. Mar. 
Exchanges in Seville.  payable in banco with five per centum, which is the Bancos salary, or without the banco to be paid without the same; and this Ducat is commonly termed Ducat●… de Or●… or de Peso; and is worth, as above, 375. Mervides. In Seville they ●…ake their payments as following, if you say in Ducat di Or●… or ae Castilia upon banco, those are then paid in banco without loss at all, but if you say to be paid in so many Ducats Dor●… in Pistolets forth of banco, they will pay in the said money; but if it be said to pay in Carlins', it will cost, and sometime ¼ per centum loss. But because I have at large in the Tract of Exchanges in the Chapters 294. and 426. treated of the Exchange of this place, therefore I will (to avoid repetition) refer the Reader thereunto for further and ampler satisfaction.  
There is used in Seville three Weights or Kintars: as first, the 
Weights of Seville.  smaller which comprehends 112. l. of four Roves of 28. pounds a Rove.  
The next is of 120. l. of four Roves of 30. l. to a Rove.  
The last is the great, of 144. l. of 4. Roves of 36. l. a Rove, which last is accounted the common Kintar of Seville, upon which these observations have been made, which for the certainty I refer to trial:  
100 l. in Seville have been found to make in 

London— 102. l.  
Marselia— 113  
Venetia Sotile— 152  
Venetia Grosse— 96  
Sicilia— 5●…½  
Lisbon— 90 〈◊〉  
Florence— 129½  
Antwerp— 98  
Lions— 97  
Dansicke— 117  
Genoa Grosse— 100    
Wools of Seville is commonly here bought about Michaelmas, 
Spanish wool.  and they pay ½ ready money, ⅙ at Christmas, and have from March to May for payment of the rest, of which here is great quantity provided.  
Silk is bought at Almaria, commonly worth 28. Pesanti the l. Morisco, which is 18. s. Florence, for which place it is bought, and 
Raw Silk.  this it will cost 1020. Mar. the said pound which is 30. Rials, which is performed between june and October, the best time being from july to August by reason of the heat, for after that the weight of silk will increase.  
And as for other Commodities here found besides Wool and Silk, it cannot properly be said to be the Commodities of the place, but for the most are comprehended under the natural Commodities imported from the West Indies, of which this is the principal Port and Scale in Europe, and as a Country entirely challenged by the Spaniards.  
Their common measure in Seville is the Vare, which hath been 
Measures 〈◊〉 Seville.  observed,  
The 100 Vares to make in 

London— else— 74  
Anvers— 123  
Frankford— 154  
Dansicke— 102  
Vienna— 107  
Lions— a.— 75  
Paris— al.— 70  
Genoa— Pal.— 336  
Roven— al.— 74  
Lisbon— V— 74  
Madera— Br.— 76  
Venetia— 133  
Lucca— 148  
Florence— 151  
Milan— 170    
Oil is bought here by the Rove, 64. Roves is in Venita one Miara, 
Of Oil.  40. or 41. Roves makes a Pipe, a Rove is 8. Summer, a Summer is 4. Quartiles, and a Quartile is ⅙ of a Stoop of Antwerp, and 2. Pipes or 81. Roves is 25. or 26. Florence Barrels, or 252. Gall. Gallons of English measure, but Seville gage is accounted but of these Pipes 236. Gallons, at 118. Gallons the Pipe.  
Corn is measured and sold by the Caffise, which is 28. Staos of 
Of Corne.  Florence, and makes Bushels English ()  
Note that S. Lucar is the Sea Port of this City, whereto all 
S. Lucar.  ships of burden do first come and there lad and unlade, and where the Officers of the Customhouse do come aboard to take notice of the goods both landed and laden for the City of Seville, where the Customhouse is,  
The Customs of Seville are great, and arise upon some goods to 
Customs of Seville.  10. 15. 20. and upon most to 25. per cent which I must refer to the better experienced; only it is noted by some that have treated of the Kings of Spaine's Revenues, that the Customhouse yearly of this City doth yield him, as I said before, halfe a million of Gold.  
To proceed, in the precinct of Corduba lies Andalusia, wherein I 
Andalusia.  found Seville to be seated. Secondly Granado, wherein the City of Granado, Mallaga, and Almaria principal Cities are situated: and 
Granado. Mallaga.  lastly, Estremadura, wherein I found only Merida for a City of note, but not of Trade: therefore a word of the two former, Granado and Mallaga, better known to the English.   

CHAP. CXIII.  
Of Granado, and the Trade thereof.  
GRANADO is the ordinary Parliament and Court of Justice for all the Southern parts of Spain, as Valiadolid is for the North; and therefore it may be imagined Where Lawyers are found to abound, little Trade is commonly concurrent: it is of itself a stately Town, and curiously built all of Freestone▪ it is fenced with a strong Wall, having twelve Gates, and 130. Turrets; the Palace of the late Morish Kings is the prime and most magnificent building of this City, it is ●…ated within the Land, and hath Motr●…ll for the next Port, the neighbourhood of Almeria and Mallaga both maritime P●…rts binder much the Trade thereof, therefore I shall insist the lesser upon the Trade of this City, which principally depends upon the Raw Silk made here and upon the fabriques wrought thereof.  
The Weight here used is the Cantar of 100 l. which hath been 
Weights used in Granado.  observed by some English to make 118. l. haberdepois, and by some Venetians to have made there 111. l. Gross and 175. l. Sotile.  
The Measure is as at Mallaga.   

CHAP. CIV.  
Of Mallaga, and the Trade thereof.  
MALLAGA is seated on the Mediterranean shore, abounding in Reasons, and Wines that are known by that name, and thence vented to our colder Climate, which makes this Town famous for its plenty therein; where touching Anno 1617. I noted this observation, their moneys are general with all Spain, the principal being  
A Rial, which is 34. Mervides, and is 6. d. Sterling.  
A Pistolet of Gold is 23½ Rials and the Double being 47. Rials. 
Coins in Mallaga.   
Their Customs upon Merchandise here differ; for Sugar, Almonds, Wine and Oils are found to pay Custom outwards— 7½. per cent. 
Customs of Mallaga.   
Cochoncale and other such fine commodities— 10.  
All Commodities which are found to issue ou●… else— 5.  
All Commodities transported from Port to Port— 2.  
Their Weight is the 100 l. divided into four parts of 25. l. which they call the Rove, and every pound is 16. ounc. and 1. oun. makes 16. 
Weights of Mallaga.  drams, and each dram 28. grains: and this 100 l. or Kintar hath been found to make 112. l. 5. ounc. English; but yet I found some that have made observations upon this place allege that the 100 l. of Mallaga will yield in London 105. l.  
Their measure of length is a Vare, which is 27⅞ inches by Rule. 
Measures of Mallaga.   
Their liquid Measure for Wine and Oils is a Rove, and divided into 8. So●…bres: 25. Roves makes a Pipe, and is 100, Gallons English.  
Their grain Measure is a Hanocke, and is divided into twelve 
Of Corne.  Almodos; this Hanocke is ¼ of a Bushel and twelve Gallons English, which weigheth by heap 144. l. and by stroke 29. l. English.  
Note that Almeria agreeth in Weights and Measures with Mallaga 
Almeria.  above named.  
In Galicia, I found only Saint james of Compostella famous for the 
Gallicia.  s●…pulchre of Saint james which is worshipped with incredible devotion; and Baiona, commonly called the Groin, whereto some 
Q. Baiona.  Trade is driven by the Merchants of England, principally of Bristol, which I briefly thus anatomise.  
The Coins are the same, as used throughout Spain.  
Here is in use two Quintals, the one proper to Iron, which is in London 122. l. and the other called the Sutle Quintall, which is 108. l. and the Measure here in use is as in Bilboaa following.  
In Biscay, I found Bilboa and Faint Sebastian's, two noted Towns 
Biscay, and the trade thereof.  of Trading, much frequented by Merchants, whereupon I have gathered these observations of the Trade of these places.  
The Coins are here currant with all Spain, which is the Spanish Rial, distinguished into white Quartiles, four to a Rial, and 4½ black Quartile to a single Riall, and accounted by 34. Mervides to the said Rial.  
There is here in use two Quintars, the one proper to the Iron 
Weights of Bilboa.  here made, which produceth in London 158. l. and the other being the Sutle 100 l. produceth here about 111. to 112. l.  
Their Measure here of length is the Vare; 100 yards is here 
Measures of Bilboa.  109. Vares, and the 100 Flemish Else, whereby Bays are bought in England is here 80. Vares.  
Corn is here sold by the Hanega, and five Hanegaes hath been observed to make a Quarter English.  
The Customs here are 2½ per centum, and valued as they shall be 
Customs of Bilboa.  sold, and not paid till sold: but note that no Commodities pays here any Custom but what is either to be eaten, drunken, or burned: and if a Merchant hap to make a bad debt of above 500 l. the Custom thereof is not paid at all.  
In Toledo is the City of Toledo famous for its Archbishopric, 
Toledo.  whose Rents look as high as 300000. Crown's yearly; it is seated in the centre of Spain, but of no great consequence in matter of Trade, known to us, as improper for the same by its situation, being an Inland City, and overtraded by Churchmen.  
In Murcia, there are three Towns of note, Murcia the first as principal of the Province; Cartagena the second, as having a 
Murcia. Cartagena.  most excellent Haven, and agreeing in Weights and Measures with Alicant, that is the third, that hath choice Wines and good trading by its commodious situation. Of the two former I cannot say much: in the later having lived some years, I observed these Rules in the course and Trade of the place.   

CHAP. CXV.  
Of Alicante, and the Trade thereof.  
ALICANTE seated on the Mediterranean shore, as Mallaga, Almeria, and Cartagena are, is of late 
Alicante, and the Trade thereof.  years become (by reason of its commodious Road) to be the Scale of the City of Valentia, where the principal Merchants thereof reside, and have here their Factors and Respondents that negociate their affairs for them: it affords Wines, Resins, Licoris, Soda Barillia, base ropes, Soapes hence called Alicant Soapes, Aniseeds, and such.  
The moneys are those of Valentia, see there farther.  
Merchants keep their Accounts here in Livers Solds and Deniers; 
Coins Alicant.  twelve Deniers make a Soldo, twenty shillings a Liver, which is accounted 
Account kept.  to be five s. Sterl. as the Soldo three pence, and the Denier a farthing.  
Their known great Weight is a Cargo, which is 10. Roves of 24 
Weights of Alicante.  l. and of 36. l. to the Rove: the Rove of 24. l. being 18. Ounces, and the Rove of 36. l. being twelve ounces, by which is sold Pepper, Rice, Almonds, Cloves, Spices, and other commodities of value.  
All gross Commodities are weighed by 24. l. to the Rove, and four to the Quintall, the Cargo making 280. l. Haberdepois, and the Quintall making 96. l. in England.  
All Sugars, Drugs, and Tin is weighed by a small Quintall which is 120. l. of twelve ounces to the pound, which is about 18. or 20. per centum, less than the English 112. l.  
Soda Barillia carried hence to Venetia to make Glasses, and to Marselia to make hard Soap, hath been found to make a Cantar 133. lib. of Province: but because this diversity of Weights may seem troublesome to be understood, observe this general Rule, 96. li. of 18. ounces is 144. li. of 12. ounces, and is the great Quin●…all 
A general rule in Alicante Weights.  80. li. of 18. ounces is 120. li. of twelve ounces and is the small Quintall; the difference found is 16. li. of 18. ounces per libram, and 24. li. of twelve ounces li. from the great to the small Quintar.  
Their common Measure is a Vare, which is ⅙ less than the English 
Measures of Alicante.  yard.  
Their Wine Measure is a Cantaro, which is about 12. quartes English.  
Their Corn Measure is a Caffise, about 3. bushels English.  
Their Custom is 11. Deniers per centum Liver, which is 4½ per cent. 
Custom.  and is payable 8. Deniers to the Duana, and 3. Deniers Sisa, which ●…s paid as well by the buyer as the seller, and as often as any goods ●…re either bought, sold, or bartered, so often is the said Custom paid by buyer and seller 9 per cent. see Valentia farther.  
The next is Castille, the most prevalent Province of all Spain, 
Castille.  and whence the Spaniards entitle themselves Castilians, and to which all the other are united, either by conquest or intermarriages; it is divided into the New and Old, in which is first the City of Segovia, whence comes our fine Segovia cloth, made by Wools that first 
Segovia.  had their original from our English Sheep. Secondly, Valiadolid, 
Valiadolid.  an University, which yields no commodity but English papistical Fugitives. Next Burges, famous as contending with Toledo for the 
Burges.  Primateship of Spain. Next Salamanca, the most famous Academy 
Salamanca.  of all Spain; these are in Old Castille. In New Castille are found these Cities, first Madrid the seat of the Kings of Spain, and from a late 
Madrid.  Village become a populous and large City. Secondly, Alcala. 
Alcala . Thirdly, Alcantara. And lastly the Escurial, built by Philip the Second 
Escurial.  and which cost four millions the structure. In this Tract, I have not observed any eminent City of Trading, yet because the whole Country of Spain in general hath in many things a dependency upon the rules and orders in matter of Trade belonging hereunto; I will therefore to shorten my Work as well in the succeeding as in some preceding Towns given you a touch of the Trade hereof under the Title of Madrid or Castille.   

CHAP. CXVI.  
Of Madrid in Castille, and the trade thereof.  
THe general Coins of Castille I accounted as the general Coins passing throughout Spain, which is to be considered 
Castilia and the trade thereof.  when I treat of the trade of any City under the subjection of the King of Spain.  
In the then Court of Spain being commonly in Madrid in Castilia, the ducat is worth 375. marvides, and is called by 
Coins of Castilia.  some a dobra of Castille.  
A Castiliano is worth 485. marvides.  
A florin of Castille is worth 265. marvides almost four shillings starlin.  
A ducat count or quento of marvides is a million. 
Quento.   
A count or quento of marvides is ducats 2666⅔, and at Dobra it is worth 2739 57/73dobras, which is starlin 733. li. 6. s. 8. d.  
A Riall single of Castille is worth 34. marvides, which is 6. d. starlin.  
A quento of marvides is worth 3258. Rials and three marvides.  
A Crown of Castille is worth 323, marvides, but of them you may not make payment but of 500 only.  
The Ducat of Spain hath 11. Rials of plate, and every Rial as I said before 34. marvides, and every Ducat 374. marvides, which is 5. s. 6. d. English, the Rial 6. d. and the marvides less than our farthing: the single Pistolet of gold is 11. Reals ¾. being 400. marvides, which is according to 6. d. a Rial 5. s. 10½. Esterling.  
In Castilia they that given money upon Exchange, do agreed to be paid 
Exchanges in Castilia.  in Ducats of gold, or their worth in gold or silver, for if they should not do so, they should be paid in base money, which would prove to be more than five per cent. loss. The orders of the fairs in Castille are thus.  
The first is the fare of May, and is made in Medina del Campo, 
Fairs of Castilia.  and gins the first of june, and lasteth 50. days.  
The second is the fare of August, and is made in Medina de Ri●…secco, and gins the first of August, and lasteth 30. days.  
The third is the fare of October, made in Medina del Campo, and gins the first of November, lasting 50. days.  
The fourth is the fare of Villa lion, gins the first day of Lent, and lasteth twenty days, but is no fare of Exchange, the time expired, there may no goods be sold, nor payments made upon pain of forfeiture of the goods and moneys. and it is to be noted that the letters be there fifteen days before the time.  
The payments upon all the fairs they make in Banco, not saying 
The payments.  ●…rth, and they are to remit in ducats de Or●…, in Or●… larg●…, and forth 〈◊〉 Banco, when they say forth of Banco and for ready money, there 〈◊〉 gotten thereby one per cent. and when they say ducats of gold or ●…e worth, it is understood in marvedes, 375. for a ducat, and when ●…ey say forth of the fare, it is understood for ready money, and ●…is shall suffice to have said of Castilia in general: and as for the ●…stome and manner of their exchanges here practised, see the chap●…r 426. of the exchanges of Spain at the end of this tract.  
In Portugal once a famous Kingdom, (and the rather for the 
Portugal.  ●…rtunate discoveries made in the Eastern Indieses by the inhabitants) ●…ere is many fare towns of trading, but all of them giving prece●…ency to Lixborne, the metropolis of this Kingdom, I shall willing●… therefore omit the rest, and enlarge myself thereupon: The 
Commodities of Portugal.  ●…nerall commodities this Country abounds in are these, Honey, ●…ine, Oil, Alum, Fruits, Fish, white Marble, Salt, &c. and those ●…any other commodities that it is now in great abundance found to ●…eld are the proper commodities of the East Indies, such as are ●…epper, Cloves, Sugars, Nutmegs, Ginger, Cottons, Calicoes, the gems of ●…dia, the Spices and drugs of Arabia, and the Silks and fabriques of ●…rsia and China, which though here to be had, yet I have here ●…mitted the mentioning, as not being the native commodities of ●…ortugall.   

CHAP. CXVII.  
Of Lixborne and the Trade thereof.  
LIXBORNE is accounted to be seven miles in compass, 
Lixborne and the Trade thereof.  and to contain 20000 families, having 67. towers upon the walls, and 22. gates to the Seaward, and 16. to the Continent: it is seated upon the River Tagus, accounted most famous and commodious for traffic and commerce, from hence the Portugals set out to the East Indies, and hither do return again with all those Spices drugs and other the rich Merchandise which East India, Arabia, Persia and China do afford: at the entrance of the River Duer●… stands Porto also, a town of good trade, where the galleys used in times past to landlord the merchandise, and therefore is called Porta gall●…rum, by which means some authors do infer the whole country took its name of Portugal. But to proceed to Lixborne, I will note what I have observed thereupon in matter of traffic according to my proposed theme.  
The coins in Portugal found currant are these: 
Coins of Portugal.   
A 〈◊〉 of gold, is worth 400. Reas.  
A Ducat of Portugal is 10. Reals, which is 400. Reas, which is five shillings starlin.  
A Riall is 40. Res, or 6. d. starlin, a mill Reas is 22. Rials.  
A Teston is 2½. Rials, or 100 Res, or 15. d. starlin.  
A Vintin is 20. Res or 3. d. starlin.  
A Mirle of gold is 1000 Res, which is 2½. ducats.  
A single Riall Spanish, is 2. Vintins', or 4. Res.  
Their Weights are these, a small and a great, the great C●… 
Weights of Portugal.  is divided into four Roves, and each Root. is 32. Reals, which is 128. li. at 14. ounces per li. which hath been found to make in F●…rence 149. li. their small Quintar for Pepper and Ginger is neee●… 112. li. English: the Rove or quartern is 28. li. the great Quintall holdeth 15. in 16. per cent. more than the English 112. li.  
The King hath a Quintar for his Contractation house to cell the Spices of India, by which is 150. li. of Florence, and is about 114. li. English; the great Cantar of Lixborne making in Florence 170. 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 130. li. English, but all fine goods is by custom of the place to b●… sold by the said King's beam.  
These observations upon the 100 li. small of Lixborne, have been made in and yield  
The 100 l. small of Lixborne doth to yield in 

London— 113½. li.  
Marselia— 126½. li.  
Venetia soot— 168½.  
Venetia gross— 106 〈◊〉.  
Sicilia— 63¼.  
Florence— 149¼.  
Antwerp— 107¾.  
Lions— 119 〈◊〉.  
Civil— 110¾.  
Danzig— 130½.  
Genoa— 162.  
Aleppo— 23. Rials  
Aleppo silk— 24. 6.  
Irip. soria— 27. 6.  
Irip. Barbaria— 98. li.  
Baruti— 22.  
Allex. zera— 52. 3.  
Allex. forsia— 117. 6.  
Sei●…— 102. 10.  
Constantinople— 93. 6.  
Rhodes— 20. 7.  
Acria— 18. 3.  
Babylonia— 15. 10. Ma.  
Balsera— 4. 5½. Ma.  
Ormus— 113.    
Which for trial I refer to the experienced.  
Their Measures of length, dry and liquid here used are these; 
Measures of length in Portuga●….  ●…irst, their Measure of Cloth is the Covada, which is near ¾ of ●…n English Yard; but the Measure of Linen is the Vare, and is ●…n Ell, less nail of the English Measure, by which may be made ●…he computation for other Countries, and by some found to be 8. ●…er centum lesse.  
The Measure of Corn is the Alquier, three Alquiers is a bushel, 
Of Corn in Portugal.  〈◊〉 is 8. Gallons Winchester Measure, and five Alquiers is a Hannep of Spanish Measure.  
The Measure of Salt is called the Muy, and 60. Alquiers makes a 
Of Salt. ni Portugal  Muy, and 2. Muyes and 15. Alquiers is a Tun of Bristol water-mea●…ure, which is 10. Gallons Winchester, and 40. of those Measures do make a Tun.  
Note that 4½ Alquiers of Lisbon makes a Fanega or Hannep in Andalusia, by some observations, which Fanega is 2. Staios and ●…omewhat more of Florence, in such manner that a Staio of Florence ●…ay be accounted half a Fanega, and an Alquier of Lxiboa may be ●…ccounted half a Staio of Florence, which makes () Gal. Eng.  
The Customs is inwards 23. per centum, that is, to the dechima 10. 
Customs of Lisbor●….  ●…er cent. to the Sisa 10. per cent. and to the Consolado 3. per cent. and ●…he Customs outwards is only 3. per centum.  
These observations have been also made upon Measures of this place; 22. Alquiers of Lisbon have made in Sicilia upon corn 
Observations upon the dry measures of Lisb●….  〈◊〉. general Salmo, Alquiers 3⅙ have made in Marselia one Mina; and ●…t is to be understood, that the Muy of Corn and Salt are all alike, but that there is given one in 24. more upon Salt, because the Salt ●…ooseth and not the Corne. The Tun of Wine in Lisbon is 52. Almudin, and one Almudin is 13. Cha●…ate, &c. which is in England () Gallons.  
The next Province is Valentia, giving name, or taking it from a 
〈◊〉.  City of the same name, the principal of this Province which is seated some two miles from the sea, where there is found an open Road called La Gre●…o, and not capable of great ships, nor indeed safe for ships of any noted burden, therefore is Alicante become the principal Scale for this City, in which place having resided for some time Anno 1617. I shall touch the Trade thereof as observed by me in those days.   

CHAP. CXVIII.  
Of Valentia, and the Trade thereof.  
VALENTIA the principal City of the Province of Valentia, giveth Rules to all the adjoining places, as 
Valentia and the Trade thereof.  well for matter of Trade as judicature, wherein is vented yearly great quantity of Pepper, Tin, Lead, Bays, Linens, Fish, as Pilchards, Herring, and Newland fish, and such other like Commodities, having their 〈◊〉 current, Weights and Measures as follows.  
A Liver of Valentia is worth 20. Sold. of that money, and is 〈◊〉▪ 
Coins of Valentia.  Sterling.  
A Ducat of Gold is 21. Sold. of the said money.  
A Castilian●… is 27. Sold. and 4. Deniers of the same money.  
A Liver of Valent●…a is worth 365. Mervides of Castilia, and changing them at Naples for Valentia 18 sold. 4. Deniers, which with the charges comes even, because a Ducat of Carlins' is worth at Naples after the rate of sold. 18. Den. 3½ and this because your money 〈◊〉 at 15. per centum.  
Their greatest money is a piece of 6. sold. which is three Rials Castille, then have they three sold. which 1½ Rials, and the half of three sold. which is 18 Deniers, which is 1½ sold. every soldo is 12. Deniers, and 24. Deniers is a Rial Costiliano, which is 6. d. Sterl.  
Their Accounts are kept by Livers sold. and Deniers, 12. Deniers accounted to a sold. and 20. sold. to a Liver, which is 10. Rials Castille, 
Accounts in Valentia.  50 souls French and 5. s. sterl.  
The Weights are these and thus distinguished.  
The greatest Weight is a Cargo or Load, which is 360. li. of Vilentia, 
Weights of Valentia.  and hath been found to increase 3. or 4 per centum after the Weight of Florence. This Cargo is accounted to be 12. Roves as well of fine as gross goods; a Rove sutle being 30. li. and by this Weight 
Cargo fine. Ditto gross.  is weighed corn, sugar, oil, spice, and other fine goods.  
A Rove Grosse is 36. lib. and by this is weighed Wool, and such other gross goods.  
A Quintar as well the small as great is four Roves, which makes 120. li. of fine goods, and 144. li. of gross goods, in which observe this true Rule for all the Weights of Valentia.  
98. li. of 18. ounces to the li. is 144. li. of 12. ounces to a pound, and is accounted the great Kintar, and 
Note in weights.   
80. li. of 18. ounces to the li. is 120. li. of 12. ounces per li. the small Cantar: so that the difference is 16. li. of 18. ounces and 24. l. ●…f twelve ounces from the great to the small, and these two Weights ●…ave been observed to yield in other Cities of Trade after this ●…anner.  
100 lib. Sutle doth produce the first Rowe. 100 li. Grosse doth produce in the second 
 Sutle li. Gross li. London 96½ 115¼ Marselia 107 128 Venetia sotile 140 168 Sicilia 54 64 Lisbon 84 102 Florence 122 147 Antwerp 92 110 Lions 101 122 Civil 94 113 Dansicke 110 133 Mallaga 26 Rials 31 Rials Barselona 104. l. 125. l. Majorque 102 124 Paris 102 124 S. M●…llos 105 128 Allepp 19 6. Rials 23. 4. Tripoli Syria 23. 4. Rials 24. 9 B●…ruci 18. 8. 22. 4. Alexand. zera 44. 5. 53. 2. Scio 87. 6. 105 Constantinople 79 95 Rhodes 17 21 Genoa 133 163   
Their Measures are these following:  
Four Palms of Valentia makes a Vare, which is 1⅔ Braces, of 
Measures of Valentia.  Florence, and is ⅚ parts of an English Yard; 100 Vares after this account may be in London 83. in 85. Yards.  
Corn is sold by the Caffiso in Valentia, which is twelve Barsellas, 
Of Corne.  which weigh 10½ Roves of 36. lib. ●…a Rove of twelve ounces per lib. which is in Florence 7½ Staios, and 37. Barsellas is there 24. Staios, which is a Mayo, Barseilas 17. making a general Salmo in Sicilia; and is of the measure of corn in England () Gallons.  
Salt is also sold by the Caffiso, which weighs 18. l. of the Gross 
Of Salt.  weight of Valentia, eight Caffices making one M●…dino in Iui●…e, and one Caffice making 3. bushels English.  
Wine is sold by the Cantaro, which is a pitcher, and contains 
Of Wines.  twelve quarts of English measures: note hat 1480. Salms of wheat in Sicilia have made in Valentia 1840. Saffici.  
This Country affords, as I said before, hard Soap commonly worth 80. Rials a Kintar, rising and falling as oils are in request. 
Commodities of Valentia.   
Aniseeds are worth about 24. Rials the Rove, and daily is transported for France and England.  
Barillia is used in making glasses, and hard soapes; and worth 16. to 18. Rials per centum.  
Resins of Denia, a small Village, anciently a famous Town of this Province; not so well esteemed as Mallaga fruit, is sold 
Genia.  here at 18. Rials per cent. and I have paid here for a whole ships lading of 200. Tons, Anno 1618. 24. Rials per cent. proving commonly best when dearest.  
Almonds are here also plenty, worth commonly twelve Ducats a Cargo, which is 2. 2. 0. l. English, which 280. li.  
Customs here paid is 9 per cent. 4½ by the buyer, and 4½ by the seller, and as often as any Commodity is bought or sold, so often 
Customs in Valentia.  is this Custom paid, being 8. Deniers Duana and 3. Deniers Sisa; and if any goods comes in to be shipped out again (com●…only called a Transito) the general Duty of four Deniers per li. is only paid and no more.  
Their payments in Customs and all other ways are in Valentia money, and worth 3. per cent. to be converted into Spanish Rials.  
There is also a Duty called a Mottahecos, which is a pound of Pepper on each Quintar, and so upon other fine goods: and this is as much as I remember needful in this argument, and so I will proceed to the next Province which is Cattalognia; and as for the Exchanges here practised, see farther in the 291. and 426. Chapters.  
In Cattalonia is only famous, the City of Barselona the principal of this Province, where having good cause of the remembrance 
Catalonia.  of my being here by reason of my imprisonment in the Inquisition, Anno 1618. I must according to my Method afford the Cities Traffic, a note of observation, in acknowledgement of their love and pains in my Release; moved thereto, partly by the affection I had gained with many the chief Merchants, but especially lest the ●…ame might deter other English from coming to traffic and inhabit amongst them, and furnish their 〈◊〉 with English commodities which they seem much to desire, and oftentimes much stand in need of.   

CHAP. CXIX.  
Of Barselona, and the Trade thereof.  
BARSELONA is seated on the Mediterranean shore, and entering into that Golf which is so terrible to 
Barselona.  Navigators. In these parts called The Golf of Lions, it hath a reasonable commodious and safe Harbour, and the Citizens do winterly enlarge and lengthen the same by adding to their Mould, that ships of burden may come within the same: what I observed here Anno 1618. I will briefly declare.  
Their moneys current in Merchandise, besides the Rial of Castille, 
Coins in Barselona.  is a Liver which passeth here at 20. sold. and a Ducat of Gold of Castille is worth 24. sold. of the said money, and the soldo is twelve Deniers of that money, wherein they are found to keep their Accounts.  
Their Cantar is a 100 lib. which is English 92. lib. or thereabouts, 
Weights in Barselona.  and hath made by observation in  

Florence— 123. l.  
Genoa— 130  
Valentia— 106 〈◊〉  
Marselia— 104  
Venetia Soot— 140   
Their Measure is a Can consisting of eight Palms and hath been found to make three Braces in Florence, and in England found 
Measures of length.  to produce 1 〈◊〉 Yards English, and in Naples hath been found to make 6⅓ Palms.  
Corn is sold by a Measure called the Quarter, one Salmo is four 
Of Corne.  Quarters, sold always free of all Customs, 2½ Quarters making a Carga or load, which is accounted 360. li. as is that Carga mentioned aforegoing in Valentia.  
Wools are sold by the Rove, which is 30. li. making 26▪. li. of Venetia gross, wither the same is commonly transported, and in Florence 36. lib.  
All gross goods are sold by the Carga, accounted 3. Kintars', which is 440. li. sutle of Venetia, and 278. li. gross there, which is 372. li. in Florence, and hath been found to make English 300. lib. Haberdepois.  
In this Province lieth also Tortosa a fine small City, but the principal 
Tortosa.  of the Inhabitants being accounted as Moores were some years before my being here banished this Country, and therefore most places lies waste, and many Villages are here along found without inhabitants, and the grounds to want laborers.  
The next Province is Arragon, wherein is Tarragon, a fine and handsome City, but by the banishment of many of the inhabitants, 
Arragon.  as above is said, now made poor: in my being there in 1618. I found it most to consist in making of silk, here bought and carried to Valentia to be wrought: The principal City hereof is Saragosa, which should challenge a more particular relation, as being 
Saragos●….  commodiously seated for traffic on the banks of the River of Ebro, but being an University, it were too great an honour for an inland town to produce famous Scholars and 'em inent Merchants, yet in the currant coins, it is observed to rule as in Valentia: and because there is found practised here a great Exchange, I have inserted the same by itself, Chapter 292. in the end of this tract, with all circumstances thereunto apertaining. And these are all the principal Cities of traffic found at this day comprised within the Kingdom of Spain.   

CHAP. CXX.  
Of the weights and measures of Spain reduced to the English hundred.  
THe principal Cities of Spain and Portugal thus surveyed; It will not be unworthy our observation 
Weights of Spain reduced to the 100 li. of England.  first to see how the weights and measures of some other lesser Cities here omitted concur with the weights and measures of England, and then take a general view of the Trade which is in general found in the compass of those Kingdoms, now united and subject to the Crown of Castilia: First then to begin with the weights of Spain and Portugal, I will reduce them to the subtle 100 li. of London, which by observation hath been found to make in  
Seville is 108. li. by 

great quintar of 144. li. of 4. roves of 36. li.  
smaller quintar of 112. li. of 4. roves of 28. li.  
lesser quintar of 120. li. of 4. roves of 30. li.    
Granado and Almer●…a bona 

104. li. is the pound of 16. Ounces.  
89. li. is of silk and copper of 18. ounces.  
52. li. great weight for flesh, 32. ounces.    
Castilia and Medina del campo 98. li. Burgos 89. Rot.  
Arragon and Barselona 

102. li.  
92. li. great weight for Woollen.  
126. li. small weight for Saffron.    
Valentia 

102. li. by quintar of 4. roves of 30. li. for Spices.  
129. li. by quintar of 4. roves of 36. li. the carga, is those 
The 100 li. of London.  quintars of 360. li. and the greater of 432. li.    
Leon 105. li.  
Saragosa 108. li. and by the small quintar 126. li.  
Sava●…ona and Salanico 126. li.  
Viliaco 77. li.  
Note here that the Lands of the Canaries, and all the Lands of Spain use the weights of Si●…ill as aforesaid, now for the Kingdom of Portugal 100 li. London makes in Portugal Rot. 104. li. 

the great quintar of 128. li.  
the small quintar of 112. li. containing each 4. Ro●…es of 32. li. and 28. li.    
Note here, that there is allowance made four upon the hundred upon Sugars, and two and three per cent. upon Cotton wools and such ●…ike, the small quintar is the weight of the contractation house of the ●…ndies: all spice is weighed thereby, but all are weighed by the great quintall, and reduced upon the lesser quintar, one quintar of Wax, is one quintar and half of 112. li. is 168. li.  
Madera 104. Rotolos. or pounds by the quintar of 128. li. Cape Verde 104. Rot. Saint Thomas 104. Rot. ●…uynea 104. Rot. Morr●…cco in Barbary 104. Rot.  
Feas and suus in Barbary. 92. li.  
Calicut 77. aracoles: note here they cell by the, Baccar or Baharr, being at Laxborne four great quintars of 112. li. and observe that the Baharr is four quintars for 120. aracoles.  
The Bahar or Bahor is 

20. faracoles of 32. li. per Rove, which at Lixborne is 5. quintals,  
480. aracoles.    
Whereby it may be discerned, that as Seville hath given the weight to the West Indies discovered by the Spaniard, so hath not Lixborne but in part given the weight to the East Indies, who had amongst themselves there an eminent trade, and consequently their weight and measure peculiar to themselves, before the Portugal discovered the same.  
As for the measures of both these Kingdoms, as I have done 
Measures of Spain reduced to 100 yards in London.  with the weight in reducing it to the London 100 li. soot, so will I reduce the measures thereof, to the 100 yards of London which rendereth in  
The 100 yards of London is in 

Castilia 111. Vares of 4. quartes, and every quarto 2. palms. Toledo 111. Vares  
Cades— 108. Vares.  
Di●…to for si●…ke— 148. Ells.  
Andolusia— 109. Vares.  
〈◊〉— 57 Cones.  
Saragosa— 44. Canes.  
Morocco 181. Covad. Both these of 12. to one Cove. Cap dalgi●… 141. Covad.  
Sivilia— 109. Vares.  
Granado— 109. Vares.  
Barselona— 57 Canes.  
Valentia— 97. Canes.  
Lixborne— 82. Vares.  
Ditto for— 109. Vares.  
Ditto for silk— 96. Covades.     

CHAP. CXXI.  
Of the Trade in general of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain.  
THe Navigations and discoveries of the Spaniards and Protugals into the East and West Indies, though 
Of the trade in general of Por●…gall and Sp●…e.  they carried to the world, at first the specious colours of piety and Religion, by planting their superstition in these heathen countries, yet ambition and profit was doubtless the secret design of their intendments: Portugal whose Kings first sought those unknown Regions of the East Indies, and seeking discovered, and discovering in part conquered; presently made strict laws and prohibitions for any of his Subjects to trade for certain the richest commodities thereof but himself, and thereupon s●…tled his contractation house in Lixborne, where those commodities should be sold, weighed and delivered, and these bargains being made by Commissioners appointed by him, were first from thence called Royal Contracts; and thus for a long time it continued till his Subjects having made further and ampler discoveries of those Regions for their better encouragement, and to induce his people to those Navigations, he permitted them afterward an ampler and larger liberty of that trade, reserving certain particular commodities only to his own use and benefit; neither did it otherwise appear in the carriage of those who were discoverers of the West Indies, which we found to be the Spaniards; for though there wanted not fare and plausible demonstrations of winning the souls of those poor people, yet by millions they were slaughtered, butchered and slain, making a devastation in that Country of those innocent inhabitants, as if there had been no way to the eternal life of the soul but by a present death of the body, aiming thereby as may be conjectured particularly at the possession only of their estates, which by many deaths and torments, was drawn from them, and converted to their own and to their Sovereign's treasury, as appears (to the scandal of their Religion and of their King) in sundry of their own Authors published in many languages: these two countries then thus discovered, and thus by rapine gotten and settled, and since unitedtogether under one King, hath afforded the present matter of trade to all Spain and Portugal, which before that time afforded not any commodities almost whereby ●…rade might be as much as discerned, much less maintained; and ●…ow Lixborne for the East, and Seville for the West Indies is become the Staple for all the rich commodities those two Countries do afford, and so continued till England and Holland by their late Navigation shared with them in the traffic and riches thereof, which yet are seen to be but as petty branches coming from the principal channel; but the West Indies affording to them great quantity of Silver by the mines thereof, which now is found so abundantly plentiful in the world, may be called indeed and in effect, ●…heir best commodity, which ever since its first coinedge, they have maintained in its prime weight and fineness, which many of their Politicians have go about at several times to inhanse, as if it would ●…ave proved a great benefit to their Commonwealth, but wiser ●…udgements have discovered that the raising of these moneys in Spain would prove altogether prejudicial to that state, for all these ●…ommodities that are brought to them, which for the most part they stand in great need of, being necessary either for back or belly would soon vanish, did not these their moneys all●… and attract them: and contrariwise it may be hence imagined, and I think granted, that what other Prince soever doth inhanse his Silver or the moneys of his Country, it must needs prove to his own proper prejudice, and the Spaniards gain, because they raise and in●…anse a commodity which is not theirs really, but transported to them at second hand by Merchants and others, and of which though happily possessing some small Silver Ours, of their own, yet the gross is still his, so fare forth as his quantity and abundance exceedeth theirs.  
As for the other commodities which those Countries afford, ours and many other nations were with the same from Alexandria and Venice at first supplied, and then hence, but now having found the way to the spring head, we deign not to buy of them at the second hand, except such, of which their Prince's reserve to themselves a peculiar interest, either by farming the same to their Subjects or keeping the same in their own hands, or by excluding all other nations from the trade thereof, and these we and others are constrained to have from them, in which number may be accounted Sugars, Tobacco, Ginger, and some other drugs and the commodities of the West Indies in general.  
Now for the inhabitants both of Spain and Portugal, they are in general lovers of Merchansing and traffic, neither so mu●… spising it as the French, nor yet so much addicted thereto as the 〈◊〉 ans, yet more willingly adventuring their estates at sea than th●… who herein are found to distrust the providence of Almig●… God in a lawful calling, and prefer their own wisdom 〈◊〉 providence on land before the protection of the Almighty at 〈◊〉 And as they are wellwishers to Trade, so are they found in a larg●… measure to practise it in such Cities as occasion and commodities do either present or permit; for both in Seville and Lisbon are found Merchants of great eminency, but yet are such as for the most par●… bend their Traffic into both the Indieses and no where else, except peradventure a little to Antwerp in Flanders, and into Naples, and Sicilia in the Mediterranean seas, and which seldom are noted to adventure their estates, or have any Factors resident but where their King is chief and Sovereign. The Raw Silks, Wines, and Fruits of this Kingdom are the prime commodities of import it now yields, as also Olives, Resins, figs, almonds, &c. which the English fet●… from them in great abundance; so that it is of late years observed, that the Planters of these Fruits, and their Wine Merchants have by our over greedy purchasing of these commodities, raised to themselves fare estates.  
Two things I observed during my abode here, that are great lets and impediments to the Trade of this Nation, the one is the banishment of the Moors that here in great numbers inhabited, who painfully and industriously manured their land, and by their labour and thirsty living raised to their Landlords and to themselves good and great estates, the which now for many thousand thousand acres lies waste and desolate, whole Town and villages being depopulate and the Lords, Castles, and Man●…urs appearing ruined and decayed, want the pains of these poor people that gave their Lords and Lordship's means of subsistency. The second is the residence of many Genoa Merchants amongst them, who are found in good number to abide in every good City, especially on the Seacoasts, whose skill and acuteness in Trade fare surpassing the natural Spaneards or Portugals, and who by means of their wealth and continual practice of the Exchanges are found to devour that bread which the inhabitants might otherwise be sufficiently fed with, and by reason that the King of Spain is ever engaged to their Commonwealth for great and vast sums at interest, he is their Debtor not only for their moneys, but also for their favour, which by many immunities throughout his Kingdom, he is found continually to require them, and amongst the rest it is observed, that there is no Genoa Merchant resident in Spain in any part, but hath a particular Licence to export the Rials and Plate of this Kingdom to a certain round sum yearly, which they seldom use really to do, but cell the same to other Nations, that are constrained to make their returns in Plate for want of other more beneficial commodities, which for the certain profit it is found ever to yield ●…n other Countries is often preferred before all the other commodities of this Kingdom. A third reason of hindrance I might ●…dde hereto, which is the current Coin wherein all commodities are ●…ould and bought; for in many parts of this Kingdom, being for ●…he most part base and of Copper and Brass, which to convert into ●…ials and good money is found to cost the change in some places 5. ●…n some 10. in some 15. in some 20. per cent. which is the first penny. The great Customs also paid in many parts of this Kingdom, is ●…ikewise a great let and hinderer of Trading in general; which wheresoever the same is by the Sovereign levied, will in a short ●…ime and insensibly devour and consume a flourishing Traffic, ●…nd enforce the suffering Merchant either totally to given over, ●…r bend his Trade where he shall found the burden thereof ligh●…er and more easily to be borne and endured. Now as for Commodities which other Nations are found to bring unto them, and of which they stand in need of, partly to supply their own necessi●…ies, and partly to maintain their West India Traffic, as this Eng●…and brings them, great store of Newlandish fish, Irish Salmon, Pil●…ards, Herrings, Lead, Tin, Calves skins, Bays, Says, Searges, and ●…ther Englishmanufacturies; and in return have only thence, wines, ●…ruit, Oils, some Indigo and sugars, ginger, and the like India commodities. East country furnisheth them with corn, cordage, masts, pitch, ●…rre, rosin, firre-boords, and other timber, and only return thence the commodities above named; only it is ever lawful to him that brings 〈◊〉 to carry out Rials of Plate in return thereof. France sends them corn, linens, Paper, and some few petty manufacturies, and returns thence Plate, wine, first-fruits, and some India Spices. Italy affords them some Manufactaries, of Silk, and hath in return some Raw Silk, SegoviaWools, Barillia, and such like: and herein is comprehended the general Traffic of Spain at this time: so passing the Pireneans, I will enter into France.   

CHAP. CXXII.  
Of France, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.  
FRANCE is accounted one of the most Emin●… 
France and the Provinces thereof.  Kingdoms of Europe, and it is the best that can subsist without the help of others: it is bounded on the North with the British Ocean, on the W●… with the Aquitaine Sea, on the South with 〈◊〉 Mediterranean Sea, on the Southeast with th●… Alps, on the East with the River Rhine, and an imaginary li●… drawn from Strasburge to Callais.  
This Country affordeth for Merchandise to her neighbour's th●… natural notable commodities, Corn, Wine, and Salt; the Farm 〈◊〉 
Commodities of France.  Salt only yearly bringing in to the King's coffers 100000. 〈◊〉 besides which it yields Oils, Almonds, Soapes, Canvas, 〈◊〉, Paper, Oade, Linen fine and course, Nuts, Beefs, and of late so●… Stuffs and Cloth made of woollen, &c.  
There is reckoned in this Kingdom 25. Provinces; the notable Cities of Traffic found therein, I shall orderly handle.  
The first Province is Aquitane, wherein are found the noted Cities of Tholousa, Bordeaux and Rotchell, of which a word 〈◊〉 
Aquita●…ia.  brief.   

CHAP. CXXIII.  
Of Tholousa, and the Trade thereof.  
THOLOUSA is the Parliament seat of Aq●…taine and standeth on the banks of the River 
Tholousa and the Trade thereof.  Geronde, which hence runneth to the Walls of Bordeaux and Blay, and so to the Sea: it is very plentiful in Pastill or Wo●…d, which hence i●… dispersed into several Countries, the Country not affording any other notable Commodity worth mentioning.  
Their moneys is the same as throughout all France, which in 
Coins and accounts.  Paris the principal City of this Kingdom, I shall handle, their Accounts also here kept, are as through all France in general, in Livers or Francs, Souls, and Deniers, 12. Deniers to a Souls, 20. Souls to a Liver or Franke.  
The 100 li. or Kintar of Tholousa hath been observed in W●…de 
Weights of Tholousa.  for Dyers to make in England 124. lib. and the Cargo by which the same is commonly sold to be 372. lib.  
The Measure of this Country is called the Aulne, and maketh 
Measures of Tholousa.  in England 42. inches by the Rule.  
Note that in Tholousa there is a Cantar also of 112. li. which is in use in all other Commodities, Woade excepted, sold by the Cargo, 
Woade of Tholousa.  as above is mentioned, and is hence sent to Narbone, and thence dispersed into sundry parts of the Mediterranean seas.   

CHAP. CXXIV.  
Of Bordeaux, and the Trade thereof.  
BORDEAUX is seated upon the banks of the River 
Bordeaux and the trade thereof.  Geronde before mentioned, plentifully abounding in those Wines which being White and Claret are known by the names of this city, here is al●…o near this city the little village of le Greve, which gives name to those Grave●… wines, which we esteem so excellent, and between this town and Tholousa lies those rich grounds which yields those sweet Wines by us known by the name of High Country, which the inhabitants of Bordeaux knowing their worth, would hinder the sale and exportation of theirs of that growth, do therefore prohibit the same to be landed, or sold in their Town ●…ill Chri●… day in the morning, and ●…hen these High Country Merchants are more busy in landing their Wines, than they are in attending their Mass; that Gabor or lighter being ever accounted free of tax and Custom that first setteth 〈◊〉 head ag●…ound, when their Mass bell ring, and then it is lawful for any man for that day to come aboard her and be drunk grasis.  
Here our English have had many privileges and been esteemed as fellow Citizens before all other Strangers, but our last Wars to the ●…sle of 〈◊〉 hath made them here inferior to all others, and now pay double their former Customs▪ upon Wines, which in courtesy to the Dutch is abated them and laid on the English shoulders, which may be remedied if his Majesty please; it is otherwise then for Prunes and Wines a Town of no great Trade, for little traffic is here else driven, Monies only are hither remitted to provide the same, but no commodities else vendible of import. In Anno 1611. I here learned the French Tongue after I had been for a while in Rotchell, so will note in brief, what I observed thereupon in those my younger days.  
The moneys currant and Accounts kept are in Livers, Sold, Denlers, as throughout all the Dominions of the French King. 
moneys and account.   
Their Weights and Measures are as follows.  
The Weight of Bordeaux is the Pound, 100 whereof is the Quintar, 
Weights of Bordeaux.  which hath been found to he 110. li. English and the 100 l. in London is 90¼ lib. here.  
Their common Measure is an Alne which is about English.  
From Bordeaux I will pass by Blaie, where I will only note a 
Measure of Bordeaux.  subjection of our English ships, which here at their going up to 
English subjection at Blaie upon the river Geron.  Bordeaux, unlade all their Artillery and Arms, which by many treaties beweene the Kings of England and France hath been covenanted to be disused, yet the insolency of the Captain of Blaie, scorning the commandments of his Sovereign and his treaties, holds still the same in use to the great prejudice of our Merchants trading to Bordeaux. And now to Rotchell, the place of my first education beyond seas.   

CHAP. CXXV.  
Of Rotchell, and the Trade thereof.  
ROTCHELL hath been of long time accounted the 
Rotchell and the trade thereof.  strongest and best fortified City in France, and was 〈◊〉 of late years in possession of the Protestant's, and was ever found as a Sanctuary for them in their greatest dangers, it is commodiously seated for Trade on the Aquitaine Ocean, thesea every tide flowing into the City, and carrying thereinto ships of a reasonable burden: within these late years the French King hath besieged it, and after a long Siege starved the Inhabitants, and by that means enforced the reduction, therefore what Trade it now hath I am ignorant of, but Anno 1611. there was a great concourse of Merchanti, as being the staple for all Spanish and English commodities for these parts of France.  
Their coins currant and form of Accounts are the same as throughout all France, and their Weights are these.  
The 100 lib. of Rotchell hath made in London 96. lib. English, and by observation in Lions of poids de la ville 94. li. 
Weights of Rotchell.   
The Measure is the Alne, common in name with all France, but 
Measure of Rotchell.  in many places is found to differ, making here 44. inches English.  
From England is sent hither Butter, Calves skins, Herring, Newfound land fish, and some English manufactuaries of cloth, &c. and hence is returned a small Wine called Rotchell Wine, but more properly Cogniacke, also Salt from the Isle of Re, Oleron, &c. and some Prunes and other commodities.  
Poictou is the next Province, the principal City hereof is Poiteer, 
Poitou.  famous for the study of the Civil Law, and next to Paris for greatness in all France, but of no note in matter of Trade.  
Anjou is the next, yielding the best Wines in France, the principal 
Anjou.  Town is Angiers and Sanmar, the only Protestant University in France.  
Maine is the next, the principal Town is Mans. 
Maine.   
Touraine is the next, the principal Cities are Blois, Ambois, and 
Touraine.  Tours famous for giving a beginning to the Protestant's of France, and which is noted for many excellent fabriques and Manufactuaries of silks here daily made, known to us by the names of Taffe●…ies, Plushes, and Tabins of Tours.  
Brittany is the next, wherein is found Nantes for the situation 
Brittany.  pleasant, Rheims a Parliament seat; and lastly, Saint Mallo seated commodiously for Trade upon the British Ocean.  
Giberoy a great Fair for these Countries, and Morlais affording that Linen in great quantity known to us by the names of Locrams. 
Locrams. S. Malos and Morlais.   
S. Malos and Morlais comprehending these three known sorts of Dowlas, Tregar, and grasse-cloth, also Noialls for saile-cloth, and some of other sorts here daily bought up for ready moneys, and hence dispersed into Spain, England, Scotland, and Ireland.  
The next is Normandy, in which are found many principal 
Normandy.  Towns of Trade, as being commodiously seated by the neighbourhood of the British Ocean; the chief is Cane, Deep, New-haven, Constance, and lastly Roven, under the title whereof I shall comprehend the Trade of the rest.   

CHAP. CXXVI.  
Of Roven, and the Trade thereof.  
ROVEN seated on the banks of the River Sein, 
Roven and the trade of Normandy.  and the seat of the Parliament of Normandy, is one of the principal Cities of Traffic and Commerce in France, having a great concourse of Merchants of all these Northern Kingdoms, and is one of the three principal Towns in France where Exchanges are used.  
The Commodities that is hence, and out of Normandy exported are Linens course and fine, buckroms, paper, cards, some Wines, and 
Commodities of Roven.  other petty manufacturies.  
The Commodities sent thither from England, principally Clotheses of sundry Countries, as Kerses of Devonshire and York shire, Bays of Coxall, Cottons of Wales and York shire, and of late pepper, galls, cotton yarn, and other Turkey Commodities also, Lead, Tin, Fish, and some India Commodities.  
The notes of trade observed there at my residence therein 1614 I shall briefly touch as I then noted the same. 
moneys and accounts in Roven   
The moneys currant and Accounts kept are the same as in general used throughout France, see farther in Paris.  
The King's beam is here called the Viconte, which is 14. per cent. 
Weights in Roven.  greater than our English 112. lib. and some have found it to be 10. or 12. li. by which is weighed all Commodities whatsoever, but I have often found that the 112. lib. English hath made by Viconte 98. li. and by common beam 101. li.  
The Measure is here an Alne, by which all Commodities of 
Measures in Roven.  Woollen and Linen is measured, and is accounted 1¼ yards English, but those that have made trial thereof found it to be 46. inches, but it is here to be noted that in buying of Linen cloth of this Country there is allowed in the account of Measure 24. Alnes for 20. and is called the Merchants Alne or measure, and by the same is oftentimes here again sold in England, and it is found that Deep, Cane, and some other Cities of Normandy afford also this over-measure; in the sale of Normandy canvas here made, so that it may be said this place hath a great and a small Alne, the one exceeding the other 20. per cent. or 120. for 100 and the smaller agreeing with our English Else. Roven is found to have 3. Fairs in a year, at two 
Fairs in Roven.  whereof there is liberty given for fifteen days to buy and transport any commodities in this City free of all customs and taxes: provided the said goods be laden and departed down the River to a certain limited distance below the city, by fifteen days after, otherwise to pay the custom as is accustomed.  
The first Fair beginneth the 3. of February, and lasteth fifteen days.  
The second beginneth the morrow after Whitsunday and lasteth fifteen days.  
The third is not accounted a free Fair for customs as the former, and beginneth the 23. day of October, and continueth only eight days, where note that these days are accounted so many working days, sundays and holidays according to the Church of Rome excepted.  
Here is in this City a public Hall granted to the English for 
The English hall in Roven for sale of woollen cloth.  the sale of all English woollen cloth, whereto they are enjoined to carry the same and have certain set days to lay open and cell the same, and for the hire and custody they pay a Duty of halledge or warehousedome: they have had formerly here many immunities and privileges and were accounted as half Citizens, but the civil wars of France, the insolency of the Inhabitants, and the great authority of their Court of Parliament daily given new fashions and new laws to the English Merchants here resident.  
This City is the prime of Trade in this part of France, and is accounted the principal Northern Scale of Traffic in the French Domnions, for from hence are exported great quantity, as I said before, of buckroms, canvas, fine and course, playing cards, box combs, paper, thread, teasles for Clothworkers, and some plushes, and other stuffs lately here made, and in fine all the principal commodities of Normandy, Paris, and those parts adjoining to the River Sein; as for the Exchanges here used, see Lions in the Tract of 
Exchanges of Roven.  Exchanges following, which gives Rules thereto in Chapter 277. and Chapter 302.  
The next division of this Kingdom is the Isle of France, which is 
Isle of France.  in the heart of the French Dominions the principal City Paris, being the Metropolis of the Kingdom here situated, which though it consist not much in Trade, save what may serve happily to feed and cloth the Cour●… and inhabitants, yet all the other Cities taking hence the Rule of government for Traffic may challenge justly a Chapter by itself.   

CHAP. CXXVII.  
Of Paris, and the Trade thereof.  
Parish being the principal City of France, and the ordinary 
Paris and the trade thereof.  residence of the Kings, is esteemed to be ten miles in compass, through which the River of Sei●… doth gently run, and so to Roven, thence to New●…aven or Haure de grace, and thence to our British Ocean. It is not of great consequence in matter of trade, as neither affording commodities to be exported, nor yet venting store of commodities imported, though an ignorant Frenchman, which had not seen further than this City, call it the greatest in the world for the trade found therein, and for the multitude of Merchants, which I imagine he understood shopkeepers; some Cloth, Lead, Tin, Bays, and Stockings it venteth from England, Satins, and other silk, and 〈◊〉 from Italy, some small wares from Germany, and that is all the most important. It is one of the three Cities in France, where Exchanges have been placed, Roven and Lions being the other two, and though I have diverse times been here, yet I could never found any remarkable observations in Trade, which indeed is no where in France much practised, because of the base esteem the French ●…tion do hold of Merchants and Merchandising, every Cobbler honouring his old shoes with the title of sa merchandise, with as great confidence as he that never handled any commodity but Silks or jewels, in which foolish humour I will leave them, and come to my purpose.  
Paris giving rule in matter of Coin to all other Cities of France, I have purposely referred it here to avoid the reiteration in any other City of this Kingdom.  
The lest piece then of Coin currant in France is a Deneire, two 
Coins of France.  whereof makes a Double, and twelve thereof is a Souls; and Souls, twenty makes a Liver, which some call a Frank, and thus in Livers, Souls and Deneires their accounts are kept.  
Their common Coins are pieces of 8. Sol. which is the ⅛ of a 
Accounts in France.  French Crown in Silver: a piece of 16. Sold. which is the quarter Crown, 4. of which makes 64. Sold, accounted for a French Crown, and 4. Solds which is of 3. Livers Turnois. They have also pieces of 21. Sold, 4. Deniers, being the 〈◊〉 of the said Crown, called by some Testons, and the ½ and ¼ thereof, and as the quarter Crowns were at first raised from 15. Sold to 16. Sold, and thereby the 60. Sold to 64. Sold, so were the said Testons also in proportion raised accordingly. The Gold coins are only two, which is the common Crown, of 3. Livers or 60. Sold, and the Crown of the 〈◊〉, being 3. Livers 16. Sols, or 76. Sol.  
All which Coins in their first coinage, bore this true worth and value, and then were conceived to hold equality with England: thus 10. Sold to make 12. pence starling.  
20. Sold to make 2. shillings starling, which is their Liver.  
60. Sold to make 6. shillings, or 72. pence, which is the French Crown.  
But these in hanced to such rates as the necessities of the 〈◊〉 
Note of moneys inhansed lately 〈◊〉 France.  or commerce enforce them, found not now any settled ra●…e, but according to the will of the payer and receiver, for he that sells his Commodities in France now for ready moneys, must contract if he be wise, at what rate he must have these Coins in payment, lest he imagine he cell to good profit, and yet by experience found he sells the same to a great loss and disadvantage.  
And note that since the writing of the abovesaid, the piece of 16. Sol, is raised to 20. Sol. ⅕ in the whole, which I place here as a Caveat for such as shall have occasion to traffic into these Kingdoms, that he be inquisitive and circumspect to inform himself in the true worth and value thereof er●…●…ee part with his Comm●…dities.  
The Quintall of Paris is 100 li. which hath been ●…ound to produce 
Weights of Paris.  in London near 100 li. sutle. 2. per cent. more or less, which in Lions renders of 16. ounces 116. li. In Venetia sotile 144. li. 100 li. sotile in Venetia making in Paris 62½ li. of 15. ounces per li. The Carge or great Quintall in Paris is 300. li. of 12. ounces per li. which makes in Florence 487. li. but the ordinary Quintall of 100 li. before named is of 15. ounces to a pound.  
Wine is sold by the Cistern, 96. making a T●…e, and each Cistern contains 8. pints, so that it may be accounted two Con●… of Florence, which is () gallons English, see London.  
They have two measures in length, one for Silks, and another for 
Measures of Paris.  Linens, the which are () But note that all Merchants selling Silk stuffs in gross in Paris, the same is sold by the pound weight, which is better for the buyer, for thereby he discerneth the weight of the silk he hath for his money.  
Paris doth Exchange with many places, which I here omit, and 
Exchanges of Paris.  place the same amongst the Exchanges in general in the Tract following at the end of this Book in the Chapters 277. and 302.  
It may be imagined that this Kingdom, considering the riches thereof should abound in Trade and Navigation, but the better sort of men meddling not with traffic, as conceiving the same to be 
The French not addicted to trade.  both ignoble and base, and consequently unfit for them; leave the same to such whose spirits are elevated to that ripeness that they can but only be sorry for their erroneous opinions: their Navigation also is not fare, the Marselians greatest voyage being to Turkey, and the inhabitants of Rochel, Saint Mallo and Rochel, seldom sailing into any regions further than Spain, their ill success in Americaes plantations, peradventure dissuading them, but he that shall wisely look into the beauty of their inland Towns, the riches of the Country itself, and especially the plenty of Corn, Wines, Linens and Sal●… that France produceth; and how much these commodities are prised and sought after by other Nations, will be more willing to excuse the French for their so little desire to traffic into remote Regions.  
The next Province is la Because, wherein is Orleans a pleasant City, 
La Because.  and where the nearest and most Elegant French tongue is conceived to be spoken, seated on the Loyer, but affording little matter of Trade or commerce, save that it is found to be a great through-faire for all such commodities as doth enter into the heart of the Country, 
Orleans.  as to Lio●…s and other Cities, upon the River of Loyer and by this way and hath a growth of good Wines about it.  
The next is Berry, wherein is Bourge seated as the prime and principal Town, who are much addicted to Clothing, and where 
Berry. Bourge.  great abundance of Sheep are found to pasture and feed.  
The next is Bourbon, wherein is contained Bourbon, Nevers and 
Bourbon. Nevers. Mollinss.  Mollinss, wherein I never seen any commodities worth relation, save those excellent instruments of Iron in small cases here made in great abundance, called est●…us, and dispersed thence over all Christendom.  
The next is Bevois, the chief town is Villa franche. 
Beavois.   
The next is Avergne, the principal City is Clerem●…nt. 
Avergne.   
The next is Limosin, the principal City is L●…moges. 
Limosin.   
The next is Perigort, the chief town is Perigeux.  
The next is Quercu, the chief town is Mo●…lbon, one of the 
Perigort. Quercu.  cautionary towns in the Protestant's possession, and now lately by the French King reduced to his subjection.  
The next is Dauphin, honoured with the title of the Princes of France, wherein is found Vienna, excelling in the art of making 
Deulphine. Vienna.  sword blades: Valencia, a fine City, watered with the Rhone; and lastly Lions, once the principal town of traffic in all these parts, 
Valencia.  where having occasion of residence 1616. I noted these particulars following in Trade.   

CHAP. CXXVIII.  
Of Lions, and the Trade thereof.  
LIONS hath ever been accounted, a famous Mart 
Lions and the trade thereof.  Town, and doubtless before Navigation had its perfection, a City of great Trade and Commerce, but for as much as all inland Towns must submit in this point to maritime Cities by reason of the commodiousness of the Sea, which is the greatest fartherer of all Traffic, so must this Town now given place to many others that exceed her in the point of Traffic.  
Their Mart for Trade here settled was formerly holden in Geneva, 
The Mart of Lions formerly in Geneva.  and by Lewis the Eleventh removed hither, for the enriching o●… his own Kingdom, and when Pope julius the Second had excommunicated Lewis the Twelfth, he commanded by his Apostolical authority that the same should be again removed to Geneva, but his Holiness herein was not obeyed, for Trade must not be constrained but entreated, though by Popes which would command all things; and therefore stirred not from hence, where yet it continueth.  
This Town is watered with the streams of Rhone and Soane, with furthers it much for carriage: it is most famous now for the many fabriques of silks here wrought and hence dispersed through all France, and the Citizens to this end have their Factors in Marselia, who trade for them to Aleppo in Syria, to furnish them with that commodity by land; also they trade for Florence, Lucca, Milan, Mesina, and other parts of Italy, but it is only for raw silks, and some such Commodities as these places do afford. I resided here some years, and found the greatest of their Trade to consist in Exchanges, as the principal and most proper Town of France, thereto the Bankers of Florence, Venetia, Lucca, and Naples having here their Factors purposely for this occasion.  
From England is here vented some bays, tin, led, Cony-skins, and but few commodities else; and to our Country it affordeth not any commodity worth mentioning; what I have observed I shall only touch and no more.  
As for Coins currant, and Accounts keeping, it is the fame as throughout France. 
Coins and accounts in Lions. An ancient Mark in Exchange in Lions.   
There hath been of long time in use an imaginary coin here currant in Exchanges called the Mark, which briefly to explain is  
A Mark of Gold is 65. Crowns of Mark or 63. cro. 11. s. 9 d. of gold in gold, or 62. crowns of Camera Vec●…ia of Rome, or 68 14. 3. Ducats currant of Venetia.  
And they did use here to keep their Accounts by crowns of marks sold and deniers, advising one Cro. de mark to be 20. solds of mark, but is 45. sold turnois, by which crown of mark they did exchange by, as briefly for example.  
They gave in Lions one crown in Mark to have in Florence 57 or 58. crowns, according to the Cambi●….  
To have in Rome 56. duke. of Camera more or less, as the exchange went.  
To have in Naples 72. duke. of Carlins' more or less, &c.  
To have in Palermo or Mesina 25. or 26. Carlins', &c.  
To have in Spain 400. Mervides, according to the rate of Exchange.  
To have in Anvers so many gross as the Exchange did permit.  
But this custom being now lost by the expulsion of the great 
Exchange now of Lions.  bankers out of this Town in the days of Lewis the Twelfth, it is since reduced to Crowns of the Sun of three Livers, by which imaginary (for so I call it now as having noon to be found of that value and rate) coin there is now made, and the common and ordinary prices thereof I willingly here omit, as having mentioned the same at the end of this Work in the Chapters 277. and 302. and other following, where all the due circumstances of Exchanges and payments of moneys are observed, whereto I refer the Reader.  
It is to be noted that here is observed four Fairs, in which all payments either by Exchange, or for Merchandise are made, which run still from three months to three months, wherein for so many days rescounters of payments are made without any money seen stirring, from man to man which is done in a public place or Burse appointed to this purpose, as I have touched in the Chapter of transferring of Bills of debts and specialties in my Factors advis●…: the times and terms of which Fairs are these,  
First, the Fair of Easter gins after the Octaves of Easter.  
The second is the Fair of August, being the first Monday after 
Fairs of Lions.  our Lady's day in August.  
The third is the Fair of All Saints the day after All Souls.  
The fourth is the Fair of le Roies, the day after Epiphany, and every Fair lasteth fifteen days that are not holidays, all business is done in these Fairs, and all bills of Exchange, are made and dated in one day, and two days after they make the rate of the Exchange, which Fairs are counted by their payments.  
The term of their bills of Exchange hence are these, 
Terms of the bills o●… exchange in Lions.   
From Lions to Florence, Rome, and Venice, about 30. days, little more or less, according as the Merchant maketh the agreement every Fair, but all the aforesaid places, for one and the same day.  
From Lions to Naples, and Valentia, 5. days later than Florence.  
From Lions to Anvers as Florence.  
From Lions to Spain, that is, to Medina in Villalion, the Fair of All Saints, and of the apparition of Lions, they exchange for the Fair of Villalion of Midlent, and the Fair of Easter of Lions for the Fair of May in Medina del campo, as you shall see more at large in the days of payment of bills dated in Lions, in the said place of the Exchanges of this place.  
They have in Lions three beams, one used in the Customhouse, 
Weights in Lions.  which is the King's beam, which contains 100 lib. the Quintall and is greater than the second, which is the Towne-weight by 8. per cent. by which all goods payeth custom that is ponderous.  
The second is the Towne-weight and is 100 lib. the cent. the pound thereof containing sixteen ounces per lib. upon which all calculations are made.  
The third is only the Weight used for silk, and is 100 lib. the cent. and the pound containing fifteen ounces per lib. and called The pound of mark.  
The 100 lib. of the Towne-weight is it whereby the observations have been made with other Countries, and which by trial hath been found to tender thus in these places following. In 

London— 96. lib.  
Marselia— 104  
Venetia sot.— 143  
Ditto gross— 89  
Sicilia— 53  
Lisbon— 83  
Florence— 125  
Antwerp— 90  
Seville— 92  
Dansicke— 109  
Mallaga— 28. R.  
Rome— 122. l.  
Milan— 131  
Paris— 80.  
Genoa— 135  
Almaria— 120  
Burges— 114  
Rotchell— 104  
Deep— 94  
Roven— 92    
And in Asia have made these, In 

Aleppo— 19 R.  
Silk R.— 20. 9  
Tripoli— 22. ¾.  
Dito Barbar.— 81. l.  
Baruti— 18. ¼.  
Alex. zera.— 43. ¾  
Dito forfor.— 96  
Sci●…s— 86. Lod.  
Constantinople— 78  
Rhodes— 17. 2. R.  
Acria— 15. ½.  
Babylonia— 13. 〈◊〉.  
Balsara— 3. 9 ¼. M.  
Ormus— 93. ¾. lib.     

CHAP. CXXIX.  
How foreign Measures and Weights are compared with Lions.  
I Find a French Merchant to have made these observations upon the Trade of Lions, which I refer to trial.  
100 lib. in Milan to have made by trial in Lions 69. lib. silke-weight, the silk brace in Milan to 
Milla●… with Lions.  tender in Lions 〈◊〉 of an Alne.  
The Cloth-brace there to tender in Lions 〈◊〉 of an Alne.  
And 20. sols of Milan calculated for 10. sols turnois.  
100 lib. in Turin to tender in Lions— 77. li. silke-weight.  
The Ras which is the measure to be 〈◊〉 of an Alne. 
Turine with Lions.   
The Florin in money calculated for three sols turnois.  
The 100 li. of Genoa to tender in Lions ●…2. li. silke-weight; 9 palms of Genoa making a Cane, 1. palm 〈◊〉 of an Alne. 
Genoa with Lions.   
The Spanish Pistolet worth in Genoa then 11. lib. 12. s. in Lions 7. li. 7. s.  
The Crown of Gold in Gold of Italy worth in Genoa 115. 〈◊〉.  
The 100 lib. of Florence to be in Lions— 76¼ silk weight, 4. braces being there a Cane, 100 braces being 49. Alnes Lions. 
Florence with Lions.   
The Crown of Gold of Florence calculated at 3. li. turnois.  
100 lib. of Lucca sutle weight hath rendered in Lions 72½ lib. silke-weight.  
100 lib. of Lucca of Customhouse weight made— 81. li. 
Lucca with Lions.   
The pound of which place bei●…g composed of 12. ounces.  
And 2. braces of the said place made in Lions 1. Alne.  
100 li. of Bologna have rendered in Lions 77 li. silk weight.  
The brace of Bologna hath rendered 〈◊〉 of an Alne of Lions. 
Bologna with Lions.   
The Liver thereof 20. Sols may be esteemed at 11. s. 3. d. turnois.  
100 li. of Naples have made in Lions 68 li. of silk weight.  
8. Palms make a cane, and the palms by 4. to make them quar●…ers, 
Naples with Lions.  and divide by 17. for 17. quarters in an Alne in Lions, which reduced into London measure is.  
The Ducat may be calculated for 48. s. turnois, which is 4. 10. sterling.  
The 100 lib. Sutle of Venetia made in Lions 63½ lib. silk weight.  
80. Braces of that place silk makes in Lions 43. Alnes. 
Venetia with Lions.   
The Ducat may be calculated at 50. Sol turnois, which is 5. 〈◊〉. sterling.  
The 100 li. of Mesina tender at Lion's 70½. li. of silk weight.  
The 100 braces of Mesina gives in Lion's Alnes 
Messina with Lions.   
The Ounce of Mesina gives by calculation in Lions  
The 100 li. of Bergamo is in Lions 68 li. silke-weight.  
the Brace of Bergamo is 5/9of an Alne, mult. by 5. divid. by 9 
Bergamo with Lions.   
the Liver of bergamo is 6. per 6. dr. tur. which is sterl. 7½. d.  
The 100 li. of Mantoa are in Lions 66. lib. silk weight.  
the brace is 〈◊〉 of an Alne, multiply by 8. and divide by 15. 
Mantova with Lions.   
the Liver of Mantova is in Lions.  
The 100 lib. of Modena are in Lions 77½ li. silk weight.  
the braces are the same as in Mantova. 
Modena with Lions.   
The 100 li. of Antwerp are in Lions 102. li. silk weight.  
the Else of Antwerp is 〈◊〉 of an Alne, which is done by taking the 
Antwerp with Lions.  ⅓ and ¼ of the sum and add them, they make Alnes.  
the Liver of gross may be calculated at 6. li. tur. 12. s. sterl.  
The 100 lib. of Sutle have made in Lions— 96½ lib. silk weight.  
the 9 Yards in London make in Lions 7. Alnes, so that the Alne of 
London with Lions.  Lions is 46. inches English.  
the Liver or pound of London sterl. is 10. Livers turnois.  
The Oak of Constantinople makes in Lions li. Silke-waights. 
Constantinople with Lions.   
the P●… of Constantinople is 5/9of an Alne, mult. by 5. div. by 9  
the Piastre of Doller may be calculated at 45. s. sterl. 4. s. 6. d.  
The Rotolo of Aleppo hath rendered in Lions 4½ li. Silk weight.  
The Rotolo of Tripoli in Syria hath made 4. lib. 
Aleppo with Lions.   
The 100 lib. of 

Valentia in Syaine hath made in Lions— 73½  
Almeria— 117  
Tortosa— 72  
Saragosa— 73½ 
Spain with Lions.    lib. Silke-weight.  
And 130. Vares of Valentia hath made in Lions 100 Alnes.  
100 lib. of 

Paris have made in Lions of towne-weight 116  
Roven have made in Lions ditto— 120. li.  
Tholousa have made in Lions ditto— 96 
The weihts of dive●… Cities of France with Lion●….   
Marselia hath made in Lions ditto— 94  
Montpelier hath made in Lions ditto— 96  
Rotchell hath made in Lions ditto— 94  
Geneva hath made in Lions ditto— 130  
Besanson hath made in Lions ditto— 116  
Bourge in Bresse makes in Lion's ditto— 115  
Avignon have made in Lions ditto— 96    
The Measure of Languedocke is a Cane, divided into 8. Palms, which Cane is 1⅔, to reduce Canes into Alnes, you must add ⅔ and they make Alnes.  
Now for as much as many other places, that traffic in Silk, are found to correspond with this Town; it will not be improper I should insert them briefly here, as showing what the 100 lib. of these several places make Silk weight, or as they term it poids de mare in Lions. of 15. oun..  
Padova 100 li. gives in Lion●… 73. li. Regio 100 li. gives 78 Callabria 100 gives 69 Cosensa 100 gives 70 Raconis 100 gives 66½. Bavearre 100 gives 90 Aleppo Rotolo gives 4½ Tripoli Rotolo gives 4 Ancona 100 gives 73 Placio 100 gives 72 Marselia 100 gives 85 Avignon 100 gives 68  
Note that the 100 lib. of Marc or Silk weight in the payment at Lions makes 108. lib. of the Town weight of Lions, the former 
Measures of Lions with other places.  being fifteen Ounces to a Pound, and the latter being of 16. Ounces to a Pound.  
For the Measure of length of Lions, I found this observation to have been made, that 
The 100 Alnes in Lions make in 


London— 98⅓. elles.  
Anvers— 163⅝.  
Francford— 204⅝.  
Dansicke— 136  
Vienna— 142  
Paris— 93⅖.  
Roven— 85¼.  
Lixborne— 98⅓.  
Seville— 132 〈◊〉.  
Madera— 101⅖.  
Venetia— 177  
Lucca— 196  
Florence— 200¾.  
Milan— 226⅕.  
Genoa— 472⅞. palm.  
Spain— 135. Var.  
Rome— 130. braces.  
Naples— 50. Canes.      
Which I refer to trial of the experienced; and thus much shall serve to have said of Lions.  
The next Province is Languedocke; wherein is found Narbone, 
Languedoc.  Nismes, and Montpelier, three good Cities, and which afford of late days, by t●…e industry of the Inhabitants some serges, says, and some fine cloth, of this Country making; and here also grows that excellent Wine which takes his name from the Town of Frontiniacke: and here also is that small Village Beaveaire, having in july a Fair 
Beaveaire.  or Marte famous in these parts, and resembled at my there being 1618. our Sturbridge, beside which they have yearly there other Fairs but of no great consequence.  
The next Province is Provence, wherein is Arles, in times past the seat of some Roman Emperors. Brignolle, whence our Prunes of 
Prov●…nce.  Brignolle come, known to us by the name Prunels from Brignole, whereas in the language of this Country the g. is not pronounced. Aix the Parliament seat; and lastly Thollon, the best Haven in France, and most capacious, and Marselia famous in trade for these Countries, of which a word in passing, and first of Thollon.   

CHAP. CXXX.  
Of Thollon, and the Trade thereof.  
THollon enjoying a fare and capacious Haven, and esteemed the best, largest and safest in the Mediterranean 
Tholl●…n, & the tra●…e thereof.  Sea, is seated ten leagues to the Eastward of Marselia, wherein the King doth keep a Customehouse for Province, as having not so much power to settle one in Marselia, by the privilege or insolency of the inhabitants, who endeavour still thus to maintain that little liberty they have. It aboundeth only in Oils, which hence is laden in great abundance, and dispersed into other Countries, as England, Holland, and some Almonds, which we call Province Almonds: Some Salt is here laden and brought from the Isles of Eres, about three leagues hence, being the proper Merchandise of the King, who hath Factors for the sale thereof in every City and Town in France. In this place the moneys are the same as through all France, and the weights and measures not much differing from those of Marselia, which I will there more succinctly handle, and only will show the manner of buying and providing here of Oils, as I have observed myself here at diverse times during my abode in this Town and Country.  
Oils of Province are here and throughout all Province bought 
Province Oy●…es how bo●…ght and cast up.  by the Millrowle or Millroe, fourteen of which are accounted to a Tun of Oil of 252. gallons, yet if carefully looked unto at the buying, and the same truly measured, 13½. Milroes will make the said Tun; the same is sold commonly here by the Florin, an imaginary coin, and in value 12. Sol turnois; the Milroe of Oil is commonly worth 26. to 30. Florence, the Cask of this place cost ordinarily 18. Sold per Milroe, and the Custom outward is 10. Sol per Milroe, and the Custom of the place gives 3. per 100 provision, and 1. per cent. for brokeredge thereof. Now to reduce all charges to a constant rate, it hath been observed and found true by myself and others, that if 18. shillings 6. pence stariing be accounted for every Florin that a Milroe of Oil shall cost the first penny; so much will the Tun of Oil stand in clear aboard of all accustomed charges.  
But for as much as this rule holds only in Thollon, I will insert 
Measures for Oils.  the particulars thereof how it is found to accord with our measure and weight in England, because it is a staple and most requested commodity, and the principal commodity that this Country doth afford.  
The common measure then is a Scandal, and of which it is found that 4. Scandals make 1. Milroe, every Scandal being 4¼. gallons English. and 31½. li. haberdepois.  
1. M●…roe is 17. gallons English, and is 126. li. English.  
2. Milroes is a charge which is 34. gallons, or 252. li. English.  
4. Charges makes a But, which is ½. a T●…e, or 12●…. gallons English, and hath been found to make 1008. li. haberdepois.  
The Custom hereof is a Crown of 3. li. Tur. upon every 100 Milroes, and every Crown is accounted 5. Florins, or 60. Sol's.  
Wine is here sold by the same Milroe, as above is said. 
For Wine.   
Almonds are sold by the Cargo of 300. li. Marselia weight.  
Corn is sold by the Muyd and Mynots, 24. Mynots make a Muyd, 
For Corne.  and 1. Muyd is about 8½. quarters English.  
Province doth afford many commodities for Merchandising, which 
Commodities of Province.  hence is transported into several Countries, as first Oil as above made and gathered in November and December ship for England, Spain and Italy.  
Also great quantity of Wools for Clothing, bought up in May, june and july, by Milanois, Genoes', Piem●…s and Montpelerians, which commonly bears 14. in 16. the 100 ●…oule, and being washed and cleansed, there is lost in the cleansing and clearing sometimes the one half thereof.  
Also great quantity of Scarlet grain, and powder of grain, gathered in the Heaths and Fields by poor people, and brought by them to the Lords of their Territories, from the Month of May, to the Month of August, and is worth green about 5. in 6. li. t●…r. per li. but being dried diminisheth at lest 〈◊〉. thereof.  
Also Almonds are here in great abundance found growing, gathered in September and October, called (as before is noted) Province Almonds for distinction sake, and are commonly worth from 12. to 15. Crowns the Cargo.  
Also here is yellow Wax in good quantity, bought in October and November, worth commonly from 40. to 50. li. per cent.  
Also here is Honey bought in November and December, worth commonly about 22. in 23. Cro. the Cantar. Besides which, here are many Bed coverlets, and Waistcoats made and quilted of Satin, Taffeta and Calico, and hence dispersed into several Countries. To conclude, there may be laden in Tholon, Marselia, and generally throughout all Province, from 1500. to 2000 Tons of Oil yearly, about 400. Quintals of Almonds, about 1800. to 2000 Quintals of Wool, about 200. Quintals of Honey, and but little Wax, as being for the most part spent in their own Country, principally in their Churches.  
The Customs upon all commodities of the growth of France, paieth 
Customs paid in Province.  in the Exportation but a ●…all acknowledgement, but all other commodities pay five per cent. but for Spices and all other commodities that are brought in from the Levant, there is lately placed thereon throughout all Province a Custom of ten per cent. and thus much for Thollon.   

CHAP. CXXXI.  
Of Marselia and the Trade thereof.  
THe principal seat of Trade in Provence is Marselia, 
Marselia, and the trade thereof.  famous for the great concourse of Merchants, and for the commerce that it maintaineth with Turkey, Barbary, Spain, France, Italy, Flanders and England, it is commodiously situated on the Mediterranean Sea, enjoying an excellent Haven, and a reasonable road for shipping of all sorts, it wanteth to make it perfect a course for Exchanges which here is supplied by the corrent of Lions, and governed only thereby, to which place each fare some partidos are made, not by the rules of other places, but by the rule of Interest from the date of the Bill, to the time of the next succeeding fare there.  
It vents from England some Bays, Clotheses, Lead and Tin, Pilchers, Hearing white and read, and yearly about 2000 in 3000. tons of Newland-fish which the English bring thither, and they also supply it with Moscovia commodities, as African hides, above ten thousand pair yearly, Tallow 2000 Quintals, Wax 1000 Quintals, besides other commodities of England, as Calueskins, Hides, Salmon and some fish. It affordeth not any commodity to be sent abroad, save some Oils, Wines, Wools, Almonds, and Verdigrace, and all others are hither imported from other Countries, as such as Alexandria, Aleppo, Acria, Constantinople, Naples, Leghorne, or the coasts of Spain doth yield; the main support of their trade is the plenty of Spanish Rials, and the licence here for exportation, which is the only means whereby the trade of Turkey is preserved to them, for from hence I have seen 100 thousand Rials of 〈◊〉. shipped publicly upon a small Vessel of 160. tons for Scanderone, which hath been thence returned in rich Silks, Drugs and Spices. But of late days, their success in trade hath proved so bad, and their losses by Pirates so great and so many, that the town and Merchants have lost much of their former splendour and fame, their great Vessels are now become small Barks, and the great Merchants of Lions, Paris, Li●…oges, Toures, and other parts of France, who had here their factors for to continued this trade, have recalled them after the sustentation of great losses, the payment of great sums, for the maintenance of their Ambassador in Constantinople; and especially the late inhansement of their moneys, which is the rvine and overthrew of all commerce whatsoever.  
In this place I resided for some years, and therefore will note briefly what I observed needful to my present subject.  
The moneys currant, and the accounts kept accord in all particulars with Paris, sometimes alteration is found in Coins by means 
Coins in Marselia.  of the great trade, and that because both Italian and Spanish coins are here current; these become sometimes a Merchandise, and are requested and inhansed according as occasion for transportation doth require, which is more in winter then in summer, by reason of their general voyages made into Turkey, from September to March, and commonly not after.  
The pound of Marselia is 16. ounces, and 100 li. is the Quintall, 
Weights in Marselia.  300. li. or three Quintals, makes with them a Cargo.  
The 100 li. in Marselia hath been found to produce in these Cities following:  
In 

London— 88½. li.  
Venetia sotile— 134. li.  
Venetia grow.— 84¾  
Sicilia— 50. li.  
Lixborne— 79. li.  
Florence— 114. li.  
Anvers— 86. li.  
Lions— 95. li.  
Seville— 88 li.  
Mallaga— 24. Roves  
Dansicke— 104. li.  
Aleppo— 18½. R.  
Ditto silk— 19¾.  
Tripoli— 21. 1  
Ditto barber.— 76. 2  
Baruti— 17. 5  
Alex. zera— 41. 6  
Scio— 81. 10  
Constantinople— 74. 5  
Acria— 14. 6½  
Babylonia— 12. 5½. M.  
Balsara— 3. 6. M.    
These observations I have found true by my own experience. 
Weights agreed with other places.   
Rotolo of Aleppo, gave in Marselia 5. li. 6. ounces Rotolo of Damascus gave 4½. li. Rotolo of Tripoli in Soria 4½. li. Rotolo of Mantoa 5½. li. Cantaro of Genoa 118. li. Cantaro of Cuietavechia in Alum 130. li. Cantaro of Alicant in Barsilia 133½. li. Rotolos 100 li. Malta in Olives 200. li. Loderos 100 li. of Constantinople 135. li. Cantaro of Sardinia in cheese 100 li. Cantaro of Zante in corrence 116. li. Cargo of Valentia in pepper 320. li. Cantaro of Argier 150. li. Rotolo of Cyprus in cottons 5¾. li. Cantaro of Valentia in cocheneale 88 li. Hundred of London, 112. li. gave in Tin 125. li. And the 120. li. English▪ stannery in Tin made 134. li.  
These Towns are said to agreed with Marselia in their Quintall,  
First, Lepanto 100 li. Arches 100 li. Candia Sotile 100 li. Petras 100 li. Rotchell 100 li. Tholosa 100 li. Montpelier 100 li. Avignon 100 li. which I refer to trial of him that shall have occasion, because I question the truth of some of them.  
The Measures of length is the Cane, which is divided into eight Palms, the Cane making 2½. yards English. 
Measures of Marselia.   
Corn is sold by the Mine, the Sack of Pisa, and Leghorne is found to be 1⅘ Ours of Marselia.  
The customs here out and in are 1½ per cent. but the City by reason of cleansing the Harbour, and some ships set out against Pirates 
Customs in Marselia.  have made the 1½ innards 3¼ per cent. and only 1¼. out, this is meant of commodities of the growth of the Country; but in Spices brought in, as Pepper, Ginger, Indigo, or such as come not out of the Levant, but as they call it, out of the Ponent, or out of the West Seas, it pays the King's custom which is now about 15. per cent. besides the Cities custom above named, and thus much for Marselia.  
The next Province is that of Avignon, the principal City thereof called by that name, it is a fare Town, and seated upon the River 
Avignon.  of Rhone, but hath no Trade that I could observe, though I have often been there, it is subject to the Pope, and he permitting jews to inhabit here, are found the principal Pedlars, for Merchants I cannot call them. The City is said to have 7. Palaces, 7. Parishes, 7. Monasteries, 7. Nunneries, 7. Inns, and 7. Gates, and other things of note I observed not, and as for commerce, the Weights and Measures diff●…r not much from Marselia, and the great custom here paid is some prejudice to passengers and merchandise that passeth from Provence to Lions, or from Lions to Marselia.  
The next Province is Orange, the capital City here bearing that name, belonging to the Prince of Orange, a strong Town, and 
Orange.  sweetly seated near upon the Rhone; here all Protestant's passengers are really welcomed, and Papists narrowly looked unto, in requital of the contrary courtesy practised at Avignon not above fix leagues off.  
The next is Picardy, wherein I found Amiens and Abbevile for 
Picardy. Callais.  fare Towns, but of little or no traffic: Callais also the inlet of France is strong, but hath sent away its Trading with the Staple, which by the English was planted and continued here for 200. years; whilst it was in possession of the English, the French Kings were accustomed to have the same put daily into their remembrance until it was regained; and were it not, that the Merchant adventurers make mention thereof in their Oath taken at the entrance into that Brotherhood, it is almost forgotten that ever it was English, which I the rather mention here, that some noble English heart would daily put our Sovereign in mind thereof till it return again to be English; in the mean time a word of the Trade thereof.   

CHAP. CXXXII.  
Of Callais, and the Trade thereof.  
CALLAIS formerly was the great Staple for the Wools of England, and settled here Anno 1347. by 
Callais and the trade thereof.  Edward the Third, to make good his Conquest after eleventh month's siege, but afterward it was hence removed, and this place lost by Queen Mary, Anno 1557. after 200. year's possession of the English, and was by our then Kings of England ever called the Key that gave their Army's entrance into France; the place is not now of any great noted traffic, though it and Bollen adjoining be accounted the best maritime Ports in Picardy, opposite to Dover from whence this is seven leagues distant.  
The Coins here currant are those in general of France.  
The Weights here in use are three. 
Weights of Ca●….   
First, is the Weight proper of the Town, the 100 lib. whereof is in London about 92. lib.  
The second is called the Merchant's Weight, the 100 lib. whereof make in London 113. lib. and the 100 sutle of London is here 88 lib.  
The third is called the English Wooll-hundred, or Staple hundred, the 100 lib. whereof is in London about 89. lib. or 90. lib. about 3. per cent. different from the Towne-weight.  
The Measure used here is the Alne, and makes in London () inches.  
The next is Champagne, wherein is Rheims the principal City, 
Champagne.  where the Kings of France are anointed, and where there is a College for the entertainment of the English, English Fugitives, jesuites I mean  
The next is Burgundy, famous for Digion, which is notable through France for good mustard, a note worthy our Tukesbury. 
Burgundy.   
The next is Bresse, Chastilion being the principal City, and the last that I shall handle appertaining to the King of France, or under 
B●…esse.  his government.  
The next in order according to my Method is the Franche Count, the principal City thereof is Besanson, which in times past strove 
〈◊〉.  for precedency of Trade with Lions, but being an inland Town she hath lost that honour, the Inhabitants of this Country bringing home greater and more honourable titles, as famoused abroad for good Soldiers, known by the name of Walloons, and now is under the command of Spain. The Exchanges of Placentia was once here seated from Cambery, but the Merchants being not well used returned to Placentia.  
100 lib. of Besanson is 112. lib. English.  
The next is Lorraine, the principal City is Nancy, yielding plenty of Corn, and Wine, store of fresh water fish, and salt, and famous 
Lorraine.  in that it was the Dukedom of Godfrey, surnamed of Boulogne, which won jerusalem from the Saracens, and was the first Christian crowned King of that Kingdom: and now to Savoy, as partaking with the French in the Trade as well as in their Garb.   

CHAP. CXXXIII.  
Of Savoy, and the Provinces thereof.  
THe Dukedom of Savoy comprehends only this Duchy and the Principality of Piedmont, in the 
Savoy and the cities thereof.  former is Chambery the residency of the Duke, when he is in these parts: in the later is Nisa and Villa Franca two Seaports, but not capacious nor safe for ships of burden; next Aste, a great Mart for all Italian commodities: and lastly Turin, the principal City where the Duke of Savoy holds his Court and residence; and because in these later years of War between England and France, our English Factors from Marselia fled hither for succour, entertainment, and protection, which they bountifully had of the late Duke; I must not pass over the Trade thereof without remembrance, nor be unmindful of that bounteous welcome they found at his Highness' hands.   

CHAP. CXXXIV.  
Of Turine, and the Trade thereof.  
TURINE being the capital City of Piedmont, having 
Turine and the Trade thereof.  Nisa, and Villa Franca for Seaports, hath had many furtherances to make it a great City of traffic; for the Duke at several times, but lastly at the coming of the English hither from Marselia, made a Cavidall or stock for Trade of 300000. cro. whereinto he caused many of his Nobles to enter and become Partners, but when the stock was made, and published in England and in other Countries, this Dukedom was not found to given vent to any commodities of consequence, some fish, and Calve-skinnes excepted, wherewith to invest the said Stock: notwithstanding he gave commandment that the English should be kindly entertained both at Nisa and Villa Franca, and appointed certain lodgings and Warehouses for them, and their wares; but Peace ensuing shortly after with France, the Factors again returned to Marselia with due acknowledgement of their Royal entertainment: the main obstacle in Trade here being the too near neighbourhood of Genoa the rich, and of Leghorne the free, which neither of the two Towns formerly mentioned can equalise.  
The moneys commonly currant in Savoy are the moneys of Italy 
Coins of Savoy.  and France, as neighbouring, and the florin of the Country accounted three sold turnois, which is 3½. d. English.  
Their Accounts are kept in Livers sold and deniers, as in France; 
Accounts in Savoy.  but in Nisa they accounted by Florins and Grosses, a crown of sol of France is 4. flo. 2. grow.  
Their 100 lib. makes in London about 82. lib. and 77. li. in Lions and in Venetia gross 66. in 67. li. in Florence or Pisa 135. l.  
Their Measure is a Ras both of Cloth and Silk, which is half an Alne of Lions, and 23. inches English by the Rule.  
This Country affordeth for Merchandise Rice and corn, in abundance, and some Silk wrought here, and some other commodities, but of no great consequence, nor worthy mentioning; therefore I will forbear to treat further of this Dukedom, and end my French Commerce.  
Before I leave France, and therewith Savoy, who do in all things 
Weights o●… F●…ance red●…ced to Londo●… 100 l●….  partake with the Garb and manner of the French, and ere I enter into Italy, having thus surveied some particular Towns of eminency therein. It will be worthy notice to collect the Weights and Measures of such as we have omitted, and so view the general trade of France; which I will begin in the Weights, and reduce the same to the 100 li. sutle of London, which is observed,  
The 100 li. of London hath made in 
Paris by King's beam 89. li. Deep 91 Burgogne 91 Roan by Viscount 88 by ordinary weight 92 weighed by the same and account 4. l. per cent. over.  Avignon 112. li. Callais 107 by Merchant's weight ●…8 Engl. Wool weight 110 Marselia 112 Aquimort 98 Mirabel 98 Abevile 91 Bordeaux 91 Lions by ordinary weight 107 by Silk weight 98 by Customers weight 90 〈◊〉 112 Montp●…lier 112 Rotchell 112 Ditto by small weight 115 Genoa 98 by great weight 82 S. Anthony 123 Calsada 98   
For further instruction, here I refer the ingenuous to the large Work of Monsieur Savona, who hath comprised all the Trading of France into a Volume of too great a bulk for me to peruse it more accurately.  
In like manner, to abbreviate my labour, you well see that the 
Me●…sures of Fra●…ce reduced to the 100 yard's o●… London.  100 yards of London maketh in these Towns following,  
In Roven 77½. alns. Avignon 80 Orleans 48. ca Marselia Silk 48 Ditto for woollen 44½. Paris, Rotchell 78. aln Lions for Linen 80 Dito for Silk 115. alnes. Provence 48. can. Geneva 80. stabs. Nantes, Abevile 110. alns.  
And so for the most part the same are found through all France, the abovesaid places only excepted.   

CHAP. CXXXV.  
Of the Trade in general of France.  
FRom the particular Trade of the Cities of France, 
The general Trade of France.  let us view the trade in general of this Kingdom, and we shall not found it of any great consequence, for here it is found that the Gentlemen do not meddle with Traffic, because they think such Traffic ignoble and base, and so unfit for them; which error the French no less dear buy than do some English, to which Kingdom of late days they have in some sort blowed over that opinion, though some of the better judgements of England are reform in that point, and found it a most worthy, excellent, and profitable Calling: but as the French are found to neglect Merchandising, so are they less studious in their Navigations than their neighbours, either Spaniards, Dutch, or English; which I imagine proceeds not out of a desire to attempt, or courage to perform, but because they abound with all things both for plentiful food, and rich attire; and if they want any thing, strangers gladly bring it to them, alured by four principal commodities which doth much enrich the Inhabitants, which is Wines, Linens, Salt, and corn, being the prime commodities of that Kingdom; yet it is found that the Marselians trade and navigate into Egypt, Aleppo, and Constantinople, and the Normans and Britons, into England, Spain, Ireland, and Netherlandss: in time of Wars they have also some small Vessels at Sea, more fit for piracy and theft than for any great War of moment, and their success hath been so ill in their Colonies in America, that it hath quite disheartened them from seconding their attempts.  
Three Cities here carry the greatest fame in Trade, Marselia for the Levant, Roven for the English Channel, and Rotchell for the Ocean, this last subsisting by the growth of their White and Claret Wines of Bordeaux: Roan by their petty manufactories of Cards, Pinne●…, Comb, Paper, and Canvas: and Marselia by the Trade of Turkey, wherein are found Factors that do employ the estates of many Merchants resident within Lions, and other inland towns of France, which gives life to most of their Traffic and Navigation in these parts. Now it is observed that England brings them Newland fish, herring, pilchers, led, tin, clothes, ke●…ses, cottons, or frises, and have in returns Wines from Bordeaux, oils and almonds from Marselia, and paper, canvas, bucroms from Roven, and Locrams from Morlais, the East country and Holland brings them cordage, tar, pitch, rosin, masts, and fir timber, and returns Wines from Bordeaux, and paper, canvas from Roven, and sal●… from Eres: Spain brings them some spices, and they return them corn, and linens: Italy brings them some silk fabriques, &c. and they return them oils, cloth, linen, and the like: Turkey affords them cotton woolles, raw silk, cotton yarn, hides, sheep woolles▪ &c. and they sand thither Rials of Plate, woollen cloth, and little else; and this is the gross of the present Trade of France.   

CHAP. CXXXVI.  
Of Geneva, and the Trade thereof.  
GENEVA being a fare City and wholly in possession of Protestant's, is a Nursery of Learning, and withal 
Geneva and the trade thereof.  no stepdame to Trade: it is seated commodiously, to that end upon the River Rhone, which within 16. leagues after saluteth the Walls of Lions, and serveth out of Switzerland ●…o convey many sorts of Merchandise to it, and to transport the same thence to Lions, Valence, Avignon, Arles, to Provence, and Languedocke.  
Their moneys are as in France, and keep their Account in Livers Sold and Deniers Turnois, and here also is currant the Coins of the 
Coins in Genev●… and accounts.  United Cantons of Swissers, and the coins of Savoy.  
The 100 li. here renders in London 107. li. and by some is found 
Weights of Geneva.  to agreed with the gross of Venice, and making of Venice sotile 158 2/3li. Incirca.  
The Stab renders in London () and 60. Else here hath been 
Measures of Geneva.  found to make in Venetia 100 braces cloth measure, and 106. bram. silk measures.  
But it is time that I should forsake these petty Provinces and travel over the Alps, and come into Italy, which is my next Task.   

CHAP. CXXXVII.  
Of Italy, and the Provinces thereof.  
ITALY is girded round with the Ionian, Tyrrhenian, 
Italy, and the Provinces thereof.  and Adriatic Seas, except it be toward France and Germany, from which it is parted by the Alps.  
The Country in general for Merchandising yields Rice, silks, velvets, satins, taffetaes, grograms, rashes, fustians, armour, allome, glasses of all sorts, as I shall mention in the particular Kingdoms and Provinces thereof.  
Italy hath ever afforded eminent and ingenious Merchants, yet such as merit not really in all things that Title, because that their Trade consisteth more in Exchanges, which is a branch of Merchandising, than in Adventures, which is the principal point which gives the Title to all bargainers, it being a common speech though unmerchantlike, yea unchristianlike amongst them, That they are loathe to trust God with their Estates at Sea when they may have the same safe on shore, as if then it were out of his reach or protection.  
Italy is now divided into 10. Provinces, which affords many principal Cities of Trade, which following my intended Method I will handle in order.  

1. The Kingdom of Naples.  
2. The Papacy.  
3. The Commonwealth of Venetia.  
4. The Dukedom of Florence.  
5. The Dukedom of Milan.  
6. The Dukedom of Mantoa.  
7. The Dukedom of Urbin.  
8. The Principality of Parma.  
9 The Estate of Genoa.  
10. The State of Lucca.   
In each of which are found many notable towns of traffic, which as belonging unto several Princes, will require a more particular Survey, than if otherwise it were commanded by one sole Sovereign; and first of the Kingdom of Naples.   

CHAP. CXXXVIII.  
Of Naples, and the Cities thereof.  
THe Kingdom of Naples, is accounted the richest of Italy, abounding in several commodities for Merchandising, 
Naples and the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  as in Ours of diverse metals, in choice and rich Wines, in Saffron, Silks raw and wrought, in Oils, Brimstone, Anyseeds, Argalls, &c. here I have seen one field yielding at one and the same time three several crops, the ground bearing Corn, having Mulberry trees intermixed, and Vines planted at the foot of each Mulberry, which have made excellent Wines, and this I have observed for twenty miles riding together on each hand of the way, which must needs be pleasant to the beholders, and profitable to the injoyers and owners.  
The Kingdom of Naples is divided into sundry Provinces, which I will only nominate: as first,  
Terra di Lavoro, wherein is found Capua, whose pleasures did effeminate Hannibal, Cuma where one of the sibils resided, near 
Terra di Lavoro.  which is Lacus Avernus, the stink whereof killeth Birds as they fly over it, Baca, Nola and Puteoli; famous in times past for many Antiquities and Baths, which in Anno 1619. I curiously visited for diverse days, in search of shadows. The next principal Town is Gaieta, well fortified by the Spaniards, and where Bourbon that ransacked 
Stai●… of Gaeta i●… 43 li. o●… that weight.  Rome lieth interred; but the principal of this Kingdom is Naples: of which,   

CHAP. CXXXIX.  
Of Naples, and the Trade thereof.  
NAples the Metropolis of this Kingdom, is a very beautiful City, and estimated seven miles in compass, 
Naples and the trade thereof.  once called Parthenope, and now Neapolis, fortified with four strong Castles in possession of the Spaniard, Castle Capedna, Castle Ermo, Castle Ov●…, and Castle Novo. It venteth out of England, Bays, Says, Serges, Fustians, Lead, Tin, Pilchards, Newland-fish, read and white Herring, some Cloth and other commodities; it consisteth much in Gentry, few eminent Merchants natives are here found; the taxes laid upon Merchandises being so great, that it ruins all commerce, yet what I observed here in Anno 1619. I shall relate.  
The currant Coins of Naples were then, 
Coins of Naples.   
A Ducat of gold large is worth in Naples 11½. Carlins'.  
A Ducat of Carlins' is worth only ten Carlins, so that 100 Dutcats of gold, are worth 115. Ducats of Carlins.  
One Ounce is worth six Ducats.  
A Ducat of Carlines is worth five Tarries.  
A Tarry is worth 20. grains.  
A Carlin is worth 10. grains.  
Their accounts are kept in Naples by Ducats, Tarries and Grains, 
Account keeping.  five Tarries making a Ducat, and twenty Grains a Tarry; but these are accounted Ducats currant, every 110. Ducats currant, make 100 Ducats of gold.  
The Weights of Naples are the Cantar and the 100 Their Cantar 
Weights of Naples.  of Naples is 100 Rotolos, which is 2. li. 9⅓. ounces Naples, and by which they weigh all their gross goods, which is in Florence 32. ounces, and 285. li. and is 196. li. haberdepois. But the 100 li. hath been observed to produce  

in Florence— 90. li.  
in Rome— 93. li.  
in London— 71. li.  
in Lions— 68 li.  
in Venetia— 106. li.  
Ditto gross— 82. li.  
1. li. sutle is in Venice soot— 15¾. ounces.  
1. li. sutle is in Venice gross.— 9 ounces 58.   
Note that in Gaeta is used another Quintar for some commodities gross goods, which hath been found to tender in Leghorne 254. li. and in Naples all gross goods are weighed by the great Cantar, and all fine goods by the hundred.  
Their measure is a Cone divided into 8. Palms, which is in Florence 
Measures in Naples.  after the opinion of some 3⅝. Braces just, and it hath been observed in the measure of these two places, that 46. Braces of Satin made at Naples 12½. Canes, so that in stuffs the Cane of Florence makes in Naples 8. 2 /23. Palms, and consequently Braces 48⅔. made in Naples 13. Canes 3. Palms.  
Nine Palms of Naples are in Lions just two Alnes, so that the Cane make English 81½. inches by rule, which is somewhat more than 2¼. yards English, without the inch, and some have found it to be 2½. yards: 12. Canes in Naples have made in Lions 21. Alns, so that 1¾. Alns have made a Cane in Naples.  
Many commodities are sold by the Salmo, and 16. Tomolos is a 
Corn, &c.  Salmo, which Tomolo is two Staios of Florence, and in England Gallons.  
Oil in Callabria is sold by the Migliot, which is 132. ounces, or 11. li. and it requires 2¾. Milliots to make a staio of Naples. 
Oil.   
Note that four Salmo in Oil in Naples have made 40. staios, which are in Venice 40. mari, which are in England () gallons.  
But Naples is more famous amongst Bankers for Exchanges then amongst Merchants for any eminent trade, therefore it is needful I annexe the Exchanges thereof, according to the custom practised in this place, which you shall found in the 284. and 343. Chapters at large, with all circumstances therennto belonging.  
The Customs of this Kingdom doth diffe●… upon several commodities, as some pays 2½. some 4½. per cent. and some more and some 
Customs of Naples.  less, according to the will of the Vice-king here, commanding for the King of Spain, which by the Merchant is more precisely to be learned.  
The next Province is Abruzzo, wherein is Salerne, famous for Physic here taught; next Rhegum, opposite to Mesina, and in that Vare, 
Abruzzo.  the next Tarento, where grow great quantity of Olives, and whereof Oil in abundance is made. 
Taranto.   
The next is the Province of Ottranto, wherein is found Brindifie, the most famous Havens in these Seas, and Ottranto and Galipoli affording 
Ottranto.  great abundance of Oils and Cattles which last pay for tribute to the Spaniard 100 thousand Ducats yearly; and for the Oils they are known to us by the name of Apulia Oils, being the last Province comprised in this Country, and the former Cities standing in Calabria, it will not be amiss to insert two or three words of the trade thereof.   

CHAP. CXL.  
Of Callabria, and the Trade thereof.  
IN Callabria is seated Tarento, Ottranto, Brindise, and Rhegium, which abounding in oils and ca●…tle, especially 
Callabria, and the Trade thereof.  oils, which many English ships do lad in these parts yearly, I will note what I have observed therein.  
Their moneys are the same as in Naples, and and currant throughout the Kingdom. 
Coins of Callabria.   
Their Weight is the Quintall of a 100 lib. which hath made in 

Venetia sot.— 106. li. 
Weights of Callabria.   
Venetia grow.— 82.  
London— 73.    
100 lib. in Callabria hath made in Venetia sotl. 12¾. ounces.  
The Cantar of Naples is also sometimes used for gross goods, and is found to be in Venice gross 186. lib. and observed to have made in London 196. li.  
Their Measure of length is a Cane divided into 8. palms, and hath 
Measures of Calabria.  made cloth measure in Venice 3. bram. and in London () inches.  
The 〈◊〉 of oil here is 132. ou. which is 11. li. abovesaid, 
Of oil.  and it wanteth 2¾. li. of making a Staio in Napes.  
The But of oil in Callabria is 500 Rot. which make in Naples 43. in 44. sta. which is about 25. caf. and thus much shall serve for Callabria, a word for Apulia.   

CHAP. CXLI.  
Of Appulia, and the Trade thereof.  
APULIA comprehending some of the aforesaid citities, also Le●…hy, Barry, and Manfredonia the principal, 
Apulia, and the trade thereof.  abounding in corn, oil, almonds, olives, galls, wines, and other commodities are sold thus.  
Corn is sold by the Tomelo, which is two staios of Florence, a cargo of corn being 36. tomolos makes 
Measures of corn.  in Flor. 72. sta. and English () gallons.  
Barley is also sold by the tomolo, but of a lesser size as containing 1⅓. siaio, a cargo making also 36. tomolos, which reduced to Florence measure is 48 staios, and is English () gallons.  
Their Tomolo of Wheat is 36. Rotolos, which are 2. li. 9½. ou. per Rotolo of Naples, which tomolo comes to be in Flor. 100 li. 6. ou.  
But the Tomolo of Barley, is 48. Rotolos, which is ⅓. more than that of Wheat, the cargo making 3. Moyas of Florence.  
Almonds are sometimes sold by the cantaro, and commonly worth here 26. tarries the cantar, and sometimes by the tomolo, and 
Of almonds.  of the Abrogino almonds there goes twenty tomolos to a cantar, and of the common sort of almonds 22. tomolos.  
A Butt of oil or wine of Pulia hold here twelve barrels, which 
Of oil.  have been found to make in Florence 10. barrels, and is in England () gallons.  
Oils in Pulia are sold by the 1000 l. which commonly cost about 20. Tar. and yet sometimes found to be measured by the Salme, accounted for 10 staios, each staio weighing 18. Rotolos, so that this way the Salmo of oil comes to be 180. Rotolos, which reckoned in Florence, at 2. li. 7. ou. per Rotolo, makes Florence weight 465. lib. and English () pounds, commonly worth from 18. to 22. tares a measure, which comes to produce about 5¼. or 5½. barrels in Florence.  
This Staio of oil weighs 49. li. of the weight of Pulia.  
Galls are here sold by the Cantaro, and is 196. li. of haberdepois.  
Olives are sold by the Tomolo, worth about 5. car l. a tomolo, in the time of gathering, which is in june and july, which are put in sacks 
Of olives.  of six or 6½. tomolos, and each tomolo of olive, weighs about 16. Rotolos.  
A Salmo of wine is accounted to make 3½. bar. of Florence, and is commonly worth 10. carlins a salmo, and held to be incirca 14. 
Of wine.  ser. of Venice measure.  
A Car. or Cargo of corn of Pulia, hath been observed to make 34½. fanegs in Callais, and in Lixborne 145. alquiers of tomolos 36. of Naples per car. and 57 Chil●…s of Constantinople.  
But I have stayed too long here, I will pass to the next Principality, which is the Papacy.   

CHAP. CXLII.  
Of the Papacy, and the Cities of Trade therein.  
THe Papacy contains four Provinces: first, Romandiola. 
Papacy, and the Trade thereof . Secondly, Marca Anconitana. Thirdly, Ducato Spoletano. And fourthly, Saint Peter's patrimony. And first then in Romandiolia, are many principal Cities, and great towns, of which the first is Bologna, the chief University of Italy, Ferara famous for the Iron mines about it, and within whose jurisdiction stands Modena and Rhegium, two fare Cities; and last, Ravenna, once beautified with a fare Haven, now choked by age and rubbish; of the Trade of these a word and in order.   

CHAP. CXLIII.  
Of Bologna, and the Trade thereof.  
BOLOGNA under the command of the Pope, is an University much frequented by Students of the Civil 
Bologna, and the Trade thereof.  Law, it is seated within land, and is well known in matters of Exchanges, as I shall show in due place, and hath those moneys currant that acknowledge the Pope's stamp, as I shall declare in Rome.  
Their Accounts are kept in Livers sold and deniers, 12. deniers to a 
Accounts in Bologna.  sol and 20. sols to a Liver, the Liver may be accounted to be incirca 13½. d. sterling money, and some are found to keep their accounts in duccatons, sols, and deniers, cast up by 12. and by 20. as above is said.  
Their Weights common in use are these, 
Weights in Bologna.   
Their Quintall is 100 li. which makes  
In 

London— 80. li.  
Rome— 100  
Milan— 106  
Florence— 104  
Genoa— 133  
Lions— 77  
Venetia sot.— 120  
Venetia gr.— 75    
1000 li. in Bologna have given in Venetia sutle 1320. li. gro. 750. li so that the 1. lib. hath rendered their gross 9 ou. sutle 14. ounces 2½. sach.  
Their Measure is a Brace, and is found to be about 25. inches 
Measures in Bologna.  English, 100 braces here have made in Venetia cloth measure 96. br. and of silk bra. 90. braces.  
Corn is here sold by the Corbe, 100 whereof makes 92. staios in Venetia, and 100 corbes in wine make Amf●…ra Venetiana 12. and 2. 
Corne.  quarters, and in dry measures 170. quartes, and in London () gallons.  
From hence are accustomed to come to other parts, corn, almonds, oils, wines, raw silk, and sundry sorts of wrought satins, taffetaes, 
Commodities of Bologna.  and other, called hence Bologna silk, and of Bologna making, and to conclude this place, here are found many eminent Exchanges, the course of which Exchanging you shall found in the general Exchanges here practised, vide Chapter 296.   

CHAP. CXLIV.  
Of Ferara, and the Trade thereof.  
FERARA is the next principal City of Trade in this circuit, famous for his Iron-mines 
Ferara and the trade thereof.  about it, seated on the banks of the River Poe and accounted one of the pleasantest Cities in Italy, for in the midst thereof is a fare Greene, into which open about twenty Streets, of half a mile in length, and so even and uniform that thence the utmost ●…nds thereof may be discerned; it affordeth wines, oils, olives, iron, steel, and some manufactories of silk.  
The moneys are as at Rome to which this City appertaineth, admitting but of very little difference in the rates current thereof.  
The Quintall of Ferara is 100 li. which makes Venetia sot. 112½. li. and Venetia gr. 72. lib. in London incirca 75. li. haberdepois, and the 100 
Weights of Ferara.  li. sat. Venice makes here 87. li. and the 100 li. gro. 138. li.  
The Measure is a Brace, 100 braces makes in London 72. yards.  
Their Wine Measure is a Mastello, 11. whereof make an Amf●…ra of 
Measures of Ferrara.  Venetia, and is in England () vide London.  
Their Corn Measure is a stare, 100 stairs makes in Venetia 37. sta. and so much shall serve for Ferara and the Trade thereof.   

CHAP. CXLV.  
Of Modena, and the Trade thereof.  
MODENA is the next City seated in this Tract, yielding many fabriques of silks, which it disperseth 
Modena.  to its neighbouring towns.  
Their Accounts are kept in Livers, sold, deniers, 12. deniers to a sold, and 20. sol to a liver. 
Accounts in Modena.   
Their Quintall is 100 li. which renders 
Weights in Modena.   
In 

Lions— 77. li.  
London— 72. li.  
Venetia sotile— 109. li.  
Venetia gross— 72. li.  
Florence— 98. li.    
The measure is the Brace, the same as in Mantua, and 1. per cent. 
Measures in Modena.  longer than the Brace of Ferrara, and by observation it hath been found that the 100 Braces of Modena have made 118. in Florence. Corn is here sold by the Staro, 100 whereof makes 93. or 94. Stairs in Venetia, and one Staio of Modena, hath made 2½. Staios in Florence, and hath made in Venice three quarts, and six quarteroli.   

CHAP. CXLVI.  
Of Rimano, and the Trade thereof.  
RImno, anciently Ariminum, seated on the mouth 
R●…ano, and the Trade of it.  of the River Rubicon, affords much silk, which it partly sends abroad, and partly converts here into Stuffs, also some Wines, Oils, Corn: The coins currant as in Rome, as being subject to the Papacy, and the accounts are kept in their same denomination.  
The Quintall is the 100 li. which makes in London 81. li. and some have made experience, that it makes in Venice gross 76.  
Their Measure is the Brace, and is in London 27. inches bore. 
Weights▪ Measures.   
Their Corn measure is 〈◊〉 stare, 100 making 210. in Venetia, and their Wine measure is a somo, which makes in London ten gallons.   

CHAP. CXLVII.  
Of Ravenna, and the Trade thereof.  
RAvenna is seated on the Adriatic Sea, and once beautified 
Ravenna, and the trade thereof.  with one of the fairest Havens in the World, where Augustus Caesar always kept a Navy manned, to defend these parts of the Empire, now choked up with mud and rubbish: the neighbourhood of Venetia, whose Senators have as well followed Mercury by Merchandising, as Mars by Arms, keeps this City from any notable commerce, yet I will note what I have observed here upon both in matter of weights and measures.  
The Quintall of Ravenna is 100 li. which gives Venetia sotile ●…8. li. 
Weights of Ravenna.  in London, 78. li. and the gross ●…00. li. of Venetia made here 133. li.  
The measure is a brace, 100 braces of Cloth in Venice, is here 112. 
Measures of Ravenna.  100 braces of silk in Venice, is here 106.  
Corn is sold by the stare, 100 whereof makes in Venice 66⅔. staio, so that 3. staros Ravenna, have made the 2. staios of Venetia; and these are the chief Cities of Romandolia.  
The next Province is Marco Anconitana, wherein is famous, first Loretto, for the Pilgrimage to our Lady Church, brought thither if you 
Loretto.  will believed it through the air from Palestine, whereunto a great trade is driven by the superstitious Papists; next is Adria, which gave name to these Seas; next Recanti, and Ancona, two fare Cities and of great concourse of Merchants, of which first.   

CHAP. CXLVIII.  
Of Recanti, and the Trade thereof.  
REcanti, Olim Aelia Recina, as some authors allege is a fare City, affording Corn, Oil and Wine, and some 
Recanti in Istria.  Silk for Merchandise to be exported:  
The weights thereof being 100 l. gives in Lond. 75. l. 
Weights.   

and in Florence— 96½. li.  
In Venetia sotile— 112. li.  
In Venetia gross— 72. li.   
Their measure is a brace, 94. whereof make Venetia brace 100 li. Oil is sold here by the Miare, which is the same as that in Venetia. 
Measures.    

CHAP. CXLIX.  
Of Ancona, and the Trade thereof.  
ANcona is a fare City, seated on the hill Cinerius, which shooteth into the Adriatic Sea like a Promontory, having 
Ancona and the trade.  a commodious Haven built by Trajanus the Emperor, it is fruitful as the rest of this Country, affording principally, Corn, Wines and Oils.  
The Quintall of Anconia is 100 li. and makes in London— 78. li. 
Weights.  

In Venetia gross— 73. li.  
In Venetia sotile— 116. li.  
In Florence— 98. li.    
Their measure here is a brace, 106. whereof have made in Venice 100 braces, 10. cones of cloth in Florence have made here 37½ braces. 
Measures. Ancona.   
Corn is here sold by the star●…, 6½. have made a sum in Florence.  
The next Province is the Duchy of Spoletta, the principal City bearing the name of Spallata, whereof is not any thing in Merchandising 
Spallata.  worthy the note that I found; and their weights and measures do in all points agreed with Venetia.  
The last part of this Country is Saint Peter's Patrimony, wherein are principal Cities of commerce, Civetavechia, which hath a pretty harbour, and near which the Allom is made, which we call Romish 
Civetavechia.  or Roche, and beer the Pope doth for trade sake allow a Gentleman the title of Consul for the English Nation, to see that the Mariners who are apt enough to given offence be not wronged or abused, at whose hands in Anno 1619. going thence as a Merchant to Rome, I found all courtesies and friendship, and passing through Pollidor, a pretty town, in the Christmas Holidays, I come to Rome, where what I did observe in matter of Trade, besides the devotion of the season and time, I shall in the next Chapter declare.   

CHAP. CL.  
Of Rome, and the Trade thereof.  
THis City in her ancient splendour, was fifty miles 
Rome and the Trade thereof.  in circuit, and had 750. Towers that beautified her walls, and inhabited by 463000. Families, but now the compass exceeds not ten miles, and a third of that is also wast ground, and hath two third parts of the inhabitants Clergymen and Cortesans which latter here are accounted to be 40000. and pay 30000. Ducats, yearly tribute, which doth maintain in Civetavechia two Galleys furnished, known by the names of the 〈◊〉, as the place of their abode in Rome, but leaving this private Trade to the Virgin Fri●…rs, I come to the public commerce of this City, which according to my observation is following.  
Rome and the territory thereof affordeth for Merchandise, Corn, Wine, Oil, Silk, Gl●…ves, Al●…me, L●…testrings, Kidskins, and some fabriques made of Silk: And from England, it receiveth Lead, Tin, Bays, Says, Stuffs, Pilchards, Herrings white and read, Newland-fish, Calveskins, ●…lt Salmon, 〈◊〉, Wax, &c. which are landed at Civitavechia, and thence transported by boats and barks to Rome, along the so much famoused River of Tiber, which passeth through the same.  
The Coins of all Italy pass here currant, but the principal of 
Coins in Rome.  this Country that are currant is the Ducat, or as they call it the Crown of Gold, which is worth 11. julios' or Paulos.  
The Crown of Silver is worth 10. julios' or Paulos, which is 100 Baioches, or 400. quatrins.  
The julio is worth 10. Baioches or 40. quatrins.  
The Baioche is worth 40. quatrins or 1●… sol. 4. den. small money of Rome.  
Their accounts are kept in Crowns, julios', Baioches and quatrins 
Accounts in Rome.  as above, and some in Ducats of Camera or destampe, of which 97. 11. 3. make 100 of Gold.  
Their Quintall in Rome is 100 and makes in London— 80. li. and with other Countries is found to be in Venetia soot— 119. li. 
Weights in Rome.   
In Naples 106. li. Venetia gross 75. li. Florence 102. li. Genoa 110. li.  
But note, that of these Quintars of 100 li. is framed two different weights, with allowances given thereupon, as in sale of Spices and such like.  
The Quintar thereof is accounted to be of the above said weight 160. li. And the second for the weight of gross goods accounted to be 250. li. to the Quintar, which is to be observed in the sale of a commodity, and therefore the commodity and the weight whereby it is sold is to be observed.  
They use also two measures in length, the one for Linen and 
Measures in Ro●…e.  Woollen, called the Cane, divided into 8. Palms, and 30. Cans is 100 Braces Venetia; the other which they call the Brace which is 3 〈◊〉. Palms of the said Cane, which Brace renders in Florence 1½. Brace, the first making in London () inches, and the latter () inches.  
Co●…ne is sold by a measure, called the Rugio, which renders in Genoa 1⅞. Mins, and in Florence 8¾. Staios, and is 412. li. of Rome, and is in England () gallons.  
But by reason of the great occasion that Clergymen from most parts of Europe have to use money in this City, the Exchanges thereof are most worthy observation, therefore I have handled the same in the 278. and 326. Chapters, with all circumstances thereunto belonging, to which I refer you.  
From Rome I will take my way to Venetia, and to that Republic, and see what is there note worthy in matters of commerce.   

CHAP. CLI.  
Of the Commonwealth of Venetia, and the Cities of Trade therein.  
THe Commonwealth of Venetia containeth these 
Venetia, and the Trade thereof.  Provinces, La Marca Trevigiana, Friuli, Histria, part of Dalmatia, and the Islands of Candy, Corfu, Cephalonia, Itheca, Xante, Lucaia, Cythera, &c. In which I found these principal Cities of Trade, first Treviso, next Milan a famous University for Physic; next Vicentia, next Bressia which is accounted the second for greatness in Lombardy, next Verona, also a fare City Crema, a strong Fort, Aquilegia once of great circuit, now devoured by the neighbourhood of Venetia, Palma a modern town built by the Venetians within these late years, next is Cape de Istria, Pola, and some others of lesser note, and last of all the Metropolis of all this Commonwealth which is Venice itself; of these, or as many as I have gathered any observation, I shall declare.   

CHAP. CLII  
Of Treviso, and the Trade thereof.  
TREVISO is the principal City of that Province, 
Treviso, and the trade thereof.  which to the Venetians is known by Marca Trevi giana, and commodiously seated for an inland trade, the chief City Venetia depriving all the rest of any eminent honour in matter of Traffic, therefore herein I shall be the briefer, and first,  
For their coins currant, and their Account kept, I willingly omit the same, as to be found more at large under the Title of Venetia.  
As for the Weights and Measures thereof, it will not be improper that I set here the agreements thereof with Venetia, as being seated within that Commonwealth.  
Treviso is found then to have two several Weights, a gross and 
Weights of Treviso.  sutle, in the same manner as Venetia, which thus agreed together.  
100 li. gross in Treviso makes gross in Venetia 92½. li.  
100 li. sutle in Treviso makes sutle in Venetia 112. li.  
100 li. sutle Venetia gives in Treviso sutle 89½. li.  
100 li. sutle Venetia gives in Treviso gross 58⅓. li  
100 li. sutle Treviso makes gross in Venetia 70. li.  
All which considered, the thousands are found thus to accord.  
1000 li. sutle Treviso is 1125. li. sutle Venetia.  
1000 li. gross Treviso is 1080. li. gross Venetia and backward.  
1000 li. gross Venetia is 926. li. gross Treviso.  
1000 li. sutle Venetia is 890. li. sutle Treviso.  
1. li. sutle Treviso is sutle Venetia 13½. ounces.  
1. li. gross Treviso is gross Venetia 13. ounces.  
1. li. sutle V●…netia is sutle in Treviso 10⅔ ounces.  
1. li. gross Venetia is gross in Treviso 11. ounces.  
The Measures of length in Treviso is only the Brace. 
Measures of Treviso.   
the 100 cloth braces in Venetia is 100 braces in Treviso.  
the 100 silk braces in Venetia is 94. braces in Treviso.  
Oil is sold here by the Miare.  
Corn by the staio, the 100 staios here are 109. in Venetia.  
Wine is sold by the Cara, which consists of 10. consi, which according to the measure of Venetia is 17½. quartes; the next is Padova.   

CHAP. CL●…I.  
Of Padova, and the Trade thereof.  
PADOVA is a famous University, especially for Physic, which affords not much matter of Trade, yet 
Padova, and the trade thereof.  observing my intended Method, I will place here the concordancy of their Weights and Measures with the capital City Venetia.  
Padova is found to have a gross Quintall, and a soot Quintall, as the City of Venetia hath, and found thus to agreed 
Weight●… of Padova.  togeth●…r.  
The 100 li. sutle of Padova is 112 〈◊〉 sutle in Venetia.  
the 1000 li. gross of Padova is 1020. li. gross in Venetia.  
the 1000 li. sutle in Padova is 1125. sutle Venetia.  
the 100●…. li. sutle in Venetia is 889. sutle in Padova.  
The brace in Padova is the same as at Treviso aforesaid.  
Corn is sold by the stare, three here makes one stare in Venetia. 
Measure of Padova.   
Wine is sold by the Cara, one whereof here is 18. quarts Venetia.  
Oil by the Miaro, which is here 1185. lib. gross in Padova, for other occurrences it is to be referred to Venice.   

CHAP. CLIU  
Of Vicentia, and the Trade thereof.  
VICENTIA would be in matter of Trade of greater 
Vicentia, and the Trade thereof.  note were she not so near neighbour to and under the authority of Venetia, for which cause I shall be the briefer, and thus is found to agreed therewith.  
The Weights hereof do precisely accord with 
Weights of Vicentia.  Padova above mentioned.  
The Measures of Vicentia are only one which is the brace, which 
Measures.  thus is found to accord.  
100 braces of silk in Venice is in Vitentia 92. braces:  
100 braces of cloth hath made in Vicentia 98. braces.  
Corn is sold by the stais, 100 whereof do make in Venetia 33½. staio.  
Wine is sold by the Caro, which in Venetia is 18½. quarts.  
Oil is sold by the Miaro, which are 40. Miri, which makes gross weight in Venetia 1210. li. and gross of Vicentia 1185. li.  
Hear is made a fine kind of raw silk, and dispersed abroad, fit for silk stuffs, called by the name of Vicentia silk, 100 li. thereof is 93. li. in Florence.   

CHAP. CLV.  
Of Bressia, and the Trade thereof.  
THe next is Bressia, seated likewise in this Province, more famous in her Archbishop, who 
Bressia, an●… the trade thereof.  is an Earl, Marquis, and a Duke, than in any matter of Trade, yet according to my intended Method begun, I will compare the Weights and Measures hereof with Venice.  
Bressia hath but one Quintall, which contains 
Weights of Bressia.  the 100 li. of the laid place.  
the 100 il. of Bresse is sutle Venetia 108. li. and gross 66⅔ li.  
the 100 li. gross Venetia is 147. li. and 100 li. sutle is 92. li. here.  
the 1. li. of Bressia is soot Venetia 13. ounces.  
The Brace of Bressia agrees with the cloth brace of Venice. 
Measures of Bressia.   
Corn is here sold by the Soma, and makes two staio in Venetia.   

CHAP. CLVI.  
Of Verona, and the Trade thereof.  
VErona is a fare City, and famous in times past for many notable things here performed, which I 
Verona.  willingly omit, but in matters of commerce I found the weights and measures thus to accord with Venetia.  
Verona is found to have two Quintars, a gross and sutle. The 100 gross in Verona, is 108. li. gross in Venetia. 
Weights in Verona.  The 100 sutle in Verona, is 110. li. sutle in Venetia. So that the 100 sutle in Venetia, makes sutle Verona 90½. li. And the 100 li. gross in Venetia, makes sutle Verona 145½. li.  
The Brace of Verona agrees with the Silk Brace in Venetia. 
Measures in Verona.   
Corn is sold by the Minali, 100 whereof is in Venice 45½. stays.  
Wine is sold by the Brenta, which is in Venetia 6. Sechi, and a Cara of Wine, is in Venetia 17½. quartes.  
Oil is sold by the Miaro, which is 1210. li. gross, and 1738. li. sutle, in Venetia, making 139. Basces, which are 8. Brentas and 11. Bases: where it is to be noted, that 3½. Bases of Verona, is 1. Miri in Venetia.   

CHAP. CLVII.  
Of Crema, and the Trade thereof.  
CRema is a strong Fort, and bordering upon Milan, where the state of Venetia hold a Custom house for 
Crema, and its trade.  the collection of their Customs upon such goods as go from these parts either to Milan itself, or thence by transito to Lions or other places.  
The Quintall of Crema, is the 100 li. thus agreeing 
Weights in Crema.  with Venice. 100 li. sutle Venice, is in Crema 92. li. and 100 li. gross 147. li. in 150. li. 100 li. in Crema, is sutle Venetia 108. li. and gross Venetia 66. in 67. li.  
The measure for length is the Brace, which is found to be two per cent. less than the Cloth Brace in Venetia: wither now it is high 
Measures in Crema.  time I should repair unto and survey the traffic thereof, as at this day it is found and observed.   

CHAP. CLVIII.  
Of Venice, and the Trade thereof.  
VENICE is the principal city of this Republic, and 
Venetia, and the Trade thereof.  is seated in the bottom of the Adriatic Sea, or Venetian gulf upon 72. Islands, and distant from the main land five miles, defended against the fury of the Sea, by a bank extending twenty Leagues in length, through which there is passage broken in seven places for Boats, but no ways for ships, but at Mallamocco, and the Castles of Lio, which are found to be strongly fortified: it is accounted to be eight miles in compass, and hath for conveniency of passage near 4000 bridges, and 12000. boats, as some of our modern travellers have observed. It is the only place where Policy, Warfare and Merchandising have kissed together, for the most part of those Clarissimos which here boast of their quality, greatness or wisdom, have either in themselves or in their ancestors, had their original from traffic and Merchandising, many of whom enjoying this title of Noble families; I have known in Constantinople and other parts as Merchants and Factors, who in their youth exercising this Art, do afterward as their genius leads them, either become Captains and Providitors in Castles, Forts, or Cities, or Ambassadors, and so employed into foreign States; or lastly Senators at home governing the Commonwealth, but their worth being in itself sufficiently known to the world, I shall descend to the subject in hand.  
This City then hath for many years had the sole commerce and traffic of all the Mediterranean Seas, and not content therewith, have made that City the common Mart of all the commodities of Arabia, Persia, India, and those Eastern rich Countries by their great trade to Alexandria and Cairo, which continued for many years; and when the Graecian Empire was both in its height and in its descent, they managed the sole Trade thereof, till the State of Genoa did look thereinto, and by their power and might at Sea, shared with them therein: but the Portugal finding the way to India by the Cape of Bona Speransa, and the English and Dutch Merchants following those leaders, now bring those rich commodities that way strait to their own homes, which in former times they were constrained to have from this City at a fare dearer rate and at a second hand, since which times, their customs have decayed, their ships rotten and their Mariners, the pride of their Commonwealth all become Poltrones, and the worst accounted in all those Seas.  
This City now serves in matter of Trade for an inlet into Austria, and upper Germany, which this way it yet fits with some spice, drugs, and other Arabian commodities, which in part is brought hither from Alexandria, Aleppo, and Constantinople, where they still have Consuls and Factors, and partly by a second hand from England, now thereby bringing to them those commodities which a few years past we had and fetched from them, as from the only City and prime Merchants of Europe.  
The Commodities here found and afforded are not many, nor of much worth, as some corn, wines, oils, rice, woollen cloth, paper, aniseeds, 
Commodities of Venetia.  argall, glasses for looking and for drinking, quicksilver, some silks raw and wrought.  
The Commodities sent thither from England is led, tin, bays, furs, perpetuanas, searges, says, and some cloth, indigo, pepper, ginger, maces, cloves, Nutmegs, &c. herring white and read, pilchards, Newland fish, salted salmon, and such, it serves in these days for a Mart for the Commodities of Istria, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Austria, upper Germania, and the Adriatic seas, and serves these parts again with such commodities as are either brought hither by the English, Dutch, and French from these several Kingdoms, or from Alexandria, Aleppo, Smyrna, the Archepelago, and Constantinople by themselves, as the sole persons to whom hence the Trade of Turkey is permitted.  
Their moneys currant are these,  
The Crown of Gold is worth 24. grosses of Venetia. 
moneys of Venetia.   
A Liver of gross is worth 10. Ducats of Gold large.  
A Ducat of Gold is worth 24. Deniers the Liver of Gross'.  
A Liver ordinary of Venetia is worth of Florence lib. 6. 4. sold, which makes a Ducat in the said place of Venetia, those moneys which here are called Piccoli, are the currant Coin of this City, and the moneys which here are called Grosses, is worth 1. lire 62. sol of piccoli or 10. Ducats, the Ducat is always worth lire 6. sol, 4. of piccoli, or else accounted 24. Gross', and the Gross is worth sol 5. 2. of piccoli, and in the lyre of grosses it is accounted and reckoned as in Deniers, so that by this may be discerned to be currant, two sorts of Ducats, the one currant in payment, which may be valued sterl about 3. s. 4. d. and the other of banco, which may be valued about 4. s. or 4. s. 2. d. as the Exchange will admit, wherein see farther, the one being 20. per cent. better than the other.  
There is found to be in Venetia four kinds of Weights, which thus are distinguished and found to accord. 
Weights of Venetia.   
The greatest is called The gross pound, and 100 li. wherewith all Wools, brass, metals, fish, flesh, and other gross goods are weighed.  
The second is the Gold-waight used for Gold, Silver, and jewels only.  
The third is used in Gold and Silver thread, and in nothing else.  
The fourth is the pound, and 100 lib. sutle, wherewith all silks, spices, drugs, cottons, cotton-yarne, and such like fine goods are weighed by, which thus are amongst them found to accord and agreed.  
100 li. gross is 158. li. sutle, 633. li. gross is 1000 li. sutle.  
100 li. sutle is 83½. gross, 1000 li. gross is 1580. li. sutle.  
1. li. gross is sutle 1. li. 6. ounc. 5. sazi 18. Kr.  
1. li. soot is gross 7. ounc. 2. sazi 16. Kr.  
100 li. of Silver or Gold thread is sutle 116. li. 8. ounc.  
1. Marc of Gold is sutle 9 oun. sazi 2.  
Where note that a Marc of Gold is 8. oun. 1. oun.. is 4. quarters, 1. quarter is 36. Kr. and 1. Kr. is 4 gra. so that 144. Kr. is 1. oun. and 1152. Kr. is 1. Marc. 1. li. soot is 12. oun. the 1. ounc. is 6. sazi, and 1. sazi is 1½. dram, which is 3. sec.  
Also note that in Venetia there is bought and sold diverse commodities, some by Balance, and some by stalero, as well in the gross as in the sutle Weight; and that the balance weight is greater than the stalero weight 2. ib. per cent. by the hundred more than by the pound, and the sutle Weight of the Balance is greater than of the staliero sutle two pound per cent. by the hundred than by the pound Weight.  
Now let us observe how these two Weights the soot and gross responds with the Weight of other Countries.  
The 100 li. sutle have been observed to make the first Rowe 
Weights of Venetia agreeing with other Countries.  to the left hand, and the 100 li. gross the next Rowe.  
The 100 li. sutle makes in the first row, and the 1●…0. li. grow. makes in the second row thus.  
Alexandria zera 31. Rot. 50. Rot. Alexandria forf. 71. R 112. R. Aleppo 14. R. 21. R. Archepelago 77. li. 121. li. Anversa 64. li. 102. li. Almaria 55. R. 90. R. Ancona 86. li. 136. li. Bergamo 90. li. 145. li. Bologna 83. li. 132. li. Baruti 13. R. 20. R. Cyorus 13½. R. 21. R. Constantinople 56. R. 84. R. Candia li. li. Corfu. 75. li. 117. li. Cremona 96. li. 151. li. Damascus' 16⅔. R. 26⅓. R. Ferrara 102. li. 139. li. Florence 87. li. 138. li. Lions 70. li. 110. li. London 64. li. 106. li. Lixborne 59 li. 9●…. li. Milan 92. li. 150. li. Mantova 93. li. 150. li. Marselia 70. li. 112. li. Mall●…ca 57 li. 90. li. Napoles Rema 94. li. 149. li. Naples Romania 78. li. 121. li. Parma 90. li. 148. li. Piasentia 92. li. 150. li. Paris 70. li. 112. li. Roma 84. li. 132. li. Ravenna ●…4. l. 133. l. Ragusa 83. l. 13●…. l. Scio & Smyrna 62. R. 98. R. Sivilia 63. l. 98. l. Tripoli Barbaria 59½. R. 93½. R. Turin 92. l. 148. l. Verona 90. l. 145. l. Zante 63. l. 100 l.  
How fare these may come near to truth I must refer to trial, therefore I deliver them here as I received them upon trust.  
The Measures of Venetia are two, and both called the brace. 
Measures in V●…a of length.   
The first is the Silk brace, by which is measured all stuffs of silk, Damasces, Satins, Cloth of gold, of silver, &c.  
The s●…cond is the Cloth-brace, by which is measured all Clotheses and stuffs made of wool, which is greater than the former 6¼ per centum.  
Upon which last braces 100 hath been made this concordance with the Measures of other Countries.  
100 braces in Venice make in London 55½. elles. Antwerp 92½. Frankfurt 115¾. Dansicke 70⅘. Vienna 80½. Lion's 56½. alns Paris 52¾. Roven 48¼. Lixborne 55½. var. Seville 75. Madera 57 v. Lacques 111. br. F●…orence 113⅔. br. Milan 123¾. br. Genoa 267 〈◊〉. pal.  
The liquid Measures are these:  
Wines are sold in Venetia two ways, either in gross, or by retail, 
Of wines.  the gross by the Amphora and Bigonsa, and by retail, by the Quart, the Sachio, and Lyre, where note that the Amphora is four Bigonsa, and the bigonsa is 4. quarts, and 1. quart is 4. sachi, and 1. sachi is 4. liras or pounds, but buying the same in gross, that is by the Amphora and the Sachio, 1. Amphora is 14. quarts, and 1. bigonsa is 〈◊〉. quarets and half.  
Oil is here also sold two ways, first by Measure, and next 
Of oil.  by the Weight of the staliero, the Measure is called the Miro, and is 40. lib. and by the gross Weight is 120. lib. and 1. Mira makes by measure 25. li. and by weight makes 30. li. 3. oun.  
Corn is sold by the staio, which is 132. li. gross Venetia, and in 
Of corn.  Florence 175. lib. which is divided to 4/4.and to 8/8.and to 16/16.parts, by which is made the Scandalios, the ¼. being 32. lib. the 〈◊〉. 16. lib. the 〈◊〉. 8. li. of gross.  
Their Accounts are kept in Venetia diverse ways, as by sum in 
Accounts in Venetia.  Ducats and Grosses, at Livers 6. and 4. sol per ducc. accounting 24. Gross to a Ducat.  
Others again by Livers, Sols, and Gross, which are valued at 10. Ducats the Liver, accounting 20. sol to the Liver, and 12. Deuters gross to a sold.  
Others by Liver, Sol, and Denari of Picholi, which Picholi are the common currant Money of the Country, where note that the Grosses are worth 1. Liver per Sol 62. of Picholies or 10 ducats, the Ducc. is ever worth 6. Livers 4 sol in Pechol, or 24. gross, the gross is worth sol 5. 2. pecholi, and ●…n the pound of grosses, it is the same in Deniers, as I shown before in the moneys currant of the place.  
The Exchanges made in Venice, I have inserted in the 281. and 368. Chapters, together with all circumstances thereto belonging, 
Exchanges of 〈◊〉.  where by the way it is to be noted, that in times past the goodness of their moneys both in payment for Merchandise, and in payment for Bills of Exchange was alike and of equal goodness and value; but these wise Senators fearing to lose what they cannot keep, I mean, that little Trade they yet hold, in comparison of what they had, lost by their providence and circumspection, set a distinction between the moneys pay●…ble for commodities, which they term their currant moneys and out of banco, and between 
Difference between money in banco and out of ●…onc. in Ven●…c. 21. per centum.  their moneys paid by Bills of Exchange, which they term in banco, which hath had its original upon such unfit grounds that the very naming thereof, and the particular circumstances of this difference is dishonourable to this Republic, which therefore I will omit, only thus fare the necessity thereof is to be remembered, and to be well known and understood by all Merchants and Exchangers that trade and traffic to this City, that the difference now at this time holds in proportion between 20. and 21. per cent. so that it doth appear to all men that reside here, or have any commerce into this City, that their payments made in banco, and by Bills of Exchange is accounted better by near 21. per cent. than the payments made for commodities, bought and sold between Merchant and Merchant.  
The Customs of Venice are several, altering upon many commodities, and though the wisdom of this Republic do manifestly 
Customs of Venetia.  discern a great diminution of their Customs in general, yet it so falls out that they impose still greater, as it were endeavouring thus to make up the annual rents thereof, as of late they have done upon Corrence, under pretence, that if the English will come and lad them in the Port of Venice, or otherwise come thither laden, they are then freed of a new Impest which is lately levied in Xa●…te upon that commodity: but they being of the condition of many Princes, that finding their Country enriched with an eminent commerce and a plentiful Trade, never leave imposing new Customs and Imposts thereon, till the Trade, and Customs, and Imposts, and all other the benefits thereof are slipped out of their fingers, and fled for protection to some other more friendly neighbouring State, or place, where the same finds a greater ease, and a lesser charge; and that hath Venice, Anvers, Lions, and Genoa, lost that famous Trade, which for many years hath made those Cities renowned, and by their falland easy Customs hath Leghorne, Marselia, Amsterdam, and London risen to that height wherein they are now found to be, which if the Princes thereof do wisely cherish, and content themselves with a reasonable Duty, such as Trade in itself may well bear, and the Trader live, and cheerfully proceed in his negotiations, they may see their Countries daily to flourish, and grow both rich and renowned thereby; otherwise Trade will insensibly fly from them, the Merchants will given it over, or found out new paths, and divert it into some other place, shipping will in an age rot and perish, and Navigation will quickly be forgotten, and those Kingdoms must have other Nations to supply them at the second hand, and by strangers shipping, with those necessary commodities which the Country stands in need of, and the same both at dear rates, and to the too late repentance of the State itself, as may now be verified by this of Venetia, who would with many millions redeem that lost Trade, and would with free liberty of Customs entertain that Commerce, which they themselves peradventure by their too great Customs and Imposts levied thereon by little and little in times past have of their own accord wilfully or willingly lost, and thrust from them, as I shall declare further in the Trade of Leghorne, and other places which have of themselves no commodity to maintain a Traffic, vet have all things and want nothing that all other Countries can afford, only by the benefit and commodity of an easy and light duty of custom imposed upon Merchandise by the liberty and freedom of the place and traders thereinto; and for as much as this state have by their wisdom made of late days diverse subtle decrees for the benefit of their own traffic, and for the regaining of their last trade which are in themselves prejudicial to many other Nations, but principally to the English, I hold it not improper in this place to mention some of the principal thereof, that thereby if any the able furtherers of the English traffic shall happen to peruse this Tract, fit remedies may be enacted to meet these decrees, which I may call particularly injurious to the English 
Injurious decrees of Venice against the trade of the English in the Levant seas.  Subject and Merchant, and tending to draw the whole trade of the Levant Seas to the City of Venice only, to the general prejudice of the shipping of His Majesty of England traffiquing in those Seas, which I conclude under five points.  
1. First, they have considered the late great Exportation of Corrance out of Zant and Zeffalonia (two Islands of their Signory) into England, and that the principal Trade of the English into their Signory is only for this Fruit, therefore they have of late levied an imposition of ten Ducats upon every thousand of Corrance bought and shipped from the said Islands, and of later times have also enforced the payment of the said Impost at Venice, which formerly and at first was free, and have discharged their own Subjects thereof, to the special damage and prejudice of the English.  
2. Secondly, they have to burden the Trade of the English thither, or rather seeing all the Trade of that fruit wholly sought out and coveted by the English, to which end they use to vent in those Islands some few English commodities, they have I say of late, burdened the native commodities of England brought into those Islands with new Imposts, as levying upon an English cloth 7. ducats, upon 100 weight of tin 2. ducats, and upon a hearsie 2. ducats, and so upon all other English commodities, thereby to enforce all commodities of England to be brought into the city of Venice, and though sometimes English Merchants finds it necessary in those seas to transfer some English goods out of one English vessel into another, and yet not landlord the same, when as ships do happen to meet together and to be bound for several Ports, yet the same is not permitted them unless they pay the said Impost abovementioned, as if the said goods were there really landed and sold, contrary to the common custom of the Mediterranean Seas.  
3. Thirdly, they have prohibited, that any Turkey commodities should be landed there out of English shipping, or any other commodities that are afterward to be shipped for the Kingdom of England, which for the conveniency of English shipping, the English Merchants trading into those Seas have often occasion of: but they do compel the English first to sand such goods and wares to the City of Venice, purposely there to pay the duty of custom and the duty of cottinio, before they will suffer them to ship the same for England.  
4. They have made an act for the employment of their own shipping and Mariners, and for the restraint of all foreigners, that no commodities of the parts of Turkey may be brought into any the Signory of the State of Venice, but only in Venetian shipping, wherein they have been found to have been so strict and severe, that if any English ships happen to be freighted either by their own Subjects, or by the Merchants of any other Nation when any of their own shipping are in Port, or happen to come into the Port, or within the space of twenty days after, upon the firming of a bore Protest against the said ship so freighted, they have no law nor remedy left them in law to recover any freight money, due for the said goods so laden by them.  
5. Fiftly, they will not permit nor suffer no English ship to relade at Venice except they come first fully laden thither, neither will they suff●…r freedom of Trade from Venice to any parts of the Levant for ●…he English Nation, neither in their own nor yet in the shipping belonging to the Venetians, but do straightly prohibit and forbidden it, as also they do prohibit the bringing in of some particular commodities by any whatsoever, themselves and their Subjects only excepted.  
6. To these I might add some others, but I will conclude it with this last point of slight and fallacious subtlety some years past, when as the Signory of Venice had here a permission from His Majesty of Englana to contract with diverse Merchants for their ships to serve against the Spaniards in the Gulf of Venice; when the said service was performed, and that they come to receive their contract●…d payment, they raised their moneys 12. percentum above the rate of the same at the time of their agreement, by which rate, His Majesty's Subj●…cts come to loose a great sum of money by the said service, to their great prejudice, and to the great dishonour of that so Honourable Seigrory.  
Having by these few particulars given the ingenious Reader a taste of these present policies enacted by this state of late for the supportation of their decaying Trade, and also given a touch of the subtleties used by them to preserve that little that is yet remaining, and their endeavours to augment the same, I will now in a word view the state of the present traffic of this Ciry.  
It is not to be questioned, but that this City hath in all Ages 
The present T●…ade of Venice survaied.  afforded many eminent Merchants, and hath not been ashamed to make Merchandising a prop and supportation to their Nobility, which amongst them is entitled Clarissimi so that this their School of Commerce hath afforded such apt Scholars, and which have so notably profited therein, that they have with as much honour worn the gown, as valiantly handled the sword; and he that shall heedfully peruse their Histories shall found that not a few of them, have with general approbation both of their Subjects and neighbou●…s struck the principal stroke in the government of that Dukedom. The fit situation of their City, the large extent of their maritime coasts, the common aptness and addiction of the Citisenss hath much furthered the great Traffic of the same, what it hath been in times past, when their potency and Opulency was at the highest, and when they set out and gave employment both in war and peace to 300. sail of Galleys, besides all other sort of vessels; I refer to their own Histories. Their then rich trade to Egypt for the commodities of India, Arabia, and to Constantinople and Aleppo for the commodities of Grecia, Armenia and Persiae, to Germany, France, Flanders and England, for the commodities of those Countries, must needs make this City famous for the Traffic thereof; but their covetous appetite, that could not be satisfied with this same, and the great wealth each in particular drew thereby, envied to themselves that honour, which all other Cities of the World was constrained to given them for their great customs imposed, joined with the accidents of that age and time brought them to the present state of traffic wherein now they are found to be, which is at present comprehended within a narrow scantling, for their trade to Egypt is vanished, and seen only in the relics thereof, for though in Alexandria and Cairo they maintain Consuls, serving in outward appearance for the protection of their Merchants, yet indeed they serve to little purpose, as having lost the former famous trade of Alexanaria and Cairo in Sidon, Acria, Smyrna and other places of Turkey; they have their Consuls, as also their Agent in Constantinople and Consul in Aleppo, which now are the principal who given life to their designs, as indeed the places where their trade is of greatest eminency, yet it is not so great but may be fathomed within a small line, and as many things have notably concurred in the loss of their former traffic abroad and in other kingdoms (as the discovery of India by the Portugal, the subversion of the Greek Empire by the Turks, and the favourable countenance of some of the late Kings of England to their own Subjects, for their encouragement in trade, and their general inclination thereto, so they in themselves have been chiefly wanting to themselves, and have suffered a loss to fall in sensibly upon them; that hath been the greatest rvine of their traffic, comprised within the mystery of these their new Imposts, and the decay of the shipping and Navigators, which that Prince must ever carefully avoid that would have his Country and Subjects thrive thereby; and having now lost all their trade to all other places (the dominions of the great Turk only excepted their Ships and Galleys are decayed, and their Mariners fled from them, some sparks are seen yet to remain, but the great fire of their mighty traffic being extinguished, it will not be needful for me to rake the ashes, and observe further that little coal that is yet resting unconsumed amongst them.   

CHAP. CLXIX.  
Of Florence, and the Cities of that Dukedom.  
THe Dukedom of Florence, containeth the greater 
Florence and the Provinces thereof.  part of Tuscany, and now may be said to be comprehended under the Signory of the great Duke, with the Republic of Pisa and Sienna, the principal marine port whereof is Leghorne, which may be accounted the best and one of the greatest towns of traae in all the Mediterranean Seas, and not only thus continued and preserved by the industry of the inhabitants alone, but of other Nations, which by reason of the great immunities and privileges of the place, and the freedom given to strangers and Merchants, and principally because all sorts of Merchandise may be here landed free of all customs duties and imposts, this scale is grown to that height, that it is famous throughout all the Mediterranean and Ocean Seas.  
In this Republic I found only four Cities of consequence that challenge in matter of commerce my observation which is, Florence itself the principal City of this Dukedom; next Sienna, than Pisa, and lastly the abovementioned Town of Leghorne.  
These Countries affords for Merchandise, some Marble, Rice, 
Commodities of Tuscame.  Wines, Oils, quantity of Silks, both raw and wrought in stuffs, famous for their fabriques throughout Europe, as Satins, Taffetaes', Velvets, Grograines, Plushes and the like, called commonly of Florence. From England is here vented Pepper, Cloves, Maces, Indigo, Calicoes, as being Eastindia commodities, and Lead, Tin, Clotheses, Bays, Says, Serges, Perpetuanes as native; and the English also bring hither Herrings white and read, Pickled Salmon, Newland-fish, Pilchards, Calveskins and many other commodities.  
The Duke of Florence hath ever been found to be a great lover of 
The Duke of Florence a great Merchant.  Merchants and Merchandising, and is conceived to be at this day the greatest Merchant in Europe, forgetting not that his Ancestors did raise themselves by traffic to the greatness and height he now doth hold; and to this end is found in Leghorne a stock properly running in trade for his account, which is employed in traffic as occasion of profit upon Merchandise doth present itself.   

CHAP. CLX.  
Of Florence, and the Trade thereof.  
THe City of Florence is seated near the confluence of two Rivers, Arne and Chiane, and is a very fare 
Florence, and the Trade thereof.  City, and abounding with public and private buildings of great beauty, and therefore by some supposed to be called Florencia, a situ Florenti; it is in compass six miles, and is the residence of the Duke, who here hath a sumptuous Palace: the greatest part of the trade thereof doth consist in the fabriques of Silks that here are made, and are hence properly called, and in the Exchanges here used and practised by Bankers, for all parts of Europe, the inhabitants having lost the honour of Merchandising, which anciently they had, when eminent Factors from hence were sent into Flanders and England and to other countries to reside, who managed a very great trade, now totally decayed what I have found from others or observed myself: in Anno 1619. when I was here I shall set down for the present occurrences of the place.  
The Merchants do here keep their accounts in Livers, Sold and 
Accounts in Florence.  Deniers, 12. Deniers making a Sol, and 20. Sol a Liver; and others again in Crowns, Sol and Deniers of Gold, of Livers 7½. per Crown, accounting 12. Deniers to a Sol, and 20. Sol to a Crown, but all their commodities are sold by Livers, Sold, and Denieres of their moneys, and to reduce Livers into Crowns, multiply by 2. and divide by 15. because 15. half Livers make a Crown, and to reduce the said Livers into Ducats, 〈◊〉 is to be taken.  
The Coins currant are the Ducats of Florence and the Picols.  
The Ducat is worth 7. Livers or 70. Bolognini. 
Coins currant in Florence.   
The Crown is worth 7½. Livers in Picholi, whereas the custom is different from other Countries, wherein the Crown of gold is not found to have any constant rate with the currant money of the place, and is adjusted therewith according to the rate of the Exchange.  
The Liver is 20. Sold, and accounted to be nine pence starling.  
The Ducat being 7. Livers, is accounted their 5. s. 3. d. starlin.  
The Seudo or Crown of 7½. Livers, is consequently 5. s. 7½. starlin.  
The Liver is also divided to 12. Chraches, whereof 8. is a julio, which is 6. d. starling; 5. Quatrins is a Cr●…ch, and 60. Craches makes a Liver.  
Diverse observations have been made upon the Weights of Florence, 
Weights of Florence.  which is the 100 li. or Quintall of 12. ounces to a pound, the most noted I will here insert, and refer the truth to him that hath a cause of trial, because I have received them upon trust.  
This 100 li. than hath been found to produce in these places.  
The 100 li. of Florence hath rendered in Anvers 73. lib. Lions 76. Dansicke 88 Venetia soot 114. Venetia gross 71. Sienna 103. Pulia 104. Lucca 102. Bologna 95. Ferrara 101. Padova 117. Milan 103. Cremona 113. Roma 98. Genova 108. Marselia 91. Barselona 71. Valentia 96. Granado 66. Seville 75. Lixborne 92. Paris sutle 90. Paris gross 112. Brussia 78. London 78. Ancona 98. Mai●…rke 92. Sicilia settle Rot. 44. and gross R. 48. Tunes 100 Aleppo— R. 15¾. R. Ditto Silk 16¾. Tripoli Soria 19 Ditto Barbaria 67¾. Baruti 152. Alex. zera 36. 2. Alex. for fori 81. 6. Scio & Smyrna 71. Constantinople 64. Rhodes 14. 3. Acria 12. 8. Babylonia 10. 10. Balsara 5. 00½. M. Ormus 75. 10.  
As of Weights formerly compared, so do I found the brace of this place whereby all commodities are measured, and upon the 
Measures of Florence.  100 braces of Florence hath been made these observations, and to make  
The Cane is 4. braces and the 100 braces are in London 49. else Anvers 81. Frankford 102. Dansicke 67. Vienna 71. Lions 49. Paris 46. alns Roven 42. Lisbon 49. vares Seville 24. Madera 50. Venice 88 bram. Lucca 97. Milan 112. Genoa 235. pal.  
Note that all Wrought silks are here bought by the pound weight, and not by the Cane nor Brace above mentioned.  
Wine is sold by the Cogne, which are 10. bar. and 1. barrel is 40. 
Of wine.  Metadels, or 20. bottles, or fl●…sht, each boil being 2. metadels, the barrel is to weigh 120. li.  
Oil is sold by the Orcio, which is a barrel, and contains 32. metadels, 
Of 〈◊〉.  which aught to weigh 85. li.  
Graine is sold by the Moggio, and is staio 24. and the staio is 50. li. 
Of corn.   
Salt is also sold by the staio, which weighs 72. li. 
Of salt.   
The agreement of the Staio of Corn I found thus computed with other Cities. 
Agreement of dry measures of E●…nce.   
Staios 3¾. of corn in Florence is 1. sache of Venetia.  
staios 3. in Florence make 1. sache in Pisa.  
staios 2⅘. in Florence make in Plombine 1. staio.  
staios 8¾. in Florence make in Rome 1. Rotolo.  
staios 10½. in Florence makes in Palermo a general salmo.  
staios 13. in Florence makes in Misnia a gross salmo.  
staios 1½. in Florence is in Naples 1. tomolo, 16. tom. is a salm. there.  
staios 6½. in Florence is in Ancona 1. som●… of Corne.  
Mogia 1. in Florence is in Arles 10½. sesterces.  
staios 3. in Florence is in Marselia 2. mines.  
staios 60. in Florence is in Britain a ton of Corne.  
I have been the lerarg in the Weights and Measures of Florence because I shall have occasion to accord other Cities to this, andtherefore to make this the more absolute, I have added the follow wing concordancy of the dry Measures of this place with other Countries following, which I refer to the better experienced for due trial.   

CHAP. CLXI.  
Of the dry Measures of several Cities in Italy, with other Cities in the Mediterranean Seas.  
NOw for as much as I found it very difficult to accord so many Cities in the Measures of Corn, Salt, Wine, &c. 
Agreement of dry measures of sun●…ry cities of Italic, &c.  I will here add what I have collected therein, which properly may best follow the preceding agreement of the dry Measure of Florence.  
First then a Mine of Corn in Avignon is 1. staio of Pisa.  
An Anne of Lions is 8. staios of Florence, which Anne of Lions is there accounted 6. buccalls.  
A Quarter of England is 11. staios of Florence.  
A Mogio of Grain in Florence is 3. Anne's in Lions, which Mogio is accounted 10. sesterces there and the same in Provence.  
Alquiers 104. of Portugal are 40. Buccets of Lions.  
1. Muy of Orleans & 12. in 13. Ours makes 13. buccets of Lions.  
1. Tun of grain either in Picardy or Normandy, to be laden aboard their ships is 16. Mins, which are 2 〈◊〉. in Moggios, which are 24. Ours, and the 24. Mins there are 3 〈◊〉. Moggio of Florence, and 1. My of the said places is 3½. staios incirca of Florence.  
1. Tun of Corn laden in Britanny, is accounted to hold and make 60. staios of Florence.  
1. Fanega in Callais is 2 〈◊〉. staios of Florence.  
1. Salme general of Cicilia is in Portugal Alquiers 22½.  
the said Salmo of Cicilia is 11¼. staios in Florence.  
the gross Salmo of Sicilia is 17 per cent. greater than the general.  
the Salmo of Callabria is 6. tumelles of Noples.  
the Tomolo of Naples is 2. staios of Florence.  
the Carro of Apulia is 3. Moggio of Florence.  
Alquiers 4½. of Lixborne are 1. fanega in Andalusia.  
1. fanega is 2. staios of Florence and a little more, so that the staio of Florence may be accounted the fanega and alquier of Lisbon 2⅙. staio.  
1. Mogio of Florence makes in Arles 4 〈◊〉. sesterces.  
And in Marselia doth make 2. sesterces.  
The Sato of Venice comes to make 1. sack of Pisa or little less.  
the Mine of Corn of Genoa are 4½. staio of Florence.  
the Sesterces 5. of grain in Avignon, are 1 salmo of Cicilia.  
A Car of Corn in Pulia is in Callais 34½ fanega, and makes in Lisbon 145. alquiers of 36. tomolos of Naples the Car.  
The 500 Retibe of Corn in Alexandria is in Leghorne 1090. sacks.  
the staio 63 of Corn of Ferrara makes just a Carro, and this Carro makes in Constantinople 57 Caffise.  
The Retibe of Alexandria is in Leghorne 6⅕. staios.  
the Cillaa of Chavallo is 3. staios of Florence.  
1. Tun of grain in Britanny is 60. staios of Florence.  
the Caffise of Corn in Valentia in Spain is ⅔. of a general Salme of Cicilia.  
Sestiers 10½. of Arles is in Florence 1. Moggio.  
And as for the Tomolo of Naples, I found this observation in the agreement thereof:  
36 Tomolos of Na bless which is 1. Carr, hath made in Venice 22½. stai. Istria 22¾. Segnia 68¼. quart. In ●…ll Dalmatia 22¼. stai. Ragusa 19¼. Cattarro 22½. Farm Marca 9 1/10.somo. Co●…fu 14¾. moza. Candia 97. mesn. Canca 14¾. moza. Alexandria 7. rib. Tripoli Barbaria 5. Caffise and 3. jubes  Z●…rbe 5¼. caf. Milan 3. mos. Parma 45½. sta. Modena 26. Rimene 10⅚. Cesena 13. Ravenna 34. Forli 21½. Ferrara 62½. Mantova 56½. Bologna 24½. corbe. Florence 80. stai. Genoa 16 〈◊〉. my. Padova 34⅛. stai. Treviso 20⅞. Vicentia 24⅛. Verona 50 min. Bressia 12½. som. Bergamo 19 stai. Cremona 11⅜ som. Mirandola 26. stai.  
For other particulars of these Measures I have observed the same in such other place as my Collections permitted.  
As for the Exchanges of Florence, which here are found daily practised for great sums, I refer the particulars thereof to the 282. and 400. Chapters of this Tract with all the circumstances thereto belonging, and therefore hence come to Pisa the second City of Trade in Toscanie.   

CHAP. CLXII.  
Of Pisa, and the Trade thereof.  
PISA is the second City in the Dukedom of Tuscanie, seated in the entrance of the River Arnus into the 
Pisa, and the Trade thereof.  Sea which cometh down from Florence and watereth the Walls thereof.  
Hear is the Customhouse, placed by the Florentine for all goods that are landed at Leghorne, and enters into his Country, or laden in Florence, and going this way out of his Country, so that though Leghorne be free of all Customs, yet the Duke losing little thereby save what the Town itself can vent, which is but small, for it is but as a Scale and Port-town to this City, and the rest of his Territories.  
Hear is also kept his principal Courts of justice, and the Knights of Saint Stephen have here their Alberge, thereby keeping his Subj●…cts from going to Malta to be there enrolled, the Duke by these means using his best art to make this City have some splendour, which by the strict subjection of the Inhabitants the City otherwise is wholly deprived of.  
Those goodly Buildings which it vet sheweth testifies its ancient magnificency, and many things Anno 1619. I observed therein of note, though improper to the subject, which bears in many places the relics of that greatness it once had, by its command over diverse Provinces, and the Wars it maintained for a long time together against both the Venetians and Genoves; but to my business.  
The moneys, Weights, and Measures and Accounts of Florence are here only in use, and therefore shall not need to reiterate. 
Weights.   
Only the Corn measure is a Sacco, which is 3. staios of Florence.  
The Wine measure is a barill Cornuto, which is 1½. bar. Florence, so 
Measures.  that 7. bar. Cornuto is 10½. bar. in Florence, which is in Candia 45. mistate, and makes in Naples cogno 1. which is 1½. but.  
For Custom of the place, this hath been observed, that a bag 
Customs in Pisa.  of p●…pper from landing at Leghorne to the dispatch in the Customhouse here is about a crown of gold per ball, and herrings English have charges from the arrival at Leghorne until dispatched in the Custom house of Pisa 15. sold of gold the bar. of 4000 herrings; and the like for other commodities in general.  
The customs of the place is ordinary 4. cratches per liver.   

CHAP. CLXIII.  
Of Sienna, and the Trade thereof.  
THis City hath been of more note and greater consequence in times past, but falling under the command 
Sienna, and the Trade thereof.  of the Florentine, they deprived them of all their trade and ancient glory; it is an inland town, adorned with beautiful both public and privare Buildings, their great Church hath the Monuments reserved of all the Popes, and of our famous Countryman Sir john Haukwood, who did the Florentine such good and valiant service, that they have here honoured his memory with a stately Monument: here is observed to be spoken the best Tuscan Language in Italy; and further I could not note material Anno 1619.  
Accounts here and the moneys current are the same as in Florence.  
In Sienna they have two Quintals, the one of 100 li. wherewith 
Weights in Sienna.  all fine goods are weighed, being incirca 3. per cent. less than the 100 li. of Florence.  
The other is for Wools and some gross commodities, which containeth 150. li of the former 100  
The Braces and Measures agreed with Florence formerly mentioned, 
Measures in Sienna.  other notes of Trade in this Dukedom I have not met withal, therefore will pass hence to the Dukedom of Milan, and will omit the rest to Leghorne, the only Sea Port of note belonging hereunto.   

CHAP. CLXIV.  
Of the Dukedom of Milan.  
THe Dukedom of Milan being under command of the Spaniard, is rich in Nature's gifts, as esteemed 
Dukedom of Milan.  the Garden of Italy, affording plenty of Corn, Rice, Wines, Oils, Silks raw and wrought, and sundry other commodities, it hath therein also many fare Cities, the principal whereof are,  
First, Milan the principal of the whole Duchy. Secondly, Pavia. Thirdly, Alexandria de la Pallia. Fourthly, Cremona. And fithly, Como; of as many of which as is needful, I shall touch the particulars.   

CHAP. CLXV.  
Of Milan, and the Trade thereof.  
MILAN is a fare City and the greatest of Lombardy, the Castle whereof is accounted impregnable, it is 
Milan, and the Trade thereof.  very populous, and contains seven miles in circuit, it is furnished in matter of Trade with many great Merchants, or rather as I may more properly call them, Shopkeepers, abounding in many rich manufacturies of Silks, and iron for sword blades, cannons for Muskets and Pistols, &c. as silk stockings, chamlet, fustians, gold thread, and sundry other commodities here dispersed into Savoy, France, and other adjoining Countries.  
Their Accounts are kept in Milan by pounds, shillings, and d.  
Or as they call them Livers, Sol, and Deniers, 12. Deniers make a 
Accounts in Milan.  Sol, and 20. Sol a Liver, which Liver may be sterl. 12. pence, as I shall show in the Tract of Exchanges, in 280. and 410. Chapters.  
Their Coins currant in Milan are these:  
A Ducat of gold of Milan is incirca 100 Sol of that money. 
Coires in Milan.   
A Crown of gold of the Sun is worth about 96. or 98 Sol.  
A Crown of gold Italian is 5. Livers and 6. Sol Imperial.  
A Ducat of gold of Livers 5. and 18. Sol is Livers 6. Imperial.  
A Ducat Imperiall is esteemed 4. Livers.  
A Ducat of Milan, or Imperial of Livers 4 per Ducc. and so they count it in Exchange, the which they pay in Crowns of Italy at 101. Sol per Ducc.  
Note that the Crown in Milan runs in Merchandise for Sol 110. and the Ducat for the same.  
Note also that the Imperial Coins are the currant of this Country, but French, Italian, and Spanish, pass here also in Merchandise, as being placed between the two former, and subject to the last.  
The Weigh, of Milan is the Pound, and the 100 li. which is the 
Weights in Milan.  Quintall, which 100 li. is  
In Venetia sotile 108. li. Venetia gross 66. Florentia 97. Genoa 106. Lions 69. London 70.  
In Milan they have two Braces, the Cloth, and the Silk, upon the 100 Braces silk hath been made these observations, and to have 
Measures of Milan.  made  
In London 43. elles. Antwerp 72. Frankford 90. Dansicke 60. Vienna 63. Lions 44. alnes. Paris 41. Genoa 209. palm. Roven 37. aln. Lixborne 43. var. Seville 58. Madera 44. Venetia 78. brac. Lucque 86. Florence 88  
Which I refer to the experience of him that shall have occasion to make trial herein farther, and so I will proceed to Cremona; as for the Exchanges here practised I refer you to the general 
Exchanges of Milan.  Chapter thereof in the end of this Tract, videlicet 280. and 410. Chapters.   

CHAP. CLXVI.  
Of Cremona, and the Trade thereof.  
CREMONA is the second City of Trade in this 
Cremon●… and the Trade thereof.  Durchie, which endeavoureth by the industry of the Inhabitants to imitate and second Milan in her manufacturies of silk, gold thread, &c.  
Their common Weight is the Pound and the 100 
Weights.  li. which hath by trial been found to make in Venetia soot 104. l. and by the gross of Venetia 65. in 66. li. in Florence 86. li.  
Their Measure is the Brace, agreeing the same as that of Florence. 
Measures.   
Oil is sold by the Carigas, 18. thereof is 1000 li. Venetia in ●…ile cariga, 15. is accounted for a 1000 li. of Cheese in Venetia.  
Carigas 11. is accounted of Honey 8 〈◊〉 stays of Venetia.   

CHAP. CLXVII.  
Of Como, and the Trade thereof.  
COMO is made more famous by the Lake whereon it is seated, being 50. miles about, than by the trade 
Come, and the Trade thereof.  thereof, though it may well be imagined the same doth add a good furtherance thereto by the benefit and commodity thereof, and by transporting of wares to neighbouring places seated thereabouts.  
The Weight thereof is the Pound, and 100 lib. which hath been observed to produce in Venice sutle 108. and gross 67. li. which in 
Weights.  London is 72. li. haber depois, or thereabouts.  
Their Measure is a Brace accounted to be.  
Corn is sold by the Mosa, which are here 14. pesoes, and every peso 
Measures.  is 10. li. at 30. ●…un. per li. which in Venetia is 378. lib. sutle, which is 205. li. gross, so that the said 14. pesos is in Venetia 1 〈◊〉. staios; and thus have I done with the Duchy of Milan, and proceed to Mantova and the Dukedom thereof.   

CHAP. CLXVIII.  
Of Mantova, and the Trade thereof.  
MANTOVA hath some other Cities of quality 
Mantova, and the trade thereof.  subject thereto, but being debarred from the Sea, and environed with potent neighbours that hinder the commerce thereof, I will therefore reduce what I have collected note worthy to the City of Mantoa itself, which is a very fare and strong Town, environed on three parts with a Lake of good breadth, and with a strong Wall on the rest, through this Lake runneth a River that leadeth into Poe which is a famous stream in these part, and much enricheth this Country, and furthereth the Trade of this Duchy.  
The chief Commodities of this Dukedom is certain fabriques 
Commodities of Mantou●….  of silks, such as are Taffetas, Satins, Chamblets watered, and the like.  
Their Accounts are kept in Livers, Sold, and Deniers, 12. Deniers making a Sol, and 20. Sol's a Liver, 5. of which Livers maketh a Ducat 
Accounts in 〈◊〉.  of gold large 9 12. Sol making a Duccaton of Mantoa, or 115. sol of Milan which is accounted () sterl.  
They weigh in Manto●…a by a Peso, and by the 100 li. 25. li. being 
Weights in Manto●….  the P●…so, and 100 lib. the Quintall, which hath made in Venice sutle 108. li. and V●…nice gross 66 〈◊〉. lib. in Florence 98. li. and in London by observation of some 71. li. haberdepois.  
Their Measure of length is the brace, which doth agreed with the cloth brace of Venice within a small matter. 
Measures in Mantoa.   
Corn is sold by the staio, 100 whereof are in Venetia 40. staios and 1. staio weighs about 80. li. of Mantoa weight.  
In this Dukedom is also Aste, where is yearly kept a great and notable Fair for many sorts of Merchandise, where many immunities 
Aste a Fair.  are granted to Merchants, during the time that the said Fair doth continued, and is held in the beginning of September, and thus much I have observed of this Duchy.   

CHAP. CLXIX.  
Of Uibin, and the Trade thereof.  
URBIN is a fare City, seated on the bottom of the 
Urbin, and the Trade thereo●….  Apennine, where it hath for Sea Ports Pisaur●… and Fa●…, the English here do enjoy many immunities, and sundry privileges, the original whereof did arise in the Reign of Henry the sixth of England, who created the Duke of this place a Knight of the noble Order of the Garter; and he to requited the Honour to himself done, returned it thus to the said King his Subjects, it now affordeth the common commodities of other parts of Italy which it also follows in matter of trade.  
Their accounts are here kept in Livers, Sold and Denieres, 12. Deniers 
Accounts in Vrbino.  making a Soldo, and 20. Sold a Liver.  
The currant coins of this place are the Roman, and do as in most parts of these Italian Principalities partake of one another's coins, which passeth currant with some small distinction from one City to another.  
The weights is here the pound, and the Quintall being 100 lib. 
Weights.  which produceth in Venetia s●…tle 112½. and gross 72. li. and hath produced in London 77. li. haberdepois.  
Their measure of length is the Brace, the 100 Braces of Cloth in Venice rendering here 94. Braces, and the 100 Braces of Silk, rendering 
Measures in Vrbino.  here 102. in 103. Braces, which is in England () inches.   

CHAP. CLXX.  
Of Parma, and the Trade thereof.  
PARMA, the chief City of this Principality, affording 
Parma, and the Trade thereof.  the commodities common with the rest of Italy, doth over and above afford that excellent Cheese known through Europe by the name of Parmesane, it is not noted for any eminency in trade, the greatest fame that of late it obtained was by being subject to that Alexander Farnese who was Duke thereof, and made such a noise in the Netherlandss, during his regency there, to his Masters great expense, but to little purpose, for trade observe that their accounts are kept in Livers Sold and Deniers, 
Accounts in Parma.  12. Deniers to the Sold, and 20. Sold to the Liver, which is () starling.  
The Coins currant of Parma are.  
The Waight is the pound of 12. ounces, and 100 li. to a Quintall, 
Weights in Parma.  which is in England about 60. li. and in Venice sotile.  
Their Measure is the Brace, agreeing with the Brace of Florence, 
Measures in Parma.  and now to Placentia, also subject to this Principality.   

CHAP. CLXXI  
Of Placentia, and the Trade thereof.  
PLACENTIA is a commodious City for trade, and 
Placentia, and the Trade thereof.  feated properly to that end upon the River Poe, affording the ordinary commodities of Italy, but in nothing so famous as for the Fairs in Exchanges here quarterly kept, to which place all Italy, Germany and other Countries do make their Exchanges, rather for the Fatres, then for any commodities wherein they intent to have the said moneys invested, and for the moneys of the Country there is no account had therein thereof, but only of that wherein the Exchanges is made, which is called the Crown of Marcque, wherein only 
Accounts in Placentia.  Bankers and Exchangers do keep the account of this City, and of those Crowns, their accounts are framed in Crowns, Sold and Deniers of Marcque, as I have more at large treated of in several Chapters of Exchanges, vide 276. and 382. and others following, which by reason of the great concurrency I have there amply specified, and to which I refer you.  
The weight of Placentia is the pound, and 100 li. the Quintall, 
Weights in Placentia.  which a 100 li. is in Ven●…ce gross, 66. li. Venice sutle, 108. li. and by that computation in London sutle pound 72. li. incirca.  
Their measure is a Brace, which is 27. inches English, in this Principality 
Measures in Placentia.  is Mirandola accounted, of which a word passando.   

CHAP. CLXXII.  
Of Mirandola, and the Trade thereof.  
MIRANDOLA being a City also belonging to 
Mirandola, and trade thereof.  this Principality, I thought good to insert in my way what I have observed in the weights and the measures thereof.  
The weight of Mirandola is the li. 12. ounces, 
Measures.  100 li. whereof is a Quintall, and found to be haberdepoise 75. li.  
The measure is the Brace, found to be 26½. inches English, and so much for Mirandola, and now to Leghorne, therewith to finish the 
Weights.  trade and commerce of Tuscany, and of these petty Dukedoms.   

CHAP. CLXXIII.  
Of Leghorne and the Trade thereof.  
LEGHORNE is accounted the strongest modern 
Leghorne and the trade thereof.  City in the Mediterranean Seas purchased not many years past for 120000. Ducats of the Genoes', by the Dukes of Tuscanie, who re-edifying, or rather building a new City to the old, new fortified and walled the same, giving safe conduct to all men of what quality and degree soever to live here, so that at the first it was a sanctuary for all Thiefs, Pirates, Murderers and wicked Rascals, and because here was also granted a liberty in conscience; the Town was also stored with all Religions, but as the City become populous, and Merchants being granted a freedom in Customs, the place become in a short time to be filled with Inhabitants, and to add to these immunities, there were dwellings for seven years given to any that would come hither to reside, and all such should be free from all arrests or punishments for acts committed in all other Countries, of what nature soever they were found to be, and by these means at first, and since by the encouragement of the great Duke of Florence it is become one of the principal Towns of trade in all those Seas, and is properly accounted the Scale of the Florentine dominions; in matters of commerce it is ruled by Pisa and Florence, which are the principal Cities of this Duchy, and which yields the commodities that drives the traffic of this place, the principal notes that I observed at my being in this place in several Voyages, are as follows.  
Their accounts are kept in Livers, Sold and Deniers, 12. Deniers to a Soldo, and 20. Soldo accounted to a Liver, which is nine pence 
Accounts in Leghorne.  starling.  
Their moneys are those of Florence, which currant is the Ducat of 10½. julies', or of seven Livers, which is five shillings three pence 
Coins as in Florence.  starling, and a Scudo or Crown of gold, is 7½. Livers, and one Crown of gold, in gold, or as they say, de Oro. in Oro. is 8. Livers.  
Also note that 12. croches make a Liver which is 9 d.  
8. Craches make a julio, which is 6. d. sterl.  
5. Quadrius make a Crache, 60. Crache a Liver.  
3. Quadrins make a Sol.  
To bring Ducats of Florence of seven Livers the Ducat into Crowns of Gold of Florence of 7½. jul. per cro. divide by 15. and subtract the quotient from the sum divided, and the remainder is your demand.  
Again, to bring Crowns of gold of Florence of 7½. jul. into Ducat of 7. Livers, divide by 14. and the quotient added to the sum divided will answer your desire.  
There is ever found between the moneys of Florence and the money of Leghor●…, a L●…gio, which being both subject to one Prince is conceived by some that the same may be removed by Merchants, if they would endeavour it, but they that are well versed in the Trade of this place hold the contrary opinion, therefore I will omit the reasons given on both sides, and advice him that hath moneys in Florence and is resident in Leghorne to make the best use thereof, and take the benefit of the Laggio as the currant rate will permit him, till the business may be better rectified and the controversy by an equality may be decided and determined.  
The Weight is the same as in Florence, the Pound 12. ounces, and the Quintall is 100 lib. which is English 75. lib. but some commodities 
Weights in Florence.  are found to be sold by the Quintall of 150. li. which is 113. li. English, and some by a Quintall of 160. li. as fish, woolles, and which is 121. li. English, the English 112. lib. making about 147½. li. of this plac●….  
Note that 150. li. is here a Kintar of Allome, and is 113⅞. li. English.  
151. li. makes a Kintar of Sagar is 114⅔. li. English.  
16●…. li. makes a Kintar of fish, is 121⅔. li. English.  
100 lib. is a Kintar of all other commodities, and is 75 〈◊〉. li. English, and is 108. li. in Genoa.  
The Measure of this place is the brace, 4. braces making a Cane, 
Measures in Flore.  50. Canes is 200. braces, and found to be 100 Else of London, observed by some, 5. Canes to make 11. Yards English.  
Their Corn measure is a Stare, 3. stairs is a sack, and 3 〈◊〉. sacks is a salmo: or 41. stairs is a salmo, and this salmo is accounted a London quarter.  
Also they have another Measure called a Maggio, and 8. sacks or 24. stairs is a Maggio, and a stare of good corn hath been noted to weigh 50. li.  
From England is vented here bays, faies, serges, clothes, perpetuanies, led, tin, Calve-skinnes, hides, O●…tracan bides, salt, salmon, pilchards, 
English commo●… 〈◊〉 ven ted. n Leghorne.  caviar, herrings, tallow, also pepper, ginger, mace, cloves, nutmegs, indigo, and such India commodities.  
This place being the greatest Scale of Trade in Tuscanie is found hence to be sent into other parts, oils, wines silks raw and wrought, 
Commodities of Tuscanie.  rice, aniseeds, argall, and all other Italian commodities.  
All goods entering here to be sold are not liable to the payment of Custom for a year, but if kept a full year, do then pay a Custom, 
Custom in the Port o●… Legborne.  and if sale present not in that time, the Merchant may ship the same out again without any charges, but if for the advance of his commodity he sand the same into other parts of the Duchy of Florence, than the Custom is to be paid at Pisa, as is there mentioned, to which I refer the inquirer, and leaving Tuscanie I will pass over to Genoa.   

CHAP. CLXXIV.  
Of Genoa, and the Trade thereof.  
THE State of Genoa comprehends Finali, Sarasena, and Noli, Cities of small import, the Metropolis 
Genoa, and the trade thereof  Genoa being the Mistress of this Republic, being accounted eight miles in compass, and inhabited by the greatest Money-mongers or U●…urers in the World, who if they would not distrust God with their wealth by Sea, would easily become and be accounted famous Merchants; their Usury is excessive, and hath more than once brought the King of Spain into their books for vast sums of money, and he having the trick of failing in his payments, and performance, hath been observed to have satisfied them in blanco in lieu of being paid in banco, but I refer this to them that are constrained to suffer, and draw to my observations being such as I have gathered upon this City.  
This City would prove the most famous in all these Seas for Trading, were not the Inhabitants such noted Politicians, and great biters by Exchange, that no strangers can live among them, for they envy the great commerce practised in Leghorne their neighbour, and yet may exceed Leghorne, would their greedy covetousness permit them, and suffer Merchants to bring their goods thither upon small charges, but that Sovereign must not expect a plentiful Trade that will have also a great Custom paid him upon all good, and he that desires to loose the Traffic of his Country needs no other way to do it but by imposing heavy Customs upon Merchants, and their commodities, but to their better considerations I refer this point, and publish to the world their own common Proverb which admirs hardly any Merchants to live or thrive amongst them, Genoa fatta per noi, their City is only made for themselves.  
In Genoa they keep their Accounts in Livers, Sold, and Deniers 
Accounts in Genoa.  currant, the Denier being 12. to a Sol, and 20. Sol to a Liver, which is 120. Rays of Portugal, and 16. d●…sterling.  
Their currant moneys are diverse, as bordering upon so many neighbours, the most currant is the Deniers, 12. to a Soldo. 
moneys in Genoa.  

Soldoes 4. makes a Cavalet.  
Cavalets 5. or Sols 20. make a Liver, which is 16. d. ste.  
Livers 4. Sold 8. is a crown.  
Sold 7. den. 6. is a Spanish Rial of 6. d. sterling.  
Sola 90. is a crown of Gold.  
Ducat in Silver is 4. liver, 16. sol being 6. 〈◊〉. 5. d. sterl.  
Ducat currant is 4, Livers, sterling 5. s. 4. d. circa.  
Ducat of Gold is 68 Sold of Gold.  
Lyre 3. So's 1. makes a Rial of Eight.  
Lyre 4. 13. 4. of Genoa hath made 1. ducc. in Leghorne.    
Their Weight is the Pound of 12. 〈◊〉. and the Quintall is 100 li. ditto which is called the Sutle Quintar, and the Gross Quintar is 150. 
Weights in Genoa.  lib. thereof 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. lib. sutle Venice, and this Gross Quintar agrees with the Gross Weight of Venice, between which two places these notes have been observed, that 100 lib. Sutle Genoa makes Sutle in Venetia 105. li.  
100 li. gross Genoa is gross Venetia 100 li. sutle 157 〈◊〉. li.  
The said 100 lib. hath made in London 71. lib. circa and 92½. Leghorne.  
And the 150. li. their Gross Quintar is London 105. li. circa.  
And the 112. li. London hath made here 143. li.  
And by proof 100 li. in Florence hath made here 109. li.  
The Gross Quintar is 150. li. of 18. ●…ces per li. by which is sold cottons, and cotton-yarne, coming, and aniseeds, bony, rice, brass, led, tin, soap, and woolles, and some other commodities.  
Their Measure of length is the Cane containing 9 palms, which 9 palms have made 4. braces of Florence, and the measure is for silks 
Measures in Genoa.  and stuffs, but 10. palms in Linen makes a Cane, and is in Fiorence 4. braces, and the said Cane by observation hath made in Venice 3½. braces of cloth, and 3 〈◊〉. of silk braces, and upon the 100 palms have been made these observations, and to have rendered  
In London 27. yards. Anvers 34. elles. Frankford 43. Dansicke 23¾ Vienna 30●…. Lions 21. alnes. Paris 19 Roven 18. Lixborne 20¾. vares. Seville 28. Madera 21. Venice 37. bram. Lucca 41½. Florence 42. Milan 47.  
1. Cane is in Barselona 1⅗. Canes.  
9 Parmes in Genoa is in Florence 1 1/16. Canes.  
1. Cane in Genoa is in London 2⅞. yards.  
Note that it hath been observed that five Palms hath made almost an Ell English, or 25. palms 6. elles and ½. and 100 palms thus is 26¼. elles and 50. yards have made here 17. canes.  
Corn is here sold by the Mine, whereof 64. make the 100 Saches at Pisa, and 100 Mins make 137½. staios in Venetia, and the Mine 
Of corn.  pays 6½. sold for custom in Genoa, and weighs 270. lib. and half a Mine is called a Corno, the Quarter of Harwich measure hath made here 2½. Ours, but the London quarter not so much.  
Oil is sold by the barrel, 7½. barrels making a Neapolitan but, called here Botta dimena. 
Of oil.   
Wine is sold by the Meserole, and 5. Meseroles is a Botta dimena, and 2. bar. make 1. Mes●…ole which is also 100 Pints, so that 500 Pints 
Of wine.  of Wine make a Botta dimena.  
All goods entering into Genoa pays for Consolato of the River 6. deniers per liver, and is paid by the buyer, according to the price bought, if a contract be not made with the seller for the discharging of it.  
And he that lands Commodities here in his own name and cannot make sale thereof, hath had formerly leave to carry the same out again without paying any charges, but this privilege is now disannulled.  
Many silk fabriques are here made common with all Italy, the principal being Velvets, watered Chamlets, &c. sold by the pound weight, as is usual through Italy.  
This City is famous for the Exchanges here practised, as doth 
Exchanges.  more fully appear in the Chapter of the Exchanges here in use, vide Chapter 279. and so forward, where all circumstances are inserted and now to Lucca.   

CHAP. CLXXV.  
Of Lucca, and the Trade thereof.  
LUCCA is the principal City of this Republic, and is pleasantly seated on the River Serchio, in 
Lucca, and the trade thereof.  compass about 3. miles in a plain, the walls being adorned with trees, makes the City appear to the Traveller to be in a Wood, till approaching near the bulwarks, given testimony of her strength, and that these trees are planted upon the walls where the Citisenss in summer walk for shade: it doth wholly consist upon the Fabriques here made of Silk, such as is Damasces, Satins, Taffetaes', &c. which hence is vented into foreign countries, which are all sold by the pound weight, according as is accustomed in Italy, and as for other matters in trade what I observed in 1619. is thus.  
Their accounts are kept diverse ways, some in Livers, Sold and Deniers of Picholi, as in Florence, 12. Deniers to a Sol, and 20. Sol to 
Accounts in Lucca.  a Liver; some again in Crowns, Sold and Deniers of gold, of Livers 7½. per Crown, accounted by 12. and 20. as is abovesaid, but Silks are sold by so many Ducats the pound, so that to reduce Ducats into Crowns, the number of Ducats is to be multiplied by four, and divide the proceed by 71. adding what may rest with the Ducats, and they shall be Crowns of 7½. Livers.  
Note that to bring Ducats of Florence, or as they term them Piastres, of seven Livers the Ducat, into Crowns of gold of Florence, of 7½. per Crown, divide by 15. and subtract the quotient from the sum divided, and the remainder is the demand.  
Again, to bring Crowns of gold of Florence, of 7½. into Ducats, of 7. Livers divide by 14. and the quotient added to the sum divided will answer your desire.  
Again, to bring Livers of Lucca into Crowns of Lucca or Ducats of Florence, take the sum of Livers, and add as many more unto them, the product being divided by 15. then the same are Crowns of Lucca of 7½. Livers, I say, Livers for Crowns and Ducats of Florence, of 7. Livers per Ducat, for that the Crown of Lucca and ducat of Florence, re●…all one in value, but in the Liver of Lucca and in that of Florence, is some difference, because the Liver of Florence is 7½. per cent. greater then that of Lucca. Note also that 75. Bolonius make a Florence ducat of 7. Livers, and 79. Bolonins make a Lucca ducat, by which they account in sale of Silk.  
The Crown is commonly thus charactered C. The Piastre or Ducat is thus D. The Liver is thus L. The Sol is thus, and the Denier d.  
Their moneys common is that of Florence currant, called Bolonini, the Crown of gold is 7. Livers, 10. Sol in Picoli as at Florence. 
moneys in Lucca.   
The Ducatone is worth 7. Livers, and is called the Crown of silver, but the Exchanges is made by Ducatons, Solds and deniers as more fully doth appear in the 283. Chapter of Exchanges practised in this City, to which in that particular I refer you.  
They have in Lucca two weights, one of the Balance weight, whereby all goods are bought and sold, and the other whereby 
Weights in Lucca.  Merchants do pay the customs by, wherein is about 12. percen. difference. The Balance pound is 12. ounces, 100 li. whereof hath made in Lions 72½. li. the customers pound is also 12. ounces, 100 li. thereof hath rendered in Lions by trial 81. li.  
The balance 100 hath made in Florence 97. li.  
The measure of Lucca is a Brace, which is 23. inches of London, 
Measure in Lucca.  and two Braces have made an Alne of Lions, and upon this 100 Braces hath been made these observations, that it rendereth  
In 
London 50. Ells Antwerp 83 〈◊〉. Frankferd 104⅙. Dansicke 69⅙. Vienna 72½. Lion's 50⅙. alnes Paris 47½. Roven 43½. Lixborne 50. Vare Civil 67½. Vare Madera 51 〈◊〉. Vare Venetia 90. Braces Florence 102. Braces Milan 115. Braces Genoa 240⅓. Palms   
Silks have been thus sold in Lucca: 
Account of sale of silks in Lucca.   
Damasces were sold at 4. Ducats and 18. Sold the pound.  
Sa●…tine were sold at 4. Ducats and 14. Sold the pound.  
Rich Taffeta sold at 4. Ducats 16. Sold the pound.  
It is here to be noted that in Lucca there is paid ¼. more for the colours then for blacks, therefore the custom is to add for the colours that are in the parcel ¼. to the Weight reducing them all to one weight and price, as if they were all blacks; where also is to be observed, that Crimsons and Carnalions pay 10½. Livers over and above the ¼. before mentioned, but being mixed with other colours, and that either the ground or the flower (as in Damasces) be of another colour, than they pay but the half of 10. Livers besides the above mentioned ¼. or fourth in Weight.  
Moreover for the most part of those silks made here, they are generally reduced to 7. braces per li. either Saitins, double Taffetaes', or Damasks, and if they pass 7. braces, they are held advantageable to the Buyer in the Measure, if under 7. braces they are held the richer, and less advantage to the Buyer, the principal observations may be collected to lie in the richness of the colour, and the goodness of the silk.   

CHAP. CLXXVI.  
Of the Weights of Italy reduced to the Weight of London.  
HAving thus run through many particular Cities of 
Weights of Italy reduced to London.  Trade in Italy, and therewith noted the particular observations that hath come into my hands, appertaining to the Trade of those places, I judge it expedient ere I leave it, to collect herein on the Weights and Measures of these and other Cities, as I found them observed by industrious hands, and because they are there calculated to the Standard of sundry places one of another, I hold it fitting to reduce them to the English, wherefore I will take the London 100 li. sutle for the denomination which I intent here to make use of, which I have noted to make according to these observations:  
The 100 lib. of London hath made in Rome 127. li. Florence 121. of 12. ounces. Bologna 51. of 30. ounces. Milan 137. of 12. o. most used. Pavia 137. of 12. o. being 13. of the other. Cremona 58. of 28. o. for flesh. Recanti 132. Ditto gold thread 108. Verona 86. for gold thread 137. l. Bressia 177. for Veni. gold 131. Naples 115. for Veni. gold. 129. Romagna 115. for Veni. gold. 129. Savoy 132. by small weight. 188 Carpi Mirandola 141. li. incirca. Parma Plaisencia Lucca Mantova Forli Carmia Acquilla Crema Come Piedmont Raviano 127. li. Faensa Modena Riman●… Ravenna Rhagusa Candia 133. li. for gold thread. Or else 85. Rot. the 100 is a Cantar.  
The Weights thus reduced, I will also in the same method reduce the Measures of Italy to the English yard, the 100 whereof is 
Measures of Italy reduced to London.  found to answer in these places thus.  
The 100 Yards of London are in Venetia woollen 135. brac. Istria 135. Piran silk 142. Florence silk 163. for woollen 155. elles. Rome 44. canes. Ditto for woollen 140. brac. Lucca. 160. Rhogusa 160. Ferrara 142. Mantua 142. Ancona 142. Bollognia 142. Modena 142. Parato 142. Cesena 142. Carpi 142. Mirandola 142. Verona 139. Ditto cloth gold 144. Ditto cloth 115. Trevira 135. Bergamo 135. Vrbino 135. Pesaro 137. Ditto for cloth 142. Calabria 44½. canes Candia 144. pitch. Parma 145. br. Ditto for cloth 121. Ravenna 155. Corfu 155. Genes 163. Ditto for silk 384. pal. woollen at 9 pal. 82½. can. linen at 10. pal. 38⅓. Vicentia woollen 131. bram. Ditto for silk 107. Naples 145. cones Ditto for silk 44⅓. Padona cloth 135. bram. Ditto for silk 109. Milan for linen 160. Ditto for silk 188. Ravenna 149. Bressia 135. Croma 135. Recanti 135. Cremona 135. Lacaia 135. Palermo 45½. canes. Puglia for cloth 41. Ditto for silks 44. Zara 149.  
These are such as I have collected, the truth whereof I must refer to the better experienced, for I am not ignorant, that some of these agreed not with the particular recited Chapters of the Trade of the said places, yet notwithstanding, finding a reasonable ground of the said observations by other judgements, I have willingly passed them here in the same manner, which I refer to better trial.   

CHAP. CLXXVII.  
Of the Trade in general of Italy.  
NOw having run through the principal places of Traffic in Italy, in the particular, let 
The trade in general of Italy observed.  us note a word or two in the general, concerning not only the Traders, but also Navigation which is seen in many places to be means whereby Trade itself is preserved and performed.  
In Italy then not only the Gentlemen, but even the Princes entitled do profess themselves to be Merchants, without any indignity to their quality or place, which many of our Country Gentiles and Nobles (with leave may I speaked it) foolishly disdain, and only permit retailing of goods to men of the inferior sort, and Shopkeepers, but retain yet the gross ever in their own and servants hands, and by this course they are found not only to keep the Patrimonies descended to them by their ancestors, but also are daily found to increase the same, while our Gentlemen prodigal in expense, and ashamed to make honest gain, and exercise an honest calling, oftentimes not only destroy their Families, but rvine themselves and not seldom their Posterities. Among the Merchants of Italy then, the Venetians are the chief who in times passed enjoined every ship thence departing in Trade to carry one of their Gentlemen or Clarissimo who was allowed him his diet and passage, but this wisdom of their ancestors is now laid aside, and the charges thereof which is still collected, is in every such Vessel begged by some poor Clarissimo or other, so that their Traffic and Navigation is thereby much decayed, and the Mariners and most expert of their Seamen employed in their shipping are for the most part Grecians.  
The Florentine is the next, the Duke whereof is here to be remembered, who is the most eminent Merchant, and here not seldom imploies his own and others ships for Corn, Salt, or other necessary provisions for his Dukedom and his own store, thereby encouraging his Subjects to trade and adventure abroad: two principal things are observed which do much enrich the Merchants of Italy, the first is their frequent Exchanging, wherein they are the best versed in the World; the other is the Trade of their Silks, wrought by the industry of the Silkworm, which wrought into fabriques are thence dispersed throughout Europe, and some parts of Asia, but these are fetched from them by others, and not exported by themselves, partly by the over great affection that they have to their native homes, and their little desire they have to travail abroad, but principally for want of good ships of burden, for excepting some few Vessels in Venetia, Naples, and Leghorne, all the Merchants of Italy cannot show a ship of 100 tons.  
Naples is a large and rich Country, and Genoa rich, though of little extent, yet the great number of Nobility in the former, and the great usury practised in the latter hath reduced them to a neglect of all Trade, what the bosom of their Country doth naturally vent that they traffic with, and these being in themselves rich induce other Nations to bring them those few things they want, for though Italy as it now stands acknowledgeth many Sovereigns, yet one Country supplying another, stands in need of little from Foreigners, so that it may be said, while they have peace they have plenty; some provisions of fish, corn, and cloth, England doth furnish them, and in returns have only their silk fabriques, oils, and some few other commodities, so that putting aside the Trade driven thither by the English, as being of greatest consequence, the Trade of the Spaniard, French, or Dutch, is but small, and but of little moment amongst them; which in particular may be thus surveied; for Venice I have given you the anatomy of the Trade thereof, now in the wane, and almost at the last breath, save where it is preserved by their new devised Edicts, and the natural growing Corrence, and by their small Trade to Constantinople, Cairo, and Aleppo by sea, and to Austria, Dalmatia, Istria, Italy, and into the upper Germany by land: the next part of this Trade of Italy is challenged by Naples, which in itself affords rich silks, corn, oil, and wines, with which they seem to be contented, for they covet not much to traffic among themselves, nor yet with others further than for their meat, and drink, and clothing, which to the poorer sort is most wanting.  
The Papacy her share in the Trade of Italy is not worth the nomination, no more is Mantua, Urbin, and those other petty Signiories. The Tuscans rightly demand a part, and it shall be granted them, both in their Florentine fabriques, and in their privileged Town of Leghorne, but I may fear it will not last long, for the Duke's growing both rich and covetous, and daily encroaching upon those liberties, at first liberally given to strangers Merchants in Leghorne, and who every day are seen to lay some new petty duties upon the goods there, as for Genoa, were they as truly wise for the good of their Commonwealth as they are found to be to themselves, they are of ability to do better, and to have that Trade their neighbours now deprive them of. Milan likewise struggles for interest herein, and shall have it by my consent, but it shall be only in their Iron-workes, which the Cantons serve themselves with, and in their fabriques of silk which Lions doth help them to vent. Lucca may be offended in my silence, but this City's peace may further that Trade which otherwise her own or her neighbour's wars would utterly ruin, you may see then of how many parts and members this rich and pleasant Italy is composed, and how the Trade thereof stands at this instant; it enjoyeth a general peaceable and quiet inland Traffic, consisting for the most part more of branches bred within her own bowels than of foreign helps, their natural growing corn, silk, grain, and oil, induce them thereto, and the benefit practised by Exchangers induce the rich to use that Trade only and no other, wherein I will for this time leave them, and in the next place turn my head and hand to the survaying of the Netherlandss.   

CHAP. CLXXVIII.  
Of Flanders, and the Netherlandss, or the seventeen●… Provinces, and their Cities.  
I Will here for good Method sake in the first place take a view of the 17. Provinces, which are 
The seventeen Provinces and the Cities thereof.  found this day to contain 4. Dukedoms, 1. Limburge, 2. Luxenburge, 3. Gelderland, 4. Brabant; then 1. Marquisate, which is of the Holy Empire; next 7. Earldoms, which are 1. Flanders, 2. Artois, 3. Heinalt, 4. Nemurs, 5. Zutphen, 6. Holland, 7. Zealand; and lastly 5. Baronies, 1. Westfresland, 2. Virecht, 3. Overysell, 4. Machlin, and 5. Groineing, of all which briefly.  
In the Duchy of Limburge, which I accounted the first Province, is Liege or Luycke as the principal City, whose Trade I must refer 
Limburge. Liege.  to the better experienced in these Countries, and the like for the City Limburge seated on the River Weser.  
In the Duchy of Luxenburge, the chief City being Luxenburge, seated on the River of Elze, in this Country is the famous waters 
Luxenburge.  of Spa, where many sick men are found to drive a great healthful but costly Traffic: here is also Sidan, the seat of the Duke of Bullion, but of small commerce. 
Sidan.   
In the Duchy of Gelderland the chief City is Nimmegen, seated on the branch of the Rhine, called the Whael, and doth much abound 
Gue●…derland. Nimmegen.  in cattles, as affording fit pasturage thereto.  
In the Duchy of Brabant, I found noted many principal Cities, as first Levaine, the second Brussels, the third is Bergen ap Zome, the 
Brabant. Louvain. Brussels.  fourth Mastrech, the fifth Breda, in all which is found by the industry 
Mastri●…t. Breda.  of the inhabitants a reasonable traffic, but being ignorant in many necessary particulars, I will also refer it to the more learned and better experienced.  
In the Marquisate is found Antwerp, by which all the former Cities are governed in trade, which by reason of the greatness of 
Marquisate. Antw●…rpe.  the traffic in times past, was therein accounted the first and principal of the known World, wherein I shall observe according to my former method, these necessary particulars of traffic following.   

CHAP. CLXXIX.  
Of Antwerp, and the Trade thereof.  
ANTWERP is accounted the principal City of 
Antwerp, and the Trade thereof.  trade that is subject to the Archduke in all these parts, and having had the prerogative above all others in times past; neither yet to this day being so decayed but that in many particulars it giveth rule to all or the most of the Neighbouring Cities round about, which considered to abbreviate my task, I think it will not be improper that I comprehend the trade of all those Provinces that are under this government in this circuit to this particular City.  
Antwerp then being seated upon the River of Sheld, which by eight channels cut, runneth through this City, is conceived to be eight miles in compass, some of these channels being able to hold 100 great ships which made the same more commodious for the transport and carriage of wares to any part thereof. The former and ancient trade of this City was great and eminent, and occasioned as some have observed by three means, and had its decays also by three occasions. First, by reason of two free Martes holden yearly, continuing five and forty days, during which time, no man either in his person or in his goods could be arrested or molested for either debt or otherwise. Secondly, by reason that the King of Portugal having discovered the East Indies in Anno 1500 and diverted the course of trade driven by the Venetions from Alexandria, and the Read Sea to his Port of Lixborne, kept here his factors and sent hither those Indian commodities to seek their vent, and this first drew the English Merchant Adventurers from Bridges hither to reside. The third was the Wars that fell between the French and Charles the fifth, which brought hither many Gentlemen from villages and petty towns for safety sake here to reside and build. Now as the causes of her rising have been noted to be three, so the causes of the loss of that trade may be reduced also to three.  
First, the Wars here, and in general in these Provinces between the Spaniard, and the Dutch Nation, wherein this City suffered pilledging, and endured the command of new Laws.  
Secondly, the abrogation of part of those Privileges that were granted here to the English Merchant Adventurers and others, and the new and great customs imposed upon their goods and Merchandise.  
Thirdly, the Navigation of the English and Dutch to the East Indies, whereby the Portugal factors decreasing thereby, and the Cities of London, in England, and Amsterdam in Holland increasing thereby, were also sharers in the India trade and commodities, leaving by this means this City bore and to subsist upon the traffic of her own inhabitants, in that nature as now the same is found to be.  
Their Accounts are here kept by Livers, Sol and Deniers, which they term Pounds, Shillings and Pennies of grosses, 12. grosses making a 
Accounts in Antwerp.  Sold, and 20. Sold a Liver or pound Flemish, which may be accounted 12. shillings starlin, or by their computation 240. grosses, by which species they do make their Exchanges with all other Cities.  
The currant moneys here and in general through all the Arch Duke's countries are, besides the Spanish and Imperial these currant 
Coins in Antwerp.  are Doights, four makes a Stiver, and ten Stivers is a shilling starlin, two Blanks makes a Stiver and half.  
Stivers 6. makes a shilling Flemish.  
Stivers, 20. makes a Guilder, which is three shillings four pence Flemish.  
Shillings, 20. makes a pound, which is 6. Guilderns.  
Pound, 100 Flemish makes 60. Pound English, so that 20. Stivers is or may be computed for two shillings starlin, and one pound Flemish for 12. shillings starlin, and then 20. shillings starlin is 33. shillings 4. pence Flemish.  
The Weight of this Country is the pound of 16. ounces, and the 100 lib. of that pound which is their Quintar, which rendereth in 
Weights in Antwerp.  London 104. li. and thereupon it comes as some imagine, that upon Spices the tret of 4. li. upon 104. li. was allowed here to the buyer, for the English being supplied hence in those days with their spices, found the 100 lib. there to given here in the City of London 104. li. made that allowance here willingly, as desiring the 100 li. there, would yield them a neat 100 li. here and take the same by the factory without further allowance or garble, which was not then 
The conceived originall●… our treat in London.  in use.  
Many observations have been made upon the weight and measure of this City, which being reduced into a general table by Master Malines, and the same being there accorded with all the principal Cities in the World, I will refer you thereunto for larger satisfaction, and content myself according to my method to insert the same as I found it, with some other particular places, because I have found some errors in the said concordance.  
The Weight then in use in Antwerp being the 100 li. neat, hath 
Weights of Antwerp compared with that of other places.  been observed to have rendered thus,  
In London 104 li. Marselia 115¼. Venice soot 155. Ditto gross 97¾. Sicilia 68 Lixborne 84½. Florence 132½. Lions 110. Sivil 101 7/2. Dansicke 120. O●…mus 108. Rot. Aleppo common 22. 8. R. Ditto silk weight 24. 0. R. Tripoli Soria 27. 2. R. Tripoli Barbaria 97. R. Baruti 21. 9 R. Alexandria Zeroi 51. 9 R. Alexandria Forsia 116. 5. R. Constantinople 92. R. Rhodes 20. 1. R. 〈◊〉 18. 1. R. Babylon 15. 6. R.  
And what other enlargements is here wanting, I willingly omit, and refer the same to Lex Mercatoria.  
Now in the same manner it will be needful I do calculate the 
Measures of Antwerp compared with tho●…e 〈◊〉 other Countries.  Measures of Antwerp, which is the Ell, which also by observation hath made in these places.  
Acria 115. pico. Aleppo 108. pico. Argtere 136 covad. Allexandria 124. pico. Amsterdam 101. else. Barselona 43. canes. Bridge's 98⅔. else. Candia 108. pico. Castille 78. vares. Constantinople 113. pico. Corfu 116. braces. Damascus 111. pico. Dansicke 122. else. Florence Cloth 116. else. Ditto for silk 102½. braces. Genoa 122. braces. Hamburgh 122. else. Holland 103½. else. Lixborne long 63. vares. London for linen 60. else. Ditto for Woollen 75. yards. Ditto for Frises 59 goads. Lucca 120. braces. Milan for Silk 141. braces. Naples for Silk 33½. can. Paris 59 alns. Roven 58. alns. Sivil 83½. vares. Venice for Woollen 101⅔. braces. Ditto for Silk 101⅔. braces. Valentia 73. canes. Urbin 101. braces.  
Note that this is for the common measure of Antwerp, besides which they use another Elle for silk, and these Els make of that but 98½. Ells. The other measure of sundry commodities here in use are these.  
Beer is sold in Antwerp by the Barrel, which is accounted throughout Flanders and Brabant to be 54. stoops, the 81. whereof 
Of beer.  is in Dansicke a fat, and contains there 180. stoops; but 50. stoops of Antwerp make the barrel of Lubeck, and the English gallon of beer is 2. stoops of Flanders and 1⅔. stoops of Amsterdam.  
Corn is here sold by a measure called the Vertule, and 37½. Vertules is a Last of Corn in Amsterdam and 10¼. quarters in London, vide 
Of corn.  there further.  
Wine is sold by the Am, the stoop and the Butt, and is found thus to accord together; 1. Am is 50. stoops, and one stoop is six 
Of wine.  pound, and a Butt is 152. stoops; so that by this rule 6. Ames which is 300. stoops, or 1800. li. is in London 252. gallons, so that the Am is by this calculation found to be 42. gallons, and the stoop is about 3⅓. quarts of London Wine measure, or as some account it about 7. pints, vide London for more certainty.  
The Exchanges practised in this place are great, and for very great sums of money, especially when as the King of Spain hath any 
Exchange of Antwerp.  general disbursements in this Country, by reason of his continual Armies here in action maintained against the Dutch, the particulars whereof I have inserted in the end of this tract, in the Chapter 289. and in the Chapter 435. and some others following, where I have at large declared the practice and use among the Merchants of that place, in the calculation thereof, whereto I refer the inquisitive.  
As for the general present trade of this Country I shall comprise it with the trade of the Netherlandss, in the 181. Chapter following.  
The first Earldom accounted one of the seventeen Provinces is Flanders, so called peradventure, à flando, as lying open to the Winds, divided into Imperialem Galicam, and Te●…tonicam.  
The chief Cities of Trade therein is first Gaunt, whose Wall is 
Gaunt.  seven miles in compass, the two Rivers of Sheld and Leye running through the same, and makes in it 26. Islands, which are joined together by an hundred Bridges, and had not her often seditions ruinated her beauties, she might have been Queen of all the Cities of Europe, and here john Duke of Lancaster was borne, commonly in Histories called john of Gaunt.  
The second City is Bridges, once the most famous Mart Town of Europe, where sundry Nations for many years kept both their 
Bridges.  Magazine's and Factors, for the sale and providing of all the principal commodities of the World, now much decayed of its former splendour by reason of the removal of the English Merchant ventures, and of other Nations to Antwerp, about the year 1503. it is seated about three leagues from the Sea upon a fare and deep artificial channel, filled with the waters of all the neighbouring and adjoining streams and fountains, which channels in this Country are very frequent by reason of the level of the ground in general, which doth both further the Traffic of the Cities and enricheth the Inhabitants.  
There is in this Country accounted four principal Seaports, which giveth entrance by Sea into this part of Flanders.  
The first is Dunkirk, the Inhabitants whereof do in times of 
Dunkirk.  War infested the Seas by the name of Freebooters, and because most of their Wars is with the Dutch, whom they accounted Heretics, the jesuites and other the Romish religious rabblement of this place, join with these Pirates, and bestow thus the charity of the ignorant Secular towards the rvine and rapine of their fellow Countrymen and Christians, an evident testimony of the goodness and zeal of their devout Orders.  
The second is Scluse, seated at the mouth of the channel of Bridges, 
Scluse.  commanding a fare Haven capable of 500 Sail of good ships, and is now subject to the States, and was taken from the Archduke Anno Dom. 1604. with whose welfare it cannot stand to suffer the King of Spain to enjoy any safe and large Harbour in those Seas; or adjoining Coasts.  
The third Port is Newport, famoused in these our days by the 
Newport.  great Battle fought near it Anno Dom. 1600 between the Archduke Albertus and the States, the Victory being acknowledged to be gotten next under God, by the valour and courage of the English and their valiant Commanders.  
The fourth Seaport of this Country is Ostend, which held out a siege against the Archduke of three years and three months, 
Ostend.  which hath made it for ever famous to Posterity.  
In this Country of Flanders, properly belonging to the French, and whose language is therein still used, is found the Cities of Lisle, accounted the third Town of Traffic in all the Netherlandss, 
Lisle.  and to the Inhabitants thereof, some infer the first invention of laying of colours with oil, of making of Worsted Says, and many other Stuffs, which to this day is seen to come thence.  
Next is Douai an University.  
Than Torney, which was surprised and taken by our Henry the 8. Anno Dom. 1513. to whom the Citizens paid 100000. crowns 
Torney.  for their ransom, and it was restored afterward to the French for the same 600000. crowns, and from him finally taken by Charles the Fifth.  
Besides these there are accounted in Flanders 35. Towns, and 1178. Villages of lesser note, which I willingly pass over briefly, as intending to comprehend the trade thereof in a Chapter by itself.  
The second Earldom is Artois, containing twelve Towns of consequence, and 750. Villages, the chief whereof is, 
Artois.   
The Town of Arrasse, whence our Tapestry and clothes of Arras have had their invention and first original.  
Than Saint Paul, the Earl thereof Lewis of Luxenburge played 
S. Paul  so often fast and lose with Lewis the Eleventh of France, with Edward the fourth of England, and with Charles of Burgundy, that he kept them for many years at continual strife, which Duke Charles at length requited with the loss of his head and Earldom.  
The next Earldom is Henalt, comprehending 950. Villages, and 
Henalte.  24. Towns of note.  
The most eminent being Camberay, taken by the Spaniards from 
Cambray.  the French by the Earl of Fuentes Anno 1595. accounted a free Town. Than Mons.  
The next is Bevais, at a Pillar whereof begin all the ways leading into France, made all of paved stone by Brunhault the French 
Bevais.  Queen.  
The next Earldom is Namurce, containing 180. Villages, and but 4. Towns of note. 
Namurce.   
Namurce is the principal, this Country hath for Merchandise great store of Grain of all sorts, and is enriched with Ours of jasper, and all sorts of Marble, and so abundant in Iron that it is incredible, making the Inhabitants thereby both wealth and laborious, and it is found moreover to produce a coal wonderful in Nature, as kindled by water, and quenched by oil.  
Zutphen is the next Earldom, being only a Town seated on the River Issell, of good strength, taken from the Spaniard Anno Dom. 
Zutphen.  1590. at the Siege whereof was slain that Honourable Knight Sir Philip Sidney, of whom was said,  

Dignae legi scribis, facis, & dignissima scribi:  
Scripta probant doctum te tua, facta probum.   

Thou writ'st things worthy reading, and didst do  
Things that are even most worthy writing too,  
Thy works thy learning praise,  
Thy deeds thy goodness raise.   
The next Earldom is Holland, in circuit 180. miles, no part of 
Holland.  which is distant from the Seas three hours' journey, and comprehendeth 400. Villages, and 23. Towns.  
The chief whereof is Dort, where Anno 1618. was held a National 
Dort.  Synod against the Arminians.  
Secondly Harlem, where Printing was invented. 
Harlem.   
Thirdly Leiden, an University consisting of 41. Islands, to which there is passage, partly by boats, but principally by 40. wooden Bridges, and by 110. of stone, the rarity whereof being the first City of consequence I noted in these parts Anno 1625. I could not choose then but a●…mire, and here in this Town is a Castle said to be built by Hengist the Saxon at his return out of England, if their stories may be credited.  
The next Town is Delft, a place of residence for the Merchant Adventerers of England, where I was Anno 1625. admitted into that 
Delft.  Society whose w●…lfare I am bound to desire, and whose prosperity I wish may still increase: and though these Citizens have since upon some discontent enforced them to remove to Rotterdam, yet considering the Town is composed altogether of Brewers, and that men so qualified are subject to forget themselves, it may be imagined they have since slept upon it, and would peradventure regain their companies at a greater charge than can by any but by their wisdoms be imagined.  
The next is Alkmer, famous for the defeat which the Duke of 
Alkmer.  Alva received before it, to his great loss of reputation, and to this City's honour.  
The next is Rotterdam, famous in giving life to Erasmus, and noted 
Rotterdam.  for lovers of the English Traffic, in giving lately free and worthy privileges to the Merchant Adventerers of England, who from Delft lately removed hither to reside, to the future prejudice of those Brewers.  
Lastly Amsterdam, as the now honour of all these Countries for matter of Commerce and Traffic, who hath raised itself to 
Amsterdam.  that height of Trade by the industry, policy, and wealth of the Inhabitants, that 1000 sail of ships have been seen at one Tide to go in and out, and as one of their own hath it.  

Quod Tagus atque Hamus vehit & Pactolus, in 〈◊〉  
Vere, bunc, congestum, dixeru esse ●…ocum.   

What Tagus, Hemus, and Pactolus bear,  
You would conjecture to be heaped up here.   
Now for the manner and matter of their Traffic, I shall note the same such as I have observed it at my there residency in 1625. above mentioned.   

CHAP. CLXXX.  
Of Amsterdam, and the Trade thereof.  
AMSTERDAM is now by the late addition of the New to the Old a fare City, strong and beautiful, 
Amsterdam, and the Trade thereof.  the River Tay flowing like a large and calm sea on the North side thereof, and the River Amster of which and the word Damn this City is named, running from the South through three Lakes entereth this City, and passing through it, falleth into the River Tay on the North side.  
This Town doth consist of 5. principal Streets, through which the water doth run, and are divided therewith, in which ships, barges, and boats, of all kinds are found both to come and go continually, either to lad or unlade, which is not only beneficial to the Inhabitants, but also commodious and beautiful.  
The Trade of this City is much enlarged since the passage of Antwerp was stopped, and the Trade of the Inhabitants to the East and West Indies, occasioned by their industry, their love to Navigation, and not the lest by a great plenty of moneys which they deliver out at easy rates at interest as wanting land, or other means to put out the same to better benefit, nothing being left them but Commerce and Navigation to employ the same, and of late days England, and other neighbouring Countries are found to have their estate going at interest according to the custom of the place, which is 8. per cent. whereas in their own Countries 4. and 5. per cent. is as much as the same will yield them.  
But for the Coins, Weights, and Measures, as I observed them, I shall here insert, and refer the rest to the better experienced.  
They keep their Account as in Antwerp, by which all these parts 
Accounts in Amsterdam.  were regulated in former time for what concerned Traffic.  
Their moneys have also a correspondency with Antwerp coins, 
moneys of Amsterdam and all the Netherlandss.  but inhansed or debased as they see occasion by reason of their great yearly disbursements, and ordinarily the same is found to be as in the Account of Antwerp, so as that their Liver or Pound, which is twenty shillings Flemish, may be accounted twelve shillings sterling.  
Florins 6. makes that Pound of 20. stivers per florin  
Stivers 120. m●…kes a Pound of Gross.  
6 stivers a Flemish shilling.  
Stivers 5. is accounted as much as 6. d. sterl. or 5. sold turnois.  
Stiver 1. ●…s a sold turnois.  
A G●…osse is 6. deniers turnois.  
Catolus gulden is 20. stivers, 2. shillings sterling, or 20. sols turnois.  
Besides these as the currant moneys of the Country, All Coins of Europe do pass here currently for their value, and are received and paid in payments for Merchandise accordingly.  
Their Weight is the Pound, 100 whereof makes their Quintall, 
Weights of Amsterdam.  which 100 or Quintar is held in London to be incirca 111. English, yet some allege that the same truly calculated will not produce above 108. li. sutle, and for the concordancy see further.  
Their Measures is the Ell, which reduced to Yards English is 
Measures in Amsterdam.  found to be 134. Else for 100 Yards of London, and the 100 Else of London are here 167½. Else, so that the 100 Else here makes in London about 74. Yards, or 60½. Else incirca, and 40. Flemish Else make in England 24. Else.  
In the Exchanges this place is governed by Antwerp, rising and falling according to their p●…esent occasions and the value currant 
Exchanges in Amsterdam.  of their moneys, which is often inhansed, and debased, it being very frequently observed in this City and the rest subject to the Netherlandss or to the United Provinces, that when they have occasions of great Receipts, they are decried in value, and raised again where they have occasions by their Wars, or otherwise of great disbursement, according to which diversity of need full occasions, the Exchange of the place is observed to altar, therefore therein cannot be prescribed any direct Rules, though for the most part it is found by common difference to be about 3. per cent. worse than the Exchanges practised in Antwerp.  
Now for the 100 lib. Weight here in use, I found the same thus by observation of some friends to answer and agreed with these 
Weights of Amst●…dam with other Cities.  places, as  
In Antwerp 107. li. Conixburgh 132. Constantinople 93. Rot. Coppenhagen 102. lib: Dansicke 126. Flanders in general 117. Florence 133. Hamburgh 102. London 110. Lion's ordinary 118. Mantua 155. Marselia 119. Melvin 131. Milan of 12. ounc. 151. Stokholme 127. Venice sutle 167. Venice gross 103. Vienna 90. Naples 128. Norinburge 99 Paris 98. Portugal 113. Prague 93. Ragusa 140. Revell 126. Roven by Viconte 97. Rotchell small 118. Rome 139. Sa●…tomer 117. Saragosa 119. Seville small weight 113. Sicilia 12. ounc. 161. Stralsont 98. Tholouse 118. Verona 95. Urbin 144.  
And thus much shall serve for the concordancy of the Weights here practised.  
The Measure of length here in use is ●…n Ell, which thus is found 
Measures of Amsterdam with other Cities.  to make with other places, I say the 100 Else doth yield  
In Aleppo 106. pico Argiere 135. covad. Allexandria 122. pico. Antwerp 99 elles. Conixburge 123. Constantinople 111½. pico. Florence for silk 101. brac. Genoa 120. brac. Grenado 82. vares. Hamburgh 121. elles. Lixborne short 82. vares. Rome 33. c●…es. Valentia 72. can. London 59 elles. Ditto woollen 73½ yards. Lion's linen 59 alnes. Marselia woollen 33. can. Middleburgh 99 elles. Milan linen 118. bram. Norinburgh 118. elles. Paris 58. alns. Prague cloth 109. elles. Rh●…gusa 118. bram. Roven 57 alns. Seville 82. vares. Stokholme 123. elles.  
Besides these Measures of length, the concave Measures are in use.  
Corn is here sold by the Laste, which contains 24. small barrels, each barrel 1½. Muydens or Muys, each Muyden contains 1 〈◊〉. sacks, each sack being three archetelings, which is 3 〈◊〉. shepels, so that the laste of corn contains 108. shepels, and this laste is observed to make  
Antwerp 37 〈◊〉. vertules. Bordeaux 38. boisea●…x. Bridge's 17½ boots. Cyprus 40. medinos. Embden 55. werps. Hamburgh 83. shepels. Lixborne 225. alquiers. London 10. quarters.  
In Pulia 36. timans. Rhegi●… 42. loops. Roven 40. mines. Rotchell 128. boisea●…x. Rotterdam 87. archetelins. Seville 54. henegas. Sicilia 38. medinos. Venice 32. stairs. Sweden 23. measures. Copenbaven 23. barrels.  
For the Measures of Wine, Oil, Beer, and other liquid commodities, I refer you to Malines and others better experienced therein, and proceed forward to the description of the remainder of the United Provinces.  
Zealand is the next and last Earldom of the seventeen Provinces, consisting of seven Islands, the remainder of 15. which the seas 
Zealand.  are said to have devoured.  
The chiefest Cities of these seven are these.  
First Middleburgh, which from nothing grew great by the residence of the English Merchant Adventerers, and now by their removal 
Middleburgh.  hence is now almost come to nothing again; by this City and Stoade, and many other places may easily be discerned the benefit that a Trade brings to a City or country, therefore my prayers shall ever be, that London may never lose that great reputation it hath gained by commerce throughout the World.  
The next City is Flushing, famous in that it was the first that the Low-country men got from the Spaniard, and being cautionary to 
Flushing.  the English, Sir Philip Sidney was the first Governor thereof.  
Than Brill, Tergouse, Brever-haven, to all which my curiosity led me in 1625. in that my Northern Voyage.  
Westfrisland is the first Barony, and accounted one of the seventeen Provinces, wherein is found for principal Towns Lewardin. 
Well friesland.   
Next, Harlingham, than Zeutsen, and some other Seaports.  
Utrecht is the next Barony, containing therein the Towns of 
Utreicht.  Rhenen, Wicket, Amsford, Montfort, and Vtrecth the principal City, and a pleasant bishopric, it is accounted the most excellent seat in all these Countries, whereto are found many Ferries for passages, for it is said, that a man may easily go hence in one day to any one of 59 walled Towns equally distant from this City, or to any of 26. Towns to dinner, and return again at night to bed, which is both strange and true.  
Overissell is the next, from whence comes our Linens bearing 
Oversell.  this name, the chief Cities are Swall, Campen, and Daventer.  
Mailin is the next, famous in her famous Nunnery, where are 
Mailin.  sometimes found 1600 Nuns, who may at their pleasure leave the Cloister and mary, as indeed it is fittest for them.  
The last Province is Groineing, the chief Towns being that of 
Gro●…neing.  Old-haven and Keykirke, and these be all the principal Cities of Traffic in the said seventeen Provinces.  
Now for the abbreviating of my Work, I have comprised in short the Weight, Measures, and Trade of this populous and rich Country thus according to my intended Method.  
The particular Weights and Measures of the chief Cities of these 
Weights in general of the Netherlandss reduced to the 100 li. in London.  seventeen Provinces for brevity sake I have thought good here by themselves to reduce to the Weight and Measures of London.  
And first for the 100 li. haberdepois of England what it produceth in these Cities.  
In Bridges 98. lib. Gante 104. Audmarte 106. Amsterdam 90. Ypres 104. Dixmude 104. Lislle or Lile 106. Flanders in general 106. Abevile 90. Alder 87. Louvain 96. Malmes 95. Halste 104. Poppering 104. Douai 106. Holland 95. Torney 104. St. Maur 106. Guelderland 95. Zealand 95. Walsond 95. Arschot 96. Barow ap some 94. Brussels 96. Cortericke 106. Hartegen bosh 96.  
The reduction of their Measures to the English 100 yards is thus 
Measures in general of the Netherlandss reduced to the 100 yards of London.  found to accord therewith, as the 100 yards in London make  
In Bridges 126. elles. Dunkirk 135. Gante 130. Honsooten 135. Andemarte 130. Ysingham 130. Bolduc 135. Da●…e 130. Brussels 135. Ypres 130. Louvain 135. Sluse 130. Liege 153. Mastricht 139. Covin 93. Lisle or Lile 125. Cambray 125. Amsterdam 134. Douai 125. Harlem 125. He●…t 126. G●…lderland 139. Oversels 139. Middleburgh 135. Flushing 138. Vere 125. Romerswald 132. Artois in general 131. Tourney 144. Holland in general 138.   

CHAP. CLXXXI.  
Of the trade ingenerall of Flanders, and of the Netherlandss.  
NOW let us consider the general Trade and Navigation of Flanders, I mean first that part 
Of the trade ingenerall of the Netherlanders and Flanders.  thereof as is subject to the States, and called the Netherlandss, and then the trade of Flanders, as at this day it is observed and found in obedience to the Archduke. First then, these Netherlanders, or 〈◊〉, are of late years become notable Mariners, and have undertaken, and fortunately achieved many dangerous and long Navigations; every particular City having both many and great ships belonging thereunto: and in some places, where houses are dear and scarce, I have seen whole families live in Lighters, and such Vessels, wherein they eat, drink, and sleep, and have their continual habitation, their children, like Water-r●…s, seen continually dabbling in the water, of which element, for the most part, their country is subsistent. They are accounted better for Northern designs and voyages, by reason of their Countries cold situation, than for Southern, yet their late 〈◊〉 the East and West Indies, and their good successes there demonstrate they can also accommodate themselves to the hotter climates.  
Their trade is generally throughout the world in imitation of their neighbours the English Nation, whose steps for many years they have followed, only in Turkey they have but small traffic, by reason their country wants those commodities that are fit and proper for that Empire, such as Clotheses, Lead, Tin, the main Staple of the English trade thither.  
As for their judgement in traffic, it is singular, by reason their want of many necessities both for back and belly, enforceth them to pay nearer into Co●… than other nations that live in a more fruitful and fertile country; and the easy rates that Money is to be found at interest, addeth some help to their inventions: they were few years passed accounted of a heavy and du●…er ●…mper; but the Italians who in foreseeing wisdom and providence, would be throughout the world accounted for Pro●…, were by them made 〈◊〉, as wise after the deed too late repenting. For when they come first to 〈◊〉 their trade in Flanders, they took young youths of that nation to be their Cashiers, and to copy their letters, whereby they come to learn the secrets of their trade, and afterwards to the Italians great prejudice, exercised it themselves, and not contented therewith, as it were thus depriving them of the trade of Flanders, but they followed them into Italy, and there living as sparingly as they, and dispersing themselves into sundry Provinces, and principal towns, have given a great blow to their great traffic in Italy; and that which adds much to their knowledge and gain is, that they covet still to buy all commodities at the Well head (as Merchants say) and where that commodity hath its first original, and where the same is cheapest, and then transport them not so much to their own homes, as elsewhere where the same is dearest, and not shaming to retail any commodity by small parts & parcels, which both English Merchants and Italians disdain to do in any country whatsoever; by which means they are come now to that height, that though by nature they want all things, yet by industry and Marchandising, they not only supply their own defects, but also many of their neighbour's wants and necessities, as I could instance in sundry particulars. Neither must I omit one custom here used, and not found I think elsewhere in the world, that whilst the Husband sport's idly at home, their Women are ofttimes seen to be the Merchants, and in some Provinces here sail from City to City, to compass their affairs abroad, as they for the most part are found to manage it at home: for in their shops they cell all; and take account of all, and it is no reproach to the men to be never enquired after about these businesses of trade, who take moneys of their wives for daily expense, and gladly so pass their time over in idleness. Now forasmuch as Bridges hath been the City where in times past this great traffic was cohabitant, it will not be amiss a little to look back upon it and those times, and see the glory of it in its lustre then, and the decay thereof in its rvine now.  
It is recorded by jacobus Marchantius, that L●…dovicus Crassus in 
The ancient staple of Bridges.  Anno 1323. granted a Staple to Bridges, which his son Mal●…us confirmed: which Staple was a privilege of staying all foreign commodities in the place, except the seller and bringer chose rather to return whence they come. This City hath an eminent market place, with a public house for the meeting of all Merchants at 
The original of Burses, of places of meeting for Merchants, which in England is now termed the Exchange.  noon and evening: which house was called the Burse, of the houses of the extinct family Bursa, hearing three purses for 〈◊〉 arms, engraven upon their houses, from whence these meeting places to this day are called Burses in many countries, which in London we know by the name of the Royal Exchange, and of Britain's Burse. Fifteen Nations in the height of this trade, had each their several houses or colleges here, namely, the Merchants of England, Scotland, France, Castilia, Portugal, Arragon, Navarre, Catalonia, Biscaia, the Hans Cities of Germany, as Lubeck, Hamburg, Rostock, Dantsicke, Riga, Revel, and diverse others Cities. Than the Merchants of Venetia, Florence, Genoa, Lucca, Milan, and others.  
Now then, these Nations having by this means each here a residence, supplied this City of Bridges with the particular commodities of their countries, as first, the Italians they brought Chamblets, Grograins, thread of Silk, Silver and Gold, and Clotheses made thereof, also jewels, Wines of Candia, Allome, Brimstone, Oils, Spices and Drugs of all sorts, which they had by their trade of Egypt, India, Arabia and Grecia. 2. The French brought Salt, Wines, White and Read, Paper, Linens, and some Oils. 3. The English Wool, Lead, Tin, Beer, and some Woollen clotheses, for veils for women used in those days. 4. The Scots brought Skins of Sheep, and Coneys, and such like. 5. The Spaniards and Portugals brought Grain for Scarlet Die, Gold, Silver, Raw Silk, some Drugs and Spices. 6. The Germans, Danes and Pollackes brought Honey, Wax Corn, Salt-petre, Wools, Glass Furs, Quick silver Rhenish wines, Timber for building, and the like. And 7. Flanders yielded to these, Horses, Cattles Butter, Cheese, Herrings, and other Sea-fish, Woollen and Linen Clotheses, Tapestry of great beauty and variety, excellent Pictures, and other Manufactaries. And by this great concourse of Nations, Flanders gave the name to all the Netherlandss. To increase yet this trade, Burdges in Anno 1414. got a privilege, that they who were free of that city by gift, buying, birth, or marriage, should be free from all confiscation of their goods, which exceedeth the privileges of any other City in the Netherlandss: for those of Ipre having the like, yet lose it upon any force offered to the Prince. This trade thus continued till the year 1485. when as it began to decay, partly by the narrowness and unsaftie of the Port of Sluice, and the River leading from thence to Bridges; and partly by the fame of the large and commodious River Scaldis at Antwerp, and partly by the Civil wars then afoot in this country: First than the Portugal having taken Calicut in the East Indies, carried the Spices of India to the Fairs of Antwerp in anno 1503. and contracting with that City, drew the Fuggero and Welfarts, two potent German families of Merchants thither. After which the Merchants of Florence, Lucca, and the Spindas of Genoa seated themselves there, as also the Merchant Adventurers of England in anno 1516. and many of other Nations were invited thither by the privilege of marriage dowries, which become shadows to many frauds: for when husbands either brake in their life time, or be found Bankrupt in death, the wives are preferred to all debtors in the recovery of their dowry. And thus fare he sheweth the rising and falling of the trade of Burges, and how it come to be removed and settled in Antwerp; and how since also it hath been lost and departed thence, I have showed in another place: and this is as much as I have thought good to insert of the trade in general of Netherlands, concluding, that though the country be of small extent, and be barren of rich commodities either to preserve or maintain a trade, yet the industry of the inhabitants hath made them potent, wealth, and great Merchants, and now at this day they traffic to all parts of the habitable world, with the commodities of other countries, which by their endeavours and pains they make and purchase to be as if naturally and really the same were their own.  
Now for the general trade of Flanders, so fare forth as it is in obedience to the Archduke, or more properly to the Kings of Spain, it must be granted, that it holds not any equality at this day with that part in subjection to the States. Antwerp as the principal City of which the Flemings did, and might justly boast, is now, as then, the chiefest; but the former splendour is now and long ago lost: for it had the pre-eminence, and was one of the chief Cities of traffic in the world; but is now only the chief of this jurisdiction. What it could formerly herein challenge, it hath now lost: for if the trade thereof be well observed, it will be discerned, it looks not so high by many millions as it then did, the Merchants the inhabitants partake of one of the qualities of the Spaniard Merchant, which they have since their reduction to that Sceptre, learned thence, and this is never or very seldom to traffic or adventure their estates into any other Prince's dominions, but where their Lord is Sovereign. Which rule found here, as in all Spain for the most part true, and granted, it must be confessed their trade cannot possibly be of any great consequence: for such is the nature of a free and uncontrolled Commerce, that no Country or Nation how remote or distant soever, can given limit or bound thereto. Whereupon it may be inferred, and as by proof at this day it is found observable, their general traffic is small, and consisteth more by a laborious industry of the inhabitants at home, than by their great adventures by sea abroad, their greatest navigations extending but to Spain, and in some second adventures thence to India, and that for no great matter, and otherwise they trouble not, neither the East nor West, neither the North nor the South parts of the World, not nor hardly as fare as into France, England, or into Netherlands, the nearest neighbours (when at amity) for any great matter of moment.  
The principal means whereby their small traffic is now maintained to them, is by their several sorts of cunning and artificial Fabrics and Manufactaries, which every town of any note is notable for, such as are Hang of Arasse, Tapestry, some sorts of stuffs of Silk, and of Woollen and Linen, and in exchanges to purchase which, the English, French, and other the neighbouring Nations bring them Woollen Clotheses, Wines, and some other needful provisions which they want, to supply their occasions, and the necessities of those Armies as are for the most part seen to be fed, maintained and clothed in this Country. Dunkirk their only and best Seaport, affords some shipping, but so poorly set on work by way of Merchandising, that they found their best traffic to consist of thievery and boothalling against both their friends, and their enemies the Netherlanders, which yet they are so far unable really to set out ●…o anycompetencie of strength, that the jesuites and other the devoter Orders of Friars, are oftentimes induced to set their helping hand thereto, this way oftentimes spending in uncharitable actions and bloodshed, the charitable alms of the poor and deluded multitude: and how well this trade hath thriven with these irreligious Ecclesiastical Orders, their great late losses by their own reports sufficiently witness to the world.  
So leaving the Antwerpians to endeavour the regaining of their lost traffic, and the Dunkirk Freebooters, and their holy partners to the recovery of their late damage by some more honest Commerce, I will here leave Flanders, and hence travel further into this continent, and surveyed the particular trade of the famous Empire of Germany.   

CHAP. CLXXXII.  
Of Germany and the provinces thereof.  
HAVING briefly run through Flanders, and 
Germany and the Provincos.  the United Provinces, and reduced the trade thereof into two principal Cities, that is to Antwerp for Flanders, and the other Provinces subject to the Spaniards; and to Amsterdam for Holland, and the other Cities subject to the States. i must be constrained in a manner to use the same method in the survey of the trade of Germany, reducing the traffic of the lesser to the greater Cities; the greatest being also not much known to our Nation for any eminency this way, as being inland, to which our English (whose traffic principally consists at sea, and consequently in maritime towns) have but little knowledge of, though otherwise eminent, as being fare distant from it. Germany then is bounded on the West with France, and Belgium, on the North with Denmark 
Germany bounded.  and her seas, on the East with Sprusia, Poland, and Hungary, and on the South with the Alpss.  
This Country doth afford to the Merchant for transportation, many notable Commodities, as Silver, Copper, Tin, Iron, and Lead, by 
Commodities of Germany.  their Ours; Corn, Wines, Allome, Quicksilver, Arms of all sorts, diverse Manufoctaries, as Linen, Woollen, Silks, &c. and sundry other commodities.  
Three sorts of Cities are said to be contained in this Empire, the 
Hans-townes 72.  first are those that are called Hans-townes, which are such as enjoy large privileges and immunities, and are thought to be about 72. in number, and for the most part are found either to border upon the seas, or to be seated upon great and navigable Rivers, being for the most part rich, and of reasonable Commerce and trade, or famous and noted for some one particular Art, Fabric, or manufactory.  
The second sort are called Imperial Cities, and accounted free in 
Imperial Cities 60.  respect of their great prerogatives, as in coining of moneys, and knowing no Lord, but ruled by the Imperial laws; for which they acknowledge and pay a contribution yearly to the Emperor, whom they accounted their Protector, and these are found to be about sixty in number.  
The third are such as are held by inheritance by some Princes, as 
Principalities.  is Heidelberg, Vienna, and others of which are accounted in this Empire in circa (—) and may be called Principalities. There is also found in this Empire conducing to traffic, (besides the lesser) four great navigable Rivers, that enrich these Hans-townes, Imperials, and Principalities, communicating the commodities of one City to another, and at last to the Seaports, where the same is last of all vented into foreign kingdoms.  
The prime whereof is Danubius, which in running 1500 miles, doth receive above 60 navigable rivers, and disgorgeth itself into 
Danubius.  the Euxine or Black sea.  
The second is the Rhine, running 800 miles through Germany 
Rhine.  and Belgia, disgorgeth itself into the German Ocean, taking in Albis, which is accounted navigable for 400 miles, (and some others) 
Albis.  and is the third river of this country.  
The fourth is Odera, running 300 miles in length, issueth out in the Baltique sea; besides which there is many other of lesser note, as 
Odera.  Weser, E●…se, and others in themselves found to be great Rivers, enriching diverse parts of this country, though fare inferior to the former.  
Lastly, this Empire is found to contain twenty large Provinces, which by reason of my little insight therein, I will cursorily post over, and refer the same where I am defective, to the better learned. East-Frisland is accounted the first Province, wherein is found the Cities of Oldenburg, Ammerdun, and lastly Emden, which for its 
East Friesland.  former eminency in trade, I cannot so slightly pass over without a word of the trade thereof.   

CHAP. CLXXXIII.  
Of Emden and the trade thereof.  
EMDEN hath been in times past of fare greater 
Emden and the trade thereof.  trade than now it is: It was for some years the seat of the English Merchants Adventurers, but the civil wars about Religion, raised between the Citizens and their Count, was in part the cause of the decay of the trade thereof. This City lies in the utmost border of the Empire, and only divided by the River Emse from the Netherlandss: and by an Inland sea from West Friesland, being one of those Provinces. In the Summer it is found a pleasant City, but in Winter as if drowned in the Seas, and all the fields covered with water, makes it to appear as an Island in the waters. As for the moneys currant, and form of accounts kept here by Merchants, I omit that to the place of the coins and accounts of Germany in general, noted hereafter. In the mean time it is to be observed, that the weights and measures in use are these. The common weight of Emden is the pound of () 
Weight of Emden.  the quintall or 100 pound makes in London  
Their common measure of length is an Ell, wherewith they measure 
Measure of Emden.  Linen, Woollen, and Silks in general, the 100 whereof hath been observed to make in London 48 〈◊〉 else, and the 100 yards of London to have made thereabouts 162. or 163. elles.  
Corn is here measured by the Werpe, 55 werpes make 10 quarters of London, or a Last of Amsterdam; but 61 werpes is here a Last, consisting of 4 werpes great of 15 〈◊〉 Barrels the werpe.  
Westphalia is the next, containing in itself a large tract, and 
Westphalia.  producing those Acorns in abundance, which feed their Swine, and which affords those Gammons which are accounted so excellent a dish. The Northern part of this Country is Bremen, wherein is found the town of Breme, as the principal: then Clappenburgh, Exenburgh belonging to the Duke of Saxony. Than Collonia, wherein is said to be the bodies of the three wise men which come from the East to worship our Saviour. And this belongs to the Bishopric of Collen. Here is also Warendorpe and some others belonging to the Bishop of Munster, and Boport, E●…gers, Coblents, and Triers, belonging to the Bishop of Triers: of the principal of which a word passando.   

CHAP. CLXXXIIII.  
Of BREME and the trade thereof.  
BREME is one of the Hans-townes, so called for the 
Breme and the trade thereof.  freedom of the traffic here practised, strongly fortified, five miles distant from the sea, the River Visurge serving to convey all commodities thither, as running through the City, near which lies that small but well known town of Ossenbridge, noted for the great quantities 
Ossenbridge  of narrow linen cloth that is thence conveied to England and other countries. It is reported that in this City the Custom was first raised in swearing and enhancing of new comers by Bread & Salt, and of infranchising them into their City, by paying a certain mulct, or fine in good liquor to the rest of the company which is now a general received custom in all the Hans-townes of Germany, and become part of the traffic thereof.  
The commonweight of Breme is the pound of (—) Ounces the 100 
Weight in Breme.  pound thereof hath rendered in London () pound.  
The common measure for length is the Ell, which agreeth with 
Measures in Breme.  the Ell above mentioned in Emden. But in Ossenbridge it is found that the 100 yards London makes 84 else there in circa, and 100 else of London is here in Ossenbridge about 105 else.   

CHAP. CLXXXV.  
Of COLLEN, and the trade thereof.  
COLLEN commonly for distinction called in Latin 
Collen and the trade thereof.  Colonia Agrippina, is a very fare City, whereto is found great concourse of Merchants, near to this City did Caesar with incredible expedition make a Bridge over the River Rhine, near which the town is at present situated, which more terrified the barbarous enemy, than the report of his valour. The Archbishop of this City, is the second Especial Elector of the Empire, and C●…ancellour of Italy. Here is said to be the bodies of the three wise men which come from the East to worship our Saviour, vulgarly called the three Kings of Collen, whose bodies were translated by Helena the mother of Constantine, unto Constantinople; and from thence by E●…storsius Bishop of Milan transported to Milan; and finally, brought hither by Rinoldus the Bishop of this place.  
The Commonweight of Collen is the pound of () the 100 whereof 
Weight of Collen.  hath been observed to have made in London 110 pound.  
The common measure of length is the Ell here in use: the 100 Else whereof have been observed to make in London 60 Else. 
Measures of Collen. Exchanges of Cullen.   
Here are great Exchanges practised in this City as proper and fit thereunto, by reason of the rich Bankers and Merchants that are found here to reside, the which I have largely declared in the chapter 290 ●…f Exchanges of this place in the end of this work: wherefore it will be here needless to insert the same.  
The third Province is Cleveland, containing the Earldom of Cleve, 
Cleveland.  the Duchies of Gulicke and Berge; wherein are found the fare Cities of Cleve, Calker, Wesel, Emericke, Aken, Gulicke, Dulkins, and others which I omit for brevity.  
The fourth Province is Alsatia, wherein is found the towns of Psaltberge, Wesenberge, Colmar, and principally the famous City of 
Alsatia.  Strasburge: of which a word.   

CHAP. CLXXXVI.  
Of Strasburge, and the trade thereof.  
STRASBURGE is one of the Imperial Cities before 
Strasburg and the trade thereof.  mentioned, seated a Musket shot from the river Rhine, whereto there is a channel cut for conveyance of all commodities. There is here also a wooden Bridge over the Rhine, but very weak, and of no great strength. The circuit of the city may be about 8 miles, well fortified, & is famous for many rarieties, the principal being their Clock, which cost so many years labour to perfect, and the Steeple of the Cathedral Church is numbered amongst the seven miracles of the world, for its excellent structure and beauty. The courtesy of the inhabitants to strangers, is not to be forgotten: And here they are accustomed at the Cities cost, to given all Handicrafts entertainment, that they may either teach if expert, or learn if ignorant; by which means they are found to have confluence of Artisans, which doth both much further their City's stock, and inricheth the inhabitants.  
In Strasburg are found two weights, a gross and sotile, and by observation it hath been found that the 100 pound sutle of London 
Weights of Strasburg.  ●…ath made here incirca 70 in 71 pound of the grosseweight for gross goods of 16 ounces the pound: and 107 pound sutle weight of 12 ounces the pound, by which they use to weigh all fine commodities, as Drugs and Spices, as Sugars, Pepper, Cloves, Maces, Cinnamon, Almonds Dates, and the like.  
The treasure of length of Strasburge is the Ell, which is in London 
Measures of Strasburge.  () inches.  
Their coins currant is the Bohemico gross or Blaphace, which is three crutfers, one cruster is two pence, and one pey is two hellers, and one heller is two orchins, by which coins they keep their account. Vide further chap. 206.  
The fifth Province is Franconia, divided into eight parts, the lower Palatine is the first part, wherein is found Worms, Spiers, and Heidelberge, 
Franconia.  the chief City belonging to those Princes. Bacarac famous 
Bacarac.  for the excellent Rhenish wines here growing, Co●…b-Openham, Frankendale, and others.  
The second part is Wittenberg, the chief towns are Toubing, 
Wittenberg.  2. Stutgard the Duke's seat, 3. Marlach and others. 
Stutgard   
The third part is Auspach, 2. Haibram and others. 
Auspach.   
The fourth is Baden, wherein is the City Baden, Durlach and others. 
Baden.   
The fifth is Ments, wherein is Lantse●…, Being, and others. 
Mentzes.   
The sixth is Bainberge, a fare City, and some others. 
Bainsberge.   
The seventh is Westberge, a City, and Arustime, and others. 
Westberge.   
The eighth part belongs to the Emperor, wherein is found Noremberge, 
Norimberge.  the fairest and richest City of Germany, and seated in the centre thereof: and also here is Frankfurt, seated on the river Menus, 
Francfort.  famous for the two Book-marts here kept annually, in Mid-le●…t and Mid-September. A word of the most eminent of these before I proceed to the next province.   

CHAP. CLXXXVII.  
Os Worms, and the trade thereof.  
WORMS is a town of great antiquity, and yet wanteth not magnificence in her buildings: 
Worms and the trade thereof  On the west side thereof grows in great abundance those Wines known to us by the name of Rheni●…. It is more famous for the many Imperial Parliaments held here of old, than it is for trade, therefore I shall not have cause to insist much hereupon. Near to this City stands the City of Frankendale, a new, modern, strong, fare and beautiful piece, which hath made itself famous in the late wars of these parts: these coasts affording the most excellent wines above mentioned here in great plenty abounding: and are found to grow especially on the west side of the river, which is the prime commoditiè of the inhabitants both of the City and Province. The weights and measures here are found to accord with Spiers, to which I refer the enquirer.   

CHAP. CLXXXVIII.  
Of Spiers and the trade thereof.  
SPIERS is half a mile from the Rhine, seated in a 
Spiers and the trade thereof.  plain on the West side of the said River, having more antiquity than beauty; and yet more beauty than trade. Here the Imperial Chamber is held, in which Court the differences of the Empire are judged, and the Electors themselves may be called hither to trial of law. The weights and measures are these: First for the weights of 
Weights of Spiers.  this place, the common is the pound of 16 ounces, or 32 lootes, of which is made two several quintals, one of 100 pound, another of 120 pound; and the 100 pound here is in London 111 pound, & the 100 pound of London is about 88 pound here of 32 lootes per pound. 
Measures of Spiers.  The measure of length used is the Ell, which is in London () inches.   

CHAP. CLXXXIX.  
Of Heidelberg and the trade thereof.  
THE City of Heidelberg is seated in a plain environed 
Heidelberg & the trade thereof.  on three parts with high mountains, the fourth part open, and beholding the River; from which it is a mile distant, and to which it conveyeth all commodities by a small river that runs by the walls thereof. This is an University. and the chief seat of the Palsgrave's, and hath not been much famoused for the trade thereof, the weights & measures here in use are these.  
The weight common in use here is the pound of 16 ounces, of which 
Weights of Heidelberg.  is made three several hundreds or quintars, the first of 100 pound for fine goods, the second of 120 pound for gross goods, and the third of 132 pound for provision of food, as Butter, Flesh, &c. The 100 pound hath been found to make in London 108 pound, and the 100 sutle makes then here about 92 in 93 pound.  
The measure of length is an Ell, which makes in London () inches. 
Measures of Heidelberg.    

CHAP. CXC.  
Of Norimberg and the trade thereof.  
NORIMBERG is seated in a barren soil, 
Norimberge & the trade thereof.  yet this defect is supplied by the industry of the inhabitants. It is absolute and of itself, and accounted one of the Imperial Cities of the Empire, and the richest of all the rest: the inhabitants by their subtle inventions in Manual works, and cunning Arts, with the encouragement they daily given to 〈◊〉, draw thereby the riches of other countries to them. Every child though but seven or eight years old, is here put to work, and is enabled thereby to get his own livelihood; and by this means is all Europe filled with the trivial commodities of this Town, known by the name of Norimberg ware, which makes the City rich, strong and powerful: their trade is not great otherwise, and the weights and measures in use are these.  
There is here but one pound in use, as in Spiers, of which is also 
Waight of Norimberge.  composed two several 〈◊〉 agreeing with it, and as there I mentioned, with London.  
Their measure of length is the Ell, both for Linen and Woollen, contrary 
Measure of Norimberge.  to the custom of most cities of Germany, the 100 elles whereof hath been found to make in London 63 else, and the 100 yards of London to have made here 138 elles.  
The place is famous also for the great Exchanges that are practised 
Exchanges of Norimberg.  therein, which I have at large handled in Chapter 298, with all circumstances thereto belonging.   

CHAP. CXCI  
Of Frankfurt, and the trade thereof.  
FRANKFURT is a free City of the Empire, famous for the common Assemblies here 
Frankfurt and the trade thereof.  of the Electors for the choice of the Emperor, and for their two annual Fairs, as also for many Parliaments of the Empire held here. It is seated upon the Mane, which runneth through the same, dividing the City into two parts, which is united by a goodly Bridge. It is strongly encompassed with a double wall, and is seated in a large plain, the streets narrow, and the houses built of Timber and Clay: here is in this town Sanctuary for Bankrupts for the space of fourteen days, which is never without some guests and company, from some one adjoining City or other. And if in those fourteen days they cannot compound or escape, then by all wiles they will get out of the privileges thereof, and entering in again, begin their fourteen days over again; and thus some are found to do for six months, or a year together. There is found in their Marts or Fairs, a great trade and concourse of Merchants, but it is principally famous for Books, which from all parts of Europe are brought hither, printed and dispersed hence, the town consisting much upon printing, and other manual Arts. The weights and the measures in use are  
The weight of this place is the pound of 16 ounces, of which is 
Weights of Frankfurt.  made three several hundred, or quintals, which agreeth with that of Heidelberg before mentioned; and as that also with London, Lipsicke, Friburgh, Vlme, Iffan, Isuff, Basle, Costute and Domstetter, holding also in each of the said towns, the said concordancy, therefore here need no further repetition.  
Frankefort is found to have two several measures for length, the Woollen & the Linen ell, differing about 2 per cent. so that the 100 else 
Measures of Frankfurt.  for Linen here, gives in London 48 else, and the 100 else in Woollen gives about 49 else London: and the 100 yards of London readers here of linen 169 else, and of woollen 168¾ in circa.  
The Exchanges here practised are great, which I have handled in the Chapter 298 at large with all due circumstances. 
Exchanges of Frankfurt. Helvetia.   
The sixt Province is Helvetia, wherein are contained the thirteen Cantons of the warlike Switsers, preserving their liberties by their valour, notwithstanding their potent neighbours. The chief of their Cities is Zurich, 2 B●…l, an University, 3 Constance, famous for the Council here held in anno 1414. 4. Berne, 5. Vpbaden, the ordinary place for the common assembly of the said Cantons, 6 Lucerne, and others, and of the trade of the principal of these, a word in passing.   

CHAP. CXCII.  
Of Zurich and the trade thereof.  
ZURICH is seated on the Lake Ze●…isca, which 
Zuricke and the trade thereof.  divideth the same into two parts, which again is united by three fare Bridges, the middlemost serving as a meeting place for Merchants: which lake runneth into the brook Limachus, which passeth to ●…aden, and so into the Rhine, carrying Boats, by which commodities are transportable, the weights and measures in use are.  
The Monies currant in the Switsers Cantons, I shall note in the 
Weights of zurick.  place of the coins of the Empire: the weight then here is, the pound of 16 ounces, of which is made the 100 pound, and the 120 pound, and it is found that the 100 pound sutle of London turns here 93¼ pound.  
The measure of length is here an Ell, the 100 whereof renders in 
Measures of Zurich.  London 52 else, or thereabouts.   

CHAP. CXCIII.  
Of BASIL, and the trade thereof.  
BASIL lieth upon the river of Rhine, which divideth 
Basil and the trade thereof.  it into the lesser and the greater Basil: it was once an Imperial City, but now is joined to the Cantons of Switserland. It is a famous University, and much frequented by Students, the benefit of the Rhine running hence through Germany, communicates the commodities of this City to all other seated thereupon.  
Basil is found in weights to have but one pound, equal with Frankfurt 
Weight of Basil.  and Heidelberg, of which is composed three several quintars, one of 100 pound, another of 120 pound, and the third of 132 pound, and agrees with London, as you shall found in Heidelberg and Frankfurt aforementioned.  
The Measure of length of Basil is the ell for Linen and Woollen, the 
Measure of Basil.  100 elles whereof renders in London 48 else, and the 100 yards of London hath been observed to given here 167¼ else.  
The seventh Province is Valesia, seated wholly amongst the Alps. 
Valesia.  Sittin is the only walled town of this Province.  
Boetia is the eighth, in which is Chur the Metropolis of the Grisons, 
Boetia.  and here is the Voltolin taken by the Spaniards 1622.  
Suevia is the ninth, wherein is found the Cities of Vlme, 2 Ausburg, 
Suevia.  3 Norlinghen, 4 Ravensperge, and others, of some of which, as most notable, a word.   

CHAP. CXCIIII.  
Of Ausburg and the trade thereof.  
AUSBURG is a free City of the Empire, governed 
Ausburg and the trade thereof.  by a Senate of Citizens: it is seated upon the Northern mouth of the Alps, in a fruitful plain of Corn and Pastures, it is strong and well fortified, and beautified with many houses of free stone of six or seven stories high. In this City lived those famous Merchants of the family of Fuggers, who have built here many public buildings, & many private, which at a reasonable 〈◊〉 are let to the poorer inhabitants. Here is also a magnificent building for the meeting of Merchants, in manner of our 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, called commonly the 〈◊〉. There are two 〈◊〉 rivers which run through the suburbs, which are commodions for trasportation of Corn and Wines which this Country of Schwaben or Suevia yields in great quantity. This City is also famous for the confession here made of their faith by the Protestant 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Emperor in anno ()  
The 〈◊〉 of Ausburg is the pound of 16 ounces, the 100 pound being 
Weight of Ausburg.  the 〈◊〉, makes in London 109 pound, and this agrees with Munchen, Weasel, 〈◊〉, and some others of Germany.  
The measure of length is here the ell, found two fold, one for Woollen, 
Measure of Ausburg.  and the other for Linen and Silk, which because it very nearly agreeth with Frankefort, of which I have made mention before, I pass the same over.  
Bavaria is the tenth Province, the chief towns are Munchen on 
Bavaria.  the river ●…ser, and the Duke's seat, 2. 〈◊〉, an University, 3 Ratisbona, 4 Pass●…, 5 Salsburg, and many other great Cities.  
Northgola or the Upper Pal●… is the eleventh, and belongeth totally to the Pala●…es of the Rhine, the chief towns are A●…berg, 
Northgola.  whose Silver mines yields yearly 〈◊〉 thousand Crowns rend to the Princes Coffers. 2 Newberg and others.  
Austria is the 〈◊〉, wherein is found the famous Cities of Vienna, 〈◊〉 
Austria.  on 〈◊〉, one of the most beautiful towns of Germany; and walled, as stories say, with the monies that Leopold the Duke had for King Richard the first his Ransom, being by him taken in his return through Palestine. 2 Gratses, from whence the present Emperors 
Gratses.  have their name. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉. 4. Newark the chief of Carniolo, and in Tirolis is found the City of Inspurg, Tirol Bolsan, and Trent, famous for the Counsel here held, and here concluded after 40 years lingering, and politic delays.   

CHAP. CXCU  
Of Vienna and the trade thereof.  
VIENNA is at present the seat of the German Emperors, 
Vienna & the trade thereof.  and is now the 〈◊〉 of this Country against the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉, who have more than once is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it; on the North side runneth the river of Dano●…; which here divideth itself 〈◊〉 three 〈◊〉, encompassing a good space of ground, & then meeting again; and all this is again united by three stone bridges, one containing 29 arches, another 57 arches, and the third 15 arches, each arch being 60 foot asunder. Here are many Merchants of great quality, that have their factors in Venetia, Florence, and other parts of Italy, to supply them with the Fabrics of Silks made there, such as are Satins, Damasces, Taffeta, Velvets, cloth of Gold, and such like.  
The weight in use here is the pound, which is in some commodities 
Weights of Vienna.  divided into 32 Lootes, in some into 128 quints, and in some unto an 512 pfenning, of which pound the quintar is made, which is 100 pound, which doth tender in London about 123 pound incirca, and therewith is also found Idra and Erford to agreed, the 100 pound of London making here 81●… pound.  
Their measure for length is two, one in Linen, and the other in woollen: 
Measures of Vienna.  the 100 yards in London makes here in linen 103 else, and in Cloth and Silk 113 elles.  
There is here, as being the Court of the Emperor, a great Exchange 
Exchanges of Vienna.  in use, and they are found to account and Exchange by ●…ix Dollars of 8. shil. Flemish, and by Ducats of gold of 12 shil. Flemish.  
The kingdom of Bohemia is the thirteenth, wherein is accounted about 780 Cities, walled Towns and Castles, the chief whereof 
Bohemia.  is Prague, the Metropolis of this kingdom, 2. Eger, 3 Budeis, 4 Melmuke, Pilsen, and others, and in this tract is found Prestan the chief City of Silesia, also Gorlits●… the chief City of Lusatia, and Brin and 
Preslan. Gorlitse. Olmuts.  Olmuts the chief of Moravia; but the trade of Bohemia I will comprise under the title of Prague here following, as being the Metropolis thereof.   

CHAP. CXCVI  
Of Prague, and the trade thereof.  
THe City of Prague includeth three towns, as new Prague, old Prague, and a City inhabited by jews, 
Prague & the trade thereof.  encompassed with one wall neither strong nor beautiful: the river Molda doth run through the same, but is not navigable, nor commodious for carriage or transportation of merchandise, to which the inhabitants are not much addicted, Corn and Wi●…e being the prime commodities the Country affordeth, and timber in abundance, of which the walls of their houses are for the most part made, and that in whole pieces as the same grow, and not so much as the bark thereof taken away.  
The weight of Prague is the pound of 16 ounces: the 100 li. sutle of 
Weight of Prague, and of Bohemia.  London hath made here about 83 pound, Pasau and Regenborge agreeing also therewith, as doth also the most part of this Country.  
Their measure is the Ell, of which they have two, one in Linen, 
Measures of Prague and of Bohemia.  and the other in Cloth and Silk; the 100 yards of London hath made in Linen 148 else, and in ●…llen 160 elles.  
Vide coins currant in Bohemia.  
Brandenburg is the fourteenth, wherein is reckoned 50 Cities, and 64 walled Towns, the chief of which is Brandenburg, than 
Brandenburge.  Frankefort for distinction called upon Oder, next Berlin, the residence of the Marque●…, and H●…velburg seated upon Havel, and many others of consequence, whereof little is come to my observation, therefore I will in silence pass them over.  
Pomerian●… is the fifteenth Province, wherein is found Statin the 
Pomeriana. Wallen.  residence of the Prince, and Metropolis of this Country, than Wallen, once the famous Mart-towne of all these Countries, the Russians, Danes, Saxons, & Vandals had here their particular streets of abode for Commerce and trade, but ruined by war, the trade was removed to Lubeck, where yet in some measure it is found to continued still.  
Meklinburg is the 16 Province, wherein is found the Cities of Malchan, than Sternberg, next Wismar, and some others. 
Meklinburg.   
Saxony is the seventeenth Province, wherein is found to be many Cities of note; the principal is first Erford, one of the fairest in 
Saxony  Germany, 2 〈◊〉, an University for Physicians, 3 Smalcold Famous for the Protestant league here made, 4 Dresden, seated on the Albis, and the Duke's Magasin for war and Arms, for ●…0000 horse and foot ever in readiness at a days warning. 5 Lipsicke, an University, which yearly doth yield the Duke for custom of 〈◊〉, Drunk, and transported 20000 pound steerling. 6 Wittenberg an University, and the chief seat of the Elector of 〈◊〉, and 7 Maidenberg, where it is said Luther studied Divinity. Of some of these a word.   

CHAP. CXCVII.  
Of Lipsicke, and the trade thereof.  
LIPSICKE is seated in a plain of ●…ost 〈◊〉 
Lipsick & the trade thereof.  Come-ground, the streets fare, and the chief houses built of free stone of four roofs high: it is accounted also an University, but found to be of no great note, by reason of the neighbourhood of Wittenberg: they have for some trespass lost those great privileges that they formerly enjoyed, and therefore their trade is not accounted great, they may now neither fortify their town, nor wind a horn in their night watches, as other Cities in Germany do, nor yet use Read Wax in their public Seals or Contracts, which are all of them accounted in Germany of signs of freedom. The weights and measures in use are these.  
The weight is the pound, of which is made three quintars, one of 
Weights of Lipsicke.  100 pound, another of 120 pound, and a third of 132 pound. Vide more hereof in Frankefort and Heidelberg, with which it is found to accord.  
Lipsicke hath two measures, one for woollen, and the other for linen, 14 per Cent. difference: For the 100 yards of London doth make in 
Measures of Lipsicke.  woollen commodities 160 else, and in linen 140 elles.  
The Merchants here account by Marks of 32 gross, and the gross 
Accounts and exchange of Lipsick.  being 12 heller; but they exchange by Florins of Breslow, 30 to have posito in Norimburg 32 Florins, and in Vienna 34 Florins.   

CHAP. CXCVIII  
Of Wittenberg and the trade thereof.  
WITTENBERG is seated on a plain sandy ground, accounted an University, wherein they 
Wittenberg & the trade of Saxony.  proverbially say, a man shall meet nothing but Wh●…res, Scholars, and Swine, which shows that the inhabitants have little trade, as living for the most part by the Students, and peradventure by the flesh of Swine and Women, but by what weight and measure the same is proportioned to them, I am to seek, therefore refer the same to the next Merchant that shall have occasion to make his observation thereupon.   

CHAP. CXCIX.  
Of Dresden, and the trade thereof.  
DRESDEN is a fare town and strongly fortified, 
Dresden and the trade thereof,  in which the Elector of Saxony keeps his court: it is famous for the magnificent Stables and Armouries which the Duke keeps here in a continual readiness, the river of Elve divides the town into two parts, the new and the old, which is very strong both by Art and Nature, and accounted the strongest modern City in Germany, the inhabitants are much addicted to trade, and the river doth much further their endeavours; but Nature affording them a rich soil, takes away much of their edge: for it is ever found that the barren soil affords to the inhabitants the greatest encouragement. Their weights and measures are,  
Dresden, Mizzen, and all Saxony is found to have three weights, and 
Weights of Saxony.  the 100 pound of London made of Zigostatica, or the Prince's weight, 96 pound of 16 ounces it made 92 pound of Merchants weights of 16 ounces, and 144 pound of the common weight of 12 ounces.  
Their measures of length is two, agreeing with Lipsick above mentioned, 
Measures of Saxony.  in which I need not further to insist.  
Brunswick is the eighteenth Province, wherein is Brunswick the principal City; secondly, Wolfinbotle, where the Duke commonly 
Brunswick.  resideth; thirdly, Alberstade, than Luneburg, and some other of less note.   

CHAP. CC.  
Of Brunswick, and the trade thereof.  
_ 〈◊〉 comprehends in one five several●… 
Brunswick and the trade thereof.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 free Imperial town, strongly fortified ●…e ●…es with two, and in some places with 〈◊〉 walls, and encompassed with the river 〈◊〉 Anchor: the inhabitants are found addicted to trade 〈◊〉 the morning, but their intemperance at night takes aw●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…hereof: they are great Husbandmen, the earth answ●… 〈◊〉 ●…r labours, whichyeelds them plenty of Corn, both for themselves, and their neighbour's wants, the earth yielding them rich reward to their labours, and their after noon's hours spent in good fellowship, makes me imagine there may be some trade amo●… 〈◊〉; which in particular I permit the reader in silence to co●…   

CHAP. CCI  
Of Luneburg, and the trade thereof.  
LUNEBURG is a free Imperial City, over which the Duke of Luneburg challengeth a superiority: it is 
Luneburg and the trade thereof.  found to be fairly built of Brick, and well and strongly fortified for its safeguard and defence, with deep Ditches, and thick Mudd walls. It is most famous for the natural fountain of Salt here found, over which is built a spacious house, that contains 52 Rooms, and every room hath 
Salt fountain in Luneburg.  eight several Caldrons of Lead, wherein is boiled eight tons of Salt daily, the profit whereof is divided into three several parts: one part to the City, one to the Duke of Luneburg, and another to a Monastery, and some other adjoining Earks: their trade is not otherwise of very great consequence.  
The nineteenth Province is Hassia, wherein is found the Cities of Dormstade, than Marburg an University, and some others. 
Hassia.   
Veteravia is the twentieth Province, wherein is the Cities of Friburg, 
Veteravia.  than Hanan, next Dullinburg, Nassan, Catzenbogen, and some others of lesser note.   

CHAP. CCII  
Of Friburg and the trade thereof.  
FRIBURG is of round form, environed altogether with high mountains, having within 
Friburg & the trade thereof.  it many ●…ults ●…nd cave●… to go und●… 〈◊〉, through whic●… 〈…〉 of the City 〈…〉 Ours found i●… 〈…〉 at certain hours are 〈◊〉 ●…cke by the ●…nd of a Bell: their work is for the 〈◊〉 by night, and their rest is by day, and the residence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
Silver Ours in Friburg.  more under ground than above in their houses 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…of belongs in half to the Citizens, and half to the El●… 〈◊〉 ●…om the Country appertaineth.  
The weighs in use in Friburg is the pound, of which is made 
Weights of Friburg.  three several quintars, one of 100 pound, second of 〈◊〉 ●…nd, third of 132 pound, agreeing with Frankefort and H●… 〈◊〉 ●…d Lipsicke; as before.  
The long measure is the Ell, which is () inches 〈◊〉.  
In this tract is also comprehended the three ●…periall Cities of 
Measures of Friburg.  Stoade, Hamburg, and Lubeck, which acknowledging no Sovereign, being free and Hans-townes, I shall here touch, and first of Stoade.   

CHAP. CCIII.  
Of Stoade, and the trade thereof.  
STOADE is an ancient City, and one of the free 
Stoade and the trade thereof.  Cities of the Empire, and one of those Sea Towns which from the privilege of traffic with their neighbours are called Hans-townes: it is commodiously seated for traffic upon the river Elve, in which stream they maintain certain Buys to guide the entering ships: the English Merchant Adventurers had for a while here their residence, forced thereto by the discourteous usage of the Hamburgers; and before their arrival this Town was so poor, that they sold the privilege of coining of moneys, and some other such rights to Hamburg, by whose company they grew rich, not without the envy and impoverishment of the Hamburgers, who often attempted, th●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 N●…●…ces 〈◊〉 〈…〉, 〈◊〉 ●…s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gri●… 〈…〉 ●…ll by 〈◊〉 prohi●… 〈…〉 ●…gion: so then ●…ng 〈◊〉 〈…〉 ●…y never left, till partly by f●… 〈…〉 ●…ats, they laboured their return, w●… 〈…〉 ●…formed, and where to this day it is found 〈◊〉 〈…〉 ●…idence and Court. The present trade of 〈…〉 pending much upon the priviledg●…●…at they 〈…〉 ●…tion and choice of all the Rhenish wines passing by the●… 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 their acco●… pounds, shillings and pence, but they 
Coins of Stoade.  ha●… 〈◊〉 ●…als, and 〈◊〉 as I ●…ll show hereafter. Their C●… 〈◊〉 these.  
〈◊〉 money here and in Hamburg is two pence.  
3●… 〈◊〉 ●…s a Doller, which is 5 shillings 4 pence there.  
4●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8 pence, makes a Spanish Rial of 6 pence sterling.  
1 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 33 Stivers, and is 4 shillings 4 pence sterling, 〈◊〉  
1 〈◊〉 16 stivers, which is two shillings 8 pence Flemish.  
7●… marks is 20 shillings. I say 20 shillings Flemish of that money.  
Thei●… ●…ight is the pound of 16 ounces, 100 pound is their quintar, 
Weights in Stoad.  wh●… 〈◊〉 made in London 107, and some have observed 109 pound  
T●… 〈◊〉 ●…re is the Ell, as in Hamburg following. 
Measures in Stoade.    

CHAP. CCII  
Of Hamburg and the trade thereof.  
HAMBURG is a free City of the Empire, and 
Hamburg & the trade thereof.  one of them which enjoy the privilege of a Hans-towne, and for the building and populousness much to be praised: the ●…ate house is a beautiful Fabric, and the Exchange where Merchants do meet together, is likewise a pleasant place. The haven is guarded and shut up with an Iron chain, the City itself compassed with a deep ditch, and on the East and North sides with a double ditch and wall. Water is conveyed into the same from a hill distant some miles off: it is seated on a large, plain, and sandy soil, and adorned with ●…e Churches, and six gates; on the South side it is washed with the river 〈◊〉, which also putteth a branch into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 North east the river Alster runneth by to▪ 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈◊〉 all the ●…tie of their 〈…〉 〈◊〉 the other Sea-bordering Cities, 〈…〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, have for the most ●…t broad ●…d 〈…〉 large hall, the lower part whereof on bo●… 〈…〉 ware-h●…, and in the ●…per part, lying 〈…〉 their chief household stuff●… is placed, and espec●… 〈…〉 of English P●…wter, which being kept bright, makes 〈…〉 to them that pass by, so that their 〈◊〉 promise' 〈…〉 outwardly than they have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 present 〈…〉 tie is great, principally by reason of the residen●… 〈…〉 Merchants, and some quantity of shipping of reaso●… 〈…〉 found belonging to the Citi●…ns.  
The weigh●… of 〈◊〉 is the pound, of whi●… 〈…〉 120 
Weights of Hamburg.  pound, their quintar, divided into three 〈…〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of 10 pound to the stone, ●…0 〈…〉 the Skip pound, which is the second, and 20 Lispond of 15 〈…〉 the said 300 pound, which is the third; so that it may be 〈◊〉 ●…perly said to be two 〈◊〉, one of 120 pound, another of 300 pound.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of length is an Ell, wherewith they mea●… both 
Me●…e of Hamburg.  〈◊〉, W●…, and 〈◊〉 the 100 ●…of hath been fo●… 〈◊〉 ●…ke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 about 48, 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 the 100 yards of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…ound to yield here about, 162 or 163 yards, 〈◊〉 ●…ith 〈…〉 before mentioned.  
The Merchants here are found to exchange for London by the 
Exchange in Hamburg.  pound sterling, and for all other places upon the Rex Doller, of 54 sh. Lapisto, or 54 stivers.  
A Doller is here noted to be worth three whitpence, one whitpeny to 
Doller.  be 18 shillings, one shilling to be 12 pence, and one penny two hellers.  
Corn is here measured by the Schepel, ninety making a Last, 
Of Corne.  and 83 Schepels making a last of Corn in Amsterdam, or 10 quarters English.   

CHAP. CCV.  
Of Lubeck, and the trade thereof.  
LUBECK is an Imperial and free City, and one of those that are accounted Ha●…-towns; 
Lubeck and the trade thereof.  it is seated on the top of a fare and spacious Hill, upon the very crown whereof is a beautiful Church, from whence leadeth 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 the mariti●… 〈…〉 〈…〉 distant fro●… th●… to●… 〈◊〉 〈…〉 of Bric●…●…aving 〈…〉 〈…〉 ●…alles. The government of th●… 〈◊〉 〈…〉 ●…heir neatn●… 〈◊〉 garden●…●…eous 〈…〉, civility of manners, and strict execution of 〈…〉 is conveyed hither by pipes; and Brewers, that 〈…〉 most 〈◊〉 constrained to live together in one 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 ●…ater in his own ho●… al●… 〈…〉 ●…tants 〈◊〉 con●…ained ●…o liv●… a st●… by 〈…〉 ●…hey are set on work, and provided for. This 〈…〉 ten Churches, one whereof being a decayed 〈…〉 to an Armoury of all Amunitions for 〈…〉, being the principal, and seated 〈…〉 very summer ●…f this hill, whereon the 〈…〉  
〈…〉 this City at present is great, partly by the industry of 〈◊〉 ●…tants, and partly by reason of the commodiou●…●…tion 
Beer o●… Lubeck 〈◊〉  〈◊〉, & the neighbourhood of th●… ●…ique sea 〈…〉 〈…〉 ●…ous for the 〈◊〉, an●… 〈◊〉 tran●… 〈◊〉 〈…〉 by some 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉  
The common weight of Lubeck is a pound, of which is made a Centiner 
Weights of Lubeck.  and a Skippound: for 112 pound is the centiner or quintar; the stone 10 pound, and 32 stone to the Skip pound, which is 320 pound, and the 20 Lispound of 16 pound mark is also accounted for a Skip pound, which is in London () pounds.  
The measure of length of Lubeck is the Ell, 120 else whereof makes in London 60 else, and the 100 yards London hath made here 160 
Measures of Lubeck.  else in circa.  
In Lubeck corn is measured by the last, 96 Schepels making a Last, 
Of Corne.  which is 10¼ quarters of London, and 85 schepels is found to make a Last in Amsterdam.  
Lasts 7 of 18 Barrels in Lubeck is found to make 100 sacks of Salt, being 122 small Barels for the 100 sacks at Ar●…iden in Zealand, which is found to be 7½ lasts of 18 Barrels of salt in London, but accounted by the weigh in London to make 11½ ways, and it is accounted 40 Bushels to a Wey, water measure of ten gallons.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the B●… which is 50 Stoops of Antwerp,  
  

CHAP. CCVI  
〈◊〉 the Coin●… 〈◊〉 in genera●…  
CONSIDERING the pri●… 〈…〉 ning 
●…rrant ●…anie.  of moneys ●…d 〈…〉 of Germany to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that 〈…〉 to sundry 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that are 〈…〉 within this Empire, it will pro●… 〈…〉 bour to my confessed ignorance, 〈…〉 down all the coins found currant th●… beside 〈…〉 accidents of war, necessities, trad●… 〈…〉 taintie in all certain rules and Ed●… 〈…〉 on for an uniform val●… to be coyn●… 〈…〉 for currant, through all this Empire; yet beca●… 〈…〉 omit what I have in this point gathered, I will 〈…〉 sam●… 〈◊〉 leave the truth to try all and experience: A●… 〈◊〉 I 〈◊〉 this part●… 〈◊〉 of C●… 〈◊〉 will not be 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 accou●…●…ept in th●…●…ntrey.  
〈…〉 kept by 〈…〉 〈…〉 coins: 〈◊〉 of 〈…〉 is 〈…〉 the second is by florins, batchers, and crutchers, the florin being accounted for 15 batches, and the batch for 4 crutchers, the third is by florins, sold. and deniers, 12 deniers being a soldo, and 20 soldoes a florin, the florin may be valued at 3 shil. 4 pence starling, or 33 sh. 4 pence tarine, and the batch at 2 shil. starl. and in payments of merchandise, note that a florin is accounted for a common silver guilden, of which there is no such coin found, being merely imaginary, as is the same coin of marks of Collen and Lubeck, likewise imaginary, or at lest not now coined, nor in use.  
Now for the currant coins, observe that first in Stoad, Hamburg, 
Coins in Stoad. Hamburg, and Lubeck.  and Lubeck beforenamed, the gold Rhenish guilde●… was worth, when these notes were taken, 28 〈◊〉 silver mizzen gross, or worth 36½ lubeck shil. and the Imperial dolor was worth 33 lubeck sh.  
A common silver giulden was worth 28 lubeck shillings.  
A french crown of gold was worth 44 lubeck shil.  
An English angel was worth two dollars and a quarter and 〈◊〉 lubeck shillings; or to say otherwise, it was worth 12 flemish shillings and 4 lubeque shillings.  
Lubeck shil. 7½, made an English shilling starl.  
Lubeck shill. 6, 〈…〉 〈…〉  
〈…〉 of 〈…〉 is 〈…〉 33 ●…rkes 〈…〉 〈…〉  
〈…〉 confines of the Empire and the Low 〈◊〉 〈…〉 E●…den was wo●…th 〈◊〉, an 〈…〉 
〈…〉  〈…〉 understan●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 stiver●… 〈◊〉 was 〈…〉 ●…ch crown was worth 3 flemish guil●…. ●…d 6 stive●… 〈…〉 as also o lubeck shillings make one shilling ●…ish, 〈…〉 it is to be ●…ted, that Princes and Cities do coin 〈…〉, which are found often in their value to differ 〈…〉 ●…ildens. ●…ine,  
〈…〉, and in those parts, they have current coins 〈…〉 small pieces stamped, called copstackes, and a 
Coins 〈◊〉 in Breme, Ofdenburg, &c.  doll●… 〈…〉 ●…rth 4 〈◊〉 ●…ckes or 55 groats, a french crown was wor●… 〈…〉 ●…nd on●… ●…pstacke 10 stivers or 12 groats, and this 〈…〉 a little more than an English penny, a sesling was wor●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…cke shilling, and they have here half seslings.  
〈◊〉 ●…cke, a dolor was 36 maria gross, which are of equal 
Coins currant in B●…nswicke.  weig●…●…th 24 silver mizzen gross, also 9 maria gross make 8 lubeck●… shil. 〈◊〉 dolor was worth 18 spitzgrossen, whereof 〈◊〉 wo●… ●…ia g●…e.  
〈◊〉 ●…rg, Le●…sicke, 〈◊〉 and in all the Electorate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
〈…〉  and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bouring territories to the c●… of 〈…〉 ler 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 silver grossen, which are the sam●… 〈…〉 or 3●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
A Rhemish gold guilden was worth 27 silver gros. and the Philip dolor was of the same value.  
A common silver guilden was esteemed at 21 silver gross.  
A french crown at 33 silver gros.  
A Spanish pistolet at 32 silver gros.  
A half Millres at 36 sil. gros. the hungarian ducat at 30.  
A short and long crusado at 35 silv. gros.  
A Rose noble at 3 〈◊〉 dollars, the English angel at 2¼ dolor; the silver gross was worth more than 2 pence, and about 2¼ pence starl.  
And for the small Coins, a Gross was worth 4 driers, and 1 drier 2 dreyhellers, and 1 dreyheller was worth a pfeninge and half, and 12 pfeninge made a gross, and two schwerd grossen made one schneberger.  
In general through all the upper parts of Germany, a dolor was esteemed at 18 batsen, a silver guilden at 15, a Philip's dolor at 20, a 
Coins currant through the upper parts of Germany.  french crown at 24 〈◊〉, a gold crown of Italy at 24, a silver Itolen crown at 22½ batsen, a Rhenish gold guilden through higher Germany was worth 27 silver mizzen gross, a silver guilden there as in Saxony at 21 gros. the bats. may be accounted 3 pence English, and 4 creizers make 〈◊〉 ●…ts, 4 pfeminge make a cretzer, and three cretzers make a zwelver, 〈…〉 silver 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 have 〈…〉 〈◊〉 common payme●…●…hich p●… 〈…〉 〈◊〉 occasions, and this being noon of t●… 〈…〉 ●…ners do carry out the Coins of the E●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…mmodities 〈◊〉 ●…he Empire, and there●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 moneys 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to receive 〈…〉 than th●… commonly do otherwise pass at.  
The Kingdom of Bohemia, as also that of Hung●… 〈…〉 Coins of the Empire in the same value 〈◊〉 at first coin●… 〈…〉 
〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  consent of both those nations, but it is to be unde●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 well in those free Cities, and by those free Princes 〈…〉 privilege of coining, there is always stamped cer●… 〈…〉 money that only passeth currant in their iurisdict●… 〈◊〉 ●…ther; and these passing in the Kingdom of Bo●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be these; First, 3 potchandels make one ●…zer, ni●… 〈◊〉 ●…ne potchandel make four weissgrosse, and 30 gross of M●…ia o●… ●…sse make a dolor, also here Merchants reckon two hellers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and fix pfenings for a gross, and 60 gross for a shock, and ●…osse for a mark.  
〈◊〉 ●…zerland it is found that diverse of the Cantons 〈◊〉 ●…yne 
〈…〉  〈◊〉 ●…hich pass currant among themselves the p●… of whic●…●…ts are found to be in Ba●…, ●…rich, and Sc●… ●…he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 w●…reof I will only note.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…oine is the Rappen munts, where●…●…ed a 〈…〉 ●…retzers: and 20 plaparts, or 60 cretzers make a common guilden, and 3 pfeninge make a cretzer.  
At Zurich it is found that 6 pfenings make a shilling, and may be worth a penny starling, & 3 pfenings make a sickerling; two great finfers of Basil, and one little finferlin makes a bats of Basil, and in like manner 5 finferlins make a bats, and 5 finfers 2 bats.  
But my work were endless to run through the particular coins currant, and stamped in every particular place of this Empire, therefore this shall suffice for a taste of the variety; and whosoever carrieth any merchandise into these countries, let him be sure to know the true worth of the moneys he receiveth for the same, jest he prove in conclusion a loser by his traffic.   

CHAP. CCVII  
The Weights of Germany reduced to the 100 li. of London.  
THE Next thing in order to be handled is the 
Weights in general of Germany reduced to the 100 li. 〈◊〉 London.  Weights and Measures of the Cities of Trade in this Empire, which I have in part touched already 〈◊〉 〈…〉, the ●…est or as many 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…me ●…hin my collections I shall here 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…ingenious and better skilled m●… add the 〈◊〉. And 〈◊〉 for the weight, which here I have redu●… to th●… 〈◊〉. sutle of London, the which is found to yield in  
 li. ●…berg 88 〈◊〉 89 〈◊〉 ●…ce 88 ●…rge 91 ●…piers 88 ●…leberge 92 ●…ke 92 ●…ge 92 〈◊〉 116 〈◊〉 
The 〈◊〉 of Lo●… doth 〈◊〉 in  92 ●…ienna 81 Statin 92 Erford 81 Ipsburge 81 Salsburge gross 79 ●…itto small 108 ●…bech 92 ●…tsen 133 ●…ostuts 92 Mison of 16 ou●…. li. 96 Of 〈◊〉. the li. 142 Of Merchants waigh●… 92 Munchen 91 Wessell 91 Saxony in general 96 Norlinghen 91 Francfort 92 Breslow 116 Canoli 83 Domstreder 92 Regenberge 83 Loosen 141 Offen 92 Basile 92 Paslow 83 Hamburge 92 Copenghen 9●… Basill 92 Zuricke 94 Wallo●…s country 〈◊〉   

CHAP. CCVIII.  
Of Measures of Germany reduced to the Measures of London.  
HAving done with their Weights in general, I will do the same for their long Measures in general, which I will 
Measures of Germany.  reduce to the 100 Yard's of London, and note that the same hath been observed to have produced in these Cities of Germany.  
Embden 163 else. Lubeck 160 el. Munster 80 el. Collen 160 el. Erford 218 el. Francfort 169 ●…cloth 〈◊〉 80 〈◊〉. Norimberge 160 el. 〈◊〉 silk 138 el. Vienna for linen 103 el. Ditto for silk 113 el. Prague 14●… el. Ditto for 〈◊〉 160 el. Vlme 160 el. Ditto for woollen 128 el. Lipsicke 160 el. cloth Ossenbrigs 84 els. Breme 163 el. Hamburge 163 el. Basill 167 el. Bantson 148 el. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 el. ●…lle 〈◊〉 el. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 el. cloth Ditto 〈◊〉 138 el. 〈◊〉 long 〈◊〉. 1●… el. Ditto short measures 1●…3 el. Zearech 〈◊〉 el. Statin 〈◊〉 el. Ocermond ●…1 el. Wismar 157 el. Gripswald 163 el.  
The rest I willingly omit for brevity sake, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the trial of the better experienced.   

CHAP. CCIX  
Of the trade in general of Germany.  
THe particular Trading of several Cities being 〈◊〉 observed, it will not be amiss a little to look 〈◊〉 the Trade in general of Germany, and therewith 〈◊〉 Navigation 
The general trade of Germany.  of this nation, by which we found, 〈◊〉 in all Cou●… almost the same is principally maintained. The Cities then found on the Sea-cost on the North-side of Germany, have very great ships; yet more fit for great stowedge and burden, than either for sail or defence; and therefore oftentimes to this end freighted by the Netherlanders. Neither can I attribute much commendations to the German Mariner, for those Seas in good part, and the Baltic sea altogether, are found free of pirates and piracies, which is the chief reason why their ships are found in the general to be so ill armed, either defensive or offensive, and in one thing they concur with the Dutch, to the shame of the Christians profession, that there is never found any prayers used aboard their ships, neither morning or evening, contrary to the laudable custom and godly exercise of our English mariners, who constantly use prayer and Psalms, at lest four times in four and twenty hours, which is at the setting of the four quarterly watches of the day and night. These Maritime Cities are for the most part either Hans-townes or free Cities, because they enjoyed of old in all neighbour Kingdoms, great privileges of buying any Commodities, as well of strangers as Citizens, and of selling their own to either at pleasure, and to bring in or carry out all commodities by their own ships, with like immunities equal to Citizens in all the said do●…nions, and no less prejudicial to others, than advantageous to themselves and in London they were wont to devil together in the house ●…lled the S●…il-yard, and there enjoyed these and many other privileges, which now for many years have ly●… dead; partly by reason the English found not these, or the like privileges in these free Hans-townes; and partly, by reason they have found ●…re commodious to make use of their own shipping, as in these ●…es it is found they do.  
Notwithstanding all this, yet it is observed that the Germans in general apply themselves very industriously to all Traffic by land, but the free Cities on the sea coasts do but coldly exercise it by sea; Be●… 〈◊〉 found to be spent and exported amongst themselves in 〈◊〉 ●…dible measure and quantity, with an extraordinary gain, 〈◊〉 therefore noted for one of the prime commodities of this empire, bringing profit not only to private men, but also to Prin●… ●…nd to free States, there being no Merchandise in the world that ●…ore easily finds a buyer in Germany, than this: for other commodities, it is observable that Germany sends into Italy Linens, corn and wax; it sends into England Boards, Iron, Diaper, Rhenish wines, and Norimberg wares, which can hardly be called commodities; into Spain they sand Linens, wax, brass, copper, cordage, masts, gunpowd●… and this is their principal Exportation. Now for their Impo●…tions, Italy returns them Silks of all kinds; England Lead, Tin, a●… woollen clothes; and Spain returns them Spanish wines, first-fruits, eiles, salt some wools, and other commodities.  
I formerly noted, that the English had their Staple at Embden, the Count whereof used them well and courteously●…, but wars growing between England, and Spain, the place grew dangerous for them: for their goods were oftentimes taken, and themselves made prisoners, even in the mouth of the harbour; whereupon they removed to Hamburg, where being oppressed with new impositions, and being denied the exercise of their religion, they removed also thence, and settled their Staple at Stoade.  
Than also our English had their Staple at Danzig in Prusen, for the kingdom of Poland; but when the Dansickers under pretence of the Suevian war, exacted of them a Dollar for each woollen Cloth, and as much proportionally upon all other commodities; and afterwards, though the war being ended, yet would remit nothing of the same; and withal, forbade the English, by a law decreed, to live in Poland, the commodities whereof were only sold there, jest they should learn the language, and found out the mystery of that trade and Country: And lastly, when as they exacted as much weekly of an Englishman dwelling in their City, as they did of a jew dwelling there amongst them, the English thereupon made agreement with the Senate of Melvin for 11 years, to pay them six gross for each Cloth brought in, and accordingly for all other goods, and to pay as much more in the City of Kettle to the Duke of Pri●… for his giving them free passage to Melvin; ●…d so ●…is meane●… they settled their Staple in Melvin: whereupon the D●…kers being offended with the Citizens of Melvin, and the Hamburgers no less with those of Stoade, procured all the free Cities by a public writing to outlaw not only Melvin and Stoade for receiving the 〈◊〉 to the common prejudice of the rest, but also Coningsberg, the 〈◊〉 of the Duke of Prussen, and the free City of Lubeck for favou●…g the English in this their course, and for permitting them being strangers, to cell their goods to any other than the Citizens of each several City. But how these differences come afterward to be reconciled, and their Staples removed thence, I have showed in o●… 〈◊〉.  
And being now entered to speaked of the trade of Pr●… German 
Trade of Pru●…ca.  Province, but of late years annexed to the Crown of Poland, which of itself is of great importance, it will not be amiss to enlarge myself upon some particulars thereof. The English 〈◊〉 are found to bring thither great quantity of Tin, Lead, and ●…ollen-Cloathes, and other commodities, and to bring thence hard and liquid Pitch, Hemp, Flax, Cables, Masts for ships, Boards, & Timber for building, Linen Cloth, Wax, Mineral salt, which in Poland they dig out of pits like great stones, and the same being put to the fire, is made pure, and being black his colour is more durable, 〈◊〉 less subject to giving again than our boiled Salt. Also th●… bring thence Pine Ashes for making of Soap, commonly known to us by the name of Soap-ashes, and Corn in great quantity; yet the English are found seldom to have need of their Corn for the use of England, which many times of their own they transport to other nations; but they buy it as the free Cities do, to transport it to other Countries, which the Low-countries men do also buy as well for themselves, as to serve Spain, and other Countries therewith, so great a quantity thereof is hence dispersed into all parts of Europe.  
Amber is also brought from thence, but not gathered neither at 
Amber.  Melvin nor Dansicke, as some imagine, but on the sea side of Koningsperg, where, as I said, the Duke of Prusen holds his Court, and so all along the coast of Curland; where, howsoever it lies in great quantity on the sands of the sea, it is as safe as if it were locked up in warehouses, since it is death for any to take up the lest piece thereof, and being only by the law accounted to be the proper commodity of the Duke, to whom the same appertaineth. And this being as much as I have thought requisite to handle concerning the trade of Germany in the general, or of the Imperial Cities and Hans-townes in particular, I will proceed to the next kingdom, which in order is Denmark, and to the principal Cities, and particular trade thereof.   

CHAP. CCX.  
Of Denmark, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.  
DENMARK hath on the East Mare Balticum, on the West the Germa●… 
Denmark and the Provinces thereof.  Ocean, on the North Sweden, on the South Germany.  
This Country doth afford for Merchandise, Fish; Tallow, hides, and having abundance of Oxen, 50000 are said to be sent hence yearly to Germany, also Buck-skins, armours of all sorts, furniture for shipping, Boards, such as Wainscot, firrewood, &c.  
This Kingdom now contains Ci●…bricke, Chersonese, the Lands of the Baltic, and part of Scandia, and first this Chersonese is divided into four Provinces.  
Halsatia is the first, wherein are found the Cities of Niemunster and Bramsted, and is the title of the second Son of Denmark. 
Holsatia.   
Dithmars is the second Province, wherein are found the Cities of 
Dithmars.  Marne and Meldorpe, the Inhabitants of this last esteemed so wealth, that they are said to cover their houses with copper.  
Slesia is the third, wherein are of note Sleswicke, 2. Goterpe, and 3. Londen a haven town. 
Slesia.   
juitland is the fourth, the towns of note are Rincopen, 2. Nicopen, 3. Holne, 4. and Arhansen. 
juitland.   
The Baltic Lands are 35 in number, but of them 4 are found to 
Baltic Lands.  be of principal note, 1. Seeland, 2. Fionia, 3. Borneholme, and 4. Fimera, of which a word.  
In Seeland is found thirteen Cities, the chief whereof is Haffen the King's seat, and the only University in Denmark, known to 
Seeland.  other nations by the name of Copenhagen, that is Mercatorum portus, or the Merchant's haven: Secondly Elsinour, standing on the sea side, 
Copenhagen.  in which town the Merchants that have passed, or are to pass the 
Elsinour.  Sound, do pay their customs to the King: And thirdly Rotchilt, the Sepulchre of the Danish Kings, between this Island and the firm land of Scandivonia is the passage called the Sound towards Moscovia, which did formerly yield unto this King a great yearly profit, but now much decayed since the English found out the Northern passage into Russia. This Sound is in breadth 3 miles, and commanded on Scandia side by the castle of Helsenburg, and on this Island by that of Cronburg, both castles of good defence.  
In Fionia is found eight Towns, the principal whereof Osell 
Fionia.  Scomberge and others.  
In Bornholmia is a principal City Barnholme. 
Bornholme.   
In Fimeria. is found the City of Peterborne, and is the Island in which that famous Mathematician Tic●… Bra●… built an artificial tower, 
Fimeria.  wherein he studied the Mathematics, and wherein are still reserved many of his rare Mathematical instruments.  
Scandia is the last part of this Kingdom, lying part of it on this 
Scandia.  side, and part beyond the Arctic circle, so that the longest day in the more Northern part is about three months, and contains the Kingdoms of Norway, Swethland, and part of Denmark; the part of it belonging to Denmark is divided into three Provinces, 1. Halandia, 2. Schonia, and 3. Blesida.  
In Halandia is Halanesoe. 
Halandia. Scania.   
In Scania is the City of Londis a fare haven, Falsgerbode and the castle of Elsimbourg, one of the keys of the Sounded before mentioned, and the seas are here said sometimes so to abound with hering●…, that ships are scarce able with wind and Oar to break through them, and the Country is the pleasantest of all Denmark.  
In Blesida is found the City of Malmogia, and the strong castle of 
Blesida.  Colmar against the Swedlander. The principal trade of this Kingdom is contained in Coppenhagen and Elsinour, therefore under the title of these two I will comprehend the Traffic of this Kingdom.   

CHAP. CCXI  
Of Coppenhagen, and the trade thereof.  
COPPENHAGEN is the Seat of the Kings of 
Coppenhagen, and the trade thereof.  Denmark in winter, and may be interpreted the Merchant's haven, on the East side is the King's palace or castle, which bordereth on the sea shore, where the haven is found to be, the sea being not fare distant from the North side thereof: the City is of a round form, affording little beauty, as being but meanly built of wood and clay, and the castle of stone. Here are found some Merchants, yet for the most part of no great eminence: for the Country affordeth norich commodities that may allure others thither, or serve to be transported to other regions, whereby a gain may be expected.  
The moneys of this kingdom commonly currant is the Doller, 
Coins of Coppenhagen.  and shilling; two Danish shillings making one Lubeck shilling, and 66 Danish shillings accounted for a Rix Doller, which is five shillings Sterlin.  
Their accounts are kept by marks of 16 shillings Danish. 
Accounts in Denmark.   
Their exchanges are here practised by the Rix dolor above mentioned, the common currant coin of these countries.  
Their measures and weights I will briefly observe by themselves, and therefore hasten to Elsinour. 
Measures and weights, &c.    

CHAP. CCXII  
Of Elsinour and the trade thereof.  
ELSINOUR of itself is but a poor Village, but much frequented by Seamen by reason of his 
Elsinour and the trade thereof.  neighbourhood to that strait Sea called the Sound, where the King of Denmark hath laid so great impositions upon all ships and goods coming out or going into the Baltique sea, as this sole profit surpasseth fare all the revenues of his kingdom: the strong Castle of Cronburge lies in this village upon the mouth of this strait, to which on the other side of this narrow sea in the kingdom of Norway, another Castle is opposite, called Elsburg, which two are the Keepers of this strait, that no ship can pass in, or come out of the Baltique sea without their leave, and consequently without due payment of this Imposition. On the south side of Cronburge Castle is the largest Road for ships, toward the Baltique sea where the King is said to have his lodgings, which cannot choose but be a delectable prospect to all men, but especially to him: for ships go in and out here by Fleets of hundred, and he is certain, that noon do pass either way but according to their burden and loading, adds somewhat to his treasury. The haven is capable to contain a great Fleet, for it hath Cronburge Castle on the North side, the Castle of Elsburge on the East side, and Seeland, the chief Island of the kingdom on the West side, and the Island Fimeria, or Wherne on the south side, in which I noted before, that Tycho Brahe the famous Mathematician had his residence. The Danes conceive this Island to be of such importance, as they have a Fable, that Henry the seventh of England offered for the possession of it, as much Scarlet Cloth as would cover the same, with a Rose Noble at the corner of each Cloth. If any such offer were made, doubtless the wisdom and judgement of that Prince, knew how to make that Island being fortified, peradventure to return him his charges again with good interest; but it is not credible, by reason that it cannot benefit a foreign Prince whose territories lieth out of the Sound, by which he must needs enter those beforementioned Castles commanding the entrance, though it might prove more beneficial to some Prince bordering upon the Baltique seas, and to whom the sea is open for passage.   

CHAP. CCXIII  
Weights in general of Denmark reduced to that of London.  
NOW for the Weights of this Kingdom, they are found to differ in many places: so many as have come to my hand, I have reduced to the sutle hundred of London, which sutle hundred is found to produce in these Cities of traffic and some others adjoining.  
 i Aldar 87 Coppingham 92 Cracon 119 Dansicke 116 Hamburg 92 Wild 116 Elsinour 92  
 li. Lubeck 92 Melvin 120 Revel 116 Rhiga 116 Statar 108 Stralsont 88 Bergen Norway 92  
Where it is to be noted, that generally in Coppenhagen, and in most parts of Denmark, they have a great and a small hundred, one of 112 pound to the hundred, and another of 120 pound to the hundred, accounted twelve stone of ten pound to the stone: Also they have a Skip-pound, 32 stone of ten pound the stone, or 20 Lispound of 16 mark pound is a Skip-pound, and 20 times 16 pound is 320 pound.   

CHAP. CCXIIII.  
Measures in general of Denmark reduced to London.  
AS I have done with their weights, so will I proceed with 
Measures ingenerall of Denmark.  their measures, reducing them to the hundred yards English, and makes in  
Arsnis 166⅔el Breme 162½el Breslow for cloth 148 el Ditto for Silks 160 el Conixborough 166 el Lubeck 160 el Munster 80 el Ockermond 141½el Revel 166 el Rhosticke 158⅕el Wisinar 157¾el Dansicke 162½el Doinin 163 el Embden 163 el Gripswould 163 el Hamburgh 163 el Melvin 162 el Narva 166 el Osenbrighs 84 el Rhiga. 166 el Statin. 141½el  
And thus much shall serve to have said for the measures of this Country, whereto I have added the measures of some other the adjoining eminent Cities of trade and Commerce.   

CHAP. CCV.  
Trade in general of Denmark.  
TO conclude, the trade of Denmark driven by the inhabitants, is not great, their country partly not 
The generail trade of Denmark.  affording commodities for Merchandises; and their seas, I mean principally the Baltique, not being for many months in the year navigable for frost. The inhabitants are frugal in food and apparel, and therefore not much addicted neither to Silks nor Spices, and the great traffic and concourse of other nations, through the Sound, that furnisheth them with all necessaries, makes the inhabitants less desirous to sail abroad to fetch the same at the first hand. Stockfish and other salted Fish they sand into foreign Countries, and so also they do their Oxen and cattles in great quan●…ty, besides the commodities which the country doth natu●…lly afford, mentioned in the former part of this country's de●…ription; neither have I heard any great fame of their Naviga●…ons or Mariners, which principally sail Northward, and little to ●…e Southward, though otherwise it is conceived that next to the ●…nglish their Vessels are the strongest built to endure the blasts of ●…he colder climates, and the scorch of the warmer regions; yet ●…f late days I have understood, they have undertaken some new ●…iscoveries and trade into the East Indies, which they have since ful●…y performed, to the great encouragement of such as shall fol●…ow them.   

CHAP. CCXVI.  
Of Norway and the Cities thereof.  
NORWAY is bounded on the North with Lappia, 
Norway, and the cities thereof.  on the East with the Dofri●…e mountains, on the other parts with the seas.  
The chief commodities of this Country is Stockfish, 
Nidrosia.  rich furs, train Oil, pitch, and tackling for ships, as masts, caples, deal-boards, fir, and the like.  
Towns are here thin, and the houses therein poor and miserable. 
Bergen, one of the 4 ancien●… Marts of Europe . The chief of those that are, is Nidrosia, the Archbishops seat of Norway, Iseland, and Groinland: The second is Bergen, one of the four ancient Mart towns of Europe; the other three being London in England, Nomgrade in Moscovia, and Bridges in Flanders; and all of these but London are decayed, for this Bergen hath yielded to Wardhouse; Novegrade, by reason of the charge of navigation through the Baltic into the Northern passage, hath given way to Saint Nicholas, and Bridges being deprived of her traffic by Antwerp, it is now also removed to Amsterdam, for the Hollanders by blocking up the haven, but especially by keeping of Bergen up Zome, have such a command over the river, that no vessel can pass or repass without their licence. But to proceed: Finmarch also appertaineth 
Finmarke.  to this kingdom, and both to the Dane: the chief Cities are Saman, secondly Hielso, both Sea-towns, but the principal is Wardhouse, 
Wardhouse.  seated in the very Northern end of all the country, being a town of little trade, but great concourse of shipping, that this way are bound for Moscovia, which must needs touch here, and it is so called, as seated in a little Island called Ward.  
In Bergen in Norway the common weight is a pound, the 100 li. of 
Weight in Bergen.  London hathbeene found to make there 92 li. but weighing with a sling, as they do, is found to be very uncertain.  
The measure is  
The particulars of the trade of this Country, here necessarily to be handled, I am enforced to omit, by reason of my ignorance, therefore entreat the better experienced to supply my defect therein.   

CHAP. CCXVII.  
Of Swethland, and the Cities of trade thereof.  
SWETHLAND is bounded on the East with Moscovia, on the West with the Dosrine hills, on 
Swethland and the cities thereof.  the North with the frozen Seas, and on the South with the Baltic seas.  
The Commodities that this Country affordeth for merchandise is Lead, copper, silver, drawn out of 
Commodities of Sweden.  their mines, and it aboundeth also with hides of Bucks, Goats and Oxen, tallow, Tar, Malt, Barley, rich furs, and the like.  
It containeth five Provinces, Lappia, Bodia, Finland, Gothland and Sweden; of all which a word.  
In Lappia I found not any City of note, being cold and comfortless. 
Lappia.   
In Bodia is the town of Virei●… and Helsinga.  
In Finland are many strong towns populous and rich, Albo and 
Bodia. Finland.  Narve, both of great strength; also those two strong Cities of Veburg and Ruiallia, which cost the Sweden 100000 crowns yearly the keeping, by nature defending his own, and offending his Enemy's Territories.  
In Gothland stands the chief City of this kingdom, Stockholme, 
Gothland.  seated in the waters, after the manner of Venice, and the residence of the Sweden King, next Lodusi●… a town of great traffic, than Waldburge and Colmar, two impregnable Cities.  
In Sweden are the chief Cities of Vpsall a Bishopric, second 
Sweden.  Nicopea, a sea town of good strength; third Copperdole, most famous for its abundance of brass, which is here in such plenty, that there are found 400 brass pieces in the castle of Stockholme; under which I will comprehend the trade of Sweden.   

CHAP. CCXVIII.  
Of Stockholme and the trade thereof.  
BEcause I intent upon the general trade of Eastland to handle some particular Cities belonging to the 
Stockholme, and the trade thereof.  crown of Sweden therefore I shall be the briefer upon the trade of this City of Stockholme the Metropolis of this kingdom. Stockholme then being the residence of this King, whose arms of late were so prevalent in Germany is accounted famous in those Northern regions for the great concourse of Merchants and traffic here daily practised, seated in watery marshes, after the manner of Venetia, and supposed to be built upon piles, and therefore bears in their language some construction thereof, which not unproperly may bear in our ancient English the same sense: It is situated in part upon the lake of Meler, and in part on the East sea, out of which the great trade of shipping to this place doth come and enter by a deep and narrow channel, spacious and commodious for ships of the greatest burden; but the fort of Waxholme on the one side of the passage, and the fort of Digne so fitly seated opposite to the same in the narrowest of the gut and strait, command the whole channel, and guard the lake and City, and no Vessel is suffered either to go in or out, but here have their congee and admission: It is beside fortified with a strong castle, wherein is found for the defence thereof four hundred pieces of brass Artillery; and for the beauty thereof, it is adorned with many goodly private and public bu●…ldings, the King's palace being more renowned for the antiquity, than stately structure thereof.  
The Commodities for transportation found in this City are 
Commodities of Stockholme.  principally Iron, Steele, Copper, Wyer, all sorts of grains, Lead and other Minerals, Honey, Wax, Tallow, Hides, and the like: which is hence dispersed into all parts of these Northern Climates.  
The Monies in use generally currant throughout the Kingdom 
Monies currant in Swethland.  of Sweden, is the Doller, which is divided into marks, and eight marks makes a dolor, and this mark is divided into clipping, so that two clip make a mark, and a clipping is accounted for 9½ stivers Flemish, and by this dolor they exchange with other neighbouring Countries, and it is valued in sterling money at ()  
The weight in use or this place is the pound, and the 100 pound 
Weights of Stockholme.  of London hath produced here 116 li. they have here also two shipponds, the one the proper shippond of this place, which is 320li. of the said weight, and the other shippond is 340 li. the proper shippond of Dansicke of 34 stones, as there in the chapter of Dansicke appears, and this quintar or pound is found to agreed with Narva Riga, Revell, Dansicke, and some towns of trade in the Baltic sea.  
The common measure of length here used is the Ell, and is the 
Measure of Stockholme.  same in all Sweden, except some principal towns of this tract hereafter noted, and the 100 yards of London doth produce 166 else & 〈◊〉, but note that in Barrow in Sweden this ell is found to be very uncertain, for the bigness of a man's head is measured about with a rope, and this they accounted for an ell, so that here a great head may be some benefit to a Merchant, for by this rule the greatest loggerhead shall have consequently the largest measure.  
Corn is here sold by a measure, called a Loop, 23 loops doth make a 
Of Corne.  Last in Amsterdam, or 10 quarters in London.   

CHAP. CCXIX  
Of Moscovia and the Provinces thereof.  
MOSCOVIA is bounded on the East with 
Moscovia and the Cities thereof.  Tartary, on the West with Livonia, Lituania, and part of Sweden; on the North with the fr●… Ocean, and on the South with the Caspian sea the Turks, and Palus Meotis.  
This country affordeth for Merchandise 
Commodities of Moscovia.  Furs of many sorts, Flax, Hemp, Whale's grease, Honey, Wax, Canvas, Ropes, Cables, Caviar, Astracan bides, Tallow, raw bides, and B●…gars.  
The many rivers that are found to be in this Country, doth 
Famous Rivers of Moscovia.  much further trading in general; First, Tanais, which disburdeneth itself into Palus Meotis; secondly, Duino, which entereth into the Scythian seas at the Abbey of S. 〈◊〉, where our English since the discovery of the Northern passage, use to land and disperse themselves into all parts of this vast Empire. Thirdly, Boristenes that entereth into Pontus Euxinus. Fourthly, Onega, which openeth itself into the Baltique sea. And lastly, Volga, which with no less than 70 mouths disgorgeth itself into the Caspian.  
This Empire is divided into 9 principal Provinces, which together with the chief towns thereof, I shall only touch.  
Novogradia is the first, the chief Town being Novegrade, seated on the Dunia, and once one of the four ancient Mart-townes of 
Novograde. 1.  Europe, now of late decayed since the discovery of the new passage unto the town of S. Nicholas by the river of Obye.  
Plescovia is the second, wherein is the City Plescove, the only 
Plescovia. 2.  walled City in Moscovia, and yet of no great eminence.  
Valadomira is the next, having also a town of that name. 
Valadomira. 3.   
Rhesan is the fourth, wonderful plentiful in Corn, that neither 
Rhesan. 4.  can birds fly, nor horses run through it for thickness, the chief town Rhesan was the Metropolis of Russia, it is the first part of Moscovia, abounding in Graine, H●…y, Fish, and Fowl without number.  
Servia is the fifth, the chief towns are Staradub and Pativola.  
Permia is the sixth, the chief City is Sick●…iardley, abounding in 
Servia. 5. Permia. 6.  Stags.  
Candora is the seventh. 
Candora.   
Petrosa is the eighth: in both these countries the inhabitants do 
Petrosa.  live under ground, and have for half the year together perpetual day, and the other half year perpetual night, as situated beyond the Arctic.  
Moscovia is the ninth, and so named of the principal City of 
Moscovia.  Moscow, being about five miles round, having therein 16 Churches, of which the one half are made of wood and dirt, as most of the houses are: the Emperor's palace standeth in the midst, and 
Moscow.  fortified with three Bulwarks and 17 turrets, and continually guarded with 25000 Soldiers. This is the most populous province of all this great Empire: for it extendeth 2000 miles in length.  
Besides these, there are yet some petty provinces wherein are 
Smalensko.  found the towns of Smalensko, than Toropiers, next Coloprigod, Landiskron, and some others of lesser note, which I willingly omit, till my information be better.  
The trade of the English was here begun in the time of Queen Elizabeth of England, and Basiliades King in this Country, about the year 1575., and within ten years after it was perfectly settled; and because the trade of Moscovia is confined to a small circuit in these vast dominions, it will not be improper that I comprehend the same under the title of the Metropolis of this kingdom Moscow.   

CHAP. CCXX.  
Of Moscow and the trade thereof.  
MOSCOW is the Metropolis of all this 
Moscow and the trade thereof.  large kingdom, to the which the Emperor some years passed repaired, as most fit for the government of so large an Empire, accounted the midst of all his dominions. It is pleasantly seated on the river Mosca, running into Tanais, where it loseth its name, and passing Assow, disgorgeth itself into the Palus Meotis, & so to the Euxine. About fifty years past, it was esteemed ten miles in circuit, and in its height of greatness then burned by the Tartars, wherein 80000 persons were consumed, and since reduced to five mile's compass, beautified with 16 Churches, some of stones, some of timber and earth, and with the Palace of the great Duke situated in the very heart thereof, enriched with the branches of two rivers for use and ornament, which water two strong forts that defend the place. At the Abbey of S. Nicholas the Patron of this country upon the river of 
S. Nicholas.  Dunia, or Obby, the English Merchants use to land, and thence disperse themselves to Smalensko, Novo groad, hither and into all the other parts of this vast Empire, amongst whom they found kinds entertainment, and by the favour of the Prince, have larger immunities granted unto them than to anyother nation, their traffiquing attributed to the never dying fame of Queen Elizabeth in whose days the trade was here first settled; and to the plausible behaviour of the English Merchants ingenerall.  
The Merchants here are observed to keep their accounts in several 
Accounts in Moscovia.  manner; some, as the English, by Rubbles and pence, or as the inhabitants term them, Muskofkins, 200 whereof making a Rubble, which is accounted 2 Rix Dollars. Some again, as the Dutch, and other nations, by Rubbles, Grevens, and Moskofkins or pence, accounting 20 pence to a greven, and ten grevens to a Rubble, which is most in use here, this Rubble being found an imaginary coin, & not real.  
The currant moneys here is a Capecke, in value a stiver Flemish, and 
Co●…nes currant in Moscovia.  somewhat more than an English penny: for ten Capeckes is a grevene, which the English call 12 pence sterling, because that ten grevens is a Rubble, which is 10 shillings sterling. Three Capeckes they call an Altine, by which name all receipts and payments are made in bargaining and contracts, 33 Altines and one Capecke making a Rubble.  
At Archangel is found practised amongst the Merchants an Exchange 
Exchange at Archangel.  for Monies, rising and falling, according as the Ruff moneys are observed to be plentiful or scarce: the English sometimes among themselves giving 11 shillings, and 11 shillings 6 pence sterling in England for the Rubble here; and the moneys commonly taken there in August, to be paid in London the last of December following.  
The weight of Moscovia common in use is the Pood for fine goods, 
Waight of Mescovia.  and the Bercovet for gross goods, the one being derived from the other.  
By the Pood is weighed Silk Bever-wooll, Yefts, &c. and is accounted for 40 pound Russe weight: and three pood hath been observed to make 112 pound English, which by this computation should make 37⅓, pound haberdupois, and all goods there bought by the pood is 10 per cent. loss in England.  
By the Bercovet is weighed Tallow, Hemp, Cable-yarne, Coil, or Lard-ropes, and all gross commodities, and is a Ruff Ship-pound: 10 poods makes a Bercovet, which makes 360 pounds sutle haberdupois, so that all goods being bought there by the Bercovet or Ship-pound is held 10 per cent. profit: for commonly the English Merchants reckon the over-weight to pay the freight of the same goods so bought.  
The measure in length here generally used, is called an Archine, 
Measures in Moscovia.  being a Brabant ell and ½ a nail, or something more than ●…of an English yard, reckoned by the English Merchants there resident two per cent. more, and may be in circa 28 inches, so that the 100 Archines may produce in London 77 in 78 yards, and the 100 yards be here 128●… Archine, or thereabouts.  
The native commodities of this country in general I have already 
Commodities of Moscovia.  nominated, it will not be amiss I should more particularly view them and the ordinary rates they carry in price, together with the particular marks whereby their goodness and quality is discerned.  
Their most precious commodities and merchandise hence exported by forraignenations, are their rich Furs, the principal is the Sables, bought commonly by the Timber, which contains 40 skins, 
Sables.  which must be large and well coloured, and are found of all prices, as in goodness, from 15 to 20●… Robbles the Timber.  
Black Fox skins is known amongst all Northern Merchants for the richest Fur in the world, and is here found in great store, bearing 
Black Fox.  price as in largeness and growth from 5 to 200 Robbles piece.  
Otter skins are here found plenty, by reason of the many rivers of 
Otters.  this country, accounted the region of springs and streams, sold by the Timber of 40 skins, from 5 Robbles to 40 Robbles the Timber.  
Minikins are also sold by the Timber of 40 skins, and commonly sold about 6 Robbles the Timber. 
Minikins.   
Martin's are also sold by the timber of 40 skins about 15 Robbles the 
Martin's.  timber, rising as found in richness of hair.  
Ermines sold also by the Timber of 40 skins, about 2 Robbles per 
Ermines.  timber.  
Grawerte or Squirrels sold by the thousand, as in goodness from 14 Robbles to 30 Robbles the thousand. 
Squirrels.   
Read Foxes by the 10 skins, at 12 to 15 Nobbles the 10 skins. 
Fox's read and white and don.   
White Foxes by the piece about 5 Altins the piece.  
Don Foxes by the piece, about 40 Altins the piece,  
Sable rands sold by the pair, from 2 to 6 Robbles the pair.  
Bever wool is a Staple commodity also of this kingdom, and sold by the pound about 2●… Robbles per pound. 
Bever.   
Bever Wombs also by the pound, being a thin skin & well grown, is commonly worth 1½ Robble per pound.  
These are the ordinary Furs which their Northern climate affords for Merchandise, the next found here are these.  
Yellow Wax is here found made by the industry of the Bee and hands of man in great abundance, sold by the pood, which is 40 
Be Wax.  pound here, the hardest and best coloured bears price here commonly about 4 in 5 Robbles the pood.  
Tallow is sold by the Berquet, which is 10 poode, being clean white 
Tallow.  and hard about 7 in 8 Robles the berquet.  
Tar is sold by the Hogshead, being thick as the best is commonly 
Tar.  worth () per Hogshead of () gallons English.  
Train oil is sold by the Barrel, which is half a hogshead, and discerned 
Train.  by its clearness without grounds, and of a whitish colour about 4 robble per Barrel of gallons English.  
Hemp is sold by the berquet of 10 poods being clean and green 
Hemp.  bears price commonly from 3 to 5 Robles the 10 pood.  
Flax is sold by the Bercovet the bright silver colour is held the best, 
Flax.  commonly about 7 robbles the Bercovet.  
Cable yarn is sold by the Bercovet, and being well spun, round and 
Cable yarn.  not too much twisted from 67½ robble the Bercovet.  
Coil's or Tard ropes by the Bercovet about 7 robbles the Bercovet: 
Coiles.  where note, that the English and other nations hither trading, buy here great quantity of Hemp, and spin it out there into yarn, to save the charges of freight: every 1000 pood doth cost about 100 or 110 robbles charges; and if the hemp prove good, there is found near ●…losse, if bad, so much more, and worth, being in Cable yarn, as I said above from 6 to 7●… robbles the Bercovet.  
Dried Cow-hides being large and weighty, are sold by the hundred 
Cow hides.  hide, worth from 40 to 44 robbles the hundred.  
Read Evits by the pair at 2½ rubbles per pair, and sometimes sold 
Evyts.  by the pood, at 40 robbles per pood: and note that the white are commonly worst esteemed b●… 〈◊〉 in price.  
Losh hides are sold by the piece, the largest and not wormeaten 
Losh hids.  is the best, from 6 grevens to 5 rubbles the piece, as in goodness.  
Ducks feathers sold by the pood, as in goodness from 3 to 5 rubble, 
Feathers.  the pood.  
Caviar is also a principal commodity here sold by the pood, and 
Caviar.  commonly worth 40 Altines the pood.  
Course Linen is made here in great quantity sold by the 1000 Archine 
Linens.  of ½ yard, and ¼ the broad from 15 to 20 robbles the 1000 Archine, as it is found in fineness. Some other commodities this country affordeth which I omit, as of no great consequence.   

CHAP. CCXXI.  
Of the trade in general of Moscovia.  
THE excellent commodity of the great Rivers 
Of the trade in general of Moscovia.  that in all places of this large Empire are found to water and enrich this Country, should much incite this nation to the trade of Merchandise; but it is often found, that where nature is most liberal in her furtherances, the inhabitants prove most backward in their endeavours; the natural coldness of the climate enclosing the people into their warm stoves, and the neighbourhood of the Tartars (who in some respects resembling dogs, neither suffering the Moscovians to traffic, nor yet traffic themselves) by their continual harrying of the country, and the often incursions and wars of the Swedens, may in some sort serve them for a reasonable excuse; yet it is found that these wars prove main helps sometimes to their traffic, especially in Furs, for their bodies thereby enured to cold and hardness, make the pastime of hunting a profitable exercise in the worst season of the year, the rest of their Merchandise come to them very near in the same kind: for it wholly dependeth upon Manufactories and labour for their cordage, linens and yarn they have from the earth, as their hides, tallow, and wax upon the same: their Caviar and Train oil, and some other such by Fishing, so that it may be supposed they are more addicted to husbandry and fishing, than to merchandising. The English about the year of 1575. first discovered the trade, and found here good entertainment, and great privileges from the then reigning Prince, and the first discoverers were in London incorporated into a Society of Merchants by the name of the Moscovia Company, by grant of Queen Elizabeth; which company hath since been subject to some alterations and contingencies in their trade, by reason of certain cross accidents happening therein; but being in England ordered by the advice of a Governor, Deputie; and certain selected Committees, and in Moscovia by an Agent, who regulate 
Mr. Henry Garaway Alderman being at present Governor.  the same, by whose wisdom they have of late so prudently settled their trade in general, and reform their passed errors, that it is now seen to flourish, and in likelihood to increase daily to the particular benefit of that company, and the good both of this and that Kingdom in general.   

CHAP. CCXXII.  
Of Polonia, and the Provinces thereof.  
POland is limited on the East with Boristhenes, 
Poland and the Cities thereof.  which parteth it from Moscovia, on the West with Vistula, which parteth it from Germany, on the North with the Baltique sea and Sinus Frinicus, on the South with Hungary.  
The chief merchandise which this country 
Commodities of Poland.  affordeth for transportation, is Barley, Oates, Amber, Wax, Honey, Hemp, Pitch Tar, Rosin, and some cordage, and other commodities.  
The chief rivers, is first Vistula, navigable 400. miles, and endeth 
Rivers of Poland.  in the Baltique sea, Niger, Reuben, Bog, Mimel, and others. The Provinces are counted to be 11. and the principal Towns therein are as follows.  
Luconia is the first, in length 500 miles, in breadth 160 miles, where are Riga an Archbishopric, 2 Derpt, a town of great commerce, Ruialia 
Luconia.  and Narve, two strong towns.  
Lituania is the second, abounding in beasts, which yield the inhabitants 
Lituania.  furs for commodities, the chief cities are Vilna, second Vilcomire and Brestia.  
Volinia is the third, wherein is found Kiovia and Circassta. 
Volinia.   
Samogitia is the fourth, the chief town is Camia. 
Samogitia.   
Podolia is the fifth, affording three harvests of one sowing, the 
Podolia.  chief city is Camiensa, held invincible, seated on high rocks, Orkacow, Wincecsa, and others.  
Russia Nigra is the sixth wherein is found, Leinburge, Grodeck, &c. 
Russia.   
Prussia or Spruce, wherein is upon the Sea-coast Amber found, the 
Prussia.  chief cities are Dansicke a famous Mart, especially for all sorts of grain, 1000 measures, whereof being here daily sold, 2 Regiomount, or Conisberge, a famous University. 3 Heilsperge, 4 Manberge, 5 Angenberge, 6 Cul●…e, and others.  
Podlasia is the 8 wherein is Ticocksin, the place where the King's 
Podlasia.  treasure is reserved, Biesco, K●…isen, and others.  
Masovia is the 9, the prime city being Marckesowe. 
Masovia.   
Poland is the 10 wherein is the Metropolis of Polonia which is Cracovia, seated pleasantly on the river Vistula, here is also the cities of 
Poland.  Lublin, Guisua, Siradia and others, and of the principal of these, or others seated in this Tract, as follows.   

CHAP. CCXXII.  
Of Cracovia, and the trade thereof.  
CRacovia is the chief and Metropolis of all the Kingdom 
Cracovia, and the trade thereof.  of Poland where the King and his Council have their continual residence; it is seated in a plain, having mountains on all sides, but somewhat distant, it is compassed with two strong walls of stone, and a dry ditch, the building is very fare, of freestone 4 stories high, but covered with tiles of wood or shingleses, it is of round form, in the midst whereof stands a large quadrangular marquet place, wherein is seated the Cathedral Church, and the Senate house for the city, about which are many shops for Merchants, upon the East side of the city, is the King's castle, fare and well built on a hill, lying open on the South side, without any building above the wall, on the East side are the King and Queen's lodgings, on the North side lodgings for feasting, on the West a Chapel where the Kings are interred: it hath not received any great fame for merch●…ndising, many Scotchmen have attained to some estate here by trading, but it may more properly be called pedlerising than merchandising, for they have a movable Magasin which they transport by horse, from town to town wherein their commodities are enclosed; and not a few such are found to have begun this traffic at first by their backs, and afterwards by horses, their coins currant with their weights and measures I will here insert.  
It is not above 300 years since the Polonians used silver coins stamped; for before that time, they did traffic with little pieces 
Coins currant in Polonia.  of uncoined silver, and by the exchange of skins, and other such commodities, but at this day they make all contracts by silver guildens, but have no such real coin amongst them, the coins currant are these: A Gold Ducket, known by the name of Polander is of the same value which the Hungarian Ducat, and worth 70 polish gross, a silver Guilden or Florin is worth 30 polish groshe, which is 2 shillings starling, a dolor in specie is worth 40 polish groshe; but in all contracts for buying and selling, the dolor is accounted 36 groshe: a Creitzer is worth 3 potchanels, 18 deniers make 1 grosh: 〈◊〉 grosh of Poland or Bohemia, is worth 7 potchanels: 16 whites make one Ort, 4 Ortss make a dolor, valued in starling money four shillings four pence.  
The common weight of Cracovia is the pound, 136ˡ' whereof i●… 
Weights of Cracovia.  here accounted a Quintar, which makes in London, 114ˡ' circa, and the 100ˡ' of London, hath yielded here about 120ˡ' but the common pound is reduced to a stone of 40ˡ' to a stone, and to a shippond, which is ten of the said stones.  
The common measure of length is— an ell which is 〈◊〉 an English 
Measures of Cracovia.  ell, but they cell their linen by shocks which produceth 57½ else English the shock.   

CHAP. CCXXIU  
Of Dantzke, and the trade thereof.  
DAntzke is a very fare City, standing at the foot of a great mountain that hangs over it, the famous river Vistula 
Dantzke, and the trade thereof.  passing by it on the East side, and running towards the North, falls into the Baltique sea, a little Brooke enters the City on the South side, and runs through it toward the North, affording many commodities to the City: as first a fare water Conduit, where by a Mill the waters are drawn into a Cistern, and thence by pipes serving every private citizens house, than a Corn mill for the Senate (besides their private mills) which affords them in every hour a golden guilden throughout the year to their public treasury, and besides many other mills; it hath one for sawing of boards and timber, having an iron wheel, which not only driveth the ●…aw, but hooketh in, and turneth the boards to the seen without the help of hands; the corn Garners of this town are also fare, remarkable and many in number, wherein the citizens do lay up the ●…orne coming out of Poland, and according to the wants of Europe, ●…arry it into many Kingdoms, and many times relieve fruitful Provinces in time of casual dearth, into which Garners under a great penalty no man may carry either fire or candle lighted, by a Law enacted amongst them.  
The city is compassed with one wall, yet contains three several cities, governed by three distinct Senates, out of which one chief ●…nate is chosen to govern the whole City, and according to the Roman superstition they have St. George for their Protector, whose ●…ed cross they carry, in their flags, as doth also England, Genoa in Ita●…, and the Island, Scio, in the arches; the City is seated about one ●…glish mile from the Baltique shore, the port being called Dermind, ●…here the ships of burden do ride to lad and unlade their com●…odities; and the City being acknowledged, a free town is found 〈◊〉 coin moneys, which as I found observed, I shall note here, toge●…her with the weights and measures here in use.  
Their accounts are kept here in sundry manners; the common ●…eing by polish Guilders of 30 gross and 12 pence to a groshe. 
Accounts kept in Dansicke.   
But Merchants buy commodities here by the great Mark of 60 gross, ●…nd by the lesser of 15 gross, and also by the dolor of 35 gross, of 〈◊〉 stivers the gross.  
Their moneys currant being thus accounted: One great mark 
Coins currant in Dansicke.  〈◊〉 two polish Guilders; one polish guilder, is worth two lesser ●…arkes; one lesser mark worth 15 gross, and the gross 18 pence, ●…esides which, they coin Hungarian ducats of gold, as they do 〈◊〉 Poland, and they have two coins in gold called a milres, and half 〈◊〉 milres; and each milres is three dollars and two ses●…int, 36 polish grosse ●…aking here a dolor.  
The weight of Dansicke in use is the pound for fine goods, the 100ˡ' 
Wei●…hts of Dantzke.  〈◊〉 London making here 116 l '. Besides which, they have a skippond and ●…pond thus distinguished; 16 mark pound is one lispond, and 20 ●…pond makes one skippond by the small stone of 24ˡ' for spices &c.  
But they have also a great stone to weigh gross wares, as Flax, ●…xe, and the like of 34ˡ' whereof 10ˡ' to the skippond of 340 l '.  
The measure for length of this City, is the ell, the 100 else whereof 
Measures of Dansicke.  makes in London about 49 else, and the 100 yards of London doth here tender 162 or 163 else incirca.  
The measure of Beer in Dansicke is the fat which contains 180 stoops which is accounted 81 stoops of Antwerp.  
The measure of corn here, is the Last which contains 61 shepells, 56 whereof makes a Last in Amsterdam, or 10¼ quarternes English London, 4 sheppells make one mud, which is the shippond before mentioned of 34 l '.  
Merchants for the most part throughout all Eastland are found to 
Accounts in Eastland.  keep their accounts in Florins, or Guilderns and in groshes and deniers, accounting 12 deniers to the groshe, and 20 groshe to the Guilderne or Florine.   

CHAP. CCXXVI.  
Of Elbin, and the trade thereof.  
ELbin is but a small, yet a fare City, and of late days i●… compassed with walls, grown great and large by the trade and residence of the English merchants, which 
Elbin, and the trade thereof.  since, upon some grievance and discontentment are hence removed: in this City lies the gross of the trade of Prussen, especially for all the gruffe goods of that Dukedom; it once appertained to the Tentonique knights, but now to the Kings of Poland, and who for the present, the citizens acknowledge for their Protector, and otherwise it yields him but little obedience, being of itself a free City: from this City towards the North-east, is a channel that runneth up to Coninxburghe, the seat of the Dukes of Prusland, by which all commodities are transported and conveyed from the one to the other.  
The coins currant, and the manner of their accounts here kept, I have touched before, and the weight in use in this place, is the 
Weights of Elbin.  pound 40 whereof makes the stone, and 10 stone of 40ˡ' makes the shippond, which is 400 l ', which is 350ˡ' of their great weight, and the 100ˡ' of London hath been found to make here 120 l '.  
The Last of Wheat is here accounted for 5200ˡ'  
The measure of length in this place in use, is the Ell, and the 10●… yards of London is found to make here 163 else. There are also in this 
Measures of Elbin.  Tract found for eminent cities of trade, Coninxburghe, Stettin, Starlsont, Revel, Rhiga, of which a word or two, and first of Coninxburgh.   

CHAP. CCXXVI.  
Of Coninxburgh, and the trade thereof.  
COninxburgh, vulgarly Queensburgh, and in Italian 
Coninxburgh and the trade thereof.  Mont Royal, is the Metropolis of this Duchy, seated upon an Inlet of the Baltique sea, and washed with the pleasant river of Piegol, it is found to have an Academy for Sciences, and well stored with Merchants from all the Northern parts of the world; and here the Merchants of Prusen keep their Factors for the venting of their inland commodities: upon this shore is also found in some quantity that excellent Amber, which the inhabitants call Bernstein, which in English may be translated the Burning stone, of which some writers make three sorts, the first coming from certain Gummy trees, the second made by art of gold and silver, and other ingredients, and the third this sort coming naturally from the bottom of these seas, which for 6 months are frozen up, and deny the seaman and merchant the use of navigation.  
The moneys and Accounts here in use are mentioned before: and the common weight used amongst Merchants is the stone, containing 
Weights of Coninxburg.  40 pound, and 10 stone makes a Ship pound, of 400 pound, and the 100 pound Haberdupois of London, doth yield here about 120 pound, or 121 pound: besides which, they have also the Ship-pound of Dansicke in use for some commodities of 350 pound, but this weight is to be avoided by the stranger, as being ever accounted too favourable to the Citizens.  
The common measure of length is the Ell here for all Commodities 
Measures of Coninxburg.  measurable: the 100 yards of London hath made here by observation 166 〈◊〉 in circa. And thus much shall suffice to have said of this City; from whence proceeding, I come next to Rhiga and Revel two eminent Cities also in this tract.   

CHAP. CCXXVII.  
Of Rhiga and the trade thereof.  
RHIGA is the principal City of Livonia, or Liffland, 
Rhiga and the trade thereof.  seated near the Emboseure of the river Dunia, strengthened with an exceeding strong wall, many Ordnance to defend it against all enemies, and bordering upon the Liffeland sea: it was formerly the chief residence of the Tentonick Knights, and then and now reinforced by the Garrison of Dunmund, accounted one of the impregnable fortes of this Northern climate, where all ships entering are searched, and pay a certain Toll, or Duty: the inhabitants curious for the preservation of their liberty, acknowledge the King of Poland for their Protector, to whom they pay a yearly contribution, but else are governed by their own ancient laws and privileges which they enjoyed from the Knights their old masters, at the resignation of this country to that King.  
The commodities of this Country for merchandising and exportation, 
Commodities of Rhiga.  is Corn, and grain of all sorts, Hemp, Flax, Honey, Wax, Rosen, Tar, Horses, and all sorts of rich Furs, as Martin's, Ermines, Sables, Bevers, and the like, not wanting any necessary for nourishment save Wine and Oil, which foreign nations do bring them.  
The weight in use is the pound, 20 pound whereof makes a Lispound, 
Weights of Rhiga.  and 20 Lispound makes a Ship-pound, and 12 Ship-pound being 4000 pound, is accounted a Last of Rye both here and at Nerva, and the 100 pound of London hath been observed to make here 116 pound.  
The measure is the Ell agreeing with the Ell in use in Revel, Coninxburgh, 
Measures of Rhiga.  and Nerva, 100 yards London making 166½ in circa.  
The coins and accounts differ not much here in value from the 
Coins in Rhiga.  others before mentioned, yet found to differ in appellation: for the Rix Doller, and the Mark Lupes is here all one, which makes two sweden or common Marks, and one Sweden is 8 Lups shillings: one Lups is 2 shillings, one shilling is 12 pence, and one penny is two hellers.   

CHAP. CCXXVIII.  
Of Revel and the trade thereof.  
REVEL is nothing inferior for trade to Rhiga, situated on the North part of the Baltique seas, famoused in these 
Revell and the trade thereof.  Northern countries for the safety and commodiousness of the haven: it is well stored of Merchants that frequent the place for the traffic of the commodities thereof, nominated in the aforegoing Chapter. The inhabitants stand much upon their ancient privileges granted them by their old masters Tentonique Knights, and acknowledging the King of Swethland for Protector, to whom they yield obedience, the keeping of which cost him 100000 Crowns yearly, as naturally defending his own, and offending his neighbour's territories. This City in one thing hath a larger freedom than Rhiga, and is the same as in Lubeck for coining of moneys, which they do four square, yet are bound to stamp the same of the same worth and value as the currant coins of Poland, therefore I shall not need further to insist thereupon.  
Their common weight is a pound, their Ship-pound is 400 pound, 
Weights of Revell.  and the 100 pound of London makes here 116 pound.  
There is found some Exchanges practised in these parts by the mark 
Exchanges of Revell.  sweden of 16 shil. and by the mark Lups of 32 shil. &c.  
Their common measure of length is the Ell, agreeing with that of 
Measures of Revell.  Coninxburgh and Rhiga, the 100 yards London making by computation in circa 166½ else here. Narva also seated in this tract, agreeth in weights and measures with Revel, therefore I shall not need to insist further thereupon.   

CHAP. CCXXIX.  
Of Stralsont and the trade thereof.  
STralsont lies also in this tract, and is found seated on the Baltique sea, opposite to the Island of Raugie, 
Stralsont and the trade thereof.  where the late K. of Sweden first landed in his invasion of the Empire: ●…it is now subject to the Duke of Pomeran, and in whose cause it hath endured a long and strait siege; but being well and strongly fortified, by suffering, it over-came, and is now accounted a famous Mart in these Northern parts for Grain, Pitch Tar, Rosen, Honey, Wax, Hides, Tallow, and the like. Here passeth in Merchandise the moneys of Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Germany, of all which I have spoken, and the Duke hath also a peculiar coin, which is stamped in equal value to the Imperial Doller, as above is said.  
The weight of Stralsont is the pound, 10 whereof is accounted for 
Weight of Stralsont.  a stone, and 16 for a Lispound, and the 100 pound in London hath produced here about 88 in 89 pound.  
The measure of length is the Ell, and is found to agreed with the 
Measures of Stralsont.  Ell of Statin, as is showed hereafter.  
I must not here omit a word in memory of the ancient City of julin, seated in this Duchy, and which once was the principal City 
julin.  of trade in all this sea: for here the Vandals, Saxons, Muscovites, Poloniant, Swedes, English, Danes, and Germans had their several quarters of residency for Commerce; and all the commodities of these Countries were brought hither by these nations. It is noted, that the inhabitants were the last of all these Northern people, that embraced the Christian Religion, by reason that being in the height of their prosperity, perceiving the Gospel of Christ to thrive and increase in all their neighbouring territories, strictly prohibited, that no stranger whatsoever here resident, should embrace the same, nor that any should as much as mention any new religion unto them; but in these latter days their great traffic is lost, and they are become religious according to the superstition of that religion they use, and since have suffered much by the vexations of the continual wars of the Danes, and appears now for the most part ruined, where I will leave it, and pass thence to the next town of Pomeran.   

CHAP. CCXXX.  
Of Stettin and the trade thereof.  
THis Stettin is the Capital City of Pomeran, situated 
Stettin and the trade thereof.  upon the river of Oder, in pleasant & delightsome soil, and carrieth in these Northern Regions that renown, that from hence the Dukes of Stettin in Pomerland have their appellation. The City abounds in all commodities for merchandise that the neighbouring Countries afford; and of itself it yields to merchants the commodities common to Prusson, Sweden, and Polonia. For its defence, it is strengthened on all sides with ramparts, ditches, and good artillery; the river of Oder is beautified with many useful and necessary bridges, the one whereof is purposely made to led to the Granaries and storehouses, where the corn and grain, either for store or exportation, is laid up, and where their arsenals are seated, in which their warlike provision is kept, and where vessels of all sorts both for the sea and river is seen daily to be fabricated, beside the several Churches & Colleges that adorn this city, the Duke's Palace must be accounted as the principal ornament, built of that art and sumptuousness, that it gives not place to the most excellent in Italy, in fine, Statin is not to be accounted the lest of the hauns-townes, and though the Prince be daily there resident, yet it proveth no way prejudicial to the privileges thereof.  
The commodities of this City are for merchandising, such as all the 
Commodities of Stettin.  East Country affordeth, viz. Tar, Pitch, Rosen, Honey, Wax, Hides, Graine, and all kind of Furs.  
The weight of this City is divided into two kinds, derived from the pound weight here in use, the quintar is accounted 112ˡ' of this 
Weights of Stettin.  place, and that is the first, and the second is the stone, which is also of two sorts: as a stone of 10ˡ' being the small stone, and a stone of 21ˡ' accounted the great stone, and it hath been observed that the 10ˡ' of London Haberdupois hath yielded here incirca 92 l '.  
The common measure in use for length is called the Ell, as the usual denomination thereof in all the East parts, and the 100 yards of 
Measures of Stettin.  London hath been observed to produce here about 141 else.  
And thus much shall serve to have said of these cities, which I have entitled under the names of Poland and Eastland, though in themselves acknowledging several distinct Princes, having taken that liberty to myself in my first method, rather narrowly to observe the maritime shores and the principal cities seated thereupon, though acknowledging diverse Sovereigns, than precisely to follow the limits and bounds of Princes dominions according to the largeness and extent of their command and power.   

CHAP. CCXXXI.  
Of the Weights and Measures of Eastland, to that of London.  
NOw, for as much as there be many other eminent cities of trade which in particular I have willingly omitted to handle, therefore according to my observed order I will contract them here, and show how the weight and measures of London do agreed, and are found to accord together.  
And first, I found it observed, that the 100ˡ' of haberdupois in London, doth make in these towns following, viz. in 
The agreement of 100ˡ' London to diverse of Poland.   
 l' Stralsont as I said, 88 Statin 92 Revell 116 Dansicke 116 Coni●…xburghe 120 Rhig●… 116 Thore●… and Narv●… 116 Cracovia 120 Elbin 120 Wild 116  
And thus much shall serve for the weights in general of Eastland, and as for the measures, take here the same observations made upon 
Agreement of the 100 yards London to diverse of Poland.  100 yards of London which produceth in  
 Els. Embde●… 163 Hamburg 162½ Brem●… 163 Lubeck 160 Munster 86½ Ossenbridges 84 Wismar 156½ Coninxburge 166●… Rhiga and Revel 166●… Rhostique 158 Gripswald 163 Donim 163 Stattin 141 Dansicke 163 Ocermond 141 Melluine 161 Nerva 166 arsius.   

CHAP. CCXXXII.  
Of corn measures of Eastland reduced to that of other Countries.  
THis Country is above all other commodities abounding in corn, which hence is transported into all parts of Europe; it will not be amiss, to see what observations have been 
Corn measure in Eastland.  made upon the measure thereof, here in use, and concurrent with other places.  
Schepels 60 in Da●…tzke, make a Last, and 4 makes a Mud, which is the skippo●…d of 340 l ', as you found it there noted.  
Werpes 61 makes a Last in Embden, or 15●… barrels of 4 werpes.  
Schepels 90 make a Last in Hamburge.  
Schepels 96 makes a Last in Lubeck.  
Schepels 96 makes at Fameren a Last.  
Schepels 96 makes a Last in Hileger haven in Denmark.  
Barrels 42 makes a Last in Coppenhaven.  
Barrels 36 makes a Last in Ebeltorffe donie:  
Quarters 10●… makes a Last in London; but in lading of shi●…, quarters five are accounted for one tun lading.  
Now let us see how these respond together, and how these agreed 
With the agreement thereof with other countries.  with the Last of Corn in Amsterdam, upon which I found these notes, and that the same maketh in  
Da●…zke 56 ●…chepels. Embden 55 Werpe●…. 〈◊〉 85 Schepels. Lubeck 85 Schepels. Fameren 78 Schepels. Hylegher 80 Schepels. Coppenhaven 23 small Barrels. Ebolltorffe 23 Barrels. Sweden 23 Barrels. Coninxburgh 6/7of a l●…st, for the 6 lasts are 7 at Amsterdam. Melvin 〈◊〉 of a Last. Statin 〈◊〉 of a Last. Rhiga 42 Loops, Rostique and Mechburgh measure of Lubeck Antwerp 37 2 Vertales Brussels 10½ Muden & Differing in all places of Brabant Middleburgh 40 Sacks 41½ to the last in Zealand. Rotterdam, Delft. 87 Achtellins. Gronninghen 33 Muddes. London 10¼ quarters and 5 quarters to a Tun.   

CHAP. CCXXXIV.  
Of the trade in general of Poland and Eastland.  
HAving thus surveyed the trade of this Country 
Of the trade in general of Poland and Eastland.  in some particulars, it will not be amiss to look upon it in the general. The revenues both of the King and Gentlemen is here esteemed but moderate, and scarce sufficient to maintain a plentiful table, and to exchange with merchants for Wines and Spices, which they yet much covet, as also they do foreign stuffs of Silks and Cloth: I have noted that this kingdom aboundeth with Beasts as well wild as tame, and yields excellent horses, not great, but quick, nimble and stirring; it aboundeth also in flesh, fowl, and water-fish, and in all kind of pulse and grain; it is found also towards the Carpatian mountains of Hungary to have some mines of Gold and Silver, of Iron and Brimstone, it yields also in abundance, plenty of honey found in hollow trees, besides the husbandman's Hives: it yields moreover Wax, Flax, and Linen clothes made thereof, Hemp, Pitch of both kinds, Masts for ships, Boards and timber, rich Furs, Salt digged out of the earth, Amber, Soap-ashes, and Rye in abundance, which hath made Danzke famous throughout Europe.  
No marvel then if Merchants bring unto them Silks from Italy, Cloth from England, Wines from France and Spain, and the very Spices and Drugs from India, since they not only cell them at good prices, but also bring thence such precious and staple commodities. Poland itself is found within land and Prussia with their immunities subject to this kingdom, is found to have the principal traders therein inhabiting, yet have they but few ships, using strangers to export their commodities. For the rest of the Polanders they are observed to live content with their own, and not by way of Merchandising to stir much abroad; yet are they not rich, because they want the above said commodities, which the proud Gentlemen and Nobility of these countries buy dear, and will have, though brought from fare unto them, and they are noted to have so little Gold and Silver, as despising all in respect of it, they cell the rich commodities of their country at a low rate, especially those which are for daily food, and thereby made unfit to be exported. The people themselves are not much addicted to traffic into remote regions, nor to travel fare out of their own Countries, yet in imitation of other their neighbours, they sometimes trade with their rich Furs into other countries, of whom I have observed some to come to Constantinople, rather making a rangeing voyage, than coming with intent to trade and reside. Wherein they cannot be much blamed, in regard that they have in plenty all things that naturally is wanting to mankind, if they can be contented therewith: but the inhabitants of Pomerland, East country, &c. are observed to be more ingenious, and fare more addict to traffic and commerce, and have some vessels fit for transport and carriage than for warfare, but yet most proper for their gross commodities and large stowage, however their winter colds depriving them of almost half the years traffic: the other half wherein their seas are navigable, cannot make them any competent amendss and their Merchandise being altogether gross, cannot given them therefore the attribute of Eminent Merchants.   

CHAP. CCXXXIIII.  
Of Hungary and the principal Cities thereof.  
HVngarie is bounded on the East with Transilvania and Valachia, on the West with Austria, on the North 
Hungary and the Cities thereof.  with Poland, on the South with Sclavonia, &c.  
This kingdom now stands divided between the Grand Signior and the Hungarians: the great Turk enjoys Buda, seated on Danubius, once the Metropolis of this kingdom 
Buda.  and Court of the Kings, also Guilia Pest, Alba Regalis, called by them Wisenberge, next quinque Ecclesiae, Rab, and some others of lesser note.  
In the Hungarians possessions are these principal Cities, Presberge 
Presberg.  the present Metropolis of this Country; second Strigonium, 3 Agraria, 4 Comara in an Island of that name, 5 Tertax, 6 Canista, 7 Zegith, before which Soliman the great Turk ended his days, and some others of lesser consequence.  
This Country doth much abound in cattles sufficient to feed all Germany, the store is so great, that they yearly cell to their neighbours 
Commodities of Hungary.  80 or 100 thousand Oxen, they have also some Copper, and Tin, some quantity of Corn●…, Honey, wax, and such like commodities, and from hence to Constantinople I have seen Hides, Butter & Cheese, that in great abundance have come out of these parts through the Black sea. Further matter of trade hath not remarkably fallen into my hands, therefore for the currant coins of this Country, with their weight and measures in use, I must refer to the better experienced, and hence travel to Dacia and the rest of those provinces comprehended within that circuit.   

CHAP. CCXXXV.  
Of Dacia and the Provinces and Cities thereof.  
DAcia is bounded on the East with the Euxine, on the West with Hungary, on the North with the Carpathian 
Dacia and the cities thereof.  mountains, on the South with He●…us dividing it from Greece.  
The rivers that enrich this Country are Danubius, 2 Aluta, 3 Salvata, 4 Cockle, 5 Morus, and some others.  
The commodities that this country affordeth for merchandise, is Butter, Cheese, Honey, Wax, Hides, Oxen, Tallow, and warlike 
Commodities of Dacia.  horses of great worth.  
The provinces are these, and are all under the command of the Grand Signior.  
Transilvania the chief towns thereof are, 1 Wisenberg, 2 Clansenberg, 3 Bristitia, 4 Fogares, and others, and now in possession of 
Transilvania. 1.  Bethlem Gabor the Vaviode thereof.  
Moldavia is the next, the chief Cities are Saccania, the second is Falsing, 3 Kilim, 4 Chermon, &c. under a Vaviod who is tributary to 
Moldavia. 2.  the great Turk.  
Valachia is the third province, the principal towns whereof are 1 Salnium, 2 Praclaba 3 Terg●…vista, the Vaviods seat, who is tributary 
Walachia. 3.  to the Turk. This country abounds in mines of Gold, Silver, Iron, Salt-pits, Wines Cattles, and Brimstone, and esteemed the richest of these provinces.  
Servia is the fourth, and hath these Cities. 1 Stoneburg the seat of 
Servia 4.  the Despot, tributary to the Turk, 2 Somandria, 3 Belgrade a famous town, which cost the great Turks much blood and money the getting, and was accounted before as the Bulwark of Christendom on this side.  
Rasia is the fifth, the chief City is Bodin, a famous Mart. 
R●…sia.   
Bulgaria is the next, wherein is found Sophia, the seat of the Beglerbeg of Greece, who hath under him 21 Sansakes. Next is Nicopolis, 
Bulgaria.  and some others of lesser note.  
Bosna is the last province, wherein is Casachium and ●…siga, the residence 
Bosna.  of their former Despots. All which afford not further matter of trade: for where the great Turk once commandeth, traffic is accounted very rare, and is seldom found of import, and being ignorant in that little there is, I am constrained to omit it.   

CHAP. CCXXXVI.  
Of Sclavonia, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.  
SClavonia hath on the East, the River of Drinut, 
Sclavonia.  and a line drawn from thence to the S●…a, on the West a part of Italy: on the North, Hungary; and on the South, the Adriatic sea.  
The commodities that this country doth afford 
Commodities.  for merchandise, are Horses for service, Cattles, Oxen, Hides, Tallow, Butter and Cheese, and hath some Ours of Silver and Gold now in the great Turks possession. The Provinces and Cities of note in Sclavonia are these.  
Illyria, now by the Turks called Windismarque hath in it Zatha seated upon Danubius, 2 Zackaocs, 3 Windisgreets and others. 
Illyria.   
Dalmatia is the second Province, the chief City is Ragusa situated on the Adriatic Sea, formerly a town of great traffic 
Dalmatia.  and riches, and now tributary to the Turk; next is Scium 3 Zara, both seated on the Sea shore, and subject to the Venetions: 4 Spallatta, a Sea-towne, from whence to Venice, that State keepeth many Galleys for transportation of Merchants goods, and by reason of an unreasonable freight by them taken, they stand to the hazards and adventures thereof, which they did to their cost in Anno 1619, myself being in Naples when as the Duke d'ossuna then Vice-king, took two of these their galley grosses laden with a rich booty as was reported to the import of 300000 Cro. which the state of Venice were enforced to make good principally to Merchants Turks of Constantinople, to whom the greatest part thereof did at that time appertain, and who are found at this day to be the greatest traders this way. The next town is Scodra, famous for the resistance it made against the Turks, and last, Lissa, famous here for the sepulchre of Scanderbag, whose bones were digged up, and worn by the Turks at the taking of this City, as conceiving them to be of excellent virtue to make them partake of his good fortunes: This Province being now divided between the Venetians and the Turk.  
Croatia is the next, the chief towns are Gardisca, seated on the 
Croatia.  river Savut, 2 Brumon, 3 Novegrade, 4 Sisgith, and lasty Petrovia; this country is now subject in part to the Venetians, and in part to the Austrians, of the trade of the most principal of this in brief, and first of Rhagusa and Spallatta.   

CHAP. CCXXXVII.  
Of Rhagusa and Spallatta, and the trade thereof.  
THe trade of Sclavonia is at this day but of small account, and little to our Nation: the two cities of Spallotta and Rhagusa seated therein, merit the principal consideration.  
Rhagusa then, formerly called Epidaurus, being situated on the 
Rhagusa, and the trade thereof.  Adriatic sea a commonwealth of great traffic and riches, was in times past of fare greater fame and name, both in trade and navigation than now it is: for from hence was the original of those great ships here built, and in old time famous, as then vulgarly called Argosies, properly 
* Rhaguses.  Rhaguses, the last which they were noted to have, they lent Philip the second King of Spain, in 1588. to invade England and had her burial in our British seas, and may all others so thrive, that envy the prosperity of England, since which, I hear not of any they have of any consequence. They now pay 12000 Ducats yearly to the Turk for a tribute of that trade and liberty they now enjoy, which notwithstanding is of no great consequence.  
The country affords not any commodity of moment for our Nation, and we only sand thither some blue Hampshire Kerseys, some Lead, Tin, and little else.  
The moneys thereof are such as pass current through the state of 
Monies currant in Rhagusa.  Venice, and Turkey their neighbours, and their own being in correspondence therewith, and a●…mpted by grosses.  
Gross' 6 is a Liver Grosses 62 is a Venice Chicquin Grosses 59 is a Hunger Grosses 40 is a Naples Ducket Grosses 38 is a Rial▪ Grosses 59 is also a Sultanie, accounted in England for 8 star. Gross' 1 is 2 Gassets'  A Gases is 2 Saldes   
The Weight is a pound of () ℥ and 100ˡ' is the quintall. 
Weights of Rhagusa.   
The 100ˡ' is English 80 l ' 1 l ' Rhagusa is 9 ℥ gros. Ven. and is Venice sutle 120 l ' 1 l ' Rhagus. is 14 ℥ sac. 2 〈◊〉 sutle. and is Venice gross 76ˡ'   
The Measure is the Brace, which agreeth with the Brace of Venice: thus the 100 cloth Braces is in Ragusa 124, and of silk 116 Brac. and 
Measure of Rhagusa.  is in England () inches.  
Note that the weights and measures of Spallata do wholly agreed with those in Venetia, therefore I need not to say further thereof in 
Spallata.  this place; and by the way, note, that for the weights of Rhagusa, I found this observation made: the 100 Rot. of Alexandria Zero is in Rhagusa 260ˡ' the 100ˡ' forfori is in Rhagusa 116 l' the 100 ℞ laidin, is in Rhagusa 165 l' the 100 ℞ of Damietta, is in Rhagusa 120 l', the 100 ℞ of Roma, is in Rhagusa 666 l', the 100 ℞ of Baruti is in Rhagusa 625 l' the 100 ℞ Damascus, is in Rhagusa 600 l', the 100 ℞ of Tripost in Soria, is in Rhagusa 500 l', the 100 ℞ of Aleppo is in Rhagusa 600 l', the 100 ℞ of Rhodes and Gasa, is in Rhagusa 666⅓ l', the 100 ℞ of Cyprus, is in Rhagusa 625 l', the 100 ℞ of Bursia in Anatolia, is in Rhagusa 146 l' the 100 ℞ of Constantinople, is in Rhagusa 146 l', and the 100 l' in Rhagusa doth make as follows:  
In Puglia 39 ℞ Puglia 110 l' Rome 101 Florence 105 Perosa 95 Sienna 108 Acquilla 107 Lansan●… 106 Vrbino 106 Crema 111 Piedmont 101 Forli 111 Faensa 110 In Cesena 106 l' Ricanati 107 Camerino 108 Bologna 110 Lucca 106 Millano 111 Verona 108 Bressia 111 Ferara 106 Modena 109 Genoa 114 Fanno 106  
Further matter worthy mentioning that concerns either the weight, measure, or trade of this place I have not observed, therefore I pass it over; and hence take my journey to Grecia, the next place which challengeth my survey.   

CHAP. CCXXXVIII.  
Of Greece, and the Provinces thereof.  
GREECE, accounted the mother of Arts and 
Greece and the Cities thereof.  Sciences, is bounded on the East with the Egeansea, the Hellespont, Propontis, and Thracian Bosphorus, on the West with Italy and the Adriaticke sea, on the North with the mountain Hemus, and on the South with the Ionian sea, and is now entirely subject to the Grand Signior.  
The general commodities found here, and transported hence, 
Commodities.  are Wines, Oils, Copper, Vitriol, Brimstone, Silks, raw and wrought, as into Velvets, Damasks, Grograines of Goat's hair, or wool, Cute, Aniseeds, Cuminseeds, Currants, Sopes, Carpets, Cottons, &c.  
The chief Rivers navigable are Cephisus, rising in Epirus, and 
Rivers in Greece.  setting in the Egean sea, Erigon, and Aliemon, rising both in Macedonia, and issuing in Thermaicus sinus, than Sirmon in Migdonia, Alicus and Nisus in Thracia, and some others.  
The principal provinces are seven, and the Cities therein are as 
Peloponnesus, or Morea.  follows, Peloponnesus is the first, dividing itself into six lesser parts, wherein is found the Cities of Elis, Olimpia, now ruined, though once famous; then the Cities of Corona and Modona, the now flourishing Towns of this Province: here was also in times past Thebes, Lacedaemon, Sparta, Argos, Nemea, Corinth, now a villedge called Crato, all now go and ruined, and here is now of note in matter of traffic in this circuit, found only Modon, Corona, before named, and Pretrasse, and some others of lesser consequence, whereto Merchants do frequent for traffic sake. Of the trade whereof a word.   

CHAP. CCXXXIX.  
Of Modona, Corona, and Petras, and the trade thereof.  
THese three Cities as situated on the same shores, 
Modona, Corona, and Petras, and the trade thereof.  and subject to the same customs, and found abonnding in Corn, Wines, Oils, and Currants, Galls, Aniseeds, Silk, and such like, which I have thought good to put into one member, to abbreviate my task.  
In Petros there hath been of many years a trade maintained by the endeavours of the English, who here by authority of the Grand-Signiour 
Petras.  have a protecting Consul resident, who hath the title of the Consul of the Morea: and here is vented from England some Clotheses of Suffolk, Sarges, Tin, Lead, &c. In exchange whereof they transport 
Exchange.  hence these commodities aforenamed, Corn and Oil being by their laws prohibited transportation, but by the connivance of Officers found permitted notwithstanding.  
The moneys of these places is currant with those of Turkey, and those of Venetia, as possessors and borderers, which they account 
moneys of Morea.  by the Turkish coins, as in Dollars and Asper's.  
Asper's 80 accounted to a Doller, or ℞ 〈◊〉 which is the best commodity: aspers 120 accounted to a Sultany Hunger or Checquine, which coins are found to rise oftentimes 10, 20, or 30 per cent. in aspers, as the occasion of trade, or misgovernment too oftentimes doth permit.  
The weight of Petros is the pound of 12 ounces, ordinarily making 11 drams to an ounce, 3ˡ' making their oak, which is 4ˡ' 2 ℥ 
Weights of Morea.  English, or 400 drams here.  
132ˡ' makes their quintall, which is 117ˡ' London; but their Silk is sold by a pound of 15 ℥. which is 1¼ pound abovesaid: and it hath been found that 112ˡ' English have made in Petras 126ˡ' the sack of Currants commonly weighing of their weight 140 l ', which in Zant hath produced in circa 118 l '.  
100 l 'of Petras hath been found to make in Venice sotile 130 l', and in the gross weight of Venice 83½ l', which thus computed may be 88 in 90 l' haberdupois of London.  
The measures of these places are two for distinction of length, First the Silk Pico is found to be 25 inches English, and the Cloth Pico 
Measures of Morea.  27 inches by the rule in England.  
Oils is sold by a measure called the Liver and weigheth 7½ l', 
Of Oils.  20 whereof is found to make a Candye Barrell, which must hold 15 Gallons English. which should be 112½ l' haberdupois.  
Corn is here sold by the Bachel, whereof 9 and ⅖ ●…hath been noted 
Of Corne.  to make in England 8 Bushels Winchester measure.  
From Petras it will not be improper that I trace the Dalmatian shore, and surveyed the Cities seated on the maritime coast, and found in the gulf of Venice, purposels omitted in the Chapter of Dalmatia, as more proper to this place; and then proceed to the rest of the Greciam provinces.   

CHAP. CCLX.  
Of Catarro and the trade thereof.  
THough in this tract than Rhagusa and Spalleto be the principal 
Cattarro and the trade thereof.  Cit●…es of trade known to our Merchants of London, yet now coasting this Dalmatian shore, it will not be improper that I take a general view of such eminent Cities of note as are observable in this tract, the next of consequence being Catarro, seated in a gulf bearing the name of the City, enjoying a commodious harbour and safe from all winds, but not enjoying any great trade, by reason of the too near neighbourhood of Rhagusa yet the place doth afford for Merchandise which is exported to Venetia, and to other places in that gulf, Wax, Honey Tar and Pitch or Rosen, some minerals or colours for Painters-tallow and candles Cordo●…ts and sheep Skins, Figs, Almonds, Nutt, and some other commodities for victual.  
The moneys here, and generally throughout all this coast, are 
moneys in Cattarro,  those currant in the State of Venetia, and the dominion of the great Turk, of which more is said in its due place.  
The weight here used is the pound, and the 100 l' here is in Venetia 
Weights in Cattarro.  sutle 133 l', as hath been observed, and may be about 90 l' English and the said pound is 16 ℥. And the said 100 pound of Catarro hath made in Sicilia 127 pound, and the 100 pound of Sicilia hath made here 78 pound, and the gross Salmo of Sicilia hath made here 4 stairs, the 100 pound of Catarro hath been also observed to yield in Lansano, and other parts of Pulia 117 pound.  
The measures of Catarro are, 
Measures of Cattarro.   
From Catarro I will take my passage to the next City neighbouring, the most important being Sebenico.   

CHAP. CCXLI  
Of Sebenico and the trade thereof.  
SEBENICO is also found on this shore, and seated upon 
Sebenico and the trade thereof.  the river of Cherca, abutting on the gulf of Venetia, and having a commodious harbour locked from all dangers of winds by sundry small Lands, Caprano and Standica being the principal, Tina a fare City lies upon this river more into the land, which adds to the trade of this place, and were it not for the continual piracy of Rovers upon this coast, and especially amongst these Lands, the trade thereof would doubtless increase daily, and grow, by reason of its commodious situation, to a great height; yet notwithstanding this difficulty, it affordeth for merchandise exportable, Wax, Honey in great plenty, tallow, hides and cheese, excellent Oil of Olives, and strong Wines, Figs and some other fruit.  
This City of Sebenico is found to have two several weights 
Weights of Sebenico.  commonly in use; the one for the weighing of fine goods, and the other for gross goods.  
The first being called the sutle hundred, consisting of 100 pound, is in England 80 pound haberdupois.  
The second called the gross quintar of 100 pound, doth also produce in London 128 pound haberdupois.  
The measure of length in use is the Pico, which is accounted to 
Measures of Sebenico.  be about 23 inches English, and is about 10 per cent. less than the cloth brace of Venice.  

This note hath been made between the weight of Venice and Sebenico.  
100 pound sutle Sebenico is sutle in Venetia 120 pound.  
100 pound gross Sebenico is gross in Venetia 120 pound.  
100 pound sutle Venice is sutle in Sebenico 83 pound.  
100 pound gross Venice is gross in Sebenico 83 pound.  
1 pound sutle in Venice is in Sebenico 10 ounces.  
1 pound sutle Sebenico is in Venetia sutle 14 ℥ 2⅖ sases.   
And so leaving Sebenico I come to Scutari.   

CHAP. CCXLII  
Of scutary, and the trade thereof.  
scutary is accounted the Metropolis of Albania, and situated upon a Lake, called the Lake of scutary, or 
Scutary, and the trade thereof.  Scodra, through which the river of Bolon●… runneth, and so to the Sea, near the gulf of Lodrin, and included in the gulf of Venetia; but being now as the other cities of this Tract in subjection to the Grand Sigr; the trade thereof is much decayed, and the city ruined from its ancient splendour and beauty, yet the industry of the inhabitants, doth afford some silk made here; also wax, honey, hides, cordovante, and some other skins for merchandise.  
In Scutary is used two sorts of weights, a gross and a sotile; the gross 
The weights of Scutary.  hundred of 100ˡ' is in England 108ˡ' in circa haberdupois, by which all gross commodities are weighed, and the sotile hundred, by which all fine commodities are weighed, is English 64 l ', and it hath been observed, the 1000ˡ' sotile of Venice, hath made here gross 664 l', and the 1000 l' gross here in Scutary, hath made in Venice 1600 l'.  
The measure of length here in use, is the pico observed to accord 
Measures of Scutary.  with Venice thus: the 100 braces of cloth hath made here 112 picho, and the 100 braces of silk in Venice, hath made here 106 picho, which in England must be accounted for (27) inches.  
All sort of grain is sold by the stare not only in Scutary, but also 
Of Grain.  in Boiano, seated on the mouth of this river, and the 100 stairs make in Venice 66⅔ stairs which is in England () accounting by this computation every three stairs of Scutary to make two stairs in Venice.  
And thus leaving Scodra with this short survey, with the applause due to it, for its excellent situation and strength, I hence pass to Valona, or Avalona.   

CHAP. CCXLIII.  
Of Valona, and the trade thereof.  
VAlona is also a fare commodious city, seated on the shore, between the cape of Languetta, and 
Valona, and the trade thereof.  the cape of C●…rion and is appos●… to the 〈◊〉 of Ottranto, and occomped the entrance into the gulf of Venice; and though it be in subject 〈◊〉 to the Turks, who are not always found friends to traffic, yet by the industry of the inhabitants, it affords for merchandise to be exported, raw silk powder of berry or grain, for dying of rich colours, w●…xe, honey Rose●…, cottons, carpets, ●…rdovants, some salt fish, which they call sarrache, and other such commodities in good quantity.  
The weight here, is the pound, of which the quintar is composed, 
Weights of Valona.  being 100 l' which hath been found to produce in England 88 in 90 l' haberdupois, and hath made in Venice, from whence I gather my notes for these towns 133 l' sotile, so that the pound of Valona makes sutle in Venice 16 onnces, and the pound sotile there, makes in Valona but 9 ounces.  
The measure of length here in use, is the picho, common in name 
Measures of Valona.  throughout all the grand Sig●…ours Dominions; the 100 braces silk measure of Venice making in Valona 105 to 105 picho, which is in London () yards English.  
And the 100 braces of cloth in Venice, makes here 112 pichos, and having done with Avalona, I proceed in the next place to surveyed the trade of Larta.   

CHAP. CCXLIV.  
Of Larta, and the trade thereof.  
LArta is a pretty commodious town for traffic, seated on a gulf, which bears the name of the town, 
Larta and the trade thereof.  having two points of a land fortified, that commands the entrance into the said gulf out of the Mediterranean sea, and is seated also on this shore, between the Lands of Corfn and Santa Manra; it is as the rest of the cities aforegoing, subject to the grand Sig r. and doth afford for merchandise to be exported great store of Sheep skins, and Cordovanis, raw silk, by us known by the name of Morea silk, powder of Berry for Dyers: Cottons, Wa●…ce, Honey, Pottargot in great abundance; being the row of the Mullet in great quantity caught in this gulf of Larta.  
The weight here in use, is the pound, 100 l' whereof doth make 
Weights in Larta.  the quintar, and is found to produce in London 88 l' in 89 pounds.  
The measure of length is the picho agreeing with the picho before 
Measure of Larta.  mentioned used in Valona.  
And now I come to Lepanto the next town of consequence.   

CHAP. CCXLV.  
Of Lepanto, and the trade thereof.  
LEpanto is seated in the entrance of the gulf 
Lepanto, and the trade thereof.  of Lepanto made famous to posterity by the Sea Victory obtained by the Christians over the Turks, and the overthrow of their fleet herein 1571, it is here opposite to the city of Petras which is seated on the right side of the entrance in this gulf, as Lepanto is on the left. It is subject to the grand Turk, whose coins are here currant, as I shall have occasion to speaked of more at large, when I handle the trade of Constantinople the metropolis of all his dominions. This place affordeth for merchandise which is hence exported into other parts, silk raw, called by us Morea silk, powder of grain, or berry for Dyers, honey, wax cottons, correns, cheese, wines, grain, Oils, Galls, Aniseedes, and some other commodities.  
In Lepanto. is used two several weights, the one called the gross 
Weights of Lepanto.  weight, agreeing with the gross weight of Venice, which in England is about 107 l ', the other agrees with the weight of Petras, by which is sold silk, grain, wax, and some other commodities; and by the gross weight is sold, wools, cottons, honey, cheese, and all manducable commodities; but the Correns here, are usually sold by the bag or sack, at so many aspers a sack or bag, the which bag aught to weigh 140ˡ' Petrasin, the which 140 l ', is of Venice sotile 182 l ', which is haberdup●…is 120ˡ' or 121ˡ' incirea, where it is to be noted, that 200 l' petrasin, make 260 l' sotile Venice, which is 174 l' English, and is the staro of Correns in Venice; again, note, that the 100 l' petrasin, or the 100 l' in Lepanto of Petras weight, is about 86 l' haberdupois, which is 130 l' sotile in Venice, and 83 l' gross, and the pound petrasin, makes gross Venice 10 ounces by observation.  
The 100 l' sutile of Venetia, yields here petrasin 77 l'.  
The 100 l' gross of Venetia, yields here petrasin 121½.  
The measure is here found to be the picho, agreeing with the pich●… 
Weights of Lepanto.  of Larta and Valona aforementioned.  
Before I pass out of this gulf, it will not be unproper, that I insite the bottom thereof, where Caranto a small Villedge, now supplies the place of that ancient and famous Corinth, a City commodious for the command of a brave trade, as enjoying two famous Ports into two different Seas, seated formerly on the Istmos, enjoying a double harbour, one of each side thereof, the one whereof regarding Asia, and the other beholding Italy, and by the commodiousness of which situation, the City in a short time, come to a great largeness. Acrocorinth was but little distant thence, on the top of an adjoining mountain, upon which mountain was seated the famous Temple of Venus, near which was that notable fountain discovered by the impression of the foot of Pegasus, as the Ancients did feign.  
This Corinth was destroyed and ruined by L. Mummins, because the inhabitants had irreverently, and unworthily handled the Ambassadors 
The ancient Corinth.  of the Romans 952 years after the first building thereof, by Allettus the son of Hippottes.  
In this continent, if the memory thereof may not here be improper, was the City of Misene the dwelling of Agame●…on, where 
Misene.  the Temple of juno stood so much famoused, both for the antiquity and devotion thereof, near which was the Lake of Lerno, where Hercules slew the Lernian seven headed Hydra: Here was also Argos 
Argos.  built, by that all everseeing Argos, so much celebrated by ancient Poets: likewise Epidaurus, renowned for the Temple of Esculapius, 
Epidaurus.  filled with the tables of those that had been healed by him, the sick who entered into the Temple to be cured, were to sleep there a night, and imagined that Esculapius healed them, during that their repose and sleep.  
Here is also Lacedaemon, by some called Sparta, now Misithie formerly great and powerful, girt not with walls, but with the virtue 
Sparta.  of the inhabitants: not renowned for the magnificency of public works, but the discipline, instruction, and the manner of their living. Here was also those pleasant Arcadian plains, and 
Arcadian plains.  the places where the Olympian games were solemnised; with diverse 
Olimpians.  other memorable antiquities, which the injury of time hath eaten out and consumed; wherefore I here omit them, and return again to my purpose and prosecute my method.   

CHAP. CCXLVI.  
Of Salonica and the trade thereof.  
OF Modon, Coron, and Petras, the three prime Cities of Morea, I have already handled, now 
Salonica and the trade thereof.  there rests a word of the trade of this ancient and famous City of Solonica, anciently called Thessalonica; to the inhabitants whereof Saint Paul writ one of his Epistles: it is yet a rich and large City, and the residence of the S●…giac of Macedonia under the Grand Signior. The present inhabitants are Greeks', Turks, and principally jews; who are here found to be very rich and eminent Merchants, 80 Synagogues of them being accounted to be in this town employing themselves in several Arts and Merchandising. It is seated in the bottom of a gulf called by the Cities name; and by the demur that happened in the English trade to Turkey some years past, these jews and inhabitants, and some Moors banished out of Spain, have here set up some Looms, and made cloth, in imitation of our English Suffolk clotheses, which hath proved a great detriment to the sale of Hampshire kerseys; once vented in great quantity generally throughout Turkey, and especially in these parts; besides which sort of cloth now here made, and hence taking name, the place affordeth the general commodities of the Morea, as powder of Berry Orgrame for Dyers, Wools, Cottons, Wax, Honey, Cordovants, Aniseeds, and the like.  
The weights here in use are two, the one called the quintar turcesco, 
Weights of Salonica.  and the other the quintar petrafin.  
The quintar turcesco of 100 pound makes in English pounds 119 pound to 120 pound in Venice gross 112 pound, in Venice sotil 176 in 178 pound.  
The quintar or 100 pound Petrasin make English 88 l' as is before mentioned: by this all silk, powder of grain, and other fine goods are sold; and by the quintar turcesco is wool, cotton, caulare, wax, honey, and some other gross commodities sold and weighed.  
The measures of length is the Picho, which is 27 inches English, 
Measures of Salonica.  and the hundred braces of cloth in Venice holds here 112 picho, and the hundred braces of silk in Venice, holds here 106 picho.  
Ne●…re this City is the Town of Siderocapse, so well known to 
Syderocapse rich in mines of gold.  the Turks for the rich mines of gold there adjoining, from which the great Turk doth monthly draw for his own share above 20000 Dollars besides the charges.  
Near the entrance of the gulf of Salonica is found the high and craggy hill of Athos, now the holy mountain; whereon is found 
Mount Athos.  four and twenty monasteries of Colloires, or religious Graecian Friars, with such devotion and zeal, that the Turks themselves not only admire their quiet living, but oftentimes communicate to their necessities, giving them gifts and alms. Here it is reported the ancient learning of many Greek Fathers ●…es buried, or at lest immured, till by some divine hand they may be freed and dispersed through Christendom.  
And now to the rest of the Provinces of this fruitful and famous Country.  
The next province is Achaia, wherein was that famous Athens, 
Achaia. Athens. Marathron. Megara. Thebes. Thermopila.  now Salines, also Marathron, where Darins was overthrown.  
Than Megara, famous in times of old. Thebes built upon the river Cephisus: here is also the straits of Thermopilae 25 foot in breadth, defended by 300 Spartans' against Xerxes to the loss of 30000 of his men. Here is also the mount Helicon and Parnassus, 
Parnassus.  famoused amongst Poets, and the Pythian City accounted the midst of all the world, and many other remarkable places, which were here in times past, all having yielded to age, and therefore merit not a longer stay, or a more serious survey of the trade thereof.  
Epyrus is the next province, wherein was found famous, 1 Antigonia, 
Epyrus.  2 Casiope, 3 Ambrasia and others now ruined and or no account.  
Albania is the next, wherein is 1 Albanopolis, 2 Sfetigrade, 3 Durazzo, 
Albania.  a strong town, 4 Croia, under whose walls Amurath the second died; now affording little known trade unto us.  
Macedonia is the next, wherein is Scidra, Adessa, Eribea, all fare 
Macedonia.  Cities, but little known to the English for matter of trade: only it is not to be forgotten, that this country is famous for Philip and Alexander the great his son; who from hence had their original.  
Thessaly is the next province, where the Cities of Tricca, Lomia, 
Thessalia.  Demetria, Pharsalia and others stood, now also ruined and forgot.  
Migdonia is the next province, wherein was Stagira, next Apollonia, 
Migdonia.  Nepolis, Antigonia, who also are now all ruined; giving pre-eminence to Thessalonica, now called Salonica, seated in a Bay of that name, as I have mentioned in the chapter beforegoing.  
Thracia is the last province comprised in Grecia, wherein is 
Thracia.  found the Cities of Sestos opposite to Abydos upon the Hellespont, famous for the loves of Hero and Leander, and now the Castles or keys of Constantinople, Abdera the birth place of Democritus, who spent his life in laughing, Calipolis situated on the northern promontory of the Chersonese, the first town that ever the Turks took 
Calipolis.  in Europe, Trajanopolis, founded by Tra●…anus, and Adrianopolis built by 
Adrianople.  Adrian the Emperor, and by Bajaset taken in 1362, and made the seat of his Empire, till the taking of Constantinople about 90 years after, and Pera, a city of the Genoese opposite to Constantinople: and lastly, 
Pera.  here is found the famous City of Constantinople itself the Metropolis of Greece, and the present seat of the Emperors of the Turks, wherein having resided for some years, and finding that it comprehendeth most part of the traffic of his European Dominions, it will not be amiss for me to observe it in a particular Chapter, as well meriting the same.   

CHAP. CCXLVII  
Of Constantinople, and the trade thereof.  
CONSTANTINOPLE, the seat and residence of the great Turk, is situated 
Constantinople, and the trade thereof.  upon the stream that passeth from the Euxine seas, to the Meditorranean, and thereby reaping the benefit of all that the winds can convey thither, both from the black and white seas, as they term them: It is not more commodious for Merchandise, than for to be the head of an Empire, affronting Asia, and behind it Europe, whereof it is accounted the uttermost limit, esteemed to be 20 miles in circuit, and comprehending 700000 living souls, as some have conceived, which would grow innumerable, did not the grand Signiors armies yearly, and the plague once in three or four years sweep away abundance of them.  
It was first built by Pausanias, a Lacedaemonian captain, 660 years before Christ, and by him called Bisantium, afterward ruined by ●…everus, and in Anno 313 re-edified by Constantine the Great, and made the seat of his Empire, and by him beautified and adorned with magnificent buildings and curious ornaments, and called Constantinople, than it fell into the hands of the Latins, from them to the Grecians, and lastly, in 1453 to the Turks, who now command it, upon which some have made this observation: That the first Emperor of the Latins who commanded it was a Baldwin, and so was he also, that lost it, also that it was built by a Constantine, the son of a Helena, a Gregory being Patriarch and lost by a Constantine, the son of a Helena, a Gregory being Patriarch, and as it was gained by a Mahomet, so have the Turks a Prophecy, that a Mahomet shall loose it.  
The City is form in manner of a triangle, or more fitly, as we see the composition of a Harp, having its two largest angles bordering on the seas upon a point that stretcheth itself into the sea, and the third, which is the lest part encompassed with a strong tripled wall, encompassed with dry deep ditches for defence, and stengthened with sundry towers now daily ruined, for the Turks hold but few cities fortified, either by walls or bulwarks, save some principal places, frontiers, or such like.  
It hath many goodly modern buildings, and amongst the rest, many Canes for Merchants strangers to abide; and Besesternes for 
Canes.  them to make sales of their commodities in, it hath also many goodly 
Besesternes.  Mosces, or Turkish Churches, and that anciently of Santa Sophia converted to their irrelegious devotion, is not the lest, though only the now standing Chancel of the first building, near which is the grand Signiors Palace, in the very point of the angle encompassed for 3 miles in circuit with a high wall, and fortified with many 100 pieces of Ordnance: this city, the common mart of all commodities of this Empire receiving and distributing what either comes or goes; the Merchants of London about 1580 here began to have some trade, and broke the ice by their land travel hither through Hungary; afterward it was settled by the benefit of the sea; and the first English ship that come hither, was about 1585., with an Ambassador to refide; who obtained here such favour by the recommendation of Queen Elizabeth, that her subjects in their treaty and capitulations, had many immunities and privileges granted them, and amongst the rest, a toleration of their Religion, freedom to their persons and estates, and that their customs should only be 3 in the hundred out, and 3 in, whereas all other Christians there resident, paid 5 per cent '. Since which time, the English have here driven a great trade, under protection of diverse Ambassadors, that have here resided, which have had their Election, Salary, and Maintenance from a society of Merchants incorporated in England under the great Seal: first, by the said Queen Elizabeth, and confirmed afterward with new privileges by our deceased Sovereign King james: and lastly, by our present King Charles under the Title of Merchants of England, trading the levant seas, wherein was at first comprehended the Eastern Indieses, the dominions of the great Turk, and also the Signory of Venice; this company deriving their original from the company of Barbary Merchants, which about this time, by reason of the civil wars of Morocco and Fez, began to decay, and within a short time come to nothing, and who afterward searching more advisedly into the trade of these Eastern countries, this Company settled a Consul in Aleppo, and a vice Consul in Tripoli the then principal seat of Syria with the titles of Syria and Cyprus: also they placed another Consul in Chios, entitled of Scio, Smirna, and the Arches: as another Consul since in Argier, and another in T●…, and the last in Petras in Morea, strengthened with command from the Port and Durano of the grand Signior, not only for their peaceable living, but also for the quiet enjoying of these privileges granted unto them as above is said.  
The commodities that this place at first afforded to our Nation, and which hence in those days were brought into England, were 
Commodities found in Constantinople.  Grograins, Chamblet, Moher, Persia silk, Gold in great quantity, Carpets, Aniseeds, Cottons, Galls, some Pepper, Indigo, and other spices, which now by the benefit of our East India trade, we sand thither in fare greater abundance than ever we had them thence; and those are yet the common Staple commodities of this country.  
The commodities which at first this company did sand to Constantinople, were Lead Tin, and principally a sort of blue Kerseys, called 
Commodities sent from England to Constantinople.  Hampshire, & Stoplists, and some few clotheses of Suffolk, Furs of Martin's, Cony, Fitchos, Sables, and such: and now those kerseys 〈◊〉 altogether out of use, and converted into clotheses of Suffolk Gloucester's Coventry's, and the like, which they sand in colours died & dressed, to the number of eight or ten thousand clotheses yearly; & now we also supply their markets with Indigo, pepper, cloves, maces, antmegs, ginger, calicoes, and other East India commodities.  
The Merchants here residing, keep their accounts as almost is accustomed over all Turkey, in Dollars and aspers, whereof 80 aspers 
Accounts in Constantinople.  is accounted a dolor and though in merchandise it doth pass at 90, 100, or 110, or 150 asp. as I have known it; yet the standard of the dolor in accounts altar not of 80 asp. to a dolor, nor of the 120 asp. to a Sultany.  
The coins currant in Constantinople, are those proper to the whole Empire; which is principally the Sultany in gold, which agrees 
Coins currant in Turkey.  with the Hunger, Venice, Ch●…quine, and Sheriff of Barbary passing for 120 asp. and the dolor of Germany▪ the Rial of 〈◊〉 Spanish passeth for 80 asp. so that the 1 〈◊〉 Rial of 〈◊〉 is a Sultany of gold; how beit of late days silver is found more plentiful, and gold more scarce, so that the said Sultany, Hunger or 〈◊〉 is worth 1 〈◊〉 dolor, and 10, 20 or 30 asp. more or less, as the same is demanded and sought after: also here are found other dollars, both of Italy and Germany, to pass for a considerable value, as the L●… dolor at 75 asp. and the German Ses●…ine at 70 asp. &c. and in fine, most sort of currant coins in the world, if found good silver, found here a real price in payments of merchandise.  
The weights used amongst Merchants are these,  
A Grain is the lest, 4 makes a quillat. 
Weights in Constantinople.   
A dram is 16 grains, of which all the weights of these countries are composed.  
An Tusdrome is 100 drams, and is 1 l'sotile Venice, or 72 mitagales here.  
A Lodero is 176 drams about 132 l' haberdupoit 19 ℥  
An Oak is 400 drams, which is near 2 l' 12 ℥. or 10 ℥.  
Loderot 100 is accounted to be 42 Oaks, and called a quintar; which quintar is accounted to be 118 in 120 l' sutle English.  
A Batman is 60 aches, which is 2400 drams, or 16⅓ l' Engl. By which weight silk is here bought, making 10 great l' 〈◊〉 ℥ per Batman, Batman 7 and Oakes 2 makes a quintal, which is 120 l' English. Lode●… 13 and drams 112 makes a Batman: all silk is sold by the Batman, and yet weighed by the Lodero; so also is Grograine yarn and other 
To bring Loderos into Oakes.  commodities sold by the Oak, yet weighed by Lodero. To bring therefore Loderos into Okes, do thus, posito, you have 14 Loders, and would know how many Oaks it produceth; First multiply your 14 Loderos by 44, which produceth 616: then cut off the two last figures for the C. will remain 6 which is Okes: then multiply the 16 you cut off by 4, and it makes 64, which is drams, and so your 14 Loders is 6 Okes 64 drams, and so do of any other sum given.  
Drams 

720  
700  
680   are accounted Rotolos of silk and other commodities in Aleppo, according to the custom in sale of that commodity which is to be noted: and this dram is 16 Killats.  
A Mitigall is 1 〈◊〉 Drams, which is 24 Killats 20 Mitigals of gold is 3 ℥ English.  
A Chicquine Sultanie or Hunger is 18 Killats or Carats.  
Rotolos 3 〈◊〉 and 20 Drams in Aleppo is a Batman in Constantinople, four hundred Drams making an Oak consisting of four Yusdromes or pounds, ten ounces to the yusdrome, and ten drams to the ounce; and hereby I have estimated near forty eight drams to sixteen ounces haberdupois. Where note, that here (as in Aleppo) several commodities are sold by a several Oak, as there by several Rotolo, as the Oak of Saffron is here 120 drams, and no more; and so in others. 
Weights of Constantinople, with other Countries.   
Now having considered this weight in itself, let us consider it as it is found to agreed with other Cities of trade, which may best be done upon the 100 Loderos as the known beam; here the Oak, and Batman and Rotolo being feigned and compounded thereof.  
London 120 l' & found by often trial but to be 117 & 118 l' Aleppo 24 2 ℥ Ditto silk ℞ 25 2 ℥ Tripoli Suria 29 4 ℥ Tripoli Barbaria 
500 Loders in Constantinople make in  104 l' Bar●…ti 23 6 ℥ Alex. Zera 56 Alex. Forfori 
In ●…ergams 160 li. In Crom●… 163 li.  125 l' Rhodes 22 ℞ Acria 19 6 Babylonia 16 8¾ Balsora 4 8⅓ Milan, and Verona,  and Mantua 163 l' Lucca 157 l' Genoa 160 li. Florence 151 li. Venice soot 176 li. Venice gross 112 li. Cairo 123 Rot. Cyprus 25½ Rot. Corfu 112 li. Lorta and Cattarro 132 li. Rhigusa and Spalleto 146 li. Mesina gross 62 Rot. Sicilia soot 69 Rot. Naples and Puglia 60 Rot. Anchona. 148 li. Rome and Bolonia 146½ li.  
The measures of lengtth in Constantinople used in trade, are 
Measures of Constantinople.  three, and all called Picos: the first is the Cloth Pico: four whereof hath been observed to make three yards English, and is about 26½ inches, and if heedfully noted, twenty seven inches very near.  
The second is the Grograine or Chamblet Fico, containing 24 inches, and observed to make 24 pico 16 yards English.  
The third is the linen pico, which is only the former doubled: and note that in the measuring here of all commodities of length, here is no allowance made nor given in courtesy, as the inch is overplus in England; but the said picos are found to be made flat of Iron, and no more allowance given than the thickness of the pico at the end, which commonly exceeds not the thickness of an English shilling.  
Corn is sold by a measure concave, called the Killow, and weigheth about 20 Oahes; and it hath been observed, that 8⅔ of a Killow is 
Corn measure  a London quarter, and doth make a Salmo in Lighorne; and five Killows in Zant make 6 Bushels English.  
Wine and Oil, and almost all liquid commodities is sold by a metre, 
Wine & Oil.  which makes 8 Oaks and is accounted ⅔ of a gallon English.  
Note that in Constantinople all fuel to burn, fruit, fish, flesh, and for the most part all commodities are sold by weight, and very few by the concave measures, which is a good benefit to the provident. Observe that Scio doth agreed with these measures and weights; and so also should Smyrna by the observations of Merchants, some years past; but some difference is now found peradventure crept in by the abuse of the weighers, and the falsehood of beams; and this difference is found more gross upon cottons and galls, than upon any other commodity which may proceed both from the foulness of the first, and the greenness of the later, which I refer to the reformation of the more judicious.  
The customs paid in Constantinople is diverse: as the Italians, and 
Customs in Constantinople.  other franks and jews pay upon all commodities, both outward and inward, 5 per cent.  
The Turks themselves are free from all customs.  
The English and Dutch pay 3 per cent, inward, and as much outward, upon all commodities, and this is paid in species, and not in money, except that the Merchants do compound, as oftentimes they do, with the customer, that an indifferent rate be made upon the commodities, and upon that rate is 3 per cent. taken accordingly. 
Miseteria.   
Note, that over and above this custom paid by agreement and capitulation of foreign Princes for their subjects, there is paid upon all ponderous commodities a duty of 1½ per cent. and upon all measureable commodities is paid 1 per cent. and these customs are called Miseteries, and ever paid between the buyer and the seller, the Turk, if happening to be either, is ever exempted, which duty, both by the buyer and seller is paid to the Brokers, who repay it to the Farmer thereof, and both 〈◊〉 for the collector, and is a rent settled for the maintenance of an Hospital founded by Sultan Achmet, as hoping by this new custom levied upon strangers, and thus disposed of to charitable uses to gain heaven at the charges of Christians. 
Gallata.   
Opposite to the City of Constantinople, is the City Gallatta, formerly Cornubisantium, and in times past belonging to the Genoes', who in the declining state of the Graecian Empire were possessors of this City, and many other in this Empire both of great trade and consequence which are now in the possession of the grand Signior, between which a river now runneth, wherein all shipping found both a safe and convenient harbour, and in which all the Western Christians, either English, French, Dutch, or Vendian Merchants have their common residency, intermixed with Grecians, jews, Armenians and some few Turks, where also is placed a customhouse opposite to another on Constantinople side, both commonly farmed by one and 
Emin.  theselfe same Emine or Farmer, who is the Receiver of the Grand Signiors customs, which are found commonly payable, the one half in aspers, of 80 aspers to a dolor, and the other half in sultaines of gold, or otherwise, as the Farmer and Merchant can agreed for, and compound the same.  
I have showed before, how that the Company of English Merchants 
The government of the trade of the English in Constantinople.  incorporated by the name of the society of the levant Company in England, do elect and nominate an able and skilful, well qualified man in Merchants affairs, who with his Majesty's consent and approbation resideth here, as Leger Ambassador, to protect both the said Companies Factors, and their Estates here in matter of trade, whose charges and salary is paid and defraied wholly by the said Levant Company, and for the honour of the English Nation, and as necessary to his Port, and the said Companies traffic through the grand Signiors Dominions, they are found also to maintain at present, and to pay salary to 6 Consuls in 6 several places of this Empire, and to wait upon these and their Factors, they given pay to 40 jenisaries 20 druggermen, or Interpreters: 6 Secretaries: 3 Ministers, besides 
Mr. Alderman Garaway at present being governor, and Mr. William Cockaine Deputy, to whom I own this grateful acknowledgement, as to those who have lent me their ready furtherance in this work.  sundry other needful officers. And for the government of this trade in England, they have a Governor, who is always yearly chosen in London, and is ever one of the most eminent of the said Company, than a Deputy, and thirdly a Husband, in which last, the said Company have for some years honoured my employment, and thought my pains worthy their acceptatic●…, and these in consideration of their care, have a yearly courtesy or gratuity for their pains: also to these is added a Secretary, accountant, and some other officers receiving salary, and for the better regulating of this trade, and as assistants to the above said, they have a Treasurer, and 18 Committees yearly chosen, and are ever the greatest traders, and the most eminent of the said Society, and commonly the deepest interessed in the general trade; and in this nature hath it continued since the first erection and incorporation of this Society in 〈◊〉 1585., by Queen Elizabeth, whose love to her Merchants protured them in Turkey many privileges, and granted them in England the immunities aforesaid. Now for the levying and supportation of this charge annually thus happening, and for the raising of the present that is given to the grand Signior, at the change of every Ambassador, there is levied a lanto upon the Merchandise, either imported or exported, in or out of Turkey, upon the members 
The English nation the greatest traders into Turkey of Christians.  of the said Company, which in England is called by the name of impositions, and in Turkey, by the name of consoledge, which the said Company do impose upon themselves, and set the same either higher or lower, as their occasions and necessity of their charge doth require, and these are the most eminent of all the Merchants Christians that traffic hither.  
The second eminent traders into this city, are the Venetians, and 
The Venetians being the second.  the subjects of that Signiory, to protect whom, and for reasons of estate, because of their near neighbourhood, that Common wealth maintains here an Ambassador, commonly entitled the Bailo, together with 10 Consuls in sundry parts of the grand Signiors dominions, together with 60 jenisaries, 30 druggermen, and sundry other officers, which are all paid and defrayed out of the office of Cottinio, in Venice, from whence also issueth all avenies, and other losses and charges that happen for the preservation and maintenance of the trade of Turkey, or the liberties and immunities granted thereto throughout all the Grand Signiors Dominions.  
The third eminent traders into this City, are the French, and 
The French being the third,  the subjects of that crown: to protect whom, and also for preser varion of amity settled between them, that King maintaineth here an Ambassador, together with twelve Consuls, dispersed into sundry parts of this Empire; together with 80 janissaries, 34 Druggermen, and sundry other Officers, all paid and defrayed out of the Coffers of the French King, who willingly contributeth the charge for the ease of his Merchants, and hath but small leviations upon them for the same.  
The fourth and last is the Dutch Nation, who in some manner are 
The Dutch being the last and lest.  found to have some traffic hither; to which end that State maintaineth in this City an Ambassador, whom they entitle their Orator, besides whom they have only three Consulships, twelve janissaries, ten Druggermen, and some other Officers dispersed through the Grand Signiors dominions, whose charge is borne by the state of the Merchants of that nation, trading hither at a tanto per cent, and not by the purse of the said provinces.  
Besides these, some small trade is driven here by the subjects of the King of Poland, as also by the subjects of the King of Hungary, and by the Emperor's subjects; who each of them have here their Ambassadors: but the trade thereof is of so little consequence, and subject to such change and variation by reason of the war and peace, which sometimes is truly observed, and sometimes again as little regarded, that it merits no great consideration in this place.  
As for the traffic driven here out of Armenia, Moscovia., Tartary, Egypt, Georgia, Persia, and other Countries of Asia, and Africa, I pass them over in silence, having handled them particularly in those several kingdoms; to which I refer the reader.  
Now the trade of other Nations hither I have noted, it is not unproper I should given a touch of the trade of the inhabitants of 
The trade of the citizens of Constantinople.  this City into other places: four sorts of people are found hence to use a traffic such as are the native Greeks', Turks, the Armeniant, and the jews. The jews bend much of their trade into the land, as to Adrianople with English Clotheses, Tin and Spices, brought hither by other nations: To Angora for grograines, Mohers, and grograine yarn: to Salonica and other Cities in Peloponnesus for silks and other manufactories. the Armenians drive most of their trade into Georgia, Armenia and Persia for raw silks, galls, and some drugs; and carry thither Clotheses, Tin, and other European commodities, and Rials of silver. The Turks bend their traffic to Venice with grograines and Chamblets, and other commodities of Dalmatia and Slavonia; and thence return Satins, Velvets, and some Woollen clotheses, and Venice gold: then to Mecca, Damascus, and Cairo, with European commodities; sometimes by sea, but oftener by land; and bring thence gems, Spices, Drugs, and Callicos, and other Indian commodities. The Greeks' for the most part found to be either shop keepers, and so cannot be termed Merchants; or else Mariners, which sail to Capha, to Da●…ius, to the Arches, Cyprus, and Alexandria; and these are noted to drive some small trade, that it merits not here any further observation.  
Having thus as briefly and succinctly as I could, handled the trade of the main continent of Europe; and being come to this City of Constantinople, one of the most eminent and fairest Cities, not only of Europe, but also of the whole world, whose trade I have also duly & yet briefly related: It is now high time for me to look homewards; and so leaving this famous City, sail down the Thracian Bosphorus to the Hellespont, leaving in view and sight on Europe side the once famous Galipolis, the late Station for the 
Galipolis.  Grand Signiors Galleys; whose materials either for the matter or for the manner of traffic, differs not from this used in the City of Constantinople itself, though otherwise it yields to the Merchants for transportation good quantity of raw Hides, sheep's wool, Aniseeds, and some other commodities; and taking aboard me one qualified here who according to the custom of the place supplies the room of general Consul for all western nations, I sail with him to the Castles of Sestos and Abidot, the now keys of this sea and said City, famoused by the ancients for the sad and disastrous love of Hero and Leander; where staying three days to clear my Vessel, according to the manner of each that would departed hence, discharging 101 Dollars 6 aspers to the Customhouses of Constantinople and Galatta, and to the Captain of these Castles, and here 124 Dollars 54 aspers more, I and my ship are cleared & discharged hence: and being freed, and my sails flown, I begin to descry the Arches, and there surveyed what Lands of note and consequence I found in those seas, leaving behinded me the main continent of Europe; and having thus performed my land-travaile, and fully discovered and laid open the traffic and commerce thereof I am called upon in the next place, to surveyed the trade of the principal Lands comprehended under this part of the world Europe.   

CHAP.. CCXXVIII.  
Of the trade of the Isles seated in the Egean, joniam, Mediteranean and Adriatic Seas.  
THe first Island falling in view, coming out of the Hellespont is the Isle of Tenedos opposite to Troy, 
Tenedos.  which hath a pretty town in it, and enriched with excellent wines.  
The next is Samothracia in the Egean sea, affording 
Samothracia.  at S●…ia a good harbour for ships and naught else of consequence.  
Lemnos is the next in the said seas affording that soveragine Mineral 
Lemnos.  against infection called Terra Sigillata, the earth thereof is made into little pellets, and sealed with the Turks Character, and so dispersed 
Terra Sigillata.  over all Christendom for an excellent Antidote.  
Scio or Chios is the next of note, affording that excellent Gum, 
Scio.  called Mastic, which in july and August the inhabitants do force out of trees, by making of deep incisions into the bark thereof, with sharp instruments, out of which the juice dropping is afterward hardened like unto a bright Gum, and in September following gathered, which Mastic is farmed of the Grand Signior, as his 
Mastic.  peculiar commodity, and therefore ever maintained at a constant price, and hence dispersed throughout the world.   

CHAP. CCXLIX.  
Of SCIO, and the trade thereof.  
I Have already declared in the trade of Smyrna, 
Scio, and the trade thereof.  how that of late days the principal seat of traffic was in this Island in the town of Scio, where a Consul for the English and other nations did reside; but finding the Port of Smyrna seated on the continent more proper for lading of Cottons and Cotton-yarne, and other gross goods, the principal commodities of this seat, they removed their habitation thither, and with them is that trade that was here also removed, yet in that it was found a place where great concourse of Merchants was found, we own it a touch of its weights and measures, &c.  
Accounts were and are kept in dollars of 80 aspers, and of Asper's as 
Accounts in Scio.  in Constantinople.  
The moneys are the same ingenerall mentioned in Constantinople, save that commerce, doth oftentimes make them be here 2 or 3 per cent. better esteemed.  
The weights here, are derived from the dra●… of Turk●… that I 
Weights of Scio.  mentioned in Constantinople.  
100 drams make a Rotolo, which is 19 〈◊〉 ℥ V●…ca sotile. 400 drams make an Oak. 100 Rotolos make a quintar, accounted in circa 118ˡ' English, and should hold as in Smirna 120 l ', but daily experience findeth the contrary, both here and in Smirna, not making above 118ˡ' sotile haberdupois.  
Their measures are here two, the linen picho q t. 26 inches, and the 
Measures in Scio.  cloth picho usual in Constantinople of 27 inches, for other passages, vide further Constantinople and Smirna.  
I will now proceed to the rest of those Islands in these seas, which are first Lesbos, in which, Mitylena is noted for the principal town, 
Le●…bos.  where was borne Sapph●…, the inventresse of the sapphique verse, Pittacus, one of the Sages of Greece, Arion the Dolphin harper, and which have famoused this Island to posterity.  
Negroponte is the next, where the Sea ebbeth and floweth 7 times 
Negroponte.  a day, which because Aristotle could not unriddle, he here drowned himself: the chief City is Col●…his, Caristia and others.  
Here is also Seiros, Salamis, the 12 Sporades, also Delos, where 
Seir●… Salamis. Delos. Samos.  Oracles were given to the Petitioners, and the 53 Islands of Ciclades, which afford nothing note worthy: also Samos the habitation of that fortunate infortunate Polycrates, and Coos the birthplace of 
Coo●….  Apelles and Hypocrates, than Pathmos where S t. john wrote his Revetions 
Pathmos.  being confined hither by Domitian, which are now of small account, save only in their number, and so I come in the next place to Rhodes.   

CHAP. CCL.  
Of Rhodes, and the trade thereof.  
THE same of this Island and City is sufficiently known through Europe; and 
Rhodes and the trade thereof.  the valour of the ancient Knights the masters thereof sufficiently restified, in the defence thereof; it now (in matter of traffic) by reason of the commodious harbour and situation daily increaseth, and many Merchants Christians are found to frequent the place by day; but must by night get lodging in the suburbs, so fearful are the Turks of the loss or surprisal of this place, which cost them so much blood in the gaining.  
This City is a Mart for most of the commodities of the Arches, as of Corn, Wines, Oils, Rasins, Wax, Honey, Cordivants, some cotton 
Commodities of Rhodes.  wools, and yarn and stuffs made thereof, as Dimitties, Vermilion, and as also some Damasks and other stuffs of silk, &c.  
Their accounts are kept in aspers, only amounting by increase, after the manner of the great Turks treasures, to hundred and 
Accounts in Rhodes.  thousand, and so to Loads or cargo, which is 100000 aspers.  
Their Movies is the same as throughout Turkey, all other coins being rather esteemed here as a commodity than a coin: for they 
Coin currant in Rhodes.  rise and fall according to contract, so that in all bargains here, the price of the money by the buyer as well as the price of the commodity by the seller, must be agreed upon.  
Their weight is a Rotolo: the quintar is 100 Rotolos, which Rotolot 100 do make in England 536 l', and by consequence the Rotolo of 
Weights in Rhodes.  Rhodes is haberdupois 5l'6 ℥. in circa, and hath made in Venice 800 l' soot, and 506 l' gross by observation; and in Genoa hath made 762 pound soot, in Florence 701 pound, in Rome 676 pound, in Rhagusa 666 pound.  
Their measure is a Cone which is about 84 inches English. Other 
Measures in Rhodes.  notes have not come to my hands, therefore from hence I will sail to Candia, anciently Crete.   

CHAP. CCLI.  
Of Candia and the trade thereof.  
THis Island is situated in the mouth of the Egean 
Candia and the trade thereof.  Seas, and is very fruitful in these commodities which it affordeth for Merchants; first, Muskadels, whereof there is above 2000 tons yearly exported, then in Sugars refined, and hence called 
Commodities of Candia.  Candid, in Gums, Honey, Wax, Sugars, Dates, Olives, Apples, Oranges, Lemons, Raisins, but deficient in corn.  
The chief Cities herein are Candia, the Metropolis, Canea, Rhetmio, Sittia, and Suda not to be forgotten, being the best harbour 
Suda a brave Harbour.  in all these Seas, & capable to receive 1000 sail of ships.  
The coins of Venice is here current with little difference, and 
Coins currant in Candia.  their accounts kept as there, and twice a year the Galley grosses from Venice come hither to furnish the inhabitants with all those commodities which nature hath denied them of, and which other, Germany, Italy, France, or England can afford them.  
There is here used two weights, or two quintals, as in Venice, a 
Weights in Candia.  sotile and a gross quintar, which is found thus to agreed with the said City of Venice.  
100 li. gross of Candia is 110 li. gross Venice, & 118. li. Engl.  
100 li. sutle of Candia, is 114 li. sutle Venice, & 76 li. English.  
100 li. gross of Venice, makes here about 90 li. gross.  
100 li. sutle of Venice, make here about 86 in 87 li. sutle.  
There is here also used two picos, a cloth pico, and a silk pico, 
Measures in Candia.  100 braces cloth in Venice, is here in cloth 106 picos, () 100 braces silk in Venice is here also 100 pico silk, which by observation hath made in London () inches.  
Muskadels are here sold by a measure called the Mestach, 100 
Of Wines.  Mestach of clear Malvoise, makes 24 quarts of the Begonso measure in Venice, or 21 of the Sechio measure, which is in England, () gallons.  
To proceed then in the Ionian Isles, I found next Cerigo, which 
Cerigo.  is plentiful in Marble, and out of the Castle of the chief towns of this Isle, was Helena the wife of Menelaus stolen by Paris, where during my abode here, the Castelan did show me, and lodged me in the chamber whence as he would have me believed, she was ravished; but if it were so, her lodging I am confident was better than my, for a soft board was my best bed, & God knows with what sorry cover and appurtenances.  
The Strophades or strivali, are the next, giving only a poor 
Strivast.  livelihood to some few Greek Colonies or ●…ryers.  
And then Cursalari, noted only as silent spectators to the battle 
Cursalari.  of Lepanto, fought in Anno 1571. near them.  
Than Corfu the key of the Venetian State, being in the centre 
Corfu.  of their dominions by Sea, of which a word by the way.   

CHAP. CCLII.  
Of Corfu and the trade thereof.  
THis Island having the principal town of that 
Corfu and the trade thereof.  name, is now reputed to be one of the bulwarks of Christendom, and the key of the Venetian State, and is a reasonable fruitful Island, specially in wax, honey, wine, oil, and some other commodities.  
Their moneys and accounts as in Venetia.  
Their weight is two as in Venice, a sotile and a gross pound, and quintar, which thus is found to agreed together: 
Weights in Corfu.   
100 li. sutle of Corfu, makes sutle Venice, 133 li. & 90. li. London.  
100 li. gross of Corfu makes gross Venice.  
Their measure in Corfu is a brace, which is () English inches. 
Measures in Corfu of Corn.   
Their corn measure is a Moija, which is 4 degalatros, which is 1½. stai●… of Venetia, and in England is () gallons.  
Wine is sold by the jar, 4 whereof makes a quart in Cerfu, which makes of the Sechio measure in Venetia, 6 Sechis, an●… jar●…s 
Wine and  2 and ⅚. makes one quart Venetian in wine, which is in England () gallons.  
Salt is sold by the M●…yetta, 1000 whereof makes in Venice 23. 
Salt.  in 24 Moya incirca, and in London () bushels.  
Than comes in view Faint Maur●…, where stood a Temple, famous for curing unfortunate Lovers, but the medicine was by 
Saint Maur●….  casting themselves headlong into the Sea, and so I imagine they may be cured in any Country else whatsoever: the chief town is S. Maur●…, inhabited by jews only.  
There resteth yet of note in these Seas, the Lands of Itheca, now called Val de campare, being 50 miles in compass, and 
〈◊〉.  North-east from the Island of Sephalonia, being 66 miles in compass, and wherein are found the towns and havens of Argustoli, Guiscard●… and N●…llo, and on the South East thereof, is the Island of Zante or Zacynthus, about 40 miles in compass, fortified 
Zefal●…ia.  with a strong Castle on the East side, which commands the town of Zante, and the harbour thereunto adjoining, the trade 
Zant.  whereof I here for brevity sake comprise together.   

CHAP. CCLIII.  
Of the Island of Zante, Zeffalonia, and Ithecea, and the trade thereof.  
HAving before treated of these Lands, and their situation, I now come to the trade thereof, as 
Zante, Zeffalonia, and trade thereof.  found at the times of my being there which was in Anno 1619. and Anno 1624. with the needful observations remarkable thereupon.  
The commodities that these three Lands do yield for merchandise, 
Commodities of these Lands.  are Honey, Wax, Oils, Wines, and Currant, of which last here is found growing such abundance, that some years the English have laden here 3000 tons and upwards, besides what the Dutch, French, and other Countries do export, and is computed to yield to the inhabitants 300000 Chequins incirca yearly, &c. and to the Signory of Venice for custom, which is hereon very great 40000 Chequins.  
Of these Currant, Sefalonia doth yield the greatest quantity, but is commonly the smallest, and lest esteemed: Zante doth 
Corants in Zant, Seffalonia and The●…ca.  next yield a lesser proportion, but a better and larger sort: Ithaca, vulgarly Theaca, doth commonly produce the best and fairest, but withal, the fewest in quantity.  
The commodities that this place doth vent coming from England, is little, some Clotheses, Perpetuan●…s, Sarges, Lead and Tin, and some Fish of Newfound land, also some Herrings and Pilchards, but the principal commodity brought hither is Rials Spanish, with which these Currant above said are usually provided and bought, and no other commodity is so welcome amongst them.  
Their money's currant are those of the Signior of Venice, as being under their government, and especially the Rials Spanish, 
Coins currant in Zant, &c.  which is hither by the English brought in great quantity, and also by all such other nations as have occasion of this fruit.  
Their accounts are kept by the Islanders, as in Venice, but by the Merchants Strangers here resident, in Dollars, which are those 
Accounts in Zant, &c.  Rials of 〈◊〉. and gassets 80 to a dolor.  
Their weight is the pound of 12 ounces, and the quintart is 
Weights of Zant, &c.  100 li. and found thus to agreed with Venice and other places.  
100 li. sotile of Venice makes here 63½ li. in these Lands.  
100 l. gross of Venice, agrees with the common 100 l. hereof.  
The pound sotile in Venice, makes here 7 ounces, 2 sac. 16 per c.  
Currant are here bought by the 1000 li. which by the computation of concordancy, specified in this tract, should be sutle English 1070 li. which is gross of London 9 C. 2. 6 li. but either by the deceit of weights, the falsehood of staying, or the fraud of factors, it commonly produceth not so much by 2 or 3 per cent. and this mischief is increased to that height of late years, that it is found often times to produce but 9 C. gross, or about 1020 li. sutle English, but let them that are herein guilty, endeavour to amend it in the future for their credit sake: for the 100 li. gross Venice, is never found to yield less than 107 or 106 li. in England, and what is found wanting thereof to their principals, cometh by all probability by their default.  
Their measure is the brace, and found to be twofold in use, the long brace being for Cloth, Linens, &c. agreeing with the 
Measures in Zante, &c.  cloth brace in Venice, and found to be 27 inches English, and the short brace for silks to be 6 in 7 per cent. the lesser oil is sold by a measure called the liver, and should weigh 13 li. English, 10 
Of Oils.  whereof makes a candy barrel.  
Wine is sold by a measure called a jar 3½ is a candy barrel. 
Of Wines.  Corn is sold by the measure called a Bachelo, 3 whereof is a staro, and weigheth 44 li. and 5 killowes make 6 Bachellos, which 
Of Corn.  Bachello hath been observed to be in England gallons, and a Moya of corn here makes 2 staro in Venetia, and 7 jars of wine here, makes 3 quarts in Venetia. 
Customs of Zant, &c.   
The customs of these Lands some few years past upon Currant, were small, till the Venetians perceiving the trade of that City to decay, thought to augment the revenues by the customs of the fruit of these Lands, which accordingly they have effected, for seeing the English to covet the same unmeasurably, which at first the vulgar judged they used in the die of their clothes, or which was worst, in the feeding of their Swine, and finding on a time, sundry ships of burden laden therewith, and ready to departed, their departure was stayed till the Merchants were compelled to pay 5 Ducats, which is 25 sh. star. the 1000 li. upon which the Merchant's English made complaint in England thereof to his Majesty deceased, and for the taking away of that custom, it was thought fit to put as much more here in England thereupon, by way of an imposition, which hath been found to be so far from gaining a remedy, that the same continues in England, contrary to the first intent, and the State of Venice hath added 10 D. more to the former, as imagining England cannot subsist without this commodity, at what charge or discommodity whatsoever, yet it is now levied with this proviso, that the Currant be laden in a vessel that doth come hither purposely to lad them, but if she landeth her outward fraught in Venice, or the●… thereof, and then cometh hither, she is freed thereof, as I have showed in the trade of that City.   

CHAP. CCLIIII.  
Of the Lands of the Adriaticke seas, and the trade thereof.  
THe Lands found in these Seas are many, as Absyrtides; 
Adriatic Lands.  secondly, Cherso, Vegea, Grissa, Lesina, Cursola, Brassia, Lissa, and Zara, all the rest are small, and appertaining to the Signior of Venice.  
The commodities that are hence exported for 
Commodities  merchandise, is wood for fuel, Wines, Graine, Cattles, and some ●…iles.   

CHAP. CCLU  
Zara and the trade thereof.  
ZAra being for the goodness of its harbour, conceived one of the best of the abovesaid, though 
Zara and the trade thereof.  small in circumference, yet most commodious for trading, therefore I will note what is observable therein, and make it the principal of the rest, to which the trade of all the others may be reduced.  
Their monies I accounted the same as used in Venice, and the Dalmatian and Slavonian coins are here passable, by reason of 
Monies of Zara.  their situation, which is bordering all along that continent.  
Their weights are two, a gross and sotile, as is used in Venetia, 
Weights of Zara.  but found thus to agreed together.  
100 li. sotile of Zara is Venetia sotile 120 li. English, 80 li.  
100 li. gross of Zara, is Venetia gross 120 li. English, 128 li.  
100 li. sutle Venetia, is gross 83 li. Zara.  
100 li. gross Venetia, is gross 83 li. Zara.  
Their common measures of length, is a brace 29 inches London, 
Measures of Zara.  the 100 braces cloth in Venice, makes here 112 braces, and the 100 braces silk in Venice is here 106 or 107 braces, most of the other Lands concur with this in weight and measure. Now ●…ling hence, and getting out of these Lands into the Mediterranean Seas, in which survaying the most eminent of the European Isles therein contained: I found in the first rank the Lands of Sicilia, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia, Majorque, Minorque, and some others now coming to be handled, and first for Sicilia.   

CHAP. CCLVI  
Of Sicilia and the Cities of trade thereof.  
SIcilia, anciently for its fertility in corn, accounted 
Sicilia and the Cities thereof.  the granary of Rome, is held to be 700 miles in compass, and is beautified with sundry Rivers and Cities, which I shall handle in order as my method requireth. The commodities exported 
Commodities  hence for merchandise, and here abounding, are Wines, Oils, Ho●…y, Wa●…, 〈◊〉, Sug●…s, Salt, All●…, Coral, agates, and some other G●…es, and wonderful fruitful in all sorts of grain, also it hath some mines of gold and silver, also good quantity of silk is here made, which is exported, both raw and wrought, into diverse fabriques: here is also famous the hill Hibla for Bees and Honey, and Mount Aetna for its continual burning 
Mount Hibla▪ Mount Aetna. Division into 3 Provinces.  and evaporating of flames. The Country is divided into 3 Provinces, the first is Vallis de Notto, wherein the City of Syracuse stands, once containing 22 miles in circuit, and the Metropolis of this Island, and some others. The second Province is Masara, wherein is the Cities of M●…ntreal, 2 Gergenti and Palermo, now the chief City of Sicily, whereto I will reduce the trade of this part of the Island.   

CHAP. CCLVII.  
Of Palermo and the trade thereof.  
PAlermo, anciently Panormus, and a colony of the Ph●…icians, is now the chief City of Sicilia, and 
Palermo and the trade thereof.  the seat of the Spanish Viceroy, done Ferdinando de Castro, being Viceroy at my being here in 1619. from whom I and my company received so much honour, that I cannot without ingratitude, forget in this place to commemorate his nobleness: the City is situate on the west cape of the Island, and is beautified with large streets, delicate buildings, strong walls, and magnificent Palaces and Temples: here I found a Dutch Gentleman attendant upon the said Viceroy, who was entitled the English Consul, from whom I gathered these my observations in the trade of this place and Island.  
Their accounts are here kept by ounces, tarries, and grains. 
Accounts in Palermo and all Sicilia.   
One ounce is 30 tarries.  
One tarry is 20 grains.  
Their monies are also ounces, tarries, and grains, accounted one 
Monies currant in Sicilia.  ounce to be 30 tarries, which is 5 Florins, of carlins 1●… the Florine.  
One tarry to be 20 grains, and is 12 sol. 6 den. small money.  
One tarry to be two Carlins.  
One Carlin to be 10 grains, and is 12 li●…res.  
One grain is 6 Picholies, and is 7●… den. money Siciliano:  
One poncto is 8 picholis.  
A ducat of gold is worth 13 tarries.  
Note that for the money which they pay by bills of Exchange, they given allowance 1●…. per cent. for bad money.  
It is to be observed that throughout all the Kingdom of Sicilia, there is but one weight in use, only in Mesina excepted, which 
Weights in Palermo.  I shall show in its due place: now this weight of Sicilia in general is the Rotolo of (30) ounces, which is 2●… li. Siciliano, 100 Rot. making the cantar, which 100 li. hath been observed to have made in London 173 li. circa, or properly in gross to say, 1 C. 2 
Some have found it to yield 184 lib. English.  quarters 4 li. incirca, and in Venetia sotile, to have produced 260 li. or Venice gross 163 li. circa, and hath been found to tender in Florence 225 in 230 li. but yet by the calculation I made, it should be but 221 li. just, it is in Rhagusa 218 li. in cattarro 78 li. Alexandria Zera, 83 Rot. dito forfori 185 Rot. in Damascus 43½. Rot. &c.  
Their measure of length is the cane, which is in London about 
Measure of length.  80 or 81 inches by the rule, which is 2¼. yards English; this cane is divided into 8 palms, which is about 10 inches, the cane making 3 cloth braces in Venetia.  
Corn which is the prime commodity of this place and kingdom, 
Of Corn.  is sold by the Salmo, of which there is the gross salme, and the general Sicilian salmo, which is the small salmo, upon which general salme, these observations have been made, and that the same is found to agreed thus with these countries.  

In Ragusa staro 3●….  
Dalmatia staro 3●….  
Ancona somma 1½.  
Ric●…i somma 1●….  
R●…ine staro 1●….  
Bolonia corbe 3½.  
In Andalusia 5 〈◊〉.  
In Portugal 22½ Alquiers.  
In Florence 11¼ staios.  
In Avignon 5 sesteros.  
In Venetia 3 staros and 1 quarter.  
In Pisa 11 18 staros.  
Bergamo staro 13.  
Milan mesni 4⅛.  
Genoa measure 2 〈◊〉.  
In Ferrara staro 9  
In Tripoli cafesi 15.  
In Tunis cafice 51.  
Alexandria ribebe 1 li. 1.  
Candia measures 14.  
Corfu mosis 2⅓.  
Catarro staro 3¼.  
Verona minali 7 quartero.  
Vicensia staro 9¼.  
Milan staro 9¼.  
Treviso staro 3.  
Modena staro 3 〈◊〉.  
Parma staro 6½.  
Mirandola staro 3 1/7.   
The gross salmo of Palermo and Sicilia hath been observed to make in  
Spalatt●… staro 4. Ragusa staro 3 〈◊〉. Segnia quart. 12. Arbe staro 4. Istria staro 4. Milan staro 12. Vincentia staro 12. Ferrara staro 11. Forli staro 3 quarteroli 14. Belonia corbe 4 〈◊〉. Mantua staro 10. Cremona sommas 2. Bergamo staro 16. Verona minali 8 & 11½ quartroli. Brassia sommas 2 〈◊〉. Milan Mesini 5 1/9. Florentia staro 14.  
Wherein I have been somewhat the larger by reason of the general use of this measure in the Levant Seas.  
Note that both the gross and general Salmo are divided into 16 Tomelos, and that the gross Salmo is greater than the general Salmo about 17 per cent. and observe that the ordinary charges of corn here bought is 3 tarries, and 15 grains the salmo, but if corn be above 18 tarries per salmo, it pays also a new impost, which is per salmo.  
Salt is also sold by the salmo, which in Trappano is made in 
Of Salt.  great quantity, where at my being here I observed to be as great as 3 ordinary salmos, of Corn, divided also into 16 tomelos, which made Sicilia weight about 7 Cantaros.  
Oil is here sold by the cantaro, which is 2¾ bar. of Florence, 
Of Oils.  and hath made 180 li. English.  
The custom of the Island is commonly 9 and 10 per cent. but 
Customs of Sicilia.  fish and other commodities for food pays 12 per cent.  
Palermo is also a place of great Exchanges, which briefly at 
Exchanges.  my being there did run thus with other places, always noting that all bills coming from abroad, pay one Carlin per ounce to make good money: and they exchange by ponctos as I have noted elsewhere: and they given in Palermo 160 pomutos incirca, 
With Naples.  to have in Naples a ducat Corrant, and their account is made as in the particular of Naples is expressed. They given in Palermo 26 or 27 Carlins, to have in Rome a ducc. de Camera. 
With Rome.   
They gave in Palermo which is 6 tarries accounted, and 1 Carlin per 
With Valencia.  ounce more, to have in Valentia 10 sold. 3. den. and a crown of 12 tarries, is 20 solds, and a ducat of 13 tarries, is there estimated for 21 sold.  
With Messina and Siracusa, and other places of the kingdom, 
With Mesina.  they exchange with the crown and the same monies.  
This note of Equality or Par, I also learned here for currant.  
For Valentia sold 9 dc. 10¾. per Florin.  
For Barselona sol. 11 d. 3⅖. per Florin.  
For Majorca sold 14 d. 10½. per Florin.: and for the aforesaid places, they consider the interest, to him that takes by Exchange at the rate of one carlin per ounce, which they recover accordingly, for the other particular circumstances thereof, I refer the reader to the end of this tract, where the Exchanges of this place and Mesina is largely handled, and as the same may more amply there appear in the Chapters 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. and 425. with all particular circumstances, whereto I desire to be referred for better satisfaction.  
And in the next place survey the trade of Messina the second eminent City of traffic in this Island.   

CHAP. CCLVIII  
Of Messina, and the trade thereof.  
THe last Province of this Kingdom and Island is Mona, wherein are Cities of Nicosia in the 
Messina and the trade thereof.  Midland, Milaso on the North Promontory, and Messina in the face opposite to Reggio in Calabria, which far hath in times passed been accounted to be very dangerous by reason of those anciently accounted perils, Scylla and Charybdis, the one a Sand, and the other a Rock, opposing each other at the entrance thereof, now not so much feared by our Seamen by being more expert: this town is the most eminent town of trade in all this Island, and inhabited by many Merchants, which the benefit of the Haven doth much further, and the commodiousness of the situation, and the privileges and the immunities of the yearly Fairs much augmenteth.  
The Commodities proper hereto, as also to the whole Island, as also the manner of keeping their Accounts, I have noted, but Monies finding some variation, and diversity by reason of trade, I will here briefly touch the same, first than  
A crown of gold of Italy, is worth 14 tarries. 
Coins currant in Messina.   
A crown of the place they accounted, 12 tarries.  
A Tarry as in Palermo, 20 grains, is 2 carlins.  
An Ounce is as in Palermo, 30 tarries.  
A Groin is 5 pecholies.  
A Florence ducat did pass for 11 tarries, 4 gr.  
A duke. of Camera of Rome, for 12 tarries 6 gr.  
A duke. of Carlins' of Naples, for 10 tarries 16⅔ gr.  
A crown of Marcque is 12 tarries.  
A liver gross of Venice is 3 ounces, 21 tarries, and 1 gr.  
One pound of gross of Anvers is 1 ●…ance and 10 tarries.  
Marvedes 29½ of Spain, is one tarry.  
And a pound starlin is here ()  
The weights of Messina is found to be two, the first being the 
Note:  gross Cantar, whereby is weighed all manner of food, as flesh, cavier, fish, Tonnies, chief, &c. which is noted to be 10 per cent. greater than the second Cantar, and hath produced by computation pound English 196, in 198 pound, and the smaller Cantar contains as the former 100 Rotolos of 30 ounces, or 2½ pound Sicilano, doth agreed with the sum mentioned in Palermo, as being the common weight of all the Island, and accounted (as I said before) to be 173 lib. but found by experience of some English Merchants, 184 lib. which I refer to trial, and they account 20 pesoes to make a sotele cantar, and 22 peso the gross, which is the general Cantar of Palia.  
Their Measures is the same as mentioned in Palermo, which is 
Measures in Messina.  the cane divided into 8 palms for length, and the salmo divided into 16 tomelos for corn and so forth, as I have more at large handled under the Chapter of Palermo, as serving for great use to the Merchants that traffic in the Mediterranean Seas.  
All Stuffs of Linen or Woollen (measurable) of this Kingdom, 
Customs of Messina.  selling or not selling pay at Messina 6½ per cent.  
All Commodities of weight from without the Kingdom, selling or not selling pay at Messina 3 per cent.  
Remmoving from ship to ship pays, 3 per cent. or 3¼, all Merchandise that is conveyed out of the Kingdom, at the Port of Messina, pays 6⅓ per cent. unless at the Fairetime, when as some 
Fairs of Messina.  commodities pays less than some others, so that Silk then pays only 3 per cent.  
I have noted an old printed observation between London and Messina to be thus, which I refer to the trial, that the 100 lib. of Palermo is in London, 172 lib. the 100 lib. of Messina in Silk makes silk weight in London 43½, and the Rotolo of Palermo, hath made in London, 1 lib. 9 ounces, the 100 yards hath made 44 〈◊〉 Canes, and that the Cane hath made in London 2 1/4yards or Els 1 1/2goad of Freezes and Cottons, and thus I will leave this City and Island, and sail to Malta.  
Malta is the next Island of note in these Seas, famoused more 
Malta.  by the Knights the now possessors, then by any traffic that is found therein, it is the place where Saint Paul suffered shipwreck, and where he shook the Viper from his hand into the flame, which yet the inhabitants would persuade travellers hath left some virtue and relics thereof behinded him, which I refer to the relation of others, it aboundeth in Cotton-wool, Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Honey, Wax, and some other first-fruits, the towns of note are 〈◊〉, Saint Hermes, and Malta and some others.  
Corsica is the next, and seated opposite to Genoa, to whom it 
Corsica.  belongeth being 300 miles in compane, Bastia is the chief City, and the residence of the Genoese Governor, with a commodious Haven and a strong Garrison, the principal Ports for shipping, are Saint Florence in the Northern part, and Saint Boniface in the South; the commodities thereof are, Oils, Figs, Reisins, Wines, Honey, Wax, Allom, Box-wood, Iron, good Horses, and fierce Mastiffs, little other Commodities it affordeth not, their weights and measure agreeth with Genoa.  
Sardinia is the next, and accounted 550 miles in circuit, & subject to the Spaniard, divided into two parts, first, Cape Luggudory 
Sardinia.  towards Corsica, and secondly Cape Cagliares towards Africa, it affordeth for Merchandise corn in good plenty, and Oils in reasonable manner, but abundant of all sorts of cattles, as appeareth 
Commodities of Sardinia.  by the great abundance of Hides and cheese, which in an homely manner is made here, and hence dispersed through Italy, Spain, and other Countries: there is here many towns, such as is Bossa, Sainta Reparata, Alquilastro, and lastly, Callary the Metropolis, of which a word: together with the trade thereof.   

CHAP. CCLIX.  
Of Callary and the trade thereof.  
CAllary is the principal City of this Island, opposite 
Callary and the trade thereof.  to Africa, the seat of the Spanish Vice-kings, enjoying a goodly Haven, and much frequented by Merchants, and is an Archbishops See, and well stored with eminent Citizens.  
Their monies are generally the monies of Valentia in the Kingdom 
Monies of Callary.  of Spain, but they have proper to the Island, some Copper or black monies, to which the ducats and livers of Valentia are reduced, and their Accounts are kept in the same manner, as in that City.  
The common weight is the pound, consisting of 12 ounces, 
Weights in Sardinia.  100 li. thereof being their quintar, is English 88 in 89 li. and in Marselia 101 li. in Florence, 125 li. circa.  
Their common measures is a Vare and a Brace, the Vare found to agreed with Valentia, and the Brace with Florence, the first used 
Measures in Sardinia.  in cloth and linen, and the latter in silks, &c.  
Further observations on the trade of this Island, hath not come to my hand, therefore I will hence sail to the next Lands, which are those of Majorca and Minorca.   

CHAP. CCLX.  
Of Majorca and Minorca, and the trade thereof.  
MAjorca is seated also in these seas 300 miles in circuit, 
Majorca and Minorca, and the trade thereof.  and 30 miles distant from the continent of Spain, the principal City is Majorca, an University, and the seat of the Spanish Viceroy.  
Minorca is 9 miles distant from Majorque, and 150 miles in compass, wherein is Minorca and java, the principal towns, but Mahon therein is found to be an excellent Port, able to contain 500 sail of very great ships in safety from all weathers, whatsoever. This Country affordeth for merchandise, 
Commodities of Majorca, 〈◊〉 &c.  Corn, Wines, Oils, this last being the principal commodity of this country, which the English do here lad above 500 tons yearly, and some times more, and hence exported by them, if the Spaniard have not otherwise occasion for it for his own use, for from hence provisions are made for all the Eastern and Western Navigators. Their monies have reference to those currant in Spain, and principally in Barselona and Valentia, and they account 
Monies in Majorca.  7 Rials Spanish, and two Marvedes to make a liver here, by which their accounts are kept, being in livres, sold, and denieres, 
Accounts.  12 deniers to the sold, and 20 sold to the liver, which liver is 3 s. 8 d. star. but all commodities are here sold by the sold, 20 making a liver, which may be accounted 3 s. 8 d. starling as aforesaid, and they account 17 doublers is a Rial Span. Their weight is 
Weights of Majorca.  in Majorca and Minorca two, the one the Rotolo, which 100 Rotolos makes a cantar, called the cantar Barbaresco, which is 117 li. of the other weight, which they call a cantar of Majorca or Majorina, and consists of 104 li.  
The cantar barbaresco hath made  

in Pisa and Florence 141 li.  
in Venetia, sutle— 163 li.  
in Venetia gross— 103 li.  
in London— 110 li.   
The cantar Majorca which is 104 li. hath made in Valentia 116 li.  
104 li. cantar Major. 

in Forence— 120 li.  
in Venetia sotile— 140 li.  
in Venetia gross— 110 li.  
in Genoa— 130 li.  
in London— 117 li.    
Some commodities are also sold by the cargo of three cantares, 
Car●….  but each cantar contains 104 li. by which cargo is Pepper, Ginger, Cinnamon, Rise, Spices, and other things, and the cargo hath made in Venice 420 li. sotile, by the cantar barbaresco is weighed, wool, hides, skins, metals, led, tin, and such gross goods, and fine goods by the other quintar, or the cargo aforesaid.  
Their measure of length is a cane, which hath made in London, 67 in 68 inches, which is 1⅞. yards London measure. 
Measures in Majorca, &c.   
Their measure of Oils is a quarter, or quartano, 12 whereof is contained in an Odour or skin of Oil, and 212 quartans I have found here in 1617. to be a ton of 236 gallons, and 214. a ton of 252 gallons or thereabouts, and 41¼. quartans, hath made in Venice, one Miara, and in Alexandria hath weighed 5 cantars, and 20 Rotolos.  
Oils are commonly laden at Porcupin, and were found in my time to have there these charges for custom, 8 doublers per 
Of Oils, and how they are laden, and the account thereof made up in Majorca.  lieur, which is 7 Rials, and 2 Marved. Spanish, and 17 doblers, as I said before, being a Rial, for part 3 doblers per oder for measuring 3 den. per oder for pipes at 3 livers the pipe, for sea custom at 9 dob. per liver, brokered at 1 den. per liver for halledge of the pipes at 5 sh. the pipe, stoadge at 8 den: the pipe, barkedge to Parcapin 2 sol. 6 den. the pipe, provision according to the custom of the place, at 3 per cent. A brief of all which charges may be comprehended in this rule, certainly observe that accounting 214 quartans to a ton, and for every soldo that a quartane doth cost here first penny, if you reckon 47 sh. 6. d. starling for every the said soldo, so much infallibly will your ton of oil stand you in clear aboard of all charges, and thus much out of my own trial I have thought good to insert in lading of Oils in this place.  
Near unto these Lands are the Lands of Ivisa, 100 miles in 
Ivisa.  circuit, the chief City is Ivisa, the chiefest commodity that it affordeth, is salt, of the trade of which a word.   

CHAP. CCLXI.  
Of Ivisa, and the trade thereof.  
THe Island of Ivisa, the chief City whereof▪ being 
Ivisa and the trade thereof.  Ivisa, consisteth wholly in making of salt, which is here sold by a measure called the Modino, which weigheth in summer by the weight of Valentia, which is here in use, is 33 cantars, and in winter, 36 cantar gross, of the said place of Valentia, and corresponds with other places thus,  

in Majorca it maketh cantars 38. 
Of Salt.   
in Florence staros 50 in 52.  
in Genoa ●…me. 9 in 9½.  
in Valentia Caffico 8.  
in Flanders, 100 Lutos, which is in Ivisa 13 Modini.  
in London () bushels.   
Their measures and weights I must refer to the better skilled.  
Here is also Fromentary, Pantcleria and Lipara Isles, with the 
Les●…er Islands of the Mediterranean seas.  Isles of Naples, as Capra, Ischia, Progitu, Elba, Gades or Cales, and some others which I pass by, and so sail into the Ocean, and observe the Lands thereof.   

CHAP. CCLXVII.  
Of the Ocean Lands, and the trade thereof.  
BEing entered into these seas, I will begin with the 
Northern Islands.  most Northern Lands thereof, and so drawing towards England, the place of our abode, and there determinate my traffic and peregrination. In the north then the report is credible, that the end of nature and of the world is, wherein by late discovery are found these Lands: first, Sir Hugh Willougbbies Island, who 
Willougbbies.  by his death gave life and knowledge to us of this Island, searching here a new way to China, Cathai, and Molluccoes: then there is Nova Zembla only discovered, else not famous for any thing. 
Nova Zemb●… . Next, Friesland, subject to the King of Denmark, and much 
Friesland.  frequented by Dutch, English, and French for fish here taken in great abundance in the summer season only. Than have we Island or Ici●…land, plentiful in Ling; the chief towns are Hallen 
Island.  and Schasholton, and subject to the King of Sweden. Than Gronland, seated under the Northern cold Zone, where their 
Gronland.  longest summers days is 3 months and a half, abounding in fish, of which there is a society now incorporated in London, by the name of Greeneland Company: the trade whereof principally consisteth in the fishing of Whales, for Fi●…es and Oils, and only lasteth the summer season, and no longer, and then they are enforced to return, by reason of the extremity of the cold and frosts. Now to come out of these cold Seas to the Ocean, as into more temperate Regions, I meet in my way with the O●…cades, 
Orchades 32.  or Isles of Orkney, being 32 in number, the principal of which is Pomonia, stored with Tin and Lead, next 〈◊〉, than 
Pomonia.  Shetland, anciently imagined the last Island of the world, and called Thule.  
Than the Hebrides, which are 44. the prime whereof is Ila, abounding 
Hebrides 44.  in read Dear. 2 jona famous for the Sepulchers of the Scottish Kings. 3 Mula, whose inhabitants are called the read shanks, the rest as of little note I omit.  
Than the Sorlings, which are 145. the principal being Armath, 
Sorlings 145.  Agnes, Samson, and Silly, the name-giver to the rest and others.  
Here I meet also with 5 Lands, which cannot be comprised within the former account, first the Isle of Man: which is ten 
Man.  miles in length, and 10 in breadth, abounding in flax, hemp, ●…ates, barley, and wheat, and some cattles; the chief towns are Ballac●…ri and Russin or Castleto●…e.  
Than appears the Isle of Anglesey, which is accounted a shire 
Anglesey.  of Wales, in length 24. in breadth 17 miles, and for its abundant fertility in all things, is called by the neighbouring shires, M●… Cimbri, the mother of Wales, as having plenty of all food and other provision necessary to preserve the life of man, out of which is yearly sent 3000 head of cattles to supply the wants of other Countries adjoining, together with a good quantity of corn, butter, cheese, &c. the same had in times past 360 Towns and Villages, now it hath but one of consequence remaining, called Beaumares, commodious for trade, as commanding a fare, 
Beaumares.  safe, and capacious haven and road, to which as being the place of my birth, I own this grateful remembrance. jarsey is the 
jarsey.  next, in compass 20 miles, the chief towns are S. Hilary and Saint Mollo, abounding in sheep, &c. Than Garnsey, 20 miles distant 
Garnsey.  from jarsey, rich in good harbours, the chief town is S. Peter's. The last is the Isle of Wight, being 20 miles long, and 12 
Wight.  broad; the principal towns being Yarmouth, Newport, and Bradring, it is well fortified and strengthened against all foreign attempts whatsoever. There be also some other petty Lands round about this shore, but I will pass them to come to those of greater note and consequence, which are Ireland and great Britain, the last Isle & place, both of this my travel & traffic.   

CHAP. CCLXIII.  
Of Ireland and the Provinces thereof.  
IReland standeth West of Britain, containing in 
Ireland and the Provinces thereof.  length 400 miles, and in breadth 200 miles, enjoying this prerogative by nature, that no venomous Serpent will neither live here, if brought from other Regions, nor yet doth naturally breed here: it is divided into 5 Provinces, which according to my former method, I will in order touch, and see what towns of note they contain.  
Munster is the first, wherein is found the Cities of Limerick, seated on the banks of Shenin, 2 Cork, 3 Kinsall and 4 Waterford: 
Munster 1.  the first ground that ever I trod on out of my native soil, being about 13 or 14 years old, and then began to be employed by my Parents in trade of merchandising.  
Connaght is the second Province, the chief Cities are Dunrattie and Gall●…aie; the third City in Ireland, both for fairness, 
Co●…ght 2.  largeness, and for pleasant dwellings and situation.  
Ulster is the third Province, the chief towns are Dundale, 2 Dungannon, 3 Armath, an Archbishopric, 4 Dongall, & 5 Lands 
Uls●… 3.  derry, lately built, & peopled by the City & Citizens of London.  
M is the fourth, the chief towns are Kelly, 2 Tri●…, and lastly, Tredagh, a fine town, where also I refided in these my younger 
Math 4.  years of travel and first employment in traffic.  
Lemster, is the last Province, wherein is found the Cities of Mer●…rge, Philip's town, Kildare and Dublin, of the trade whereof 〈◊〉 
Lemster 5.  word.   

CHAP. CCLXIIII.  
Of Dublin, and the trade thereof.  
DVblin is seated on the life, being the Metropolis of 
Of Dublin and the trade thereof.  Ireland, and the residents of the Lord Deputy for the King of England, who is Sovereign here, it being also an Archbishopric and an University. The commodities the country doth afford for merchandise, 
Commodities of Ireland.  are these, first, the country abounds in cattles, each affords tallow and hides in great abundance, which is hence exported to Spain, France, and Italy, also Salmon is here caught good store in july, August, and September, which is salted and exported, and in summer, the quantity is so great in some parts of this Island, that the servants do covenant with their masters, they must not feed thereon but certain days in the week. Herrings are here also caught, and accounted the best, as also Pilchards in August, September, and October, and thence vented to Spain, France, and into the straits of Gibraltar; here is also some butter, cheese, pipe slaves, Calveskins, and other commodities of late days prohibited to be exported by the laws of the Kingdom.  
The coins of this Kingdom in the standard, carrieth a concurrence 
Coins of Ireland.  with those of England, which also are here current for the value, as being subject to one and the same Sceptre, yet in distinction of the true and real worth, are found thus entitled.  
The pound of Ireland consisteth of 20 shillings Irish, yet in sterling is accounted but 15 shillings.  
The shilling by this account is but 9 d. sterling, and the six pence Irish is 4½ d. sterling.  
Here is also an Exchange found and practised, but not for any 
Exchanges of Ireland.  foreign part, saving England, and principally for London and Bristol, commonly running at 8 d. upon the pound, and when most, at 12 d. per li. which is 5 per cent.  
Dublin, and in general, all Ireland, hath the measures and 
Weights and Measures as in England.  weights of England in use in their trassique, and agreeing therewith in all particulars, I need not insist further therein.  
Now a word of the trade in general of Ireland, as it is found observable in these days.  
The daily conversation of the English nation, and the late unpartial and found administration of justice in this country, hath 
Of the trade in general of Ireland.  redeemed this Island from the jaws of barbarism, wherein it was ready to fall and suffer a rvine, and since by little and little, peace being firmly established, hath brought the inhabitants to a desire of enriching themselves, and this desire hath so well been seconded by their industry, that I may say it hath brought store and plenty into their dwellings, which hath hitherto met with so good a success, that whereas few years past, this Country was with all necessaries supplied out of England's and Scotland's abundance, it now returneth that courtesy, and contributeth some years not only to the wants of both, but to the wants of Spain, France, and some other adjoining Countries, for now it is found that the Earth and Seas adds to the inhabitants labour and pains, as first the Seas and Rivers in their season affords them great plenty of Codfish, Hake-fish, Pilchards, Herrings, and these of both the largest, best, and in abundance, which they take, kill, and salt, and so disperse as a merchandise into France, Spain, England, Scotland, and other Countries.  
Than the earth yields them a good breed of cattles, especially sheep and oxen, in such store, that they have thereof in great abundance, as also of Hides, Wools, Tallow, Butter, Cheese, and Beef, and the Wool, they by manufacturies convert into Cloth, Mantles, Rugs, Frises, and Yarn, whereof it is reported that there cometh yearly to the town of Manchester in Lancashire, to be there woven into stuffs, at lest two hundred thousand weight fine and corpse: besides which, the bowels of the earth yields them Lead, Iron, and Tin, and by their own industry they have many other manufacturies, as also pipestaffs, wax, honey, furs, hemp, linen cloth, salt, and some others: all this considered, what should want here to make them eminent Merchants, but shipping and skill in the Art of Navigation, and a desire to employ their talents in foreign Countries, which yet is not seen to be perfected amongst them: nature having to this end fitted them with many goodly Ports and navigable Rivers, and will in time I hope fit them with an inclination to second by their endeavours, what is so plentifully bestowed by her upon them, which by little and little may be brought to pass by the conversation and direction of the civilised English, that daily are seen to come and reside amongst them: and thus leaving Ireland, and my good wishes to the increase of her traffic, I hence pass over to Scotland, (a part of Britan) and view the present trade thereof.   

CHAP. CCLXU  
Of Scotland, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.  
SCotland is the Northern part of Britain, and 
Scotland and the trade thereof.  separated from England, by the River Tweed and Salwaie, and the Chenio●…-hils, extending from thence to the other, which being a Kingdom, and varying in the manner of trade from England; I have thought good here to insert by itself.  
The Commodities that this Country affordeth for Merchandise 
Commodities of Scotland.  are corpse Clotheses, Freezes, Fish salted, Hides, Tallow, Lead, Oare, some Grain, Feathers, and other Commodities, as Sea-coal, Allome, Iron, &c.  
This Country is divided into two parts, the high-land and the low-land, and the same into several Sherifdomes, or Provinces, in which are found these Towns of consequence.   

CHAP. CCLXVI  
Of Edinburgh, and the trade thereof.  
FIrst Edinburgh, wherein, is seated the King's Palace, 
Edinburgh and the trade thereof.  and the Court of justice, consisting principally of one street of a mile in length, whereto doth led many other pretty Lanes, making the whole near three miles in circuit, the second Town is Glasco, an Archbishops See, and an University; the third is Saint Andrews in Fife, honoured with many Prerogatives; fourthly, Sterling: then is Perth, Aberdon, Dondes, Saint John's Town, and some others of lesser note.  
Their currant Monies in Merchandise is the proper Coins of 
Monies of Scotland.  that Kingdom both in Gold and Silver, which are usually found to be in Gold  
Pieces of 22 shill. sterl. Pieces of 11 shill. sterl. Pieces of 5 6 d. sterl. Pieces of 2 9 d. sterl. Pieces of 4 4●… d. sterl. In Silver, first Pieces of 1 shill. 1½ d. sterl. Pieces of ½ the ¼ and ⅛ thereof. Pieces of 9-9 d. being ⅔ of the 13 d. ½ star. one Mark. Pieces of ½ which is 4½ d. being 〈◊〉 of the above said.  

Again, 13●… d. sterl. is Scotch Mark, or 13 shill. 4 d. Scotch.  
6⅔ is a Scotch Noble, 6 shill. 8.  
20 d. sterl. is 1½ Mark Scotch. or 1 pound Scotch of 20 shill.  
20 shill. sterl. is 18 Soctch Marks.   
Besides which are here found currant the Coins of England, and he that would see further into the intrinsical value and weight of these Coins either of Silver and Gold, must have recourse to a Proclamation set out by our Sovereign King james deceased, dated in 1609, which will also show their conformity to the Coins of England in weight and goodness, and the currant value and estimation thereof through this Kingdom.  
Here is practised for England an Enchange for monies as is 
Exchanges in Scotland.  done upon the Scotch Mark for 12 pence sterling in London, &c.  
Their Accounts are now kept several ways, some following the custom of England, by sterling pounds, shillings and pence, and 
Accounts in Scotland.  some by their own ancient manner also in pounds, shillings & pence Scottish, 20 pence sterling being their pound, 13 d. ½ being their Mark, and pence Scottish, of which they had some black or copper Monies, as Babaes', esteemed by them for six pence, whereof two made a penny sterling, Placks which they esteemed for four pence, but three of them made a penny sterling, and lastly, pieces called hard-heads, esteemed by them at 1½ pence, but eight of them made a penny sterling money, and some of these are yet currant amongst them.  
They have in general (as is also the custom of England) but 
Weights of Scotland.  one weight for weighing of their Merchandise, and for buying and selling throughout the Kingdom, which is the pound of 16 ounces, 100 of which pound makes their Quintall, which is found to make. In London and all throughout England 108 lib. haberdup●…is, and the 100 li. London sotile is found to tender here 92 lib. incirca, or the 112 lib. to given 103●… lib. or thereabouts.  
Their common Measure in length for Linens, Cloth, Silk, or 
Measures of length.  Stuffs, is an Ell common in use throughout Scotland, which is about 4 per cent. differing from our English yard, as being greater, 
120 for 100  so that whereas we allow 36 inches to the yard by Rule, their Ell may make incirca 34½ inches, it having been observed by Traders hither, that 75 yards in London or Ells, 60 Ells hath made here 72 Scotch Els, but in their hundred by tale in measure they account six score or 120 for 100  
In other Measures of Corn, Coal, Salt, or liquid measures of Beer, Ale, Wines, Oils, and such like, imitate the better experienced to supply my defects therein, for I hasten now towards England, and so to London, the City of my abode, and the end of my present labours, and by the way will observe that the Inhabitants of this Country, are much addicted both to Trade and Navigation, and have many good helps and furtherances there both by the natural and artificial Commodities of the Country, and the good Ports of the same, so that in brief I may conclude, this Kingdom, to be more addicted to Traffic and Navigation than the Irish, and yet not so much as the English, which yet by the gracious aspect of our Sovereign is seen daily to increase, and may in time come to a greater perfection.   

CHAP. CCLXVII.  
Of Britain, and the Provinces and Cities thereof.  
HAving now set my foot upon the happy shore, and 
Britain and the Provinces thereof.  run through the trade of most of the greatest known Cities of Commerce and Traffic in the World, given me leave to survey the distinct ports of this Kingdom, that I may not do less to our own then in this Tract I have done to other Foreign Countries. Britain then the Queen of Islands is found to be in circuit 1836 miles, extending itself (comprehending England, Wales, and Scotland as of one entire Island, which we now know by the name of Great Britain) 800 miles, being divided into 3 parts, as into England and Wales, whose trade we have now in hand, and Scotland whose traffic we have already declared.   

CHAP. CCLXVIIII.  
Of Wales, and the Cities thereof.  
WAles then being the second part of this division, is bounded on all sides with the seas, except the East, where it is separated from 
Of Wales and the Cities thereof.  England by the River Dee, and a line drawn to the river Wie, but by some by Claud Offa, or Offas' ditch, or more proper by interpretation, Offas' Hedge or Rampire, beginning at the influx of Wie, into Severne, reaching unto Chester for 84 miles, where the River of Dee entereth into the Sea.  
The Country is in many places mountainous and barren, yet able of its self to subsist without assistance of any neighbourhood, partly by the industry of the inhabitants, and partly by the plenty of some of the shires thereof, the most fruitful affording supply to others that are found the most barren & deficient.  
The commodities which this Country doth yield and vent abroad for merchandise, are first cattles in abundance, bred in general through the whole Country, wax, honey, herrings white 
Commodities of Wales.  and read, butter and cheese in great plenty, woolles also in some measure; also this Country is well stored with Ours of Silver, Lead, Led ●…are, Cole, and some Tin, Millstones and good quarries of freestone for building, Hides, Calfeskins, Frises, Bays, some linens, and great quantity of cottons, known by the name of welsh Cottons and plains, which in Oswestry, seated in Shropshire, is every Monday (as the common ●…rie of all Wales) vented in great abundance, and thence dispersed throughout England, and so thence is shipped and conveyed to supply the defects of Normandy, Britain, and Picardy, and of late have found a current vent in Spain, Turkey, and other countries: therefore I would encourage my countrymen to go on in their manufactures of wools seeing that nature hath done her part to given them the materials, their industry must be added, and that will soon bring forward the art, and all these conjoined, will bring a benefit for a reward of all, and to all of them.  
Wales is found at this day to contain 4 circuits for the administration of justice, 1 Fl●…t, 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 shires being the first, ●…nor, Glamorg●…, and Breck●…cke shires being the 
Four Circuits in Wales.  second, Cardigan, C●…then, and 〈◊〉 shires, being the third, Meri●…, Ca●…narvan, and the Isle of Anglesey, the fourth, also to contain 4 Diocese for Ecclesiastical discipline, and these comprehended in twelve shires, wherein is also found 1 Chase, 
Four Dioceses. Twelve Shires.  13 Forests, 36 Parks, 99 Bridges, 230 Rivers, 1016 Parishes, wherein are noted to be 56 market towns, being no Cities, and in them 41 Castles, and 4 Cities, being the seats of so many Bishops, as 1 Faint David's in Pembrokeshire, 2 Bangor in Carnarvonshire, 3 Assaph in Flintshire, 4 Landaffe in Glamorganshire: Lastly, the inhabitants are accounted men of faithful carriage one to another, most especially in a strange Country, and to strangers in their own, and use a peculiar language that hath remained without alteration or commixture with any other in the world, from the original thereof to this day.  
And lastly, to their everlasting praise and commendation, have for many years valiantly withstood all their enemies by their own proper valour, and being joined to the Crown of England, have been found to be true and loyal to the same, and have so continued in all amity, love, and faithfulness.   

CHAP. CCLXIX.  
England and the Cities thereof.  
ENgland is the principal part of Britain and now the last in my labours, bounded on the East with 
England and the Cities thereof.  the German, on the West with the Irish, on the South with the British Oceans, and on the North with Scotland, as is afore mentioned. The Ornaments of this Country hath in times passed been expressed unto us by this verse, 
Anglia, M●…ns, Pons, Fons, Ecclesia, Famina, Lana.  
England is stored 'with Mountains, Bridges, Writhe,  
With Churches, Rivers, Women beautiful.   
But these are not the commodities that Merchants look after, therefore I will show you in his proper place, those commodities which England doth naturally afford for merchandise, and in the mean season, it will not be improper that I run over the Provinces of this kingdom, and the rain see what particulars may be gathered out of each, conducing other to traffic, or to the honour and commodity of the Country, and thereto add also the Provinces of Wales, purposely omitted for this place. The Provinces or more properly the shires of England and Wales, according to Cam●…en, whom I gladly follow in this description, are these.  
The first is Cornwall, in itself a barren and mountainous country, but the bosom thereof encloseth rich mines of Tin, which 
Cornwall.  for the excellence thereof, is famous throughout the world, also therewith is digged gold and silver, and a certain stone is found upon the earth of itself transparent, and naturally form into angles and points, which if found in foreign countries, would be held admirable: here is also upon this coast taken Pilchards and Herrings in great abundance, which the inhabitants do salt and dry in the smoke, and so transport into France, Spain, and Italy, to good advantage: the sea-coast is beautified with many Towns, and Havens, capable of many ships, Falmouth being the chief, and here is found that famous Mount Michael, by the inhabitants called Cana, which hath for many ages been noted for its steepness and antiquity.  
The second is Devonshire, no less rich in veins of Tin, and withal beautified with many Towns and good havens than the 
Devon. 2.  former, Ex●… being the principal Town, and an inland City, but Dartmouth and Plymouth the best havens, this last being from a poor fishing village▪ become to be a f●…ire town, by reason of the Castle and commodiousness of the haven, and the rather it is to be mentioned, as giving birth to Sir Francis Drake, Knight, who in our father's days accomplished at Sea so many notable exploits, and was the chief glory of that age for Navigation.  
The third is Dorsetshire, Dorchester being the chief town, and Waiemouth the chief haven. 
Dorset. 3.   
Somersetshire is the fourth, happy in the fruitful soil, rich pastures, 
Somerset. 4.  multitude of inhabitants, and commodity of havens: the chief towns are Bridewater, next Bath, famous for those medicinal Baths there found, and lastly Bristol, encompassed with a double wall seated on the River Severne, beautified with many fare private and public buildings, and next to London and York it is preferred to all other Cities of England, but in amplitude of traffic, shipping, and eminence of Merchants, next to London itself, and else in my opinion second to noon.  
Wiltshire is the fifth, altogether an inland Country, the chiefest 
Wiltshire 5.  towns are Malmsbury, famous for the clothes of wool made here, Salisbury for the Bishopric, and Wilton of old, the chief of this County, now a little village.  
Hampshire is the sixth, wherein is found the little fare City of 
Hampshire 6.  Southampton, Winchester the pleasant, and Portsmouth the only now Garrison town of England.  
Berkshire is the seventh, wherein is found the town of Newberry, 
Berkshire 7.  famous for clothing, and Windsor for the King's Castle, and where the ceremony of the Knights of the Garter is solemnised.  
Surry is the eighth, wherein is seen O●…lands and Richmond, two beautiful & stately Palaces, belonging to the Kings of England. 
Surrey 8. 〈◊〉   
Sussex is the ninth, Chichester being the chief City, & R●…ie the 
Sussex 9  chief sea town.  
Kent is the next, rich in Meadows, Pastures, Groves, Apples, and 
Kent 10.  Cherries, wherein is found seated the Cinque Ports, Deptford, the King's yard for the building of his ships, Rochester the seat of a Bishop, ●…ltham and Greenwich, two Palaces of the Kings, Dover a famous Sea Port, and one of the Keys of this Island, and lastly, Canterbury, the prime of this County, and the seat of the Archbishop and Metropolitan of all England.  
Glocestershire is the 11, the principal Towns are Tewksbury, 
Gloucester 11.  famous for Cloth-making, and Gloucester the chief of the County, here are also found the famous Hills of Cotsall, upon which great flocks of sheep are found to feed, yielding that excellent Wool, so much esteemed amongst all nations.  
Oxfordshire is the 12. which is a fruitful County, both in 
Oxford 12.  corn and pasture, and wherein is found Woodstock, a house of the Kings, and an enclosed Park with a stone wall, imagined the first in this land, and Oxford, an Vniversay famous through the world, and chief of this Island.  
Buckinghamshire is the 13. wherein is found the good towns 
Buckingham 13.  of Ailsbury, S●…nistratford, and Buckingham, the principal of this County.  
Bedfordshire is the next, and shows the town of Bedford for 
Bedford 14.  the first of this County.  
Hertfordshire is the 15. wherein is the stately house of Theobald's, 
Hertfordshire 15  a house of the Kings, Saint Alban, a fare thoroughfare, and Hertford the principal of the County.  
Middlesex is the 16. wherein is found the King's Palace, Hampton 
Middlesex 16.  Court, and London, the prime City of this kingdom, and the Chamber of the Kings of England, so famous abroad in foreign Countries, that it needs no man's commendation: it is beautified with sundry Colleges, for the study of the Municiple laws, with the Churches of Westminster and London, besides diverse others, with the Hall of Westminster, where the Parliaments extraordinary, and Courts of Chancery, King's Bench, and other Courts are ordinarily kept, with the two Palaces of White Hall and Saint james, with an Exchange or Burse for Merchants to meet in, with a sumptuous and wonderful Bridge of freestone, besides many other excellent private and public edifices.  
Essex is the next, abounding in pasturedge, corn, and saffron, 
Essex 17.  and in which is found Chelmsford the chief town, Colchester, 〈◊〉, and others abounding with ●…ayes, says, and other new dropery, and lastly, Harwich, a safe haven for ships.  
Suffolk is the next, which affords quantity of butter, cheese, 
Suffolk 18.  and clothes, known by the names of Suffolk cloth, wherein is found S. Ed●…ds B●…y, and Ipswich, which hath a commodious haven.  
Norfolk is the 19 a large champain Country, abounding 
Norfolk 1●…  in C●…ies and Sheep, affording the two good haven towns of Linne and Yarmouth, and Norwich, the first of the County, which deserves to be numbered amongst the chiefest Cities of England.  
Cambridgeshire is the 20, which is found to abound in corn, 
Cambridge 20.  and wherein is seen the University of Cambridge, and Ely famous for being the seat of a Bishop.  
Huntingtonshire is the 21. the chief town being Huntingdon. 
Huntingdon 21.   
Northamptonshire is the 22. abounding in corn, Peterborough 
Northampton 22.  being here the seat of a Bishop, and Northampton the chief City.  
Leycestershire is the 23. abounding in corn, Leicester the chief town is more famous for the antiquity, then for the beauty 
Leicester 23.  thereof.  
Rutlandshire is the 24. and accounted the lest County in this kingdom, Vppingham being the chief town. 
Rutland 24.   
Lincolnshire is the 25. rich in corn and pasture, abounding with 
Lincoln 25.  fish and fowl; Lincoln once a great City, is yet the greatest in this County.  
Nottinghamshire is the 26. wherein is Nottingham, the chief 
Nottingham 26.  town, and the Forest of Sherwood, feeding many fallow and read Dear.  
Darbishire is the 27. the chief City is Derby, famous for the Ale thereof; in this County are also many Ours of lead, 
Derby 27.  and other minerals.  
Warwickshire is the 28. wherein is found Warwick, the prime City, and Coventry a fare walled City, and accounted the 
Warwick 28.  fairest inland City of this Island, wherein now great quantity of cloth is made.  
Worcestershire is the 29. wherein is found the City of Worster, 
Worcester 29.  famous now for clothing, and the seat of a Bishop.  
Staffordshire is the 30. which affordeth Salt-pits, and Wells, 
Stafford 30.  and Coals, taken out of the earth, stone, and Lichfield being the principal Towns of the County.  
Shropshire is the 31. wherein is found Ludlow, of more beauty than antiquity, honoured with a Council and Court of justice for 
Shropshire 31.  Wales, and a Palace for the Princes thereof, Shrewsbery the chief of this County, much enriched by their trade for Cottons and Frises, with their neighbours the Welsh, whom yet notwithstanding they greatly affect not.  
Cheshire is the 32. abounding in pastures, and in excellent Cheeses hence transported throughout England, it hath Chester for the 
Chester 32.  chief City seated on the River Dee.  
Herefordshire is the 33, and boasteth to be for its fertility and abundance of all things the first Shire in England, Hereford is 
Hereford 33.  the chief City, and Le●…ster justly boasteth of the sheep's wool, feeding in those grounds, with which no part of Europe can equalise.  
Yorkshire is the thirty fourth, and the largest County of 
Yorkshire 34.  all England, abounding in corn, pasture, and meadows, yielding clothing by the industry of the inhabitants in abundance; York being the chief City, and the second in England, and the seat of an Archbishop, here is a Court of justice held for the neighbouring Marches, according to that of Ludlow; in this County is also the town of Hull, seated on the River of Humber, where are found Merchants of good quality, and here is also the Castle of Scarborough, where in the adjoining sea is the great fishing found annually for herrings.  
Richmond is the 35. in which is found mountains to yield 
Richmond 35.  plentiful lead, pit-coales, and some brass, and the chief City of this County is called Richmond.  
The Bishopric of Durham is the 36. pleasant in Meadows, 
Durham 36.  Pastures and Groves, and aboundeth in sea coals, which is digged out of the earth, Durham is the chief City.  
Lancashire is the 37. wherein is Manchester, an old town enriched 
Lancashire 37.  by the industry of the inhabitants, by cloth of linen and woollen, the City of Lancaster being the first of the Shire.  
Westmoreland is the 38. the chief town is Kendal, famous 
Westmoreland 38  for making of cloth of wool.  
Cumberland is the 39 affording Ours of brass, and some 
Cumberland 39  veins of silver, and black lead in abundance, Carlisle being the principal town, here are found apparent ruins of that wall which the Romans built, to keep out the Picts from making incursions upon the Britons, being as it seems, than so poor, as they cared not to subdue them.  
Northumberland is the 40. wherein is found the sea town of 
Northumber. 40  Newcastle, which affords such abundance of seacoal, that the same is thence transported into many kingdoms of the world: here is also Berwick, one of the strongest fortified towns of 
Barwick.  England, formerly strengthened against the incursions of the Scots, by a strong garrison of soldiers, and now dismissed by the happy union of England and Scotland.  
Having thus briefly run over the shires of England, it will be necessary I should here add the like cursory view of woolles, comprehended under the government of England, and included within the same limit, and omitted to this place, as being parts of the said kingdom, which I found to be in number these.  
Anglesey I accounted the first, which I have touched amongst 
Shires of Wales. Anglesey 1.  the Lands, being esteemed a County of Wales, having Beawmaris for the principal town of the County.  
Flintshire is the second, plentiful in corn and pasture, famous 
Flint 2.  for the Spring of Holy Well, called here S. Winifred's Well, and Flint town being the chiefest of the County.  
Denbishire is the next, affording some mines of lead, wherein 
De●…igh 3.  is found Wrexham that boasts of its holy tower, and musical Organs, and Denbigh, the chief of this County.  
Carnarvonshire is the next, anciently called Snoden Forrest, before 
Car●…van 4.  that Wales was reduced to Counties, wherein is found the high hills, the alpes of Britain, also Aberconwaie, a strong and fare little town; Bangor the seat of a Bishop, and Carnarvan the chief of this Province, famous for the birth place of Edward the second, and the first Prince of Wales of English blood.  
Merionethshire is the next, a mountainous Country, affording 
Merion 5.  notwithstanding good pasture for cattles. The chief town is Balla, a poor town yet principal of these Mountenars.  
Montgomeryshire is the next, having the chief town of the 
Montgomery 6.  same name.  
Cardiganshire is the seventh, and hath the town of Cardigan 
Cardigan 7.  for the chief town of the County.  
Pembrokeshire is the eighth, Pembroke is the chief town, and here a long neck of land makes a haven, called Milford Haven, 
Pembrock 8.  than which Europe hath not a more Noble, more safe, or more large, with many creeks and safe roads, wherein 1000 sail may ride out of sight one of another, and made the more famous by the landing of Henry the seventh.  
Caermardenshire is the next, abounding in corn, sheep, and in pit coal, Caermarden being the chief town. 
C●…marden 9   
Glamorganshire is the next, Cardiff is the chief town, having a commodious haven for shipping. 
Gla●…gan 10.   
Monmouthshire is the next, wherein is found Chepstow and Monmouth, 
Monmouth 11.  the last glorious in giving life to Henry the fifth, Conquer●… of France.  
Brecknockshire is the next, Brecknock being the chief town. 
Brecknock 12.   
Radnorshire is the next and last, wherein is found Radnor for the chief town. These are in brief the shires of Wales. 
Radnor 13.   
To observe now my former method, having particularly thus surveyed the continent, let me now search into those commodities which England in general affords for merchandise, and is thence exported into foreign Regions, as being the principal motives of trade in all kingdoms which it produceth several ways. First, by manufacturies it yields, woollen clothes of all 
Commodities in England.  sorts, broad and narrow, known and called by the name of several shires, also Perpetuanes, Bays, Says, Sarges, Cottons, Kerseys, Buffins, Mocadoes, Grogram, Satins, Calimancaes, Velvets, Plushes, Worsteds, Fustians, Durances, Tukes, and infinite others; there is made in this Island, yearly 250000 clotheses by computation, and by this may be guessed the quantity of the rest of other sorts, also Furs and skins, as Coney skins, Squirrel skins, Fitches, Calf skins, Hides, and sundry others.  
Also it produceth by mines, and out of the earth, 1 Tin 1200000 li. yearly, l●…de, 800 fodres yearly, aliome 800 tons yearly, Copperes 500 tons yearly, Iron of all sorts, 800 fur●…aces daily set on work, besides Ordnance of Iron, and such like, sea coal yearly () caldrons, salt, () tons, also all manner of grain, Oates, Pease, Barley, Rye, and Wheat in great plenty, also linen cloth, all iron wares, Tallow, Leather, Glass, and Glasses of all sorts, Venice gold and silver, train oil, Salmon, Pilchards, and Herrings, Hake, Conger, and Gaberdine, Hops, Wood, Butter, Cheese, Beer, Saltpetre, Gunpowder, Honey, Wax, Alabaster, and some other stones, Wools, Wolfills Yarn, Yernsey, &c. and to conclude, many other good and rich commodities is here found.  
The beauty and wealth of this kingdom is demonstrated in 
Beauty of England.  325 Rivers, 8 thereof being great and Navigable for some miles, whereon is found 857 Bridges, 30 Chases, 55 Forests, 745 Parks, here are also reckoned 26 Deaneries, 60 Archdeaconries, 544 dignities and Prebends, 5439 Parochial benefices, besides Improprtations 
Six Circuits.  and Vicaredges, and the whole divided into 6 circuits for the administration of justice, into 22 Episcopal Diocese for Ecclesiastical discipline, and into two Archbishoprickes, under whom the rest are subordinate: and lastly, into 40 shires, over each of which, is a yearly Sheriff appointed, who is to assist the Itinerary judges in executing justice, and to gather in the King's amercements: and these shires are divided into hundreds, and these hundreds into tithings, and to conclude, in England is found 145 Castles, 9527 Parishes, besides Chapels whereof 585 are market Towns, and 22 Cities, the principal whereof are these, 1 Oxford, 2 Cambridge, both being Universities, 3 Excester in Devonshire, 4 Norwich in Norfolk, 5 Bristol watered by Severne, accounted the second for trade in this Country, 6 York, on the River Vre, accounted the second City for beauty and greatness in England; and lastly, London, under which I will comprise the trade of this whole Island.   

CHAP. CCLXX.  
Of London, and the trade thereof.  
LOndon, the Metropolis of England, the prime City of trading this day in the world, is pleasantly seated 
London and the trade thereof.  on the River of Thames, which divideth it into two parts, her circuit may be 8 miles, wherein is found 122 Parish Churches, with the Palace of the King, the houses of the Nobility, Colleges for the study of the Laws, and diverse other stately public edifices, and may contain 400000 people. Here have their residency, the rich and most eminent Merchants of this Island, whom diverse Princes of 
Merchants of London.  this Kingdom have incorporated into several societies and companies, partly to encourage their endeavours, and partly in reward of the discoveries of those Countries and Regions, whereof they take their name, and by the power and immunities granted them, do make acts and orders for the benefit of commerce in general, and of their Companies in particular. The ancientest of which companies have had their original and continuance since Edward the first his reign, called the Company 
Merchant Adventurers, and their original and places of residency.  of Merchants adventurers, grounded at first upon the exportations of wool only as the prime and staple commodity of this kingdom, since which it is grounded upon clothing, into which this wool is now converted, for he at the request and being in league with the Cities and Towns of Flanders, made Brudges, which was then the greatest Mart of Christendom, the staple for 〈◊〉 wools, where it continued for 15 years, when as by some discontent with the Flemings, and by experience seeing what the benefit of these staples were, removed them from Brudges to England, and for the ease, as well of his subjects, in bringing their wools into those parts, as of such foreign Merchants as come to buy the same, he placed his staples at Exon, Bristol, Winchester, Westminster, Chichester, Canterbury, Norwich, Lincoln, York, and Newcastle, for the kingdom of England; at Caermarden for Wales; at Dublin, Waterford, Cork, and Tredath for Ireland, and enacted that no English, Irish, or Welshman, should transport this stapled commodity, (nor not by licences, if any such should be granted) on pain of confiscation, during the King's pleasure.  
Lastly, he alured over hither diverse Flemings, which taught our nation the making of cloth, who are now grown the best cloth workers in the world, and to encourage them in that Art, in the 27 of his reign, it was by statute enacted to be felony, to transport hence woolles unwrought. Now when England had thus for some time enjoyed the benefit of these staples, he removed the same to Callais, which he had then conquered, and which he desired to enrich: from hence they were at several times and occasions removed, now to one, now to another town in Belgium, and still happy was that Town in whaat Country soever where the said Company kept a house for their traffic and residence, the confluence of all people thither to buy, infinitely enriching it. Antwerp for a long time enjoyed their company, till upon some discontents between Henry the seventh, and Maximilian, Arch duke, they removed thence, but at their return again, they were received by the Antwerpians with solemn processions, Princely triumph, sumptuous feasts, rare banquet, and expressions of much joy, and more love: here they continued till the surprisal and sack of this town by the Spaniards, in Anno () where by reason of the wrongs and hard measure there received, they removed into two places, the one to Middleborough, the other to Stoade, afterward from Middleborough to Delft, and from Delft, now to Rotterdam, where they have lately seated themselves, with many immunities granted them, and a Palace appointed them for their residence; the other from Stoade by some vicissitude of change, is now placed at Hamburge, where also they have many privileges, and the said Company being now enlarged, and all new Drapery comprised therein, they intent to implant more factories in other places, and this is the most ancient of all our Societies, which is observed to be governed beyond the Seas in the said places, by a deputy and certain assistants, and in England by a Governor, Deputy, and certain assistants, Sir Thomas Mouls●… Knight, and Alderman, being the present Governor, to whose worth and government, I own here this acknowledgement, as being a member of this so ancient and worthy a society.  
The next to these are the Barbary Merchants, which had their original in Henry the seven's time, being indeed the age wherein 
Barbary Merchants their original and rvine.  our nation did begin, by imitation of the Portugals and Spaniards, to discover new regions: and this flourished and continued till the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, wherein it fell when as civil wars was not in Morocco and Fez, amongst the pretenders to that Empire.  
Out of whose ashes about that time, did rise the Levant Company, 
Levant Merchants & their original.  or Turkey Merchants, and by their Discoveries and Trade first made the Traffic into the Signory of Venice, and then to the Dominions of the Great Turk, including as then within their privileges the East Indieses Navigation which was as then known to them only by Land, and to the Portugals by Sea. since which the said Indieses are raised to a great and eminent Company, and by themselves incorporated, employing in a joint stock, a great Capitol, by which trade and stock they have built many warlike Ships, and brought all those Indian Commodities to our 
East India Merchants & their original  homes, which before were brought to us by other Nations, both which Companies now supplieth our Land, and by their second transportation many other Countries, with those rich Commodities, which Venetia, Turkey, Arabia, Egypt, Persia, China, and India yieldeth, and is found governed in England by Sir Maurice Abbot Knight and Alderman, and by Master Henry Garraway Alderman, the former Governor of the East India Company, and the latter of the Turkey Company, to which are joined certain Committees and Assistants, to whose worth and government I also here do own this acknowledgement, as being now both a member, and entrusted with a particular charge in both the said Companies.  
Other Countries and Companies in the latter end of Queen 
Moscovi●…, Eastland, Greenland, French and Spanish Merchants & their originals.  Elizabeth's Reign, and some in the beginning of King's Iame's Reign have been discovered, settled, and continued, as to the Northward the Muscovy Company, the East-land Company, the Greenland Company, and of late days, there is erected a Company for France, governed here by Sir james Cambell Knight and Alderman, to whom also I own this acknowledgement as being a member thereof; and now there is also in agitation a Patent for a Company for Spain, of which also when confirmed, I may also entitle myself a member.  
These Companies then and Societies, besides others not at all incorporated, encouraged by sundry Privileges, granted unto them, govern themselves by settled Acts and Orders, under certain chosen Governors, Deputies, and a selected number of Assistants, which have been found to be so profitable to these Kingdoms by exporting the native Commodities thereof, by setting the poor on work, by building of many brave Ships and by importing hither of sundry necessaries both for use and ornament, that the benefit thereof cannot here be certainly expressed. But one particular in the Levant Merchants may in part demonstrate the great benefit that the rest may produce, for it was found that in our last Voyage to Cales, and to the Isle of Rhee, they were the Owners of 20 great sail of Ships that served in both those Voyages, and it is probable that they are Owners of 30 sail more, which one with the other may contain 12 or 13000 tuns of burden, & which may have for further defence 1200 pieces of Ordnance at the lest, and employ about 4000 or 5000 Sailors yearly, besides Porters, Weighers, Bargemen, Lightermen, Carmen, which cannot be less than 2000 or 3000 persons more, and they are found, if report may gain credit to pay his Majesty by way of customs and imposts above 50000 li. yearly, partly outwards by their Exportations of Cloth, Tin, & other commodities, and partly Innards by the importation of Silks, Cotton's Galls, Grograms, Spices, Drugs, Currant, and other Levantine commodities, this being then briefly to show the benefit of a well governed trade, and the profits arising thereby to the Commonwealth, I leave it to others to consider the general good accrueing to this Island, by all the rest of the said Companies and Societies of this Kingdom, and come in the next place, according to my method, to handle the other principal parts of Traffic comprised in this City, and generally of all this Kingdom.  
The Coins of this City and Kingdom are partly of Gold, and 
Coins currant in England of ●…lver.  partly of Silver, as in other Countries the principal in use are these.  
The Silver currant Coins are Pieces of 5 shil. sterl. Crown. Pieces of 26 d. Pieces of 12 d. called shillings Pieces of 6 d. Pieces of 4 d. 3 d. 2 d. 1 d. star. Which are accounted 4 farthings to a penny sterling, 12 ob. to a shilling, 5 shillings to a Crown, 4 Crowns, or 20 shillings to a pound sterling.  
The Gold coins currant are Pieces of 22 shill. star. Pieces of 11 shill. star. 
Of Gold.  Pieces of 5 shill. 6 d. Pieces of 2 shill. 9 d. the 〈◊〉 of 22 shill. Also Pieces of 20 shill. Pieces of 10 shill. Pieces of 5 shill. Pieces of 2 s. 6 d. the 〈◊〉 of 20 sh.  
Accounted also in the former accounts of pounds, shillings and pence sterling, the goodness and fineness, and intrinsical value may be more particularly known by a Proclamation in Anno 1609, published by our deceased Sovereign King james, to which I refer the Reader, or otherwise to a Table inserted in the end of this Chapter of the equality and valuation thereof with the Coins of sundry other Countries.  
Their accounts are kept throughout England, by pounds, shillings, and pence sterling, accounting 12 pence to the shilling, and 
Accounts in England.  20 shillings to the pound, but the accounts of the revenues of the Kingdom have been, and yet are in some Offices kept in Marks, containing 13 shill. 4 pence, per Mark.   

CHAP. CCLXXI  
Of Weights used in England.  
THe weight commonly used in and through England, is two, the Troy weight, and the Haberdupois 
Weights in England.  weight.  
The Troy pound consists of 12 ounces, the ounce 
Troy weight.  of 20 penny weights, the penny weight of 24 grains, and serveth only for Bread, Gold, Silver, and Electuaries, eight pound accounted to the Gallon, & by consequence 16 li. to the Peck, 32 pound to the half Bushel, and 64 to the Bushel, and hereby weight and measure is reduced one into another.  
Wet Measures are also derived from this pound Troy, both on 
Weight with measure.  Land and within Shipboard, as also Corn and Grain, as above is specified, for first this pound of 12 ounces, made into a concave measure is named a Pint, eight of the said Pints, or eight pounds make a Gallon of either Wine, Ale, Beer, or Corn, according to the Standard of the Exchequer, and the Acts of Parliament of 11 and 12 of Henry the Seventh.  
From hence is also drawn the measure Assize of all vendible 
Assize.  Cask, each Hogshead to contain 63 Gallons, every Terce 84, every Pipe 126, and every Tun 252 Gallons.  
From hence ariseth also the measure for Fish, the Salmon Butt is to be 84 gallons, the barrel 42 gallons, the Herring barrel to be 32 gallons, the Eel barrel to be 42 gallons, the Soap barrel to be 32 gallons, and the half, and firkin of these to be accordingly.  
The second weight is the Haberdepois pound, which consisteth 
Haberdupois.  of 16 ounces, which are lesser ounces than the former, for these 16 ounces make but 14 ounces and a half, and 2 penny weight of Troy, used in the mint, where 136 li. haberdepois subtle, is but 100 li. sutle Troy.  
By the haberdepois or averdupois weight, is all commodities weighed, which beareth the name of garble, and whereof issueth a garble or waste, also butter, cheese, tallow, wax, and other commodities, and 7 li. of this weight is accounted to the gallon of wheat, as is 14 li. the peck, 28 li. the half bushel, and 56 li. to the bushel.  
The 7 li. averdupois is 102 ounces Troy, according to which 
Troy and Haberdupois compared for the weight of bread.  rate the quarter of wheat must weigh 448 li. averdupois, and so 14 li. averdupois, and 16 li. 11 ounces Troy, do accord in one, or 56 li. averdupois, and 67 li. 8 ounces Troy, and note that as one penny sterling is the 1/20.part of an ounce Troy, so thereby is found that 7 li. 12 sh. sterling, is 84 ounces, and half, and 2 penny weight of Troy, and 6. li. 18 sh. sterling, is 82¾. ounces and one penny Troy, from the which two assizes, the white, wheaten, and household breads are calculated and drawn.  
From the averdupois weight is also drawn the true weight of cheese and butter, called the Waighe, which is 112 li. averdupoi●…, 
Cheese weight  to the hundred, and the two hundred is 224 li. containing 32 cloves, and every clove is 7 li. the Waighe of Suffolk cheese being 256 li. and the waighe of Essex cheese 336 li. averdupois.  
The sack of wool formerly so famoused by the staplers, did 
Wool weight.  weigh 364 li. averdupois, two weighs of wool, make a sack, and 12 sacks make a laste.  
The last of herrings containeth 10 thousand, and every thousand 
Herrings measure.  contain ten hundred, and every hundred six score or 120.  
Lead, is sold by the fodder, the load being 175 li. and the 
Led weight.  father maketh accordingly 19½. hundred of 112 li. per cent.  
It is also to be noted, that of this pound of 16 ounces averdupois, 
Three Quintars in England used.  is made in England, three several quintals, for weighing of sundry sorts of merchandise.  
The first is a hundred of five score, or 100 li. just, and this is called the hundred sutle, whereby is sold, spices, drugs, and other 
Num. 1 100 li.  fine commodities, which are accounted by the pound, and to which is added by the seller, an allowance of 4 li. upon 104 li. taken from the overplus received from Antwerp weights in times past in spices, as I have said elsewhere, and called by the name of Tret, yet by some alleged to be an allowance in garbled commodities.  
The second is a hundred of fivescore and twelve, or 112 li. 
Num. 2. 11●… l●….  the half hundred being 56 li. the quarter 28 li. &c. to which all the aforesaid weight is adjusted, and by which all commodities are weighed, and all fine commodities afterward reduced to the soot hundred, and by this are sold all gross goods, Grocery, Saltery, &c.  
The third is a hundred of sixscore of the said averdupois pound, 
Num. 3. 120 l  by which Tin is weighed to his Majesty's Farmers, and some few other commodities, and is called the stannery hundred. This pound averdupois hath in itself a division of 16 ounces, and thereof is form other weights, as sometimes a stone of 8 li. 7 li. 10 li. 14 li. 16 li. 20 li. sometimes a todde of 7 li. 8 li. 10 li. sometimes a clove of 20 li. 28 li. 32 li. and such like, which is still found to be made out of this pound of averdupois of 16 ounces, and every ounce of 8 drams, and every dram 60 grains. Raw silk of Persia or Turkey, is sold also by this pound, but then it is accounted a pound of 24 ounces, or a pound and a half of the abovesaid; all which is requisite his learning that is either to buy or cell in England, that he may know not only the true weight of his commodity, but also the denomination thereof, and how many pound or ounces is contained therein.  
Having now shown the distinction of the troy and averdupois weight, and how they agreed together, and having calculated most of the weights of this book to the hundred sutle, I will also show here how the 112 li. is found to respond with some other Countries, as being the weight common in use amongst Merchants, and in notes of commodities observed abroad.  
The 112 l. London is in 
Europa.  Marselia 125 li. Venetia sotile 164 li. Venetiagrosse 104 li. Sicilia 62 li. Lisb●…ne 100 li. Florence 143 li. Anverse 106 li. Lions 118 li. Seville 110 li. Danzig 129 li. Bridges 112 li.  

Asia, Africa.  Alepp●… 22●… Rot. Aleppo Silk 24 Rot. Tripoli suria 27½ Rot. Tripoli barbaria 97 Rot. Alexandria zera 51. 9 Rot. Alexandria forfar 116 Rot. Scio and Constantin●… 101 Rot. Rhodes 20. 4. Rot. Acria 18. 1. Rot. Babylonia 15. 6 M. Balsola — Ormus 108. 7 li.  
I need not further enlarge myself herein by reason of the many Tables found in this Book, whereby the said weight of 112 li. may easily be reduced to any eminent place of the World, and for as much as our English Gold and Silver is weighed and valued by the pound Troy, I shall here following insert how the same concurres and agrees with most of the eminent Cities in the World, in their Coins both of Silver and Gold.  
It is observed then in most Countries abroad as with us in England, that Gold and Silver is coined and minted by a peculi●… 
Troy weight for gold and silver compared with other Countries.  weight only proper thereunto, which in many great Cities and Countries of trade I have purposely omitted, that I might both ●…cilitate this my labour, and in one place reduce them together to the pound Troy used, especially to that purpose in England; therefore if I prove here somewhat the larger, it is but what the seriousness and due circumstances of the matter requireth.  
The weight then used in this case in England is the pound Troy, and that which in use in most other Countries is the Mark which as well as 〈◊〉 can I will here abbreviate, now this pound Troy consisting of 12 ounces, and the ounce of 20 penny weights, and the penny weight of 24 grains, the 100 li. of these abovesaid pound●… being used for the Standard of Gold and Silver in this 〈◊〉 hath been observed to make in Antwerp 112 marks 

each mark being 8 Ounces.  
1 O●…ce being 20 penny weight.  
1 Peny weight 32 grains.   Adler 86 li. Cairo 105●… Besses. Ancona 116 marks. Aqu●…la 79½ li. Ausburg 118 marks. Bavaria 116 marks. Bohemia 99 marks. Catalonia 112●… marks. Colen 118 marks. Constantinople 99 marks. Crema 116 marks. Danzig 118●… marks. Florence 158½ marks. 

1 Mark 8 Ounces.  
1 Ounce is 8 grosses.  
1 gross is 3 deniers.  
1 de●…er is 24 g●…s.   Frankford 118 marks. Fr●…burg 116 marks.  
Genoa for Gold 130 Marks 

1 mark is 〈◊〉 ounces.  
1 ounce 24 de●…iers.  
1 denier is 24 grains.    
Genoa for Silver 86½ pounds 

1 pound is 12 ounces.  
1 ounce is 24 deniers.  
1 denier is 24 grains.    
Hungary 99 marks. Lipsich 118 marks. Lion's 1●…6 marks Paris idem 126 marks 

1 mark in France is 8 ounces  
1 ounce is 8 grosses.  
1 gross is 3 deniers.  
1 denier is 24 grains.   Milan 118 marks. Narsinga 97 marks. Naples 86½ pound 

1 pound Naples is 12 ounces.  
1 ounce is 8 Octavos.   Persia 98 Minas. Peru 99½ Cillats. Piedmont 111 marks. Meison 118 marks Saxony idem 118 marks 

A mark of Mesen is 8 ounces.  
1 ounce is 24 deniers.  
1 denier, or penny is found to be  
24 momenta or grains.   Burgas 120 marks. Franconia 116 marks. N●…rrimberg 116 marks 

1 mark Norimberg is 16 loots.  
1 loot is 4 quints.  
1 quint is 4 pence primes or numulies.  
1 penny is 4 sesterces.   Turkey 98 marks. Turin 111 marks. Vicentia 116 marks. Vienna 98 marks. New Spain, America, 98½ marks.  
Spain in general 121 marks. 

1 mark Spanish is 50 Castellianos.  
1 Castelliano is 8 tomines.  
1 tominos is 8 grains, and this mark is 29700 marks, or 873½ Rials, or 792 Ducats.    
Trevis●… 117 marks. Vlme 116 marks. Weselburg 115  


Venice  
Verona   116½ mark. 

1 mark Venice is 8 ounces.  
1 ounce is 4 quarts or silices.  
1 quarta 36 Carrats or Siliquas.  
1 Carrat is 4 grains.    
Rome 116½ mark 

1 mark Roman is 8 ounces.  
1 ounce is 8 drams.  
1 dram is 3 scruples.  
1 scruple is 2 obolos.  
1 obole is 3 siliquas.  
1 siliqua is 4 grains or primi.    
Lisbon 121 mark. 

1 mark Portugal is 8 ounces.  
1 ounce is 8 octavos.  
1 octavo is 4½ grains.    
These are all the stan●…ards of the coins both of gold and silver that I have met withal, and the particulars whereto the said weights are distinguished, which may so fare be needful to the traffic of Countries, that thereby every Merchant stranger may know of what goodness and real value those coins are stamped and coined for, and what the same will yield and afford him in his own City or place of residence.  
Upon this troy weight doth also depend in Physic, all 
Weights used in Physic & their parts.  drugs and simples, administered by way of potions, which according to the custom practised amongst Physicians, is thus distinguished into parts.  
One Ses quilibra is 1½. pound. or 18 ounces.  
One pound is 2 selibra or 12 ounces.  
One selibra is 2 quadrants or 6 ounces.  
One quadran is a¼ of a li. or 3 ounces.  
One sescuntia is 1½. ounce or 12 drams.  
One ounce is 8 drams.  
One dram is 3 scruples or 60 grains.  
One scruple is 20 grains.  
One obolus is ½. a scruple or 10 grains.  
Now according to this agreement of the weights of silver 
The reduction of some foreign currant Coins to the English sterling.  and gold, I will here reduce the value of some foreign coins, to the English sterling.  
The crown of Camera of Rome is sterling— 00 li. 07 s. oh d.  
The sols Of Genoa is sterling— 00 01 6.  
The ducat of Venice of 6 li. 4 sols is sterling— 04 6.  
The ducat of Naples is — sterling— 04 9  
The crown of gold of Florence is — sterling— 06 0  
The 20 sols of Milan is — sterling— 01 0.  
The Carlin of Cicilia is — sterling— 00 3.  
The sol of gross of Antwerp is — sterling— 00 7¼.  
The lyre of Valencia, Barselona and Saragosa is— 05 6  
The liver or frank of France is sterling— 02 0  
The florin of Turin and Savoy is sterling— 00 3⅜.  
The 34 Marvedes or single, Royal of Spain is sterling 00 6.  
The 40 Res of Lisbon in Portugal is sterling— 00 6.  
The lyre of Bologna is — sterling— 01 3½.  
The crown of Lucca is — sterling— 05 9  
The florin of Noremburgh and Frankford, sterling 3 4.  
The Chequin of Turkey is — sterling— 7 10.  
Where note that in Europe, the exchange ever maketh the accounted value of their coins with us, which are seen sometimes to differ much from the abovesaid rules, yet according to the estimation of our English mint, this carrieth a near concordancy, & therefore I have the rather thought fit to insert it in this place.  
I have in many places of this Book shown how the 100 li. sutle doth agreed with London, and in the leaf aforegoing, shown how the 112 li. doth also respond with some of them: now I will show by a new invented Table out of the Works of Master Hunt 
Pounds foreign to pounds English redu●….  the Arithmetician, a method reducing the pounds of foreign Counties to the pound of London, which I found thus.  
 M D Ancona— 13 10 Antwerp— 24 25 Archipelago— 497 448 Acquilla— 143 100 Avignon— 11 10 Ausburg— 19 20 Barselona— 91 10 Besenson— 91 100 Bridges— 1 1 Burgois— 23 25 Calais— 24 25 Castille— 51 50 Cicilia— 37 25 Colen— 19 20 Corfu— 497 448 Danzig— 29 24 Deep— 359 400 Ferrara— 133 100 Florence— 131 100 Frankford— 396 448 Genoa— 141 100  M D Geneva— 81 100 Lipsich— 99 100 London troy— 29 24 London averd— 127 120 Lubeck— 389½ 448 Lions— 21 20 Lisbon— 83 100 Marselia— 497 448 Naples— 71 50 Norrimberg— 396 448 Paris— 19 20 Milan— 33 25 Parma— 34 25 Presla●…— 538½ 448 Rochel— 81 100 Roan— 127 100 Sicilia— 250¼ 448 Sivil— 439 448 Tholousa— 491 448 Venice gross,— 423 448 Venice soot— 151 100 Vienna— 256 448  
For the understanding of this Table, note that one pound of London is in Ancona 〈◊〉 of a pound, and so in the rest 〈◊〉 is 1 and 〈◊〉 first then against the names of the places are two numbers, as against Avignon, you have 11 for to multiply, and 10 for divis●…, or 11 for numerator, & 10 for denominator, multiply then pounds of Avignon by 11, and divide it by 10, and they are pounds of London, so do for other places as the Table directs.   

CHAP. CCLXXII.  
Of measures used in England.  
HAving now done with the Weights of England, 
Measures in England.  whereby all Merchandise of weight is weighed; I come now to those measures that are in use through the Kingdom of England, which are three: the first is the yard, the common measure 
1 A Yard.  of all woollen cloth, stuffs, silks, and such like, which is composed of three foot, every foot being 12 inches, and every inch 3 barley corns, so that the yard doth contain 36 inches, and there is in the measure of all commodities given in measure, an inch, which doth make the yard to be 37 inches, when computed with the measure of other Countries.  
The second is an elle, wherewith all linens are measured, 
2 An Ell.  and it containeth 44⅔. inches, or 45 inches by the rule, and herewith is also allowed an inch, for measure by custom of the Country.  
The third is a goad, only used in welsh Friezes, Frizadoes, and 
3 A Goad.  the like, being the ancient measure of Wales, and as some imagine, of England, before the settling of the yard wand, and by the inch rule is found to be (55 inches) at this time.  
In London there is found a custom both in weighing and measuring 
The courtesies of Londo●….  of some commodities not found or practised in any other place, and called beyond Seas, the courtesies of London; the which is first in commodities weighed by 4 in 104 li. allowed and called tret, which I have noted before; next by 2 li. allowed upon 
Tret.  every draught and commodity, which exceedeth 336 li. or three hundred gross, called cloffes, and lastly in the measure of 
Cloffe.  broad cloth by retail in Draper's shops, allowing to the buyer, a shaftnet upon each yard, in lieu of the inch before specified, which is as much as is in length at the yards end, from the bottom 
Shaftnet.  of the wrist, to the end of the thumb, which commonly may be about 5 in 6 inches in length, according to the dimension of the hand. I have already showed what agreement some of these measures, especially the yard hath with the measures of length of many other places: it is requisite I should also here show how our English Elle is found to respond with other Countries, which I found to be by the observations of some ingenious Merchants thus, Antwerp 166⅔ Ells. Frankford 208⅔ Ells. 
Measures of London compared.  Dansicke 138⅓ Ells. Vienna 145 Ells. Lion's 101⅔ aln. Paris 95 aln. Roan 103 aln. Lisbon 100 Vares. Sivil 135 Vares. Madera Iles 103 2/7Braces. Venice linen 180 Braces. Venice Silk 196 Braces. Lucques 200 Braces. Florence 204 Braces. Milan 230 Braces. Genoa 480⅚ Pal. Bridges 164 Ells. Arras 165 Ells. Calais 157 alns. Norrimberg 174 Ells. Rome 56 Cans. Colen 208 Ells. Lisle 166 Ells. Mastriche 157 Ells.  
How true these observations are I must refer to trial by experience, and forasmuch as I would not omit any material collection that might add to the perfection of this knowledge, which doth oftentimes so much concern Merchants in their negotiations; I have here also inserted M. Hunt's table of respondency 
Measures Foreign to English measure reduced.  of other Countries, Measures of length to the above said English Ell and Yard.  
 M D Antwerp— 3 5 Arras— 23 35 Bridges short— 25 41 Castille— 20 27 Calais— 150 157 Colen— 25 52 Frankford— 25 52 Flemish Ells.— 6 10 French alns— 6 5 Florence— 25 47 Gant long— 50 77 Gant short— 25 41 Genoa— 150 721 Lions—  1 London yard— 4 5 Lisbon and Lisle— 50 83  M D Lucca— 5 8 Malins— 3 5 Mastriche— 100 173 Madera— 25 26 Milan— 50 57 Norrimberg— 100 137 Paris— 19 20 Roan— 100 103 Rome— 14 25 Sivil— 20 27 Venice long— 5 9 Venice short— 25 49 Vienna— 20 29 Vincentia— 100 133  
The use of the former table is threefold, first, to know what proportion one of our London Else will bear unto any of the 
Use of the former Table threefold.  measures of the aforesaid places, which is thus performed, look the place in the table posito Florence, against it you shall found these two numbers, 25. under the title of M. which signifieth Multiplicate, and 47 under the title of D. which signifieth divisor, divide then the greater by the lesser, viz. 47 by 25. the quotient is 1 and 22 is the remainder, which is numerator to 25. making the fraction 22/25.so that our Elle at London is at Florence 1 of their measures, and 22/25.parts thereof, and so in the rest.  
Secondly, it reduceth foreign measures to the London Elle thus, 
2 Use.  posito the question were; how many Els are there in 387 of the measures of Dansicke, then look Dansicke, against which you shall found two numbers, the first is 20 your multiplicate, the second 27 your divisor, the order of the question then is thus,  
 
Thirdly and lastly, it reduceth Els of London, to any of the aforesaid 
3 Use.  foreign measures, posito in 597 Els of London, how many Lucca braces do they contain? to do this, look lucca in the table, and right against it you have the two numbers of 5 and 8. and note by the way, that in questions of this nature that you multiply by the second number under D. and divide by the first under M. multiply therefore 597 by 8. and divide by 5. and the quotient is 955⅓. of the braces or measures of Lucca. And this shall suffice concerning measures of length, the truth of which tables I refer to the inquisition of the curious.  
There is also in use in England, diverse measures, for several distinct commodities, which orderly I will here observe.  
First, a measure whereby land is measured, and this hath some 
Measure of land in use.  correspondence with all things that are measured by a square proportion in breadth and length, and this done also by the afore mentioned yard, which beginning from the lest part and is thus reckoned.  
Grains 3 is an inch. Inches 12 a foot. Foot 3 a yard. Feet 3 inches 9, an ell. Yards 5½ is a perch. Perch 1 in breadth a farthindole. and 40 in length Farthindole 2 is half an acre. Farthindole 4 is an acre.  
40 Rod in length is a Furlong, 8 Furlongs is a Mile English, which is 320 perches, 1760 yards, 5280 foot, or 63360 inches, note that a Rod-land, Yard-land, and Farthendale is onething.  
So that hereby it may be discerned, that a foot being 12 inches every way, as 12 in length and 12 in breadth, making 12 times 12 is 144 inches, and so in the yard which is 3 foot in breadth, & 3 foot in length, which is 9 foot, is 1286 inches, and 
Board, Glass, Hang, &c.  thus is Board, Glass, Pavement, Hang, Wainscot, and the like Commodities measured in England.  
Next let us observe dry Measures in themselves, for so fare 
Dry measures of grain.  forth as they concur with weight, I have noted before, dry measure principally is for grain.  
 Gallons Potles Quarts Pints. The Gallon is found to be by the Statute of England, 1 or 2 or 4 or 8 A Perk is 2 or 4 or 8 or 16 Half a Bushel is 4 or 8 or 16 or 32 A Bushel is 8 or 16 or 32 or 64 A Strike is 16 or 32 or 64 or 128 A Cornock is 32 or 64 or 128 or 256 A Quarter is 64 128 or 256 or 512 A Way is 384 768 1536 3072 A Last is 640 1280 2560 5128  
It is here to be noted, that several commodities are measured by a several different measure: as for example, Corn is measured by the quarter, which contains 8 bushels as above is mentioned, five quarters making a ton lading, and 10 quarters to a laste, but yet 10¼. or 10½. goes for a last of Holland, so also in salt, which is sold by the weight, which is 40 bushels water measure of ten gallons; yet note that in Plymouth, and in some other Seaports of England, they measure by a bushel alien measure, whereof 24 makes a ton, and 8 doth make a quarter, so three quarters make one ton, and every bushel is 18 gallons, so that a ton of salt at Plymouth, is greater than a weigh of London, by 32 gallons. And note that as in salt, so also in corn, they have 2 measures, the water measure, large for shipboard, and the land for shop-measure, the difference in some places, as from 6 to 7. also from 3 to 4. which is to be observed.  
The next measure observable is liquid measures, which in England 
Liquid measures in England.  are found to vary much, and to be of diverse kinds, both in the quantity itself, and in the commodity or liquor, which I will here for method sake collect together thus.  
 Gallon Potles. Quart. Pints. 

Of Ale.  
Ale the Firkin aught to be  
Kilderkin of Ale aught to be  
Barrel of Ale aught to be   8 or 16 or 32 or 64 16 32 64 128 32 64 128 256 

Of Be●…  
Beer the Firkin aught to be  
Kilderkin of Beer  
Barrel of Beer   9 or 18 or 36 or 72 18 36 72 144 36 72 144 288 

Of Wine.  
Kilderkin of Wine aught to be  
Barrel of Wine to be  
Hogshead of Wine to be  
A Tertian of Wine  
Butt or Pipe of Wine  
Turn of Wine   18 or 36 or 72 or 144 31 62 124 248 63 126 252 504 84 168 336 672 126 252 504 1008 252 504 1008 2016 

Of Sope.  
A Firkin of Soap aught to be  
A Kilderkin to be  
A Barrel to be   8 or 16 or 32 or 64 16 32 64 128 32 64 128 256 

Of Ecles and Sal●… on.  
A Firkin of Salmon and Eels to be  
A Barrel aught to be  
A Butt aught to be   10½ 21 42 84 42 84 168 236 84 164 236 572 

Of O●…le.  
A Tun of Oil and Honey aught to be  
A Pipe of Oils to be  
A Hogshead to be  
A Roundlet to be   252 504 1008 2016 126 252 504 1008 63 126 252 504 18½ 37 74 148  
But note that the custom of London sometimes is found to disagree with the statute in the measures of some commodities, as in oils it is observed, that 236 gallons which by Merchants is called the civil Gadge, is sold ordinarily for a ton, and not 252 gallons, as above is mentioned.  
Now for as much as clothe, tin, led, and some other commodities, 
A declaration of the Standard for cloth making made in the fourth year of King james.  are the staple of the trade of England, and that diverse good laws have been enacted for preservation of the said commodities in their true nature: It will not be unproper that I mention here some heads of such orders as have been made, and principally for the true making of cloth, being the prime of the native commodities of England. The sack of wool then of which our English cloth is made, doth contain as I said before 364 li. the tod of wool is 28 li. 13 toddes making a sack, every tod being 4 nails, and every nail being 7 li. This sack of wool is accounted to 
Sack of wool.  make 4 standard clotheses of clean wool, called sorting clotheses, weighing 60 li. the cloth, and being 24 yards long of 6½. quarters broad. Now in the weight is to be observed that the clotheses be well scoured, thicked, milled, and fully dried: and in the measure that the same be measured by the yard and inch, within the list, concerning the breadth, all which I will for the benefit of cloth-traders insert in this following collection.  
 Breadth. Weight. Measures. Kent, York, and Reading clotheses of 6½. qu. 86 li. 30 & 34 yds. Suffolk, Norfolk, and Essex clotheses of 
Breadth, weights and Measures of English clotheses.  7 quar. 80 li. 29 & 3●… yds. Worster, Coventry, and Hereford clothes of 6½. qu. 78 li. 30 & 33 yds. Wiltshire, Gloster, Oxen. Somerset of 7 quar. 76 li. 29 & 32 yds. Suffolk sorting clotheses 6½. qu. 64 li. 23 & 26 yds. All sorting clotheses of diverse shires of 6½ qu. 60 li. 24 & 26 yds. Broad cloth, Taunt. Bridgwaters & Dunst. 7 quar. 30 li. 12 & 13 yds. Broad and narrow of York shire●…of 4 quar. 30 li. 24 & 25 Devonshire, Kerseys and dossens of 4 quar. 13 li. 12 & 13 Check. Kerseys, straight and plain gray's 4 quar. 24 li. 17 & 18 Ordinary penistons or forests, 5½. qu. 28 li. 12 & 13 Sorting penistons of 6½ qu. 35 li. 13 & 14 Washers of Lancashire, and others.  17 li. 17 & 18.  
See further the said statute for the manner of making of all the said woollen clotheses, and orders for workmen, with the viewing, searching, and all other needful circumstances there and thereunto belonging, for further direction whereto I refer you. As for Tin, which is also one of the staple commodities of this 
Tin in England.  kingdom: many good orders are enacted for the true casting and assay thereof, and is accounted as the Princes peculiar commodities, farmed to certain Merchants, who have the sole prehemtion thereof, and thereto belongeth a peculiar weight called the stannery weight, the hundred thereof making 120 li. sutle haberdupois, as I said before. Lead is also one of the staples of this Island, 
Led in England.  known throughout all the parts of the world, and is in England sold likewise by a particular weight called the fodder, which is 19½. hundred of 112 li. to the hundred, and making sutle pounds 2184 li. for other the staple commodities of England, I need not further insist, referring the same to the search of the inquisitor at his own leisure.  
I have already noted that sundry commodities are in England weighed and measured by sundry & distinct weights and measures, the principal thereof being of silver and gold. I have already showed as the standard of our English coins, and shown how the same agreeth with other places, then of salt, wine, and corn, which in the next place I mean here to show, and withal demonstrate how the same holdeth correspondency with other Countries, which in most Cities I have omitted as purposely intended here to be inserted by itself, as reducing all others to the City of London.  
Corn then as the most necessary commodity, is sold, as I have 
Corn measure with other Countries.  showed before in England, by the quarter, accounting five quarters for one ton lading ordinarily, though otherwise 10¼. quarters, is a last of corn, and this last then of corn doth make:  
In Embden 55 Werpes, whereof 61 made a last, there, or 15½. barrels of 4 Werpes.  
In Hamburgh 83 schepels, whereof 90 make a last there.  
In Lubeck 85 schepels, whereof 96 make a last.  
In Dansicke 56 schepels, whereof 60 there make a last, the 4 schepels make one muid, which is the skippound of 340 li.  
In Fameran 78 schepels, whereof 96 to the last.  
In Haleger haven in Denmark, 80 schepels, 96 to the last.  
In Coppen haven 23 small barrels, whereof 16 to the last.  
In Ebbetorff Danic 23 barrels, whereof 36 to the last.  
In Nelbogge 23 barrels, whereof 42 to the last.  
In Sweden 23 barrels.  
Conixburgh 6/7.of a last, the 6 last are 7 at Amsterdam.  
In Milan 〈◊〉. of a last.  
In Statin in Pomerland, 6/7.of a last.  
In Riga 42 loops.  
In Antwerp 37½. Vertules.  
In Brussels 10½. mudden, and differing in all places in Brabant.  
In Gant 4 mudds, 7 halsters of 12 to one mud is 55 halsters.  
In Bridges 7½ hoot.  
In Dunkirk 18 Rasiers water measure.  
In Middleburg 40 sacks is 41½. to the last in all Holland.  
In Dort 28 sacks.  
In Rotterdam and Delft, 87 atchtelings.  
In Schoons haven 88 achtelings.  
In Enchusen, Horn, Medenblicke, 42 sacks.  
In Groennighen 33 mudds.  
In Tenell 58 loops.  
In Callais 18 Rasiers.  
In Roven 20 until 30 mines, every mine is 4 bushels.  
In Rotchell 128 bushels, 4 to every sestier.  
In Bourdeux 38 Boiseaux, whereof 33 to the last.  
In Sivil 54 Haneges, a last is 4 Ca●…is of 12 Haneg●….  
In Lixborne 225 alquiers, whereof 240 to the last, or 4 Moyos of 60 alquiers to the Moyo, and so in all the Lands of Portugal.  
In Venice 32 stairs.  
In Genoa 23½. Minas.  
In Sicilia 38 Medinos of 6 Moyos.  
In Puglia 32 Cara 36 timans.  
In Cyprus 40 Medinos of 2 cipros.  
In Amsterdam a last, and it is observable here, that corn is found so fare to differ in goodness, that the measure of this place will weigh of East-land wheat 156 li. of French wheat 180 li. of Sicilia wheat 224 li. and of Africa 236 li. and this last o●… Amsterdam is 27 Moyos or Muddens, each mudden is 4 schepels, or every last is 29 sacks, and each sack 3 achtelings, so that a last may be said to be 108 schepels or 87 atchtelings.  
Now for as much as salt is not a native commodity of our Country, we must borrow the original of the measure thereof 
Measure of Salt compared with other places.  from these places which produceth the greatest quantity or from those Cities which hold the principal staple thereof. It will be necessary than we bring it to the great hundred of Zealand, which is accounted for 4 small hundred, and because it is the best known in all places, they measure their salt with barrels, 18 barrels to a last, and 7 last to the hundred, which is 126 barrels.  
In Armuyden in Zealand, they reckon 8 〈◊〉 weighs for one hundred: every weigh is 11½. sacks, every sack 4 measures, and 15 weighs of Browadge salt, makes the great hundred. The sack of salt of Arminden, being 122 small barrels, for the 100 sack shall be my computation, and it maketh in  
In Browage 4/7.parts of one hundred of 28 moyoes, and 12 sacks to the moyo, also by charges or loads, ten load to the hundred, and 48 moyoes or moys to the last of 21 barrels.  
In Lixborne 25 moyos.  
In Saint Mary Port 28 moyoes.  
In Saintubal 20 Cays.  
In Calis 22 Cays.  
In Saintlucar 21 Cays.  
In Gaunt 108 sacks or barrels.  
In Antwerp 144 vertels of 24 to the last, and 6 last to the hundred, and the white salt is measured with a lesser measure of 12 upon 100  
In Dunkirk 92 water measures, or 104 land measures.  
In Ostend 98 measures.  
In Dam and Axels 102 measures.  
In Bridges 104 measures.  
In Ypres 144 measures.  
In Rotterdam 100 whereof 6 make one mud of 18 to the 100  
In Amsterdam, Vtricht, Druenter 102 schepels.  
In Calis in France 130 barrels, 19 to the last, but 20 by freighting.  
In Roven and almost all France 6½. Muyes.  
In Hamburgh 7 last, whereof 80 barrels makes 100  
In Denmark, 6⅔. last.  
In Sweden 111 tons or barrels, 16 to the last.  
In Emden 100 barrels, 14 to the last.  
In Lubeck, 7 lasts of 18 barrels.  
In London, 7½. lasts of 18 herring barrels, but by weighs 11½.  
In Venice and Prian, 70 Mose.  
Pit-coal is a commodity peculiar and native, and is sold by 
Measure of Sea coal compared with other places.  the Chalder, which must be taken from the measure of Newcastle, where the greatest quantity of coals is found, and they measure there by the Chalder, filled up whereof 7½. Chalder is a last, and is measured in giving 21 for 20. the correspondence thereof is,  
The last of Newcastle of 7½. chald is 

London and Yarmouth 10 chalders.  
Roven 100 barrels giving 104 for 100  
Bridges and Oastend 100 measures for Oats.  
Dort 12 hort, also by weighs of 144 li. of 24 stone, of 6 li.  
Gaunt 144 sacks, or 24 muds.  
Alst 200 muds.  
Antwerp 175 Vertils.  
Condet 44 Muys the 80 makes a cherke.  
Zealand 68 herring barrels.  
Middleburgh by weigh of 180 li.  
Amsterdam 13⅓. L●…ot of 38 measures.    
Wines are sold in England by the ton of 252 gallons, and by 
Measures of Wine.  reason of the diversity of wines of the growth of sundry countries coming to England, it is fit I should set down how the ton of 252 gallons doth correspond with other places.  
It then makes in Antwerp 6 ames, containing 300 stoops, every stoop weighing 6 li. called a stone, every ●…me being 50 stoops, or 42 gallons, and every stoop being 9½. pints English.  
In Paris and Orleans, 4 hogsheads lacking 10 stoops, every hogshead 312 stoops, and at Paris 36 sextiers, each sextier being 4 quarts, every quart two pints, is 288 pints and each pint is 2 chapins.  
In Bordeaux 4½. hogsheads.  
In Lixborne 5½ hogsheads.  
In Auxere in Burgundy 3 punchons.  
In Poito●… 2¼. pipes.  
In Coniaque 2 pipes or 4 hogsheads.  
In Aye and Artois, 4⅔. hogsheads.  
In Seres or Canary, 2 pipes of 150 stoops or 1 But and 〈◊〉. every But is in Antwerp, 158 stoops, they measure by the Rove of 30 li. is 5 stoops of Antwerp, which is about 5 〈◊〉 gallons, and every But containeth 30 Roves, and the pipes contain 30 Roves of 28 li. weight.  
In Condado is 2 Butts.  
In Madrid 2 pipes lacking 16 stoops, or about 19 gallons.  
In Sivil 56¼. Rove of Romani, a Rove is 8 summer's, every summer is 4 quartils, every quartil is 〈◊〉. of a stoop, of Antwerp, which is about 1½. pints English, and they do deliver 27 and 28 Roves in a pipe, but of oil measure by 40 and 41 Roves in a pipe.  
In Ansoy or Bastard 2 pipes 16 stoops for the said 6 ames.  
In Lixborne 37½. almudes of 1½. Rove of Seville, every almudas is 12 covadoes or summer at Seville, cavado is 4 quarts oil measure by alqueri or cantar, every alqueri is 6 covadoes, every cantar is 4 stoops of Antwerp, or 4½. gallons English.  
In Algorne 34 star.  
In Florence 16⅔. barrels of 20 fiaschi or 18 stoops of Antwerp, the 3 barrels is one star, and each star is 54 stoops of Antwerp, or 64 gallons English.  
In Rome 7½. brontons, every Bront is 96 Bocals or 13½. Rubes or stones of 10 li. of 30 ounces in one Brent, or 42 stoops of Antwerp for honey the pound being 44 ounces.  
In Candia 80 mostaches in a But of 34 and 35 mostaches of 3¼. stoops of Antwerp or circa 4¼. gallos English.  
In Bologna 13 corbes incirca 19½. gallons English each corbe.  
In Milan 1 and 1/25. Cara, the oil is by the Millier of 1185 li. is in Antwerp 1100 li. makes 152 stoops in a But.  
In Venice 80 Mostati, the 38 make one But, and 76 make an amphora, 16⅘. quarti Besonts measure the 4 one Bigonts, Bigonte is a French hogshead, one quart 18 stoops of Antwerp, 15 〈◊〉. quar●… measure, Secchio or small measure of 4 Tischaufer.  
Amphora 

4 Bigonts or Bigontins.  
16 quarti bigots measure.  
18 〈◊〉. quarti secchio.    
Lagol is a punchon, amphora is 2 ames, which is 84 gallons, and for oil, they measure by amphora also, and for honey, but most by millier of 1210 li.  
In Verona 1½. cara.  
14 Brent's, every brent is 16 bases.  
Oil by the millier of 1738 li. is 8 brenten & 11 bases  
In Ferrara 12 mastilli of 8 sechio, each mastilli is 21 gallons.  
In Vicentia 1 1/26.cara, and the oil by the millier of Venice.  
In Treviso 11 consi, the 10 consi makes one carra.  
In Corfu and Zante 37 Zare or Sare, and each Sare is near 6½. gallons  
In Istria 15 Venas, near 17 gallons.  
In Prian 12 Vrnas, each Vrna is 21 gallons.  
In Tunes 60 matali of 32 Rotolos, every matali making about 4¼. gallons English.  
In Tripoli in Barbary 45 metares of 42 Rotolos, and each metara being somewhat more than 5½. gallons English.  
In Constantinople 180 alms, each alme being about 20 pints, and 96½ alms of oil here, is at Venice a Millier.  
In Callabria 8 Psalms.  
In Puglia 8 psalms, are French barrels, oil also 8 psalms, every salme is 10 star, each star is 32 pignatoli.  
Hereto it will not be unfit I should add Malines his observation upon these wet measures in general.  
The Romans in times past, called the wet measure by ounces, as we do now the weight; accounting ten ounces ponderales, for 12 ounces mensurales, so Sestarius Bonianorum was 18 ounces weight measure, and 21 〈◊〉. ounces mensurales or wet measure. Now this custom of measuring and correspondency of wet measure and weight is yet in use in sundry places:  
As at Meyson in Saxony, 20 ounces ponderales, make 24 ounces mensurales.  
Also at Lipsich, 32 ounces wet measures, goes to 26½. ounces weight measure, the difference of correspondence being of 5 to 6. This is further demonstrated in many commodities.  
As a hogshead of wine weigheth 500 li. the cask 50 li. so that in net wine there is 450 li.  
Also a hogshead of corn weigheth 400 li. the cask 50 li. the net corn is 350 li. so that by this computation, the ton of wine weigheth 1800 li. and with the cask 2000 li. and the ton lading of corn, weigheth 1600 li. and with the cask 1800 li. So that for the la●…ing of a ship, by weight and measure, these observations are to be noted.  
Two tons are accounted for one last, so two tons of wine 
Observations for the lading of a ship by weight and measure.  is 4000 li. and somewhat more, and in hogsheads there should be but ⅔. parts of a last.  
At Dort in Holland they call a great vessel, a rod of wine, which weighed 4500 li. as a last of corn, comparin●… these 4500 li. mensurales by reduction of 6 to 5. as above is noted, are 3750 li. ponderales, is 12½. aims, now if you accounted the gallon of wine of Antwerp to weigh 6 li. the capacity of this vessel is 15 ames, being 750 gallons.  
The rod is a rod quadrant, of 10 foot long, and 10 foot broad, and one foot deep, every foot containing 7½. gallons Antwerp measure, or 4⅔. foot Cubice. And this is as much as I think fit to insert in this place concerning the wine measures of England, with other Countries, for other liquid commodities, the table aforegoing will more largely demonstrate.  
The Exchanges practised in England, and principally in London, 
The Exchanges of London.  are confined within a narrow scantling, being but as a Riv●…let issuing out of the great stream of those Exchanges that are used beyond the Seas, and therefore limited but to some few places, as to Antwerp for Flanders, to Roven and Paris for France, to Amsterdam and Rotterdam for the Netherlandss, to Dansicke for the East Country, to Venice for Italy, to Edinburgh for Scotland, to Dublin for Ireland, all the other parts of the Exchanges practised in England, have their derivation hence, and he that would exchange for any other foreign Country (these aforenamed excepted) must first have recourse hither, and by a secondary exchange, have his desire fulfilled, all which exchanges, and the manner how the same are calculated, and the places with which London hath in former time been seen to exchange. I have at large demonstrated in the 443, 444, 445, 446, and 447 chapters of this ensuing treatise: whereto for better satisfaction I will refer the reader.   

CHAP. CCLXXIII.  
Of the trading in general of England.  
WHen I consider the true dimensions of our 
Of the trade in general of England.  English traffic, as at this day to me it appeareth to be, together with the inbred commodities that this Island affordeth to preserve and maintain the same, with the present industry of the natives, and the ability of our Navigators: I justly admire both the height and eminency thereof: but when again I surveyed every kingdom and great City of the world, and every petty Port and Creek of the same, and found in each of these some English prying after the trade and commerce thereof, than again I am easily brought to imagine that either this great traffic of England is at its full perfection, or that it aims higher than can hitherto by my weak sight be either seen or discerned: I must confess, England breeds in its own womb, the principal supporters of its present splendour, and nourisheth with its own milk the commodities that gives both lustre and life to the continuance of this trade, (which I pray may neither never decay, nor yet have the lest dimination. But England being naturally seated in a northern corner of the world, and herein bending under the weight of too too ponderous a burden, cannot possibly always, and for ever found a vent for all those commodities that are seen to be daily imported and brought within the ●…mpasse of so narrow a circuit, unless there can be (by the policy and government of the state) a mean found out to make this Island either the common Emporium and staple of all Europe, or at lest wise of all these our neighbouring northern Regions.  
The staple commodities of England, such as are Clotheses, Lead, Tin, some new late draperies, and other English Real and Royal commodities, shipped hence in former times, yielded by their returns from foreign parts, all those necessaries and wants we desired, or stood in need of: but the late great traffic of this Island hath been such, that it hath not only proved a bountiful Mother to the inhabitants, but also a courteous Nurse to the adjoining neighbours: for what in matter of traffic they have lost, we have been found to have gained, and what they have wanted, or have been noted to have supplied them with.  
Hath the proud and magnificent City of Venice lost her great 
The real worth of the English trade.  traffic and commerce with India, Arabia, and Persia? England hath got it, and now furnisheth her plenteously with the rich commodities thereof. Hath all Italy lost Venice, that fed it with those dainties? London now supplieth her place, and is found both to cloth and nourish it. Hath France almost lost the excellent commodities of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Aleppo, and generally of Turkey? London can and doth furnish it. Nay, is Turkey itself deprived of the precious spices of India? England can and doth plentifully afford them. Will you view Moscovia, survey Sweden, look upon Denmark, peruse the East Country, and those other colder regions, there shall you found the English to have been, the inhabitants from the Prince to the peasant, wears England's woollen livery, feeds in English pewter, sauced with English Indian spices, and sand to their enemies sad English leaden messengers of death. Will you behold the Netherlandss, whose eyes and hearts envy England's traffic, yet they must perforce confess, that for all their great boasts, they are indebted to London for most of their Syria commodities, besides what other wares else they have of English growth? Will you see France, and travel it from Marselia to Callais, though they stand least in need of us, yet they cannot last long without our commodities. And for Spain, if you pry therein from the Prince's Palace to the poor man's Cottage, he will Voto, a dios, there is no clothing comparable to the English Bay, nor Pheasant excelling a seasonable English read Herring.  
The East India Company of London, are yearly seen to visit 
The East India Company.  Persia, frequent India, and traffic in Arabia, and the coasts thereof, and for our English commodities, and some other exported hence, they are found to import Pepper, Cloves, Maces, Nutmegs, Cottons, Rice, Calicoes of sundry sorts, Bezoar stones, Aloes, Borax, Calamus, Cassia, Mirabolans, Myrrh, Opium, Rhubarb, Cinnamon, Sanders, Spikenard, Musk, Civet, Tamerinds, precious stones of all sorts, as Diamonds, Pearls, Carbuncles, Emeralds, jacincts, Sapphires, Spinals, Turques, Topases, Indigo, and Silks, raw and wrought into sundry fabriques: Benjamin, Camphir, Sandalwood, and infinite other commodities, and though in India and these parts, their trade equaliseth not, neither the Portugals nor the Dutch, yet in candid, fare, and Merchantlike dealing, these Pagans', Mahometans and Gentiles, hold them in esteem fare before them, and deservingly have here the Epithet of far more currant and square dealers. And although for the present this trade and Company do suffer under some adverse clouds, and groan under some unkind losses by the falsehood of the Netherlanders, and sad accidents at sea, yet their adventures and acts are praise worthy, and their fare endeavours for England's honour in point of trade, meriteth due commendations, and just applause.  
The Turkey Company of London, for its height and eminency, is 
The Turkey Company.  now second to noon other of this land, for not yearly, but monthly, nay almost weekly their ships are observed to go to and fro, exporting hence the clotheses of Suffolk, Gloster, Woster, and Coventry, died and dressed, Kerseys of Hampshire and York, Lead, Tin, and a great quantity of the above said India spices, Indigo and Callicos, and in returns thereof import from Turkey, the raw silks of Persia, Damascus, Tripoli, &c. Galls of Mosolo and Toccat Chamblets, Grograms, and Mohayrs of Angora, Cottons, and Cotton yarn of Cyprus and Smirna, and sometimes the gems of India, and drugs of Egypt, and Arabia, the Muscadins of Candia, the Currant and Oils of Zante, Zeffalonia, and Morea, with sundry others, and in all these parts are accounted also second to noon, nor given place to any nation, neither in the greatness of their traffic, nor yet in their fare and Merchantlike performance.  
The ancient company of the Merchant Adventurers of London, 
The Merchant Adventurers.  hold the same proportion in the integrity of their dealings, and in the squareness of their performance with both the afore named: their excellent government, and their ancient orders preserved and maintained, is every where both applauded and commended. The Cities of Hamburgh, Rotterdam, and others in the Netherlandss by their submissive seeking for their residence, and their privileges and immunities granted them during that time, is a sure testimony that speaks their welcome every where, and an assured token of that Cities decay. that they leave from England, they furnish them with clotheses of sundry shires, & some other commodities monthly, as by the shortness of their navigation they found it needful and proper to their traffic, and from thence furnish England with Tapestries, Diaper, Cambriques, Hollands, Lawns, Hops, Mather, Steele, Rhenish wines, and many other manufacturies, as Blades, Stuffs, Soap, Latin, Wier, and plates, &c. and here also this nation is accounted the most current and only Merchantlike nation that traffic or have commerce amongst them.  
The East country Merchants, and the Moscovia Company, do 
The Eastland and Moscovia Company.  also challenge a part in this great trade of England, and add some perfection to the traffic of the City of London: neither doth their fare dealing there, come behinded any of their fellow citizens, nor are they there less esteemed than any other foreign nation there resident. They export hence principally, cloth, as the best commodity, as also tin, lead, with some other spices of India, and other Southern commodities, and return thence, ashes, clapbord, copper, deals, fish, rich furs, masts, pipe staves, rye, timber, wainscot, wheat, fustians, iron, latin linen, mathers, quicksilver, flax, hemp, steel, caviar, cordage, hides, honey, tar, ropes, tallow, pitch, wax, rosin, and sundry others.  
What shall I say to the French Company, the Groenland Company, the Merchants trading into Spain, Barbary, Geanny, Benin, Italy, Scotland, and Ireland, but that they also challenge a great interest in the traffic of this City and Kingdom, for the French Merchants carry hence, English clotheses, Kerseys, and Bays, 
The French Merchants.  Galls, Silk, and Cottons of Turkey, and for the same return, Buckrams, Canvas, Cards, Glass, Graine, Linens, Salt, Claret and white Wines, Woad, Oils, Almonds, Pepper, some silk stuffs, and some other petty manufacturies.  
The Merchants trading into Spain, carry hence bays, says, 
The Spanish Merchants.  serges, perpetuanos, lead, tin, herrings, pilchards, salmon, newland fish, calf skins, and many other commodities, and in returns furnish England thence with wines of Xeres, Mallaga, Bastard, Candado ●…nd Aligant, Rosins, Olives, Oils, Sugars, Sopes, Aniseeds, Liquoris, Soda barillia, Pate, and sundry west India commodities: neither have the Spanish and Portugal any ill opinion in the dealing and traffic of the English nation, for though of all other nations, they have the best conceit and opinion of their own greatness, and punctual worth, and have of late exchanged the name of Mercader into Cargador, (how unproper I refer to their own language) yet accounted they the English (after themselves) the principal and fairest dealing Merchants in the world.  
The Merchants of England trading into Naples, Sicilia, Genoa, Leghorne and Venice, &c. which here I term Italy, are not observed 
The Italian Merchants.  to have any joint society or company, yet to the honour and benefit of this Kingdom and City thereof, transport hence, bays, says, serges, perpetuanos, kerseys, led, tin, cloth, and many other native commodities, besides pepper, indigo, cloves, and other Indian commodities in great abundance, and for returns thence, have clotheses of gold and silver, satins, velvets, taffetas, plushes, tabins, damasks, al●…me, ●…yles, glass, aniseeds, rice, Venice gold and silver, great quantity of raw silks, of sundry sorts, and diverse other commodities; and here likewise all other foreign nations given willingly place to the English, as the prime and principal Merchants that either abide amongst them, or negotiate with them. I need not to insist here upon the relics of that famous Barbary trade, nor yet mention the petty adventures of the English to Guyny and Benny, though that otherwise they are concurrent to the traffic of this nation, neither need I nominate the homeland commerce of this kingdom to Scotland and Ireland, neither go about to particularise the large traffic of this Island to their late Plantations of New found land, Summer Lands, Virginia, Barbados, and new England, and to other places which rightly challenge an interest in the present trade and traffic of this kingdom.  
Therefore omitting what may be further said in this point, and having thus survayed the trade of this Island in the particular, and shown the commodities exported and imported by every noted Company and Society, I shall now speaked a word concerning the Navigation of this Nation, which is one of the main and principal means by which this traffic is observed to be preserved unto them at this day.  
I shall not need to look back into former ages, nor trouble 
The navigation of the English famous,  myself to search after old records that express the worth of the English nation at sea in the times of old; it sufficeth me to understand, and know that these present times wherein we live, is not any ways inferior (in this point) to the former, nor the real value nor valour of the English any ways decayed or altered from its former ancient greatness, to its present splendour: what they have done, let Histories remember, and what they now do, let the world witness and testify throughout Europe. What Creek or Port in Europe have they not sought out and 
throughout Europe.  found? nay how many of them have fought against hunger, cold, and all extremities, to found new northern passages to the southern Regions, and though the South Seas, and a great part of America be at this day debarred to them and to their Navigation, 
In America.  yet their wills herein are more bounded to their Prince's pleasure in a faithful obedience to his treaties and peace with that Don that challengeth those vast Countries, than any way in fear of his greatness, or his naval power at Sea, as may well witness their Attempts, Navigations, and Plantations in many parts of that Country not limited or forbidden by that treaty. As for their Navigations to Africa, begin at Alexandria in Egypt, 
In Africa.  and so sail to Tunes, Argire and Seuta, and thence alongst the coast of Guiny and Benyn, to cape Bona, Esperansa, then to Mombasa, Melinda, Brava, Cape, Guard fuy, and into the read sea gulf, and tell me where is it that they have not been, or what place or Port is not acq●…ainted to them. And if you surveyed the Maritime shore of Asia, and beg in at Sues in the aforesaid Gulf, an●… 
In Asia.  so to Aclon, Dieu, Cambaia, Ormus, Surrat, Goa, Cochin, Mesulapatam, Pegu, Camboi, Cauch, China, Maccau, and to the utmost bounds of China, and the Isles of japan, and Cathay, and all the adjacent Lands they have all borne for many years, both well acquainted to our sea men, and not unfrequented by our Merchants and traders, and for the Casplan Sea, the Euxine and the other parts of Asia comprised from thence by Constantinople to Scanderone, and so to Alexandria, every week brings us tidings of the currant advises of those places. To conclude then by what hath been said, may be clearly discerned, the present height and amplitude of our English commerce, and the greatness of England's Navigations, the continuation whereof my devotions shall ever second, and my prayer shall be, that neither our feigned friends, nor yet our sroward foes, may ever have just cause to rejoice at the decrease, nor lest diminution thereof.  
Having thus happily ended my peregrination, and drawn out the utmost bounds and limits of this my Map of Commerce, and concluded there the manner and matter of the general and particular traffic of most of all the eminent Cities and Countries of the world, I will now here cast anchor, and finish in this place my voyage, till the next fare gale doth offer and present itself, to embark both my time and pen in the survey and calculation of the Exchanges of Europe, as at this day they are seen practised amongst the Merchants of Christendom.   
FINIS.   


EXCHANGES.   

EXCHANGES,  
CHAP. 274.  
Of Exchanges in general, and of the Method and manner thereof, and how calculated in any place in Christendom.  
I Have in the tenth Chapter of this Map 
Exchange in General.  of Commerce, showed, that to make this Treatise absolute and complete, the Method and manner how all Exchanges are framed and calculated is perfectly to be known and learned, and there also declared the necessity of this knowledge with all circumstances depending thereupon.  
Now by reason that I have in all the afore mentioned Cities of this Map, (wherein, either custom, time, or commodity of Trade, Exchanges of moneys have been settled, and where the said Exchanges are daily used and practised) omitted the form, manner and calculation thereof, together with all the particular circumstances rebuisite and necessary to the explanation of this mystery of Exchanging, I have in this place thought good to allot it (as worthily meriting) a peculiar discourse at large by itself, which here I conceive it most proper to be inserted: and because that my experience in the exactness required may not be peradventure sufficient, to led me through in every particular point and needful circumstance; I have therefore judged it no blemish to my knowledge to be instructed by those excellent and judicious Bankers, Geo. Baptista Zuccetta, a merchant of Genoa, and Cla●…dio Boiero, a merchant of Lions, whose endeavours herein are worthy commendations, and whose laborious precedents and preceding labours, where I found myself defective in this task and Labyrinth, I willingly follow.  
Places in use, and those as are apt for exchanges, are such, where Merchants in some fit and competent number, do meet and are 
What are places of Exchanges.  assembled for the benefit and behoof of trade and negotiation, which at this present day are observed to be many, yet withal are noted not to be so firmly settled, but that the same admits sometimes an alteration and change, varying according as the due occasions of Commerce, and traffic in that place requires, either by the decay of the trade there, or by the increase of the trade of another place more fit and proper thereunto.  
Some places again are observed to be (if I may so term it) the Staples of Exchanges, and yet notwithstanding hath its dependency 
Some cities are the Staples of Exchanges.  upon the Exchanges of other places, and which else are not found to comprehend any other manner of traffic, having only certain times or fairs, settled and confirmed by the custom of Exchangers, in which, and to which Bills of Exchange, are either dated, expire, or are renewed, in which Nature, and of which sort Placentia is accounted the most notable for all Italy and other places, where indeed Exchanges are found to have a certain kind of being, yetacknowledgeth its real existence from other places and Cities, Besanson in Burgundy, Spossa in the River of Genoa, Camberay in Pied●…d, and some others were in former times observed to be of this kind, whose Exchanges did totally depend upon the partidos of Exchanges, made in other countries, and these sometimes of such, as had the same concordancy in the currant coins of the Exchange, and sometimes a discrepancy.  
And for as much as it is observed, that some other Cities where no set Exchanges are found, sometimes challengeth by the necessity 
The Exchanges of some cities depends upon the Exchanges of some others.  of traffic and Commerce, a course of Exchanging with these or the like places, and yet hath noon settled therein, then and in such cases is it seen, that the Metropolis, or principal Cities of these countries, prescribes both the Rule, rate, and condition thereto, as if Vicentia, Verona, or Padova, would frame an Exchange with Placentia, it is observable, that the rate of Venice, in which estate these said places are found to be, and who have their monies of one and the selfsame goodness and value, given the rule, rate, and condition thereto. So in Pavia, Como, and other towns in the Duchy of Milan, as in Milan itself, so in Bristol, York, Chester or H●…ll, or other towns in England, as in the City of London, the principal of that Island, so have the Cities of France, their rule from Lions, all places of Flanders from Antwerp, and so have the like in other places and Countries.  
Now for as much as Exchanges than are not found current in all places, Exchangers, Bankers, and Merchants have settled a common 
The chief cities of Exchanges.  course of Exchanging, in some certain particular and principal places, the which are observed in these days chief to be these, as namely in Italy thirteen.  
For Italy 13. 

Rome.  
Genoa.  
Milan  
Naples.  
Barri.  
Mesina.  
Bologna.  
Venice.  
Florence.  
Lucca.  
Lechie.  
Palermo.  
Bergamo. &c.    
For France 3 

Paris.  
Lions.  
Roan &c.    
For Spain 6 

Valentia.  
Barselona.  
Alcala.  
Saragosa.  
Seville.  
Medina delcampo.    
For Portugal Lisbon only.  
For Flanders Antwerp only.  
For England London only.  
For Germany 5 

Vienna.  
Noremberg.  
Colonia.  
Augusta.  
Francford. &c.    
Besides which, some others of lesser note, are observed to have an Exchange currant, but by reason, that in some sort, they have in most of the principal points, a dependency upon some of these, and a concordance with them; they are by most Authors neglected, and therefore shall be by me here wholly omitted.  
In the next place it is considerable that many of these before 
Many Cities practice Exchanges by one and the same monies &c.  mentioned Cities, are found to practise their Exchanges, in one and the self same monies, Coins, and denominations, as doth Lechie, and Barry, which are included in Naples, as Naples itself, Palermo and Mesina comprehended in Sicilia, Valentia, Saragosa, and Barselona, in Catalonia, Seville, Alcala, & Medina del Campo in Castilia, Francford, Noremberge, Colonia, and Augusta in Germany, and so in some others.  
What thing this Exchange is properly in itself found to be, 
What Exchange is, &c.  as also what a Bill of Exchange is, and the due ceremonies and strict rules thereof, together with the commodiousness, necessity, and first real intent of the same, I have showed in the tenth Chapter, which briefly here, may not unproperly be defined by the word itself, as it is aptly expressed in our English tongue, which extendeth itself into two parts; as first, an Exchanging of one sort of Monies to another, and secondly an Exchanging from one City or country to another, in which is also considerable, both a rate and term wherein, and whereby this is brought to conclusion and perfection, which are principally observed to be performed 
Rates, terms, Fairs, and Usances of Exchange.  by certain fairs or usances, accustomed in the Art of Exchanging, and which are set down, by Merchants, Bankers and Exchangers, at their assemblies and meetings, in a fare and regular Order, by a certain course of justice, and by peculiar laws and ordinances amongst themselves, both which fairs and the rates and terms thereof, have a constant expiration and determination, within certain months, as the Usances have, that are likewise included within the rules of the said Fairs, which are found also to end and determine within certain prefixed days, according to the received custom of those two Cities, wherein the said Exchanges are found mutually and respectively to be both settled and placed.  
Moreover, in the practice of Exchanging, Bankers and Exchangers, are found to observe this custom amongst themselves in 
What is observed in Exchaning in the usual manner thereof.  the usual manner of Exchanging from one place to another, that is, the One propounds his Money in a whole number or denomination, and the Other consequently and necessarily in a fraction, broken Number, or lesser denomination, in which contract or Bargain, it is imagined, that those two, either persons or places, would negotiate one and the selfsame thing, so that the one would be the Seller, and the other the Buyer thereof, to perform which, it is questionless needful, that he that hath the thing, makes the rate and price, the which shall happen without any contract, or difference of much or little, and as it chanceth in the sale of any commodity, so falleth it out in the Exchanges of Monies, for of the two places that would Exchange, the one propounds a gross sum, and the other the condition and price in a lesser sum, which may either admit an increase, or decrease in estimation or value, according as they fall to agreement, upon the lesser or greater esteem of the said some propounded, the use of which is exemplified thus.  
If Placentia would Exchange with any other place, the said Placentia, 
Example.  or as Exchangers term it, the said Fair, or fiera propounds and gives always the entire sum, or greater denomination, and by consequence, the other that would exchange therewith, gives the other which is the lesser denomination.  
This Sum which I thus term an entire or whole denomination, falls in some places to be, sometimes one Crown, and in other places sometimes 100 Crowns, Florins or Ducats, the same is likewise found to be practised between any two places; Exchanging, for each place giveth either a Denomination entire of one to one other, or of one hundred to another Hundred, or else of a lesser dividend than one, or then one hundred, which I here term the fraction, broken number, or smallest denomination, as shalbe more plainly expressed in the calculated Tables following.  
Now as touching the monies which are thus given as entire or 
What an entire sum Exchanges is, and what a broken number or fraction.  whole sums, Videlicet, One or One hundred, these are either found to be Crowns, Ducats, Pounds, Florins, &c. according to the received quality of the gross and whole monies, which that place is found to have current, that would given, so in like manner it falleth out in the smaller or lesser denomination, in the places that would take, which in themselves is also various, and consequently of diverse sorts, as pence, sols, deniers, &c. as shall also appear by the said Table.  
And though it fall out to be the custom, that one place giveth 
Liberty of Exchanging to the judicious.  an Exchange in gross monies, and another place in small, (as is before related,) and that this gross and small monies be of such or such a quality and kind, This observation and Rule prescribed notwithstanding, is not always necessary, but that Exchangers may, (though I confess it is seldom seen) at their pleasure propound, the one or the other differing or contrary hereunto, and that the wise and judicious Exchanger may for his profit, ease or commodity, propound his own intentions, and thereby (if he can) obtain a beneficial bargain or issue, according to his desired design and plot. As for example.  
If it should be said, that Exchanges may be made in a method 
Ignorant exchangers censure the judicious of varying from the custom of Exchanging.  differing from this or the common rule, or contrary to that way that hath been received and taken, some would soon censure him of folly that should be of that opinion, and conceive such a one to be little versed in exchanging affairs, that should either propound or seek to perform such a thing, but yet no great heed is to be taken, to the raw conceits and childish opinions of such selfe-willd Merchants, which may for the most part, be said to be either drenched in ignorance, or drowned in Envy; because that a skilful Merchant, may (as I have alleged) frame his Exchanges as he fees good, and to his own commodity, the which very oftentimes is observed tobe done by others, and practised daily by those of this City of excellent judgements.  
In example whereof, posito, I would Exchange Genoa with Naples, 
Example.  between which two places, the use and custom is, that Genoa giveth the entire sum, or greater denomination, which is the Crown of gold, for the which Naples gives the Grain 135. a little more or less, I demand, why may not Genoa given that whole sum, which is the Crown of 4. livers, as it is accustomed to given with other places, and estimating the same by 120 grains Naples, and thereby the Exchange will prove to be equal with the first manner before mentioned. And further, why may not the contrary be practised, Naples giving the whole denomination, which may be Ducats, one, for sold 66. 8. d. and so vary in as many forms as they please, wherein I confess I never yet found any Exchanges made, neither do I know any true reason that the common customs should be altered, though I have thought good to note the same here, that each knowing Merchant, may boldly use which he please, for to him that truly understands the value and course of both the places Exchanging, there will appear no difficulty therein, and I wish that those, which know no other ways but their own, content themselves within the limits of their own manner and understanding, and suffer others of better judgements, without their censure, to follow their own, when it is to their benefit or commodity.   

CHAP. 275.  
The declaration of the Table of Exchanges following.  
THE Table of Exchanges of the Cities here following, are form and disposed in this nature, first, 
Declaration of the Table of Exchanges.  in the front thereof there is placed the name of the Town or City Exchanging, and in what Region or Country seated; secondly, the manner and method wherein the accounts in that City is kept by Exchangers: thirdly, the quality of the moneys in use is observed, and in what coin imaginary or real that City is accustomed to make its Exchange, with the others there mentioned; fourthly, underneath that, is orderly set down the names of all the other places, the which by a line, are found to be joined and knit together; and lastly, in the midst of the line is written the name of the place and City itself, for which the said Table in the said leaf is made: as for example, in the first leaf, which is for Placentia in Italy, where besides the name of the place itself is found these words (Placentia Exchangeth with) the which words, by reason of the including line drawn from the highest to the lowest, hath reference to every one of the names of the other places which are so included together, so that it is to be understood, as that Placentia Exchangeth with Lions, Placentia Exchangeth with Rome, with Genoa, &c. and so in the rest from one to another. Next to every one of the said names of places, follows the species or monies Exchanged either by an entire and whole sum, or by a broken and lesser denomination, which the place in the Table giveth in Exchange by proportion with the other, to whose name the said monies are placed and put unto, as to say, Placentia Exchangeth with Lions 100 Crowns, that is understood, that in Exchanging between Placentia and Lions, 100 Crowns of Placentia are supposed and put by an Equivalency or in Value to that quantity or sum of money, which is found to be noted in Lions following, as in the said Example, Placentia Exchangeth with Lion's Crowns 100 for Cro. 97. ¾. so likewise is it to be understood, that in the said Exchanges that for every 100 Crowns of Placentia, or of Fiera, or of Mark, it is as much to say, as Lions counterpayeth or giveth 97. 〈◊〉. of his Crowns, that is, of the Sun. Also Placentia Exchangeth with Genoa Crown 1. for sol. 67. 10. d. that is to say, that Placentia Exchanging with Genoa it giveth (or as I said before, it selleth) Crown 1. of Mark to have in Genoa, Sol. 67. 10d. of Gold, and in the same manner the rest of the said places are to be understood, and whereas the rates or prizes of these Exchanges, may here be found to disagree from the currant rates of the same in sundry places, at this very day and time, yet that cannot take away the benefit that 
Though the Tables of Exchanges differ from the present rates, yet the use thereof is not any way lessened.  may redound to Merchants, by the use thereof, nor prejudice the labour or judgement of him that calculated the said Table, because we see by experience, that the rates of Exchanges do hourly differ, and the moneys also are found to rise, and fall daily in sundry places, upon which, these Exchanges have their groundwork and foundation, and though a Table were calculated precisely to this present day, and time, yet ere the same could be published it would found a disagreement in diverse places.   

CHAP. 276.  
The Use of the Table of Exchanges.  
THe Method being thus understood, the use thereof 
The use of the Table of Exchanges, by three Examples.  is easily comprehended, which by three examples, I shall illustrate and make plain, where by the way, it is to be noted, that in the exchanging of any sum of monies whatsoever, the rates me ntioned in this Table, are not observable, save only for the example sake, and for instruction in the contract, that may be made thereupon, but the rate agreed upon, and by which the exchange is conditioned by both the giver and taker, is the true and firm rule, whereby the question is to be wrought, notwithstanding for the first Example, we will propound a question by a contracted price, according 
First Example.  to the currant rates mentioned in this said Table, and that from Naples, a Merchant would exchange Ducat. 738. 4. 10. with Placentia, and the price of the exchange, shall be that which is mentioned, in the Table of Naples, with the town of Placentia, where it is found, that Naples exchangeth with Placentia at Grains 133 for a Crown.  
By these three numbers in the Tables mentioned, I work thus then by the Rule of Three, saying, if 133 grains, given 1 Crown, how many do 738 Duc. 4. 10. given, and working Arithmetically according to the said Rule, it makes 555 Crowns 11, 3. of Mark in Credit to be given in Fiera of the said Placentia.  
For a second Example, I will propound, that Naples would exchange 500 Duc. with Placencia at Sold. 18. 2. d. &c. This example 
Second Example.  considered, will not be found to differ from the former, save that in the former Naples gave the lesser or broken number, and in this, Naples gives the whole and entire number, nowithstanding which the rule is not found to differ, as in other the like questions in simple exchanges, wherein is to be observed that Sol. 18. and Den. 2. of Valentia, are paid for 1 Ducat of Naples, and by that price and rate, I would know, how many Livers of that Money of Valentia the proposed sum of 500 Duc. in Naples come unto, and by that which we found in the Table by the same Rule of Three, I say, If one Ducat is worth 18 sol. 2 Den. How many shall 500 be worth, and by working the question, it makes 454 livers, 3 s. 4 d. And so much Credit will 500 Duc. of Naples given at the price afore mentioned, thus.  
All other Exchanges have their resolutions as these two former, but yet sometimes it is true, some accident may interpose, 
Third Example.  which may 'cause the question to have a double working, as if I should say, that Genoa would Exchange with Venetia Crowns 1000 of Livers 4. to Livers 7 lib. 10 Sol. of that money, and the Credit is required in Ducats. Now then because the simple Exchange gives the money in Livers, you must make another reckoning to reduce the same into Ducats; but yet for all this, neither in this, nor in any other case, would I have but one account made, the which may be done by the rule multiplied: I say then, if 1 Crown be worth 7. 10. Den. and that 6 s. 4 Den. is worth one Ducat, how many Ducats will a 1000 Crowns make? and by working the question, it will be found to make 1209 Duc. 13. 6 d. for credit, which from Genoa will be produced by a thousand Crowns in Venice, the question being well observed, it will be found to be wrought in this manner.  
It is to be noted, that in what place soever the Monies are accounted by Livers, Sol. and Den. or as we say, in England by Pounds, shillings, and pence, it is accounted by 20. and by 12. because that Sol. or shil. 20. make a Liver, or Pound, and 12 deniers or pence makes a Soldo or Shilling, the same rule also holds in those places, whose greatest monies are imaginary and feigned, or who keep not this orderly succession, as are the Ducats of Catalonia, of Castilia, of Rome, and of Portugal, also those Crowns, who have no proper parts, also the Ducatons in what country soever, and the F●…orins in Germany, all these I say, which aught to succeed in 20, and 12. That is, in Solds, and Deniers, or Shillings and pence, and each of the other sorts of monies shall be accounted according to the property of that country, and as shall be signified, in the front of the following table of that place, amongst which there are some which are commonly resolved, by the more principal of their own monies, as the Exchange of Sicily with Catalonia, Castilia, Portugal, Brabant and England, and howsoever they make their Exchange, either by the Sicilian Florin, or by the Ducat, notwithstanding the parcel is resolved in Ounces, Tarins, Grains and Picholes, which is throughly declared in the following Tables.  
And lastly, for as much as the terms and days of Bills of Exchange, are found in many countries, to differ in length of time, and are limited of diverse days, and that the rates, rising and falling of Exchanges have a course set by a continual meeting of Exchangers, and their opinions in equality of value, I have thought good to insert the same with some other needful circumstances of this Art of Exchanging, at the end of the Tables, to which I refer the learner, where also he shall found at large, how most of these Exchanges, are cast up, and reckoned from one place to another, and now I will proceed to the Tables themselves, as I found them calculated by the said Geo. Bapt. Zucetta, and others following him.   

CHAP. 277.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia, a place of Fairs or Fiera of Exchanges in Italy.  
THis Town is considered, as a Fair or Staple of Exchanges, and not as a City of Traffic; and therefore there is no esteem made of the current 
The Exchanges of Placentia.  Money of the place, but only of that which is made by Exchanging, which are Crowns of Mark; in which Monies, Bankers and Exchangers do only treat and accounted in; and the same is held by Crowns, Sold. and Deniers of Mark. And in the custom of Exchanges here in use, it giveth the entire and whole sum to all other places, being either Crowns One, or Crowns one hundred.  
Placentia doth exchange with Lion's Crown 100 for 96¾ Crown Rome Cro. 100 for 99 〈◊〉 Ducc. Genoa Cro.— 1 for 67. 10 Sol. of Gold Milan Cro.— 1 for 134. 9 Sol. Venice Cro. 100 for 130 Ducc. Florence Cro. 100 for 109 〈◊〉 Cro. Luccha Cro. 100 for 116¾ Duccatons Naples Cro.— 1 for 134 Grains Lechie Cro.— 1 for 135½ Grains Bari Cro.— 1 for 135 Grains Palermo Cro.— 1 for 029 Carlins' Mesina Cro.— 1 for 029¼ Carlins' Anu. & Coll. Cro.— 1 for 128 Grosses London Cro.— 1 for 81 〈◊〉 d. sterl. Valentia Cro.— 1 for 24 Sold. Saragosa Cro.— 1 for 24 Sol. 6 Den. Barselona Cro.— 1 for 24 Sol. 4 Den. Siv. al. Med. Cro.— 1 for 432 Marvedes Lixborne Cro.— 1 for 482 Raise Bolonia Cro.— 1 for 119 Duccatons Bergamo Cro.— 1 for 118¾ Duccatons Francfort Cro.— 1 for 103 〈◊〉 Quarentins.  
In the 382 Chapter, the Reader may found how these Exchanges are cast up and calculated.   

CHAP. 278.  
Of the Exchanges of Lions, Paris, and Roven, in France.  
IN Lions, Paris, Roven, and through all France, they keep their accounts in Livers, Sols, and Deniers, 
The Exchanges of Lions. &c.  Turnois, and they here do Exchange in Crowns of the Sun, and Deniers of the Sun, this Liver is also called in some places of France, a Frank, and three Livers or Franks is accounted for the said Crown of the Sun, and the Crown of Italy by a decree and standard of the country passeth at 58 Sol. of the said Crown.  
And in the custom of Exchanging, it giveth the entire and whole sum or number, either one Crown, or one hundred Crowns of the Sol.  
Lion's doth exchange with Placentia Crown 100 for 103½ Crowns Rome Cro. 100 for 99 〈◊〉 Ducc. Genoa Cro.— 1 for 66. ½ Sol. of Gold Milan Cro.— 1 for 115. Sol. Venice Cro. 100 for 116¾ Duc. Banko. Florence Cro. 100 for 106 〈◊〉 Cro. Luccha Cro. 100 for 117½ Duccatons Naples Cro.— 1 for 124 Grains Lechie Cro.— 1 for 122½ Grains Bari Cro.— 1 for 123 Grains Palermo Cro.— 1 for 29½ Carlins' Mesina Cro.— 1 for 29¼ Carlins' Antw. & Col. Cro.— 1 for 096 Gross London Cro.— 1 for 62 Pennies sterling Valentia Cro.— 1 for 23 Sol. 10 Den. Saragosa Cro.— 1 for 23 Sol. 8 Den. Barselona Cro— 1 for 24 Sol. Siv. all Med. Cro.— 1 for 436 Marvedes Lixborne Cro.— 1 for 485 Rays Bologna Cro. 100 for 119½ Ducatons Bergamo Cro— 100 for 118 〈◊〉 Ducatons Francford Cro— 1 for 104 Quarentins  
Vide chap. 302 and so following of the calculation of the Exchanges of this place.   

CHAP. 279.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome in Italy.  
IN Rome, the Bankers and Exchangers keep their accounts in Crowns, julios', Baiochs and Quatrins, and 
The Exchanges of Rome.  they Exchange in Ducats, Sols, and deniers of Camera. The Crown of the abovesaid money is worth 10 julios, or 100 Baioches, or else 400 Quatrins; the julio is 10 Baioch, or else 40 Quatrins, and the Baioch is 4 Quatrins.  
The Ducat of Camera according to the old value, is worth 2 〈◊〉 per cent. more than the Cro. of Gold, so that 100 duke. are 102 〈◊〉 Crowns.  
In the custom of Exchange amongst Merchants, the place giveth the Broken number to all Italy, excepting to the Kingdom of Naples, to Sicilia, Bologna, and Bergamo, and to all others it giveth the whole number, which is either by one Ducat or by a 100 Ducats.  
Rome doth exchange with Placentia Duc. 97¾ for 100 Crowns. Lion's Duc. 97½ for 100 Crowns. Genoa Duc. 97 〈◊〉 for 100 Cro. of Gold. Milan Duc. 97¼ for 100 Cro. of Gold. Venice Duc. 85⅕ for 100 Ducats. Florence Duc. 91¼ for 100 Crowns. Lucca Duc. 84 for 100 Duccatons Naples Duc. 100 for 135 Ducca. Lecchie Duc. 100 for 134 〈◊〉 Ducats. Barri Duc. 100 for 134 〈◊〉 Duc. Palermo Ducat. 1 for 14 15 Tarins. Mesina Ducat. 1 for 14 17. Tarins. Antw. & Col. Ducat. 1 for 125 Grosses. London Ducat. 1 for 87½ d. sterl. Valentia Ducat. 1 for 242. Sol. Saragosa Ducat. 1 for 23 Sol. 8 Den. Barselona Ducat. 1 for 23 Sol. 10. Den. Siv. al. Med. Ducat. 1 for 440 Marvedes. Lixborne Ducat. 1 for 482 Rays. Bolonia Duc. 100 for 119 Duccatons. Bergamo Duc. 100 for 119½ Duccatons. Francfort Duc. 1 for 103 Quarentins.  
Vide how these are calculated, Chap. 326. and so following.   

CHAP. 280.  
Of the Exchanges of Genoa, the Metropolis of Liguria.  
IN Genoa, Exchangers keep their accounts in Livers, 
The Exchanges of Genoa.  Sol. and Deniers current, and they exchange in Livers, Sols, and Deniers of Gold. The Monies current, is it that is the common in use; of which, the Crown of Gold is worth Sol. 90. and in times past was worth le●…e: The Monies of Gold are imaginary, and valued according as the Fairs of Exchanges permit; of which, the Crown of Gold is always worth 68 Sol.  
In the custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the whole sum to all, excepting Placentia and Lions, the which are either one Crown, or 100 Crowns; the which Crowns are accounted of Gold for all the ●…laces, excepting Milan, Venice, and Germanit, to which they are accustomed to given the Crown of 4 Livers current.  
Genoa doth exchange with Placentia Sold. 66 of Gold for 1 Crown. Lion's Sol. 66. 4 of Gold for 1 Crown. Rome Crow. 100 of Gold for 98½ Duc. Milan Cro. 1 of 4 Liu. cor. for 119 Sold. Venice Cro. 1 of 4 Liu. cor. for 7 Liu. 10 Sol. Piccho. Florence Cro. 100 of Gold for 106¼ Crown. Luccha Cro. 100 of Gold for 118 Ducat. Naples Crow. 1 of Gold for 134 Grains. Lechie Crow. 1 of Gold for 135 Grains. Barri Crow. 1 of Gold for 134½ Grains. Palermo Crow. 1 of Gold for 29 〈◊〉 Carlins. Mesina Crow. 1 of Gold for 29½ Carlins'. Antw. & Col. Crow. 1 of Gold for 124 Grosses. London Crow. 1 of Gold for 83 d. sterl. Valentia Crow. 1 of Gold for Sol. 23 9 Saragosa Crow. 1 of Gold for Sol. 23. 10. Barselona Crow. 1 of Gold for Sol. 23. 8. Siv. al. Med. Crow. 1 of Gold for Marved. 436. Lixborne Crow. 1 of Gold for Rays 470. Bologna Cro. 100 of Gold for Ducat. 118½. Bergamo Cro. 100 of Gold for Ducat. 118⅓. Francfort Cro. 1 of 4 Liu. cor. for Quarentin. 92.  
Vide Chap. 360. how the Exchanges of this place are calculated.   

CHAP. 281.  
Of the Exchanges of Milan, in Lombardie.  
IN Milan, Exchangers keep their Accounts in Livers, Solds, and Deniers Imperial, and some in Crowns, Sols, 
The Exchanges of Milan.  and Deniers of Gold. The Monies current, is accounted the Imperial Monies: there is also the Crown of Gold, of no settled price, but now worth Sol. 135. The Cr●…e of 6 Livers, is it which some do use in Exchange with Genoa. The Crown of 117 Sol, is in use for the Exchange of Venetia.  
In the custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to Placentia, Lions, and sometimes to Genoa, and to all the other the whole number, which is either One or 100 Crowns of Gold, excepting only to Venetia, which is of Sol. 117. as aforesaid.  
Milan doth exchange with Placentia Sold. 134 for 1 Crown. Lion's Sold. 135 〈◊〉 for 1 Crown. Rome Gold Crow. 100 for 98¼ Duc. Genoa Gold Crow. 1 for Liu. 4. 10 current. Venice Cro. 1 of 117 Sol. 1 for Liu. 7. 6. Florence Gold Cro. 100 for Crow. 105. Luccha Gold Cro. 100 for 117 Ducat. Naples Gold Cro. 100 for 133 Ducc. Lecchie Gold Cro. 100 for 134 Ducc. Barri Gold Cro. 100 for 133 〈◊〉 Ducc. Palermo Gold Crow. 1 for 29¼ Carlins'. Mesina Gold Crow. 1 for 29⅓ Carlins'. Antu. & Col. Gold Crow. 1 for 124 Grosses. London Gold Crow. 1 for 84 〈◊〉 d. sterl. Valentia Gold Crow. 1 for 24 Sol. Barselona Gold Crow. 1 for 23. 9 Sol. Siv. al. Med. Gold Crow. 1 for 434 Marved. Lixborne Gold Crow. 1 for 465 Rays. Bologna Gold Cro. 100 for 118 Ducatons. Saragosa Gold Crow. 1 for 23. 10. Sol. Bergamo Gold Cro. 100 for 118 Ducatons. Francfort Gold Crow. 1 for 103 Quarentins.  
Vide Chap. 440. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 282.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice, in the Adriatic Seas.  
IN Venetia they keep their accounts in Livers, Sols, 
The ●…anges of Ven●….  and Deniers of Picchol, and some in Livers, Sols, and Deniers Gross, and others in Ducc. and Gross'. The Monies which here is called Piccholi, is the current Monies of the place. The Monies which we here call Gross, is worth 1 Liver, Sol. 62 of Picchols, or 10 Ducats. The Ducat is always worth Livers 6. Sol. 4 of Picchol, or else accounted 24 Gross'. The Gross is worth Sol. 5. 2 d. of Picchol, and in the Liver of Gross', it is accounted and reckoned as in Deniers.  
In the custom of Exchanging, it giveth the broken number only to Placentia, Lions, Genoa, Milan, and Bolognia, and to all the rest, the whole number, either by one Ducat, or by 100 Ducat.  
Venetia doth exchange with Placentia Duc. 129 for 100 Crowns. Lion's Duc. 129½ for 100 Crowns. Roma Duc. 100 for 77½ Ducat. Genoa Liu. Pic Duc. 7. 10 for 1 Cr. of 4 Liu. current, Milan Liu Pic. 7. 6. 5. for 1 Cro. of 117 Sol. Florence Duc. 100 for 82 Crowns. Naples Duc. 100 for 101 Ducats. Lucche Duc. 100 for 100¼ Ducats. Barri Duc. 100 for 09 9¼ Duc. Palermo Duc. 1 for Tarins 11 2. Mesina Duc. 1 for Tarins 10. 18. Antw. & Col. Duc. 1 for 91 Gross. London Duc. 1 for 60 d. sterl. Valentia Duc. 1 for Sol. 17 6. Saragosa Duc. 1 for Sol. 17 8 Barselona Duc. 1 for Sol. 17 10. Siv. al. Med. Duc. 1 for Marvedes 320. Lixborne Duc. 1 for Rays. 350. Bolonia Duc. 115 for Duccatons. 100 Bergamo Duc. 100 for Duccatons 117. Francfort Duc. 100 for Florins 127. Lucca Duc. 100 for Duccatons 91●….  
Vide Chap. 368. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 283.  
Of the Exchanges of Florence, the ducal City of Toscany.  
IN Florence the Exchangers keep their accounts in Livers, Solds, and Deniers, Picholi, and Exchange in 
The Exchanges of Florence.  Crowns Sols, and Deniers.  
The Monies which is here called Pichol, is the money currant of the place, the Crown is always worth Livers 7, Sol. 10 of Piccol. wherein the custom of other places is diverse, in which the Crown of gold, with the currant Monies, and here the variety is accorded by the Exchange.  
They use also a Ducat which is worth Livers 7. or else Bolonini 70.  
In the use of Exchanging it giveth the broken number to Lions, Placentia, Genoa, Milan, and Venice, and to all others the entire or whole number found to be either one Crown or 100 Crowns.  
Florence doth exchange with Placentia Crowns 105 for 100 Crowns. Lion's Cro. 105½ for 100 Crowns. Roma Cro. 100 for 96 Ducats. Genoa Cro. 106 for 100 Cro. of Gold. Millano Cro. 106¼ for 100 Cro. of Gold. Venetia Cro. 82 〈◊〉 for 100 Ducats Luccha Cro. 100 for 112 Ducatons. Naples Cro. 100 for 130 Ducats. Lecchia Cro. 100 for 129 Ducats. Bar Cro. 100 for 129 〈◊〉 Ducats. Palermo Cro.— 1 for 28 〈◊〉 Carlins. Mesina Cro.— 1 for 28 〈◊〉 Carlins. Antu. & Colon. Cro.— 1 for 118 Gross. London Cro.— 1 for 80 Pennies starl. Valentia Cro.— 1 for 23 4 Sold. Saragosa Cro.— 1 for 23 6 Sol. Barselona Cro.— 1 for 23 2 Sol. Siv. al. Med. Cro.— 1 for 432 Marvedes. Lixborne Cro.— 1 for 460 Raise Bolonia Cro. 100 for 115 〈◊〉 Duccatons Bergamo Cro. 100 for 115 Duccatons. Francfort Cro.— 1 for 98 Quarentins.  
Vide Chap. 400 how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 284.  
Of the Exchanges of Lucca, a Republic in Toscanie.  
IN Lucca, Exchangers do keep their accounts, in 
The 〈◊〉 o●… 〈◊〉.  Livers, Sol. and Deniers of Piccols, and do Exchange in Ducatons, Sol. and Deniers the Monies here called Piccols, is the current Coin of the place. The Crown of Gold is always worth Liu. 7. Sol. 10. of Piccols: as in Florence, the Ducaton is worth 7. Liu. of Piccol, and is commonly called the Crown of Silver.  
In the custom of Exchanging, it giveth the broken number to Placentia, Lions, Genoa, Milan, and Venetia, and to all other the entire or whole, which is one Ducaton or 100 Ducatons.  
Lucca doth exchange with Placentia Ducatons 117¼ for 100 Crow. Lion's Ducatons— 118¼ for 100 Crow. Roma Duc. 119 for 100 Duc. Genoa Duc. 118 for 100 Crow. of Gold. Milan Duc. 118½ for 100 Crow. of Gold. Venetia Duc. 92 for 100 Ducats. ●…lorence Duc. 113 for 100 Crow. Naples Duc. 100 for 114 Ducats. Lucca Duc. 100 for 114 〈◊〉 Ducats. Barri Duc. 100 for 115 Ducats. Palermo Duc.— 1 for 24½ Carlins'. Mesina Du.— 1 for 24½ Carlins'. Antu. & Col. Du.— 1 for 102 Grosses. London Du.— 1 for 67 d. sterl. Valentia Du.— 1 for 20 Sol. Saragosa Du.— 1 for 19 10 Sol. Barselona Du.— 1 for 19 11 Sol. Siv. al. Med. Du.— 1 for 365 Marvedes. Lixborne Du.— 1 for 395 Rays Bologna Duc. 100 for Ducatons 100 〈◊〉 Bergamo Duc. 100 for Ducatons' 99½ Francfort Duc.— 1 for 85 Quarentins.   

CHAP. 285.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples, the Metropolis of that Kingdom.  
IN Naples, the Exchangers keep their Accounts in Ducats, Tarins, Grains, and Cavalls, which are accounted 
The Exchanges of Naples.  in 5, 10, and 12 foll. The Ducat is 5 Tarins, or 100 Grains, or else 1200 Cavalles; the Tarine is accounted 20 Grains, or 240 Cavalles, and the Grain is 12 Cavalles. Besides which, there is in use another sort of Monies current, which are Carlins, Cinquins, and Tornese. The Carline is 10 Grains, or half a Tarine; from whence, 10 Carlins maketh the Ducat. The Cinquine is 2 〈◊〉 Graine, of which, 4 maketh the Carline, and 40 the Ducat. The Tornese is 6 Cavalles, of which, 5 makes a Cinquine, 20 makes a Carline, 40 the Tarine, and 200 the Ducat.  
In the custom of Exchanging, it gives the broken number to all Italy and Lions, Palermo only excepted, and to all others it giveth the whole number, which is either one Ducat, or 100 Ducats.  
Naples doth exchange with Placentia Grain. 133 for 1 Crown. Roma Ducat. 136 for 100 Duc. Lion's Grain. 135½ for 1 Crown. Genoa Grain. 135 for 1 Crow. of Gold. Milan Ducc. 134½ for 100 Crow. of Gold. Venetia Duc. 100 〈◊〉 for 100 Duc. Florence Duc. 131 for 100 Crowns. Lucca Duc. 113½ for 100 Ducatons. Lecchie Duc. 100 for 100¼ Ducats. Barri Duc. 100 for 99¼ Ducats. Palermo Ducat. 1 for 174 Gra. of 8 Pic●…. Mesina Duc. 96 of 6 Tar. for 100 Ducats. Antu. & Col. Ducat. 1 for 88 Grosses. London Ducat. 1 for 66½ Pence sterl. Valentia Ducat. 1 for 18. 2 Sol's. Saragosa Ducat. 1 for 18 Sols. Barselona Ducat. 1 for 17. 10 Sol. Siv. al. Med. Ducat. 1 for 330 Marved. Lixborne Ducat. 1 for 346 Rays. Bologna Ducc. 114 for 100 Ducatons. Bergamo Ducc. 100 for 88 Ducatons. Francfort Ducat. 1 for 76 quarantines.  
Vide Chap. 342. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 286.  
Of the Exchanges of Lecchie in Calabria.  
IN Lecchie the Exchangers keep their accounts and 
The Exchanges o●… ●…ie.  have their Monies as in Naples, the Metropolis of that Kingdom, which is in Ducats, Tarins, grains, and Cavallies accounted in 5, 20 and 12, and in Exchanging it differs not much from the customeof Naples, specified in the former leaf.  
Lecchie doth exchange with Placentia gra. 134 for 1 Crown. Lion's gra. 136 for 1 Crown. Roma gra. 137 for 1 Duc. Genoa gra. 135 for 1 Crow. of Gold. Milan gra. 134 for 1 Crow. of Gold. Venetia Duc. 101 〈◊〉 for 100 Duc. Florence Duc. 131 for 100 Crowns. Lucca Duc. 116 for 100 Ducaton. Naples Duc. 102 for 100 Ducat. Barri Duc. 100 for 100½ Ducats. Palermo Duc.— 1 for 22¾ Carlins'. Mesina Duc.— 1 for 23 Carlins. Antu. & Col. Duc.— 1 for 87 Grosses. London Duc.— 1 for 61 Pennies sterl. Valentia Duc.— 1 for 17. 10. Sol's. Saragosa Duc.— 1 for 18 Sol. Barselona Duc.— 1 for 18. 1. Sol. Siv. al. Med. Duc.— 1 for 328 Marved. Lixborn Duc.— 1 for 348 Rays. Bologna Grain. 115 for 1 Ducaton. Bergamo Grain. 114 for 1 Ducaton. Francfort Duc.— 1 for 75 〈◊〉 quarantines.   

CHAP. 287.  
Of the Exchanges of Barri in Puglia.  
IN Barri their Accounts and Monies are the same as are in use in Naples, mentioned in the former Leaf, 
The Exchanges of Barri.  and the custom in Exchanging also, is near conformable thereto.  
Barri doth exchange with Placentia Gra. 133 for 1 Crown. Lion's Gra. 135 for 1 Crown. Rome Gra. 137 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Gra. 134 for 1 Crown of Gold. Milan Gra. 134 〈◊〉 for 1 Crown of Gold. Venice Duc. 101 for 100 Ducats. Florence Duc. 130 for 100 Crowns. Lucca Duc. 115½ for 100 Duccatons. Naples Duc. 101 〈◊〉 for 100 Ducc. Lecchie Duc. 100 for 99½ Ducc. Palermo Ducat. 1 for 22⅘ Carlins'. Mesina Ducat. 1 for 23 Carlins. Antw. & Col. Ducat. 1 for 88 Grosses. London Ducat. 1 for 62 d. sterl. Valentia Ducat. 1 for Sol. 18. Saragosa Ducat. 1 for Sol. 17. 10. Barselona Ducat. 1 for Sol. 18. 2. Siv. al. Med. Ducat. 1 for 330 Marvedes. Lixborne Ducat. 1 for 345 Rays. Bolonia Grain. 114 for 1 Ducaton. Bergamo Grain. 112 for 1 Ducaton. Francfort Ducat. 1 for 75 Quarentins.   

CHAP. 288.  
Of the Exchanges of Palermo, in Sicilia.  
IN Palermo Exchangers keep their accounts in Ounces, Tarins, Grains and Picchols, the which is successively 
The Exchanges of Palermo.  accounted in 30, 20, and 6. and others there be that keep their accounts in Crown of monies in Tarins, Grains, and Pichols, and these account it by 12, 20, and 6. The Ounceis 30. Tarins, or 600 Grains, or 3600 Pichols, the Tarineis 20 Grains, or 120 Pichols, and the Grain is 6 Pichols. Besides which there is a Crown in Monies which is 12 Tarins or 240 Grains, or 1440 Pichols, the Ducat is 13 Tarins or else 260 Grains or 1560 Piccoles, The Florin is 6 Tarins, or 120 Grains, or 720 Pichols, the Carlin is ½ a Tarine, or 10 Grains, or 60 Pichol. In the custom of Exchanging it giveth the broken number to all Italy, and to Lions, and to all other places giveth the whole number, which is sometimes one ducat, or one Florin, or 1 Ounce, or one hundred Ounces.  
Palermo doth exchange with Placentia Carlin. 29⅓ for 1 Crown. Lion's Carl. 29½ for 1 Crown. Roma Carl. 29¾ for 1 Duc. Genoa Carl. 29½ for 1 Crow. of Gold. Milan Carl. 29⅗ for 1 Crow. of Gold. Venetia Carl. 24¼ for 1 Duc. Florence Carl. 28 for 1 Crown. Lucca Carl. 25 for 1 Ducaton. Naplesgra. dipicc. 172 for 1 Ducat. Lecchie Carl. 23 for 1 Ducats. Barri Tarin. 11. 8 for 1 Ducat. Mesina Ounc. 100 for 101½ Ounces. Antu. & Col. Duc. 1 for 106 Grosses. London Duc. 1 for 73 Pencesterl. Valentia Flor. 1 for 9 8. Sol's. Saragosa Flor. 1 for 9, 10 Sol. Barselona Flo. 1 for Sol. 9 7. Siv. al. Med. Flor. 1 for 185 Marved. Lixborn Flor. 1 for 196 Rays. Bologna Carl. 25 for 1 Ducaton. Bergamo Carl. 25¼ for 1 Ducaton. Francfort Duc. 1 for 89 quarantines.  
Vide Chap. 419. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 289.  
Of the Exchanges of Mesina, in the Fair of Sicilia.  
IN Mesina, the accounts are kept, and the Monies 
The Exchanges of Mesina.  that are current, are the same as in Palermo aforementioned, only excepting in the Exchange thereof with Naples, it giveth a whole Number, which are found to be of 100 Ducats.  
This place and Palermo, are accounted to Exchange with Placentia or Lions, to given more one Carlin per Ounce, by the name of making good the monies, so that, he that here is to pay Monies by Exchange for the said places, must pay 61 Carlins per Ounce.  
Mesina doth exchange with Placentia Carl. 29 〈◊〉 for 1 Crown. Lion's Carl. 29 〈◊〉 for 1 Crown. Roma Carl. 29 1 for 1 Duc. Genoa Carl. 29½ for 1 Crow. of Gold. Milan Carl. 29 〈◊〉 for 1 Crow. of Gold. Venetia Carl. 22 〈◊〉 for 1 Duc. Florence Carl. 28¼ for 1 Crown. Lucca Carl. 25 〈◊〉 for 1 Ducaton. Naples Ducc. 100 for 96½ Duc. of 6 Tarins. Lecchie Tarin. 11. 14 for 1 Ducat. Barri Carl. 23½ for 1 Ducat. Palermo Ounce 100 for 102 Ounces. Antu. & Col. Ducat. 1 for 107 Grosses. London Ducat. 1 for 72 Pennies sterl. Valentia Florin. 1 for Sol. 9 9 D. Saragosa Florin. 1 for Sol. 9 10. D. Barselona Florin. 1 for Sol. 9 8. D. Siv. al. Med. Florin. 1 for 190 Marved. Lixborne Florin. 1 for 200 Rays. Bologna Carl. 25¼ for 1 Ducaton. Bergamo Carlin 25 for 1 Ducaton. Francfort Ducat. I for 90 quarantines.  
Vide Chap. 419. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 290.  
Of the Exchanges of Antwerp, in Brabant, and Collen in Germany the lower.  
IN both these places the Exchangers keep their accounts 
The Exchanges of Antwerp and Colonia.  in Livers, Sols, and Deniers of Gross', so that their Grosses are there accounted, as their Deniers or Pfening.  
And in the custom of the Exchanges of these two places, they given the broken number to all other places, London only excepted, which they given not by the Gross, but by the Sol. or shilling.  
Antwerp & Colonia doth exchange with Placentia Grosse 125 for 1 Crown. Lion's Gro. 128 for 1 Crown. Roma Gro. 130 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Gro. 129 for 1 Cro. of Gold. Milan Gro. 127 for 1 Cro. of Gold. Venetia Gro. 94½ for 1 Ducat. Florence Gro. 112 for 1 Crown. Luccha Gro. 104 for 1 Ducaton. Naples Gro. 91 for 1 Ducat. Lecchia Gro. 90½ for 1 Ducat. Barri Gro. 90 for 1 Ducat. Palermo Gro. 107½ for 1 Duc. Mesina Gro. 107 for 1 Duc. London Sold. 34 1/●…for 1 Pound sterl. Valentia Gro. 107 for 1 Duc. Saragosa Gro. 109 for 1 Duc. Barselona Gro. 112 for 1 Duc. Siv. al. Med. Gro. 106¾ for 1 Duc. Lixborne Gro. 102 for 1 Duc. Bolonia Gro. 104 for 1 Duccaton. Bergamo Gro. 105 for 1 Duccaton. Francfort Gro. 78 for 1 Floren. of 65 quar.  
Vide Chap. 435. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 291.  
Of the Exchanges of London, the Metropolis of England.  
IN London, and throughout all England, Exchangers 
The Exchanges of London.  keep their Accounts in Pounds, Shillings, and Pennies Sterling, and cast it up, as in other places, by Livers, Sols, and Deniers, by 12 and 20. And in the custom of Exchanging, it giveth the Exchange to all places by the broken number of Pence Sterl. Antuerpe and Colonia only excepted, with which two places it exchangeth by the Pound of Sterling Money, above specified.  
London doth exchange with Placentia Starl. Pennies 64 for 1 Crown. Lion's Pennies 64 for 1 Crown. Roma Pence 66 for 1 Duc. Genoa Pence 65 for 1 Crow. of Gold. Milan Pence 64 〈◊〉 for 1 Crow. of Gold. Venetia Pence 50 for 1 Duc. in Banco. Florence Pence 61 for 1 Crown. Lucca Pence 53½ for 1 Ducaton. Naples Pence 50 for 1 Ducat. Lecchie Pence 50½ for 1 Ducat. Barri Pence 51 for 1 Ducat. Palermo Pence 57½ for 1 Ducat. Mesina Pence 56½ for 1 Ducat. Antu. & Col. Pounds sterl. 1 for 34½ Shill. Flem. Valentia Pence 57½ for 1 Ducat. Saragosa Pence 59 for 1 Ducat. Barselona Pence 64 for 1 Ducat. Siv. al. Med. Pennies 58½ for 1 Ducat. Lixborne Pence 53½ for 1 Ducat. Bologna Pence 53⅓ for 1 Ducaton. Bergamo Pence 52 for 1 Ducaton. Francfort Fence 59½ for 1 Florin.  
Vide Chap. 443. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 292.  
Of the Exchanges of Valentia, the Metropolis of Valentia.  
IN Valentia and in all the Kingdoms of Valentia, in Spain Merchants do keep their accounts in Livers 
The Ex●… o●… Valentia  Sols and Deniers, the current monies of the place, are Rials and Deniers, and Rials ten are accounted for a Liver, so that half a Rial is a Soldo, 〈◊〉 Ducat is here imaginary, and accounted for 10 〈◊〉 Rials, and accounted 21 Sols.  
In the custom of Exchanges of this place, it giveth the broken number, to all Italy, Spain and Germany, and to all other places the entire number, either of one Duo. or 100 Duc.  
The Castiliano is also here found in use for an imaginary Coin, in the ancient custom of Exchanging with Seville, and accounted worth 27 Sol. 4 Deniers.  
Valentia doth exchange with Placentia Sol. 23. 6 for 1 Crown. Lion's Sol. 23. 8 for 1 Crown. Rome Sol. 24. 2 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Sol. 23. 10 for 1 Crown of Gold. Milan Sol. 23. 9 for 1 Crown of Gold. Venice Sol. 17. 10 for 1 Ducat. Florence Sol. 23. 0 for 1 Crown. Lucca Sol. 20. 2 for 1 Duccaton. Naples Sol. 18. 0 for 1 Ducat. Lecchie Sol. 18. 2 for 1 Ducat. Barri Sol. 18. 1 for 1 Ducat. Palermo Sol. 9 6 for 1 Florin. Mesina Sol. 9 7 for 1 Florin. Antw. & Col Ducc. 1 for 106 Grosses. London Ducc. 1 for 72 〈◊〉 d. sterl. Saragosa Duc. 100 for 102 Ducat. Barselona Duc. 100 for 101 〈◊〉 Ducat. Siv. al. & Med. Sol. 20. 3 for 1 Ducat. Lixborne Ducc. 100 for 100⅓ Ducat. Bolonia Sol. 20. 3 for 1 Duccaton. Bergamo Sol. 20. 4 for 1 Duccaton. Francfort Sol. 14 for 1 Florin.  
Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 293.  
Of the Exchanges of Saragosa, in Catalonia.  
IN Saragosa, Merchants keep their accounts as in Valentia afore mentioned, and have the same Monies, saving that the Ducat passeth here in account for 22 
The Exchanges of Saragosa.  Sols, or 11 Rials.  
In the custom of Exchanging, it giveth the broken number to all Italy, and to all the whole number, which is found to be either one Ducat or 100 Ducats.  
Saragosa doth exchange with Placentia Sol. 23. 8 for 1 Crown. Lion's Sol. 23. 11 for 1 Crown. Rome Sol. 24. 3 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Sol. 23. 9 for 1 Crown of Gold. Milan Sol. 23. 8 for 1 Crown of Gold. Venice Sol. 17. 9 for 1 Ducat. Florence Sol. 22. 10 for 1 Crown. Lucca Sol. 20. 1 for 1 Duccaton. Naples Sol. 17. 10 for 1 Ducat. Lecchie Sol. 18. 1 for 1 Ducat. Barri Sol. 18. 0 for 1 Ducat. Paler●… Sol. 9 8 for 1 Florin. Mesina Sol. 9 9 for 1 Florin. Antw. & Col. Ducc. 1 for 105 Grosses. London Ducc. 1 for 73 d. sterl. Valentia Duc. 100 for 103 Ducat. Barselona Duc. 100 for 102 Ducat. Siv. al. & Med. Duc. 100 for 105 Ducat. Lixborne Ducc. 100 for 108 Ducat. Bolonia Sol. 20. 2 for 1 Duccaton. Bergamo Sol. 20. 1 for 1 Duccaton. Francfort Ducat. 1 for 95 Quarentins.  
Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 293.  
Of the Exchanges of Barselona the Metropolis of Catalonia.  
IN Barselona, the use of account keeping, and the monoyes are the same as is specified in Valentia, excepting, 
The Exchanges of Barselona.  that the Ducat is here accounted Sol. 24, which is twelve single Rials.  
In the custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to all other places, excepting to Antuerpe, Colonia, London, Lixborne, and Germany, to which it giveth the whole number, which is found to be either one Duc. or 100 Duc.  
Barselona doth exchange with Placentia Sol. 23. 10 for 1 Crown. Lion's Sol. 24 for 1 Crown. Rome Sol. 24. 4 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Sol. 24. 2 for 1 Crown of Gold. Milan Sol. 24. 1 for 1 Crown of Gold. Venice Sol. 18. 2 for 1 Ducat. Florence Sol. 23. 0 for 1 Crown. Lucca Sol. 20. 2 for 1 Duccaton. Naples Sol. 18. 3 for 1 Ducat. Lecchie Sol. 18. 2 for 1 Ducat. Barri Sol. 18. 1 for 1 Ducat. Palermo Sol. 9 10 for 1 Florin. Mesina Sol. 9 9 for 1 Florin. Antw. & Col. Ducc. 1 for 103 Grosses. London Ducc. 1 for 72 d. sterl. Valentia Duc. 103 for 100 Duc. Saragosa Duc. 104 for 100 Ducats. Siv. al. & Med. Duc. 106 for 100 Ducats. Lixborne Ducc. 100 for 104 Ducats. Bolonia Sol. 20. for 1 Duccaton. Bergamo Sol. 20 2 for 1 Duccaton. Francfort Duc. 1 for 96 quarantines.  
Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 295.  
Of the Exchanges of Sivil, Alcala, Medina del Campo, and other places in Castilia.  
IN these parts, and generally throughout Spain, Merchants do keep their accounts in Marvedes; yet 
The Exchanges of Sivil, Alcala, Medina del Campo. &c.  notwithstanding, for the benefit of Exchanging, they have an imaginary Ducat, which Ducat is accounted 375 Marvedes. The Crown of Gold is ever worth 400 Marvedes, and the single Rial ever worth 34 Marvedes.  
In the custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to all Italy and Lions, but to all other places the whole number, found to be either simply the single Ducat, or 100 Ducats.  
There is also of old in use an imaginary Coin, called the Castiliano, where with these places do exchange with Valentia, and is 485 Marvedes.  
Sivil, Alcala, and Medina doth exchange with Placentia Marved. 440 for 1 Crown. Lion's Maru. 445 for 1 Crown. Rome Maru. 450 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Maru. 442 for 1 Cro. of Gold. Milan Maru. 438 for 1 Cro. of Gold. Venice Maru. 330 for 1 Ducat. Florence Maru. 430 for 1 Crown. Lucca Maru. 370 for 1 Duccaton. Naples Maru. 337 for 1 Ducat. Lecchie Maru. 334 for 1 Ducat. Barri Maru. 333 for 1 Ducat. Palermo Maru. 180 for 1 Florin. Mesina Maru. 175 for 1 Florin. Antu. & Col. Ducat. 1 for 105 Grosses. London Ducat. 1 for 72 Fence sterl. Valentia Ducat. 1 for Sol. 19 8. Saragosa Ducc. 100 for 104½ Ducat. Barselona Ducc. 100 for 108 Ducat. Lixborne Ducc. 100 for 109 Ducat. Bologna Maru. 372 for 1 Duccaton. Bergamo Maru. 368 for 1 Duccaton. Francfort Ducat. 1 for 88 quarantines.  
Vide Chap. 426. how these are calculated.   

CHAP. 296.  
Of the Exchanges of Lixborne in Portugal.  
IN Lixborne and throughout Portugal, Merchants accounts are kept in Raise, beside which, they have an imaginary Ducat, which is accounted for four hundred 
The Exchanges of Li●…borne.  Rais.  
In the custom of Exchanging, this place giveth a whole number to Anuers, Colonia, London, and Germany, which is only upon the said one Ducat, and to all other places it giveth on Exchange by a broken number.  
Lixborne doth exchange with Placentia Res 472 for 1 Crown. Lion's Res 480 for 1 Crown. Rome Res 483 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Res 476 for 1 Crown of Gold. Milan Res 475 for 1 Crown of Gold. Venice Res 354 for 1 Ducat. Florence Res 465 for 1 Crown. Lucca Res 397 for 1 Duccaton. Naples Res 350 for 1 Ducat. Lecchie Res 352 for 1 Ducat. Barri Res 348 for 1 Ducat. Palermo Res 190 for 1 Florin. Mesina Res 193 for 1 Florin. Antw. & Col. Duc. 1 for 104 Grosses. London Duc. 1 for 69 d. sterl. Valentia Duc. 105 for 100 Duc. Saragosa Duc. 104¾ for 100 Ducats. Barselona Ducc. 103 〈◊〉 for 100 Ducats. Siv. al. Med. Duc. 106 for 100 Ducats. Bolonia Res 400 for— 1 Duccaton. Bergamo Res 388 for— 1 Duccaton. Francfort Ducc. 1 for 89 quarantines.   

CHAP. 297.  
Of the Exchanges of Bologna in Italy.  
IN Bologna some are found to keep their accounts in Livers, Sols, and Deniers, and others in Duccatons, Sols, 
The Exchanges of Bologna.  and Deniers. And in the custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to Placentia, Lions, Rome, Genoa, Milan, Florence, and Luccha, and to all others the whole number, which is the Duccaton, either one or one hundred.  
Bologna doth exchange with Placentia Duccatons 117 for 100 Crowns. Lion's Ducat. 119¾ for 100 Crowns. Rome Ducat. 120 for 100 Ducat. Genoa Ducat. 118 for 100 Cro. of Gold. Mill●… Ducat. 117 for 100 Cro. of Gold. Venice Ducat. 100 for 114½ Ducats. Florence Ducat. 116 for 100 Crowns. Lucca Ducat. 101 for 100 Ducatons. Naples Ducat. 100 for 113 〈◊〉 Ducats. Lecchie Duccaton 1 for 112 Grains. Barri Ducat. 100 for 112 〈◊〉 Ducats. Palermo Ducat. 1 for 24½ Carlins'. Mesina Ducat. 1 for 24 〈◊〉 Carlins. Antu. & Col. Ducat. 1 for 103 Grosses. London Ducat. 1 for 67 Pennies sterl. Valentia Ducat. 1 for Sol. 20. 2 d. Saragosa Ducat. 1 for Sol. 20. 0. Barselona Ducat. 1 for Sol. 20. 1 d. Siv. al. Med. Ducat. 1 for 370 Marved. Lixborne Ducat. 1 for 395 Rays. Bergamo Ducat. 100 for 101 Duccatons. Francfort Ducat. 1 for 87 quarantines.   

CHAP. 298.  
Of the Exchanges of Bergamo, in Lombardie.  
IN Bergamo, Merchants accounts are kept in Livers, 
The Ex●…s of B●….  Sols, and Deniers of Piccholis, and the Exchangers in Duccatons, Sols, and Deniers. The Money of Piccholi, is the current Coin of the place, and the same as is in use in Venetia. The Duccaton is worth 7 Livers of Piccolis, so that 1 Sol. of Duccaton is worth 7 Sol of Piccols, so likewise the Denier of Duccaton is worth 7 Deniers of Piccoli.  
In the custom of Exchanging, this place giveth the broken number to Placentia, Lions, Rome, Genoa, Milan, Venetia, Florence, Luccha, Naples, and Bologna, and to all other places the whole number, which is found to be the Duccaton.  
Bergamo doth exchange with Placentia Duccaton 117 〈◊〉 for 100 Crowns. Lion's Duccaton 117 〈◊〉 for 100 Crowns. Rome Duccaton 118 for 100 Duc. Genoa Duccaton 117 〈◊〉 for 100 Crow. of Gold. Milan Duccaton 117 〈◊〉 for 100 Cro. of Gold. Venice Duccaton 87 for 100 Ducats. Florence Duccaton 111 〈◊〉 for 100 Crowns. Luccha Duccaton 100 〈◊〉 for 100 Ducat. Naples Duccaton 88½ for 100 Ducc. Lecchie Duccaton 1 for 112 Grains. Barri Duccaton 1 for 110 Grains. Palermo Duccaton 1 for 25 Carlins. Mesina Duccaton 1 for 24 〈◊〉 Carlins. Antu. & Col. Duccaton 1 for 104 Grosses. London Duccaton 1 for 67 d. sterl. Valentia Duccaton 1 for Sol. 20. Saragosa Duccaton 1 for Sol. 20. 1 d. Barselona Duccaton 1 for Sol. 20. 2 d. Siv. al. Med. Duccaton 1 for 370 Marved. Lixborne Duccaton 1 for 390 Rays. Bologna Duccaton 100⅓ for 100 Duccatons. Francfort Duccaton 1 for 86¼ Quarentins.   

CHAP. 299.  
Of the Exchanges of Francfort, Norimberg, Augusta, and Vienna in Germany.  
IN these places, Merchants are found to keep their accounts in Florins, Sols, and Deniers, as by 20 and 12. 
The Exchanges of Francfort, Norimberg, Augusta, and Vienna.  the Florin being 20 Sols, or 60 quarantines. The Quarentine is in some places called the Craizer, which is 4 Pfenings, so that 12 Pfening makes one Sol.  
In the custom of Exchanging, these places gives the whole number, which is the Florin, to London, Antuerpe, Colonia, and Valentia, and to all others gives the broken number, which is the Quarentine.  
Francfort, Norimberg, Augusta, and Vienna doth exchange with Placentia Quarentine 102 for 1 Crown. Lion's Quarent. 103 for 1 Crown. Rome Quarent. 104 for 1 Ducat. Genoa Quarent. 191 for 1 Cro. of 4 li. cur. Milan Quarent. 102 〈◊〉 for 1 Cro. of Gold. Venice Flor.— 126 for 100 Ducat. Florence Quarent. 96 for 1 Crown. Luccha Quarent. 86 for 1 Duccaton. Naples Quarent. 77 for 1 Ducc. Lecchie Quarent. 77 for 1 Ducc. Barri Quarent. 78 for 1 Ducc. Palermo Quarent. 90 for 1 Ducc. Mesina Quarent. 89 〈◊〉 for 1 Ducc. Antu. & Col. Flor. of 65 quar. 1 for 80 Gross. London Florin.— 1 for 50 d. sterl. Valentia Florin.— 1 for Sol. 13. 8 d. Saragosa Quarent. 96 for 1 Ducat. Barselona Quarent. 97 for 1 Ducat. Siv. al. Med. Quarent. 87 for 1 Ducat. Lixborne Quarent. 86 for 1 Ducat. Bologna Quarent. 88 for 1 Duccaton. Bergamo Quarent. 87 for 1 Duccaton.   

CHAP. 300.  
Of the Terms of payments in general of Bills of Exchange.  
TO make these Tables complete, and the Rules of 
The terms of payment of Bills of ●…xchange, ●…e.  these Exchanges to be truly and rightly understood, it is observable, that as all Exchanges have a settled rate and price, by which the taker taketh, and the giver by covenant giveth it; so is there likewise a certain positive term, and time limited, wherein, and at which day expired, the factor of the taker, or his assign, repayeth the covenanted sum to the factor, or assign of the giver thereof, which ●…rme or time is of differing space of days prefixed: the common term or times by which all Bills in Exchanges are made, are found usually to be five; which is, first, at sight of the Bill; secondly, at Usance; thirdly, at double Usance; fourthly, at half Usance; and fifthly, at Marts, Fairs, &c. which five Terms in Exchanges are thus understood.  
First then, at sight, or so many days after sight, is understood to be so long a term or time, as the Bill of Exchange will be after the 
1. At Sight.  delivery going to that place, where it is covenanted that the same should be paid; and upon the show and sight thereof, or at so many days after, as is specified therein, it must be paid and answered accordingly.  
Secondly, at Usance, is understood to be of a different term and space of time; sometimes consisting of 8 days, as from Rome 
〈◊〉. At 〈◊〉.  to Naples; sometimes of 10 days, as from Genoa to Rome; sometimes of 30 days, as from London to Roven, to Antuerpe, to Middleburgh, to Amsterdam, and so to other places; sometimes of 60 days, or two months, as from London to Hamburgh, from Antuerpe to Rome, and to Venice, and to Florence, to Naples, to Palermo, and so to other places: sometimes again, Usance is understood to be 90 days, or three months, as from London to Venice, Florence, Naples, &c. according to the several customs of the said distant several places, where the Bills of Exchanges are made, and ever accounted from the date of the said Bill.  
Thirdly, at double Usance; which, considering the said places, is understood to be double the former space of single Usance, being 
〈◊〉. At 〈◊〉 V●…e.  ●…ther of 8, 10, 30, 60, or 90 days doubled, according to the custom of the place where the Bill is made and accounted also from the date of the said Bill.  
Fourthly, at half Usance, this is understood to be half the abovesaid, 
4. At half Usance.  first limited term or time, according (as I said before) to the common custom of that place where the Bill is made, and accounted also from the date of the Bill.  
Fiftly, at Martes or Fairs, which by Italians and Spaniards is 
5. At Fairs and Martes.  called La Fiera, and this space of time for payment of Bills is understood to be at some certain days, accounted for Fairs in the said places, where the Bills are made to be paiable, as is found in Placentia quarterly four times of the year; the like observed generally in Lions, and in Castille, at three times of the year, accounted as in three Banks 1o i'th' las Fieras de Vilaleon. 2 oh de Medina del Campo, 3o de Medina del Rio Sieco, which places are as public Martes, whereto Merchants do use to given and take, sometimes to benefit themselves by Exchanges, as in the abovesaid places, and sometimes to buy commodities, and supply their occasions, as is used twice a year for some Martes in Germany, as I have touched more largely in the description of the trade of the said Cities.   

CHAP. 301.  
How the rates and Prices in Exchanges are settled.  
THe next thing considerable yet to be handled 
How the Rates and prizes of Exchanges are settled.  for the explanation of these Tables of Exchanges, is the rate and price itself, for seeing that so many Merchants of great eminency, whose estates are continually traversed from one country to another, and from one Coin to another, do daily and constantly given and take as their occasion, and the rates of the Exchanges, conduce to their profit, it may be conceived, that their great purses, should prescript the rule and rate thereto, which is seen so variously to altar, and daily to rise and fall by the continual current of those and others that use this Mystery, yet notwithstanding, it is not found that they have any determinate power or stroke, in giving the price thereto, though itmust be confessed, that such have a conducing hand, so far forth as it may be found, that their opinion concur with the universal opinions of the rest, interessed in this mystical body of Exchanges, and therefore to explain myself, it may fitly here be demanded, how these rates and prizes of Exchanges come to be set, and then continued, or how it comes to pass that the same are seen so frequently to vary and altar, in foreign parts: whereto I answer, that the Bankers in Italy, Spain and France, being now adays found to be the only great takers and deliverers of monies, have at the times of the payments of Exchanges, in the principal places aforesaid, (as namely, at Lions in France, Madrid, and in other places of Spain, Florence, Genoa, Venetia, and such other places in Italy) a constant meeting, and there by certain tickets in writing, deliver every man his opinion, what the price of the Exchange aught to be for all places: Than exchanging for the next Fair or time of payment in every the said places, and according to the same, the calculation is cast up, by the Medium; that is to say, if there be seven or more Voices or Tickets, the said seven are added together, and the seventh part is the Medium; and if there be ten, than the ten being cast up, the tenth part is the Medium; and so for greater or lesser numbers accordingly: wherein it is to be noted, that these Bankers do observe, how the plenty of Monies lieth by Exchange, how the occasions of Princes may help or hinder, either by great Receipts, or great disbursements; how the Trade and commerce of Negotiators and Merchants is concurrent and effective; and therein they are found to concur, in setting the said Rates and Prices for their own commodity and advantage: and from this Spring, is observed to arise the Main Ocean of all the Exchanges of Christendom; in which, this of our Country of England hath but a small share, as being only a Branch derived from the principal Channel.   

CHAP. 302.  
Of the Par in Exchanges.  
THe next thing observable here, is the loss and gain 
Of the Par in Exchanges, which is two.  accrueing by these Exchanges practised amongst Merchants: to distinguish which, and for the finding out the reality thereof, every giver and taker applieth his study to found out the true and real Par of Exchanges; whereby it is manifested, both what the gain and loss is, and who is the gainer and who is the loser. Now this Par in Exchanges may be here properly (in the general) said to be of two distinct kinds; the one as appertaining to the State and Prince, and belonging to the profit and loss of the Kingdom; and the other to the Merchant or Exchanger, and appertaining to the profit and loss of his private estate and interest: the first, I hold proper and fit the knowledge of Counsellors and Statesmen; and the other, is proper and fit the knowledge of the Trading-Merchant: the finding out of both which Par's in Exchanges, is thus.  
The first Par in Exchanges, which I term here the Princes Par, 
1 Princes Par.  or the Sovereign's Value for Value, is grounded upon the weight, fineness, and valuation of the Monies of each several Kingdom, City, or Place; the several Standards thereof so equally proportioned, so truly and justly by the art of the Mint rectified, that each Prince his Coin, in Exchanges, may have its due allowance, according to the goodness and fineness, coarseness and badness thereof: and therefore herein to make and to settle this abovenamed Par exactly betwixt one Kingdom and another, we are to examine and compare, not only the weight and fineness of our own Coins as they are in themselves, but also the weight and fineness of those of other Princes and Countries, with the real proportion that happeneth therein, not only between our own Gold and Silver, but also between the Gold and Silver of other Countries: This examination, comparison, and proportion, duly, rightly, and really examined, compared, and proportioned, and no difference, inequality, or disproportion found or admitted therein, then may our Exchanges run at one and the same price and rate, both for Gold and Silver, taking the denomination according to the valuation of the Monies of each Country and Kingdom; hereby finding how much ●…ne Silver or Gold our own Pound Sterling containeth, and what quantity of other Monies, either of France, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Eastland, &c. this Kingdom is to have in Exchange, to countervail the same, in the like weight and fineness, answerable to our own, be it by the P●…nd, Doller, Ducat, Crown, or any other real or imaginary Coin, giving always a Value for Value, and receiving the like; which, by reason of the great consequence depending thereon, I here call the Prince his Par, in the exchanges of his Monies by Bills of Exchange with other Countries and Kingdoms.  
The second Par, I call the Merchants or Exchangers Par in Bills 
2 Merchants Par.  of Exchange, and is grounded partly upon the Sovereign or Princes Par above mentioned, but principally upon the current value of the said Coins, the plenty and scarcity thereof, the rising and falling, inhansement and debasement of the same: and therefore such Merchants as are Exchangers, do endeavour by certain rules of Exchanges, to equalise the valuation of the Monies of one Prince or Country with another: And therefore every man that delivereth his Money in one Country, or Place, to have it in another, is and aught to be ever curious, to understand either the loss or gain that cometh thereof; which is only and properly distinguished by the knowledge and finding out of this Par, afore mentioned. For finding out of which, it is requisite for him that remitteth, to know either by his own advice, judgement, or otherwise, how much the Crown, Doller, Ducat, or Pound whence he remitteth, is worth in the place wither he would make his remittance unto. As for example, having Money in Lions in France, which I would remit for Antuerpe, I aught to know how much the Crown of France is really worth in Antuerpe: as presuppose, that the Crown of France, of 67 Souls, or 3 li. 7 Souls Tournois, is worth by exchange, according to the course thereof, 100 Gross there; I would then know that the real Crown of 60 Souls or 3 li. Turnois (the Crown wherein Exchanges are made) is worth, multiplying and dividing as the rule requireth, it will appear to be Souls 89 37/67Gross, which is indeed the true value of the Crown: if then the Bill of Exchange be made for less than 89 37/67Gross per Crown of 3 li. Turnois, there is a loss thereby; and if for more, there is a gain thereby: so that it is hereby evident, that 89 37/67Gross is the Par in Exchanges between these two Countries, in the Crown of France, and in the Gross of Antuerpe; the which rule may serve as example in remittances for all other places: for it is not otherwise to be imagined, that any positive rule can be set down herein, considering the diversity of species, which, as I said before, daily riseth and falleth, and the price of the Exchanges, which every day, according to presenting occasions, likewise altereth, found to be sometimes at one rate, and sometimes at another. And this Par is the matter whereupon all Merchant's Exchanges for profit and loss is grounded, and is the Par, or Value for Value, which in this following Tract I principally and fundamentally aim at.  
Now the last thing considerable in this place, and now to be observed, is the method, form, and manner, how the Accounts of these diverse Exchanges, from one Country to another, is between one Merchant and another cast up and calculated; which indeed principally is the work of the Fen, and the hand of the Arithmetician; which as a necessary adjunct, and needful furtherance to the Mystery of Exchanging, I have hereto inserted, and have herein pitched upon the principal places here mentioned, willingly omitted the lest and rest of them, having fitted (to such as I have conceived the most worthy) apt questions and their solutions, from one Town or City to another, with the denomination of their several accounts and species, the manner of the brief calculations thereof, and the short proof of each prescribed rule and position, adding for conclusion to each general City of Exchanges, some examples of orders and Commissions, given and received, in draughts and remittances, made according to the common custom & use of the place, omitting some other principal points, wherein I might have enlarged both this matter and subject, that the ingenious head and hand of the learner may have room and scope to work upon according either to his desire, capacity, or inclination.   

CHAP. 303.  
Of Examples upon the Exchanges practised at Lions, and how the same are calculated.  
I Have formerly noted, that the payments of Bills of 
Examples upon Exchanges in Lions.  Exchanges at Lions is only in use four times a year, which are, first,  

1 The payments of Roys, beginning the 6 of March after their style, and continueth the rest of that month.  
2 The payments of Pasques, or Easter, the 6 of june.  
3 The payments of August, the 6 of September.  
4 The payments of All-Saints, the 6 of December.   
The acceptance of all Bills of Exchange here, is always made the 
The custom of acceptation of Bills of Exchange in Lions.  first day of the month of each payment: which acceptances hold in themselves both a promise and assurance of the payment of the sum included in the said Bills so accepted: And because there is no other time accustomed wherein Bills of Exchanges are accepted, the Merchants here resident have invented, by means of a little Book, away of registering their several Bills, which they commonly call in French a Bilan; in which Book, or Bilan, they accustomarily 
A Bilan.  use to make a little Cross or mark upon each Bill there registered, and thus orderly accepted. But if the party to whom the same is presented, make a question whither he shall accept it or not, and demandeth time to think upon it, than they placeupon that Bill so there registered the letter V, signifying in French, Voir la lettre, or the Bill seen; and if in conclusion he refuse the same, either because he holdeth not the party that charged the same sufficient, or solvent, or for any other just occasion, they commonly note the same in their Billan with S and P, signifying that the same is Soubs Protest, that is, under Protest: The which Bilan of Acceptations, Draughts, and Remittances, thus quoted and thus registered, I observed at my residence in that City, to carry so much credit amongst the Merchants of the place, as if the same had been done with witnesses by a public Notary.  
The third day of the month of the said payments, the price of 
The price settled for the succeeding Fairs.  the Exchange is cut and settled, as well for the succeeding course of Eions itself, as for all the principal exchanging places of Christendom; in all which it is found, that Lions gives the Law and rule, ordering in some sort the price of all other places, excepting for Placentia.  
The sixth day all the Merchants residing upon the place, appear 
Descounters or transferring of bills of Exchange, and debts in L●…ns  in certain public rooms near the Burse, or place of daily meeting with their Book or Bilan, containing both their Debit and Credit, of both depts and Bills of Exchanges, and there address themselves to one another, and to whom they are indepted, intimating unto them, to transfer parcels, or as they term it Virer party, and given for Debtor one or more, who doth own and stands indepted unto them, the like sum or parcel, the which being accepted by the Creditors, the sum is respectively registered, and noted in the Bilan abovesaid, and after that time; that parcel is understood to be transferred, and remaineth entirely upon the Risgoe, peril and fortune of the party that did accept the same, and in this manner here I have observed a Million of Crowns hath in a morning been paid and satisfied without the disbursement of a Denier in money, and therefore to this purpose all Merchants resident here, or their servants for them are compelled in this manner, to appear with their Bilon, thus to satisfy accounts with their Creditors, and make good their payments, or in default of this appearance, are by the custom of the place declared as Bankrupts, and this in brief is the remarkable custom of Lions in matters of Exchanges upon every payment.  
It now remaineth I should show the rules how the Exchanges 
Rules of casting up the Exchanges in Lions.  are made in this place, for at every payment, the current monies of the place are found increasing, or decreasing being sometimes worth, from one payment to another 2 per cent. or 2 〈◊〉 more or less, to understand then these rules, I will first lay down some Examples for the help of those that are not well acquainted with the custom of this City.  
Presuppose that a Merchant hath taken in Banco 455 Livers, at 2½ per cent. from the payments of Roys, as they call it, or Kings, until the payment of Pasques or Easter, and to know what the Exchange may amount unto, at the rate abovesaid, do this briefly the 〈◊〉 of the said 455 Lib. is first to be taken, and then the ¼ of the said tenth, shall be the Exchange, forasmuch as the tenth of an hundred is ten, and the ¼ of ten is 2½ which is the Exchange afore. mentioned, 
At 2½ per Cent.  and therefore ¼ of the tenth is to be taken, as for example.  
Again a Debtor oweth unto his Creditor Lib. 3141. 16. 6 d. to pay at the rate of 2⅔ per cent. for Exchange, the which most facilie 
At 2 〈◊〉.  and briefly is thus performed, take the 〈◊〉 of the said sum, & of the proceed 〈◊〉 and of the 〈◊〉 the ⅓, adding the said fifth to the ⅓. And thus the value of the said Exchange is found out, as here follows.  
The reason of this brevity is, that if from 100, one taketh as is before said ⅕ of 1/10and 〈◊〉 of the said ⅕ the product of the said 〈◊〉 with the 〈◊〉, gives just 2 〈◊〉 as is above specified.  
Again at 2 〈◊〉 per Cent. how much amounteth the Exchange of Lib. 842. 17. 6. you must here take 〈◊〉 of a 1/10and a 1/10of the said adding the two last products the Exchange will appear, as  
Again a Debtor oweth to his Creditor lib. 1435. 17. 8d. to be paid at the rate of 2 〈◊〉 per cent. for the Exchange, to do this, take 
At 2⅓.  the 〈◊〉 part of the said sum, and of his Product 〈◊〉 and of the 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 adding the said 〈◊〉 to the said 〈◊〉 and the Exchange will appear.  
Again at 2¼ per cent. what will the Exchange of 7661 lib. 17. Sol's amount unto, to do which, the ⅕ of 〈◊〉 and the 〈◊〉 of the said 〈◊〉 is 
At 2 〈◊〉.  to be taken, adding the ⅕ and the 〈◊〉 and it giveth the Exchange.  
Again, at 3 per Cent. I would know the Exchange of 7000 lib. 
At 3. per Cent.  herein take ¼ of 1/10and ⅕ of the said ¼, adding the two last products, it giveth the Exchange: as example,  
Also presuppose, that a Merchant hath sold some goods for the 
At 2 〈◊〉.  value of 5312. 10. li. at a years time, conditionally to have the allowance of 2½ per Cent. for every payment, what aught the Buyer to given the Seller at the said term? in this case consider, that 2½ per Cent. for a payment, is 10 per Cent. for the year; and therefore the 1/10is to be taken, and to be added to the total, and it giveth li. 5843. 15.  
But I have stayed upon this point too long, and therefore will omit further Examples, and will only insert a brief Method of these form of Exchanges, in this place, because the ingenious may make it serve his occasions in any Country, where Monies are either given or taken at interest, serving as compendious Tables, for casting up of any Exchange here, or of interest elsewhere, for any space and term of time whatsoever, and fitly serveth as a necessary introduction to what I shall here further insert, as concerning the Exchanges made by Lions for other Countries.   

CHAP. 304.  
Brief Rates of Exchanges in Lions, which may serve for the Rates of Interests in many other places.  
FIrst, at ½ per Cent. take 1/10of a 1/10, and the ½ of the last 〈◊〉 shall 
Rates of Exchange in Lions and may serve for rates of interest in many other Cities.  be the rate and sum of the Exchange propounded and demanded.  
At ⅓ per Cent. take a 1/10of a 1/10, and a 〈◊〉 of the last 1/10, is the Exchange.  
At ⅔ per Cent. take a 1/10of a 1/10, and ⅔ of the last 1/10is the Exchange. At ¼ per Cent. 1/10of a 1/10, and ¼ of the last 1/10is the Exchange. At ¾ per Cent. ¾ of a 1/10, and the 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 〈◊〉 per Cent. 〈◊〉 of the 1/10of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At ⅖ per Cent. ⅖ of the 1/10of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 1 per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 1 〈◊〉 per Cent. 1/10of a 1/10and 〈◊〉 of the last 1/10, adding the two last. At 1⅓ per Cent. 1/10of a 1/10and 〈◊〉 of the last 1/10, adding the ⅓ and 1/10. At 1⅔ per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 1¼ per Cent. ⅛ of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 1 〈◊〉 per Cent. ½ and ¼ of the 1/10of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 1 〈◊〉 per Cent. 1/10of a 1/10and ⅜ of the last 1/10. At 2 per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 2 〈◊〉 per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10and 〈◊〉 of the said 〈◊〉, adding the 〈◊〉 and ⅕. At 2 〈◊〉 per Cent. ⅕ of a 1/10and 〈◊〉 of the said 〈◊〉. At 2 〈◊〉 per Cent. ¼ of a 1/10shall be the Exchange. At 2¼ per Cent. ⅕ of a 1/10and 〈◊〉 of the said ½, adding the ⅕ and 〈◊〉. At 2¾ per Cent. ¼ of a 1/10and the 1/10of the said ¼. At 3 per Cent. ¼ of a 1/10and ⅕ of the said ¼, adding the ¼ and 〈◊〉. At 3 〈◊〉 per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10. At 3 〈◊〉 per Cent. ¼ of a 1/10and 〈◊〉 of the said 〈◊〉, adding the ¼ and 〈◊〉. At 3¾ per Cent. ¼ of a 〈◊〉 and ½ of the said ¼, adding the ¼ and 〈◊〉. At 4 per Cent. ⅕ of a 〈◊〉. At 4 〈◊〉 per Cent. ¼ and ⅕ of At 5 per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10. At 5½ per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10and 1/10of the said 〈◊〉, adding the 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉. At 6 per Cent. 〈◊〉 of a 1/10, and ⅕ of the said 〈◊〉 shall be the Exchange. At 6¼ per Cent. 1/10of a ¼ of a ¼ shall be the Exchange. At 6⅔ per Cent. 〈◊〉 or a 〈◊〉 of one 〈◊〉. At 7⅕ per Cent. 〈◊〉 of 1/10and ½ of the said ½. At 8⅓ per Cent. 〈◊〉. At 10 per Cent. 〈◊〉. At 12½ per Cent. 〈◊〉. At 15 per Cent. 1/10and ½ of the said 1/10, adding the whole. At 16⅔ per Cent. 〈◊〉. At 17½ per Cent. 1/10and twice the 〈◊〉 the one of the other of the said 1/10. At 20 per Cent. ⅕. At 22½ per Cent. ⅕ and of 〈◊〉 of the said ⅕ adding giveth the Exchange. At 25 per Cent. take the ¼.  
The reason why I have been induced to set down the brief 
The reason and benefi●… of these rules, as well in Lions as else where.  method of calculating the Exchanges here is, that as it is to be understood that the rate of the Exchange at the payment is regulalated for the next ensuing payment from that day, so must it also be understood that the nearer the time is, to the day of the next payment ensuing, the lesser consequently is the rate of the Exchange, for that payment to be accounted, and because in many contracts that are made there in private bargains, between merchant and merchant, it is oftentimes found that the time of payment prefixed by agreement is sometimes 2, 3, or 4, or more Fairs or payments to come and succeed, and thereto is oftentimes to be considered the remaining time running to the first payment ensuing, therefore in this case, I have for the easier and better reckoning of him that sells a commodity, and of him that doth buy the same, set down the easiest and briefest way how to make his account of the time to run, which here I have set down to the common term of 10 payments, which at 2 〈◊〉 per cent. makes 25 per cent.   

CHAP. 305.  
Examples of the Exchanges of Lions, with the profit of the profits thereof.  
THe declaration of these rules is best demonstrated by examples, which here following my intended 
Example of Exchange, with the profit of the profit thereof, in the nature of intererest upon interest.  method, for the better understanding thereof, I here purpose to insert, the question being: That if a Creditor receiveth not each payment, the Exchange that is due to him, the Debtor 〈◊〉 ●…o ●…ke him good the same, as if it were the principal, for Example.  
I would know what shall Lib. 1560, 15 Sol. given for profit at the rate of two ½ per cent. for three payments, valuing the said Exchange, with the principal at the price abovenamed.  
First it is to be noted, that if by the rules above mentioned, the profits of the said sum at 2½ per cent. for one payment comes to Lib. 39 0. 4. d. that some is to be added to the principal, and then it doth amount unto Lib. 1599 15. s. 4. d. out of which must be drawn the Exchange of the second payment, and add that likewise to the principal, and out of that, the Exchange, of the third, and adding that in the same manner, and it giveth 1680-15. as by example following doth appear.  
And in this manner the account of the profits of the Exchange, of Lions may be made for any time whatsoever, and forasmuch as the rate of the Exchange, for a payment in a continued sum, may altar, therefore I will lay down one Example more, which Posito may be 7450 put out by the Exchange of Lions for a year, or 4 payments: The first payment falling to be at 2¼, the second at 2⅓, the third at 2 〈◊〉 and the fourth payment at 2 〈◊〉, which accordingly cast up, and continued with the profit of the profit added to the principal, it will amount to 8203 lib. 6. 6 d. as following, shall appear by the example.  
Now forasmuch as these Rules have affinity with the interest used 
Interest paid. upon rebate  in many countries, continued by the year from one to another, called by us, interest upon interest, it will be needless further to insist thereupon, and therefore before I proceed to the Exchange of Lions, I must not omit to show one particular circumstance much in use upon this place, which is the account of discounting, which falls out in many occasions, but principally when a Merchant doth here cell his commodities at 4, 6, or 10 payments time, and that he would pay the same at any payment, before the prefixed time, at a covenanted rate, an example or two in this kind I will also show, serving for other countries also, where the like manner of discounting is used, with a brief manner, how the same is easily cast up, contrary to the method of many of our common arithmeticians.   

CHAP. 306.  
Of the Account of Discounts or rebates, and the manner thereof, used as well in Lions, as in many other places of trade.  
AMerchant selleth a commodity for Lib. 3709, 1259 paiable at a year, to discount at pleasure at 2 per 
Accounts of discounts or rebates in Lions, and elsewhere.  Cent. for a payment, or Fair, now if the buyer pay the same content, or in ready money, how much aught the seller to rebate him for discounte for the 4 payments or fairs at the said price?  
To do this succinctly and briefly, I first draw the discounte of the said Lib. 3709, 12, 9 at 108 per cent. and then multiply the said sum by 2, and of the product take ⅓ of a 1/9or more facilie, 3 thirds, the one of the other, the last whereof, shall be the discount of the said parcel, and so much must the seller rebate to the buyer, the which discount deducted from 3709. 12, d. 6. there resteth 3434 Lib. 17, 0 d. which the buyer aught to pay in ready money, the which for better declaration, I will lay down by example, with the proof of the rule, for the trial of the certainty thereof.  
Now the reason why out of 108 per Cent. there must three thirds 
Example proved.  be taken one out of the other, is, because that 8 (which is the discounte or Rebate) is contained 13½ times in 108, the which 13½ doubled, are 27, and therefore must be divided by 27, or for the briefer and readier way, take ⅓ of a 〈◊〉 or three thirds one out of the other, and therefore to make the proof, take 1/10of the said 3434. 17 0. and in drawing ⅕ of the said 〈◊〉, the rest giveth 274. 15, 9, Lib. which declareth that the rule is well and rightly made.  
Because that in this manner of discounting, or as we term it, of Rebating, the time and price is found diversely to altar, I will set down a brief table for the casting up of any sum, for any Fair or payment, and an example or two for the understanding thereof, thereby the better to come to the main and principal point of our account of Exchanges.   

CHAP. 307.  
The Table of casting the Accounts of discounts, or Rebatements.  

IMprimis, At 101 per cent, divide by 101.  
At 101¼ per cent. divide by 81, or take 〈◊〉 ●…f a 1/9
A table for casting up all accounts of discounts or rebatements.   
At 102 per cent. divide by 51.  
At 102 〈◊〉 per cent. divide by 41.  
At 102 〈◊〉 per cent. for 38 〈◊〉 divide by 77, or take 1/7of one 1/10 
At 104 per cent. divide by 26, or take ½ of a 1/13.  
At 105 per cent. divide by 21, or take ½ of a 1/7.  
At 106 per cent. for 17 〈◊〉 divide by 53.  
At 106¼ per cent. divide by 17.  
At 107½ per cent. for 14⅓ divide by 43.  
At 108 per cent. for 13 〈◊〉 divide by 27 or take 〈◊〉 of a 〈◊〉.  
At 108 〈◊〉 per cent. divide by 13.  
At 100 per cent. divide by 11, or take 〈◊〉.  
At 112 per cent. for 9 〈◊〉 divide by 28, or take ¼ of one 1/7.  
At 112 〈◊〉 per cent. divide by 9 or take 〈◊〉  
At 113 〈◊〉 per cent. for 8 〈◊〉 divide by 17.  
At 114 per cent. for 8 〈◊〉 divide by 57  
At 115 per cent. for 7 〈◊〉 divide by 23.  
At 116 per cent. for 7¼ divide by 29.  
At 116⅔ per cent. divide by 7, or take 1/7.  
At 117½ per cent. for 6 5/7divide by 47.  
At 118 per cent. for 6 5/9divide by 59  
At 120 per cent. divide by 6 or take ⅙.  
At 122½ per cent. for 5 4/9divide by 49. or take a 1/7of a 1/7.  
At 125 per cent. divide by 5 or take ⅕.   
For the better understanding of the precedent Table, note that for Example, to take the discount at 122½, I divide the 22 〈◊〉, in 2, 
Example of discounting or Rebate.  which make 45, and the like of the 100, making 200, which divided by 45, the product giveth 4 4/9, and so many times 22½ are contained in 100, and because that the discount or Rebate is always upon the 100, one more is to be added thereto, which makes 5 4/9, so that the said 22½ are contained 5 4/9in 122½, and therefore it must be divided by 4 4/9, the which to do, it is needful, that all the same be put into ninthes, multiplying by 9, as well the sum out of which the discount is to be made, as the said 5 4/9, amounting to 49 for Divisor, and for to divide by 49, as the briefest and shortest way, take the 1/7of a 〈◊〉, because that 7 times 7, makes 49.  
Again to draw the discount at 105 per cent. I divide 100 by 5, taking ⅕ which is 20, to the which number, I always add one 
Another Example of discounting at 105.  for the reason beforementioned, making thereby 21 for divisor, and for to divide by 21, you must take ⅓ of the sum, which the discount is to be made of, and the 1/7of the said ⅓ shall be the discount.  
Again, for to make the discount at 107 〈◊〉 I double 7½ in two parts, which making 15, and so of the 100, making 200, which 
Another Example at 107½.  I divide by 15, taking ⅕ of ⅕, his product giving 13⅓, to which I add 1, making thereby 14 〈◊〉, and so many times 7½ are contained in 107½, and therefore you must divide the sum, of the which the discount must be made, by 14⅓, and thus do in all other sums and parcels.   

CHAP. CCCVIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Rome.  
I Have declared before in the general chapter of the Exchanges 
Exchanges of Lions w●…th Rome.  of Lions, how many Cities Lions is found to Exchange with, and there also shown the common rates how the same doth govern, which notwithstanding is found at every Fair, and payment, to altar, yet it standeth the Merchant so fare in stead, that thereby he is able to make the account, both of his draughts and remittances, though otherwise altering from their noted prices, which is the thing now resteth to be handled, that it may be discerned, how the Exchange at Lions is cast up with any other place whatsoever, and there likewise it is observed, how the Merchants Exchangers do keep their accounts, which for the most part is in Livers, Tournois, Sols and Deniers, 12 Deniers making a Sol, and 
Accounts kept in Lions.  20 Sols a Liver, and yet some there be, that keep their accounts in Crowns of Exchange, called Crowns of the Sun, and is as the L●… ver distinguished into Sols and Deniers of Gold, accounted by 12 and 20 as the former, this Crown being accounted worth 3 Livers, upon which the Exchange of the place is made and marked with Crowns, Livers, Sols and Deniers; the question then upon the Exchange of Lions with Rome is thus, 100 Crowns of Gold of 3 lib. is given in Lions, to have in Rome 85 Crown. of Gold, Estampe or de Camera, more or less, as the Exchange passeth, I demand for Cro. 4520 1●… 6d. of Gold of the Sun, how many Crowns of Estampe shall Lions have at Rome, to know which, you must multiply the said Crowns of the Sun, by 85, and from the Product cut the two last figures, the which you must multiply by 20, to make them Sols, and then by 12 to make them Deniers, which will come to be 3842. 10. 7 of Gold of Estampe which Lions aught to have in Rome for the said sum of Crowns of Gold, which this calculation following maketh more apparent. Example.  
The proof of the said account will appear in the same question 
Proof.  propounded, where Rome Exchangeth at the same terms with Lions.   

CHAP. CCCIX.  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Florence.  
Lion's Exchangeth with Florence, and giveth 100 Crowns to have in the said place 95¾ Crowns of Gold more or 
Exchanges of Lions with Florence.  less, I demand for Crowns 1324. 15-0. of Gold of the Sun, how many Crowns of Gold I shall have in Florence, to know which, I multiply the said Crowns of Gold by 95¾ in cutting the two last figures of the Product, as I did in the precedent account, the which are to be multiplied by 20 and 12, to make the fame Sols and Deniers, and I found I must have in Florence, Crowns 1268 8-11 of Gold, for the said Crowns of the Sun Example.  
Facit Crowns 1268-8-11 which shall appear, when Florence Exchangeth with Lions. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCX.  
Of the Exchange of Lions with Lucca.  
Lion's Exchangeth with Lucca, and taketh Crowns 100 to pay in 
Exchanges of Lions with Lucca.  Lucca, posito 103⅙ of Livers 7½ the Crown: I demand for Cro. 1234-5-6. of Gold of Sun, how much must I pay in the said City of Lucca, to know which, I multiply the said sum of Crowns of the Sun by Cro. 103⅙ and from its Product cut off the two last figures, the which I multiply by 20 to come to Sols, and then by 12 to come to Deniers, and it will make Crowns 1273-7-2, which I must pay in the said place of Lucca: Example.  
Note that if in Lions it be paid in money, there is one per cent. given more, so that receiving in the said place of Lucca, the said 
P●…at made in Money.  Crowns 1273-7-2 in money of the said place, the Debtor shall be bound to pay more Crowns 12. 14. 8, which is in all Crowns 1286-1-10, as for Example thus cast up:  
The proof of the said Exchange, you shall found in the account when Lucca doth Exchange with Lions, made by the rule of three, saying, if Crowns 103 〈◊〉 given 100, how many shall the abovesaid 1273-7-2 d. given, which will be Crowns 1234-5-6. of Gold of the Sun.   

CHAP. CCCXI  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Naples.  
Lion's exchangeth with Naples, and giveth crowns 100 of the Sun to have in that place Duc. 127½ more or less of Tarries, 5 per 
●…changes of Lions with Naples.  Ducat, I would know for crow. 2584. 9 6. of Gold of the Sun, how much Lions shall have credit for in Naples: the which to do, you must multiply the said sum of crowns by the said 127 〈◊〉 Duc. cutting the two last figures of the Product, the which must be multiplied by 5, to make them Tarries, and then by 20, to make them Grains, because that the Ducat is worth 5 Tarries, and the Tarry 20 Grains, so that it will given in Naples, Duc. 3295, Tarry 1.  
The proof of the said rule shall appear in the Exchange of 
Proof.  Naples back with Lions.   

CHAP. CCCXII.  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Palermo or Mesina.  
Lion's exchangeth for Palermo or Mesina, and giveth 1 Crown of 
Exchanges of Lions with Palermo and Mesina.  Gold of the Sun, to have in the said place posito 38 Carlins. I would know, for Crowns 4692. 11. 3. of the Sun, how many Ounces shall Lions have credit in Palermo or Mesina, first multiply the said Cro. of the Sun by the said 28 Carlins, the value of the Crown, and taking the rest of the multiplication for parts of 10, because the Carlin is worth 10 Grains, and the proceed shall be Carlins and Grains, to make the which Ounces, you must take▪ in cutting the last figure, because that 60 Carlins makes an Ounce, and of that which resteth cut of, add with the last figure, you must take ½ to make Tarries, one whereof being 2 Carlins, and 30 worth one Ounce, and if you found a rest of the said Tarries, you must take ½ which is 10 Grains, because that one Tarry is worth 10 Grains, and ½ of 20 which is 10, to the which must be added the resting Grains, if any be, so that the said sum of Carlins' will make Ounces 2189 Tar. 25, Gra. 17, and so many Ounces will Palermo or Mesina given, and over and above the said sum of Ounces, one Carlin per Ounce is given for to make it good money, and to add the said Carlin per Ounce in the shortest way, it is to be considered that for the said Ounces 2189 is given the same sum of Carlines for the Laggio of the monies as they term it, which reduced into Ounces, cutting the last figure, and taking ⅙ of the rest, as hath been said before, will given Ounces 36, resting two ten of Carlins', which is twenty, to which must be added the last figure cut off, and it will be 29 Carlins, which is 14 Tarries, and there will rest 1 Carlin, which is 10 Grains, to which must be added 8 Grains, for 25 Tarries which are with the Ounces, seeing that for 3 Tarries cometh one Grain, for Lagio of the said money, and they will be Ounces 2226-10. 15, and so much will the Credit of Lions be in Palermo, and because that the said Carlin per Ounce comes to 1⅔ per cent. the account may be made in taking 〈◊〉 per cent. of the said su●…me of Ounces, and it will make the same sum r; as Example.  
The proof of the said account shall appear in the Exchange of 
P●…eofe.  Palermo and Mesina back to Lions.   

CHAP. CCCXIII  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Genoa.  
Lion's exchangeth with Genoa and giveth one Crown of the Sun, to have in that place, posito of money in Gold 59 s. 9 d. I demand 
Exchanges of Lions with Genoa.  for Cro. 9432. 9 of the Sun, how much credit shall Lions have in Genoa in current money, to do which, first multiply the said Crown of the Sun by Sol. 59 9 d. and it maketh Sol. 563588. 10 d. which reduced into Livers, makes Lib. 28179. 8. 10 Money of Gold, which divided by 68 Sol, which is the price of a Crown of Gold in money of Gold, and that which resteth of the division, you must multiply by 20, to make them Sols of Gold, and then by 12 to make them Deniers, and they will be Crowns 8288. 1. 5 of Gold, the which multiply by 4½ which is the price at present of the Crown of Gold in current money, and of its product will come Lib. 37296. 6. 4 of money current, and so much Credit shall Lions have in Genoa, for the said Crown 9432. 9 of the Sun, and you must note, that the Livers of the money of Gold cannot be reduced into current money, unless first it be reduced to Crowns of Exchange.  
The proof of this Rule is seen, when that Genoa doth exchange 
Proof.  for Lions.   

CHAP. CCCXIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Milan.  
Lion's exchangeth with Milan, and giveth a Crown of the Sun 
Exchanges of Lions with Milan:  to have in Milan posito 118⅓s, I would know how many Livers makes Crowns 1564. 15. 6. of Gold of the Sun in Milan: To do which, you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by 5 Lively 18. 4. which are the Sols 118⅓, beginning to multiply the Lively 5 by the 6 Den. and then by the 15 which are with the Crown of the Sun, the proceed of the multiplication shall be Lively 9258. 5. which shall be had in Milan for the said Cro. of the Sun: as for example,  
The proof of the said account shall be manifest in the Example 
Proof.  of Milan with Lions.   

CHAP. CCCXU.  
Of the Exchange of Lions with Venetia.  
Lion's exchangeth with Venice, and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold, 
Exchange of Lions with Venetia.  to have there Ducats posito 119⅔ of Livers 6 〈◊〉 per Ducat; I demand, for Crowns 3549. 10. of the Sun, how much credit shall Lions have in Venice: to know which, multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said 119⅔ Ducats, and the remainder produced by the said multiplication, shall be divided by 24, because that the Ducat is worth 24 Gross, and out of that product cut the two last figures, the which being multiplied by 24, to make them Grosses, they will make Ducats 4238 1/12, which Lions shall have Credit in Venice for the said Crowns of the Sun: as Example.  
Facit 4238 Ducat. 2 Gross. And the proof of this account shall be manifested by Example, in the Exchanges of Venetia back 
Proof.  for Lions.   

CHAP. CCCXVI  
Of the Exchange of Lions with Bolonia.  
Lion's exchangeth with Bolonia, and giveth 100 Crowns of the Sun 
Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia.  to have in Bolonia Crow. 113 of Livers 4¾ per Crown; I demand then, for Crow. 3879. 13. 4. of the Sun, how much credit shall Lions have in Bolonia: to do which, multiply the said Crowns of the Sun by 113, and from the product cut the two last figures, then multiply them by 20. and 12. to make them Sols and Deniers, and it will come to Crow. 4282. 6. 5. in Bolonia, the which you must bring into Livers, by multiplying them by Lively 4. 15. which is the value of the Crown in Bolonia, and they make Lively 20341. 0. 5. which Lions shall have credit for in Bolonia.  
The proof hereof serveth to know how to make the account, when Bolonia exchangeth for Lions, and is done by the rule of 3. saying, if Cro. 113 given 100 Crowns, how many shall 4282 Cro. 6. 5 d. given?   

CHAP. CCCXVII.  
Of the Exchange of Lions with Placentia.  
Lion's exchangeth with Placentia, and giveth 119⅔ posito Crowns 
Exchanges of Lions with Placentia.  of the Sun, to have in Placentia Crowns 100 of Marc. I demand, for Crowns 3489. 15. of Gold of the Sun, how many Crowns shall be due to me in Placentia: to found which, I say by the rule of Three, if Crow. 119 〈◊〉 given 100 Crow. of Marc. how many will Crow. 3489. 15. given? the product of which rule, giveth Crow. 2916. 4. 6 d. of Marc. and so much shall be due to me in the said place of Placentia, for the said sum of Crowns of the Sun: for example,  
The proof of this rule is seen, when that Placentia shall exchange with Lions.   

CHAP. CCCXVIII.  
Of the Exchange of Lions with Antuerpe.  
Lion's exchangeth with Antuerpe, and giveth one Crown of the 
●…nges of 〈◊〉 with ●…rpe.  Sun to have in Antuerpe posito 121 〈◊〉 Gross; I demand then, how many Livers of Gross' I shall have there, for Cro. 6895. 11. 3. To do which, I multiply the said sum by the said 121 〈◊〉 Gross, and it giveth Grosses 836661, out of which take 〈◊〉, to make them Sols, and they make Sols 69721. 9 which to make into Livers, you must cut the two last figures, & take the ½ of the others, and it will come to li. 3486. 1. 9 of Gross', which I should have in the said place of Antuerpe, for the abovementioned sum of Crowns of the Sun: as by Example,  
The proof of the said account will appear, when that Antuerpe exchangeth with Lions: and therein it is to be noted, that in the meaner of the Exchange that Lions maketh with Antuerpe, the calculation will serve in the same manner with Colonia; because the same Monies are used in Exchanges in the said City of Colonia as in Antuerpe, and the same also is in use in Amsterdam, and throughout the Netherlandss.   

CHAP. CCCXIX  
Of the Exchange of Lions with London.  
Lion's exchangeth with London, and giveth a Crown of the Sun 
E●…changes 〈◊〉 Lions with London.  to have in London posito Pence sterling 58; I then demand, for Crowns 7693. 10. 0 Crowns of the Sun, how many Livers of Pounds sterling shall I have in London, working the same as the precedent rule, and account from Lions to Antuerpe, and it will make sterling Pounds 1859. 5. 3 d. And so much credit shall the same given me in London, as shall appear by Example following.  
The proof of this account shall appear, when I come to the 
Proof. 〈◊〉  Exchanges of London with this place of Lions.  
Here also it is to be noted, that the account is calculated in the same manner, when either Paris, Roven, or any other part of 
Paris, Roven.  France doth exchange for the City of London, or for any other City in England.   

CHAP. CCCXX.  
Of the Exchange of Lions with Francfort.  
Lion's exchangeth for Francfort, and giveth a Crown of the Sun to have in the said place Quarentines posito 95¾; I demand, 
Exchanges of Lions with Francfort.  for 1500 Crowns of the Sun, how many Florins shall Lions have in Francfort: to do which, multiply the said Crowns of the Sun by 95¾, and it maketh quarantines 143625; to reduce which into Florins, you must cut off the two last figures, and then take 〈◊〉 of the others, or else divide them by 60, because that 60 quarantines make a Florin, and it giveth Florins 2393, and 4 overplus, which is to be understood for 40, and with the figure cut off, makes 45, of which, 〈◊〉 is to be taken to make Sols, because that 3 quarantines is a Sol, and then it makes Flor. 2393. Sol. 15. which Lions aught to have credit for in Francfort. Example.  
Desiring for proof of the said account, to exchange from Francfort to Eions, the said Flor. 2393. 15. at Quarent. 95¾ per Crown, 
Proof.  I first put the said Florins into quarantines, multiplying them by 60, and they will be quarantines 143625, which divided by 95¼, makes just Crow. 1500 of the Sun, as abovesaid.  
Note also, that in Francfort is only accounted two Fairs; the first, in Mid-Lent; and the other, in Mid-September; and if the remittance be out of the Fair, you may stay for the said Fair, and the Money must stay half a year, which is here two Fairs, in satisfaction whereof, is sometimes made good 6, sometimes 7 per Cent. as Merchants can agreed, more or less.  
Note also, that when Lions is found to exchange with Norimberg, the account thereof is made as above is said, with Francfort.   

CHAP. CCCXXI  
Of the Exchange of Lions with Seville.  
Lion's exchangeth with Sivil, and giveth crowns 1 of the Sun, to have in the said place posito 396 Marvedes: I demand 
Exchanges of Lions with Seville.  then, what credit I shall have in Seville, for Crowns 6792-16-6 d. delivered in Lions, at the said price: to do which multiply the said Crowns by 396, and they will make Marvedes 2689958, to which must be added 〈◊〉 per Cent. for the Lagio of the money, which is 5 per 1000, and then they will make, Marved. 2703407, and so much shall Lions have credit in Seville, as Example.  
Note that when Lions doth Exchange with Alcala, the account is made as the precedent with Seville, and that the proof of the said 
Alcala.  calculation is found true by the Exchange of Seville, or Alcala with Lions.   

CHAP. CCCXXII.  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Lixborne.  
Lion's exchangeth with Lixborne and giveth 1 Cro. of the Sun, to have there posito 528 Raise, I demand then for Cr. 7893. 4. 6. 
Exchanges of Lions with Lixborne.  of the Sun, how many Res Lions shall have credit in the said place of Lixborne, and to know which Imultiplie the said Cro. by 528, and found that it giveth in Raes 4167622, which Lions shall have credit in Lixborne, as for Example.  
The proof of this rule is manifested, when that Lixborne shall exchange with Lions.   

CHAP. CCXXXI.  
Of the Exchanges of Lions with Barselona.  
Lion's exchangeth with Barselona and giveth one Crown of the 
Exchanges of Lions with Barselona.  Sun, to have in the said place posito 22-8- Sols: I demand for 7822. 12. 6. Cro. of the Sun, which Lions doth remit to Barselona, how many Livers shall I have, to do which, you must multiply the above said sum of Crowns, by lib. 1. 2. 8. which is 22-8 d. beginning to multiply by the Deniers, and then by the Sols, which are annexed to the Crowns, and the sum will come to 8865-12-10, which you shall have in Barselona for the said sum of crowns of the Sun. Example.  
The proof of the said account will appear, when Barselona exchangeth back with Lions.  
It will not be needful I should propound here any Examples, when Lions Exchangeth with Valentia and Saragosa, seeing that the 
●…tia and ●…gosa.  account is the same as with Barselona above said, and this is as much as I conceive requisite concerning the Exchanges of Lions with other places, to which I could add sundry Remittances and Draughts in Exchange hence made to other places, with other such circumstances, but here being already matter enough set down, to exercise the pen and head of the ingenious, and of him that will study the Art and the Mystery of the Exchanges of this place, I will only add a word of the Orders and Commissions, given and received here in Exchanges, and an Example for explanation thereof, and leave the rest to the consideration of the studious.   

CHAP. CCCXXIIII.  
Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances by Exchanges in Lions.  
BEfore I enter this vast subject of Orders and Commissions, 
Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Lions.  I will briefly show, how the accounts of these Orders and Commissions are made, being only ●…iven, by the expert and subtle heads of Bankers and Exchangers, conversant in the course of Exchanging, which sorts of Commission or Orders, are wrought partly by the Rule of Three Direct, and partly by the same rule backward, and the better to distinguish, those that are made Direct, and those that are made backward, it is requisite, that the course and manner of Exchanging from one place to another be precisely known and learned, and how that place to which the Commission is sent and given, draw or remit either by a certain or uncertain rate, and such Commissions aught to be made, by the Rule of Three backward, taking one of the prices, which are found for Divisor, and the other two, which are the ordered prices, take for the sum to divide by, and it is to be noted, that the first price, which is taken for Divisor, be of the same place as the last, and to know herein what is meant by this word certain and uncertain, I shall now declare it.  
A Certain Exchange is no other, then to given a settled price, which varieth not in Exchanging, and hath no change or alteration, as it 
Certain price in Exchanges.  is seen in Lions, or in Placentia, which giveth always Cro, 100, or Cro. 1, to have in N●…les Ducats 130 more or less, and this 100 Cro. or 1 Cro. is 〈◊〉 found to altar, and therefore termed by Exchangers to be the certain price.  
Incertain Exchange is a price that is observed unconstant, and 
Incertain price in Exchanges.  which admits of variation, which shall be when the place which Exchangeth, giveth a number of Crowns, Ducats, or Sols, or of any other money which cometh not to the just sum of 100, or else exceedeth the same, and therefore the same not being firm and stable, are named incertain Exchanges, as subject to alteration, sometimes more, and sometimes less, which is rightly and well to be considered and understood in Orders and Commissions of Exchanges given.  
When the place then wherein the Commission is to be effected, giveth to the places whereto it aught to remit, and draw, to both of them the Incertain, the account must be made by the rule of Three Forward or direct, taking for first & second number, the prices that have been ordered, and for the last number of the said rule, take one of the prices that are found, in such a manner, that the first Exchange of the said rule be of the same place as the latter. Likewise, when the said place where the Commission is effected, giveth to the places that it aught to remit, and to draw to both of them the certain, the account thereof is made by the said Rule of Three forward, as by Example.  
Order and Commission is given for a Merchant to his friend at Lions, 
Example of a Certain and incert●…e Exchange.  to remit to Naples at Ducats 126½, and to prevail for Rome at 85 Crowns, or at an other price differing therefrom, provided that it may be done without loss, it is found to remit to Naples at 125 〈◊〉 Ducats, I would now know at how much might the same be drawn for Rome, to the end that this Commission be fully and justly effected.  
It is here first to be considered, that Lions giveth the price certain to the said two places of Naples and Rome, and therefore by that account, it must be made, by the Rule of Three forwards, saying, if Ducats 126 〈◊〉 given Cro. 85, the inordered price, how many will Ducats 125½ given, the price found for Naples, and it will come to Cro. 84. 4. 4, and at that price you must draw for Rome.  
By this Commission than it is to be understood, that those of Naples will have Ducc. 126 〈◊〉 in remittance, in that place, and be Debtors in Rome Crowns 85; who finding to remit at Ducc. 125 〈◊〉, it giveth loss, receiving less than that which was inordred; and making the account in this abovesaid manner, it is found, that the Draught aught to be made at Crowns 84. 4. 4. which is to profit, becoming this way a less Debtor, then that which was inordred, which cometh to recompense the loss which is made in the remittance; As for Example shall appear.  
To prove this account, by which may be clearly known, how this Commission remaineth perfectly effected, do in this manner. 
P●….   
Presuppose, that those of Naples have given the Commission for Crowns 2000 of Gold of Estampe, or de Camera, which they would draw for Rome, and remit the value for Naples: You must first see how much the said Crowns of Estampe are worth, in Crowns of the Sun, at Crowns 85 per cent. the inordered price, and it will come to Crowns 2352. 18, 9 of Gold of the Sun, out of which you must take 〈◊〉 per cent. for provision, and there will remain Crowns 2343. 10. 7. the which must be remitted to Naples at the price inordered of Ducats 126½ per cent. and it will come to Ducats 2964½, or thereabouts.  
So that as it doth appear, the said Crowns 2000 of debt in Rome, are made by remittance to Naples, Ducats 2964½.  
Now than it is to be observed in the prices (different from the order given) which are found, that is to say, at Crowns 84. 4. 4. for Rome, and at Ducats 125⅓ for Naples, if for the said Crowns 2000 by Draught to Rome, a remittance may be made of the abovesaid Ducats 2964½; and the better to know it, it must be seen, how much the said sum of Crowns of Estampe are worth in Crowns of Gold of the Sun, at Crow. 84. 4. 4. per Cent. which will come to Crow. 2374. 16. 6 Crowns of the Sun; out of which, taking the provision at ⅖ per Cent. there will remain Crown. 2365. 6. 7. which must be remitted to Naples at the said price, which is found of 125 〈◊〉 per Cent. and it will make in Ducats 2964½, or thereabouts, by remittance to Naples; the which sheweth the said Commission is perfectly accomplished, in conformity of the Order given. For example.  
I could here add many of these Examples for the illustration of this point of Commissions, but I forbear to do it, because the examples might prove tedious and intricate, and the rather because I may publish in this kind some things that I have already roughly drawn, if I found that my labours this way prove grateful, and therefore touching other circumstances and questions that may arise in the Exchanges practised in Lions, I will refer the same to the ingenious lover of this Art and Mystery, having set down sufficient, to exercise both the head and hand of the studious, and which may afford matter for greater variety in in its season, therefore I will in the next place surveyed the Exchanges practised in Rome, after the same manner.   

CHAP. CCCXXV.  
Of the Fairs of Lions, wherein all Bills of Exchange are thence drawn, and there satisfied.  
Lion's is noted to have four Fairs: the manner of accepting 
The four Fairs of ●…ions.  of Bills of Exchange therein, I have observed in the 275 Chapter; the times of the said Bills now resteth to be showed.  
The first Fair beginneth in Lions the first Monday after the Epiphanie; and if the same fall upon a Monday, 
1 Foire des Rois.  the Fair doth then begin the Monday following; the which lasteth fifteen working days, excluding and excepting Sundays and holy-days, the which is designed for Merchants to do their affairs: at the end whereof (which oftentimes happens at Candlemas) all parties are made by Exchanges, and all former remittances are paid and discharged.  
The second, is the Fair of Easter, which beginneth the Monday 
2 Foire des Pasque.  following the Octaves after Easter day, and lasteth 15 working days, Sundays and holy-days excepted: at the end whereof, all former Draughts, payable in this Fair, are satisfied, and all new Remittances and Draughts for other places, are made and framed from one man to another.  
The third, is the Fair of August, and beginneth the fourth of 
3 Foire d'Aust.  the said Month, and continueth as the rest, 15 working days, which oftentimes happeneth not till the beginning of September; wherein, as above is noted, the Draughts made hither, and Remittances are discharged, and new parties by exchange for other places framed and perfited from one to another.  
The fourth, is the Fair of All-Saints, beginning the third of 
4 Foire des touts Saints.  November, continuing as the former, 15 working days, which sometimes happeneth on the beginning of December; and therein the Merchants use to discharge all former Bills that come hither from other places, and frame new Remittances and Draughts hence to other Cities, between man and man. For it is here to be noted, that all Bills of Exchanges, and for the most part all Bills of Debt have in this City no other time of payment, receipt, or discharge, but during these four principal aforementioned Times or Fairs.   

CHAP. CCCXXVI.  
Of Examples of the Exchanges practised in Rome, and how the same are calculated.  
I Have showed in the general Exchanges of Rome, with how many places the same is found to exchange 
Exchanges practised in Rome, and first with Lions.  with; and there also shown the common Rates how the same doth govern, which every day is so observed to altar, that no set Rule can be peremptorily laid down for the same; yet it is in itself so beneficial, that thereby the ignorant may make his calculation, either in his Draughts, or Remittances: The way of making which account, now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with so many other places, as may be fit to understand the ground thereof.  
It is also there noted, for the understanding of what is to follow, that Bankers and Exchangers in Rome do keep their accounts in Crowns of Stamp or Camera, Sols, and Deniers of Gold, named of the Eight Stamp, which are numbered by 20 and 12, because that 20 Sols of Gold makes a Crown, and 12 Deniers a Sol.  
The Crown of Stamp being worth 12 julies'. The Crown in Money worth 10 And the julio worth 10 Baiocs.   

CHAP. CCCXXVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Lions.  
FIrst then, Rome exchangeth with Lions, and giveth Crowns 85 of Gold of the Eight Stamp, to have in the said City 
Exchange of Rome with Lions.  of Lion's Crowns 100 of the Sun; I demand, for Crowns 3842. 10. 7. of Estampe, how many Crowns of the Sun shall Rome have in Lions: To know which, you must say by the rule of Three, If Cro. 85 given 100 Crowns of the Sun, how much will 3842. 10. 7 Cr. given? and it will come to Cro. 4520. and the remainder of the Dividend multiply by 20 and by 12, to make Sols and Deniers of Gold, and it will be Crowns 4520. 12. 5 Crowns of the Sun that Rome aught to have in Lions for the said sum: as for example;  
The proof of this account is seen, when Lions doth exchange 
Proof.  with Rome.   

CHAP. CCCXXVIII.  
Of the Exchange of Rome with Placentia.  
ROme exchangeth with Placentia, and giveth posito 99¼ Crowns 
Exchanges of Rome with Placentia:  of Gold of Estampe, to have here Crowns 100 of Marc. I demand, for Crowns 1382. 5. 8. of Estampe, how many Crowns of Marc. Placentia shall have? You must reduce the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers, multiplying the same by 20 and by 12, and adding 15 for the ¾ of a Crown, then say by the rule of Three, If the Deniers come at of the said price, given Crowns 100 of Marc. how many will the Deniers come of the said sum of Crowns given? and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, in doing which, they will amount to Crowns 1385. 14. 11. of Marc. which must be had in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe, as may be seen by the following Example.  
The proof of this account is seen, when Placentia doth exchange 
Proof.  with Rome.   

CHAP. CCCXXIX.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Florence.  
ROme exchangeth with Florence, and giveth posito Crowns 92¼ of Gold Estampe, to have in this place 100 Crowns of Gold; 
Exchange of Rome with Florence.  I demand, for Crowns 1476. 2. 3. of Estampe, what credit shall Rome have in the said Florence? To know which, you must reduce (as afore is said) the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers of Gold, multiplying by 20 and by 12, and adding 5 Sol for the ¼ Crown; then say by the rule of Three, If the Deniers come of the said price, given Crowns 100 of Gold, how many will the Deniers of the abovesaid sum of Crowns given? and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12, to have Sols and Deniers of Gold, it will appear to come to Crowns 1600 5. 2. of Gold: and so much credit must Rome have in Florence. As for example:  
The proof of this account is seen, when as Florence doth exchange 
Proof.  again with Rome.   

CHAP. CCCXXX.  
Of the Exchange of Rome with Venetia.  
ROme exchangeth with Venice, and giveth Crowns 73 〈◊〉 posito of 
Exchanges of Rome with Venice.  Estampe, to have in that place Ducc. 100 de Banco of Livers 6⅕ per Ducc. I demand, for Cro. 850. 15. 8. of Estampe, what credit in Banco shall I have at Venice: to do which, I must reduce, as in the precedent accounts, the price and the sum of Crowns into Deniers of Gold, multiplying the same by 20 and by 12, and add 10 Sols for the ½ Crow. and then say by the rule of Three, If the Deniers come of the price, given Ducc. 100, how many will the Deniers given me, that come of the abovesaid sum of Crowns? and multiplying the remainder of the division by 24, to bring them into Gross, because that 24 Grosses are worth in the said City of Venice 1 Ducc. of Lively 6⅕, than it will make Ducc. 1157½, which Rome hath credit at Venice: as for example.  
The proof of this account may be discerned, when as Venetia 
Proof.  doth exchange with Rome back.   

CHAP. CCCXXXI.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Milan.  
ROme exchangeth with Milan, and giveth posito Crown. 87 〈◊〉 of Estampe, to have in that place Crow. 100 of Livers 5. Sol. 17. 
Exchange of Rome with Milan.  per Crown; I demand, for Crow. 2140. 16 of Estampe, how many Livers of Milan shall I have?  
First, reduce the price and the Crowns into Sols of Gold, multiplying them by 20, and to the multiplication add 16 Sol. for 〈◊〉 of a Crown, and then say by the rule of Three, If the Sols coming of the price, given Crow. 100, how many will the Sols coming of the abovesaid sum of Crowns given? and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, they will make Crown. 2438. 5. 4d. the which you must reduce into Livers, by multiplying them by Lively 5. 17. and they will make Lively 14263. 17. 2d. which I must have at Milan for the said sum of Crowns of Estampe; as appeareth plainly by this Example.  
The proof of this rule is apparent, when Milan shall exchange with Rome. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCXXXII.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Naples.  
ROme Exchangeth with Naples, and giveth cro. 100 of gold of 
Excha●…ges of Rome with ●…ples.  estampe, to have in that place, posito Ducc. 135⅔, I demand for cro. 2346. 15. 4 of estampe, how many Duc. shall I have, to do which you must multiply the said sum of crow. by grai. 135⅔ per crown, seeing it is the same grains 135⅔ per crow. as in Ducc. 135⅔ per cent. because the Ducat is worth in Naples grains 100, and of the product will come grains 318377, of the which you must cut the two last figures, to make them Duc. and it then maketh duc. 3183 Tarries 3 grain. 17, and these Tarries and grains make grai. 77 because that the Tarry is worth g●…a. 20 and so much you are to have in Naples for the said crow. of estampe, as appears by this Example following.  
The proof of the said account is seen when as Naples doth exchange this sum back with Rome. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCXXXIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Genoa:  
ROme exchangeth with Genoa, and giveth posito Crowns 101 
Exchanges of Ro●…e with Genoa.  of gold of estampe to have in the said place Crowns 100 of gold of Italy, I demand for Crowns 4000 10. of gold of estampe, what credit shall Rome have at Genoa, you must first reduce the said Crowns of estampe into Crowns of gold of Italy, at the rate of Crowns 100 of estampe, for Crowns 102½ of gold, and therefore you must multiply by 102½ in cutting the two last figures, the which you must multiply by 20, and by 12, and they will make Crowns 4100. 10. 3 of gold of Italy, then say by the Rule of three; if 101 Cro. given 100 cro. what shall 4100 cro. 10. 3 given, and it will come to crow. 4059. 18. 3 of gold in gold of Italy, and for to reduce them into livers, you must multiply them by livers 4 〈◊〉 (the value of a Crown of gold) and in so doing, it will come to lib. 18269. 12. 1 current money, that Rome shall have credit in Genoa for the said Crowns of estampe, as for Example.  
The proof of the said Rule is more apparently demonstrated, when Genoa doth Exchange this parcel back with Rome. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCXXXIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Palermo or Mesina.  
ROme Exchangeth with Palermo or Mesina, and giveth 1 crow. of gold of estampe to have in one of the two said places, posito 
Exchanges of Rome with Palermo and Mesina.  carl. 29⅕, I would know then for cro. 4000 10. 6, what credit in Ounces shall Rome have in Palermo or Mesina, to do which you must multiply the said crow. by 29⅓, and the product will be carlins 117348. 7. 2. the which must be reduced into Ounces, by cutting the last figure, and by taking the ⅙ of the rest, and the 48 remaining are Carlins, of which taking the ½, and they shall be Tarries, and in thus working, it will make ounces 1955, Tarries 24, grains 7 and picolies 2, which Rome must have credit for in one of the aforesaid places, for the above mentioned crowns of estampe, as is aparent by the following Example,  
The proof of this account is seen when Palermo or Mesina 
Proof.  shall exchange back with Rome.   

CHAP. CCCXXXV.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp.  
ROme Exchangeth with Antwerp, and giveth one crown to 
Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp.  have in the said City of Antwerp posito 114 gross, I demand then, for crow. 2000 17. 8, how many pounds in gross, or grosses, shall Rome have credit in Antwerp, to do this, you must multiply the said sum of crowns by ●…14, and of the product will come grosses 228100, the which reduced into pounds Elemish will make lib. 950. 8. 4. and for so much shall Rome have credit in the said City of Antwerp, as for Example.  
The proof of this account is demonstrated when this parcel 
Proof.  is Exchanged back from Antwerp to Rome, and note that when Rome shall exchange with Francfort, Amsterdam, or any other part of the Netherlandss, the account is made as in the abovesaid manner of Rome with Antwerp.   

CHAP. CCCXXXVI.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with London.  
ROme Exchangeth with London, and giveth 1 Crown there to have in the said City posito 65 pence sterl. I demand then for 
Exchanges of Rome with Lond●…n.  Crowns 4000 14. 8 of estampe, how many pounds sterling shall Rome have credit in London, which must be wrought as in the precedent account of Rome with Antwerp, and it will be found, that it will amount unto 1083. 10. 8 den. which I aught to have in the said City of London, for the said sum of Crowns of estampe, as may appear by the Example following,  
The proof of this Rule will more evidently appear when the sum of 1083 lib. 10 shil. 8¼ den. sterl. is remitted from London to 
Proof.  Rome, which I hope is not in these days used in England.   

CHAP. CCCXXXVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with the Cities of Valentia, Saragosa, or Barselona.  
ROme doth Exchange with Valentia, Saragosa and Barselona, 
Exch●…nges of Rome with Valentia, Saragosa an●… Barselona.  and giveth 1 Crown of estampe to have in one of the said places Solsposito 25 den. 6, I demand then for crowns 6000 14. 4. of estampe, what credit shall Rome have in one of the said places, to know which, you must multiply the said sum of crowns of estamp by li. 1. 5. 6, and they will make li. 7650. 18. 3. d. which Rome shall have in credit in one of the said places, for the said sum of crowns of estampe, as shall appear by this Example,  
The proof of this rule is best seen when this sum shall be remitted back from these Cities to Rome, and because that the calculation to all these three places, is made in one and the same manner, I have put them thus together, the price only giving, the alteration in exchange more or less in each City.   

CHAP. CCCXXXVIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Sivile.  
ROme Exchangeth with Sivile, and giveth 1 Crown of estampe 
Exchanges of Rome with Seville.  to have in Sivil, poito 456 Marvides, I demand then for 400 Crowns of estampe, how many Marvides shall Rome have in Sivil, to do which you must multiply the said sum of Crowns of estampe, by 456 Marvides, and they make 182400, which Rome must have credit in the said place, and it is here to be noted that throughout all Castilia, the Exchanges are made in the same manner as at Sivil, and they likewise keep their accounts in the denomination of Marvides, and when as the yamount to a million, they term it in Spanish a Quintos.  
Example.  
At Alcala and other places in Spain, the account is as above 
Proof.  made, and the further proof thereof is seen, when that Sivil shall exchange with Rome.   

CHAP. CCCXXXIX.  
Of the Exchanges of Rome with Lixborne.  
ROme doth Exchange with Lixborne, and delivereth one Crown 
●…xchanges of Rome with Lisbon.  of Est●…mpe, to have in the said place posito 513 Res, I demand what credit in Res shall Rome have in Lixborne for 325 Crowns 9 6. d. this question is to be wrought, as in the precedent account is showed, and it will appear that Rome shall have Credit in Lixborne for Raes 166968 as shall be seen by the working thereof following.  
The proof of this account is apparent, when that Lixborne shall Exchange back Raes 166968 with Rome at 513 Raes per Ducat. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCXL.  
Of the terms of payments of Bills of Exchange in Rome.  
From Rome the terms are 

To Naples at 8 days sight, and from thence back at 10 days. 
Terms of payment of bills of Exchange in Rome.   
To Brudges and Antwerp, at 8 days sight.  
To Palermo at 15 days sight, & from thence back at 10 days.  
To Florence at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Venice at 10 days sight and so back.  
To Avignon at 45 days sight, and thence at 10 days back.  
To Valentia at 2 months from the date, and 10 days sight back.  
To Barselona at 2 months from the date, & 10 days sight back.  
To Lions on the Fair, and thence 10 days sight back.  
To Genoa at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Pisa at 10 days sight, and the same back thence.     

CHAP. CCCXLI.  
Of the Aggio of monies practised in the Exchanges and payments of Rome.  
THis term Aggio common in diverse parts of Italy, is as much as the Valewable consideration, in the species 
The Aggio of money paid in Rome by Exchanges.  of sundry monies▪ that are made in payments, either for Merchandise or in Exchanges by bills, and is accounted the difference, between the best money, used in the terms of Exchanges, and the worst used in payments of goods, and therefore for the declaration and manifestation thereof, I have made this question and Chapter, by way of Proposition and Demand. A certain Merchant in Rome, finding himself to have received for merchandise sold by him to another, Crowns 3441 and Baiocs 97, of julies' 10 per Crown, which he desires to reduce into Crowns of the estampe, or as some term them de Camera, thereby to make them fit to be remitted into any other place, the Aggio of the moneys being considered as commonly is seen at 45 julios, I demand then how many Crowns of estampe, the same will produce. To know which, you must first see how much the 100 destampe are worth in julies' at julies' 12 the Crown, which will be julies' 1200, to which must be added 4▪ 5 julies' for 〈◊〉 Laggio thereof, because that the Crown of stamp, is worth 12 julies', and then the Laggio, which comes to be 12 julies' and Baiocs 4½ per Crown, or else 45 julies' for Crowns 100, and they will be 1245 julies', and so much shall 100 Crowns destampe be worth the Aggio of the money comprised; likewise in the same manner you must reduce the said sum of Crowns of money, into julies', and they make julies' 34419 and Baiocs 7, comprehending 9 julies' and 7 Baios, for the 97 Baiocs, and this being done, than work by the Rule of three, and say, If julies' 1245 given Crowns of gold of sta●…p 100 Cro. how much shall the said julies' 34419. 7 given, then to multiply the said julios' by 100, there is only a cipher to be added after the 7 Baiocs, and prosecuting thus the working of the question it will amount unto Crowns 2764. 12. 8●… of estampe. Now to prove the said account, you must multiply the said Crowns of estampe by julies' 1245 per cent: in cutting the two last figures, 
Proof of the Aggios account.  and of the product, there will remain Crowns 3441 and Baiocs 96⅘ and so the account will appear to be well made, saving a small broken number lost, and in this manner must be wrought all like accounts, though the Aggio of the money, be either augmented or lessened, still by adding the Aggio, such as it shall be found to be, with or to the julios 1200, which is the price of 100 Crowns of gold destampe. The whole question I shall for explanation demonstrate by the working thereof in this example, and first,   

CHAP. CCCXLII.  
Of Orders and Commissions given and received for draughts and remittances by Exchanges in Rome.  
I Will herein, following my first intended method, given you also a proposition or two of a draught and 
Orders and Commissions 〈◊〉 and received for d●…ught and remittances in Rome.  remittance by commission and Order, the manner whereof largely explained by example, will be full and sufficient for reglement for the like draught or remittance from this City to any other place.  
From Rome then is ●…mitted to Venice, at Crowns 97¼ posi●…o, and from thence is remitted to P●…acentia at Ducat. 136 〈◊〉, I would now know at h●… much cometh the remittance from Rome for Placentia, to do which work thus.  
You must first multiply the said Ducc. 136⅔ being the price of 100 Crow. of Mark by Crow. 72¼ per cent. cutting the two last figures, the which being multiplied by 20 and by 12, to reduce them into Sols and Den. of gold, and in thus working it will come to Crowns 98. 14. 9 to the which must be added 〈◊〉 per cent. for the provision, paid at Venice which is 6 Sols 7 Deniers, and they make Crowns 99 〈◊〉 and so many Crown's destampe is disbursed in Rome for 100 Crowns of marc of credit at Placentia, as doth appear by Example following.  
To prove this account, you must see how much the sum of 
Proof.  Crowns destampe that you would remit, are worth in Ducats in Venice, at the said price of Crowns 72¼ for Ducc. 100, out of which to make the remittance to Placentia, the provision is to be taken out at ⅖ per cent. then see, how many will the Crowns of mark given at Ducc. 136 〈◊〉 for 100 Crowns of mark, and the Crowns of mark, which come thereof, must be multiplied by the said price of 99 〈◊〉 per cent. and in thus working, will come the selfsame sum of crowns of estampe, which are disbursed in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…e remittance made to Venice, and by the Rule may 〈◊〉 be made of all other accounts of the selfsame subject▪  
But it is to be noted, that the said account cannot serve in any other occasion, but where the remittance is made from Rome to Placentia, and that the Exchange is at 100⅓ crown of estampe, for 100 crowns of mark, thereby to discern, if it be the more profitable, to remit, as they term it, a dritura or strait, or else to make remittance to Venice, and from Venice to Placenti●…, as is beforesaid at the above said prices, the remittance coming to be at 99 〈◊〉 crowns of ●…ampe, so that as i●… is apparent it is more beneficial to remit to Placentia by the way of Venice, for as much as ●…t is seen by this Example, that for 100 crowns of mark in that ●…ace, there is no more paid and disbursed, but crowns 99 1/11in Ro●…, and making the remittance strait and a dritura 100 〈◊〉 crowns is to be disbursed. And moreover it is to be noted, that their Exchange is made some times, at a greater or lesser price, according to the abundance or scarcity of the money's current, and therefore these accounts serve only but for instruction sake, and to show how the Rules thereof are to be reckoned and cast up.  
Another example of a commission given to enlighten this point, I will add hereunto.  
There is order and Commission given at Rome to remit to Venice at 73 〈◊〉 crowns, and to prevail for the same from Placentia at crow. 93 〈◊〉, but there is found bills of Exchange for Venice at crowns 74⅓ and money for Florence at crowns 94⅖, the question is then, if at these prices, the said Commission and Order may be effected. The which to accomplish and know, I must say by the Rule of three, seeing, that Rome giveth the uncertain to both those said two places, If crowns 73⅔ given 93 〈◊〉 crowns, what will crowns 74⅓ given, and it will given by the said Rule, crowns 94. 3. 6 d. so that this order and commission may be accomplished and performed with benefit, because that remitting to Venice at crowns 74⅓, it aught to be drawn to Florence at crowns 94. 3. 6, and there it is found at more videlicet at crowns 94⅖, as for Example.  
And thus much shall serve for instruction and method to the Exchanges and commissions practised at Rome, and now I will proceed to the next eminent place of Exchanges, according to my intended method, which is Naples.   

CHAP. CCCXLIII.  
Examples of the Exchanges practised in Naples, and how the same are calculated.  
I Have showed in the general Exchanges of Naples, 
I ●…amples of Exchanges pra ctised in Naples.  with how many other places this City is found to exchange, and there also shown the common rates, how the same doth govern, which every day is so found to altar, that no set rule can peremptorily be set down for the same, yet it is in itself so beneficial, that thereby the learner may know how to make his account, either in his draughts or remittances, the way of making which account now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with so many other places, as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof.  
It is also there observed, that the Bankers and Exchangers of the 
Accounts in Naples.  place do keep their account in Ducats, Tarries and grains, the which are cast up by 5, and by 20, because that 5 Tarries do make a Ducat, and 20 grains a Tarry, also that the Crown of gold, in gold of this Kingdom, is 13 Carlins, or 6½ Tarries, and the Crown of money or silver is 11 Carlins or 5½ Tarries, the Ducat of gold being worth 6 Tarries, and the Ducat current is worth 5 Tarries.   

CHAP. CCCXLIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lions.  
NAples then Exchangeth with Lions, and giveth posito Ducats 
Exchanges of Naples with Lions.  127½ to have in this place 100 Crowns of gold of the Sun, I demand then, for Ducats 3295 and 1 Tarry, how many Crowns of gold shall I have in Lions, to know which you must say, by the Rule of three, if Ducats 127½ given 100 Crowns, how many will Ducats 3295 〈◊〉 given, multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers, and it will make Crowns 2584. 9 4 of gold of the Sun, which I should have at Lions.  
The proof of this account is seen, when Lions exchangeth back either for Naples, Bery, Lechi or any other City of that Kingdom.   

CHAP. CCCXLU.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Placentia.  
NAples exchangeth with Placentia, and giveth posito Ducats 132¾ to have in this place cro. 100 of mark: I demand 
Exchanges of Naples with Placentia.  then for Ducc. 3416 Tarries 2 and gr. 8. how many crowns of mark shall I have at Placentia, to do which, I must first reduce the said sum of Ducc. into grains, and if there were neither Tarries nor grains, it were done by the only addition 〈◊〉 two cyphers, because that the Ducc. is worth 100 grains, and because that there is in this question 2 tarries and 8 grains 48 grains is to be added, and take grains 132¾ for devisor of the said sum, seeing it is as much at grain. 132¾ per crow. as at Ducc. 132¾ per cro. 100, multiplying as well the one part as the other by 4 to bring them into quarters of grains, and after division by multiplying the rest of the divisor by 20 and 12 to bring them into sols and deniers of gold, and all this done, it will come to crow. 2573. 12. 4 of mark which I must have in the said place of Placentia for the said sum of Ducc. above mentioned, as for Example,  
The proof of this account is more apparently demonstrated, 
Proof.  when this sum or parcel is Exchanged back from Placentia to Naples, Bary, Lecchie, or other Cities of this Kingdom.   

CHAP. CCCXLVI.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Rome.  
NAples doth Exchange with Rome, and giveth posito Ducats 135⅔ in this place, to have in Rome 100 Crowns of gold of 
Exchanges of Naples with Rome.  estampe: I demand then for Ducc. 3183. 3. 17, what credit in Crow. shall Naples have in the said City of Rome, to know which, the question is wrought as is before mentioned in the precedent Exchange of Naples for Placentia, and it cometh to Crow. 2346. 15. 2 of gold of estampe or de Camera, and for so much shall Naples have credit in Rome, as for Example.  
The proof of this Rule is manifested, when this parcel is 
Proo●….  Exchanged back from Rome to Naples, Bary, Lecchie, or to any other City of this Kingdom.   

CHAP. CCCXLVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Florence:  
NAples Exchangeth with Florence, and giveth Ducc. posito 119: to have in Florence 100 Crowns of gold: I demand then for 
Exchanges of Naples with Florence.  Ducc. 934. 1. 10, how much shall Naples have credit in the said City of Florence: this must be wrought as the precedent question of the Exchange of Naples for the City of Rome, and it will come to Crowns 780. 15. 0 of gold, and so much shall Naples have credit in the said place of Florence, as appeareth by this Example.  
The proof of this account is declared when this parcel is Exchanged back from Floren●… to Naples. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCXLVIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples for Venice:  
NAples Exchangeth for Venice and giveth posito Ducats 
Exchanges of Naples for Venice.  97¼ to have in Venice Ducc. 100 of Livers 6⅕ of this money (which now is termed in Banco) I demand then for Ducc. 1799. 1. 13 of Naples, how many Ducc. shall I have in the place of Venetia, this is to be wrought as the precedent, multiplying the remainder of the division by 24, to bring the same into gross. because that the Ducc. of livers 6. 4 shil. maketh 24 gross, and it will come to Ducats 1850 〈◊〉, and so many Ducats shall Naples have in the said place of Venice, as by the Example following,  
The proof of the said account appearing when this parcel of 1850 5/24is Exchanged back from Venice, to the aforesaid place of 
Proof.  Naples.   

CHAP. CCCXLIX.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Milan.  
NAples exchangeth with Milan and giveth posito Ducc. 98½ to 
Exchanges of Naples with Milan.  have in Milan Crow. 100 of Livers 5 per Crow. of the money of this place, I demand then for Ducc. 850, how many Crow. shall I have in Milan: To know which, I must do as in the precedent exchanges, multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and 12, to bring the same into Sols and deniers, and by this working it will make Crow. 862. 18. 10, and to know how many Livers they are, they must be multiplied by 5 Livers, beginning to multiply the den. then the sols, and afterwards the Crow. calculating for 12 den. one sols and for 20 sols in money one liver, and it will make lib. 4314. 14. 2 which one shall have in the said place of Milan for the said Ducats 850, as for Example.  
The proof of this account is manifested with this parcel is Exchanged back from Milan to Naples as aforesaid. 
〈◊〉.    

CHAP. CCCL.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lecchie and Bary:  
NAples Exchangeth with Lechie and Bari, Cities within that Kingdom, and giveth posito 98 〈◊〉 Ducc. to have in the 
〈◊〉 of N●…es with L●…e and 〈◊〉.  said places Ducc. 100 I demand then for Ducc. 3850. 1. 15 of Naples, how many Ducc. shall I have in these two places, This Rule must be cast up as in the precedent Exchange for Milan, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 100, to bring it into grains, and thereof will come 98 which are 4 Tarries, and grains 18, and in all Ducc. 3908 Tar. 4 gra. 18, which Naples shall have credit in the said places, and note that when Naples Exchangeth with Montelion, with Cosense, or any other part of this Kingdom, the account is made as above, as for Example,  
The proof of this Rule and account is thus made up. 
〈◊〉.    

CHAP. CCCLI.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Mesina.  
NAples exchangeth with Mesina, and giveth posito ducc. Ducc. 
Exchanges of Naples with Mesina.  115 〈◊〉 to have in Mesina Crow. 100 of Tar. 13 of that money, I demand how many Crowns of Tarries 13 shall I have there for Ducc. 2348. 3. 8, to do which working, as by the precedent Rules, I say: If grains 115 〈◊〉 make one Crown of 13 Tarries, what will grains 234868 make, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 52, to bring them into half carlins, because that 13 Tarries are worth 26 Carlins, and by this working it maketh Crowns 2035 〈◊〉 which abridged are 〈◊〉, or otherwise multiplying the remainder of the division by 13 and then by 20 to bring them into Tarries and grains, which will be the easier to comprehend, but the reason why I have otherwise demonstrated it, is because herein I would follow the method and manner of the Merchants of Naples, who in their accounts are accustomed to do as above is showed, and to reduce the said Crowns 2035 9/13into ounces, you must multiply by 13 to bring them into Tarries, adding to the multiplication 9 for the 9/13and they will be Tarries 26464, from which cutting the last figure and take 〈◊〉 of the rest to make them ounces, because that 30 Tarries is an ounce, and the remainder of these thirds are ten of Tarries, to the which adding the figure cut off, which are so many Tarries, as must be placed after the ounces, and it will make Ounces 882. 4, and for so much shall Naples have credit in the said place of Mesina for Duc. 2348. 3. 8.  
The proof of this Rule is manifested what that Mesina shall 
Proof.  be found to Exchange for Naples.   

CHAP. CCCLII  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Palermo.  
NAples Exchangeth with Palermo and giveth one Ducat to have in the said place posito 166 〈◊〉 pontos, I demand for duke. 
Exchanges of Naples with P●… . 2846. 2. 10, what credit shall I have in Ounces in Palermo, to do which, multiply the said sum of duke. by 166 〈◊〉 pontos per ducats and it makes pontos 473942 to which add 〈◊〉 to make them grains, because that 1 Pontos is 1 grain and 〈◊〉, and for as much as one grain is worth 6 piccolis, and 1 pontos is 8 piccolis, and it maketh grains 631922, to reduce which into ounces, you must cut off the two last figures, and take 〈◊〉 of the rest, because that 600 gra. make an ounce, which in all makes ounces 1035, and there remaineth 1 which is worth with the two figures cut off 122 gra. which are 6 Tarries and 2 gra. because that 20 gra. is 1 Tarry, and they will be ounces 1053, Tarries 6 and gra. 2, and so many ounces by the said exchange shall you have in Palermo, and note that over and above, they given credit 1 Carl. per ounce for good 
Ag●…o allowed 〈◊〉 Palermo.  money, to add which said carl. per ounce, do thus, considering that for the said ounces 1053, will come the same sum of carlins, for the Aggio of the money, and to make the said carlin into ounces, you must cut the last figure, and take 〈◊〉 of the rest, will make ounces 17 and there will remain 3 ten of carlins, which are 30 in value, to which adding the figure cut, and it is 33 carlins, from which, taking 〈◊〉 to make them ●…aries, (a carlin being ½ a tarry) which are 16 tarries, and the remainder is 1 carl. in worth 10 gra. and adding 2 gra. for the 6. tar. which is with the ounc. because that for 3 tar. which are 60 gra. the Aggio will be 1 gra. and it will be in all ounc. 17 tar. 16 and gra. 12 which added, to be abovesaid ounces, it makes 1070 Tar. 22, and gra. 14, and so much credit you shall have in Palermo for Ducc. 2846. 2. 10. in Naples at pont. 166½ per Ducc. Example.  
The proof of this account is showed when Palermo doth Exchange 
Proof.  back with Naples this same parcel.   

CHAP. CCCLIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Genoa.  
NAples Exchangeth with Genoa and giveth one Ducc. to have 
Naples Exchangeth with Genoa.  posito in Genoa 66⅔ Sols, I demand for Ducc. 1345. 4. 5 how many livers current money shall I have in Genoa, the which is done by multiplication in taking of grains 85 which are the 4 Tarries, and grains 5. the ⅔: seeing that it may be calculated for one grain of Naples ⅔ of a Sols, and it will come to Sol. 89723 and deniers 4, which to reduce into livers you must cut the last figure, and take the ½ of the rest, and if any rest, it will be a tenth, to which must be added the figure cut off, and it will be Sols, and thus it will appear to be livers 4486. 3. 4 and so much will your credit be in the said place of Genoa, as by this Example,  
The proof of the said Rule is more evident when this sum 
Proof.  cometh to be rechanged from Genoa to Naples, as is aforesaid.   

CHAP. CCCLIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp.  
NAples Exchangeth with Antwerp, and giveth one Ducat, to have in Antwerp posito 90 gross. I demand then by this 
Exchanges of Naples with Ant●…pe.  Exchange, what credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for 3200 Ducc. to do which, you must multiply the said sum of Ducc. by 90, and it maketh 288000 gra. which reduced to pounds Elemish, will make 1200 lib. 00. 0. d. and so much credit shall Naples have in Antwerp for the said sum of Ducc. 3200. as for Example.  
The proof of this Rule is more apparent when this sum of ●…200 lib. Flem. is rechanged for Naples from Antwerp. 
〈◊〉.    

CHAP. CCCLU  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with London.  
NAples doth exchange with London, and giveth one Ducat to have in London posito 52 pence starling, I demand then for 
Exchange of Naples with London.  1528 Ducc. how many pounds starling shall Naples have credit in London: this must be done as in the precedent account, of Naples and Antwerp, and it will be found that the same will given in London 331 lib. 1 sh. 4 d. which is the sum that Naples shall have credit there for 1528 ducc. delivered, as for Example.  
The proof of this Rule will appear when as 331 lib. 1 sh. 4 d. 
Proof.  shall be rechanged from London to Naples.   

CHAP. CCCLVI  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Valentia.  
NAples doth Exchange with Valentia, and giveth one Ducc. 
Excha●…ges of Naples with Valentia.  for posito 21 Sols in Valentia, I demand then for Ducc. 2306 of Naples, how much shall I have credit in Valentia, to know which you must do as in the exchange preceding, multiplying the said sum by 21 Sols, and they will make 2421. lib. 6 shil. which Naples shall have answered in Valentia at the price above showed, the like is to be observed in the Exchanges of Saragosa and Barselona, which I here omit for brevity, to which this Example shall suffice.  
The Proof of this Rule is seen when this sum shall be rechanged from Valentia to Naples. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCLVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Seville.  
NAples doth Exchange with Seville, and giveth one Ducat, to have in Seville posito 402 Marvedes, I demand then for 
Exchange of Naples with Seville.  2634 Ducats in Naples, how many Marvedes shall I have in Seville, to do which you must multiply the said sum of Ducats by 402 Marvides, and they make Marvides 1058 868 which Naples must have credit in the said place, and moreover it is here to be noted, that throughout all Castilia the Exchanges are made in the same manner as at Seville, and they likewise keep their account in the same denomination of Marvides, which when amounting to one million, they term it in Spanish a Quinto, marked thus V Example.  
And accounted 1058 V. or Quintos 868 mar. The proof whereof 
Proof.  is seen when Seville rechangeth with Naples.   

CHAP. CCCLVIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Naples with Lixborne.  
NAples doth Exchange with Lixborne, and giveth one Ducc. to have in Lixborne, posito 498 Res, I demand for 1200 
Exchanges of Naples with Lixborne.  Ducats in Naples delivered, how many Res I shall have credit in Lixborne, this question is wrought as in the precedent with Seville, and it will appear, that Naples shall have in Lixborne the sum of 597 V 600, as by the following working thereof.  
The proof of this Rule is manifested, when that Lixborne shall have occasion to rechange for Naples. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCLIX.  
Of the terms of payments of bills of Exchange in Naples.  
From Naples the terms are 

TO Rome at 10 days sight and at 8 days back. 
Terms of bills of Exchange in Naples.   
To all other places of that Kingdom at 8 days sight, and so back.  
To Florence at 20 days after date, and thence at 10 days back.  
To Venice at 15 days sight and the like thence.  
To Avignon at 60 days from the date, and thence at 20 days sight.  
To Valentia at 40 days sight.  
To Genoa at 10 days sight, and thence at 15 days sight.  
To Pisa at 10 days sight, and so thence.  
To Palermo at 10 days sight, and the same back.     

CHAP. CCCLX.  
Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Naples.  
ACcording to my intended method, I will here add an example or two of Draughts and Remittances, by 
Orders and Commissions given and received for Drau●…hts and Remittances in Naples.  Commission and Order, performed in this place of Naples, posito,  
To Naples cometh Order from Venice, that the Remittance is made to the said place at Ducc. 98⅓, in drawing from Placentia at Ducc. 135 〈◊〉, but there do bills present for Venice at ducc. 99 〈◊〉: I demand then, (considering the loss that falleth out in the Remittance) at how much aught I to draw for Placentia, to know which, you must say by the Rule of three, If ducc. 98 〈◊〉 given ducc. 135 〈◊〉, what will 99 〈◊〉 ducc. given, and it will come to 
1 Example.  137⅓ ducc. and at that rate the draught must be made for Placentia, in the Remittance for Venice at ducc. 99⅔, and then the Commission will remain effected according to the Order given, as for Example.  
Again, presuppose that at Naples cometh Order from Florence, 
2 Example.  to Remit to Rome, at 134⅔ and to prevail for Naples at 121 〈◊〉, there is found bills for Rome at 136 〈◊〉 and money for Florence, at 122 〈◊〉, I demand then, if at these presenting prices, the Commission may be accomplished, to know which work by the Rule of three, and say, if Ducc. 134 〈◊〉 given ducc. 121 〈◊〉, what will ducats 136 〈◊〉 given, and it will come to ducats 122 and grains 58, so that, as it is apparent, the Commission may be effected, because that Remitting to Rome at 136 〈◊〉, the draught for Florence must be at ducc. 122 grains 58, and it is found at 122 〈◊〉 which is 60 grains more, as by the following Example.  
Again, at Naples cometh Order from Palermo, to draw to 
3 Example.  the said Palermo, at Pont. 168¼, and to remit to Placentia, at 134½. Now there is found Money for Palermo, at 166½, and Bills for Placentia, at 136. I demand then, if the said Commissions may be effected, at the Rates presented? To do which, you must work by the Rule of Three, taking one of the prices which are found for Divisor, as hath been showed by the instruction given upon Commissions, and say; If Pontos 166½ given 134½, what will 168¼ given? And it will make Ducats 135 〈◊〉, or thereabouts. So that it appears this Order and Commission may not be performed, seeing that drawing to Palermo at 168¼, the remittance cannot be made for Placentia at more than 135 〈◊〉, and there is found Bills but at 136; as by this Example.  
Again, at Naples cometh Order from Genoa, to remit for 
4 Example.  Placentia at 133; and to prevail from Mesina at 114, clear of charge, there are found Bills for Placentia, at 131 〈◊〉. I demand (considering the benefit which is given in the remittance) at what price may the parcel be made? To know which, say by the Rule of Three; If 133 given 114, what shall 131⅓ given? and it will come to Ducc. 112, and 57 Gr. To the which must be added 44 Grains, for the provision which is there taken at 〈◊〉 per Cent. and it will be Ducats 113. And at a lesser price, may not be taken for Mesina. The Example will make it evident.  
And this is as much as I conceive fitting to have said of the Exchanges, Orders and Commissions practised in the City of Naples, and next to Genoa.   

CHAP. CCCLXI  
Of Examples of the Exchanges practised at Genoa, and how the same are calculated.  
I Have showed elsewhere, the general Exchanges of Genoa, and with how many other places this city is 
Exchanges practised at Genoa.  found to Exchange with, and there also declared the common rates and prices, how the same is found to govern, which notwithstanding is sounded so subject to alteration, that it cannot admit of any great certainty, yet so fare it is conducible, to this knowledge, that it may serve as a certain rule for the calculation thereof, either in the Draughts, Remittances, or Orders, that may happen to fall within the limit of this City, the forming of which accounts now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with some other principal places, which being well understood, will enlighten the way to what is here by me, for brevity sake willingly omitted.  
To given then introduction thereto, it is to be noted, that Exchangers 
Accounts in Genoa.  do here keep their accounts several ways, as some in Livers, Sols, and Deniers of current money, and others by Livers, Sols and Deniers money of Gold, and both these accounted and summed up, by 20 and 12, because 20 Sols make a Liver, and 12 Deniers do make a Sol.  
Moreover, it is to be noted, that the Crown of Italy of Gold, in Gold is worth here in current Money 90 Sols of Genoa, though it is found sometimes to be worth more, and sometimes less, as Monies are requested: Notwithstanding, the said Crown is always given for 68 Sol, Money of Gold.  
Again it is to be observed, that in Genoa all or the most part of Exchanges that are practised, are effectively for Placentia, Lions, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Rome; and therefore, in the handling thereof, I shall, to avoid tediousness, be the briefer.   

CHAP. CCCLXII.  
Of the Exchange of Genoa with Placentia.  
GEnoa doth exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito Sol. 87¼ current Money, to have there 1 Crow. of Marc. I would 
Exchang●… of Genoa with Palermo.  know then, for Livers 10269. 19 3 d. current Money, how many Crow. of Marc. I shall have in Placentia?  
First then multiply the said Sol 87¾ by 4, to bring them into 4/4, 
1. Example.  adding the▪ and they make 351 quarters, and then multiply the said sum of Livers by 20, to make them Sols, and then by 4, to make them quarters of Sols, adding to the multiplication 〈◊〉 for the 3 Deniers, and it will be in all 821597 which divide by 351 the price of the Crown of Marc. and the division will be 2340, multiplying the rest by 20 and by 1●… to make them Sols and Deniers, and they will be in all Crow. 2340. 14. 7. of Gold of Marc. which you must have in Placentia, as by Example will be more evident.  
To prove this account, you must multiply the said crowns of Marc. by Lib. 4. 7. 9 beginning to multiply by the Deniers, and then by Sols, calculating it by 12 Deniers for one Sol, and by 20 for one Liver, and of the product will come li. 10269- 18- 11. so that it is evident, that the account is just, the difference being in some small parts of the division which is lost, as by Example.  
At Genoa it is oftentimes seen that the Exchange is made for Placentia in Sols of money of Gold, and the difference of this money is, that the Crown of Gold, by decree of the estate is worth 68 Sol. money of Gold, and in current money 90 Sol, and though that the said price of the current money rise and fall, the money of Gold never varieth from the said price of 68 Sol. If then I would know for livers 2816. 13. 4. money of gold, which one exchangeth at 66. 5d. money 
Another Example of the said Exchanges.  of gold per Crrwne, how many Crowns of marc. shall one have, do thus: reduce the abovesaid liv. into Deners, multiplying them by 20, and the Sols resting by 12, likewise reduce the said Sol 66. 5 Deniers into Deniers multiplying them by 12, and that which will come thereof shall be the Divisor of the sum of Deniers, come of the said liv. the which divided, will be 848 Cro. 3. 7 of Marc.  
To prove this rule, multiply this by 5 d. and the product will be 2186. 13. 3, which shows the account to be just cast. 
Proof.   
In Genoa I would deliver for Placentia lib. 3248. 15. of current 
Third Example.  money which is Exchanged at 67 Sol. 10 d. of money of Gold, I demand how many Crowns of Mark they will be, first reduce the said sum of Livers of current money, into Livers of money of Gold, dividing the same by 90 Sols, the price of the crown of Gold in current money, and they will be crowns 721. 18. 10 which must be multiplied by 3 lib. 8 shill. the price of the crown in money of Gold, and it will come to lib. 2454. 12. money of Gold, which divided by 67. 10, to see what the crowns of Mark are worth, and they will make crow. 723. 14. 3. of Mark, and so much shall Genoa have credit in Placentia for the said lib. 3248. 15 of current money, as the Example shall more evidently demonstrate.  
If in Genoa you would reduce any sum of current money, into 
To reduce Livers of current money into Livers of Gold in Genoa.  Livers of money of Gold by a short rule, because that the crow. of Gold in current money is 90 shil, and in money of Gold 68 s. you must take of the current money twice ⅔ placing them, the one under the other, and out of one of the said ⅓ take ⅓, and of that which cometh of the said 〈◊〉 you must take 〈◊〉, and adding these 4 parcels together, will come money of Gold, as will appear by this Example.  
For proof of the said account, if by the same method you 
Proof.  would reduce Livers of Money of Gold into Livers of current Money, you must add to the said Livers of Money of Gold the ●, and of that which will come thereof, take 〈◊〉, adding the said two parcels together, and they will make Livers of current Money: Example.  
And thus much shall serve for the Exchange of Genoa with Placentia; wherein I have thought fit thus fare to enlarge myself, by reason of the great Exchanges continually practised between the said two places.   

CHAP. CCCXXIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Lions.  
GEnoa exchangeth with Lions, and giveth posito Sols 59 9 
●…ge of Ge●… with Li●….  Money of Gold, to have in Lions a Crown of the Sun; I would know then, for Livers 37296. 6. 0 of current Money in Genoa, how many Crowns of the Sun I shall have in Lions? First reduce the said sum of Livers of current Money into Livers of Money of Gold, by the former rules, dividing by Sol. 90. the price of the Crown of Gold in current Money, and they will make Crown. 8288. 1. 4. which must be multiplied by Lively 3. 8. 5. the price of the Crown in Money of Gold, and it will co●… to Lively 28179. 8. 6. the which divided by Sol. 59 9 the price of the Crown. of the Sun, it will be Crown. 9432. 8. 10. And so many Crow. of the Sun will Lions given for those Livers of current Money, as above is propounded. Example.  
The proof of this rule will appear, when this parcel shall be 
Proof.  rechanged back from Lions to Genoa.   

CHAP. CCCLXIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Genoa with Milan.  
GEnoa doth exchange with Milan, and giveth 1 Cro. of Livers 
Exchange of Genoa with Milan.  4 of current Money, to have in this place pos●… Sol. 118 〈◊〉; I would know then, for Livers 3850. 14. 8. of current Money, what credit shall Genoa have in Milan? First, take the quarter of the said sum of Livers, to make the same into Crow. of Livers 4, and they will make Cro. 962. 13. 8. the which must be multiplied by Livers 5. 18. 6d. per Crow. which are the said Sol. 118 〈◊〉, and they will make Lively 5703. 17. 11d. And so much shall the said credit be in Milan, as doth appear by the Example in the work following.  
The proof of this account will more evidently appear, when 
Proof.  this parcel is rechanged for Genoa from Milan.   

CHAP. CCCLXV.  
Of the Exchange of Genoa with Venice.  
GEnoa doth Exchange with Venice, and giveth one crown of Livers 4 current money, to have in Venice posito 146½ Sol. de 
Exchange of Genoa with Venice.  Banco and of that money. I demand for lib. 8340. 12. 0. current Money of Genoa, how many Ducats de Banco of lib. 6 〈◊〉 per du. shall one have credit in Venice: to do this then first take the ¼ of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Crowns of 4 Lib. and they will make crow. 2085. 3. 0, the which multiply by Lib. 7. 6. 6. per cro. which are the said Sol. 146 〈◊〉, and of the Product thereof will come Lib. 15273. 14. 6. which must be reduced to Ducats, dividing them by 124, the price of the Ducat of 6 Lib. 4 Sol. and multiplying the rest of the Division by 24, to bring them into Gross', because that 24 Grosses maketh one Ducat, and by thus working, the same will be Ducats 2463. 〈◊〉, and so many Ducat of Lib. 6⅙ shall you have credit in Banco for at Venice, as for Example.  
The proof of this rule is seen, when Venice doth Exchange back for Genoa this said sum. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCLXVI.  
Of the Exchange of Genoa with Naples.  
GEnoa doth Exchange with Naples and giveth posito 66⅔ Sols 
Exchange of Genoa with Naples.  of current money, to have in this place one Du. of 5 Tarries, I demand then for liv. 4486. 3. 4 current Money, how many Duc. in credit shall I have in Naples?  
First reduce all the said sum of Livers with the said lib. 66 〈◊〉 of current Money into Deniers, multiplying the Livers by 20, and the Sols that come thereof by 12, doing the same by the Sols, of the price of the Exchange, multiplying the same by 12, and by the Division thereof, it will make Ducats 1345, and multiplying the remainder of the Division by 100, by reason that 100 Grains doth make one Ducat, and there will come Gra. 85, which are worth 4 Tarries, and Gra. 5, seeing, as hath been before remembered, that 1 Tarry is in Naples 20 Grains, and by thus working, it will make Ducats 1345. 4. 5, and so much shall the credit be in Naples, as by the Example.  
The proof of this account is seen, when Naples shall Exchange back with Genoa. I could much more enlarge the Exchanges practised 
Proof.  at Genoa with other places, but for brevity I willingly omit the same, and therefore now come to the Commissions and Orders given in matters of Exchanges at Genoa.   

CHAP. CCCLXVII.  
Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Genoa.  
ACcording to my proposed method, I will here add one or two Examples of the Orders and Commissions, 
Orders & Commissions ●…iven and received for Draughts & Remittances 〈◊〉 Genoa. 1. Example.  given and received in Draughts and Remittances at Genoa.  
First then posito from Venice, there is order given to Genoa, to remit to Venice, and to prevail for Milan, at such a price that the Draught from Milan to Venice, comes but to 148 s. clear of all charges, now then there do present Bills for Venetia, at 149, and money for Milan at 148, I demand if at these prices, the said Commission may be performed, to do which, say by the Rule of Three, If Sols 148 of Venice given at Milan, Sols 117, being the price of the Crown of the said Milan, what will Sols 149 given, the price of the crown of Livers 4 Lib. at Genoa, and it will come to 117¾ Sol. the which without deduction of provision, is apparent that the Commission cannot be performed, because that the remitting to Venice at 149, the Draught cannot be made for Milan at more than 117¾ besides the provision, and the partido is found at 118 Sols, as the Example sheweth.  
Again to Genoa cometh order from Antwerp to buy some Velvets, and to prevail for the same by Placentia, at such a price, 
See Example.  that the Palm of Velvets in Genoa, amount not (being bought) to more than Sol. 8½ money of Gross, and the Draught for Placentia at Gross. 123. Now there is found Velvets at 72¼ Sols the Palm, and Money for Placentia at Sol. 88 in current Money: I demand then, if at these prices the said Commissions may be effected: to know which, say by the Rule of Three, If Gross. 123. the price of the Cro. of Marc. given at Genoa, Sol. 88 what will Gross. 102. which are the said Sol of 8½ of Gross' given? and it will come to Sol. 72. 11. so that as it will appear, the said Commission may be performed to benefit, because that in drawing for Placentia at Sol. 88 the Velvets may be bought at 72 Sol. 11. Den. the Palm, and it is found at 72¼ Sol.   

CHAP. CCCLXVIII.  
Of the terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Genoa.  
From Genoa the terms of Bills are 

TO Venetia at 15 days sight, and at 10 days back. 
Of the terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Genoa.   
To Avignon at 15 days sight, and so back.  
To Barselona at 20 days sight, and so back.  
To Valentia at 20 days sight, and so back.  
To London at 3 months from the date, and so back.  
To Milan at 5 days sight, and so back.  
To Rome at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Pisa at 5 days sight, and so back.  
To Gaietta at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Bridges and Antuerpe at 10 days fight, and thence at 2 months from the date.  
To Paris the same as to Bridges and Antuerpe.  
To Naples and Palermo at 15 days sight, and back at 20 days sight.    
And thus much shall serve for the Exchanges practised at Genoa, together with the Commissions given and received there, and so proceed to the next eminent place of Exchanges, Venetia.   

CHAP. CCCLXIX.  
Examples of the Exchanges practised at Venice, and how the same are to be calculated.  
I Have showed the general Exchanges used in Venice, and with how many other places, this city is found 
●…ges pra●…d at 〈◊〉.  to Exchange withal, and there also showed at large the common rates & prices the same is found there to govern, which notwithstanding is so subject to alteration, that the prices there mentioned, cannot be admitted for a settled rule, and certain rate, yet so fare it is conducible in itself to the understanding hereof, that the same may serve as an undoubted method in the calculation thereof, either in the Draughts or Remittances, Orders or Commissions, that may fall within the limit of the Exchanges of this city, the working of which rules now remaineth to be handled, observing the same only with such principal places, as are most notable, which being well understood will serve as guides to found out what else is here by me for brevity willingly omitted.  
To given first then introduction thereunto, it is to be noted, 
Accounts kept in Venice.  that Merchants and Bankers here do keep their account by several methods, and denomination, some in Ducats and Grosses of Livers 6⅕ the Ducat, the which they sum by 24, because that 24 Grosses are worth one Ducat: and others keep the same by Livers, Sols, and Gross, which are worth ten Ducats the Liver, which is summed up by 20 and by 12, making 20 Sols of Gross to be one Liver, and 12 Deniers one Sol.  
Again it is to be noted, that some few years past, the Moneycurrent paid in payment of Merchandise, & the Money current paid upon B●…ls of Exchange was of one and the selfsame goodness in value, or little in difference, but now the monies paid upon Bills of Exchange, is found to exceed the former 20 in 21 per cent. and is commonly now called in Banco, as the other is called the current Money, and therefore when monies by Exchange is mentioned, it is understood to be in Banco, as the best and principal.   

CHAP. CCCLXX.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Lions.  
VEnice doth Exchange with Lions, and giveth posito ducats 119 〈◊〉 of Livers 6 〈◊〉 to have in Lion's Crow. 100 of gold of the 
Exchanges of Venice with Lions.  sun: I demand for ducc. 4238 1/11, how many Crowns of the sun shall I have in Lions? to do this, say by the Rule of three: If ducc. 119⅖ given 100 crow. of the sun of gold, what will ducc. 4328 1/11given me, which being done, accordingly as I have heretofore often mentioned, it will come to crow. 3459, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 to make them sols of gold, and then by 12 to make them deniers, it will come in all to crow. 3549. 9 8. of gold of the sun, and so much shall you have credit in Lions for the said sum of ducats 4238 1/12of livers 6. 4. sols per ducat, as may be seen by the following Example.  
The proof of this Rule is seen when that Lions doth Exchange 
Proof.  back with Venice.   

CHAP. CCCLXXI.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Placentia.  
VEnice doth Exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito ducc. 
Exchanges of Venice with Placentia . 134½ of livers 6 〈◊〉 to have in Placentia 100 Crow of mark: I demand for ducats 1450 17/24, how many Crowns of mark? first reduce the said ducc. 134½ into grosses, multiplying them by 24, and adding 12 grosses, for the half ducat, and it will make gross. 3228, in like manner you must reduce the said ducats into grosses, in multiplying them by 24, and adding of 17 gross. for the 17/24(it being the same to say one gross, as 1/24) and it will be grosses 34817, saying then by the Rule of three, If grosses 3228 given Crow. 100, what will grosses 34817 grosses given, and it will come to Crow. 1078, and multiplying the rest of the division by 20 to make them sols of gold, and by 12 to make them deniers, it will be found to make in all Crowns 1078. 11. 10. of gold of mark, and so much you shall have in Placentia for the said Ducats 1450 17/24of lib. 6. 4. sh. as by the Example following.  
The proof of this Rule is more apparent when Placentia doth exchange back with Venice. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCLXXII.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Rome.  
VEnice doth Exchange with Rome, and giveth Ducats 100 of 6 lib. 4 sh. to have in that place posito Cro. 73 〈◊〉 of gold de Camera 
Exchanges of Venice with Rome.  for ducc. 1157½, I would know how many Crow. shall Venice have in Rome: you must multiply the said sum of ducc. at the said price of Crow. 73½ per cent. and out of its product, cut off the two last figures, the which multiplied by 20 and by 12, to make them sols and deniers of gold, and it will make Crowns 850. 15. 3. of gold of estampe, and so much credit shall Venice have in Rome, as is apparent by this Example.  
The proof of the said account is more apparent, when this parcel is Exchanged from Rome back to Venice. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCLXXIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Naples.  
VEnice doth Exchange with Naples, and giveth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
E●…nger Ve●… Naples.  of lib. 6. ⅕ to have in the said place posito ducc. 97 〈◊〉 rises 5 per ducat. I demand then for ducats 1850 〈◊〉 of ●…nice, how many ducats credit shall I have in Naples? multiply the said sum of ducats by grains 97¼ per ducc. and of the product will come grains, out of which cut off the two last figures, to make them Ducc. because (as hath been said before) one ducat is worth 100 grains, and it will make ducc. 1799, and gra. 32, which are one Tarry and graire 12, and so much credit shall you have in Naples, for the said sum of ducc. of Venice, as by Example shall appear.  
The proof of this account will appear when this is rechanged from Naples to Venice: and note, that when Venice doth Exchange 
Proof.  with Bary, Lecchie, Lausano, or other parts of the Kingdom of Naples, the account is made as above with Naples itself.   

CHAP. CCCLXXIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Florence:  
VEnice doth Exchange with Florence, and giveth ducc. 100 of lib. 6⅕ to have in Florence posito 81½ C●…w. of gold, I demand 
Exchanges of Venice with Florence.  then for ducats 2500 what credit s●…ll Venice have in Florence: to do this, multiply the said sum of ducc. at the abovesaid price of Crow. 81½ per cent. and from the product cut the 2 last figures, multiplying the same by 20 and by 12, to make the same sols and deniers of gold, and they will make Crow. 2037. 10 sols of gold of Florence, as by Example will more manifestly appear.  
The proof of this account is seen, when this sum is rech ●…nged from Florence to Venice. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCLXXV.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Milan.  
VEnice doth exchange with Milan, and giveth posito Sol's 148½, 
Exchanges of Venice with Milan.  to have in Milan one Crown of Livers 5, and 17 Sols of that Money: I demand, for Ducc. 1486¼ of Lively 6⅕, what credit in Livers shall Venice have in Milan? First multiply the said sum of Ducc. by 124 Sol. the value of the Ducc. of Lively 6 〈◊〉, and it will make Sol. 184295. the which divide by Sol. 148½, to see how much the Crowns of Milan are worth, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they will make Crow. 1241, and 10 Deniers, the which multiplied by Lively 5. 17. the price of the Crow. to make them Livers, beginning to multiply the Livers 5 by the 10 Deniers, which are worth the Crown, and then with the Sols, if any be, calculating for 12 Deniers 1 Sol, and for 20 Sols 1 Liver, and of the product thereof will come Lively 7260. 1. 10. And so much credit shall Venice have in Milan, for the said Ducats 1486¼ of Livers 6 〈◊〉 of Venice; as by the Example following.  
The proof of this rule is seen, when Milan doth exchange 
Proof.  with Venice.   

CHAP. CCCLXXVI.  
Of the Exchanges of Ven●…ce with Antwerp.  
VEnice doth exchange with Antwerp and giveth one Ducat 
Exchanges of Venice with Antuerpe.  of Livers 6⅕ to have in that place posito Gross 92 ●, I demand then for Duc. 3810¾, how many Livers Gross shall Venice have credit in Antwerp, you must multiply the said sum of Ducats by the said Gross. 92½, and it will make Gross. 352494, out of which, take 1/12to make the same Sols of Gross. and they will be Sols 29374, and Gross. 6, the which must be reduced into Livers, by cutting the last figure, and by taking the of the rest, and it will come to be Livers 1468, and the tenth that is remaining is ten Sols, and adding 4, the figure cut off, shall be 14 Sol. so in all 1468. 14. 6, which Antwerp will given, as for Example.  
The proof of this rule is seen when Antwerp rechangeth this sum with Venice, and here it is to be noted, that Venice doth 
Proof.  exchange with Colonia, and Amsterdam and the Netherlandss, after the same manner as with Antwerp, and the account is made up as the precedent, whereto needeth no further example for illustration.   

CHAP. CCCLXXVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Ven●…ce with London.  
VEnice doth Exchange with London, and giveth one Ducat of 
Exchanges of Venice with London.  Liu. 6 〈◊〉 to have there posito 56 〈◊〉 pence sterling: I demand then for Ducats 740, how many Livers or Sterling shall Venice have credit in London: this must be done as in the precedent account is showed of Venice with Antwerp, and it will come to pounds 173, s. 8. and pence 9, which Venice shall have credit in London, as by the Example more at large appeareth.  
The proof of this account is manifested, when London doth rechange 
Proof.  this sum of 173. 8. 9 d. for Venice, and here note, that Usance from Venice to London is 3 months, or 90 days, and double Usance the said time doubled, and the like accounted back from London to Venice.   

CHAP. CCCLXXVIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Genoa.  
VEnice doth Exchange with Genoa, and giveth posito Sol's 
Exchanges of Venice w●…th Genoa.  146½ to have in Genoa one Crown of 4 Livers money of Genoa, I demand then for Ducc. 2463½ of Livers 6⅕ how many Livers of current money shall I have credit in Genoa? first reduce the said sum of Ducc. into Sols, multiplying them by 124, the value of the Ducat, and divide the Sols that shall rest of the said multiplication by 146½ to make them Crow. of 4 Livers, and multiply the remainder of the Division by 20 and by 12, to make them sols and deniers of gold, and they shall be Crow. 2085. 2. 11, which must be multipyed by lib. 4 per Crow. beginning the multiplication by deniers, and then by the sols, calculating for 12 deniers 1 sol, and for 20 sols 1 liver, and of the product will come livers 8340. 11. 8 current money, and so much will the credit be in Genoa, as for Example.  
The proof of this account is seen, when Genoa doth rechang●… 
〈◊〉.  this parcel for Venice.   

CHAP. CCCLXXIX.  
Of the Exchange of Venice with Norimberg.  
VEnice doth exchange with Norimberg, and giveth Ducc. 100 of Lively 6 〈◊〉, to have in the said place posito Florins 130¼ of 60 
〈◊〉 of ●…ce w●… 〈◊〉.  Quarent. per Florin. I demand then, for Ducc. 2645 〈◊〉, what credit in Florins must I have in the said place?  
Multiply the said sum of Ducats by Florins 130¼ per Cent. and the broken numbers of the multiplication divide by 20, to have an account of the Sols, and of the remainder cut off the two last figures, the which being multiplied by 20, to bring the same into Sols, and then by 12, to bring them into Deniers; and in doing thus, there will be found Florin. 3210. 18. 8. which must be had in credit at Norimberg for the said D●…. in Venice remitted: as by this Example following appears.  
The proof of this account is manifested, when Noremberg shall exchange this sum back with Venice: and note, that for Augusta 
Proof.  and Francfort, the Exchange from Venice is made as with Noremberg, whereto needs no other Examples.   

CHAP. CCCXCIX.  
Of the Exchanges of Venice with Bergamo.  
VEnice doth Exchange with Bergamo, and giveth one Crown of 7 lib. to have in Bergamo Sol's 145½ posito, I demand then 
Exchanges of Venice with Bergamo.  for ducc. 4220 〈◊〉, how many Livers will it amount unto? multiply the said sum of ducats by 6 lib. 〈◊〉, and it will amount to lib. 26168. 2. 8, of which take the 〈◊〉 to make them Crowns, and the remainders divide by 20 and 12, and they will be Crowns 3738. 6. 1. the which must be multipiled by lib. 7. 5. 6. which are the said lib. 145½ sols, and of the multiplication will come lib. 27196. 3. 2, which must be had in credit in the said place of Bergamo, as by this Example following.  
The proof of the said Rule is discerned when this parcel is Remitted 
Proof.  back from Bergamo to Venice, and thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges of Venice, a word of the Orders and Commissions here practised in matters of Exchanges.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXI.  
Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Venice.  
ACcording to my proposed method, I will here add an Example or two of Draughts and Remittances, ordered 
Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Venice.  by Commission in the City of Venice, posito: Into Venice cometh Order from Francfort, that they may draw thither at Florins 130, and remit thence to London at 56 pence, not of charges or provision, the partido being for ducats 3500, now there is bills found for London at 57¼ pence, 
1 Example.  and money for Francfort at Florins 132 〈◊〉, I demand then at these rates, whither this Commission without breach of Order may be performed? to do which, say by the Rule of three, (seeing that Venice giveth the certain price to both those said two places) If 56 pence starl. given 130 Florins the limited price, what shall 57¼ pence given, (the price found) and it will make Flor. 132 〈◊〉, from which deduct 10 shil. 7. den. for the provision that is taken at ⅖ per cent. there will remain Flor. 132. 7. 5, so that thereby the said Commission may be performed with benefit, because that remitting to London at 57¼ pence starl. the draught may be made for Francfort, at Florins 132. 7. 5, and the money that is found is at Flor. 132. 〈◊〉, as appeareth by this Example.  
Again, a Merchant of Florence is creditor in Venice posito 2000 
2 Example.  Ducats of banco, who ordereth that the same be remitted unto him at Crow. 81½ thence or by the way of Antwerp at gross 91¼ and to take the most beneficial way of the two, and finding, a remittance by both to profit, according to the limited prices, the order is to take the most profitable of the two, and finding the remittances produce loss, to accept of the lest, now then, there are bills found for Florence as I said, at 82½ Cro. and for Antwerp at 92 〈◊〉 grow. I would know by which the remittance aught to be made, seeing that by both the remittance may be made to profit, and desirous to found out the most profitable, you must say by the Rule of three, if Crow. 81½ given gross. 91¼ the price limited, what shall 82½ Cro. given which is the price found, and it will make grosses 92 〈◊〉 or thereabouts, so that the remittance must be made by Florence strait, because that remitting by that way at 82½ Crow. to make the price, you should remit to Antwerp at 92 〈◊〉 gross. and there are no bills found but at gross 92 〈◊〉, as it is seen wrought by this Example.  
Again, posito from Lions the Exchange goeth for Venice at ducc. 117 〈◊〉 and for Naples at ducc. 125, I demand giving order to Lions, 
3 Example.  that at these prices they make draught to Venice, and remit to Naples, at what price then will the remittance come out to be from Venice to Naples, to know which, say by the Rule of three, if ducats 117 〈◊〉 of Venice, the price of 100 Crow. of sol of gold of Lions, given at Naples ducc. 125, how many will ducc. 100 given of the said place of Venice, and it will make ducc. 106½ or thereabouts, and so much credit must be had in Naples for ducc. 100 of lib. 6⅕ which are disbursed in Venice, out of which must be deducted 〈◊〉 per cent. for the provision that is paid in Lions.  
Again, in the said place of Venice, cometh order from Florence, to remit to Placentia at ducc. 136, and to prevail on them at 
4 Example.  crow. 80 not of charges, the partido being made for 5000 crow. of mark: now the said 5000 crow. of mark, is found for Placentia at ducc. 135, and for Florence may be drawn ducc. 2000 at crowns 80¼: I would know at what price must the rest be drawn, to know which, I must first see for the remittance of the said crow. 5000 of mark, at the price inordered, how many crow. of gold it is at Florence, and to do this, multiply the said sum of crowns by ducc: 136 per cent. and they make ducc. 6800, without calculation of provision, seeing that the order is not of charges, you must multiply them by crowns 80 per cent. and they will be crow. 5440 of gold, and so much the draught will appear to be for the said crow. 5000 of mark by remittance, and afterwards multiplying the said crowns 5000 by ducc. 135 per cent. the price that is found, it maketh ducc. 6750 to which adding ducc. 27 for the provision at ⅖ per cent. seeing that the draught must be made for Florence, and they will be ducc. 6777 out of which, deduct ducc. 2000 which were found to be drawn at crowns 80¼ there will rest ducc. 4777, and for the said ducc. 2000, their disbursement is at Florence crowns 1605 which must be deducted out of crow. 5440, which must be drawn, there will remain crowns 3835 of gold, which must be drawn, for the which I must be imbursed at Venice, ducats 4777, and to know at what price, say by the Rule of three, if ducc. 4777 given by disbursement at Florence crowns 3835 of gold, which will ducc. 100 given, and it will make crow. 80. 5. 7. of gold, and at this price the said par●…ido of ducc. 4777 may be drawn, and the other ducc. 2000 at 80¼ Crow. and so for both these parcels must be drawn Crow. 5440, as is inordred, and there is imbursed ducc. 6777, there being per contra disbursed ducc. 6750 for the remittance of the said Crow. 5000 of mark, at Ducc. 135 per cent. and Ducc. 27 which is imb●…rsed over and above, proceeding from the provision, and in this manner this said Commission will remain performed as it was by the Committees inordered as by example, the same will appear evident, following.  
And note, when the said City of Venice exchangeth for Naples, Rome, Antuerpe, and London, and that you would know at how much 
Note.  cometh the Money of any one of the said places for Lions or Placentia, the account is made as in the precedent rule of Florence and Placentia, always multiplying the price, by which the Exchange goeth for Lions, with the price of the other place from whence it is remitted or drawn: and therefore, for brevity sake, it is needless to propound here any further Example.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXII.  
Of the terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Venice.  
The terms from Venice 

TO Naples and Gaietta at 15 days sight, and so back. 
Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange in Venice.   
To Palermo & Mesina at 30 days sight, and so back.  
To Rome at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Florence and Lucca at 20 after date, and 5 days sight back.  
To Avignon at 45 days after date, and thence 2 months after date.  
To Barselona at 2 months after date, and so back.  
To Valentia at 75 days after date, and so back.  
To Sivil at 90 days after date, and so back.  
To Lions for the Fair, and from Fair to Fair.  
To Bridges and Antuerpe at 2 months after date, and so back.  
To London at 3 months after date, and so back.  
To Paris at 2 months after date, and so back.  
To Genoa at 10 days sight, and 15 days back.  
To Milan at 12 days sight, & 20 days thence after date.  
To Constantinople 5 months after date, and so back.     

CHAP. CCCLXXXIII.  
Of Examples upon the Exchanges that are practised in Placentia, and how the same are to be calculated.  
I Have showed in the general Exchanges of Placentia 
〈◊〉 Exchanges practised at 〈◊〉.  with how many other places Placentia is found to exchange with, and there also set down the common rates how the same is for the most part found to govern which every day is so subject to alteration, that no positive rules can be set down for the same; yet it is in itself so beneficial, that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make up the account thereof, at what rate soever the same be found to be, either in Remittances or Draughts, the which only now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with so many other Towns, as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof.  
It is then first to be noted, that all Bankers and Exchangers 
A●…ts kept in 〈◊〉.  here do keep their Accounts in Crowns, Solds, and Deniers of Gold of Marque, which are cast up by 20 and 12, because that 20 Sols of Gold makes a Crown, and 12 Deniers make a Sol.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Lions.  
ANd first then, Placentia is found to exchange with Lions, and giveth posito Crowns 85 〈◊〉, to have at Lions 100 Crowns 
●…ges of 〈◊〉 with 〈◊〉.  of the Sun of Gold; I demand then, for Crowns 1516. 12. of Marc. what will be due to me in Lions? To do which, say by the Rule of Three, If Crowns 85½ of Marc. given 100 Crowns of the Sun, what will the said Crowns 1516. 12. given? and it will come to Crowns 1773. 16. 0. of Gold of the Sun: And so much will be due to me in Lions, for the said sum of Crowns of Marc; as by Example following.  
The proof of this Rule is seen, when that Lions doth exchange 
Proof.  with Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXV.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Genoa.  
PLacentia exchangeth for Genoa, and giveth one Crown of Marc. 
Exchanges of Placentia with Genoa.  to have posito Sols 67. 10 Money of Gold in Genoa; I demand then, for Crow. 723. 14. 3 of Marc. how many Livers of current Money shall I have in Genoa? First multiply the said Cro. of Marc. by Lively 3. 7. 10 per Crow. which are the said 67 Sols, 10 Den. beginning to multiply the said Lively 3. by 3 Den. and afterwards by Sols 14, which are with the Crow. calculating for 12 Den. one Sol, and for 20 Sols one Liver, and of the product will come Lively 2454. 11. 9 Money of Gold, which must be divided by 68 Sols, the price of the Crown of Gold, in Money of Gold, to bring them into Crowns, multiplying the rest of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers, and they will make Crow. 721. 18. 9 of Gold, which must be multiplied by Lively 4½ per Crow. the present price of the Crow. of Gold in current Money, and it will make Lively 3248. 14. 4. And so much in current Money I shall have in Genoa for the said Crow. 723. 14. 3 of Marc. As by Example.  
The proof of the said account is seen, when Genoa exchangeth 
Proof.  for Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXVI.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Rome.  
PLacentia exchangeth with Rome, and giveth 100 Crowns of Gold 
Exchanges of Placentia with Rome.  of Marc. to have in that place posito Crowns 99 〈◊〉 of Gold of Estampe; I demand then, for Crowns 1385. 15 of Marc. how many Crowns of Estampe shall Placentia have credit for in Rome? To do which, multiply the said sum of Crow. of Marque by 99¾ per Cent. and taking the remainder of the multiplication, to be divided by 20 Sols, cutting off the two last figures of the production, the which multiplied by 20, to make them Sols of Gold, and then by 12, to make them Deniers, and they will make Crowns 1382. 5. 9 of Gold. And so much will the credit be in Rome: as by the Example following.  
The proof of the said account is seen●…, when that Rome doth exchange back for Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Florence.  
PLacentia doth exchange for Florence, and giveth 100 Crowns 
〈…〉.  of Marc. to have in that place posito Crowns 110½ of Gold: I demand, for Crowns 4500. 10 of Marc. how many Crowns of Gold shall I have in Florence? To know which, working according to the preceding Example, and Rule of Placentia with Rome, and I found it giveth Crowns 4973. 1. 0. of Gold, which Placentia must have credit for in Florence: as for example.  
The proof of this account is discerned, when Florence doth rechange 
〈◊〉.  for Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXVIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Palermo.  
PLacentia doth exchange with Palermo, and giveth Crow. 100 of 
Exchanges o●… Placentia w●… Palermo.  Marc. to have in Palermo posito Ducc. 132¾ of Tarries 5 per Ducc. I demand then, for Cro. 2573. 12. 4 of Marc. what credit shall Placentia have in Palermo? To do which, you must multiply the said sum of Crowns by Grains 132¾ per Cro. seeing as hath been said, it is alike so many Grains per Crow. as so many Ducats per 100 Crowns, and of the product will come Grains; the which to turn to Ducats, you must cut off the two last figures, and there will remain Ducc. 3416. and the Grains 47, which are the two last cut figures, which are 2 Tarries and 7 Grains: so that for the said Crow. 2573. 12. 4 of Marc. Placentia shall have credit in Palermo Ducc. 3416. 2. 7 d. As for Example.  
The proof of the said account is discerned, when that Palermo 
Proof.  is seen to rechange for Placentia. And note, that when the said 
Exchanges with Mesina, the same as with Palermo.  place doth exchange with Mesina in this Kingdom, the account is made as above with Palermo, the price and rate is only found to differ, and to be either higher or lower.   

CHAP. CCCLXXXIX.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Venice.  
PLacentia doth exchange for Venice, and giveth Crowns 100 of 
Exchanges of Placentia with Venic●…  Marc. to have in the said place Ducc. 134½ more or less, of Livers 6⅕ per Ducc. I say in Banco, I demand, for Crow. 1078. 12 of Marc. how many Ducats shall it make in Venetia? Multiply the said sum of Crowns by Ducc. 134½ per Cent. and the remainders of the multiplication are to be divided by 24, to bring them into Gross', and from the product cut off the two last figures, which are to be multiplied by 24, to make them Grosses, and it will make Ducc. 1450 17/24of Livers 6⅕ per Ducc. And so much will Placentia have in Venetia, for the said sum of Crowns of Marc. As by this Example.  
The proof of the said account is discerned, when that Venetia is 
Proof.  found to rechange for Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCXC.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Milan.  
PLacentia doth exchange with Milan, and is found to given one 
Exchanges of Placentia with Milan.  Crow. of Marc. to have in the said place posito Sols 133⅔; I demand then for Crow. 1450. 15. 6 of Marc. how many Livers aught I to have in Milan? Multiply the said Crowns by Livers 6. 13. 4. per Crow. which are the said Sol's 133⅔, beginning to multiply the 6 Livers by the 6 Deniers, and then by the 15 Sols which are with the Crow. of Marc. calculating for 12 Deniers one Sol, and for 20 Sols one Liver, and they will make li. 9671. 16. 8. which Placentia must have in Milan: As by Example.  
The proof of the said account is seen, when Milan doth exchange 
Proof.  back with Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCXCI.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Naples.  
PLac●…ia doth exchange with Naples, and giveth one Crown of 〈◊〉 to have in Na●…les Carlins' posito 29½; I demand, for 〈◊〉 2400. 10. ●…0. of Marc. what credit in Ounces shall I have in Naples? Multiply the said Crowns by 29½ Carlins' per 〈◊〉, and take the rest of the multiplication to be divided by 〈◊〉 ●…o the end to make them Grains, and they will make Carlins' 〈◊〉 ●…15, Grains 9 the which to reduce to Ounces, you must cut off the last figure, and take ⅙ of the rest, and it will be Ounces 1180. and the tenth of the remaining Carlins is to be added to the 5 Carlins, which is the figure cut off, and they are Carlins 15, which are Tarries 7, and there will remain 1 Carlin, with the 9 Grains, which are Grains 19, and in all are Ounces 1180. 7. 19 to which add one Carlin per Ounce for the good Money, which is done as hath been before showed, when Naples doth exchange with Palermo, and it will make Ounces 1199. 28. 1. And that is the credit that shall be due in the said Naples, good Money being therein comprised, as by this Example.  
The proof of this account is seen, when Naples doth exchange 
〈◊〉.  with Placentia. And note, the account is the same, when Placentia 
Note ●…arri and ●…ecchie.  doth exchange with Barri and Lecchie in this Kingdom, the rates only altering.   

CHAP. CCCXCII.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Seville.  
PLacentia is found to exchange with Seville, and giveth one 
Ex●… of 〈◊〉 with 〈◊〉.  Crown of Marc. to have in that place posito 428 Marvedes; I demand then, for Crow. 815. 5. 6 of Marc. what credit in Marvedes shall Placentia have in Seville? Multiply the said sum of Crowns by 428 Marved. the Crown, and it will make Marvedes 348937, and adding ½ per Cent. for the Aggio of the Monies, at 5 Marvedes per Mill. and they make Marvedes 350681. And so much credit shall Placentia have in Sivil: as for example.  
The proof of this account is seen, when that Sivil doth rechange for Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCXCIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Valentia.  
PLacentia doth exchange with Valentia, and is found to given 
Exchanges of Placentia with Valentia.  one Crown of Marc. to have in Valentia 23⅓ Sols posito: I demand, for Crowns 926. 19 2 of Marc. how many Livers shall I have in Valentia? To do this, multiply the said sum of Crowns by Livers 1, 3, 4 d. per Crow. which are the said 23 〈◊〉 Sols, beginning the multiplication by the Deniers, and then by the Sols which are with the Crowns, and they will make Livers 848. 2. 4 d. And so much shall Placentia have credit in Valentia. Example.  
Note, that when Placentia doth exchange with Barselona and 
Note Saragosa and Barselona the same as Valentia.  Saragosa, the account thereof is made up, as the abovementioned exchange from Placentia to Valentia. And the proof of the said Rule is apparent, when that Valentia shall exchange back for Placentia. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCXCIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Antuerpe.  
PLacentia doth exchange with Antuerpe, and giveth one Crown of Marc. to have in Antuerpe posito 124 〈◊〉 Grosses; I demand, 
Exchanges of Placentia with Antuerpe.  for Cro. 700. 15. 0 of Marc. how many Livers of Gross' shall I have in Antuerpe? You must multiply the said sum of Crowns by 124 〈◊〉 Grosses per Crow. and it maketh Grosses 87243, from which you must take 〈◊〉, to make them Sols, and then it is 7270, and Gross. 3. which reduced to Livers, cutting off the last figure, and by taking ½ of the rest, and it will make Livers 363, and the tenth that remaineth is worth 10 Sols, and then 3 Gross. And so much will the credit appear to be in Antuerpe: as by example.  
The proof of this Rule is seen, when Antuerpe doth rechange 
Proof.  for Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCXCV.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Bergamo.  
PLacentia doth exchange with Bergamo, and giveth 100 Crowns of Marc. to have Crowns 123¼ posito, more or less, of Livers 
Exchanges of Placentia with Bergamo.  7 per Crown. I demand, for Crowns 740. 4. 8. how many Livers credit shall I have in Bergamo? To do which, first multiply the said sum of Crowns of Marc. by the said Crowns 123¼, and the remainders divide by 20, to keep account of the Sols, and from the product cut off the two last figures, which must be multiplied by 20 and by 12, to make them Deniers and Sols of Gold, and they shall be Crowns 912. 6. 8. which to reduce into Livers, multiply by seven Livers, the value of the Crown, beginning to multiply the said 7 Livers by the Deniers 8, and then by the Sols 6, which are with the Crowns, calculating for 12 Deniers one Sol, and for 20 Sols one Liver, and it maketh li. 6386. 6. 8. which must be had in credit at Bergamo. Example.  
The proof of this account is seen, when Bergamo doth rechange 
Proof.  this parcel for Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCXCVI.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Lucca.  
PLacentia doth exchange with Lucca, and giveth 100 Crowns of Marc. to have in Lucca posito 117½ Crowns of Livers 
Exchanges of Placentia with Lucca.  7½ per Crown; I demand then, at this rate, for Crowns 406. 10. 10 of Marc. how many Crowns of Lively 7½ shall I have credit in Lucca? First multiply the said sum of Crowns of Marc. by Crown's 117½ per Cent. and of the product cut off the two last figures, which multiplied by 20, and by 12, to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they will make Crowns 477. 13. 8. And so many Crowns of Livers 7 〈◊〉 per Crown shall I have at Lucca. Example.  
The proof of this Exchange serveth to know how to make the 
Proof.  account, when Lucca exchangeth with Placentia, being done by the Rule of Three, saying, If Crow. 117 〈◊〉 given 100 Crow. of Marc. how much will 477. 13. 8 Crow. given? and it will be 406. 10. 10 Crow. of Marc. And this is to be observed in the proof of the rest, according to former mentioned rules.   

CHAP. CCCXCVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia with Francfort.  
PLacentia doth Exchange with Francfort, and giveth Crowns 
Exchanges of Placentia with Francfort.  100 of Marc. to have here Crow. 110 〈◊〉 of 93 quarantines per Crown: I demand for 800 Crowns of Marc. how many Florins of 60 Quarentins per Flor. shall I have in Francfort. Multiply the said Crow. 800 by Cro. 110½ per cent. cutting off the two last figures, the which multiply by 20 and by 12, to make them Sols and Deniers of Gold, and it comes to 884 Crowns of quarantines 93, the which to make Florins, must be multiplied by 93 quarantines, and they are 82212 quarantines, from which cut off the last figure, and take ⅙ of the rest, and they than do make Florins 1370, and the tenth remaining, with the 2 quarantines, which is the figure cut off, and it maketh 12, from which taking 〈◊〉 to make them Sols, by reason that 3 quarantines make one Sol, and they are Florins 1370, and Sols 4, which is the credit that must be rendered in Francfort, as shall appear by example.  
The proof hereof appeareth when Francfort Exchangeth for 
Proof.  Placentia, and thus much shall serve for the Exchanges practised a Drotura from Placentia.   

CHAP. CCCXCVIII.  
Of Orders and Commissions given and received for Draughts and Remittances in Placentia.  
ACcording to my method proposed, I will here add some examples of Draughts and Remittances made 
Orders and Commissi●…ns given and received for Drau●…hts and ●…ces in Placentia.  by Order and Commission, in this place of Placentia, wherein I will somewhat enlarge myself by reason that it is the most noted and eminent place of Exchanges at this day practised in the world.  
To Placentia then is order given, to remit to Venice at Duc. 134 or to Florence at Crowns 110½ where the benefit shall appear to be 
〈◊〉 Example  most, that is to say, that finding to remit to one of the said two places, with benefit of the limited prices, the remittance be made thither where most will be given, and if the Remittance be found to be made with loss, to that which will given the lest: for Florence then there is found at Cro. 111⅖, and for Venice at Duc. 135: I demand wither aught the Remittance be made, for to both the Remittance is found to be with profit, and to know where the greatest gain will be, I say by the rule of three, If Duc. 134 given 110½ the inordered price, what will 135 Duc. given, the price found, it will make Cro. 111 〈◊〉 or circa, so that there is more profit to make the Remittance to Florence, because that remitting at Duc. 135, to make the Par, the Remittance should be for Florence at Cro. 111 〈◊〉, and the partido found is 111 〈◊〉 Cro. as for Example.  
Again, at Placentia there is order received to remit to Antwerp at Gross' 123, or to Barselona at Sol 24½, where the most advantage 
See Example.  shall be found, there is found a parcel for Antwerp at Gross 120⅔, and for Barselona at Sol 24, I would know to which must the Remittance be made, seeing that in both places there is loss given upon the prices that are inordered, and to know where is the lest, I say by the Rule of Three, if Sol's 24½ given Gross' 123, the price inordered, what will 24 Sols given, the price that is found, and it maketh Gross' 120½, so that the Remittance must be made for Antwerp, by reason that remitting to Barselona at Sols 24, to make the Par, the Remittance should be made to Antwerp at Gross 120 〈◊〉, and it is found at 120 〈◊〉.   

CHAP. CCXLVIII.  
Questions upon the Exchanges practised at Placentia.  
AT Florence there is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of the Fair, posito at Cro. 109 〈◊〉, and for Venice at Cro. 
Questions upon the Exchanges practised at Placentia.  81½, I would know by the said Exchanges, at what price Placentia doth hereby exchange for Venice, to do which, say by the Rule of Three, If 81½ Cro. of Gold of Florence given at Venice 100 Duc. of Livers 6 〈◊〉, how many will 109 〈◊〉 Cro. given, the price of 100 Cro. of Marc. and it will make Duc. 134⅓ of Lib. 6 〈◊〉, and at that price should Placentia exchange for Venice, where by the way it is to be noted, that it is a thing evident, that exchanges are here made at greater or lesser prices, according to the plenty or scarcity of money to be found, and the rates incertain, these rules only serving for instruction to make up the accounts thereof.  
Again at Naples is Exchange made for Placentia in expedition 
Question fo●… 〈◊〉.  of a Fair there at Duc. 136½, and for Venice at Duc. 101 2, I would know by the said Exchanges at what prices should Placentia Exchange with Venice: I say by the Rule of three, if Duc. 101½ of Naples given at Venice ducc. 100 at lib. 6 〈◊〉 howmany will 136½ ducc. given the price of 100 Cro. of Marc. and it will appear to make Ducc. 134 〈◊〉, and at that price should Placentia Exchange for Venice, as by Example.  
Again, at Venice there is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition of a Fair at Duc. 133⅔, and for Naples at Duc. 102⅔, I demand 
●…ion for 〈◊〉.  by the said parties, at what price should Placentia Exchange for Naples, you must multiply the said Duc. 133⅔ which is the value of 100 crow. of marc. by Duc. 102⅔ per cent. by reason that the said Duc. 102 〈◊〉 are the value of 100 Duc. of Venice, and thus wrought, it will make Duc. 137 〈◊〉 or thereabouts, and at that price should Placentia exchange with Naples.  
Again at Naples is exchange made for Placentia, in expedition 
Question for ●…me.  of a Fair, at Duc. 136½, and for Rome at Duc 137, I demand by the said exchanges, at what price should Placentia exchange with Rome, I say then by the Rule of three, If Duc. 137 of Naples given at Rome Cr. 100 of Gold of Estamp, how many will Duc. 136½ given the price of 100 Crow. of mark, and thus it will come to Cro. 99 〈◊〉 in circa of Gold of Estampe, and at that price should Placentia exchange with Rome.  
Again at Rome is exchange made for Placentia, in expedition 
Question for Florence.  of a Fair, there at Cro. 99 and for Florence at Cro. 90 I demand by the said exchanges, at what price should Placentia exchange with Florence, I say then by the Rule of three, If Cro. 90 of Gold of Estamp, given in Florence Cro. 100 of Gold, what will Crow. 99 of Estampe the value of Cro. 100 of mark given, it will be Cro. 110, and at that price should Placentia exchange for Florence.  
Again at Rome is Exchange made for Placentia in expedition of a Fair there at Cro. 99, and for Milan at cro. 86, I demand by 
Question for Milan.  the said Exchanges at what prices should Placentia Exchange with Milan, I say by the Rule of three, if cro. 86 of Gold of Estampe given at Milan cro. 100 of lib. 5. 17. 0, what will crowns 99 the price of 100 Cro. of Marc. given, it will be crowns 115. 2. 3. which being multiplied by Sol 117, the price of the crown in cutting the two last figures of his product to reduce the exchange to the value of the crown of Marc. there will remain Sol 134⅔, and at that price should Placentia Exchange with or for Milan.  
Again, at Milan is Exchange made for Placentia, in expedition 
Question for Genoa.  of a Fair there, at Sol 133½, and for Genoa at Sol 118 〈◊〉, I demand by the said Exchanges, at what price should Placentia Exchange for Genoa? I say by the Rule of Three, if Sol's 118⅔ of Milan (the price of the Crown of 4 lib. of Genoa) given Sols 80, what will Sol's 133½ given (the price of the Crown of Marc. in money of Milan) and it will be 90 Sols of current money, the which without making the reduction into money of Gold, seeing it hath been already said, that 90 Sols of current money is worth 68 Sols of Gold, and at this price should Placentia exchange with and for Genoa.  
Again at Venice is exchange made for Placentia in expedition of a Fair there, at Duc. 141, and for Lions at 116½, I demand by the 
Question for Lions.  said Exchanges, at what price should Placentia exchange for Lions? I say by the Rule of Three, if Duc. 141 of lib. 6 〈◊〉 of Venice given in Placentia Cro. 100, how many will Duc. 116½ given (the value of the Cro. 100 of Gold of the Sun of Lions) and it will be Cro. 82 〈◊〉 in circa, and at that price should Placentia Exchange with Lions.  
At Placentia there is exchange made for Lions at Cro. 83½, and for Florence at Cro. 113, and from that place we have advice, that 
Another.  they exchange for Lions at Cro. 95⅓, I would know by the said exchanges, if it be beneficial to remit from Placentia to Lions, and to draw from Florence, by inordering my Factors at Florence to prevail upon Lions at the said price of Cro. 95⅓, to know which, you must multiply the said Cro. 83½ of Marc. being the price of cro. 100 of the Sun of Gold, by Cro. 113 of Gold per cent. seeing that the said Crow. of Gold are the value of 100 Crowns of Marc. and from the product, cut off the two last figures, and there will remain Cro. 94. 7. 1. to the which adding 〈◊〉 per cent. for the provisions which are paid, the one at Florence, the other at Lions, and they will be Cro. 94. 19 8. so that it will be profitable, to draw and to remit according to the abovesaid order and manner, because that at Florence may be taken by exchange for Lions at Cro. 95 in circa, and finding cro. 95⅓, upon which consideration is to be had, what the monies of Florence may do by exchange for Lions, which thus I work by example.  
Now for the terms of payments of Bills of Exchanges in Placentia, it is expressed in the trade of that city in Chapter 383.  
And this shall suffice to have said of the Exchanges practised at Placentia, where by reason of the great and continued practices here daily made for vast sums, I have somewhat more than ordinarily enlarged myself, and so I proceed to the next place of exchanges, which is Florence.   

CHAP. CCCC.  
Of Examples of Exchanges practised at Florence, and how the same are to be calculated.  
I Have showed in the general Exchanges of Florence, 
Exchanges practised in Florence.  with how many other places the said City is found to exchange with, and there also shown the common rates, how the same is observed to rule, which every day is so subject to altar, that no set price can be peremptorily set down for the same, yet in itself it is so beneficial, that thereby the ignorant may be furthered to make his accounts either in Draughts or Remittances: the way of making which accounts, upon this place, now remaineth here to be handled, observing the same with so many other places, as may make a man capable to understand the same, with any of the rest here omitted.  
And by the way it is observable here, that all Exchangers here 
Accounts kept in Florence.  do keep their accounts in Crowns, Sols, and Deniers of Gold, of Lyre or Livers 7½ of that money per Crown, the which are cast up by 20 and by 12, because that 20 Sols of gold do make one Crow. and 12 Den. one Sol.   

CHAP. CCCCI.  
Of the Exchanges of Florence with Lions.  
FLorence then is found to exchange with Lions and giveth posito Cro. 95¾ of Gold to have in Lions 100 Crowns of the Sun of 
Exchanges of Florence with Lions.  Gold, I demand for Cro. 1268. 9 of Gold, how many Crowns of the Sun shall I have in Lions? I say by the Rule of three, if Crow. 95¾ given Cro. 100, what will Crowns 1268. 9 given, and it comes to Crowns 1324, and the remainder of the division being multiplied by 20 and by 12 to bring them into Sols and deniers of gold, they will make in all Cro. 1324. 15. of Gold of the Sun, which I should have credit in Lions for the said sum of cro. of Florence, the calculation thereof here follows.  
The proof of this rule is seen, when Lions doth exchange with Florence. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCII.  
Of the Exchanges of Florence with Placentia.  
FLorence doth Exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito 110 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pl●….  ½ Crowns of Gold to have there 100 Crowns of Marc. I demand then for Crowns 4973. 1. 10 of Gold, how many Crowns of Marc. is due to me: first reduce the said Crowns 110½ into Sols of Gold, multiplying them by 20, adding to the multiplication 10 Sols for the half Crown, and they make Sol 2210, likewise reduce the said sum of Crowns of Gold into Sols, and it will be 99461, then say by the Rule of Three, if Sols 2210 given Cro. 100 of Marc. what will Sol 99461 Sols given, to which adding two cyphers for the 100, and then dividing it, will come to Crowns of Marc. and multiplying the rest of the division by 20 and then by 12, to make the same Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they will make Crowns 4500. 9 11. of marc. and so much must I have credit in Placentia for the said cro. 4973. 1. 0. of Gold of Florence, as by Example calculated.  
The proof of this account is seen, when the exchange is made from Placentia to Florence &c. 
Proo●…e.    

CHAP. CCCCXXXV.  
Of the Exchanges of Florence with Venetia.  
FLorence doth exchange with Venice, and giveth posito Crow. 81 〈◊〉 of Gold, to have Ducc. in Banco 100 of Livers 6⅓; I demand 
Exchanges of Florence with 〈◊〉.  then, for Cro. 2037. 10 of Gold, how many Ducc. shall Florence have credit in Venice? To do which, bring the Crow. 81 〈◊〉 into half Crowns, multiplying them by 2, and so in the same manner of the said sum of Crow. of Gold, adding half a Crown for the 10 Sols: then say by the Rule of Three, If the half Crowns produced of the price of the Exchange, given at Venice Ducc. 100, what will the half Crowns given, proceeded from the said sum of Crow. of Gold? and so by adding 2 cyphers for the 100, and dividing the same, it will make Ducc. 2500, which Florence is to have in Venice; and if there were any remaining of the division, they must be multiplied by 24, to make them Grosses, because that 24 Gross. make a Ducc. of Lib. 6. 4 Sol's. Example.  
The proof of the said account is more evident, wh●… Venice 
Proof.  doth rechange for Florence.   

CHAP. CCCCIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Florence with Rome.  
FLorence is said to exchange with Rome, and giveth 100 Crowns 
Exchanges of Florence with Rome.  of Gold to have in the said place posito Crowns 92¼ of Gold of Estampe; I demand then, for Cro. 1600, 2 Sol. 5 Den. of Gold of Florence, how many Crowns of Gold of Estampe shall Florence have in Rome credit for? First multiply the said sum of Crowns of Gold at 92 〈◊〉 per Cent. and multiply the remainder by 20 and by 12, to bring them into Sols and Deniers of Gold, and they make Crowns 1476, 2 Sols, 2 Den. of Gold, which should be had in Rome: as for example.  
The proof of the said Rule is evident, when this party is rechanged from Rome to Florence. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCU.  
Of the Exchanges of Florence with Naples.  
FLorence exchangeth with Naples, and giveth Cro. 100 of Gold, to 
Exchanges of Florence with Naples.  have in Naples posito Ducc. 119⅔ of Tarries 5 per Ducc. I demand then, for Cro. 780. 15 of Gold, what credit in Ducc. shall Florence have in Naples? To do which, first multiply the said sum of Cro. of Gold by Grains 119⅔ per Cro. because it is so many Grains per Cro. as it comes to be Ducc. for Cro. 100 and they make Grains 93429. of which, cut off the 2 last figures, to make them Ducats, saying that the Ducc. is worth 100 Grains, & they make Ducc. 934. and for the Grains 29, Tarries 1, and Grains 9 And so much credit shall Florence have in Naples, as by this Example is showed.  
The proof of this Rule is manifested, when Naples is seen to 
Proof.  exchange with Florence.   

CHAP. CCCCVI.  
Of the Exchanges of Florence with Antuerpe.  
FLorence doth exchange with Antuerpe, and giveth one Crown of Gold, to have in the said place Gross. 112½ posito. I demand 
Exchanges of Florence with Antuerpe.  then, for Crowns 1400. 12. 8. of Gold, how many pounds of Gross. am I to have in Antuerpe? To do this, multiply the said sum of Crowns by the said price of Gross. 112½, and it maketh Grosses 157571. of which, take the 〈◊〉, to make them Sols, and they make Sols 13130, and Gross 11. which to reduce to pounds, cut off the last figure of the said Sols or Shillings, and take ½ of the rest, and it maketh pounds 656. and for the tenth that is remaining, it is to be accounted 10 Sols; and if the figure cut off had been any number, it should have been added to the 10 Sols: and it thus makes pounds 659. 10. 11. Money of Antuerpe.  
The proof of the said Account is seen, when that Antuerpe 
Proof.  doth exchange with Florence.  
Note, that when Florence doth exchange for London, which is seldom 
Note Florence with 〈◊〉.  in use, the rule of casting up the same in Sterling Money, is this as above with Antuerpe, in Flemish Pounds.   

CHAP. CCCCVII.  
To reduce Crowns of 7 l. in Florence into Crowns of gold of Lyre, 7½.  
IF in Florence you would reduce, any sum of Crowns of money of Lyre 7 l. per. Cro. into Crowns of gold of Lyre 7 l. 〈◊〉 you must take the 〈◊〉 of the Cro: of money, and the remainder will be Crowns of gold.  
And if again you would reduce Crowns of gold into Cro: of money, you must add contrarily to the Cro. of gold 1/41and they will be so many Crowns of money, as for example Cro: 3647 12 6 of money of Lyre 7 l. pr. Cro: 1/15243 3 6. Cro. 3404 9 of gold of Lyre 7½ pr. Cro.   

CHAP. CCCCVIII.  
Of the terms of payment of Bills of exchange in Florence.  
THe term of payment of Bills of Exchange is found to be from Florence:  

To Naples at 10 days sight and from thence at 15 days sight.  
To Rome at 10 days sight and so back.  
To Venice at 5 days sight and thence at 20 days after date.  
To Bologna at 3 days sight and so back, and so for Pisa.  
To Ferrara at 5 days sight and so back.  
To Perugia and Sciena at 2 days sight and so back.  
To Genoa at 8 days sight and so back.  
To Avignon at 30 days after date, and thence 45 days after date.  
To Gaietta at 10 days sight and so back.  
To Paris 2 months after sight and so back.  
To Padova at 5 days sight and so back.  
To Palermo and Mesina at 15 days sight and so back.  
To Ancona at 10 days sight and so back.  
To Barselona at 2 months after date and so back.  
To Valentia at 40 days sight and so back.  
To Brudges and Antwerp at 2 months after date and so back.  
To London at 3 months after date and so back.  
To Ceneva at the fairs and thence 15 days sight back.  
To Lions to the fare and from fare to fare.  
To Milan at 10 days sight and so back.  
To Aquilla and Sermona at 11 days sight.  
To Comerino at 8 days sight and so back.    

CHAP. CCCCIX.  
Of Orders and comissons, given and received for draughts and remittances by exchanges in the City of Florence in Tuscany.  
ACcording to my proposed method, I will here set down, an example or two of draughts and remittances, 
Orders and comisons given and received for draughts & remittances by exchange in Florence.  made by Order and comisson in Florence.  
To Florence then cometh advice from Venice, that the Exchange for the said place of Florence cometh at Cro. 80½ and for Placentia at duc. 135. they inorder in the said place of Venice, that at this rate, they make a remittance to Florence and draw from Placentia, at how much then will the draught of Florence for Placentia come unto, to do this. 
1. Example.   
Multiply duc. 135½ which is the value of 100 Cro. of marc by Cro. 80½ of gold pr. cent, because the said Cro. of gold is the rate of the duc. 100 of Venice, and it will be Cro. 109 19 from which take ⅖ pr. cent, for the provision paid at Venice, and there will rest Cro. 108 12 10 and so many Cro. of gold, is imboursed at Florence for 100 Cro. of marc for a debt at Placentia, as thus for example:  
Again, one of Venice is creditor in Florence Cro. 3000 of gold, who 
Example 2.  inordereth that the same be remitted unto him at cro. 81½ or by Placentia at cro. 110, where the most advance & profit shall appear to be, that is to say, that finding a remittance in both places, to benefit of the price limited, the remittance should be where the profit and benefit is greatest, and finding the remittance to loss, the remittance be made where the damage is lest, there is then Bills found for Venice at Cro. 82¼ and for Placentia at Cro. 110⅚ I demand by which of the two should the remittance be made.  
By both the said places there is found a delivery to loss, and to know which of the two is the lest, say by the rule of three, If Cro. 81½ given Cro. 110 the price limited, what will Cro. 82¼ the price found given, and it will come to Cro. 111 0 2, so that the remittance should be made by Placentia, because that remitting to Venice, at Cro. 82¼, to run at the part: the delivery should be for Placentia at Cro. 111, and the bills is at Cro. 110⅚ Example:  
Again one of Rome is debtor in Florence in Cro: 2500 who inordereth that the draught be made at Cro: 91 or by Placentia at Cro: 
Example 3.  110½ where the most profit shall appear to be, now there is found money for Rome at Cro: 92⅕ l. for Placentia, at 109⅙ Cro: I demand, wither should this draught be made, seeing that to both the places, the draughts happen to be to loss in both the limited prices, and to know which is the lest of both, say by the rule of 3. if Cro: 92 〈◊〉 the price found for Rome (seeing that Placentia receiveth the uncertain rate from Florence) given Cro: 110½ what will Cro: 91 the price inorderd given, it will make Cro: 109-1-2, so that the draught should be made for Placentia, seeing that drawing for Rome at Crowns 92⅕, to run upon a Parr: should be taken for Placentia at the said price at Cro: 109 〈◊〉 or there about, and there is found at more, that is at Cro: 109⅙: as by example.  
And so much shall suffice to have said of the Orders and Commissons in draughts and remittances by exchange of Florence.   

CHAP. CCCCX.  
Of the exchanges practised at Milan, and how the same are to be calculated.  
I Have showed in the general exchanges of Milan, with 
Exchanges practised at Milan.  how many other places, this city is found to exchange with, and there also set down the common currant rates thereof, which every day is found so to altar, that no positive rule can be observed in the same, yet is in itself so beneficial, that thereby the unexperienced may know how to make his accounts, either in his draughts or remittances, the way of framing these accounts, now remaineth, observing the same with some few other, the principal needful hereunto.  
It is also to be noted, that Exchangers do there keep their accounts, in lyre sols and deniers, and cast up by 20 and by 12 because 
Accounts ●…pt in Milan.  that 20 sols do make a lire and 12 den: a sols.   

CHAP. CCCCXI.  
Exchange of Milan with Lions.  
MILAN then exchanges with Lions, and giveth posit: sol's 118⅓ to have in said place, one crown of the 
Exchange of Milan with Lions.  sun of gold, I demand then for l. 9258: sol: 5 of Milan, how many crowns shall I have credit in Lions, first reduce into sols, the said sum of Livers, of Milan, and they make sols 185165, the which must be multiplied by 3 to make them thirds of sols, likewise bring the sols 118⅓ unto thirds, multiplying them by 3 and they make 355, for division of the said sum, and by division it will come to be crowns, and multiplying the remainder of the division by 20 and by 12, to make them sols and deniers of gold, and they will be crowns 1564. 15. 5 of gold of the sun, and so much will be had in Lions for the said sum of l. 9258: 5 of Milan money, as by this example.  
The proof of the said account is seen when that Lion exchangeth with Milan as before. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXII.  
Of the exchanges of Milan with Placentia.  
MILAN doth exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito sols 133⅓, to have in Placentia one Crown of Marc: 
Exchange of Milan with Placentia.  I demand then for livers 9671. 16. 8. of Milan, how many crowns of Marc: must I have in Placentia.  
First reduce into deniers the said 133⅓ sols, multiplying them by 12 and adding 4 deniers for the ⅓ of a sol, and they make deniers 1600, and then to reduce into deniers the said sum of Lyre, multiply them by 20 and by 12, adding to the multiplication sol: 16. and deniers 8, which acc. with the livers, and they make deniers 2321240, the which must be divided by deniers 1600, the price of the crown of Marc:, and by division they will come to be crowns, multiplying the rest of the division by 20 and then by 12, to make them sols and deniers of gold, and they make cro: 1450: 15. 6. of Marc: and so much will the said sum be in Placentia, example.  
The proof of the said rule is manifested when that Placentia exchangeth for Milan. 
Proof.    

CAHP. CCCCXIII.  
Of the exchange of Milan with Venice.  
MILAN exchangeth with Venice, and giveth a Crown of Livers of 5: 178. to have in that place, posito 148 l. 〈◊〉 
Exchange of Milan with Venice.  sols: money of Piccoli, I demand for l. 7260: 10: 0 of Milan, how many Ducats of l. 6 〈◊〉 shall I have in Venice.  
You must divide the said sum of livers, by livers 5: 17, reducing them, and the other price into deniers, and it will be Cro: 1241. 0. 9 the which must be multiplied by l. 7. 8. 6. the Crown, which are the above said 148 6, beginning to multiply the l. 7 by the den: 9: 4 then by the sols, if there were any with the said Crowns calculating for deniers 12, one sols, and for sols 20, one Lyre and they will be l. 9214: 14 money of Piccoli of Venice, which to be reduced into Ducats, must be divided by l. 6⅕ the value of the duccate, and it will make ducc: 1486 5/24of l. 6⅕ and so much shall I have in Venice for the sum above mentioned in livers of Milan, as by example is more apparent.  
The proof of the said account is seen when Venice doth exchange for Milan. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXIIII.  
Of the exchanges of Milan with Rome.  
MILAN exchangeth with Rome, and giveth posito 
Exchanges of Milan with Rome.  Cro: 115½ of l. 5. 17. per Cro: to have in the said place Cro: 100 of gold of Estampe, I demand then for l. 7820. 18. of Milan, how many Crowns of gold of Stamp shall I have in Rome.  
You must first see for the said sum of Milan Livers, how many Crowns they will be dividing them by l. 5-17 per Crown, and they make Crown 1336 18 1, then say by the rule of three, if Cro: 115½ of Milan given in Rome Crowns 100 of Stamp, how many Crowns will the said Cro: 1336. 18 〈◊〉 given, and it will amount to Crowns 1157. 9-9 of gold of Stamp, which will be given in Rome, for the said sum of Milan Livers as abovesaid, example.  
The proof of this rule is seen when that Rome doth exchange with Milan, 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXU.  
Of the exchanges of Milan with Naples.  
MILAN doth exchange with Naples, and giveth Cro: 100 of l. 5 p. Cro: to have in Naples posito 98½ Ducats, 
Exchange of Milan with Naples.  I demand for l. 4314-14-2 of Milan how many Ducats shall I have in Naples: first take 〈◊〉 of the said sum of Livers to reduce them into Cro: of 5 l. and they make Cro: 862 18 10 which must be multiplied by grains 98 〈◊〉 pr. Cro: seeing it is the same as at Ducats 98 〈◊〉 per 100 Cro: and it makes grains 84999, and cutting off the two last figures, there will remain ducats 849, and for the two figures cut off which are grains 99, will be Livers 40 grains 19 in all ducats 849-4-19 which is to be had in Naples for the said sum of Livers of Milan, as for example.  
The proof of the said account is seen when Naples shall exchange with Milan. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXVI.  
Of the exchanges of Milan for Genoa.  
MILAN exchangeth with Genoa, and giveth posito 
Exchange of Milan with Genoa.  sols 118½ to have in Genoa one cro: for 4 l. of that money, I demand for l. 5703-18-0 of Milan, how many Livers of currant money shall I have in Genoa, first reduce the said sum into sols, multiplying them by 20 and adding to the multiplication the 18 sols which accounted with the Livers, and then of the sols produced, and of the said sols 118½ taken for devisior, bring into ½ sols and deviding the same will become crowns, and the remainder of the division multiply by 20 and by 12 to make them sols and deniers of gold, and they will make crowns 962-13-8. of l. 4 money of Genoa, the which to bring into Livers, must be multiplied by l. 4 per cro: beginning to multiply, the said l. 4. by deniers 8, and by the sols 13 which are with the crowns, calculating for 12 deniers, 1 sol, and for 20 sols one Liver, it will come to l. 3850-14 8, and so many Livers of money currant, shall you have in Genoa for the said Livers 5703-18 of Milan.  
The proof of the said rule is seen when that Genoa doth exchange 
Proof.  for Milan.   

CHAP. CCCCXVII.  
Of terms of payment of Bills of Exchange in Milan.  
THE terms of payment found to be in Milan, are observed to be from thence to 
Terms of payment of bills Exchange in Milan.   

To Genoa at 5 days sight, and so back.  
To Pisa at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Florence at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Venice at 10 days sight, and so back.  
To Paris at 2 mon. after date, and so back.  
To Bridges & Antwerp at 2 mo. after date, & so back.  
To Barselona at 20 days sight, and so back.  
To Montpilaer at 20 days sight, and so back.  
To Lions for a Fair, and so from Fair to Fair.   
And thus much shall serve to have spoken of the Exchanges of Milan: and now to Orders and Comissons in use in the said place.   

CHAP. CCCCXVIII.  
Of Orders and Commissons given and received for draughts and remittances in Milan.  
ACcording to my proposed method, I will here briefly 
Orders and Comisons given and received for draughts and remittances in Milan. Example 1.  insert some examples of draughts and remittances made here by Order & Commisson from other places.  
From Naples then cooneth Order to Milan, to remit for Plancentia at 133 sol. and to prevail for Genoa at Sol 118½, the parcel being for 3000 Cro. of marc: Now there are Bills found for Placentia at Sols 131. considering then the benefit, which is found in the remittance, at how much may the draught be for Genoa. Say by the rule of three, If Sol 133 given Sol's 118½ the price inorderd, what will 131 given, the price found for Placentia, and it will be Sol 116⅔, and at this price the draught must be made for Genoa, in remitting to Placentia at Sol. 131, and the Comisson will remain effected according to the Order given,  
Again, from Lions is order given to Milan, that they may draw for Lions at Sol, 118, and remit to Venice at Sol. 145, the parcel being for ducc: 5500 of l. 6⅕ per ducc. there is money for Lions at Sol. 119, and bills for Venice at Sol. 144⅓ I demand if at these prices, the order may be performed, say by the rule of 3, taking one of the prices which is found for devisor, by reason that Milan giveth (according to my former method) the certain rule to Venice, and the incertain to Lions, and say, If 144⅓ the price found for Venice, gave Sol. 118, what will 145 the price inordred given, and it will make 118½, so that the said Commisson at the prices found, may be effected to benefit, because that remitting to Venice, at the said price of 144 〈◊〉, the draught may be made for Lions at 118 〈◊〉, and there is money found at Sol. 119: as by example  
Again, from Rome cometh Order to Milan, to draw on them at Cro. 115, and remit to Placentia at 132 Sol, the party being for Cro. 4000, there is bills found for Placentia at Sol 133½, and mo. for Rome at Cro. 11 6 〈◊〉, I demand if at these rates the Commisson may be performed without loss, say by the rule of three, If Sols 132 given, Cro. 115 the price limited, what will 133½ given, the price found for Placentia, and it will come to cro. 116 6 1, so that the comison may be performed to benefit, because that remitting to Placentia at the said price of sol. 133½ the draught may be made for Rome at cro. 116 3/10, and there is found at more that is to say at cro. 116⅔ as per example.  
And thus much shall serve for the Exchanges of Milan, next is Palermo and Mesina.   

CHAP. CCCCXIX.  
Of Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina and how the same are to be calculated.  
I Have showed in the general Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina, with how many other places these Cities in Sicilia 
Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina.  are observed to Exchange with, and there also set down the common currant Rates, thereof, which every day is found so subject to alteration, that no positive rule can be observed in the same, yet it is in itself so beneficial, that thereby the unexperienced may know, how to make his calculation both in his draughts or in his remittances, they way of casting the sum up, is now to be handled, observing the sum hear with some few principal places, which is sufficient for instruction to those others omitted.  
First it is to be noted, that in Palermo and Mesina and generally 
Accounts kept in Sicilia.  thorough out the Island of Sicilia the Exchangers keep their accounts in Ounces, Tarries, and Grains, which are cast up by 30, and 20, because that 30 tarries do make an Ounce, and 20 grains make a tarry, and also it is to be observed, That the ducat is worth tarries 13 which is Carlins' 26. The Crown of money is worth tarries 12 which is Carl: 24. The florin is worth tarries 6 which is Carl: 12.  
so that the Tarry is 2 Carlins the Carlin is 10 Grains the Grain is 6 Picolis   

CHAP. CCCCXX.  
Of the Exchange of Palermo and Mesina with Lions.  
PAlermo and Mesina doth exchange with Lions, and giveth 
Exchange of Palermo and Mesina with Lions.  posito 28 carlins to have in Lions a crown of the sun, I demand then for ounces 2189 25 17, how many crowns must I have in Lions, first multiply the ounces by 30, to make them tarries, adding thereto the 25 tarries, and multiply the tarries that will come thereof by 20 to bring them into grains, and add thereto 17 which are with the ounces, and then they will be grains 1313917, do the same likewise with the 28 carlins multiplying them by 10, because the carlin is worth 10 grains, and they will be 280 gr. the which must be taken for divisor against the said grain come from the ounces 2189 25 17, and from the divison will come crowns of the sun, and multiplying the remainder by 20 and then by 12 to make them sols and deniers of gold, and they will be crow. 4692 11 2, as for example.  
The proof of this account is seen when that Lions shall Exchange 
Proof.  back with Palermo and Mesina.   

CHAP. CCCCXXI.  
Of the Exchange of Palermo and Mesina with Placentia.  
PAlermo and Mesina exchange for Placentia, and given 
Exchange of Palermo & Mesina with Placentia.  posito carlins 29 〈◊〉 to have in the said place one cro. of marc. I demand then for ounces 1180, tarries 7, and gr. 19, how many crowns of marc. shall I have in Placentia, herein do as in the precedent account, multiplying the said ounces by 30, to make them tarries, and add the 7, which are with the ounces, and then multiply, the said tarries by 20, to make them grains, and add the 19 and they will be grains 7081 59 do the same with the said 29½ carlins, multiplying them by 10, to bring them into gra. adding 5 for the ½ carlin, and they make 295 grains, the which taken for divisor, against the said sum of grains come of the ounces 1180 7 19, and of the divisor will come cro. of marc. multiplying the remainder by 20, and then by 12, to make them sols, and deniers of gold, and they make cro. 2400 10 9 and so many cro. of marc. shall I have in Placentia for the said sum of Ounces.  
The proof of the said rule is seen when that Placentia doth 
Prrofe.  exchange either for Palermo or Mesina.   

CHAP. CCCCXXII.  
Of the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Naples.  
PAlermo and Mesina do Exchange with Naples, and 
Exchange of Palermo, &c. with Naples.  gives posito pomitos 166½ of 8 picolis to have one ducat of 5 tarries, I demand then, for Ounces 1053 tarries 6 and 2 gr. how many ducats must I have, first multiply the said sum of Ounces by 30, to make them tarries, and then by 20 to make them gr. adding to the multiplication 6 tarries, and 2 gr. which accompany the Ounces, and then they make gr. 631922, out of which to make them pomitos, take out the ¼ because that the gr. is worth 6 picolis, and the pomito is worth 8 picolis, of which the 2 picols overplus is the ¼ of 8, and that they make pomitos 473942 which must be divided by the said 166½ the price of the Exchange, reducing them into ½ picolis both on the one and on the other side, and by division they will make ducats of Naples, multiplying the remainder by 100, and adding of two cyphers, to bring them into gr. because that the ducat is 100 grains, and the same will be ducats 2846, and for the gr. 49 tarries 2 and grains 9 of tarries 5 per. ducat which is to be rendered at Naples for the said sum of Ounces of money of Palermo: Example.  
The proof of this account is seen when that Naples do Exchange 
Proof.  for either Palermo or Mesina.   

CHAP. CCCCXXIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Palermo, and Mesina, with Venice.  
PAlermo and Mesina do exchange with Venice, and giveth 
Exchanges of Palermo, &c. with Venice.  one Crown, of 12 tarries to have in Venice l. 6. 18 posito, I demand for ounces 1486. 26. 10, what credit in ducats shall I have in Venice of l. 6⅕ per duke. first reduce the said oun. into crowns of 12 tarries, multiplying them by 30, to make them tarries, adding to the multiplication the 26 tarries, which are with the ounces, and they make tarries 44606, out of which take 1/12, and they then make cro. 3717 tarries 2 and gr. 10, which must be multiplied by 138 Sol per cro. which are the said l. 6. 18, and they make Sol's 512974¾, which must be divided by 124 the price of the ducc. and it will make ducc. 4136 〈◊〉 and so much shall I have in Venice for the said sum of ounces in Palermo or Mesina. Example,  
The proof of this rule is to see if 4136 21/24ducat of l. 6⅕ of Venice make the said sum of ounces 1486. 26. 10. of l. 6. 18 money of 
Proof.  Venice for one crown of 12 tarries in Palermo or Mesina as above said.   

CHAP. CCCCXXIIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina, with Barselona.  
PAlermo, and Mesina, Exchanges with Barselona, and 
Exchanges of Palermo, &c. with Barselona.  giveth one Florin of 6 tarries, money of Palermo, to have in Barselona posito 10½ Sol's money currant of Barselona, I demand then for 300 ounces what credit in livers is due for the same. First, multiply the said ounces by 5 to make them Florins, the ounce being accounted 5 Florins, and it makes 1500 Florins, the which multiplied by 10½ Sols, per Florin makes Sols 15750, which to reduce to livers, you must cut off the last figure, and take ½ of the rest, and it will be l. 787. 10, which is due at Barselona,  
For the proof of the said Rule, as above divide the said livers 
Proof.  l. 787 10 by 10½ Sol, to make them Florin, and it is 1500 Flor. and if there were any remainders, they should be multiplied by 6 and then by 20, to bring them into tarries and grains, and for to reduce the said 1500 Flor. into ounces, you must take ⅕ for that 5 Flor. make one ounce, and it will come to 300 ounces, the rule thus appearing right and just.  
And for the Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina, with Valentia and Saragoza, it is cast up as above, therefore need not insist further as 
Palermo and Mesina, with Saragosa and Valentia.  being easily comprehended.   

CHAP CCCCXXV.  
Of Orders and commissons given and received for draughts and remittances in Palermo and Mesina.  
ACcording to my proposed method, I will hear 
Orders and comissons given and received for draughts & remittances in Palermo and Mesina.  briefly insert some examples of draughts and remittances made by order and commison in Palermo and Mesina from other places: At Mesina, the exchange for Lions is found to go at Carlin 28, and for Placentia at Carlins' 33, and from hence there is an exchange for Lions at Cro: 81½, I demand if at these prices, there will be a benefit to remit from Mesina to Placentia, and draw for Lions, to remit from Placentia to said Lions at said price of Cro: 81½ say by the rule of 3, if Carlins 33 the value of a Cro: of Marc: (to reduce the exchange to the value of 100 Cro:) given 100 Cro: of Marc: what will 28 Carlins given, the value of the Cro of the sun, and it will be cro: 84 17/20out of which must be abated ⅔ per cent, for provisions payable ⅓ at Lions, and another ⅓ at Placentia, and there will remain cro: 84 3/10, and at this price, the remittance may be made from Placentia to Lions, to satisfy that debt, and finding to remite at less, that is at cro: 81½, it appeareth plainly to be to profit to draw and to remit according to the aforesaid Order, in which also lies this consideration, that the money of Placentia for Lions may also vary from the said price, example.  
Again from Venice there is Order given to Mesina, to draw upon them at l. 6. 14, and to remit to Placentia at Carlins' 29, the partido being for crowns 2000 of Marc. now there are bills for Placentia found at Carlins' 29½, and money for Venice at l. 6. 12. 6, I demand if at these prices the said comison may be effected, say by the rule of 3, taking one of the prices, that is found for divisor, because that from Mesina to Venice, it giveth the price certain, and to Placentia the incertain, saying thus, if Carlins' 29½ the price found for Placentia given sol 134, which are the said l. 6 14. what will Carlins' 29 given the price inorderd, and it will make sol's 131¾ or thereabouts, so that the said comison may not be effected but to loss, seeing that remitting to Placentia at the said price of 29½ Carl. the draught cannot be made to Venice at more than sol: 131¾ and money is not sounded but at sol's 132½ which are the said l. 6. 12 6 d. Example.  
Again, from Naples there is an exchange made for Mesina at duc. 118 〈◊〉 and for Placentia at duc. 132⅓. Now there is order given in Naples, that at these rates, they draw for Mesina, and that they remit to Placentia, I demand then at how much will the remittance be from Mesina to Placentia, say by the rule of 3. If grains 118 〈◊〉 make disbursed in Mesina Carl: 26, the price of the Cro. of tarries 13, how many will 132⅓ grains disbursed be the value of the cro. of marc. It will make Carlins' 29 and 〈◊〉 of a grain, and so many Carlins (and then ⅖ per cent for the provison that is paid at Naples) comes to be disbursed in Mesina for one cro. of marc. of credit in Placentia.  
And thus much shall serve to have said of the Exchanges that are practised in Palermo and Mesina, to which the whole Island of Sicilia hath reference.   

CHAP. CCCCXXVI.  
Of Examples upon the Exchanges that are practised in Barselona, and how the same are calculated.  
I Have showed in the general Exchanges of Barselona, 
Exchanges practised in Barselona.  with how many other places Barselona is found to Exchange with, and there also set down the common rates, how the same for the most part is found to govern, which every day is so subject to altar that no positive rules can be set down for the same, howbeit the same is in itself so available, that thereby the unexperienced may know, how to make the account thereof, at what rate soever the Exchange is found to be, either in remittances or draughts, the which only now remaineth to be handled, observing the same with so many other towns, as may be fittest to understand the ground thereof.  
It is then to be noted that Bankers and Exchangers here do keep 
Accounts kept in Barselona.  their accounts in lyre, sold, and deniers, which are cast up in 20 and 12, because that 20 sols make a liver, and 12 deniers make a soldo, and it is to be noted that,  
The ducat is worth— sold 24  
The Crown is worth— sold 22 
Note concerning the exchange●… practised 'in Valentia & Saragosa, Seville and Lisbon.   
The Rial is worth— sols 02  
Note also here that the same order which is observed in the Exchanges which are made in this City of Barselona, with the other places of Spain, should be observed in the Exchanges which are made in Saragosa, Valentia, Seville and Lisbon, seeing that when the said places of Spain Exchange the one with the other, always that place which Exchangeth, giveth ducc. 100, to have the more or the less, and therefore the money of the place where the Exchange is made, must first be reduced into ducats, and multiplying the d●…cats which come thereof, (which are of the place to which it Exchangeth) by the price it is worth, for to reduce the same into the money wherein their accounts are there kept, and this considered to abbreviate my labour the rules being easy, I shall forbear to trouble myself with any further particulars concerning the said places of Valentia, Saragosa, Seville and Lisbon.   

CHAP. CCCCXXVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Lions.  
BArselona doth exchange with Lions, and giveth posito 
Exchanges of Barselona with Lions.  sols 22 8 to have in Lions one Crown of the sun of 3 l. I demand then for l. 8865 12 10 how many Cro. am I to have in Lions, first reduce the said sum of livers into deniers, multiplying the same by 20, and adding of 12, sols and then by 12 and adding 10 deniers then reduce into deniers the said sol 22 8 d, and they make 272, for devisor, against the some of deniers come of the said livers and multiplying the rest of the devisor, by 20 and by 12 to make them sols and deniers of gold, and they make Crowns 7822 12 6 of gold of the sun, which is due to have in Lions,  
Example.  
The proof of this account is manifested when that Lions doth 
Proof.  exchange for Barselona.   

CHAP. CCCCXXVIII.  
Of the exchanges of Barselona with Placentia.  
BArselona doth exchange with Placentia, and giveth 
Exchange of Barselona with Placentia.  posito sols 23 〈◊〉 to have there a crown of marc. I demand for livers 1850. 12. 0 how many cro. of marc. shall I have.  
First reduce the said sum of livers into deniers, multiplying them by 20, to make them sold, and add the 12, and then by 12 to make them deniers, and do the same with the sols 23 〈◊〉 multiplying them by 12, and adding thereto 7 deniers, the deniers come thereof, are to be taken for divisor against the deniers come of the said livers, and by division they will come to cro. of Marc. multiplying the rest by 20 and by 12 to make them sols and deniers of gold and then they make cro. 1569. 8. 3 of Marc. which is due to be had in Placentia for the said sum of Barselona.  
The proof of this rule is apparent when that Placentia doth exchange for Barselona. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXXIX.  
Of the Exchange of Barselona with Saragosa.  
BArselona exchangeth with Saragosa, and giveth 10 
Exchange of Barselona with Saragosa.  ducats of 24 Sol per ducat, to have in this place posito 104 ducats of Sols. 22 per ducat of that money, I demand for livers 6000 of Barselona, how many livers shall I have in Saragosa, first reduce into Sols the said sum of livers, multiplying them by 20, and divide the sols coming thereof by sol. 24 the price of the ducat, and it will be ducat 5000, the which ducat 5000 of Barselona, must be multiplied at the said price of ducc. 104 per cent: and from the sum cut off the 2 last figures, the which multiplied by 20 & by 12, to make them sols and den. of gold, will be duc. 5●…00 of Saragosa, which must be multiplied by l. 1. 2 sol. the price of the ducat, and they make livers 5720, which should be rendered in Saragosa for the said 6000 l. money of Barselona.  
The proof of this rule is manifest when that Saragosa doth again rechange back for Barselona. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXXX.  
Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Valentia.  
BArselona doth exchange with Valentia, and giveth duc. 100 of 24 sols to have in Valentia, posito ducc. 108 of sols 
Exchanges of Barselona with Valentia.  21 per. duke. of that money, I demand for l. 7000 money of Barselona, how many l. shall I have in Valentia.  
In this you must do as in the preceding account of Barselona for Saragosa, multiplying the ducats of Valentia, which shall come thereof by livers 1 1 the price of the ducat, and it will be livers 6615, and so much will be due in Valentia for 7000 l. delivered in Barselona.  
The proof of this rule is apparent when that Valentia doth rechange for Barselona. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXXXI.  
Of the Exchanges of Barselona with Seville.  
NArselona doth exchange with Seville, and giveth duc. 100 of 24 sol, per. ducc. to have in this place 
Exchange of Barselona with Seville.  duc. 108 posito more or less, of marvedes 375 per. ducat, I demand for l. 7500 how many marvedes must I have in Sivil.  
You must do as in the precedent rule of Barselona for Valentia, multiplying the ducats of Sivil which come thereof, by marvedes 375 the price of the duke. and it will make marvedes 2531250 which is due to have in Sivil for the said sum of 7500 l. in Barselona. Example.  
The proof of this rule is manifested when that Sivil doth rechange for Barselona. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXXXII.  
Of the exchanges of Barselona with Lisbon.  
BArselona doth exchange for Lisbon, and giveth duke. 
Exchange of Barselona with Seville.  100 of 24 sols per duke. to have in Lisbon ducats posito 113, of 400 Raise per duke. I demand for 4000 l. of Barselona, how many Raise shall I have in Lisbon, hear you must do as in the account precedent of Barselona for Seville, multiplying the ducats of Lisbon, which shall come thereof by 400 Raise per ducc. and they make Raise 1506666, which is due to be had in Lisbon for l. 4000 in Barselona. Example.  
The proof of this rule is apparent when that Lisbon doth rechange 
Proof.  back for Barselona.   

CHAP. CCCCXXXIII.  
Of Orders and Comisons given and received for draughts and remittances in Barselona.  
ACcording to my proposed method, I will here briefly 
Orders and commisons given and received for draughts & remittances in Barselona Example 1.  insert some examples of draughts and remittances made in this City by order and comison from other places.  
To Seville then cometh order from Barselona to draw upon them at duc. 93½ and remit to Placentia at marvedes 413, which of all charges, the partido being for Cro. 3000 of marc. Now there is found money for Barselona at duc. 93, and bills for Placentia at marvedes 413, I demand if at these rates the Comison may be accomplished and performed, you must say by the rule of 3 taking one of the prices, which are found for divisor, because that Seville giveth to Barselona the certain, and to Placentia the incertain price, saying, If duc. 93 the price found for Barselona given marvedes 413, what will duc. 93½ given the price inorderd, and it maketh marvedes 415⅕ out of which deduct ⅖ per cent for provison which is taken, there will remain marvedes 413 〈◊〉 incirca, so that the said comison may be effected to profit, seeing that drawing to Barselona at the said price of duc. 93, it may be delivered for Placentia at m●…r. 413 〈◊〉 and their present bills at less that is at 413 marvedes; as by Example.  
Again, In Barselona cometh order from Valentia, that remittance may be made to them at duke: 108¼, and to prevail from 
Example 2.  Placentia at sol 23, the partido made for 3000 Cro. marc. Now there is bills found for Valentia, at duc. 107, I demand then for the loss then that is given by the remittance, at what price may the draught be made for Placentia, say by rule of 3. taking one if the prices found for divisor, because than Barselona giveth the certain to Valentia, and the incertain price to Placentia, saying of duc. 107 the price found for Valentia, given sol 23, what will duc. 108 〈◊〉 given, being the price inorderd, and it will come to sol's 23¼ and at less price cannot be drawn for Placentia, remitting to Valentia at duc. 107 Example.   

CHAP. CCCCXXXIV.  
Of the terms of paymen●…s of Bills of Exchange in Barselona.  
THe terms of payment found accustomed in Barselona is noted to be thence  

To Venice at 2 mo. after date and so back. 
Terms of payment of bills of Exchange in Barselona, &c.   
To Florence at 2 mo. after date and so back.  
To Avignon at 18 days sight and so back.  
To Bridges and Antwerp at 50 days after date and so back.  
To Genoa at 20 days after sight and so back.  
To Lisbon at.  
To Seville at.  
To Saragosa at.  
To Valentia at.  
To Lions for the fare and so from fare to fare.  
To Placentia for the fare and from fare to fare.   
And thus much shall serve to have said of the exchanges in general practised in Barselona, Valentia, Saragosa, Seville, and Lisbon in Portugal.   

CHAP. CCCLXIV.  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp, and how the same are to be calculated.  
I Have showed before in the general exchanges of Antwerp, 
Exchange practised in Antwerp.  with how many other places this City is found to exchange with, and there also observed the common currant rates thereof, which in itself is found every day so subject to alteration, that no positive rule can be set down therein, how ever yet the same is so beneficial to the unexperienced, that he may easily make his calculation thereby either in his draughts or his remittances; there resteth now to be handled the way, and method how the same is cast up, which I will only observe with such other principal places, as may be sufficient for instruction, and as a guide to rule that which is here omitted.  
And the better to understand what shall ensue, it is to be noted 
Accounts kept in Antwerp.  that in Antwerp, Bankers and Exchangers do keep their accounts in pounds, shillings and pence Flemish or gross, which are cast up by 20, and by 12, because that 20 sols or shillings makes a pound, and 12 pence or gross makes a shilling.   

CHAP. CCCCXXXVI.  
Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions.  
ANtwerpe doth exchange with Lions, and giveth posito 
Exchange of Antwerp with Lions.  121⅓ gross to have in Lions one cro. of the sun of gold of 3 l. I demand then for l. 3486. 1. 9 money of Antwerp, how many crowns must I have in Lions. First reduce the said sum of livers into grosses, multiplying the same by 20 and then by 12, adding to the multiplications 1 sol. and 9 pence, which are with the pounds, and divide by 121 〈◊〉 gros. the sum of grosses which shall come of the said livers, reducing both them and other into thirds of grosses, and of the divison will come Crowns, and multiplying the remainder of the divison by 20 and by 12, to make them sols and deniers of gold, they will make cro. 6895. 11. 1 of gold of the sun, which you shall have in Lions for the said sum delivered in Antwerp. Example:  
The proof of the said rule is seen when that Lions doth exchange for Antwerp. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXXXVII.  
Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Placentia.  
ANtwerpe doth exchange with Placentia, and giveth posito gros. 124 〈◊〉 to have in Placentia one Cro. of 
Exchange of Antwerp with Placentia.  marc. I demand for l. 363 10 3 mother. of Antwerp, how many Crowns of marc. shall I have in Placentia, first reduce the said sum of livers into gros. multiplying the sum by 20 and by 12, adding to the multiplication 10 shil. and 3 pen. which are with the pound, and divide the groses that come thereof by said gro. 124 〈◊〉 the price of the crown of marc. bringing both the one and the other into half grosses, and by division it will come to Cro. multiplying the remainder by 20 and by 12, to bring the same into pence, and then they will be Cro. 700 14 11 of marc. which will be due at Placentia, for the said sum of livers or pounds in grosses.  
The proof of the said account is seen when that Placentia 
Proof.  shall exchange with Antwerp.   

CHAP. CCCCXXXVIII.  
Of the Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence.  
ANtwerpe doth exchange with Florence, and giveth posito 
Exchanges of Antwerp with Florence.  112 〈◊〉 grow. to have in that place one Crow. of gold, I demand for l. 656 10 11, money of Antwerp how many Cro. of gold do they make, and doing as in the precedent rule, it will appear to be Cro. 1400 12 7 of gold, which I shall have in Florence for the said pounds Flemish.  
The proof of this said account is seen when that Florence shall be found to exchange with Antwerp.   

CHAP. CCCCXXXIX.  
Of the exchange of Antwerp with Venice.  
ANTWERP doth exchange with Venice, and giveth posito 92. 〈◊〉 gross to have in that place one ducat of 
Exchange of Antwerp with Venice.  l. 6⅕ money of Venice, I demand for l. 1648 14 6, money of Antwerp, how many ducats shall I have in Venice, and doing as in the precedent accounts, it will come to ducc: 3810 〈◊〉 and so many ducats of l. 6 〈◊〉 will be due in Venice, Example.  
The Proof of this account is seen when that Venice shall exchange for Antwerp. 
Proof.    

CHAP. CCCCXL.  
Of the exchanges of Antwerp with London.  
ANTWERP doth exchange for London, and giveth 
Exchange of Antwerp with London.  posito Shill: 33 〈◊〉 to have in that place one pound starlin, I demand for l. 748-18. 6 mother: of Antwerp, how many pound starlin should I have in London, first reduce as well the said sum of pound starlin as the said sum of pound flemish into gross and pence, multiplying the pounds by 20, and then by 12, adding the shillings 18. 6d. which are with the pounds flemish, and the shill: flem: 33⅓, multiplied by 12, adding 4 gross for 〈◊〉 of a shill flem:, and the gross which shall come thereof, must be taken for divisor, against the sum of grosses, come of the said pounds, and dividing the sum will come pounds starlin, multiplying the remainder of the divison by 20, and then 12 to make them shillings and pence starlin, they will make pound starlin 449. 7. 1, due in London, for the said sum of pound flemish 748. 18. 6. and for proof of the said exchange, multiply the said pound starlin 449. 7. 
Proof.  1 by 1 l. 13 shillings 4d. which are the said 33⅓ shillings and it will make the above said l. 748. 18. 5 pounds flemish so that the account will appear to be just cast up.  
And thus much shall serve to have said here of exchanges, now to the terms of payments of bills in Antwerp.   

CHAP. CCCCXLI.  
Of the terms of payment of bills of exchange in Antwerp.  
THE terms of payments of bills of exchange observed in Antwerp, and to go from thence to other Cities is: 
Terms of payment of bills of exchange in Antwerp.   

To Venice at 2 mo: after date and so back.  
To Florence at 2 mo: after date and back the same.  
To Genoa at 2 mo: after date and thence the same.  
To Avignon at 2 months after date and so back.  
To Barselona at 50 days after date and so back.  
To Valentia one month after sight and back 30 days after date.  
To London one month after date and so back.  
To Pisae 2 mother: after date and so back.  
To Milan 2 mother: after date and so back.  
To Paris one mo: after date and so back.  
To Montpelier 20 days after sight and so back.  
To Lions for the succeeding fare.  
To Placentia for the next succeeding fare.  
To Roven one month after date and so back.   
Now for the Orders and Comisons given in Antwerp, I will here insert a word also according to my Method.   

CHAP. CCCCXLII.  
Of Orders and Comisons given and received, for draughts and remittances in Antwerp.  
ACCORDING to my proposed method, for the better understanding of what is said, I will insert 
Orders and commissions given and received for draughts and remittances in Antwerp.  some examples of draughts and remittances made by Order and Comison in the City of Antwerp.  
At Venice then is found an exchange for Antwerp posito at grow: 90, and for Placentia at ducc: 135, Order being given to Venice that at these prices, they draw to Antwerp, and remit to Placentia, I demand at how much will come the remittance from Antwerp to Placentia, first you must multiply the said ducats 135 
1. Example.  the value of 100 Cro: of marc, at the said price of 90 gross per ducat, and of the grosses which shall come thereof, you must cut off the 2 last figures, and there will remain gross 121 〈◊〉, and so many ●…sse and 〈◊〉 ●…re percent for provison, which is payable in Venice, is disbu●…able in Antwerp for one crown of marc in credit in Placentia.  
Again at Venice is exchange found for Antwerp at gro. 90 〈◊〉, and for London at 56 pence starlin, there is hereupon Order given 
2. Example.  to Venice, that at these prices, they draw for Antwerp, and remit to London, the question is at what price will the remittance be from Antwerp to London, to do this say by the rule of three, if 56 pence starlin given gross 90 〈◊〉 (seeing that the one and in the other is the value of a ducat of Venice, what will 240 pence starlin given being the price of the pound sterling of London, it will be gros. 387, which reducing to shillings in taking the 〈◊〉, and it will be 32¼ shill. and so many shillings Flem. and ⅖ more per cent for the provison payable in Venice, comes to be disbursed in Antwerp, for one pound sterling money credit in London.  
Again a Merchant of London is Creditor in Antwerp, 2000 l. Flemish, who inordreth that it be remitted him at shill. 33¼ or to 
3. Example.  Placentia at 121 grow. where the most profit shall be found, that is, to that place which shall be most beneficial, or to lest loss of the prices limited, now there are found bills for London at shillings 33 〈◊〉 and for Placentia at gro. 121¾ I demand to which of the said places should the remittance be made, seeing that by both there is found remittance to loss, and to know where is the lest, say by the rule of 3, if shill. 33¼ given gros. 121 the price inordred, what will shill. 33½ given being the price found for London, it will come to gross 121 〈◊〉 so that the remittance should be made to Placentia, because that remitting to London at shill. 33½ to go the Par, should be delivered for Placentia at gro. 121 〈◊〉, and there is found bills for loss that is at 121 〈◊〉 gros.  
And thus much for the Exchanges practised in Antwerp.   

CHAP. CCCCXLIII.  
Of the Exchanges practised in London and how the same are to be calculated.  
I Have showed in the gene●…ll Exchanges of London, with how many other p●…ces this City is found to 
Exchanges practised in London.  Exchange with, and th●…●…o set down the common currant prices and ●…es thereof, which every day is found to be so subject to alteration, that no positive rule can be observed rightly, to set down the same, yet it is in its self so beneficial, that thereby the unexperienced, may know how to make his calculation thereof and that as well in his draughts as in his remittances, Now only there resteth to conclude this Tract of Exchanges and this Map of Commerce to handle the way how the same is cast up, and ho●… by Arithmetic it is performed, which I will observe hear with some other principal places, which may serve for a sufficient ground and instruction to those here omitted.  
It is here to be noted for the better understanding of what ensueth, 
Accounts kept in London.  that all B●…kers or Exchangers do keep the●… accounts in London in pounds, shillings and pence commonly called sterling and cast up by 20 and by 12, for 20 shillings makes a pound, and 12 p●…ce makes a shilling.  
And moreover that London exchangeth in the denominator of pence sterling with all other countries, Antwerp, and those countries neighbouring of Flanders and Holland excepted, with which it exchangeth by the entire pound of 20 shillings sterling.   

CHAP. CCCCXLIV.  
Of the Exchanges of London with Lions.  
LOndon Exchangeth with Lions, and giveth posito 61 pence more or less to have in Lions a crown of gold 
Exchange of London with Lions.  of the sun of 3 l. piece, I demand then for 348 l. 15 shilling sterling how many crowns of the sun shall I have credit for in Lions, first reduce the said sum of pounds sterling into shillings, multiplying the same by 20, and adding thereto the 15 shillings, and then by 12 pence, adding thereto the pence if any were, and then divide the same by 61 pence, and the dividend will make Crowns, multiplying the remainder of the divison by 20 to make them sols and by 12 to make them deniers of gold, and then they will make in all Crow. 1372008 pence of the sun of gold, that I shall have in credit at Lions for the said sum of 348 l. 15 starlin delivered in London.  
The proof of this rule is manifested when that Lions shall Exchange 
Proof.  the said sum of 1372 〈◊〉 Cro. for London and here also it is to be noted that the rule is the same when London shall exchange 
Exchange of London, with Paris, Roven, &c. in France.  with either Paris or Roven or any other City of the Kingdom of France.   

CHAP. CCCCXLV.  
Of the Exchanges of London with Florence.  
LOndon doth exchange with Florence, and giveth posito 
Exchange of London with Florence.  70 pence starl. more or less to have in Florence a cro. of gold, I demand then for pound 656 10 6 d starl. how many Crowns shall I have credit in Florence, this is to be cast up as in the precedent rule of London with Lions, and it will appear, that for the said 656 10 6 starlin I am to have credit in Florence the sum of Cro. 2250 〈◊〉— as per Example,  
Note that this Exchange is seldom practised from London, and 
Proof.  therefore not in use in these days, but when many Florentine Merchants resided in London it was much in use, yet the rule is right and the proof thereof is evident, when Florence rechangeth again for London.   

CHAP. CCCCXLVI.  
Of the Exchanges of London with Venice.  
LOndon is found to Exchange for great sums with Venice, 
Exchange of London with Venice.  and giveth posito 50 d sterling, to have in the said place one ducat in banco of l. 6⅕ money of Venice, I demand then for 555 l. 17 6 d sterling how many ducc. shall I have credit for in Venice, this is done as in the precedent rule, reducing the pounds sterling into shillings, by the multiplication of 20, and adding 17 and then multiplying that again by 12, to bring it into pence and adding thereto 6 d and it will make duke. (2668 〈◊〉) which should be rendered in Venice for 555 l. 17 6 d sterl. in London as per Example.  
Note that for distinction of the currant money in Venice, which is 21 per cent. at present worse than the money payable by Exchange, 
Proof.  it is termed in Banco in which all bills of Exchange are payable, 
Difference between money in Banco and currant money in Venice.  and the proof of this rule is apparent when that the said sum of 2668⅕ ducc. is rechanged for London.   

CHAP. CCCCXLVII.  
Of the Exchanges of London with Antwerp.  
LOndon doth exchange with Antwerp, and giveth one 
Exchange of London with Venice.  pound sterling, to have in Antwerp posito shillings 35. 6 pence or gross, money of Antwerp, I demand then for 445 l. 15 and six pence sterling, how many pound Flemish shall I have in Antwerp, first multiply the pounds sterling by 20. and bring them into shillings, and then by 12 to bring them into pence sterling, do also the same with the pounds Flemish, bringing them first into shillings Flemish, by a multiplication of 20, and then to pence or gross by multiplication of 12 d, accounting the 35 shil. 6 d for l. Flem. 1. 15. 6 d. and say then by the rule of 3, if one pound sterling given 35. 6 d Flemish, the price proposed, what will 445 l. 15. 6 sterling given, which will make l. 791. 5. 0. d Flemish for which you must have credit in Antwerp pounds.  
The proof of the rule is more manifest when that Antwerp doth Exchange for London, and note that the account is the same 
Proof. London exchange with Amsterdam, Collonia. &c.  when that London doth exchange for Colonia, Amsterdam, and other places in the Low Countries.   

CHAP. CCCCXLVIII.  
Of Orders and Comisons given and received for draughts and remittances in London.  
ACcording to my proposed method, I will here for conclusion of the Exchanges practised in London, briefly insert some Examples of draughts and remittances made by comison and Order in the City of London.  
To London, then cometh Order from Venice 
Example. 1.  to remit to them at 60 pence, and to draw for Placentia at 82 pence sterling, the partido being for Cro. 4000 of marc. I found then bills for Venice at 61 pence, I would know considering the loss that presenteth in the remittance, at how much should I draw my draught for Placentia, you must say by the rule of three, If pence 60 given pence 82 the price inordered, how many will pence 61 given the price found for Venice, and it will be pence 83⅓ sterling or thereabouts, and at less must not the draught be for Placentia.  
Again posito, Florence is found to exchange for London at pence 83 starlin, and say for Placentia at Cro: 108, and that there is Order 
Example 2.  given to Florence, that at these rates they draw for London and remit to Placentia, at how much then will the remittance come from London to Placentia? to do this, I multiply the said Crowns of Florence, which properly are the value of Crowns 100 of Marc. by pence sterling 83, as is above mentioned, and out of the pence that are thence produced, I cut off the two last figures, and there will remain pence sterling 89 〈◊〉 incirca, and so many pence together with 〈◊〉 per cent. for the provison that is commonly paid in Florence, comes to be disbursed in London, for one crown of marc. credit in Placentia.  
Again to Antwerp cometh Order from London, to draw thither, and to remit to Venice, at such a price, that the remittance 
Example 3.  from London for Venice, come but to 55 pence starlin clear of charges, the partido being 1000 pound starlin, now there is found money for London at shill. 33⅓, and bills for Venice at gro. 90 〈◊〉, I demand if at this price the said comison may be effected, first reduce the said shill. 33⅓ into gross, and they make 400, then say by the rule of three, if pence 240, (the value of the pound starlin) given 400 grow. what will 55 pence starlin given being the price of the ducc: of Venice, it will make gross 91⅓ from whence must be deducted 〈◊〉 per cent. for provison taken and there will remain gro. 91 3/10, so that the said comison may be effected to profit, because that drawing for London at sh. 33⅓, may be delivered for Venice at gro. 91 3/10, and there persent bills at less, that is at gro. 90⅔ example.  
And this is as much as I conceive needful at this time to insert concerning the exchanges practised in London, now there only resteth the terms of payment of bills of exchange in London.   

CHAP. CCCCXLIX.  
Of the Terms of payments of Bills of exchange in London.  
THe terms for the payment of Bills of exchange in London 
Terms of payments of Bills exchange in London.  are observed to be with other cities thus:  

To Venice at 3 month after date and so back.  
To Antwerp at one months after date and so back.  
To Genoa at 3 months after date and so back.  
To Florence at 3 months after date and so back.  
To Pisa at 3 months after date and so back.  
To Lions for the fare and so from fare to fair.  
To Placentia the same as Lions.  
To Roven and Paris at one month after date and so back.    

CAHP. CCCCL.  
Of the abreviation of Division and Multiplication after the Italian and foreign manner and method.  
FOr as much as I have in many parts of this particular Tract of Exchanges followed the arithmetical method 
Of Division and Multiplication abreviated after the Italian manner.  & manner of those rules practised in the calculation of these exchanges by the Bankers and Exchangers of Italy, it will be here needful for the better enlightening of the same, & the easier casting up & calculation thereof, that I show how the Italian Brokers and Exchangers do abbreviate their labour, and shorten their task therein, and the rather I have presumed to add the same here, and in this place, partly in regard that I have not found it published by any of our English Arethmeticians, but principally to show the learner the ways how the same are there wrought and arethmetically calculated.  
It is generally confessed by all Arethmetictans that the whole art of Arethmetick depends upon five principal rules, now commonly in all countries received and taught, that is, by Numeration, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, and that no one proposed question in Arethmetick can be perfected without the help of some of these, for the three former I found not any disagreement in the common received manner by them and us, and therefore I will omit to speak any thing thereof; but of the two later, whereby is observed that most rules and questions of all exchanges are perfected and performed, I will here insist upon, induced principally as I said before to rnlighten thereby the preceding examples that I have handled in the calculatians of the exchanges before mentioned.  
I will then in the first place contrary to the custom of our English Masters in this Science, begin with that part of Arethmetick which we call Division, and by an example or two of the working thereof explain the same to such as either shall be desirous to learn it, or such as shall desire to make use of these before mentioned tables.  
A certain merchant then bought 46 clotheses, which cost him 673 l. and desireth by a brief way to know what one cloth doth 
Division abreviated in calculations of accounts.  stand him in, to do which I dispose of the question after the manner of the rule of three, and say, If 46 Clotheses cost 673 l. how much doth the Cloth cost.  
Now for as much as it would prove to be too difficult, at first sight after the common manner, to found how often 46 the divisor is found in 673, it will be more facile and commodious, to take it after their method thus, take then the first figure which is 4 and see how often the same is included in the figure 6 which is once, the which 1 I writ then under the 〈◊〉 drawing a line between them, & then multiply it by the whole divisor 〈◊〉, beginning at 6, saying once 6 is 6, & next coming to the sum that is to be divided 673 I choose the second figure 7 from whence I take 6 and there remains one, which I place under the said 7, and returning again to the divisor, I multiply 1 by 4 which giveth 4, which I deduct from the other figure 6, of the sum to be divided, and there remains 2, the which I writ under the 6, so that 46 taken by this means out of 67 there 〈◊〉 ●…1, from whence I proceed and put this before the figure 3 remaining, which thereby makes 213, for the sum that now remains to be divided by 46, saying in 21 how many times 4, which cannot be but 4 times, for in taking 5 there will remain but 〈◊〉 which with the following figure doth make 13, (the which number cannot pay 5 times 6, and for this cause I can take but 4,) multiplying the divisor as at first, saying (beginning always by the last figure of the divisor) 4 times 6 is 22, and taking the last figure 3 from the sum to be divided 213, the which for payment of 24 I borrow 3 tenns, which I bear in mind, and say 24 from 33 there ●…sts 9 the which I place under the 3 and then come to multiply the other figure 4 of the divisor by 4 and it makes 16, which with the 3 tenns borne in mind, makes 19 which must be deducted from the sum to be divided 21 so there will rest 2 the which I place un●…der 1 as by the example appeareth more at large.  
So that 673 l. divided by 46 Clotheses, the quotient giveth 14 l. and the rest is 29 l. which now is to be divided by 46, which cannot be done, and therefore the same to be reduced to shillings which multiplied by 20 comes to 5●…0 sh: which must now be divided by 46 in the manner before showed, saying how many times 4, in 5 which is once, the which I writ in the quotient at the side of 14 l. proceeding from the first divison, multiplying it by 6 and it giveth 6, which taken from 8 the rest is 2, which I put under the 8, and multiply the other figure of the divisor 4 by 1 which giveth 4 taken from 5 there rests 1, than 46 substracted from 58 there rests 12, right with which I put the other figure 0 resting of the sum to be divided and return to say, how many times 4 in 12, the which I can take but 2 and I place it in the quotient and multiply 〈◊〉 by the last figure of the devisor, saying 2 times 6 is 12 which I deduct from 120, the which to do I say (borrowing 2 tenns which I bore in mind) 12 from 20 rests 8 which I place under the 0 and multiply the other figure of the divisor 4 by 〈◊〉 making 8 with the 2 borne in mind, comes to be 10, taken from 12 there rests 2, so that ●…0 sh. divided by 46 the product is 12 shill. and there remaineth yet 28 shill. which must be brought into 〈◊〉, multiplied by 12 and it makes 336 the which must be divided by 46, saying in 33 how many times 4, which is 7 times, the which I place in the quotient by the shillings, multiplying 7 by 〈◊〉, which makes 42 from 46 there rests 4, the which I place under the 6, and keep 4 in mind borrowed adding them with 4 times 7 they make 32, which deducted from 33, there rests 1, the which I place under the 3, so that 336 divided by 46 the perduct giveth 7 and there rests 14 d. to divide which is a thing of a small value.  
So that if 46 pieces of cloth cost 673 l. the one will cost 14. l. 12. shill. 7. d. as may be seen by the example here under wrought.  
To show the brevity of this manner of dividing, I will show 
Another example.  here another example, which cannot without much difficulty be performed by the common manner of divison in cancelling the figures, and yet is very easily and compendiously performed ●…is way, by observing the order which is before prescribed, and therefore to avoid prolixity I shall not need here to put down any particular explication, the example shall be thus then to, divide 19999100007 by 99999, which by the product doth given 199993 without any remainder as shall appear by the working here underneath.  
Division which is wrought by the rule of practice, is done in this manner by the help of the parts found therein, as for example, if 72 
Another method of dividing by rule of practice.  pieces of sarges cost 169. l. 12 shil. how much will the piece stand in, then dividing by 72 I found first the parts thereof, and observe that 8 times 9 makes 72, I take then the 〈◊〉 of the sum to be divided, saying the eighth part of 16 is 2, which I place under a line drawn, and the 〈◊〉 of 9 is 1, there remains one pound which is 20 shil. which with the 12 makes 32, the 〈◊〉 whereof is 4, so that the eighth of the said 169 l. 12 shil. is 21 l. 4 shil. of which number I take the 1/9(which shall be the price of the piece) in this manner, saying, the 1/9of 21 is 2, the rest is 3 l. which is 60 shil. and with the 4 maketh 64 shil. of which the 1/9is 7, then there rests 1, which is 12 pence, and the 1/9of 12 is 1, so that the ninth part of 21 l. 4 shil. is 2 l. 7 shil. 1 d. the price of the piece as by this example is showed,  
But when it happens that any broken numbers fall in the divisor, the divisor and the sum to be divided, must then be reduced to 
Note another example.  one and the self same denominator, as for example, If 13 〈◊〉 pieces should cast 264 l. 17 shil. 6 d. what would the piece stand in? to do which I reduce into halves the pieces 13 〈◊〉 multiplying the same by 2 making 27 halves, doing the same with the sum to be divided, multiplying it by 2 which comes to be l. 529. 15, which to be divided by 27, must be considered that 3 times 9 is 27, therefore must be taken 〈◊〉 and 1/9of the said third in this manner saying 〈◊〉 of 5 is 1, of 22 is 7 and of 19 is 6, and there remains 1 pound which is 20 shil. which with the 15 makes 35, the 〈◊〉 of which is 11 and there rests 2 shil. which are 24 pence, the 〈◊〉 whereof is 8, and afterward taking the of 〈◊〉 the said 〈◊〉 saying, the 〈◊〉 of 17 is 1, and of 86 is 9, and there ●…s 5 l. which with the 11 shil. is 111 shil. the 1/9whereof is 12, then rests 3 shil. which with the 8 d remaining is 44 d, the 〈◊〉 whereof is 4, so that the product of the said 1/9giveth 19 l. 12 shil. 4 d, the value of the said piece, as by example,  
Again, at 34 l. 16 shil. the 21 〈◊〉 yards, how much will the yard amount unto, do this as the preceding rule, putting the yard into 
Another.  thirds, in multiplying them by 3 they make 64 for divisor to 34 l. 16 also multiplied by 3 which make 104 l. 8 shil. which to divide by 64, is to be considered that 8 times 8 is 64, and therefore the ⅛ of an eight is the price of a yard, as example,  
Many other divisions are resolved in the same manner as the preceding, which I willingly here omit, and refer them to the occurrences of traffic that shall happen herein, and now I will proceed to Multiplication abreviated, by which two rules both the golden Rule of three, and many other in Arithmetic are wrought and performed, commodious and necessary to this Tract of Exchanges and this Map of Commerce, as being indeed the proper rules, by which the Exchanges in this book are cast up and calculated.  
The method that hath been showed in the former Division, may in some sort serve also in multiplication in this manner, suppose you 
Multiplication abreviated.  were to multiply 56 yards by 4 l. 18 shil. 9 d. you must consider that 56 is composed of 7 times 8, and therefore you must multiply the said 4. 18. 9 by 7, and its product by 8, beginning with the pence, and saying 7 times 9 is 63, I writ 3 pence, and retain 5 shill. which I ad with 7 times 8 which make 61, writ then 1 and retain 6 which added to 1 times 7 makes 13 which is 6 l. 10 shil. and following the common method of addition, I put down one ten, and retain 6 l. which I add with 4 times 7, and they make 34 l. the which product I multiply again by 8, beginning to multiply by the pence which are with the pounds, and then by the shil. calculating for 12 d, one shill. and for 20 shill. 1 pound they then make 276 l. 10 shil. for the value of 56 yards as shall be more plainly demonstrated by this Example following.  
Many other questions may be answered as the above said, but yet note, that to multiply by an uneven number, such as is 31, 43, 
Another Example.  and the like, then do in this manner, posito I demand at 5l. 9 sh. 3. d. the yard, what will 43 yards come unto, now for as much as 43, hath no dividable parts I take 42, multiplying it by 6 and by 7, as hath been showed, and for the yard that doth remain I add to the last multiplication 5. l. 9 3. d. which is the cost of 1 yard and it makes 234 l. 17. 9 d. the cost of 43 yards as may be observed by the following example.  
But when there is any broken number in the yards or pieces, doc 
Another Example.  thus by example, at l. 7. 14. 6 the piece, what will 81½ cost, then for 81 I multiply by 9 the cost of the piece, and its product again by 9 because that 9 times 9 is 81 and I found l. 625. 14. 6 for the value of the said 81 pieces, and for the ½ piece I take the 〈◊〉 of 7. l. 14. 6. d. and adding it thereto the same comes to be l. 629. 11. sh. 9 d. and so much the 81½ cost, example.  
But for as much as this may seem difficult, I will here note another 
Another way of Multiplication abreviated.  way of Multiplication abreviated, serving as well in exchanges or in marchandising posito; I would know what comes 154 yards unto, at 56 shillings the yard, to do this multiply the said yards, by the half of the said money which is 28 sh. and in adding its product, double the last figure taking that for so many shill. and the rest for pounds as doth appear by this example following, which I add in this manner, saying 2. 4. and 9 make 15, and after the ordinary manner, you must set down 5, and bear 1 ten, but in this method, you must double it, setting down 10 for 5. the which doubled you must hold as so many shillings and so proceeding in the addition of the rest, and adding the tenth borne of 15, it will come to l. 431. 4. sh. the value of 154 yards, and this note is to be observed in all other questions of this nature, as by example doth appear.  
There is yet another brief way of Multiplication, used in France 
Another way of abreviated Multiplication.  and many parts beyond the seas, which is done by taking the parts of 10 or of 100 in this manner, I would multiply 113 yards by 1¼ I note what part 1¼ is in 10 and found it to be ⅛ therefore is 113 yards to be multiplied by 10, or else more brief by adding an 0 and in taking the 〈◊〉 which shall be the value of the said 113 yards, and for to multiply by 1 〈◊〉 you must take the 〈◊〉 of the sum to be multiplied, after you have added thereunto an oh because that 1 〈◊〉 is the 〈◊〉 of 10, and for to multiply by 3 〈◊〉 you must add an o and take 〈◊〉 because that 3⅓ is the 〈◊〉 of 10 and so in many others, in taking always the parts of 10, and note that the same may be done in taking the parts of 100, as to multiply 137 yards by 8 〈◊〉 you must add two oo to the sum, then take 〈◊〉, because that 8 〈◊〉 is the 〈◊〉, part of 100 and for to multiply by 12 〈◊〉, you must add two oo and take the ⅛ because that the 〈◊〉 of 100 is 12 〈◊〉 as may be seen by these following examples.  
Again at 3 shill: the pound, what will the 100 l. come unto? to 
Another example.  do this in brief a cipher is to be added to the cost of the pound which is 3 sh. and it makes 30 of which sum take the ½ and it makes 15 l. which makes the cost of the hundred, and so for others by these examples following.  
Again at 3 d. the pound, I would know how much 100 l. comes 
Another.  unto, multiply the pence (which the pound is worth) by 5, and out of its product take 1/12which shall be the cost of the quintall and to found the cost of the pound, you must multiply the value of the hundred by 12, and the ⅕ of the product is the cost of the pound as follows by these examples.  
But I have wandered too fare, and proceeded farther in this subject than I intended, therefore here will conclude both the calculations of Exchanges and these methods of abroviating the rules of Division and Multiplication, referring what is here by me omitted in both the said subjects to the ingenuous hand and head of the mysterious Exchanger.   
FINIS.   

 

  

  

  

  

  

  

   

The Printers to the friendly Readers.  
GEntlemen, it is found true by daily experience, that one hand doth oft-times ease many men's labour, & as often (it must be granted) that many hands given ease to one man's pains, and makes, as the Proverb says, light work; the first Assertion the Author hath made good in this Tract by his pains in your behalves, the last, we desire you to make good in his right, for being not well acquainted with the subject, and his public and private affairs not permitting his daily and continual attendance at the Press, may occasion the let slipping of some Errors, which unwillingly have past the Correctors hand, our will, and his knowledge, therefore we entreat you lovingly to amend them where they are found, and courteously to accept both of ours and his good will and endcavours therein, so shall you encourage us to do better hereafter, and endeavour so fare to please you in the future, that we may make some satisfaction to him for the Errors now committed, and rest engaged to you for your love and courteous acceptance of our pains and care taken therein.   

An Alphabetical Table, comprehending the most notable things contained in this MERCHANTS MAP OF COMMERCE.  

A  
AFRICA bounded with longitude and latitude, Chap. 1  
Asia bounded with its longitude and latitude, ib.  
America bounded, its longitude and latitude, ibid.  
Art of Merchandizing and the general parts thereof, 2  
A Merchant should know the form of Acquittances, Letters of Attorney, of account-keeping and arithmetic, ib.  
To abbreviate the labour of weighing, 6  
How to accord the weights of any two places, ibid.  
Of Accounts and accountkeeping, 7  
Accounts kept diversely in diverse Cities and Countries, ib.  
The method used in accounts is diverse, ibid.  
Four rules required in an Account, ibid.  
Artificial commodities what, 9  
America, and the Provinces thereof, 11  
Andalusia nova, 13  
Africa and the Provinces, 14  
Argier and the trade thereof, containing the commodities, coins, weights, measures, accounts and customs thereof, 16  
Ai●…n, and the commodities thereof, 27  
Alexandria 28, and the trade of the commodities, weights, measures, 30  
Asia and the Provinces thereof, 40  
Anatolia or Anatolia, 41  
Alexandretta or Scanderone, 42  
Angora, with weights and measures, 50  
Amasia, 51  
Armenia and the Cities, Chap. 67, & 52  
Mount Ararate, ibid.  
Acria and the trade thereof, 56  
Containing weights, measures, and coins, ibid.  
Amano, and the trade thereof, 58  
Aleppo, and the trade thereof, containing commodities, weights, coins, measures, accounts, customs thereof, &c. 63  
Arabia, and the Provinces thereof, 68  
Assyria, and the Cities thereof, 69  
Aden, and the trade thereof, 71  
Astracan and the trade thereof, containing the weights measures thereof, &c. 85  
Aracan and Ava, Chap. 95 and Chap 88  
Agria, 90  
Amadavar, ibid.  
Adam's hills the paradise of Siloners, 102  
Amboina Lands. 103  
Achin, and the trade thereof, 105  
Andalusia, 112  
Alicant, and the trade thereof, containing coins, accounts, weights, measures, &c. 115  
Alcala, ibid.  
Arragon, 119  
Aquitania, 122  
Anjou, 125  
Avergne, 127  
Avignon, 131  
Abruzzo, 139  
Apulia, and the trade thereof, 141  
Ancona, and the trade thereof, 149  
Aste a great Mart, 168  
Antwerp and the trade thereof, 179  
Artois, ibid.  
Arras ibid.  
Amsterdam, and the trade thereof, 180  
Albis River in Germany, ●…82  
Alsatia. 185  
An●…pache, 186  
Ausburg●…, and the trade thereof, 194  
Austria, ibid.  
Amber, 209  
Archangl●… in Moscovia, 220  
Avalona or Valona, and the trade thereof, 243  
Argos in Morea, 245  
Arcadian plains, ibid.  
Achaia, 246  
Athens, ibid.  
Albania, and the Cities thereof, 246  
M●… A●…hos the holy mountain, ibid.  
Adrianopolis. ibid.  
Adriatic Lands, 254  
Anglesey Island, 269 and 262  
Merchant Adventurers their original and places of residency of London, 267  
Antwerp Exchanges, 289  
Alcala Exchanges, 294  
Augusta Exchanges, 298  
Custom of Acceptations of Bills of Exchanges in Lions, 302  
Account of discounts and the manner thereof, used as well in Lions as in many other places of trade, 305  
Account- keeping in Lions how, 307  
Aggio of moneys practised in the payment of Bills of Exchanges in Rome, 340  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp, and how calculated, 435  
Exchanges of Antwerp with Lions, 436  
Of Antwerp with Placentia, 437  
Of Antwerp with Florence, 438  
Of Antwerp with Venice, 439  
Of Antwerp with London, 440  
Of Terms of payment of Bills of Exchanges in Antwerp, 441  
Orders and Commission given and received in Exchanges at Antwerp, 442   

B  
Bartering in use of old, Chap. 2  
Bargaining, ibid.  
Things considerable in Bartering, ibid.  
Things considerable in Bargaining, ibid.  
A Merchant aught to know the form of a Bill of exchange, ibid.  
Of Bills lading, ibid.  
Of Bills of debt, ibid.  
The Burse or Exchange, 3  
The Book of rates of customs, 4  
Bartering and Exchanging before the use of gold and silver, 5  
Brasilia, 13  
Barbada Island, ibid.  
Barmuda, or Summer Lands, ibid.  
Barbary, 14  
Barbary Merchants, 23  
Borneo, 25  
Boro, 27  
Bithynia, and the Cities thereof, 47  
Prussia in Bithynia, the trade, commodities, coins, weights, measures and customs thereof, 48  
Baruti, with the trade of the coins, measures, weights thereof, 59  
Babylon and the trade, containing the weights and measures, &c. thereof, 72  
Balsara, and the trade thereof, containing the customs, commodities, weight and measures, 77  
Bindamir, 79  
Balasia, 88  
Bengala, ibid.  
Barma, ibid.  
Boroche, and the trade thereof, 90  
Bassain, 92  
Bengala, and the trade of that coast, 94  
Banda, and Lands of Moluccoss, 103  
Batavia olim Jacetra, 104  
Bantam and the trade thereof, ibid.  
Borneo Island, and the trade thereof, 106  
Beniermasa, an English factory, ibid.  
Baiona and Biscay, 114  
Barselona, and the trade thereof, 119  
Bordeaux and the trade thereof. 124  
Brittany, 125  
Bourbon, 127  
B●…rry and la Beuse, ibid.  
Burges and Beavois, ibid.  
Beaucarre, 129  
Burgundy, 132  
Bresse, ibid.  
Bisanson, ibid.  
Bologna and the trade thereof, 143  
Bressia and the trade thereof, 155  
Brussels, 178  
Breda, ibid.  
Bridges, 179  
Breme & the trade thereof, 184  
Baccrai, 186  
Baden, ibid.  
Bainsberge, ibid.  
Basil and the trade thereof, 193  
Bavaria, 194  
Bohemia, 195  
Brandenburge, 196  
Brunswick and the trade thereof, 200  
Beer of Lubeck famous, 205  
Baltique Lands, 210  
Bornholme, ibid.  
Blesida, ibid.  
Bergen, one of the 4. ancient mart Towns of Europe, 216  
Bodia in Sweden, 217  
Buda in Hungary, 234  
Bulgaria, 235  
Bosna, ibid.  
Beaumares in Anglesey, 262  
Britain and the Provinces, 268  
Berkshire, 269  
Buckingham shire, ibid.  
Bedford-shire, ibid.  
Berwick, ibid.  
Brecknockshire, ibid.  
Beauty of England. ibid.  
Barbary Merchants of London, their original and decay, 270  
Barrie Exchanges, 286  
Barselona Exchanges, 293  
Bologna Exchanges, 296  
Bergamo Exchanges, 297  
Bilan what, 302  
Examples upon Exchanges practised in Barselona, and how calculated, 426  
Exchanges of Barselona with Lions, 427  
Exchanges of Barselona with Placencia. 428  
Exchanges of Barselona with Saragosa, 429  
Of Barselona with Valentia, 430  
Of Barselona with Seville, 431  
Of Barselona with Lixborne, 432  
Of Orders and Commissions given & received in draughts and remittances, in Exchanges made in Barselona 433  
Terms of payment of bills of Exchanges in Barselona, 434   

C  
The commodity of the knowledge of Geography to Merchants, Chap. 1  
Cancer and Capricorn Tropicss, ibid.  
Commutations distinguished into three manners, 2  
A Merchant should know the form of all charter parties, ibid.  
Cities and Towns eminent in trade, only mentioned in this Map, 3  
Six parts required in a complete City and Town, ibid.  
What Cities are found fit for traffic and Commerce, ib.  
Two sorts of Cities of traffic, ibid.  
Sea Cities of trade what, ibid.  
Land Cities of trade what, ib.  
Cities of trade in manual arts, ibid.  
The Cities of trade mentioned in this Map of Commerce, ibid.  
Five places in a City depending upon trade, ibid.  
The Customhouse, ibid.  
The customs, impositions, and other duties paid by Merchants upon goods, 4  
Customs not always alike in all places, ibid.  
Customs due upon all Commodities, ibid.  
Customs differing, in regard of times, of places, of Cities, of Commodities, and of weight. ibid.  
Coins of sundry Countries used in traffic of Merchandizing, 5  
Coins made of silver and gold, ibid.  
A Capital crime to debase or to altar any Prince's Coin, ibid.  
Cargos in weights what, 6  
Cain the inventor of Weights and Measures, 8  
All Cities of trade have sworn and public measures, ib.  
Of commodities used in merchandizing, and the knowledge thereof, 9  
All commodities are either natural or artificial ibid.  
All commodities known by the senses, ibid.  
All Coins brought into one by exchanging, 10  
Castilia Aurea, 13  
Chilo, ibid.  
Cuba, ibid.  
Caffaria, 27  
Cape bona speransa, ibid.  
Carro 29. and the trade thereof, 31  
Casirs in the read Sea, 29  
Captus, ibid.  
Caffa in the Euxine Sea, ibid.  
Cilicia and the Cities thereof, 42  
Colloso, 46  
Capadocia and the Cities thereof. 51  
Celosyria and the Cities thereof. 61  
Colcos. 67  
Caldea and the Cities thereof. 69  
Cabin and the trade thereof. 76  
Cusestam. 77  
Cusan and the trade thereof. 78  
Caramania. ibid.  
Carriage of commodities by Caravans. 81  
Capha and the trade thereof; containing the coins, weights, measures and accounts thereof, 85  
Cathay and the Provinces. 86  
Cambalu and the trade thereof. 87  
Conanor 88 and the trade. 92  
Cambaia. 88  
Canora. ibid.  
Camboia. ibid.  
Cauchinchina. ibid.  
Cambaia and the trade thereof. 90  
Chaul and the trade thereof. 92  
Cochin and the trade thereof. ibid.  
Calicut and the trade thereof. ibid.  
Coast of Cormandel and the trade thereof. 93  
Custom in India for debtors. 94  
China and the Provinces there of. 98  
Commodities of China. ibid.  
Cloves in abundance in Molluccos 102  
Celebs Island and the trade thereof, containing coins, weights, &c. thereof. 107  
Cyprus and the trade thereof, containing commodities, coins, weights, measures. 108  
Cartagena. 114  
Castilia and the trade thereof, containing exchanges, coins, weights, measures. 116  
Catalonia. 118  
Callais and the trade thereof. 132  
Champagne. ibid.  
Callabria and the trade thereof. 140  
Crema and the trade thereof. 157  
Cremona and the trade thereof. 166  
Como and the trade thereof. 167  
Cambray. 179  
Charlemond. ibid.  
Collen and the trade thereof. 185  
Cleveland. ibid.  
Coins in general of Germany. 206  
Coins of Stoade, Hamburge, and Lubeque. ibid.  
Coins of Embden, Breme, Edenburg, Brunswick, Mayenburg, Lipsicke, upper Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, ib.  
Coppenhagen 210. and the trade thereof. 211  
Candora in Moscovia. 219  
Cracovia and the trade thereof. 223  
Coninburg and the trade thereof. 226  
Corn measures of Eastland, reduced to that of sundry other Countries. 231  
Croatia. 236  
Corono and the trade thereof. 239  
Cattarro and the trade thereof. 240  
Coranto anciently Corinth, a famous Mart in Morea. 245  
Constantinople and the trade thereof. 247  
Coos Island. 249  
Candia Island, and the trade thereof. ●…51  
Cerigo Island. ibid.  
Cursolari Lands. ibid.  
Corsu Island and the trade thereof. 252  
Corsica Island. 258  
Callarie and the trade thereof. 259  
Capre Island. 261  
Cadis or Gades. ibid.  
Conaght in Ireland. 263  
Four circuits in Wales. 268  
Cornwall. 269  
Cambridgeshire. ibid.  
Cheshire. ibid.  
Cumberland. ibid.  
Carnarvan-shire. ibid.  
Cardiganshire. ibid.  
Caermarden-shire. ibid.  
Six Circuits in England. ib.  
Cities of Exchanges in Europe. 273  
Collen Exchanges. 290  
The Captain of Mosambique, the greatest Merchant of that coast. 28   

D  
Description of Countries conduceth to the description of Cities, Chap. 1  
Division of the world into 4 parts, ibid.  
Distance of places how found out, ibid.  
Duty of building of a Ship, belonging to the Shipwright, 2  
Duty of Ships provision belonging to Owners and Outreaders, ibid.  
Duty of Sailing a Ship belonging to Navigators. ibid.  
Duty of Employing of Ships belonging to Merchants. ibid.  
Denarius how called. 5  
The best way of accounts is by Debtor and Creditor. 7  
Diverse Countries have a diversity in their measures. 8  
Decaying commodities what. 9  
Damietta. 29  
Damascus and the trade, containing the coins, weights, measures, commodities thereof, &c. 62  
Derbent. 73  
Dellia. 88  
Dieu and the trade thereof, and of that coast and the commodities. 89  
Damain in India. 92  
Customs in India for Debtors. 94  
The Dutch Forts and trade in Amboina Lands. 103  
Denia and the trade thereof. 118  
Dolphin. 127  
Duke of Florence a great Merchant. 159  
Dry measures of several Cities in the Levant Seas compared. 161  
Dukedom of Milan. 164  
Dunkirk. 179  
Douai. ibid.  
Delphe. ibid.  
Doree. ibid.  
Danubius' River. 182  
Dresden and the trade thereof. 199  
Denmark and the Provinces. 210  
Dithmar i●… Denmark. ibid.  
Dansicke and the trade thereof. 224  
Dacia and the Cities thereof 235  
Dalmatia. 236  
Delos or Delphos. 249  
Dublin the Metropolis of Ireland, and the trade thereof. 264  
Four Dioceses in Wales. 268  
Devonshire. 269  
Dorsetshire. ibid.  
Darbyshire. ibid.  
Durham. ibid.  
Denbighshire. ibid.  
Declaration of the Table of Exchanges. 274  
Double usance what. 299  
Account of Discounts used in Lions and elsewhere. 305  
Days and nights differ according to the Latitude. 1   

E  
Equinoctial what. Chap. 1  
Europe and its bounds, latitude and longitude. ibid.  
Eclipse of the Sun and Moon when seen. ibid.  
Exchanging the third manner of Commutation. 2  
Exchanging drawn into a profitable art, and the reasons thereof. ibid.  
Things considerable in Exchanging. ibid.  
Esterlin Monies in England. 5  
Of Exchanges in general used by Merchants. 10  
The excellency of a Bill of Exchange. ibid.  
The Exchanger rectifieth the disorders of mints, and the necessity of prices. ib.  
Estotiland. 12  
Aethiopia and the Provinces. 26  
Elephant's teeth. 27  
Egypt and the Provinces. 29  
The trade of Egypt in times past. ibid.  
Egypt weights compared with others. 34  
Euphesus. 44  
Eolis, the first Merchants. 46  
Euphrates. 54  
Three excellencies in Casbin. 76  
Exendu, and the largeness thereof. 87  
The English the last traders into India. 107  
English Consul at Cyprus. 108  
Europe and the Kingdoms thereof. 110  
Escurial. 115  
English subjection at Blois upon the River of Gerond. 124  
English hall in Roven for wool. 126  
East Friesland. 182  
Embden and the trade thereof. 183  
Elsinor and the trade thereof. 212  
Elbin and the trade thereof, 225  
Epidaurus. 245  
Epirus. 246  
The English the greatest traders of any Christians into Constantinople. 247  
Mount Aetna in Sicilia. 256  
Elba Island. 261  
Edinburgh and the trade thereof. 266  
Essex. 269  
East India Merchants of London their original. 270  
Eastland Merchants their original. ibid.  
Of Exchanges in general, with the method and manner thereof, as practised in Christendom. 273  
Exchanging places. ibid.  
What Exchanges are, &c. ib.  
Declaration of the Table of Exchanges. 274  
Of the Exchanges of Placentia. 276  
The Exchanges of Lions, Paris. 277  
The Exchanges of Rome. 278  
The Exchanges of Genoa. 279  
Exchanges of Milan. 280  
Exchanges of Venice. 281  
Exchanges of Florence. 282  
Exchanges of Lucca. 283  
Exchanges of Naples. 284  
Exchanges of Leccie. 285  
Exchanges of Barrie. 286  
Exchanges of Palermo. 287  
Exchanges of Mesina. 288  
Exchanges of Antwerp and Collen. 289  
Exchanges of London. 290  
Exchanges of Valentia. 291  
Exchanges of Saragosa. 292  
Exchanges of Barselona. 293  
Exchanges of Sivil, Alcala, Medina del campo in Castilia. 294  
Exchanges of Lixborne. 295  
Exchanges of Bologna. 296  
Exchanges of Bergamo. 297  
Exchanges of Francfort, Norimberge, Augusta, Vienna. 198  
How the rates and prices in Exchanges are settled amongst Merchants. 300  
Of Examples upon Exchanges practised at Lions, and how the same are calculated. 302  
Examples of the Exchanges of Lions with the profit of the profits thereof, as interest upon interest. 304  
Certain and incertain prices in Exchanges what. 323  
Examples of Exchanges in Rome, and how the same are calculated. 325  
Examples of Exchanges in Naples, and how the same are calculated. 342  
Examples of Exchanges in Genoa, and how the same are calculated. 360  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Venice, and how to be calculated. 368  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Placentia, and how calculated. 382  
Questions of Exchanges in Placentia, 399  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Florence, and how calculated. 400  
Exchanges practised at Milan, and how the same are to be calculated. 410  
Exchange●… practised at Palermo and Mesina, and how to be calculated. 419  
Exchanges of Ba●…lona, Seville, Lisbon, Valentia and Satagosa, and how the same is calculated. 426  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Antwerp, and how calculated. 435  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Lonon, and how calculated. 443  
The excellency of the Palmtree. 30   

F  
Florida. Chap. 12  
Fishing in Newfoundland. ibid.  
Fez and the Provinces thereof. 20  
The City of Fez, with the commodities, moneys, weights, measures, and customs thereof. 21  
The manner of farming the Pepper in India by the Portugals. 92  
The fortune of Siam and Pegu. 96  
Firando and the trade thereof. 101  
France and the Provinces thereof. 122  
French not addicted to trade. 127  
Foreign weights compared with the weights of Lions. 129  
Ferrara and the trade thereof. 144  
Florence and the Cities of that Dukedom. 159  
Florence and the trade of that City. 160  
Flushing. 180  
Franconia. 186  
Francford and the trade thereof. 191  
Fountain of Salt in Limburg. 201  
Friburg and the trade thereof. 202  
Fionia. 210  
Fincria. ibid.  
Finmarke. 216  
Finland in Sden. 217  
The French Nation the third eminent traders into Turkey. 247  
Fromentarie. 261  
Friesland. 262  
Flint. 269  
French Merchants of London their Original. 270  
Florence Exchanges. 282  
Francford Exchanges. 298  
Fairs and Marts what 299  
Fairs in Lions when. 324  
Examples of Exchanges used in Florence, and how calculated. 400  
Exchanges of Florence with Lions. 401  
Of Florence with Placentia. 402  
Of Florence with Venice. 403  
Of Florence with Rome. 404  
Of Florence with Naples 405  
Of Florence with Antwerp. 406  
To reduce Crown of 7 livers in Florence to Crown of gold of 7½ li. 407  
Terms of payments of Bills of Exchange in Florence. 408  
Orders and Commissions in Exchanges practised in Florence. 409   

G  
Geographie delightful, profitable and necessary to Merchants. Chap. 1  
Geographie demonstrated in Maps and Sea cards. ibid.  
Gold and silver the most excellent of metals. 5  
Nova Granada. 13  
Guiana. ibid.  
Goaga. 25  
Genin and Benin, and their trade, with their customs, coins, weights, measures, and manner of accounting ibid.  
Gordian. 46  
Gallacia and the Cities thereof. 50  
Grograme trade. ibid.  
Galelia. 66  
Gasa and the trade thereof. 66  
Georgia. 67  
Gedrosia. 78  
Gombrone and the trade thereof. 80  
Ganges the famous River. 88  
Goa and the trade thereof, containing the commodities, coins, weights and measures. 91  
The greatness of China. 98  
Granado and the trade thereof. 113  
Geneva and the trade thereof. 136  
Genoa and the trade thereof. 174  
Guelderland. 178  
Gante. 179  
Gravelling. ibid.  
Gro●…eing. 180  
Germany and the Provinces thereof. 182  
Grats. 194  
Gorlits. 195  
Germany accounts and coins. 206  
Gothland in Sweden. 217  
Grecia and the Provinces there of. 238  
Galipolis or Calipolis. 246  
Gallata. 247  
The government of the trade of the English into Constantinople. ibid.  
Groanland. 262  
Garnsey Island. ibid.  
Gloucestershire. 269  
Glamargan-shire. ibid.  
Green-land Merchants of London their original. 270  
Genoa Exchanges. 279  
Genoa Exchanges and how calculated. 360  
Exchanges of Genoa with Placentia. 361  
To reduce livers of cur●…ant money into livers of gold in Genoa. ibid.  
Exchanges of Genoa with Lions. 362  
Of Genoa with Milan. 363  
Of Genoa with Venice. 364  
Of Genoa with Naples. 365  
Orders and commissions in Genoa. 366  
Terms of payment of bills of Exohanges in Genoa. 367  
Galetta in Tunes. 15  
Granatins or Moro francos. ibid.   

H  
Hundred weights what. Chap. 6  
Hispaniola. 13  
Hispahan and the trade thereof, containing the commodities, coins, accounts, weights, measures thereof, and Persia. 81  
The Hollanders the second traders into India. 107  
Holland. 179  
Henalt. ibid.  
Harlem. ibid.  
Hanstowns in Germany. 182  
Hidleberg and the trade thereof. 189  
Helvetia. 191  
Hasia. 201  
Hamburg and the trade thereof. 204  
Holsatia. 210  
Hungaria and the Cities thereof. 234  
The Hollanders the lest traders into Turkey, of the western Christians. 246  
Mount Hibla in Sicilia. 256  
Hebrides Iles. 262  
Hamshire. 269  
Hartfordshire. ibid.  
Huntingtonshire. ibid.  
Hereford-shire. ibid.  
Half Usance what. ibid.   

I  
A Merchant should know the form of Intimations and protests. Chap. 2  
Impositions upon goods. 4  
An Instrument to found out the agreement of measures in any two Cities or places. 8  
Jucatan. 12  
Isles of Solomon. 13  
Isles of Baccalos. ibid.  
Island of Beriquen. ibid.  
Jamaica. ibid.  
Island St. Thomas. 37  
Land's Canaries, and the trade thereof. 38  
Island Tarceras or Asores. 39  
jonia and the Cities thereof. 44  
jordan the River. 65  
Idumea. ibid.  
judea. ibid.  
jerico. 66  
jerusalem. ibid.  
jasques in Persia. 80  
India and the Provinces thereof. 88  
Lands of Afia and their trade. 100  
Lands of japan and their trade containing their coins, weights, measures. &c. 101  
Island of Silon and the trade. 102  
Inhabitants of Sylon excellent and rare Tumblors and Morisdancers. ibid.  
Lands of Molluccoes and the trade. 103  
Lands of java and the trade. 104  
jacettra, baptised Batavia. ib.  
japarra and the trade thereof ibid.  
jambe and the trade thereof. 105  
Isle of France. 126  
Italy and the Provinces thereof. 137  
Imperial Towns in Germany. 182  
jutland in Denmark. 210  
julin an ancient Mart. 229  
Illuria. 236  
The trade of the Lands seated in the Ionian, Egron, mediterranean and adriatic Seas. 248  
Ithecca, and the trade thereof. 252  
juisa Island and the trade thereof. 261  
Iscia Lands. ibid.  
Island. 262  
jarsey Island. ibid.  
Ireland and the trade thereof. 263  
Ingland and the Cities thereof. 269  
Levant Merchants of London their Original and splendour. 270  
Ignorant Exchangers censure the judicious if varying from the custom of Exchanging. 273  
Dates of Exchanges in Lions which may serve for the rate of interest in any other place. 303  
Interest paid upon rebate. 304   

K  
The King's beam or waighhouse Chap. 3  
How a Merchant may have a knowledge in all commodities. 9  
The Kingdoms now in subjection to the Grand Signior 67  
Kent. 26.  
Kings of Portugal great Merchants into India. 28   

L  
Latitude how accounted. Chap. 1  
The longitude of a place how to be found out. ibid.  
The latitude of a place how to be found. ibid.  
Latitude and longitude found out by the Meridians, ibid.  
Lucay Lands. 13  
Lybia and the Provinces. 24  
Lydia. 46  
Liconia and the Cities. 52  
Lahoare. 90  
Lawi●…ander. ibid.  
L●…xborne and the trade thereof, containing coins weights, measures and customs of Portugal. 117  
Locram●…. 125  
Limosin. 127  
Lions and the trade thereof. 128  
Languedoc. 129  
Lo●…raine. 132  
Loretta. 147  
Leghorne and the trade thereof. 173  
Lucca and the trade thereof. 175  
Limburge. 178  
Liege. ibid.  
Luxenburge. ibid.  
Louvain. ibid.  
Lisle. 179  
Laiden. ibid.  
Lipsicke and the trade thereof. 197  
Luneburge and the trade thereof. 201  
Lubeck and the trade thereof. 205  
Lappia in Swethland. 218  
Livonia. 222  
Lituania. ibid.  
Larta and the trade thereof. 244  
Lepanto and the trade thereof. 245  
Lemnos. 248  
Lesbos. 249  
Lipara Island. 261  
Lemster in Ireland. 263  
Lecestershire. 269  
Lincolnshire. ibid.  
Lankeshire. ibid.  
London and the trade thereof. 270  
Liberty of Exchanging. 273  
The Exchanges of Lions. 277  
Lucca Exchanges. 283  
Leccie Exchanges. 285  
London Exchanges. 290  
Lisbon Exchanges. 295  
Examples upon Exchanges in Lions, and how calculated. 302  
Custom of acceptions of bills of Exchanges in Lions. ibid.  
The price of Exchanges settled in Lions for succeeding fairs ibid.  
Recounters in Lions what. ib.  
Rules of casting up the Exchan ges made in Lions. ibid.  
Rates of Exchanges in Lions, which may serve for the rates of interest in many other places. 303  
The reason and benefit of the rules of Exchanges in Lions. ibid.  
Examples of the Exchanges of Lions, with the profit of the profits thereof. 304  
Account of disaccounts in Lions and in many other places. 305  
Exchanges of Lions with Rome. 307  
Exchanges of Lions with Florence. 308  
Exchanges of Lions with Lucca. 309  
Exchanges of Lions with Naples. 310  
Exchanges of Lions with Palermo. 311  
Exchanges of Lions with Genoa. 312  
Exchanges of Lions with Milan. 313  
Exchanges of Lions with Venice. 314  
Exchanges of Lions with Bolonia. 315  
Exchanges of Lions with Placencia. 316  
Exchanges of Lions with Antwerp. 317  
Exchanges of Lions with London. 318  
Exchanges of Lions with Francfort. 319  
Exchanges of Lions with Seville. 320  
Exchanges of Lions with Lixborne. 321  
Exchanges of Lions with Barselona. 322  
Orders and commissions for Ex change in Lions. 323  
The fairs of Lions. 324  
Exchanges of Lixborne. 42●…  
Examples of Exchanges practised in London, and how calculated 443  
Exchanges of London with Lions. 444  
Exchanges of London with Florence. 445  
Exchanges of London with Venice. 446  
Of London with Antwerp. 447  
Orders, and commissions, in draughts and remittances in Exchanges in London. 448  
Terms of payments of bills of Exchanges in London. 449   

M  
MERCHANDIZING the first School of the present government of many Countries. Chap. 1  
The use of Maps and Sea-Cards in general. ibid.  
Meridian what. ibid.  
Meridian's and their use. ibid.  
Merchandizing accounted an Art 2  
The materials of Merchandizing are commodities and moneys. ibid.  
The duty of Merchants. ibid.  
A Merchant aught to know I the form of a bill of Exchange, 2 of all intimations & protests, 3 of Charter parties, 4 bills tading, 5 Policies of assurance, 6 of bills of debt, 7 of a release, 8 of Le●…ters of Attorney, 9 of account keeping, and 10 arithmetic ib.  
The Merchant's purse and person supplies many defects in a City. 3  
Magazines for commodities. ib.  
Met-house. ibid.  
Merchant's must learn what customs are and duly pay them. 4  
Monies of Leather in Saint Dominco. 5  
Monies of shells in Tombuto. ibid.  
Monies of iron in Massa. ibid.  
Monies of lumaches in Congo. ibid.  
Monies of glass in Melinda. ibid.  
Monies of Salt and Paper in Cathay. ibid.  
Monies of Gansa in Pegu. ib.  
Monies of almonds in Bengala. ibid.  
Monies of dead men's skulls in Sumatra. ibid.  
Monies of Pepper and Cocos in India. ibid.  
Monies called by three several names. ibid.  
Moneta what and how called. ibid.  
The Merchant must be versed in all weights. 6  
Of measures in general. 8  
False measures are punishable by the Magistrate. ibid.  
Measures of solid bodies, of dry and liquid commodities, ibid.  
All measures to the Merchant must be as one measure. ibid.  
A Merchant must be seen in all commodities, and in all trades. 9  
A Merchant must know the value of all commodities. ib.  
A Merchant must reduce the knowledge of commodities to a profitable end. ibid.  
Merchant's should know how to preserve all commodities. ib.  
Merchant's should know how to better their commodities. ibid.  
The mystery of Exchanges reduced to profitable principals. 10  
Mexicana and the Provinces. 12  
Mexico and the commodities. ibid.  
Manoa the golden City. 13  
Margarita. ibid.  
Kingdom of Morocco. 22  
City of Morocco with the trade, containing the commodities, coins, weights, measures, and customs thereof. 23  
Mosambique, and the trade thereof, containing coins, weights, measures and commodities thereof. 28  
Monomotapa. 27  
Manica. ibid.  
Manicongo. ibid.  
Merchants of six sorts in Cairo. 31  
Madagascar, otherwise Saint Laurence. 35  
Midium. 46  
Medina Talnabi and Meccha. 68  
Mesopotamia and the Cities. 69  
Mocha and the trade, containing the coins, weights, measures thereof. 70  
Media and the Cities thereof. 73  
Mallavar Chap. 88 and the trade of that coast. 92  
Mandoa. 88  
Macin. ibid.  
The Merchants that in general are found to traffic in India. ibid.  
Musulapatam and the trade of the coast of Cormandil, with the coins, weights, measures of that place and coast. 93  
Maccau in China. 95  
Mallacca, and the trade thereof, as the weights, measures, coins, &c. thereof. 97  
Moonsons at Mallacca. ibid.  
Maccau and the trade thereof, containing the commodities, coins, weights, &c. thereof. 99  
Maccassar and the trade thereof, containing weights, measures, coins, &c. 107  
Malaga and the trade thereof, containing coins, customs, weights, measures. 114  
Murcia. ibid.  
Madrid. 115  
Measures of Spain reduced to the English yard of London. 120  
Maine. 125  
St. Malos and Morlais in Britain. ibid.  
Monies lately inhansed in France. 127  
Molins. ibid.  
Mart of Lions formerly in Geneva. 128  
Marselia and the trade thereof. 131  
Modena and the trade thereof. 145  
Milan and the trade thereof. 165  
Mantova and the trade thereof. 168  
Mirandola and the trade thereof. 172  
Mastricht. 178  
Marquisate. ibid.  
Middleburge. 180  
Maclin. ibid.  
Measures of Netherlands reduced to the measures of London. ibid.  
Mentzes. 186  
Meclinburge. 196  
Measures of Germany reduced to London. 208  
Measures of Denmark to London. 214  
Moscovia and the Provinces. 219  
Moscow and the trade thereof. 220  
Massovia. 222  
Moldavia. 235  
Modona and the trade thereof. 239  
Morea and the trade thereof. ibid.  
Misene in Morea. 245  
Marathron. 246  
Megara. ibid.  
Macedonia. ibid.  
Migdonia. ibid.  
Mastic. 248  
Messina and the trade thereof. 257  
Malta Island. ibid.  
Majorca and Minorque, and the trade thereof. 260  
Man Island. 262  
Munster in Ireland. 263  
M in Ireland. ibid.  
Middlesex. 269  
Merioneth-shire. ibid.  
Mountgomery-shire. ibid.  
Monmouth-shire. ibid.  
Merchant's Adventurers of London their Original and places of residence. 270  
Moscovia Merchants of London their Original. ibid.  
Measures used in England. 272  
Manner of Exchanging. 273  
Milan Exchanges. 280  
Mesina Exchanges. 288  
Medina del campo Exchanges. 294  
Exchanges practised at Milan, and how the same are calculated 410  
Exchanges of Milan with Lions. 411  
Of Milan with Placentia. 412  
Of Milan with Venice. 413  
Of Milan with Rome. 414  
Of Milan with Naples. 415  
Of Milan with Genoa. 416  
Terms of payment of bills of Exchanges in Milan. 417  
Orders and commissions given and received in Exchanges in Milan. 418  
Exchanges of Mesina and Palermo. 419   

N  
The dvety of Navigators. Chap. 2  
Nummus what. 5  
Natural commodities what. 9  
The necessity and commodiousness of Exchanges. 10  
Nicaragua. 12  
Norumbega. ibid.  
Nova francia. ibid.  
Nombre de dios. 13  
Numidia and the Provinces. 24  
Negrita and the trade thereof. 25  
Navigation to India. 28  
Nilus River. ●…9  
Narsinga. 88  
Nanquin. 98  
Normandy. 125  
Nevers. 127  
Naples and the Cities therein. 138  
Naples and the trade thereof. 139  
Nimingen. 178  
Newporte. 179  
Namurce. ibid.  
Norimberge, 186  
And the trade thereof. 190  
Northgoia. 195  
Norway and the Provinces. 216  
Nodrosia in Norway. ibid.  
Novegrade in Moscovia. 219  
St. Nicholas in Moscovia. 220  
Negroponte. 249  
Northern Lands. 262  
Norfolk. ibid.  
Northamptonshire. ibid.  
Nottinghamshire. ibid.  
Northumberland. ibid.  
Naples Exchanges. 284  
Norimberge Exchanges. 298  
Exchanges of Naples with Lions. 343  
Exchanges of Naples how calculated. 342  
Exchanges of Naples with Placentia. 344  
Exchanges of Naples with Rome. 345  
Exchanges of Naples with Florence. 346  
Exchanges of Naples with Venice. 347  
Exchanges of Naples with Milan. 348  
Exchanges of Naples with Leccie and Bary. 349  
Exchanges of Naples with Mesina. 350  
Exchanges of Naples with Palermo. 351  
Exchanges of Naples with Genoa. 352  
Exchanges of Naples with Antwerp. 353  
Exchanges of Naples with London. 354  
Exchanges of Naples with Valencia. 355  
Exchanges of Naples with Seville. 356  
Exchanges of Naples with Lisbon. 357  
Terms of payment of bills of Exchanges in Naples. 358  
Orders and commissions in Naples. 359   

OH  
The dvety of owners of Ships. Chap. 2  
The original of customs. 4  
Officers fees of custome-houses to be known and discharged. ibid.  
Merchant's should writ down their observations upon commodities. 9  
Ocknams' brave attempt. 13  
Oran, with the coins, weights and measures thereof. 17  
Original of the company of Merchants of Turkey and East India. 23  
Ormus and the trade thereof. 80  
Restored to the Persian sceptre by the valour of the English. ibid.  
Orders of Caravans from Syria to Balsara. ibid.  
Orleans. 127  
Oils of Provence how bought 130  
Oils how measured in Thollon. ibid.  
Orange. 131  
Ottranto. 139  
Oversells. 180  
Odera River. 182  
Ossenbregs. 184  
Olmuts. 195  
Olympian games. 245  
Ocean Lands. 262  
Orchades. ibid.  
Oxford-shire. 269  
Orders and commissions given and received for draughts and remittances of Exchanges in Lions. 323  
Orders and commissions given and received for draughts and remittances of Exchanges in Rome. 341  
Orders and commissions given and received for draughts and remittances in Exchanges in Naples. 359  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Genoa. 366  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Venice. 380  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Placencia. 398  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Florence. 409  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Milan. 418  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Palermo and Mesina. 425  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Barselona. 434  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in Antwerp. 442  
Orders and commissions for draughts and remittances in London. 448  
Original of Burses, of places for meeting of Merchants. 181   

P  
Parallels what. Chap. 1  
Poles arctic and antarctic. ibid.  
A Merchant should know the form of policies of assurance. 2  
Pecunia what and how called. 5  
A principal part of merchandising consists in the knowledge of commodities. 9  
How to found out the Par of Exchanges. 10  
The price of the Exchange, at the disposal of the Exchanger. ibid.  
The particulars observed in the MAP of COMMERCE. ib.  
Peruana and the Provinces. 13  
Panama. ibid.  
Peru. ibid.  
Pamphilia. 43  
Phrigia. 46  
Pontus and the Cities thereof. 49  
Pompey's Pillar. ibid.  
Paphlagonia and the Cities. 50  
Pisidia and the Cities. 52  
Phoenicia and the Cities. 55  
Palestine and the Cities. 65  
Place of Paradise. 71  
Pigeon's letter carrier's. 72  
Persia and the Provinces thereof. 75  
Persis. ibid.  
Policies of Casan. 78  
Parthia. 80  
Pegu. 88  
The manner of farming the pepper in India by the Portugals. 92  
Pegu and the trade of that coast. 95  
Pottana and the trade thereof. 96  
Priaman and the trade thereof. 105  
Philipine Lands. 107  
The Portugal the first Masters of the trade of India. 107  
Portugal. 116  
Poitou. 125  
Paris & the trade thereof. 127  
Perigort. ibid.  
Provence. 129  
Picardy. 131  
Papacy and the Cities thereof. 142  
Padova and the trade thereof. 153  
Pisa and the trade thereof. 162  
Parma and the trade thereof. 170  
Placencia and the trade thereof. 171  
Principalities in Germany. 182  
Preslave. 195  
Prague and the trade thereof. 196  
Pomerania. 197  
plescovia. 219  
Permia. ibid.  
Petrosa. ibid.  
Pollonia and the Provinces thereof. 222  
Podolia. ibid.  
Podlasia. ibid.  
Prussia. ibid.  
Trade in general of Poland and East-land. 233  
Presberge. 234  
Pretras and the trade thereof. 239  
Parnassus Mount. 24●…  
Pera. ibid.  
Pathmos Island. 249  
Palermo and the trade thereof. 257  
Panteleria Island. 261  
Progita. ibid.  
Pomonia Iles. 262  
Penbroke-shire. 269  
The Exchanges of Placencia. 277  
The Exchanges of Paris. 277  
Palermo Exchanges. 288  
The Par in Exchanges what. 301  
Princes Par in Exchanges. 301  
Merchants Par in Exchanges. ibid.  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Placencia, and how calculated. 382  
Exchanges of Placencia with Lions. 383  
Of Placencia with Genoa. 384  
Of Placencia with Rome. 385  
Of Placencia with Florence. 386  
Of Placencia with Palermo. 387  
Of Placencia with Venice. 388  
Of Placencia with Milan. 389  
Of Placencia with Naples. 390  
Of Placencia with Seville. 391  
Of Placencia with Valencia. 392  
Of Placencia with Antwerp. 393  
Of Placencia with Bergamo. 394  
Of Placencia with Lucca. 395  
Of Placencia with Frankfurt. 396  
Of Placencia with London. 397  
Of orders and commissions given and received in exchanges in Placencia. 398  
Questions upon Exchanges in Placencia. 399  
Exchanges practised in Palermo and Mesina, and how the same is calculated. 419  
Exchanges of Palermo and Mesina with Lions. 420  
Of Palermo, &c. with Placencia. 421  
Of Palermo, &c. with Naples. 422  
Of Palermo, &c. with Venice. 423  
Of Palermo, &c. with Barselona. 424  
Of Palermo and with Sarago●…a and Valencia. ibid.  
Orders and commissions in Palermo and Mesina, given and received in Exchanges there. 425  
Piratical trade of Tunes and Argier. 19   

Q  
Quivira. Chap. 12  
Quiloa. 27  
Quitiana. ibid.  
Quinsay. 98  
Quento of money what. 116  
Quercu. 127  
The Quality of money exchanged. 273  
Questions upon exchanges that are practised in Placentia. 399   

R  
Roves in weighing what. Chap. 6  
Rotolos in weighing what. ib.  
Rio de la platta. 13  
Regal Contracts. 28  
Rosetta on Nilus. 29  
Rovenas of Egypt. 31  
Rhubarb. 85  
River of Martaban. 95  
River of Menan. 96  
Rarities found in Sumatra. 105  
Rotchell and the trade thereof. 125  
Roven and the trade thereof. 126  
Runano and the trade thereof. 146  
Ravenna and the trade thereof. 147  
Ricanti and the trade thereof. 148  
Rome and the trade thereof. 150  
Rotterdam a seat of the Merchant-Adventurers of London. 179  
River of Rhine. 182  
Rivers of Moscovia. 219  
Rhesian. ibid.  
Russia Niger. 222  
Rhiga and the trade thereof. 227  
Revell and the trade thereof. 228  
Rasia. 235  
Rhagusa and the trade thereof. 237  
Rhodes and the trade thereof. 250  
Rutland-shire. 269  
Richmondshire. ibid.  
Radnor-shire. ibid.  
The Exchanges of Roven. 277  
The Exchanges of Rome. 278  
Rescounters in Lions what. 302  
Rules of casting up the Exchanges made in Lions. ibid.  
Rates of Exchanges in Lions, which may serve for rates of interest in many other places. 303  
A Table for casting up the account of Rebatments. 305  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Rome, and how the same are to be calculated. 326  
Exchanges of Rome with Placencia. 327  
Exchanges of Rome with Florence. 328  
Exchanges of Rome with Venice. 329  
Exchanges of Rome with Milan. 330  
Exchanges of Rome with Naples. 331  
Exchanges of Rome with Genoa. 332  
Exchanges of Rome with Palermo. 333  
Exchanges of Rome with Antwerp. 334  
Exchanges of Rome with London. 3●…5  
Exchanges of Rome with Valentia, Saragosa and Barselona. 336  
Exchanges of Rome with Seville. 337  
Exchanges of Rome with Lisbon. 338  
Terms of payments of bills of Exchange in Rome. 339  
Aggio of moneys in Rome. 340 Orders and commissions by Exchange in Rome. 341   

S  
Shipping distinguished into four parts, as the duty of four distinct persons. Chap. 2  
The 〈◊〉 duty. ibid.  
Strictn●…sse for not paying customs in Russia, Denmark, Swed●…n, Spain, in England, Scotland, Germany, France. I●…alie, Netherlands and Turkey. 4  
Several sorts of moneys in use in several Countries. 5  
Shippon●…s in weights what. 6  
Stones in weights what. ibid.  
Staple commodities what. 9  
Sugar-trade. 25  
Soffala. 27  
Sues in the read Sea, 29 and the trade thereof. 33  
Suachen and the trade, containing the commodities, measures and weights thereof. 32  
Sm●…a, with the commodities, coins, accounts, weights, measures, customs, and the trade thereof. 45  
Mineral Salt. 51  
Syria in general. 54  
Sidon and the trade, containing coins, weights and measures thereof. 58  
Syrophoenicia and the Cities thereof. ibid.  
Samaria. 65  
Sciras and the trade thereof. 79  
Sarmacand. 86  
Siam. 88  
Surrat and the trade, containing the coins, accounts, weights, &c. thereof. 90  
Ships of pepper departed from Cochin in December and January. 92  
Satagan and the trade of the coast of Bengala weights, &c. 94  
Strange manner of buying and selling in Pegu and that coast. 95  
Spinalls digged at Coplan. ib. Siam and the trade of the coast thereof, their weights, measures, &c. 96  
Ten thousand sail of Ships belonging to the King of China in one River. 98  
A Ship yearly at Maccau from Goa going to japan. 99  
Sumatra and the trade thereof. 105  
Socodana an English Factorie 106  
Spain and the Cities thereof. 111  
Sivil and the trade thereof, containing accounts, coins, Exchanges, weights, commodities, measures, &c. thereof. 112  
Segovia. 115  
Salamanca. ibid.  
Saragosa. 119  
Savoy and the trade thereof. 133  
Sienna and the trade thereof. 163  
Seventeen united Provinces. 178  
Sidan. 178  
Sluis. 179  
The ancient Staple of Bridges. 181  
Strasburge and the trade thereof. 186  
Stutgarde. ibid.  
Spiers and the trade thereof. 188  
Saxony. 196  
Silver Ours in Friburge. 202  
Stoade and the trade thereof. 203  
Scaland in Denmark. 210  
Scania. ibid.  
Scandia. ibid.  
Sweden and the Cities thereof. 217  
Stockholme and the trade thereof. 218  
Seruca. 219  
Smalensco. ibid.  
Samogitia. 222  
Stralsond and the trade thereof. 229  
Stettin and the trade thereof. 230  
Servia. 235  
Sclavonia. 236  
Spallata and the trade thereof. 237  
Sebenico and the trade thereof. 241  
Scuttari and the trade thereof. 242  
Sparta. 245  
Salonica and the trade thereof. 246  
Sidrocapse rich in Ours of gold. ibid.  
Samothracia. 248  
Scio or Chios and the trade thereof. 249  
Sciros Island. ibid.  
Salamis Island. ibid.  
Samos Island. ibid.  
Suda a brave harbour in Candia. 251  
Strucalli Lands. ibid.  
Santo Mauro. 252  
Sicilia and the Province thereof. 256  
Sardin●…a Island. 258  
Sorlings Lands. 262  
Scotland and the Provinces thereof. 264  
Twelve Shires in Wales. 268  
Somersetshire. 269  
Surrie. ibid.  
Suffolk. ibid.  
Sussex. ibid.  
Stafford-shire. ibid.  
Shrop-shire, ibid.  
Saragosa Exchanges. 291  
Sivil Exchanges. 294  
Sight what. 299  
Exchanges of Sivil. 426  
Exchanges of Saragosa. ibid.   

T  
Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Chap. 1  
Things considerable in bartering, bargaining, and Exchanging. 2  
Terra Corterialis. 12  
Trinidado. 13  
The trade of America by Spaniards. ibid.  
Tunes and the trade thereof, with the coins, weights, measures, commodities, and customs thereof. 25  
The trade in general of Argier and Tunes. 19  
Of trade in general of Barbary. 23  
Tarradant. ibid.  
Tombotu. 25  
Troy's ruins ruined. 46  
Trapesond, Chap. 51, with the weights and measures thereof. 53  
Tire and the ancient trade thereof. 60  
Tripoli in Syria, with the trade, containing weights, measures, &c. thereof. 64  
Turcomania. 67  
Tauris and the trade thereof. 74  
The general trade of Persia. 82  
Tartary and the Provinces thereof. 83  
Tartary Precopensis. ib.  
Tartary asiatica and antiquo. 85  
Tutta. 90  
The trade in general of the Sea-coast of India. 92  
Ticco and the trade thereof. 105  
Trade in general of Asia. 109  
Toledo. 114  
Tortosa. 119  
The trade in general of Spain and Portugal survayed. 121  
Thoullousa and the trade thereof. 123  
Torraine. 125  
Thollon and the trade thereof. 130  
Turino and the trade thereof. 134  
The trade in general of France. 135  
Tarranto. 139  
Treviso and the trade thereof. 15●…  
The trade in general of Italy. 177  
Torney. 179  
The trade of Antwerp augmented by three occasions, and decayed by three occasions. 179  
The trade in general of Netherlands. 181  
The trade in general of Germany. 209  
The trade of Prussia. ibid.  
The trade of Denmark. 215  
The trade of Moscovia. 221  
Transilvania. 236  
Thebes. 246  
Thermophilae Straitss famous. ibid.  
Thessalia. ibid.  
Thracia. ibid.  
The trade of the Citizens of Constantinople. 247  
Tenedos. 248  
Terra Sigillata. ibid.  
Temple for the cure of Lovers. 252  
Turkey or Levant Merchants their original in London. 270  
Though the Tables of Exchanges differ from the present rates, yet the use thereof is no way lessened. 274  
T●…rmes of payments of bills of Exchange. 299  
A Table for casting up the account of discount or rebatements. 306  
Tripoli in Barbary. 15   

V  
Virginia. Chap. 12  
una and the trade thereof, containing the coins, weights, measures thereof. 18  
The undermining tricks of the Dutch in the trade of G●…iny. 25  
The matchless villainy of the Dutch in the Amboina Lands. 103  
Valiadolide. 115  
Valentia and the trade thereof. 118  
Vienne in France. 127  
Valencia in France. ibid.  
Reipublike of Venice and the Cities. 151  
Vicentia and the trade thereof. 154  
Verona and the trade thereof. 156  
Venice and the trade thereof. 158  
Urbin and the trade thereof. 169  
Valencourt. 179  
Utrecht. 180  
Vienna and the trade thereof. 195  
Veteravia. 201  
Valadomi●…a. 219  
Volmia. 222  
Valona or Avalona and the trade. 243  
Venetians the second traders of eminency into Turkey. 247  
Ulster in Ireland. 263  
The use of the Table of Exchanges. 275  
Venice Exchanges. 281  
Valencia Exchanges. 291  
Vienna Exchanges. 298  
Usance what. 299  
Examples of Exchanges practised in Venice; and how calculated. 368  
Exchanges of Venice with Lions. 369  
Of Venice with Placencia. 370  
Of Venice with Rome. 371  
Of Venice with Naples. 372  
Of Venice with Florence. 373  
Of Venice with Milan. 374  
Of Venice with Antwerp. 375  
Of Venice w●…h London. 376  
Of Venice with Genoa. 377  
Of Venice with Norimberge. 378  
Of Venice with Bergamo. 379  
Of orders and commissions given and received in Exchanges at Venice. 380  
Terms of payments of bills of Exchange in Venice. 381  
Exchangesof Valencia. 426  
Injurious decrees of Venice against the trade of the English in Levant Seas. 158  
The present trade of Venice survayed. ibid.   

W  
The World divided into 4. parts. Chap. 1  
The Weigh-house or King's beam. 3. 6  
Weights in general used in Merchandizing. 6  
The difference of Weights in all Countries. ibid.  
Two manners of weighing in use. ibid.  
Weighing by Beam. ibid. Weighing by Stadiero  
Weights are authorised by Magistrates. ibid.  
Weighers to be sworn. ibid.  
By what weighs the weights of this Book is authorised. ibid.  
How to accord the weights of any two several places. ibid.  
The weights of Spain reduced to the English hundred. 120  
Woad or Pastell of Tholousa. 123  
Weights and measures of France reduceth to the English. 134  
Weights of Italy, reduced to the weights and measures of London. 176  
West Friesland. 180  
Weights of Netherlands, reduced to the weights of London. ibid.  
Westfalia. 183  
Worms and the trade thereof. 187  
Wittenburge. 186  
Westberge. ibid.  
Wallen a famous Mart. 196  
Wittenberg and the trade thereof. 198  
Weights of Germany with London. 207  
Weights of Denmark with London. 213  
Warehouse in Norway. 216  
Weights and measures of of Eastland, reduced to that of England. 231  
Wallacia. 235  
Willowbeys Island. 262  
Wight Island. ibid.  
Wales and its bounds. 268  
Wiltshire. 269  
Warwick-shire. ibid.  
Worcester-shire. ibid.  
Westmoreland. ibid.  
Weights used in England. 271   

Y  
Ypres. Chap. 179  
Yorkshire. 269   

Z  
Zones five. Chap. 1  
Zanibar. 27  
Zagatora. 36  
Zagatai and the Provinces. 86  
Zutphen. 179  
Zealand. 180  
Zuriche and the trade thereof. 192  
Zante and the trade thereof. 253  
Zeffolonia and the trade thereof. ibid.  
Zara Island and the trade thereof. 255  
Nova Zembla. 262   
The end of the TABLE.   

A Table of the Longitude and Latitude of all the principal CITIES mentioned in this MAP OF COMMERCE.  
A Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. ADrianople 42. 45 22. 45 Alba regalis 46. 48 42. 0 Album castrum 48. 35 50. 45 Amsterdam 52. 40 27. 34 Alexandria in Egypt 31. 00 60. 30 Alexandria in Italy 43. 10 30. 0●… Alsfild in Hassia 51. 00 72. 00 Abevile in Picardy 49. 50 22. 30 Amberge in Bohemia 49. 26 32. 40 Ancona 43. 22 39 40 Antioch 37. 20 70. 15 Antwerp 51. 58 26. 36 Acquilla 43. 30 38. 20 Argentina 48. 45 28. 14 Augusta 47. 42 33. 00 Angiers 47. 25 18. 10 Avignon 44. 40 22. 40 Aleppo 38. 00 72. 30 Arm●…ig 41. 00 76. 00 Ava 27. 50 142. 30 Agades 30. 0 66. 33 Agasimba 7. 0 24. 0 Algiers 25. 20 30. 0 Almara S. L. 30. 00 63. 30 Angola S. L. 07. 00 45. 10 Asna 25. 00 66. 30 As●…ncia S. L 19 00 363 20 Santa Anna S. L. 27. 30 318. 30  
B Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Boriquen S. L 19 40 273. 20 Bangamodrum 06. 00 62. 36 Bernagasum 13. 00 70. 00 Benomo●…apa 26. 00 55. 00 Bona 35. 40 37. 10 Brava — 30 74. 30 Bugia 35. 10 34. 30 Babylon 33. 00 82. 20 Bethlem 31. 50 65. 45 Baccu 42. 00 88 50 Bulgar 54. 30 88 30 Bengala 21. 20 125. 10 Bensanson 46. 30 20. 30 Burges 46. 20 22. 10 Buda 47. 0 42. 0 Bordeaux 44. 30 17. 50 Bologna 43. 33 35. 50 Basil 47. 40 31. 00  
C Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Constantinople 43. 05 56. 00 Cales 37 05. 10 Conimbre 40. 00 11. 25 Collen 51. 00 30. 30 Copenhagen 56. 50 34. 30 Corinth 36. 55 51. 15 Cracovia 50. 12 42. 40 Cane 49. 42 19 20 Compostella 20 06. Caminetsa 50. 40 50. 20 Calicut 10. 30 112. 40 Casan 35. 10 96. 10 Cappha 48. 00 68 50 Cambalu 51. 10 161. 10 Cambaia 11. 40 142. 20 Cantan 25. 149. 00 Chile S. L. 36. 299. 30 Coanum 31. 259. 40 Canada 50. 20 305. 10 Cartagena nova 20. 10 300. Casco S. L. 13. 30 297. 20 Caxamalca S. L. 11. 30 298. 30 Cuba 31. 40 296. Capua 41. 39 10. Careuge 31. 50 31. 48 Cairo ●…9. 50 63.— Cesena 43. 40 34. 40 Cephalonia 37. 10 47. 10 Colmar 48. 12 26. 0 Constance 47. 30 28. 30 Cordova 37. 50 8. 0 Corfu 38. 45 45. 10 Corsico Island 40. 50 31. 0 Crema 44. 20 31. 15 Cremona 44. 40 32. 25 Cyprus 35. 30 65. 30 Cuma 41. 40 41. 0 Cap. bona speransa S. L. 35. 00 50. 30 Cape varde. 40. 10 9 50  
D Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Dabull 31. 00 112. 20 Damascus 35. 69.— Douai 50. 30 25— Dole 46. 10 27. 00 Dublin   Dort 44. 00 30. 40 Dansicke 54. 44 44. 15 Dresden 51. 00 23. 45 Diraccium 40. 50 45. 00 Decan 14. 00 113. 20 Delle 5— 00 114. 19 Damieta 32. 40 69. 00 Dara 12. 00 66. 50 Dancali 17. 10 66. 50  
E Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Edinburgh 58. 00 19 20 Ephesus 37. 40 57 40 Erford 51. 10 34— Epidauro 36. 25 51. 45  
F Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Francford upon Oder 50 30 — 24 Francford upon Mense 50-30 — 30 Florence 34— 43— Ferara 36— 44— Friburge 48. 13 28— Famagusta 30-30 69. 20 Fassum 45. 40 57 50 Favencia 43. 30 35-20 Fez 34. 40 5. 30 Flanders 52. 30 22. 45  
G Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Guatimala 24. 20 303— Guaiachil S. L. 2 30 294. 30 Goa 14. 40 112. 20 Gaza 33 70. 50 Guinea S. L. 9 10 18— Guangala 25. 50 37. 30 Goaga 22.— 55— Geneva 45. 45 28— Granado 37. 30 17. 15 Genoa 15. 20 45. 20 Gaieta 40. 50 38. 20 Gallipoli 41. 30 45. 10 Gelderland 52. 20 27. 40 Gotland 60. 00 48— Golmon 54. 6 33. 54 Gorlits 51.— 34. 45 Gulich 52. 0 27. 30  
H Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Hidleberge 49. 25 33— Havana 20. 00 292. 10 Hochlaga 44. 10 300. 50 Hamburge 54. 20 30. 15 Ham●…ia in Norway 60.— 31. 45 Halbestad 52. 11 35. 20  
I Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. jerusalem 31. 40 66— Ireland the midst 57— 12— Ingolstad 48. 42 31. 20 jamacca 17. 00 298. 30 St. jaco 32. 10 298. 10 Isabel. 10. 10. 32 India the midst 38— 105. 40 jerico 33— 73—  
L Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. London 51. 30 20— Leiden 52. 10 27. 20 Lions 44. 30 25. 40 Louvain 51— 〈◊〉— Lisbon 38. 50 〈◊〉. 50 Leighe 50. 30 2●…— Liampo 34. 40 1●…. 20 Lima S. L. 23. 30 29●…. 40 Lucaio 30. 00 299. 27 Lansano 47. 40 35. 30 Leoburge 54. 10 28. 2 Leghorne 42. 12 33. 10 Louvain 51. 00 26. 45 Lubeck 54. 48 34. 00 Lucca 42. 40 32. 40 Luneburge 54. 40 34. 20 Lucerne 46. 34 26. 0 Lipsicke 51. 25 34. 45  
M Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Maragna 19 30 281. 30 Margerita 10. 50 314. 10 Martha 10. 40 301. 20 St. Michael S. L. 6. 10 291. 40 S. Micheal 27. 20 327. 10 Mexico 38. 30 283.— Madagascar S. L. 19— 77.— Madera 31. 30 8. 10 Manicongo S. L. 7.— 47. 10 Morrocco 30. 30. 30 Melinda S. L. 3. 20 71. 20 Meroe 16. 10 68 20 Mombasa S. L. 4. 50 72.— Mandao  125. 25 Mallacca 5.— 136. 30 Mecha 25.— 75. 30 Medina 27. 20 73.— Meac●… 23. 15 160. 30 Ments 50. 30 27. 30 Marburg 51. 30  Milan 43.— 40. 20 Modena 45. 40 43. 50 Majorca 39 35 18. 50 Moscow 61.— — Machlin 51. 15 26. 50 Maguntia 50. 8 30.— Madgburg●… 52. 20 34. 30 Mantua 44. 30 32. 20 Marselia 43. 6 24. 30 Manfredonia 40. 45 42. 50 Mesina 38. 50 42. 46 Minorque 40. 10 19 30 Montpelier 43. 25 20. 30  
N Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Naples 39 30 46.— N●…sia 60. 50 89. 45 Nis●…s 42. 30 25.— Nica 40. 00 57— Ninive 36. 40 82.— Narsinga 18,— 119.— Nicod●…ia 44. 20 63. 30 Ni●…polis 45,— 56. 30 Nova Albion 50.— 235.— Nova Galicia 2. 40 298. 15 Norumbega 43. 40 315. 40 Nombre de dios 9 20 294. 30 Navaca 17. 10 300. 20 Narbone 43.— 19 20 Nantes 48. 12 16. 20 Nola 40, 45 40. 15 Novaria 44. 30 30. 30 Negroponte 38. 15 53. 40 Norimburgh 49. 24 31. 10 Nursia Italia 42. 44 308.—  
OH Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Ormus 19— 92. 0 Odia 12.— 138. 30 Oxiana 20.— 107. 40 Oxford 51. 30 19— Orleans 47. 10 22.— Orchades Isles 61. 40 21.— Ortinge in Sweden 48. 58 28. 3  
P Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Paris 48.— 23. 20 Poitiers 50. 10. 20.— Padona 36. 10 44. 45 Pavia 33. 5 44.— Prague 46. 10 29. 10 Persepolis 30. 40 90. 40 Ptolemais 29. 40 66. 40 Palama 28.— 6. 20 Panama 8. 10 294. 10 Papaia●… 1. 50 297. 30 Palermo 37.— 37.— Perpignan 42. 40 18. 30 Pampelon 42. 50 15.— Parma 43. 30 32. 30 Perusca 42. 56 36. 50 Pisa 43. 45 36. 30. Pist●…ia 43.— 33. 20 Pescaro 42. 38 32. 40 Placencia 44.— 31. 30 Portugal 40. 45 5. 48  
Q Latit. D. M. Long. D. M. Quitto S. L. 10.— 293. 10 Quivira 40.— 233. 41 Quinsay 40.— 153.—