woman flanked by cherubim, zodiacal signs overhead ATLAS' CAELESTIS Containing the Systems and Theoryes of the Planets, the Constellations of the stars, and other Phenomina's of the Heavens, with Necessary tables relating thereto Collected By John Seller. sun with planet orbiting through houses of the zodiac A brief Description of the several Systems, Theories, Schemes, and Tables contained in this Book. Also, a Discourse of the Celestial Bodies, the Sun and Moon, and the rest of the Planets, Fiery-Meteors, Blazing-Stars, and other Phenomena's in the Heavens. CHAP. I. A Description of the System of Ptolemy. THis Systeme of the Heavens, and the Motions of the Planets, is of greater antiquity than the other Palanetary Systems, either by Copernicus, or Tycho, and is supposed by some to be more consentaneous to the Letter of the Scripture than the rest. It was first invented by one Clandius Ptolomeus, a Native of Pelusium, in his time the Prince of Astronomers, Astrologers, and Geographers, who lived Anno Christi 135, and wrote several Books on these Subjects. This Systeme supposeth the Earth to be fixed as the Centre of the World, and that all the Celestial-Bodies move round the same, both in their Diurnal and Annual Revolutions. The World is supposed to be divided principally in two parts, Elemental and Celestial: The Elemental admits of four divisions. The first is the Earth. The second is the Water, both which makes one entire Body or Globe, whereon we dwell. The third is the Air, encompassing the Earth. And the fourth is the Fire, which according to the opinion of ancient Philosophers, is contained in that space between the Air and the Sphere of the Moon. These four Elements are subject to a continual change and alteration of one into another, according to the Proverb, Omnia sublunaria mutabilia. The Celestial part is that which is without these elementary parts, void of all changes, and is by the ancient Astronomers divided into ten Parts or Heavens. The first of which, next to the Region of Fire, is the Heaven or Orb of the Moon. The second of Mercury. The third of Venus. The fourth of the Sun. The fifth of Mars. The sixth of Jupiter: The seventh of Saturn. The eighth of the Fixed-Stars. The ninth is called the Cristalline-Heaven. The tenth the Primum Mobile. Ptolemaic model of the solar system Hypothesis Ptolomaica The magnitude of these Heavens is known by their Courses, which those great Bodies within them makes, round the Poles of the Zodiac. The Moon runneth through the Heavens, by her natural course from West to East in 27 Days, and 8 Hours. Mercury in 88 Days. Venus in 225 Days. And the Sun in a Year, or 365 Days and 6 Hours. Mars in two Years. Jupiter in 12 Years. Saturn in 30 Years. The eighth Heaven perfects its course according to the affirmation of Tycho Brahe, in 25400 Years. These Heavens are turned round about upon the Axis of the World by the tenth Heaven, which is the Primum Mobile, or first Mover, by which motion is caused Day and Night, and the daily rising and setting of the Heavenly Lights. Of the Copernican System. THis System was contrived by one Nicholas Copernicus, a Native of Thorn in Prussia, a Cannon of the Church of Frawenburgh, the Cathedral of Wamerlandt, Scholar to Dominicus Maria, of Ferrara, to whom he was Assistant in making his Astronomical Observations at Bologna, and Professor of the Mathematics at Rome; and had the happiness to frame this Hypothesis, which hath the general approbation of the most Learned Astronomers and Mathematicians in Christendom. He lived about the Year Anno Christi 1536, whose System and Hypothesis is thus framed. 1. That the Sun is placed in the midst of the World in or about the Centre of the Sphere of the fixed Stars, and hath no Circular motion, but Central only. 2. The Primary Planets are each of them in their proper Systems moved about the Sun, and do accomplish their Periodical Revolutions most exactly in their determinate and appointed times. 3. That the Earth is one of the Planets, and with her Annual motion about the Sun, describeth her Orb in the middle, between the Orbs of Mars and Venus. 4. That the secundary Planets are ordinarily moed about the primary Planets, respecting their Bodies for their common Nodes or Centres. 5. That the secundary Planet the Moon is moved about the Earth as her Centre, where by reason of the Annual motion of the Earth she hath not only relation to the Earth, but by consequence to the Sun, as the other Planets have. 6. That as the primary Planet the Earth, is environed with the Sphere of the Moon, so are some (if not all) the other primary Planets, who have in like manner their Moons or Concomitants encompassing them: As Jupiter his Satellities, or Circum-Jovials, and Saturn his Ring. With some other Stars lately observed by some of our vigilant and accurate Astronomers, both in England and elsewhere. Copernican model of the solar system Hypothesis Copernic … map of the sun Schema corporis SOLARIS▪ pr●uta PP▪ Kircher● et Sch … … o Roma Anno 1635 observatum Polus Borea … SPATIUM ETHEREUM Solaris Aequator SPATIUM ETHEREUM Polus Aus … s 〈…〉 Glob● 〈◊〉 Aequator Solaris B. ●. C. Sp●t●…m Solis boreale. H.G.I. Spac●…m 〈…〉 Spacium Solis torridum A Pute● 〈◊〉 L.M.N.O. etc. Evaporationes una et macularum Or … The order and motion of the Planets in the Copernican System; wherein is showed the proportion of the Planetary Orbs, according to the latest and most approved Experiments of Learned Astronomers, with some remarkable Observations of the most eminent Phenomena's in the Planetary motions happening therein. Of the Sun. THe Sun who is Fons lucis, oculus & anima Mundi, the Fountain of pure Light, the Eye and Soul of the World, is placed in the middle and centre of the Planetary Systems, and is far greater than any of the Planets that move about him. He performs a revolution upon his proper Axis, in 26 Days, or thereabouts, as Telescope-Observations testify by several remarkable spots that appear in his Body, by virtue whereof (saith the Learned Kepler) all the Planets are carried about the Sun in their several Orbs, and seems to be forced about by the Central motions of that great Body in the middle of their Vortex. And hence it is, that according to the diversity and appearance of his rising and setting, and obliquation, he divideth the Seasons of the Year, and causeth an interchangeable course and vicissitude of Day and Night. Of Mercury. The first primary Planet above the Sun is Mercury, who performs his course in his Elipsis, in 88 Days. His proper Diurnal motion is 4 Deg. 5 Min. 12 Seconds, the Circuit of his Sphere is 12059773 Miles; so that he wheels in a Day 137040 Miles, and in an Hour 5710 Miles, and in a Min. 91 Miles. The Body of Mercury is less than the Earth 3000 times, his greatest elongation from the Sun in respect of the Earth's position is sometimes but 17 Deg. and never fully 19 Deg. so that he is seldom seen of us. Of Venus. Next above Mercury is the Orb and glittering Star of Venus, who maketh her Periodical Revolution in her Elipsis about the Body of the Sun, in 224 Days. It is from the Sun to the Sphere of Venus 3636104 Miles; hence the Circuit of her Sphere is 22855911 Miles. Her mean Diurnal motion is 1 Deg. 36 Min. 8 Seconds; so that she moveth in a Day 101712 Miles, in an an Hour 4238 Miles, and in a Min. 70 Miles: She is lesser than the Earth 147 times, and yet in respect of her vicinity to the Earth (in the lower part of her Orb) she appears much brighter than any Star in the whole Firmament, the Sun and Moon excepted, insomuch that she hath been often seen in the day time, as at the Birth of His Majesty K. Charles the 2d. When she is a morning Star, rising before the Sun, she is called Lucifer, but when an evening Star, Vesperus. Her greatest elongation from the Sun (as it is beheld from the Earth) is but 45 Deg. and never 48 Deg. Of the Earth. In the middle of all Planets is the Earth (which according to the System of Copernicus) being placed between the Orbs of Mars and Venus, accomplisheth her Revolution in 365 Days, 5 Hours, and 59 Min. It is from the Sun to the Body of the Earth 5021896 Miles, the Circuit of her Sphere is 31560207 Miles, her Diurnal motion 39 Min. 8 Seconds. Therefore the Centre of the Earth is transferred in a Day 86418 Miles, in an hour 5600 Miles, and in a Min. 60 Miles. The Body of the Earth is less than the Earth 333 times, and greater than the Moon 45 times. A Degree of a great Circle upon the Earth's Superficies is commonly reputed 60 Miles, but by Mr. Norwood's Experiment is found to be 69 Miles. And according to the first computation, the Diameter of the Earth is 6872 miles, its Semidiameter 3436 miles. The circuit of compass of the Earth and Water containeth 21600 Miles. In the Superficies of the Earth is contained 148490906 Square Miles. The whole crassitude or Body of the Earth and Waters containeth 510131305785 Cubical Miles. Of Mars. Next above the Earth is the Planet Mars, who performs his Revolution about the Sun in one Year, 321 Days, 22 Hours, and 20 Min. It is from the Sun to the Body of Mars 7635292 Miles. The Circuit of the Sphere of Mars, is 47993264 Miles, and his Diurnal motion 31 Min. 27 Seconds; so that he wheeleth in a Day 69842 Miles, in an Hour 2910 Miles, and in a Min. 48 Miles and a half. The Body of Mars is less than the Earth 146 times, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn (contrary to the inferior Planets) being placed without the Perimeter of the Earth's Orb, are sometimes in Conjunction with the Sun, and sometimes in Quadtature and Opposition, which cannot be in Venus and Mercury, in regard their Orbs are included within the Earth's Elipfis. Of Jupiter. Next above Mars is Jupiter, who runs his Course in 11 Egyptian Years, 315 Days, 14 Hours, and 30 Min. It is from the Sun to Jupiter 26179152 Miles. The Circuit of the Sphere of Jupiter is 164554670 Miles, and his Diurnal motion about the Sun is 4 Min. 59 s. Hence he wheeleth every Day 17996 Miles, every Hour 1583 Miles, and every Min. 26 Miles. He is less than the Earth one time. About his Body (respecting it as their Centre) move four small bright Stars, called the Satellities, or Circum-Jovials, who continually move round his Body, and are seen only by a good Telescope. Of Saturn. Saturn is the highest Planet in the Planetary System, and slowest in motion, insomuch that he performeth but one Revolution about the Sun in 29 Egyptian Years, 162 Days, 1 Hour, 58 Min. It is from the Sun to Saturn 47833576 Miles. The Circuit of his Sphere is 300668192 Miles. His proper daily motion is a Min. o Seconds. Therefore he wheeleth in a Day 15959 Miles, in an Hour 1498 Miles, and in a Min. 25 Miles. Earth orbiting the sun, passing through the Zodiacal houses Incrementum et Decrementum Dierum Secund: Copern CANCE. LEO. VIRGO. LIBRA. SCORP SAGIT: CAPRI. AQUAR. PISCIS. ARIE TAURU. GEMINI Saturn orbiting the sun Systema Saturni. second: ●u●en M. Zul. Tychonean model of the solar system Hypothesis Tychonica He is once bigger than the Earth; about his Body is a bright flat Ring which encompasseth him about. Of the Moon. The Moon is a secondary Planet, and retains the Earth for her Centre, about which she performs her Revolution in 27 Days, 7 Hours, 43 Min. It is from the Centre of the Earth to the Moon 203236 Miles. The Circumference of her Sphere is 1277483 Miles, her Diurnal motion is 13 Deg. 10 Min. 35 Seconds. So she wheeleth about in a Day 46757 Miles, in an Hour 1948 Miles, and in a Min. 30 Miles and a half. She is less than the Sun 15924 times, and less than the Earth 45 times. Of the Tychonean System. THis System was invented by the Illustrious Tycho Brahe, a Nobleman of Denmark, Lord of Knudsthorp, in the Island of Schonen, not far from Elsenbourg, who was the most diligent and exquisive Observator in his time, who framed this Hypothesis, as a mean between Ptolemy and Copernicus. He made a happy beginning, and glorious progress in the restauration of Astronomy, wherein he did rectify the motions of the Sun, Moon, and the fixed Stars, which appeared in that Horizon wherein he lived. In his Hypothesis, he supposeth that Mercury, Venus, and all the other Planets (except the Moon) in their motion, respect the Sun as their Centre; so that Saturn in opposition to the Sun is nearer to the Earth than Venus in Apogeon, and that Mars in opposition to the Sun is neater to the Earth than the Sun itself, as may appear by inspection from the Hypothesis itself. CHAP. II. A Description of the several Natures, Qualities, and Substances of the Planets. Of the Sun. WHose nature and substance by a probable conjecture, is supposed to be no other than a formal fiery Body, consisting of a true proper elementary Fire, partly liquid, and partly solid: The liquid being an Ocean of Light, moving with fiery Billows, and flaming Ebullitions, as is manifest to those that look upon it through a Telescope: The solid parts being like our Terraqueous-Globe, divided into Continents, Islands, Mountains, Rocks, that thereby the vehement motion exestuating Solar-Ocean might be restrained, and therefore may probably conceive, that the Solar-Globe is as this Earth of ours, hollowed with vast Subterraneous Caverns, and Receptacles of Fire, which break forth of the Solar, Ignivomous Mountains, in the same manner as we find our Subterranean-Fires to break out of Aetna, Hecla, and Vesuvius; and it is in all appearance as probable, that the solid parts of the Sun, within which the fluid and liquid Fire is contained, are as Metal in a Furnace. It is also evident, that the splendour as well of the fluid as the solid Fire of the Solar-Globe, is far more bright than our earthly Fire or Flame, as you may see in the Map. The Maculae or Spots that are seen in the Body of the Sun, are certain cloudy obscurities appearing upon his Disque. Their shapes and figures are of unequal form, and most irregular, which argues them not to be Stars or Planets moving about his Body. They have a motion from the Oriental part of the Suns Disque, to the Occidental, which course they ordinarily finish within the space of 13 Days, more or less according to their greater or lesser Latitude: for they make their motion as it were in a Zodiac of about 60 Degrees broad, by the observation of which spots, it is found that the Sun hath a motion upon its own Axis from East to West, which conversion is finished in 27 Days, or thereabouts. A Table of the magnitude of the Sun, compared with the Earth, according to Ptolemy, Maurolycus, Clavius, and Barocius. The Sun's true Diameter contains Its Circumference contains The Area of its greatest Circle contains Its common Superficies contains Its solidity contains 5 ½ Simple Diameters of the Earth. 17 2/7 Simple Diameters of the Earth. 20: 00 Square Diameters of the Earth. 134- 0 Square Diameters of the Earth. 166: ● The solidity of the Earth. Of the Moon. The Moon is the nearest to us of all the Planets in this our elementary Sphere, it being a dark and opacous Body, altogether deprived of innate or proper Light, evident in its total Eclipses, wherein she altogether loseth her lustre. Hence may be inferred, that she hath her light from the Sun, and as she is opacous, so she is a dense Body, apt to receive and reflect the Sun's light. The Body of the Moon appears to be full of Eminencies and Depressions, like our Hills and Valleys, apparent to the sense by the help of the Telescope, which spots and excressencies varying their situation and magnitude, according to the divers access or recess of the Sun, to which their fire is always opposite thence, evidencing to be the shadows and elucidations of the most eminent parts of the Moons-Globe, resembling our Alps, Hills, and Mountains; from whence may be concluded, that the brighter and more splendid parts of the Moon to be those that are more dense, solid, and opacous, like our Earth, in regard they reflect a greater portion of light than the obscurer parts to reflect a less light, and therefore supposed to be pellucid, and diaphonous, agreeable to our Ocean, Seas, Lakes, and Rivers, from whence it may be inferred, that the Moon is composed of solid and liquid parts, as this our Terraqueous-Globe in which we inhabit; and therefore hath been conceived by most Astronomers, as well Ancient as Modern, that the Moon is as it were another Earth. The spots that appear in the Body of the Moon are distinguished into ancient and new. the moon as it appears to the naked eye PHASIS LUNAE NATURALIS a map of the moon, with notable physical features labeled PHASIS LUNAE ARTIFICIALIS the moon orbiting the earth Aestus Maris Per Motum Lunae R. des Cartes. lib: 4 … 49. the sun illuminating the moon through different lunar phases Illuminatio Lunae Per Solem. P Gassendi Justitutio Astionomia lib: 2: cap: 26. The new ones are those lesser spots, which are not discernible, but by the help of a Telescope, which are various, differing in magnitude, situation, colour, etc. observed with exactness, described by sundry eminent, modern Astronomers, Hevelius, and Langrenus, etc. some of whom have imposed names and appellations upon the several eminencies that appear upon her Body, for the better knowledge of them, being of great use and advantage to all Students in Astronomy, and very necessary in the making of Observations: As also in Eclipses, for the better determining the quantity of an Eclipse of the Moon. And according to this forementioned Hypothesis, of the light parts representing the Land, and the darker parts the Seas, these two Maps in this Book are made both for its natural appearance, as well as the artificial representations, both taken from those of Hevelius' Observations; who hath also given names to the eminent parts of the Moon, having described and distinguished them by Geographical marks and denominations, tranferring to them names proper to our Terrestrial-Continents, Promontories, Mountains, Islands, Seas, Lakes, etc. as may be seen at large in his Book called, Selenography. And in the Sphere of Manilius, by Edward Sherborn Esquire. A Table of the Moon's distance from the Centre of the Earth, in Semidiameters of the same, and its Horizontal Parallax, according to Kepler, and the Rodolphin- Tables. In Opposition or Conjunction Distance from the Centre of the Earth. Horizontal Parallax. Apog. Med. Perig. Apog. Med. Perig. 59:: 0 Semid. 56: 28 Semid. 54: 0 Semid. 58′: 22″ 58′: 16″ 62′: 20″ In its Quadratures. Distance from the Centre of the Earth. Horizontal Parallax. Apog. Med. Perig. Apog. Med. Perig. 59-0 Semid. 56.28 Semid. 54 0 Semid. 58′. 22″ 60′. 53″ 63′. 41″ The Apparrent Diameters of the Moon according to Kepler. In Opposition, Conjunction, or Quartile Aspect. Apparent Diameters of the Moon. Apog. Perig. In ☌ and ☍ 30′— 0″ 34′— 10″ In □. 32′— 32″ 36′— 00″ The true magnitude of the Moon, compared with that of the Earth and Sun, according to Kepler. The true Diamers of the Sun, and Moon, unto that of the Earth, supposed to be 100 The Solidity of the Moon to the Sun Earth Moon Earth Sun 25 7/16 100 1500 as to 1.59 as to 1.204671 Of Mercury. The Figure of Mercury is orbicular, or round, not Mathematically, but Physically such, rising here and there with exuberating Hills, and Mountains; in the same manner as this earthly Globe of ours, being an opacous Body, and receiving its illumination from the Sun; whence at several times, it is seen under several faces and appearances. He appears in a figure like that of the New Moon when he is Retrograde and approaching to an Opposition to the Sun. There are likewise observed in him several spots, successively following one another, some light, some duskish, which light spots are by Kereherus conceived to be the said Terrestrial and Mountainous parts thereof, which by their successive motion, likewise evince, that he hath a Rotation upon his own Axis, determined within the space of 6 Hours, or thereabouts. Of Venus. The most illustrious of all the lesser Planets is Venus, and from the remarks made by the Ancients, these are some that follow. First, She is observed to precede the Sun rising in the Morning before him: sometimes to follow the Sun in setting after him; and sometimes in Conjunction with the Sun; and other times receding from him; and sometimes to differ in magnitude, being greater or lesser, whence they concluded her sometimes to approach nearer to the Earth, and to be in Perigeo, and other times to recede further from it, and to be in Apogeo. Besides these Observations of the Ancients, Modern Astronomers, by the help of the Telescope, have noted several other signal Phenomena's, as that she is liable to the same variety of changes as the Moon, sometimes almost full, and at other times gibbous, and now and then horned, as well when she is Vepertine as Matutine. She is sometimes seen by day, as is before noted. Of the structure, nature, and substance of this Planet, from the forementioned Phenomena, it may be concluded to be an opacous Body, and hath its light from the Sun, that it is of a Spherical form, because spherically illummated. It is of a rough and uneven Superficies, as appears by Telescopical Observations. It is made up of solid and liquid matter, as our Terraqueous Globe, and is found to have a Rotation upon its own Axis and Centre, which it completes within the space of 14 Hours. Of Mars. Although this Planet of all the rest is the most inobservable, (as both Pliny and Kepler affirms) yet not been able to lie hid from the subtle discoveries of Astronomical Spies, as the ingenious Esq Sherborn says; He is observed to move in a large Orbit about the Sun, as the Centre of its motion, within which Circle he includes the Earth with the Moon, Mercury, and Venus, and takes up a great part of the Solar Region; and when he is in Perigeum, he comes to the Earth, than the Sun and the notable increase of his light, by reason of which he is taken for a Comet or new Star. As to his Figure, it is Spherical, and by some hath been observed with a black spot on the middle of his Body. Monsieur Hugens in the Year 1656, observed a broad obscure Zone or Belt to shadow half the Disque of the said Planet. His light is derived from the Sun, as that of the Moon, as to the structure and nature of his Globe composed of solid and liquid matter. Of Jupiter. The Planet Jupiter is one of the most noted and beneficent Planets, He is carried in an Orbit above Mars, as is manifest by the mutual Conjunctions of those Planets, at which time he is obscured and hidden from our sight by the interposition of Mars, as the Sun is by that of the Moon's Body. Ricciolus reports in the Year 1643, that be observed the edges and margins of his Globe to be rough and uneven, rising like Hills and Mountains, are discovered in his Body by help of an excellent Telescope, two small spots and two great ones, like hollow Caverns, one round, and the other oval. Hevelius also affirms, that the face of Jupiter is variegated with spots, in a manner like that of the Moon, but it is manifest by frequent Observations that there is a Belt (as it were) encompassing the Disque of the Planet; and this also admits of great varieties in appearance, this Belt not appearing always strait but bending, with its convexity upwards, and sometimes downwards, evident marks of the Motion and Rotation of the Planet upon its own Centre. As to the structure of his Globe, it may be concluded as with the rest of the Planets, to be composed of solid and liquid parts; and although his Body is Physically round, yet it is full of uneven Asperities, having a motion upon its own Centre finished in 11 Days, 20 Hours, 1 Min. 15 Seconds, and that its Zones or Belts are solid parts, less capable of receiving light than the rest of the solid or liquid parts are. Of the Satellites of Jupiter. The Satellites are four Stars so called, moving about the Body of Jupiter as his Guards, discovered first in Italy, by Galieleus, in the Year 1610. In Germany by Simon Marius, by means of a Telescope, without which, by reason of Jupiter's splendour, and their small distance from him (none of them receding above 12 Degrees from his Body) they are not to be discerned, and therefore altogether unknown to the Ancients. These by Galleleus (their first Dis●●●●er) were called Sidera Medicaea. The first next J●piter ●e called Cosmos minor; the next Cosmos mayor; the third Maria Medicaea; the fourth Katherine Medicaea. Simon Marius giving to the innermost, the name of Jovial Mercury; the next Venus; to the third Jupiter; to the fourth Saturn. But Jo. Baptista Hodie●na, who first of all published Ephemerideses of the motions of the said Stars, names the inmost (from the young Prince of Tuscany) Principharus; the second (from Victoria Duchess to the Grand Duke) Victripharus; the third (from Cosmos the first Duke of Florence) Cosmipharus; the last (from Ferd●nand the late Duke) Fernandipharus. The greatest Digressions from the Body of Jupiter, computed in Semidiameters of the same, are as followeth. Satellites. 1 2 3 4 3.0 Sem. 5.0 Sem. 8.0 Sem. 12.0 Sem. Their Periodical Revolutions are in their several Orbits, according to Hevelius. Sat. Days. Hours Min. Sec. 1 1 18 28 00 2 3 13 18 0 3 7 3 57 0 4 16 18 9 0 Their Diurnal and Horary motion in their Orbits, each divided in 360 Deg. according to Marius. 1 Diurnal. Horary. 1 203 Gr. 25′ 0″ 8 Gr. 28′ 30″ 2 101 Gr. 17′ 22″ 4 Gr. 13′ 0″ 3 50 Gr. 14′ 57″ 2 Gr. 6′ 30″ 4 21 Gr. 28′ 48″ 0 Gr. 53′ 42″ Of Saturn. The highest, and of all the Primary Planets (hitherto known) the most remote from the Earth, runs his course above all the rest, and beneath the fixed Stars, and hath little or no Parallax, nor are there any of the fixed Stars or Planets that afford to the observing Eye, by means of the Telescope, such strange and admirable Phenomena. The chiefest, and most worthy of note, are three. First, That he appears girdled about with a flat Ring of Light. Secondly, That he hath several dat Planets, like the Circum-Jovials, moving about his Body. Thirdly, That his Figure appears variously and incredibly diversified, being sometimes beheld in a round form, at other times represented with two Rundles on each side, which at other times alter their Figure, and appear like certain Handles or Ears, like a two eared Porringer. Monsieur Hugens, by his Observations of this Planet, hath noted, that the said Ring about the Body of Saturn is every way alike distant from it, the plane whereof always keeps in a certain and constant inclination to the Ecliptic, appearing according to its diversity of Aspect, as you may see more plainly in the System of Saturn in this Book. There is also several other Stars, one discovered about his Body by Hevelius at Dantzack, by Sir Paul Neal, and Sir Christopher Wren, here in in England. the sun, moon, and planets, along with their symbols Phases. Planetarum the sun Sol ☉ Maculae the moon Luna ☾ Saturn viewed in profile Saturn ♄ A●s … Saturn viewed at a 45-degree downward angle Saturn ♄ Ans● Jupiter with moons Jupiter with moons Jupiter ♃ Satelit●s Mars Mars ♂ Venus Venus ♀ Mercury Mercury ☿ further from him than that. The Revolution of which Interior Planet he found to be completed in four Days and a half, the Exterior in something more than 80 Days. This Planet (as the rest) may be probably concluded to be composed of solid and liquid matter, of a Leaden temper and colour; that it is Spherical, but withal full of uneven Asperities, and that it is an opacous Body, and illuminated ab extra, and although the Sun's light may approach it, yet it is not sufficient to give a requisite lustre to so great and so distant a Body, but must have doubtless the assistance of some light from some other Fountain. He hath a motion upon his own Centre, performed in 29 days 10 hours, 1′ 16″. A Table of the magnitudes of the Planets, in respect to the Earth, according to Hevelius. Names of the Planets. Planets dist. from the Earth Apparent Diameters. True Diameters. Circumf. of their Disque. Sol 5176 Sem. Ter. 31 Min.: 54 Sec. 41150 Mil. Ger. 129300 Mil. Ger. Luna 59 Sem. Ter. 30 Min.: 00 Sec. 442 Mil. Ger. 1389 Mil. Ger. Saturnus 49040 Sem. Ter. 00 Min.: 16 Sec. 3362 Mil. Ger. 7945 Mil. Ger. Jupiter 26815 Sem. Ter. 00 Min.: 18 Sec. 2054 Mil. Ger. 6455 Mil. Ger. Mars 7855 Sem. Ter. 00 Min.: 05 Sec. 160 Mil. Ger. 503 Mil. Ger. Venus' 5157 Sem. Ter. 00 Min.: 17 Sec. 360 Mil. Ger. 1131 Mil. Ger. Mercurius 5157 Sem. Ter. 00 Min.: 06 Sec. 130 Mil. Ger. 490 Mil. Ger. CHAP. III. A brief Description of Fiery-Meteors, and Comets. AS for fiery-Meteors, their place and generation is in the upper, lower, and in the middle Region of the Air, and are Draco Volans, Ignis Fatuus, Ignis Lambens, Sidus Helenae, these have their birth in the lower Region: Those who are in the middle Region, are Stella Cadens, Lancea Arden's, Fulmen, etc. And in the upper Region of the Air, are reckoned Fax, Ignis Perpendicularis, Bolis, Capra Saltans, etc. all which arise from Vapours and Exhalations which the Earth continually expires and diffuses round about through its ambient Atmosphere. Of Comets. As concerning the matter, place, and efficient cause of Comets, Astronomers and Philosophers both Ancient and Modern, do much differ in their opinions, some will have them not to be any thing real or distinct from other pre-existant Celestial Bodies, but rather a mere appearance made by the reflection or refraction of the Sun's Beams. Others are of opinion that they are fiery-Meteors generated of copious exhalations from the Earth and Sea, and elevated to the supreme Region of the Air, and hurried about by the swift motion of the Primum Mobile, and take fire, and last as long as the sulphery, unctuous, fat matter of which they consist, affords them Fuel to burn or shine. Others are of opinion, that Comets, if not all, yet for the most part are created by God of nothing, or at least form of such matter as best pleaseth him, whether Celestial or Elementary, and of such shape and figure as may serve to terrify or admonish Mankind, and presignify Calamities to ensue. Of the Tail, Train, or Bush of the Comets. Aristotle and his followers asserts the Bush or Train of a Comet to be an Exhalation set on fire, and diversified according to the divers disposition of the matter that feeds its flame. Petrus Apianus makes the Bush of the Comet to be nothing else but the Rays of the Sun, transmitted through the semidiaphonous head thereof, as it were through a Globe of Glass. Kepler is of opinion, that the Tail of a Comet is only enlightened by the Sun's Beams passing through the Body of the Comet, which he imagines to be purely pellucid, yet dense withal. Galleleus supposes the Tail of a Comet to be of its own nature, strait, as being produced by the Sun's Beams, but appears to us to be crooked, when near the Horizon, and inclined thereunto, by reason of the refraction of the Species, or of the visual Rays made in the Spherical Superficies of the Air, which near the Earth, is filled with gross vapours. Of the different shapes, and forms of Comets, and their Tails. Some resembling the form of a round Dish, or Platter: Of this kind the chief is called Rosa, and is of a bright shining Silver colour, mixed with Gold or Amber; and some of this sort that are not perfectly round resembling the form of a Shield. Others resembles the form of a Tun, of which there are of divers kinds; some of an Oval figure; some like a Barrel set on one end; foam inclining and cut short off. Others resembles a Horse's Main, not always of the same shape or figure. Of these Pliny saith, are very swift of motion, and turneth round about itself. Others resembling burning Lamps or Torches, and are of several shapes; sometimes their flame or blaze carried upward like a Sword. And some are form like a Dart or Javelin. And some like a Cimitar with a Hilt. And some like a Lance, with its Stream of light, very long, thin, and pointed. Others whose Heads are for the most part Quadrangular, having a long Train, very thick and uniform; all these will better appear by the several Schemes hereunto annexed, bearing these several Appellations, 1. Rosa. 2. Pitheus' sieve Doli-formis. 3. Hippeus seu Equinus. 4. Auricomus sive Argenticomus. 5. Hircus. 6. Lampadias'. 7. Ceratia. 8. Ancontiae. 9 Xiphias. 10. Lonchites seu Hastiformis. 11. Veruseu Pectica. 12. Trigonus se● Quadratus. drawings of several differently shaped comets Variae Cometarum figurae. sicut ●a … mundi aetatibus appa●a●rune. The Various forms of Comets as they have appeared in several ages of the World. 1 Solaris ●ire Rosa 2 … iformis 3 Ch●…ciformis 4 Chy … ardr●. 5 Do … formis … tu●… 6 D … lu …. 7 Do●iformis candatus 8 E●quin●s barbatu … 9 E●quin●● qu … a … l … 10 Eq … E … 11 L … diformis 12 L … for … 13 L … p … formis 14 H … 〈◊〉 15 〈◊〉 16 Bar … 17 C … ifor … Lunat … 18 C●r … formic 19 Cornatus ●icu … datu● 20 Curvatus Dir … catus 21 Tubiformis 22 Ia●uliformis Lunatus 23 Iac●● formis L … icus 24 Iac●● formis rotundu● 25 E … ifor … 26 En●iformis 27 En●iformis 28 En●iformis incuvatu● 30 Ha' … formic 20 En●iformi● 31 Hastiformis 32 V●r● 33 T … ica bifurcata 34 Cometa quadrat●… 35 Coniformi● 30 Cometa T●yramidatu● 37 Cometa 〈◊〉 38 Cometa M … trif●r●… 30 Cometa M● An account of these splendid Enigmas (viz. the Comets) that have appeared to the World, since the Year of our Lord 1600, unto the Year 1679. IN the Year 1607 appeared a Comet on the 26 Day of September, and lasted until the 5th of November, seen in the Evening about seven of the Clock, and from thence all night. It appeared under the Great Bear, a little higher than the Star which is toward the Square, in the 30 Degree of Leo, and 36 Deg. of North Latitude, its Parallax not exceeding 3 Deg. and consequent its place was in the highest Heaven or Aether. It moved in direct motion from the former Foot of the Great Bear under its Belly, passing by the midst of Boötes, and struck the Serpent coming under the Hand of Ophucus, arrived at his foremost Foot, and stayed in his Leg. The Orbit in which it was carried, seemed to be a greater Circle, at last bowed toward the Ecliptic. It's Head was not of an equal roundness, but here and there exuberating. It's apparent magnitude greater than any of the fixed Stars, or Jupiter. It's light was pale, and waterish, like that of the Moon. It's Tail was somewhat long and thick, projected with some little deviation against that part of the Heaven opposite to the Sun. It appeared like a flaming Lance or Sword, 7 Degrees in length. The Effects that followed this Comet. The Duke of Lorraine died. A great War between the Swedes and Danes. In the Year 1618., the 25th of August appeared a Comet, and lasted until the 24th of January next following, in all 60 Days, appearing about three of the Clock before Sun rising, a little beneath the left Forefoot of Vrsa major, inclining toward the Head of Leo, in the 10 Deg. of the said Sign, and in 22 Deg. of North Latitude. It appeared (by the help of the Telescope) to be Hairy, its light not clear, shining but duskish, its magnitude like that of Venus, its colour palish. It run from Scorpio to the middle of Cancer, above one third part of the Heavens, at first Southern, at last Northern. It's Tail was like that of an Ostrich bowed, in length 45 Degrees. In Persia it was observed to be like a Cemitar. It's apparent, as well as its true magnitude, was various and unconstant. The Effects that followed this Comet, was, The death of the Emperor Mathias. Ann Queen of England died, and the Empress of Germany also about this time. Many eminent mutations in all parts of Europe succeeded this Comet. In the Year 1647, there appeared a Comet on the 29th of November, lasted but two Days, seen in the Evening at half an Hour past eight, in the Constellation of Coma Berenice's, not quite 5 Degrees from the left Leg of Boötes, about 10 Deg. from Arcturus, in the eighth Degree of Libra, in 26 Deg. of North Latitude. It's motion contrary to the Series of Signs, viz. From the Head of Boötes toward the Ecliptic, and Spica Virgins. It was something less in appearance than Arcturus, but sufficiently bright and splendid. It's Tail was erected upwards towards the Zenith, in length 12 Degrees, like to a Broom. In the Year 1652, there appeared a Comet on the 20th of December, it lasted while the 10th of January, appearing about 6 of the Clock in the Evening, in 9 Deg. of Gemini, and 31 Deg. of South Latitude, not far from Rigal, in the left Foot of Orian. Its motion was constantly Retrograde from South to North, by the Hare, foot of Orion, to the Pleyades, and from thence as for as Ferseus. It's Head was round, and little less than the Moon; its light pale and dull, overcast by a thin Cloud; its magnitude was not always the same. It's Tail at first appeared Eastward opposite from the Sun, resembling a sharppointed Cone, in length 7 Degrees, of a whitish but obscure colour. About the 7th of January it quite lost its thin Rays, like Hairs; its Tail increased, being at first 3440, at last 165000 Germane Miles. In the Year 1661., there appeared a Comet on the third of February, it lasted 53 Days, seen in the Morning 47 Min. after 5 of the Clock, Eastward beneath the Dolphin, between the Eagles-Head and that of the lesser Horse in 10 Deg. of Aquarius, 22 Deg. of North Latitude, in the very Aether or highest Heaven, at first two thousand, at last 9000 Semidiameters of the Earth distant from it, and consequently according to the opinion of Hevelius higher than the Sun itself. It's course was from East to West by the Head, Neck, and nether Wing of Aquila, in a Line almost parallel to the Ecliptic. It's Head was round, and of a yellowish colour, clear and conspicuous. It's Tail extended about 6 Degrees in length toward the Dolphin, narrower where it joined to the Head, pointing to that part of Heaven opposite to the Sun, but with some kind of deflection. In the Year 1664, there appeared a Comet on the 14th of December, it lasted about three Months, seen at first in the Morning about five of the Clock, afterwards in the Evening, near the Beak of the Crow, in 8 Deg. or Libra, and 22 Deg. of South Latitude. In the highest Aether its Parallax at the beginning 59″, in the middle 4′, and in the end 16″, so that at first it was 3500, than 1000, and at least 120000 Semidiameters of the Earth distant from the Terrestrial Globe, and higher than Mars. It's motion was Retrograde from Corvus by Hydra, Argus, Canis major, Hare, Eridanus, and Whales-Head unto Aries, its course somewhat deflecting from a great Circle, it ran through more than five Signs of the Zodiac, viz. Libra, Virgo, Leo, Cancer, Gemini, Taurus, even unto Aries, and in its Progress ran 154 Degrees. It's Head was very conspicuous, somewhat yellow, in the midst thereof was discerned a clear light surrounded with another more obscure. It's Tail extended 14 Deg. in length, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter, always extended to that part of Heaven opposite to the Sun, yet with some deviation, sometimes Northward, sometimes Southward. Towards its end it was sometimes quite lost, and then again recovered. drawings of historical comets Figurae variorum cometarum, qui annis his infra. nominatis apparuerunt. Cometa 1577 Dic 13. Nov a Ty●ho●e Observe: Cometa 1590. Cometa 1607 Cometa 1618. Dic. 1 Dec Cometa 1647 Cometa 1652 Cometa 1672 Cometa 1661. Cometa 1664. 1665. Cometa 1677 In the Year 1668, there appeared a Comet the 5th and 10th of March, observed by Signior Cassini, at Bologna. About the first Hour of the Night (after the Italian Computation) the Head or Body was not seen, being hid under the Horizon. The Tail was of a stupendious length, being extended (as it appeared at Lisbon in Portugal) over almost the fourth part of the Visible Heaven from West to East, from the Whale through Eridanus to the Star that precedes the Ear of Lupus. In the Year 1672, there appeared a Comet on the second of March, lasted till about the end of April, (as Signior Cassins' computed) seen both Mornings and Evenings, at first between the Head of Medusa and the Pleyades, aftewards having continued its course towards the Root of the Southern-Horn of Taurus, and having passed the Ecliptic, went on above the top of Orion's Head to the Milky way. It's greatest declination from the Equator Northward, was 38 Deg. and a half. He made 2 Deg. 32 of motion in one Day. In the great Circle of its apparent motion, its Head appeared in the Telescope almost round. The Tail was almost imperceptible, and appeared of the length of two Diameters of the Head, or thereabouts, not above 3 or 4 Min. of a Degree. In the Year 1677, there appeared a Comet, which risen on the 21 of April, about 2 in the Morning, near N. E. by N. It had a short bushy Tail about 5 Degrees in length, (to appearance about 2. Yards) pointing towards the right Foot of Andromeda. The Head of the Comet was of a pale colour, as big as a Star of the first Magnitude, and was in the Longitude of 11ᵒ of Taurus, and in the Latitude 18 Deg. No. On the 23 of April the same Comet risen after 2 in the Morning, the Tail streaming towards the Star, in the Knee of Cassiopaea, and being in Longitude 15 Degrees of Taurus, and in Latitude 17 Degrees Notherly. Of the fixed Stars. THese Stars are said to be fixed, because they always keep (at least seemingly) the same invariable distance from one another, and from the Ecliptic, as if they were so many Studs of Gold constellations around the north pole A Map of the Constellations about NORTH POLE By John Seller jaunuary February March April May june july August September October November December Cepheus Cassiopeia Perseus Aur … a Vrsa Major Vrsa Minor Draco fixed in the Crystal Firmament, and for this reason Ricciolus conceives, the multitude of the fixed Stars (as it were an Army drawn up in Battle Array) mightfitly be called the Militia of Heaven, and the inquiries touching these glorious and splendid Bodies under these following Heads, First, Their Substance. Secondly, Their Light, Colour, and Scintillation. Thirdly, Their Number. Fourthly, Their Figure. Fifthly, Their Magnitude. Sixthly, Their Place and Distance from the Earth, or rather the Sun. Of their Substance. As to their Substance, the opinions of the Ancients are various: Some hold them to be of a fiery nature, others hold them to be Earthly, yet withal fiery; others conceive them to be composed of the same matter as Exhalations and Vapours, and consequently to consist of a substance, partly Aqueous, partly Aireal. But according to the Sentiments of divers Eminent Modern Philosophers and Astronomers, supposeth that their Bodies are compound and not simple, made up of Elementary matter, form into fiery Globes, and consisting of matter both solid and liquid, as this Terraqueous-Globe of ours, and consequently subject to corruption and alteration. Of their Light. As to their Light, that which is to be considered is, whether it be innate or borrowed of the Sun: the latter of which is maintained by Albitegnius, and by divers other Philosophers and Astronomers, and may reasonably be supposed that each of the fixed Stars to be a head or distinct part of the Mundan-system; and as the Sun hath several Planets constituted and carried about him, so likewise every one of the fixed Stars hath other Mundan-Bodies, like Planets, disposed and moving about them, though not to be discerned by us, by reason of their great distance from our Earthly habitation. Of their Colour. The colour is visibly various according to the difference of their light, tempered by the divers constitutions of their matter or substance, some appearing of a ruddy, others of a Gold Colour; some of a Silver white, some pallid, others of a Leaden hue; whence some have made an estimate of their natures, and ranged them under the several Planets, of whose qualities they conceived them to participate according to proportion they carry of the resemblance of their Colours. Of their Scintillation. In this they are particularly distinguished from the Planets, for the Planets have no such twinkling or glimmering light, but generally all the fixed Stars, more or less, and at sometimes more than at others, especially when the Wind blows Easterly. The cause of this their Scintillation is variously discoursed of by Philosophers and Anstronomers. Aristotle among the Ancients assigns the cause thereof to their remeteness from our sight, by which they are weakly, and as it were by a trembling weariness reached. But others assign the cause thereof only to Refraction; and therefore (say they) Syrius and protion twinkle or glimmer more than any of the rest, because they never ascend above 45 Deg. above the Horizon. Gassendus more probably conceives this twinkling of the fixed Stars from that native light they are endued with, like that of the Sun, sparkling and casting forth such quick darted Rays, as our weaker sight cannot behold without that trembling passion. To which may be added the quick and swift motion of theirs about their own Axis, by that means making a more sudden variation in those radiant Objects than the Eye can pursue: But Hevelius rather imputes their twinkling to a constant Eribration of lucid matter, or a continual Expiration of fiery Vapours or Effluvia from their Celestial Bodies, in the same manner as the Fulgorations and Ebulitions in the Body of the Sun. Of their Number. As to their number, if we consider them, which are most notable and visible, as being reduced to the six vulgar degrees of Magnitude, we shall find them (according to Ptolomy's computation) to amount to but 1022. And Pliny reckons them to 1600. But if we reflect upon the absolute number of all the Stars in the Firmament, we may conclude them to be innumerable, at least by Humane calculation, either looked upon by the bare Eye only, or by the help of a Telescope, by the means of which last, Gallileus reports that he discovered in the Asterism of the Pleyades above 40 Stars, in the space between the Girdle and Sword of Orion no fewer than 80, and in little more than one Degree's space in the constellation of Orion above 500 Stars. Another great Astronomer affirms, that in the same Constellation, he observed above 2000 Stars. And according to the proportion of Gallileo's Observation, there would be found at least 62500 Stars, whereas looked upon by the bare Eye only, there appears not above 63: According to the same proportion, if the rest of the Constellations were examined, the difference computed of the number of the Stars, appearing by the Telescope over and above those discovered by the bare Eye, there might be reckoned above 1000000 Stars. Of their Figures. As to their Figure, they are apparently spherical or round. But Kepler describes them like so many lucid points or sparks, casting forth every way their Rays of Light, so that we may apprehend them to be only Physically round, not Mathematically such, their Superficies are found to be uneven, and to consist of many angles and sides. Of their Magnitude. As to their Magnitude, These following Tables will give account thereof, according to the divers Calculations made by several eminent Astronomers. 1. Table of the apparent Diameters of the fixed Stars. Their several Magnitudes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 According to Tycho, Longo, Blanc. 2′. 0″ 1′. 30″ 1′. 5″ 0′. 45″ 0′. 30″ 0′. 20″ 2. Table of the true Diameters of the fixed Stars, and how many Diameters of the Earth each contains. Their several Magnitudes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 According to Tycho. 4. 1⅓ 3. 1/ 18 2. ⅓ 1. 19/ 36 1. 1/ 48 0. ⅔ 3. Table of the Solidity of the fixed Stars to that of the Earth. Their several Magnitudes. 1 2 3 4 5 6 According to Tycho, Boyer. as to 68.1 as to 28½ ● as to 11.1 as to 41.1 as to 1. 1/16 as to ⅓. 1 4. Table from the Observations of Ricciolus, showing as well their apparent Magnitudes as their true Magnitudes, deduced from their undermentioned supposed Distances from the Earth. degrees of Magnitude. Names of the Stars of their several Degrees of Magnitude. Apparent Diameter. The greatest Distance of 210000 Semidiameters of the Earth. The least Distance of 100000 Semidiameters of the Earth. True Diana. contains the Earth's Diana. The Body contains the Earth's Body. True Diana. contains the Earth's Diana. The Body contains the Earth's Body. 1 Arcturus 16″. 42‴ 16 3932 8.0 512 2 Aquila 11″. 00‴ 11.0 1120 5.7/25 137 3 Algol 7″. 3‴ 7.3 260 3.2/● 34 4 Propus 6″. 10‴ 6.10 216 2 9/10 26 5 Pleias 4″ ⅘‴ 4. ⅘ 92 2 7/10 18 6 Alcor 4″ 0‴ 4.0 64 2.25/100 9 But seeing the Astronomers of the Copernican opinion, maintain the Magnitudes of the fixed Stars to be far greater than the former Table shows them to be, it will not be amiss to annex this following Table. 5. Table showing the true magnitude of the fixed Stars, that is; one of the greatest, and one of the least, viz. Sirias, and Alcor, supposing the apparent Diameter of Sirius to be 18″, of Alcor 4″, according to the distance in the Copernican- Hypothesis, maintaining the Paraliax made by the Earth's motion, not to exceed 10″, and imagining the Diameter of the Annual Orb to be such as upon these Principles it is stated to be, according to Kepler. The distances to be asserted in Semidiameters of the Earth The true Magnitude of Sirius. The true Diameter of Alcor. The Diana. of Sirius contains Diana. of the Earth. The Body of Sirius contains the Earth's Body. The Diana. of Alcor contains Diana of the Earth. It's Body contains the Earth's Body. 142.746.428 12550 1967656731000 6000 216000000000 These Magnitudes may seem by some to be exorbitant, but in the opinion of the Judicious, do appear to be rational. Of the place and distance of the Stars from the Earth, (or rather the Sun,) seems to be a question of that difficulty, that Pliny pronounced the investigation thereof to be no less than a piece of madness: Therefore Riccolus treating upon this subject, thought fit in the Front of his Discourse to prefix this Theorem, as a most certain truth, Parallaxis & distantia fixarum non potest certa & evidenta observatione humanitus comprehends. For it is not known whether the Stars are all in the same Spherical Superficies, equally distant from the Centre of the World, or whether they are placed at unequal distances, some higher, and some lower. This latter was the sentiment of the Ancient Stoical Philosophers, who conceived the difference of their lustre and apparent Magnitudes, to proceed from their diversity of situation, as more or less removed from our sight. Of this opinion was Manilius, long since, declated, speaking of some Stars in Orion, appearing more obscure than the rest. He gives the reason of that Phenomenon to be, Non quod clara minus, sed quod magis alta recedunt. This Hypothesis so seemingly rational, that the famous Tycho, Gallileo, and Kepler have readily embraced the same, and therefore it may reasonably be supposed, that their distances are as divers as those of the Planets. Ricciolus reckons up five manner of ways of attaining in some probability the knowledge of their immense distances, according to his computation the least distance that may be assigned, is found to amount to 210000 Semidiameters of the Earth, the greatest being altogether uncertain by reason the crassitude or profundity of their Heaven is not to be determined. The Horizontal Parallax of the fixed Stars according to their least distances, is but 1″. The distance of the fixed Stars asserted by the Copernicans. Authors. Semidiameters of the Earth. The greatest Parallax of the fixed Stars made from the Annual motion of the Earth. The half from the Semidiameter. The whole from the Diameter of the Annual Orb Copernicus Indefinite ** ** Gallileus 13.046.400 0′ 20″ 0′ 40″ The distance of the fixed Stars, supposing the Earth's Annual motion, and Copernicans distance of the Earth from the Sun, according to the calculations of Tycho and Maginus, 7850,000 Semidiamiters of the Earth, and the total Parallax of the fixed Stars 1′— 00″. The distance of the fixed Stars from the Earth, supposing the Earth's motion and the greatest Parallax of the fixed Stars to be 10″. The distance of the Stars from the Earth in Semidiameters of the Earth, according to Copernicus, is 47.439.800; and the distance of the Sun from the Earth, is 1150 Semidiameters of the Earth. Of the proper motion of the fixed Stars. THe motion of the fixed Stars is twofold: First, Their Circumrotation about their own Centres, termed Motus Vertigenis, in which they are carried about with extraordinary celerity; whence the reason in part is the cause of their Scintillation. The second is, Their motion of Revolution from West to East, in which they are observed to move but very slowly. Touching this, it will not be amiss to insert the three following Conclusions of Ricciolus in his Astronom. Reformat. pag. 259, quoted by Esquire Sherborn, in the Sphere of Manilius. 1. That the motion of the fixed Stars is equal and uniform. 2. That their Annual motion is not less than 49″, not greater than 51″. 3. That it seems most probable that their Annual motion is 50′— 40″. From the supposition of their Annual motion of 50′— 40″, it follows that they complete not one Degree in the Ecliptic sooner than in 71 Years, and 16/104, or 19 Days, and 12 Hours in a manner; but the whole Circle of 360 Degrees, they run not through in less than 25579 Sidereal Years, which is the Annus Magnus Platonicus, (though by the Ancients computed to extend to no less than 36000 Years.) But this will be clearly manifested by this following Table. A Table of the motion of the fixed Stars in Longitude. Years. ′ ″ ‴ 1 0 50 40 10 8 26 40 20 16 53 20 30 25 20 00 40 33 46 40 50 42 13 20 60 50 40 00 Gr. ′ ″ ‴ 70 0 59 06 40 80 1 07 33 20 90 1 16 00 00 100 1 24 26 40 1000 14 04 26 40 10000 140 44 26 40 25000 360 00 00 00 Of the two Hemispheres of the Heavens. THe one shows the Constellations of the Northern, and the other of the Southern Hemispheres of the Heavens: Wherein may be seen the right Ascension and Declination of any of the Stars in either Hemisphere, by which any Star may be easily found, and the way or course of a new Star or Comet may be traced in its way or Orbit, with several other uses, etc. The names of each Constellation, and the number of the Stars in each of them that are observed by the bare Eye, without the help of a Telescope, according to Bayerus, and others. The Northern Signs of the Zodiac. 1 Aries 29 2 Taurus 48 3 Gemini 31 4 Cancer 35 5 Leo 43 6 Virgo 42 The Southern Signs of the Zodiac. 7 Libra 15 8 Scorpio 29 9 Sagittarius 31 10 Capricornus 29 11 Aquarius 41 12 Pisces. 37 maps of the constellations of the northern and southern hemispheres A Map of the two HEMISPHERES of the Heavens ARIES. TAURUS' GEMINI. CANCER. LEO. VIRGO. a map of the constellations of the northern hemisphere Pisces Cancer Leo Virgo Bootes Androm a map of the constellations of the southern hemisphere Aquarius Libra Corvuis Crater Hydra Cetus Phoenix LIBRA SCORPIO. SAGITTAR: CAPRICO: AQUARI: PISCES. ♂ ♀ ☿ ♃ ♄ ♄ ♃ ♀ ♂ ♀ The Northern Constellations. 1 Ursa minor 8 2 Ursa major 32 3 Draco 33 4 Cepheus 17 5 Bootes 34 6 Corona 20 7 Hercules 48 8 Lyra 13 9 Cygnus 35 10 Cassiopea 25 11 Perseus 38 12 Auriga 32 13 Ophuchus 30 14 Serpens 37 15 Sagitta 8 16 Aquila 32 17 Antinous 7 18 Delphinus 10 19 Equiculus 4 20 Pegasus 20 21 Andromeda 26 22 Triangulum 5 23 Coma Berenic. 14 The Southern Constellations. 1 Cetus 27 2 Orion 49 3 Eridanus 42 4 Lepus 13 5 Canis major 19 6 Canis minor 8 7 Argo Navis 63 8 Centaurus 40 9 Lupus 20 10 Hydra 29 11 Crater 11 12 Corvus 7 13 Ara 8 14 Corona Austr. 13 15 Pisces Notius 12 16 Grus 13 17 Phoenix 14 18 Indus 12 19 Pavo 16 20 Apus 12 21 Apis 4 22 Chameleon 8 23 Triangul. Aust. 5 24 Piscis volans 7 25 Dorado 7 26 Toucan 8 27 Hydrus 15 28 Robur Carol. 12 The Total of the number of the fixed Stars of the several Magnitudes. 1 17 2 63 3 196 4 415 5 348 6 341 Obscure and Nebulous. 3 Inform or Sporades. in the Zodiac. 45 Northern 200 Southern 93 1802 Of the System of the Ancients. THe Ancient Philosophers (especially these of Democritus School) and most of the Mathematicians of those times, asserted the Universe to be Infinite, and to be divided into two chief Portions: whereof they held one to be the World or World's finite as to bulk and dimensions, but infinite as to number. The other part or portion they extended beyond the Worlds, which they fancied to be a Congeries of Infinite Atoms, out of which, not only the Worlds already made received their sustenance, but ancient model of the cosmos Systema Antiqvorum CHAOS INFINITUM EX ATOMIS Coelum Stellatum Planetarum ●errae … e ●ocus new ones were produced: Which Cosmical System imagined by the Ancients, is thus described, as may be seen in the said System. First, The place of the Planets and the Earth: Then the Starry Firmament, marked A, B, C, D, embracing within its Circumserence the Planetary and Elementary System, beyond which a certain infinite Chaos of Atoms, in which this World of ours is supposed to float, which Scheme is taken from Scheinerus. A Description of the Material Sphere. The Poles of the World are two fixed Points in the Heavens, Diametrically opposite to one another; the one visible in our Hemifphere called the Arctic Pole; the other not seen of us, being in the lower Hemiiphere, called the South or Antarctic Pole. The Axis of the World is an imaginary Line drawn from Pole to Pole, about which the Diurnal motion is performed from East to West. The Meridian's are great Circles, concurring and intersecting one another in the Poles of the World. The Equinoctial is a great Circle, 90 Degrees distant from the Poles of the World, cutting the Meridian's at right Angles, and dividing the World into two equal parts, called the North and South Hemisphere. The Zodiac is a Zone, having eight Degrees on either side of the Ecliptic, in which space the Planets make their Revolutions, divided and distinguished into 12 Signs, 30 Degrees to each Sign; as, Aries Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Lee, Virgo, which are called the Northern Signs. Libra, Scorpio, Sagittatius, Aquarius, Pisces, called the Southern Signs. The Ecliptic is a Circle in the midst of the Zodiac, touching the Equinoctial in two opposite points of Aries and Libra. The Colours are two Meridian's dividing the Equinoctial and Ecliptic into two equal parts; one of these passes the Equinoctial points of Aries and Libra, and is called the Equinoctial Colour; the other by Cancer and Capricorn, called the Solstitial Colour. The Poles of the Ecliptic are two points 23 Deg. 30 Min. distant from the Poles of the World. The Tropics are two small Circles parallel to the Equinoctial, and distant therefrom 23 Deg. 30 Min. limiting the Sun's greatest Declination. The Northern Tropic is called the Tropic of Cancer, the Southern the Tropic of Capricorn. The Polar Circles are two small Circles, parallel to the Equinoctial, and are distant from the Pole of the World 23 Deg. 30 Min. That which is adjacent is called the Arctic Circle, and the other the Antarctic Circle. The Zenith and Nadir are two Points Diametrically opposite. The Zenith is the vertical Point, or the Point right over our heads. The Nadir is directly opposite thereto. The Horizon is a great Circle, 90 Deg. distant from the Zenith and Nadir, dividing the World into two equal parts, the upper and visible Hemisphere, and the lower and invisible. Astronomical Definitions. The Meridian of a place, is that which passeth by the Zenith and Nadir of the place. a mechanical cosmos supported by Atlas Spherae Materialis Azimuths or Vertical Circles are great Circles of the Sphere, concurring and intersecting each other in the Zenith and Nadir. Almicanters or Parallels of Latitude, are small Circles parallel to the Horizon, imagined to pass through every Degree and Minute of the Meridian, between the Zenith and Horizon. Parallels of Latitude or Declination, are small Circles parallels to the Equinoctial, they are called Parallels of Declination, in respect of the Sun or Stars in the Heavens, and Parallels of Latitude, in respect of any place upon the Earth. The Latitude of a place is the height of the Pole above the Horizon, or the distance between the Zenith and Equinoctial. The Latitude of a Star is the Arch of a Circle, contained between the Centre of a Star and the Ecliptic Line, making right Angles with the Ecliptic, and is counted either Northward or Southward, according to the situation of the Star. Longitude on the Earth, is measured by an Arch of the Equinoctial, contained between the Primary Meridian (or Meridian of that place where the Longitude is assigned to begin,) and the Meridian of any other place counted always Easterly. The Longitude of a Star, is that part of the Ecliptic, which is contained between the Stars place in the Ecliptic and the beginning of Aries, counting them according to the succession of the Signs. Altitude of the Sun or Stars is the Arch of an Azimuth, contained betwixt the Horizon and Centre of the Sun or Star. Ascension is the rising of any Star or any part of the Equinoctial above the Horizon. Descension is the setting thereof. Right Ascension is the number of Degrees and Minutes of the Equinoctial (counted from the beginning of Aries,) which cometh to the Meridian with the Sun or Stars, or with any portion of the Ecliptic. Obliqne Ascension is an Arch of the Equinoctial, between the beginning of Aries and that part of the Equinoctial that riseth with the Centre of a Star, or with any portion of the Ecliptic in an Obliqne Sphere. Obliqne Descension, is that part of the Equinoctial which setteth therewith. Ascensional Difference is an Arch of the Equinoctial, being the difference between the right and obliqne Ascension. The Amplitude of the Sun or Star is an Arch of the Horizon, intercepted between the rising or setting of the Sun or Star, and the East or West point of the Hozizon. The Parallax is the difference between the true and apparent place of the Sun or Star. Refraction is caused by the Atmosphere, or vaporous thickness of the Air, near the Earth's Superficies, whereby the Sun and Stars seem always to rise sooner and set later, than in reality they do. The Use of the Table of New and Full Moons. On the left side of the Table you have each Month in the Year; and on the head of the Table you have the Years of our Lord, and the Characters of the New and Full Moons; the New Moon is thus expressed ●, the Full Moon thus ❍. The Use of which Table will appear plainly by this Example. I would know the time of the New and Full Moon; This Table readily showeth the exact day off New and full Moon as likewise her true Age. for Fifteen years to come from the year 1678, to 1692 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ ● ❍ janu 12 27 2 10 21 5 9 23 28 13 17 3 6 22 24 10 13 29 3 18 22 7 11 25 30 14 10 4 8 23 Feb 11 26 0 15 19 4 8 2● 27 11 16 1 5 20 2● 9 12 23 2 1● 21 ● 9 24 2● 13 1● 2 7 21 Mar 12 28 23 17 20 5 9 24 28 15 18 2 ● 21 24 10 14 29 3 18 21 7 11 26 30 14 1● 4 7 22 Apr 11 26 20 15 18 3 8 22 27 11 16 30 4 19 2● 9 12 28 2 17 20 5 ● 24 2● 14 1● 2 6 20 May 1 26 20 15 18 3 ● 22 26 11 16 30 4 18 23 8 12 27 30 17 10 5 ● 24 2● 13 17 ●● 6 20 June ● 24 27 14 16 2 20 25 0 14 28 ● 17 21 6 10 25 29 15 1● 3 7 22 26 11 16 30 4 18 july 8 23 27 13 15 31 ● 19 24 9 14 28 2 16 21 6 1● 24 2● 14 1● 5 6 22 25 11 1● 30 4 18 Aug 7 22 26 11 14 2● 3 19 22 8 12 26 ●0 14 10 ● 9 23 27 13 15 31 5 2● 24 9 1● 2● ● 1● Sept 5 20 24 10 12 27 2 17 21 10 23 28 13 18 2 7 21 26 11 14 20 3 1● 22 8 12 27 30 5 Octo 5 10 2● 1● 27 ●1 17 2● 6 10 2● 28 13 17 2 7 21 25 10 14 2● 5 18 22 8 11 26 29 15 Nove 4 18 23 7 1● 2● ●● 15 1● 5 8 24 26 12 16 ●● 5 1● 24 9 12 27 1 16 20 6 9 25 27 13 Decem 3 17 22 ● 11 25 20 45 18 4 3 23 26 11 15 30 5 19 24 8 12 26 131 16 2● 6 9 25 27 13 two tables of information, displayed in concentric circles A Table showing the Dominical letter Circle of the sun Epact and golden Number for 56 years from the year 1676 YEARS OF OUR LORD 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 Dom Lett. BA G F E DC B A G FE D C B AGNOSTUS F E D CB A G F ED C B A GF E D C Cycle of the Sun 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 YEARS OF OUR LORD 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 Epact 25 6 17 28 9 20 1 12 23 4 15 26 7 18 29 11 22 3 14 Gold. Number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 for the Year 1680, therefore look at the head of the Table, and on the left fide for the Month of May, and in the common Angle of meeting you will find that is New Moon the 18th Day, and Full Moon the 31 Day; so from the Full and Change you may compute any other Day of her Age. And if you would know the time of High Water at London, (or any other place contained in the Table) then look the day of her Age on the left side of the Table, (as you are before directed) and right against it you will find the time of High Water. The Use of the Circular Table, marked at the Corner with the Figure 1. This Table showeth the Dominical Letter, Cycle of the Sun, Epact, and Golden Number, for 56 Years, from the Year 1676. For finding the Dominical Letter, and Cycle of the Sun, you are first to seek the Year of the Lord in the two outermost Circles; and in the two next Circles within those Circles, you have the Dominical Letter, and the number of the Sun's Cycle. For Example. If you would know, in the Years 1700, and 1728, what the Dominical Letter, and Cycle of the Sun is; you will find the Dominical Letter to be GF, which doth denote it to be Leapyear, and the Cycle of the Sun to be 1. And if you would find the Epact, and Golden Number, for any Year contained in the Table, then find the Years required in the 5th and 6th Circle, and in the Innermost Circles you will have your desire; as for the Years 1681, and 1700, you will find the Epact to be 2, and the Golden Number to be 10. And here I think it necessary to show the natural reason of these Numbers and Letters. Of the Prime, or Golden Number. The Prime, or Golden Number, is a Circle, or Revolution of 19 Years; in which space of time it was supposed by the Ancients, that all the Lunations and Aspects between the Sun and Moon, did return to the same place they were 19 Years before: It is chief to find the Change, Full, and Quarters of the Moon. Of the Cycle of the Sun, and Dominical Letter. The Cycle, or Circle of the Sun, is a Revolutional Number of 28 Years; in which space of time there is a perfect change of all the Sunday Letters for every Year, and maketh its Periodical Revolution in 28 Years. By help of which is known the true order of the Sunday Letter, A, being placed against the first day of January, and the rest in their order to the Years end: And every Month beginneth the first Letter of each word in this short Distich; At Dover Dwells George Brown Esquire, Good Christopher Finch, And David Friar. Of the Epact. The Epact is a Number not exceeding 30, because the Moon, between Change and Change, never exceeds 30 Days; and thereby the common Lunar Year, consisting of 12 Months, is less than the Solar Year by 11 Days; for to every Lunar Month is accounted but 29 Days and a half, so that a Lunar Year contains 354 Days, and the Solar Year consists of 365 Days; the disserence is 11 Days, which is called the Epact. Short Rules to find the Golden Number, Dominical Letter, Epact, etc. in short Distiches. To know if it be Leapyear, or what Year past. Divide the Year by 4, what's left shall be For Leapyear 0. for past 1, 2, or 3. Example. Anno 1680, divide only the latter part of this Number, which is 80, by 4, and there remains 0, which shows it to be Leapyear. To find the Dominical, or Sunday Letter. Divide the Year, its 4th, and 4 by 7, What's left subtract from 7, the Letter's given, A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. E. 5. F. 6. G. 7. Example. The Year of our Lord 1680 Its fourth 420 To both which, add 4 7) 2104 (3 21 04 Being divided by 7, the remainder is 4; and according to the order of the standing of the Letters, it shows it to be D, which is the first of the Dominical Letters for that Year, (which is Leapyear) which continues until the 24th of February, (St. Mathias day) and the other Letter is C, which serves all the Year after, accounting the Letters backward. To find the Golden Number, Cycle of the Sun, and Indiction. When 1, 9, 3. to th' Year hath added been, Divide by 19, 28, 15. Example. To 1680 add 1, which is 1681: divide that by 19, and there remains 9, which is the Golden Number for that Year. Again to 1680 add 9, and the Sum is 1689; divide by 28, the residue is 9, the Cycle of the Sun for that Year. Lastly, To 1680 add 3, the Sum is 1683; which being divided by 15, the remainder is 3, which is the Indiction for the same Year. The Prime and Golden Number being given, to find the Epact. Divide by 3, for each one left add 10, 30 reject; the Prime makes Epact then. Example. Anno 1680 the Golden Number is 9, which divide by 3, and there remains 0; therefore ten times 0 is 0, which added to 9, the Epact for the Year 1680. By the 19 Epacts, to find the day of Easter- Limit from the beginning of March inclusively. The Epacts take from 47 but two, The greatest take from 77, 'twil do. Example. Anno 1680 the Epact being 9, subtract it from 47, there remains 38, which is Easter-Limit for the same Year; which reckoned from the beginning of March inclusively, it will fall on April the 7th. But when the Epact is 28, or 29, it must be substracted from 77, that so the Limit may remain, and the next following Sunday after the Limit is always Easter day. Easter- Limit, and the Dominical Letter being given; to find Easter- day. The Letter more by 4 from Limit take, What's left from nearest sevens, shall Easter make. Or thus; Take the Number of the given Letter more by 4 from the given Limit, and the residue from the greatest Sum of sevens, the last remainder added to the Limit (the Sum) or its excess above 31, is Easter-day in March or April. Example. Anno 1680, the Letter C, which is 3, more by 4, is 7; which taken from the Limit 38, the residue is 31; this taken from the nearest greater Sum of seven in the Limit, viz. 35, there remains 4; which added to the Limit 38, the Sum is 42; the excess of which above 31 is 11; Therefore the 11th of April, Anno 1680, is Easter-day. For the Days of the Months on which the Sun entereth the 12 Signs. Twice 9, twice 10, four 12s, 11, Then 12, then 9, then 8 or 7. ♈. ♉ ♊ ♋ ♌ ♍ ♎ ♏ ♐ ♑ ♒ ♓ Mar. Apr. Ma. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nou. Dec. Jan. Feb. 9 9 10. 10. 12. 12. 12. 12. 11. 10. 9 8. For the Degree of the Sun's Place on any day. From the day of the Month on which the Sun's Place is required, if you may, or else from the Sum of that and 30, subtract the day of his entrance into the Sign of that Month, the remainder shall be the Degree of his place, in that or the next preceding Sign. Example. Suppose the 6th day of March 1680, I would know in what Degree of the Sign the Sun is in: Therefore according to the Rule, put 30 to it, then is it 36; from which if you take 9, the day of the Sun's entrance into the Sign of that Month, there remains 27, which shows the Sun is in 27 Degrees, in the Sign preceding, which is ♈. To find the Age of the Moon, or the Day of Her Change. Janu. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 10, 10, these to the Epact fix. The sum (bate 30) to the Month-day add, Or take from 30, Age or Change is had. Which is thus Explained. Add to the Epact, Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Ma. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nou. Dec. 0. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. 8. 10. 10. When the Epact is added to any of these Numbers, the Sum, if it be less than 30, or the Excess above 30, added to the day of the given Month, (rejecting, if need be) gives the Age of the Moon that day; but substracted from 30, leaves the day of the Change in (or from the beginning of) that Month. For the day of the Full Moon, add or subtract 15 to or from the day of the Change. Example. (1.) For the Age of the Moon on the 11th of May 1680, the Number of the Month is 3, added to the Epact 9, maketh 12; which added to 10, makes 22, the Age of the Moon required. (2.) For the day of the Change, (or New Moon) in May 1680, the Epact 9, with the Figure 3, maketh 12, (as before); which substracted from 30, there rests 18, on which day is the Moons Change, (or the New Moon) in May 1680. (3.) For the day of the Full Moon, take 15 from 18, there remains 3, which is the day of the Full Moon in that Month. To find the Hour of the Moons coming to South, and High-Water at London. The Moon's Age multiply by 4; divide By 5 for southing; add 3 for the Tide. Example. If on the 10th of May 1680, the Moon is 10 days old; which being multiplied by 4, makes 40, and divided by 5, the Quotient is 8, which is the time of the Moons southing in the Morning, because the Moon is passed the Full; to which if you add 3, maketh 11, which shows the time of High-Water at London. The use of the Almanac in Lines, Entitled, (An Almanac showing the Day of the Month, Sun's Place, Right Ascension and Declination for ever.) THe Margin on the left side showeth the Sun's Declination for every day in the Year, directing your Eye from any of the Month required. As for Example. If it should be required to know what Declination the Sun hath on the 25th day of October; which day you will find in the second Column, and right against the 15th day, the Declination to be about 15 Degrees; and you may well determine it to be South Declination, an extremely intricate diagram laid out in three columns An Almanck Showing the Day of the Month, Sun's Place, Right Ascension and Declination for ever: By John Sellers a series of tables with a variety of purposes A Perpetual Almanac For finding the day of the Month for ever. For time Past, Present, And to come. By john Seller. january Februar March April May june At Dover Dwells George Brown Esquire Good Christoph Finch And David Friar july August Septem October Novem: Decemb To find the Dom: Letter for ever C 1 E 1 G 1 B 1 D 1 F 1 A 1 B 2 D 2 F 2 A 2 C 2 E 2 G 2 A 3 C 3 E 3 G 3 B 3 D 3 F 3 GF BASILIUS DC FE AGNOSTUS CB ED 1000 1200 1400 1600 1100 1300 1500 ●●●● 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 1700 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 2400 1900 2100 2300 1800 2000 2200 High water Lond bridge Moons age The Moons southing. Moon's age for her 〈◊〉 3— 48 1— 16 0— 48 1— 29 4— 36 2— 17 1— 36 2— 28 5— 24 3— 18 2— 24 3— 27 6— 12 4— 19 3— 12 4— 20 7— 0 5— 20 4— 00 5— 25 7— 48 6— 21 4— 48 6— 24 8— 36 7— 22 5— 36 7— 23 9— 24 8— 23 6— 24 8— 22 10— 12 9— 24 7— 12 9— 21 11— ●0 10— 25 8— 00 10— 20 11— 48 11— 26 8— 48 11— 19 12— 36 12— 27 9— 30 12— 18 1— 24 13— 26 10— 24 13— 17 2— 12 14— 20 11— 12 14— 16 3— 0 15— 30 12— 00 15 To find the day of the Month 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 17 24 31 4 11 18 23 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28 because the Sun is then to the southward of the Equinoctial, being after the 13th day of September; from which time, to the 10th of March following, the Sun hath all that time South Declination. And if you would know the Sun's Place for the same day, observe this lirection following. To find the Sun's Place. Suppose the Sun's Place were required on the aforesaid day, viz. the 25th of October: direct your Eye from the said day, to the next Column on the right hand, and you will find the Sun's Place to be in 12 Degrees of Scorpio. And if you would know the Sun's Right Ascension that day, in time observe these following Directions. To find the Sun's Right Ascension in Hours. Suppose it were required to find the Sun's Right Ascension (converted into Hours) for the aforesaid 25th of October; which in the 4th Column you will find, right against the said day, to be 15 hours. The same way and order is to be observed in all the rest of the Months for any of the forementioned Requisites. The Use of the Perpetual Almanac, THis Almanac is contained in this short Distich; At Dover Dwells George Brown Esquire, Good Christopher Finch, And David Friar. By which Verse, with the help of the Dominical Letter, you may find the day of the Mouth, for any time past, present, or to come; the use of which Tables and Verse are here-under showed. The Use of the Tables of the Dominical Letters, and their Application, for finding the day of the Month by the help of the aforesaid Distich. First therefore observe, That all those Years expressed in the Tables, are all Leapyears; as the Years 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, etc. and so of the rest, which are all Leapyears, and have each of them two Dominical Letters, as you may see in their respective Columns over their heads; as for the Year 1000, the Dominical Letters were GF, and so of the rest. The other Figures also, as 20, 24, 28, 32, etc. are all Leapyears; the use of which are thus explained. First, Suppose the Dominical Letter is required for the Year 1632; look for 1600 in one of the Columns, and in another Column for 32; and on the head of the said Column, you will find it is Leapyear, and the Dominical Letters to be A G. Secondly, Suppose you would know the Dominical Letter for the Year 1681: Look in the Table for 81, which you find not there; Therefore look for the Year before, which is 80, and that is Leapyear, and the Dominical Letters are D C. Now C being the Dominical Letter for the latter part of the Year 1680. The next Letter before it, in the Alphabetical order is B, which is the Dominical Letter for the next Year 1681, Which Letter you will find on the top of the next Column, where you will find the Lerter B, with the Figure of 1 by it, which informs you that it is the first after Leapyear. And so for the Year 1682, the Dominical Letter is A, and the second after Leapyear; the same is to be understood of the rest. Thus having found the Dominical Letter, the day of the Month may be found by these following Directions. To find the Day of the Month of the Distich, with the help of the Dominical Letters found in the Table. For the finding the day of the Month by that short Verse, you are to take notice, That the first Letter in each word, is the same Week day Letter that always beginneth the Month: as A always beginneth January, and so of the rest, as you may see in any Almanac, according to that order as you see in the Distich: All which will be sufficiently explained in this Example. The first Sunday in June, in the Year 1681, I would know what day of the Month it is for that Year; I find B is the Domical Letter, and by the Distich you find the Letter E gins the Month of June; therefore count on in the natural order of the Alphabet, from E until you come to B, which is Sunday, thus, E one, F two, G three, A four, B five, which is Sunday, and the 15th day of the Month. Example 2. I would know what day of the Month the first Thursday of July is in the Year 1681, the Dominical Letter being B. I find by the Verse that July gins the Month with G; therefore I say, Gone, A two, B three, (which is Sunday) C therefore is Monday, D Tussday, E Wednesday, F Thursday, which is seven in number from G, (including it) and therefore is the 7th day of the Month on which the first Thursday falls on. The Month gins with a Friday, and so you may cast your Eye down to a small Table on the bottom of the said Aimanack, and there you may take notice, that the first row of Figures on the head of the Table, is 1.8.15.22.29; which you may reckon to be always the same days of the Week that the Month gins with; as if the Months which begin with a Sunday, than the first row are all Sundays, and the second row all Mondays, the third row all Tuesdays, and so on. As for instance, The Month of July, in the Year 1681, gins on a Friday, so then the upper row are all Fridays, and the second row Saturdays, etc. So also you may say, Friday and Friday is 8, and Friday is 15, and Friday is 22, and Friday is 29, etc. So after these Rules and Directions, you may always find the day of the Mouth at any time, both past, present, and to come. Upon the same Print of the Perpetual Almanac, you have also some other small Tables; one showing the time of High-Water at London-Bridge any day of the Moons Age. Another showeth the Moons coming to the South at any day of her Age; by help of which you may know the time of High-Water at London or elsewhere, where the time of Flowing is known, at the Full and Change days. The fourth Table showeth the Moon's Age for her shining. The Use of each Table shall be explained in these following Directions. a graph with many lines curving across a grid A Table Showing the Altitude of the ☉ at Every hour in the day and in each day in the year, with its Rising and setting. A Catalogue of all the Eclipses of the Sun an Moon, which will be visible in Eng: from the year 1677, to the year 1700. Year. Month. D. H. M. Lun. Dig. Min. 1677 May. 6 15 25 ☽ 8 15 1678 October. 19 8 17 ☽ 22 18 1681 August. 18 14 22 ☽ 10 35 1682 August. 7 17 56 ☽ 18 50 1682 Tebruary. 11 11 28 ☽ 19 48 1683 January. 17 4 27 ☉ 10 30 1684 June. 16 14 17 ☽ 1 35 1684 July. 2 3 10 ☉ 8 0 1685 November. 30 10 26 ☽ 21 45 1686 November. 19 11 22 ☽ 7 35 1687 May. 1 1 25 ☉ 4 40 1688 April. 5 6 4 ☽ 6 49 16●● March. 25 0 41 ☽ 21 19 16●● September 18 14 46 ☽ 20 39 1690 March. 24 10 14 ☽ 5 53 1692 July. 17 15 9 ☽ 22 28 1693 Tebruary. 11 16 24 ☽ 29 32 1693 June 23 0 6 ☉ 2 34 1694 June. 26 12 50 ☽ 6 47 1695 November 10 7 0 ☽ 6 55 1696 May. 6 11 45 ☽ 21 48 1696 October. 20 16 30 ☽ 21 45 1697 October. 10 7 44 ☽ 8 54 1699 March. 5 7 14 ☽ 9 5 1699 September 12 21 30 ☉ 10 0 By having the Moon's Age, to find the time of High Water at London-Bridge. The Moon's Age must be first known from some other Tables in the Book, or elsewhere; which being known, find the day thereof in the small Table, and right against it, on the left hand, you will find the time of High-Water at London-Bridge. As for Example. If the Moon be six days old, I would know when it is High-Water at London-Bridge. Therefore first seek the Moon's Age 6 in its proper Table, and right against it you will find 7.48. which shows that it is High-Water at 72 Clock and 48 Minutes past. To find the Moons Southing any day of her Age. First you must look the Age of the Moon as before, and then seek the same in the Table of her Age, and right against it, in the Table on the right hand, under the title of Moons Southing, you will have your desire. And here note. That from the New to the Full, the Moon cometh to South in the Afternoon; but from the Full to the New in the Morning. As for Example. When the Moon is six days old, I would know the time of her coming to South. Therefore if you cast your Eye on the Table of the Moons Southing, you will find 4 48. which shows that the Moon cometh to South at 4 a Clock and 48 Minutes past. The Use of these Tables for finding the time of the Moons Shining. To know how long the Moon shineth, enter the Column of the Moon's Age for her shining, and against it on the left hand you have the time of her shining: which all the time of her Increase being added to the hour of Suns Rising, gives the time of her Rising; but if added to the time of Suns Setting, gives the time of her Setting; but after the Full, the time of her shining from the Suns Rising, and it gives her Rising; and then take the same from the Suns Setting, and it gives the time of her Setting. Example. In the Year 1680 October the 5th, the Moon is 22 days old. Which number find in the Table, and you will see that right against it there is 6 Hours 24 Min. for the time of her shining: which being added to the Suns rising of the same day, which is 6 Hours 46 Minutes, makes 13 Hours 32 Minutes; from which take 12, and there rests 1 Hour 32 Minutes, which is the time of the Moons Rising the next Morning. Again, to the same 6 Hours 24 Minutes, add 5 Hours 14 Minutes (the Sun's Setting) and it gives 11 Hours 38 Minutes for the time of her Setting the next day a little before Noon. To find the Hour of the Night by the shadow of the Moon upon a Sundial, by the help of the Table of the Moons Southing. Observe on a Sundial what hour the shadow of the Moon falls upon, and take notice how much the shadow doth either lack or is past the Hour of 12 upon the Dial, for so much it doth want of, or is past the time of the Moons coming to South. Example. Suppose the Moon were ten days old; you find (by the Table) that the Moon cometh to South at 9 of the Clock. Now suppose the shadow of the Moon should fall on the Hour of 10, this wants 2 Hours of 12, and therefore it wants two Hours of eight, which is 6 of the Clock in the Evening. But if the shadow of the Moon had been at 2 upon the Dial, than you must have added 2 Hours to the Moons coming to South, then would it be 10 of the Clock at Night. And Note; When the Moon is in the Full, than the shadow of the Moon shows the true Hour of the Night, as the shadow of the Sun doth by Day. The Use of the Table of the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon. This Table is sufficiently plain of itself by inspection only; but however I shall give one Example. In the Year 1681, the 28 of August, you will find the Moon will be Eclipsed at 14 Hours 22 Minutes, which is 22 Minutes past two of the Clock next Morning, and the quantity eclipsed will be 10 Digits 35 Minutes. The Use of the Perpetual Table for finding the Break of Day, Suns Rising, Planetary Hours, both by Night and Day in the Latitude of London, every 10th Day in the Month. In the first Column you have the 12 Months of the Year; in the second, 1, 11, and 22 Days of the Month; in the third the Break of Day, which on the 11th of February is at 5 of the Clock; in the fourth is the time of Twilight, which against the said 11th of February, is at 7 of the Clock, which is the time of the ending of Twilight in the Evening; in the 5th and 6th Columns, the Rising and Setting of the Sun; in the 7th and 8th Columns, the length of the Day and Night; and in the 9th and 10th Columns, the length of the Planetary Hours both by Night and Day. The Use of the Table of the Essential Dignities of the Planets. Every Planet hath two Signs for his Houses, except ☉ and ☽, they have but one apiece; ♄ hath ♑ and ♒; ♃ hath ♐ and ♓; ♂ hath ♈ and ♏ ☉ hath ♌; ☽ hath ♋, etc. One of these Houses is called Diurnal, noted with the letter D; the other is Nocturnal, noted by the letter N. In these Signs the Planets have their Exaltations, which are noted in the third Column; as the ☉ in the 19 ♈. ☽ in the 3 ♉. ♌ in ♊ 3 Degrees, etc. are exalted. These 12 Signs are divided into four Triplicities; the 4th Column tells you what Planet, or Planets, both Night and Day governs each Triplicity; as over an intricate table, with instructions A Table showing the true Hour of the day, by a plain Staff. divided into to 10 equal parts Ho. before n 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Ho. after noon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 june. 11 Iun●●1 5 b 6 7 b 9 c 13 b 19 a 30 57 a june. 1 Iun● 21 5 b 6 7 b 10 13 c 19 b 30 b 59 May 21 july 2 5 c 6 b 7 c 10 a 14 40 ● 32 65 a May 11 july 13 6 a 6 c 8 a 10 c 14 c 21 ● 35 78 b April 30 july 23 7 7 b 9 11 b 16 23 40 108 April 20 August 2 7 c 8 a 10 12 c 17 b 26 b 48 196 April 9 August 13 8 c 9 d 11 14 19 b 30 62 a March; 30 August 23 10 10 b 12 a 15 c 22 a 36 b 92 a March 20 Septemb. 2 11a 12 14 18 26 46 182 March 10 Septemb. 13 13 13 c 16 21 31 a 62 ● Febr 28 Septemb. 22 15 16 18 c 24 c 39 97 a Febr 18 Octob. ● 17 b 18 b 22 20 c 51 210 Febr 8 Octob. ●3 20 b 21 c 26 ●6 70 c jan. 29 Octob. 23 24 25b 31 ●6 110 jan. 19 Nou. 2 28 29 37 ●9 208 jan. 9 Nou. 11 32 34 44 ●6 829 Decemb. 30 Nou. 21 36 39 51 ●7 Decemb. 21 Dec. ● 39 42 56b ●7 Decemb. 11 Dec. ●1 40 43c 59 26 Note that a stands for a quarter of a part. b for half a part and c for three quarters. To find the hour of the day by this Table. Take a Staff of what length you please, and (with a Pair of Compasses) divide it into to equal parts, marking them upon the Staff: then in some plain level place, where the Sun doth shine, set it upright, and mark where the end of the shadow thereof sals, which done, measure with your Staff the length of the shadow and note the parts it contains, which find out in this Table, against the day of the Month. and over head, you have the true hour of the day. Suppose the 9 of April or 13 of August. I should find the shadow of the Staff to be 30 parts and a quarter (that is three Staff length and quater) therefore seeking in the Table against the said days I see overhead, that it is then either 7 a clock in the morning or 5 in the afternoon so that if your observation was in the morning it was 7 but if in the after noon 5 a clock. By this Example, you may see the ease and excellent use of the Table which is as ready as any movable Sun-Dyal; so that wheresoever you are or travel, you may having this Book about you●speedly known the true hour ●. A Perpetual Table of Break of day, Sun rise, planetary hour, etc. in the Latitude of London. Break of day Twilight sun rise sun set leng day leng night Pl H by D. Pl H by N h m h m h m h m h m h m h m h m janu 1 5 54 6 6 8 2 3 58 7 56 16 4 0 40 1 20 11 5 4 6 18 7 49 4 11 8 22 15 38 0 42 1 18 21 5 35 6 25 7 34 4 26 8 52 15 8 0 44 1 16 Feber 1 5 17 6 13 7 17 4 43 9 26 14 34 0 47 1 13 11 5 0 7 0 6 59 5 1 10 2 13 58 0 50 1 10 21 4 45 7 15 6 42 5 18 10 36 13 24 0 54 1 6 M●●● 1 4 20 7 10 6 23 5 37 11 14 12 46 0 56 1 4 11 3 59 8 1 6 0 6 0 12 0 12 0 1 0 1 0 21 3 34 8 23 5 42 6 18 12 36 11 24 1 3 0 57 April 1 3 33 8 55 5 30 6 40 13 20 10 40 1 7 0 55 11 2 38 9 22 4 58 7 2 14 4 9 56 1 10 0 50 21 2 2 9 58 4 40 7 20 21 40 9 20 1 13 0 47 May 1 1 30 1 30 4 22 7 38 25 10 8 44 1 16 0 44 11 〈◊〉 30 11 30 3 0 8 51 15 42 8 18 1 18 0 42 21 … d day and no● Night N● night but Twilight 3 55 8 5 16 10 7 50 1 20 0 40 june 1 3 50 8 10 16 20 7 40 1 21 0 39 11 3 57 8 3 16 26 7 34 1 21 0 39 21 3 50 8 10 16 20 7 40 1 22 0 38 july 1 3 50 8 3 16 6 7 54 1 20 0 40 11 0 ●2 11 18 4 9 7 51 15 42 8 18 1 18 0 4 21 1 22 10 38 4 22 7 39 15 18 8 42 1 16 0 44 August 1 2 0 10 0 4 59 7 21 14 42 6 18 1 14 0 46 11 2 21 9 39 4 58 7 2 14 4 6 56 1 10 0 50 21 3 0 9 0 5 16 6 44 13 28 10 32 1 7 0 53 Septem 1 3 30 8 30 5 35 6 25 12 46 11 14 1 3 0 57 11 3 59 8 1 6 56 6 4 12 8 11 52 1 0 1 0 21 4 19 7 41 6 16 5 44 11 28 12 32 1 57 1 3 Octobe 1 4 48 7 12 6 36 5 24 10 48 13 12 0 54 1 6 11 5 0 7 0 6 56 5 4 10 8 13 32 0 50 1 10 21 5 18 6 42 7 15 4 46 9 50 14 30 0 47 1 13 Novem 1 5 37 6 27 7 34 4 26 8 52 15 8 0 44 1 26 11 5 45 6 17 7 49 4 11 8 22 15 38 0 42 1 18 21 5 54 6 6 8 1 3 59 7 58 16 2 0 40 1 20 Decem 1 5 57 6 3 8 10 3 50 7 40 16 20 0 39 1 21 11 6 0 6 0 8 13 3 47 7 34 16 26 0 38 1 22 21 5 8 6 2 8 9 3 52 7 44 16 16 0 39 1 21 a table with a note A Table showing what Planets Rules every hour of the Day and Night. the hours of the Day. the hours of the Night. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sund ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♃ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ Mond ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☉ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ Tuesd ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ Wednes ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ Thursd ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ Fryd ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ Saturd ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ ☉ ♀ ☿ ☽ ♄ ♃ ♂ Note that to ●v●…y day in the week there is appropriated a several Planets as ☉ to Sunday ☽ to Monda● ♂ Teusd: etc. & therefore each planet the 〈…〉 this Table you may perceive that the sun governs the first hour after sun 〈◊〉 on sund▪ ♀ 〈◊〉 second▪ ☿ 〈…〉▪ the Moon governs the fourth planetary hour & so on▪ ♃ governs 〈…〉 plan. hour 〈…〉 Night that is after sun set) ♂ the 2. ☉ the 3. … s you may 〈…〉 the rest. A Table of the Essential Dignities of the Planets according to Ptolemy. Signs. Houses: Diurn: Noct: Exaltation 〈◊〉 the Planets The Terms of the Planets. The faces of the Planets. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 D: Not ♈ ♂ D ☉ 10 ☉ ♃ ♃. 6 ♀. 14 ☿. 22 ♂. 26 ♄. ♂. 10 ☉. 20 ♀. 30 ♀ ♄ ♉ ♀ N ☽ 3 ♀ ☽ ♀. 8 ☿. 15 ♃. 22 ♄. 26 ♂. 30 ♀. 10 ☽. 20 ♄. 30 ♂ ♊ ♀ D ☊ 3 ♄ ❍ ♀. 7 ♃. 1 ♀. 21 ♄. 25 ♂. 30 ♃. 10 ♂. 20 ☉. 30 ♃ ♋ ☽ N/ D ♃ 15 ♂ ♂ ♂. 6 ♃. 13 ☿. 20 ♀. 27 ♄. 30 ♀. 10 ♀. 20 ☽. 30 ♄ ♂ ♌ ❍ N/ D ☉ ♃ ♄. 6 ☿. 13 ♀. 19 ♃. 25 ♂. 30 ♄. 10 ♃. 20 ♂. 30 ♄ ♍ ♀ N ☿ 15 ♀ ☽ ☿. 7 ♀. 13 ♃. 18 ♄. 24 ♂. 30 ☉. 10 ♀. 20 ☿. 30 ♃ ♀ ♎ ♀ D ♄ 2 ♄ ☿ ♄. 6 ♀. 11 ♃. 10 ☿. 24 ♂. 30 ☽. 10 ♄. 20 ♃. 30 ♂ ❍ ♏ ♂ N ♂ ♂ ♂. 6 ♃. 14 ♀. 21 ☿. 27 ♄. 30 ♂. 10 ☉. 20 ♀. 30 ♀ ☽ ♐ ♃ D ♌ 3 ☉ ♃ ♃. 8 ☿. 14 ☿. 19 ♄. 25 ♂. 30 ☿. 10 ☽. 20 ♄. 30 ☿ ♑ ♄ N ♂ 28 ♀ ☽ ♀. 6 ☿. 12 ♃. 19 ♂. 25 ♄. 30 ♃. 30 ♂. 20 ☉. 30 ☽ ♃ ♒ ♄ D ♄ ☿ ♄. 6 ☿. 12 ♀. 20 ♃. 25 ♂. 30 ♀. 10 ☿. 20 . 30 ☉ ♓ ♃ N ♀ 27 ♂ ♂ ♀. ♂ ♃. 14 ☿. 20 ♂. 20 ♄. 30 ♄. 10 ♃. 20 ♂. 30 0 ☿ against ♈. ♌. ♐. you find ☉. ♃ viz. ☉ governeth by Day in that Triplicity. Over against ♉ ♍. ♑. you find ♀ and ☽; viz. that ♀ hath domination by Day, and ☽ by Night, in that Triplicity. Over against ♊. ♎ ♒. you find ♄. ☿. which rule as aforesaid. Over against ♋. ♏. ♓. you find ♂. which (according to Ptolemy) ruleth only that Triplicity both Day and Night. Overagainst ♈, in the 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Columns, you find ♃ 6. ♀ 14. which tells you the first 6 Degrees of ♈ are the terms of ♃. from 6 to 14 the terms of ♀, etc. Overagainst ♈, in the 10, 11, 12, Columns, you find ♂ 10. ☉ 20. ♀ 30. viz. the first 10 Degrees of ♈ are the Face of ♂; from 10 to 20, the Face of ☉; from 20 to 30, the Face of ♀, etc. Overagainst ♈, in the 13 Column, you find ♀ detriment; viz. ♀ being in ♈, is in a Sign opposite to one of her Houses, and so is said to be in her Detriment. Overagainst ♈ in the 14 Column, you find ♄, and over his head fall; that is, ♄ when he is in ♈, opposite to ♎ (his Exaltation) and so is infortunate, etc. A Planet dignified as abovesaid, is said to be in his Essential Dignity. Accidental Dignities are, when Planets are casually in an Angle or succedent House, direct free from combustion. A Planet in his House or Exaltation, being significant of any Person, denotes him to be in a happy and prosperous Condition, not wanting for the Goods of this Life. A Planet debilitated, as being in detriment, or fall, and afflicted, denotes the Querent to be in a very low and mean Condition, much dejected and disconsolate. The Use of the Table of the Planetary or Unequal Hours for every Night and Day in the Year. To find what Planetary Hour it is, and also what Planet reigneth that Hour. You must learn at what Hour and Minute the Sun doth rise upon the day proposed; which you may find in each page of the Almanac, and also the true Hour of the Day at any time proposed: Then observe how many Hours and Minutes the said time is after Sun rising; the number of which Hours multiply by 60, and to the Product add the odd Minutes, (if there be any) than the Aggregate divided by the number of minutes that a Planet reigneth, the Quotient will show the number of a Planetary Hour. Example. Suppose that when the Sun riseth at 8 of the Clock, as upon Saturday the 8th of January 1681 it doth, and it be required to know what Planetary Hour it is at 11 a Clock before noon the same day; therefore because 11 a Clock is 3 hours after 8, the Suns rising, multiply 3 by 60, and the Product is 180; which being divided by 40, (for so many minutes are in a Planetary Hour that day) the Quotient is 4 hours 30 minutes: Therefore you may conclude that there are 30 minutes spent of the Planetary Hour. Having found what Planetary Hour it is, and would know what Planet doth reign that hour, do thus; Seek the day of the Week in the precedent Table, and the hour of the day on the top of the Table, and in the common Angle of Meeting you will find the Planet that governeth that hour: And in the other precedent Table on the right hand, which is for the Night, is the Planet that governeth the same Hour by Night. Example. Upon the aforesaid day, (the 8th of January 1681) it is required to find what Planet reigneth at 11 a Clock before Noon the same day; Therefore according to the aforesaid Rule, you may find there are 30 minutes spent of the fourth Planetary Hour; therefore first find Monday on the side of the said precedent Table, then look for 4 in the head of the Table, and in the common Angle of Metting you will find ♂ to be the Governor that rules the 4th Hour of the same day. Of the Properties and Natural Effects of the Seven Planets. Having now shown what Planet rules each Hour, it will be necessary to show the Natures, Qualities, and Dispositions of them. ♄ denotes in general, Lands, Houses, Tenements, Countrymen, Ancient People, etc. ♃ signifies Judges, Senators, Divines, Riches, Law, Religion, etc. ♂ signifies Soldiers, Physicians, War, Strife and Debate, Theft, and all manner of Cruelty, etc. ☉ signifies Honour, Greatness, noble Persons of all degrees. ♀ denotes Women, Pleasure, Pastimes. all kinds of Delights, Mirth, sweet Odours, etc. ☿ denotes all kinds of Scribes or Secretaries, Mathematicians, Servants, etc. ☽ signifies Women in general, all common and vulgar Persons. The Use of the Table that showeth the Altitude of the Sun every hour of the Day, and each day of the Year; with the Rising and Setting of the Sun. The Description of the Table. The Months are on the head of the Table, each Month noted with the proper Letter belonging to the Month, as I for January, F for February, M for March, etc. The Hour-lines that bend downward, are the Summer-hours, those that bend upward are the Winterhours; the small Lines that fall perpendicularly are the Parallel Lines of the days of the Year. Those that run thwart them at right Angles with these, are the Parallels of the Sun's Altitude, proceeding from the Tangent-Line on the right side of the Table. The lower Line of the top Margin of the Months, represents the Horizon, where you are to find the rising and setting of the Sun. The Uses follow. To find the Altitude of the Sun on any Hour and Day in the Year. I would know what Altitude the Sun will have the 10th of May, at 9 of the Clock in the Forenoon, or at 3 in the Afternoon, which is all one. Therefore find the 10th of May in the Margin of the Months on the top of the Table; then find the hour of 9 on the right hand of the Table, and note the Hour-Line which passes from 8 on the right side, (which are Morning hours) to 3 on the left side (which are the Afternoon hours); then direct your eye down from the 10th of May, in one of the nearest lines that proceeds downright, until it meets and intersects the said Hour-line; then direct your eye from that Intersection, to one of the thwart Lines that proceeds from the Hour-line, and where that Line meets with the Tangent-Line (on the right side of the Table) to 43, which is the Altitude of the Sun at that day and hour aforesaid: the same is to be understood also of the Winterhours. To find the Rising and Setting of the Sun by the same Table. The aforesaid 10th of May, note what Hour-Line toucheth the lower Line of the Margin of Months, and there you will see that the hour of 4, which proceeds from the Morning Hour Lines, and you may see that the end of the 4 a Clock Line, doth come short of the said 10th day of May; which shows that the Sun rises a little after 4 of the Clock; and so much after 4 as the rising of the Sun is, so much doth the Sun set before 8 at Night. The Explanation and Use of the Tables of the Sun's Right Ascension; and of the Table of the Stars Right Ascension and Declination. The Explanation of the Tables. In the Table of the Sun's Right Ascension, the first Page contains the first six Months of the Year, and the next Page the other six Months. In the first Column towards the left hand, are the days of the month, and in the other Columns is the Sun's Right Ascension in Hours and Minutes. In the Table of the Stars Right Ascension, there are six Columns; in the first, towards the left hand, are the names of the Stars; in the second are the Stars Magnitudes; in the third, the Right Ascension of the Stars in degrees and minutes; in the fourth, the Declination in degrees and minutes; in the fifth, the Right Ascension in hours and minutes; and in the sixth, the Denomination of the Declination, whether North or South. The Use of the Tables. First, To find the time of the Stars coming upon the Meridian. The Rule. When you have found the Right Ascension of the Sun and Stars for any day proposed; then subtract the Right Ascension of the Sun from the Right Ascension of the Star: but if the Stars Right Ascension be less than that of the Sun, add thereto 24 hours, and then subtract one from the other; the remainder after substraction is the time of the Stars coming upon the Meridian from Noon: and if the remainder exceed 12 hours, subtract 12 hours therefrom, and then the remainder is the time from Midnight. Example 1. Suppose the time that the middle of the Pleyades comes on the Meridian, were required to the 5th day of November 1680. I find the Stars Right Ascension to be 3 hours 26 minutes, and the Sun's Right Ascension to be 15 hours 23 minutes. Now because the Sun's Right Ascension is more than the Stars, therefore add to the Stars Right Ascension 24 hours, which makes 27 hours 26 min. from which substracting the Sun's Right Ascension, there remains 12 hours 3 minutes; from which substracting 12 hours, there remains 3 minutes: which is the time of the Pleyades coming to the Meridian after Midnight, which was required. Example 2. Suppose the time of Pegasus lower Wing coming upon the Meridian on the said 5th of November 1680. I find in the Table the Stars Right Ascension to be 23 hours 55 minutes, and the Sun's Right Ascension to be as before, 15 hours 23 minutes; which being substracted from the Stars Right Ascension, leaves 8 hours 32 minutes, the true time of the Stars coming to the Meridian Afternoon. Secondly, The time being given, to find what Star will come to the Meridian about the said time. The Rule. To the Sun's Right Ascension add the time from Noon, at which the Stars coming to the Meridian is required, the sum is the Right Ascension of the Star that will come to the Meridian at that time; with which enter the Table, and look what Stars Right Ascension agrees with the Right Ascension before found, or nearest thereto, and that is the Star sought for. Example. Suppose April the 1st, I desire to know what Star will come upon the Meridian at 3 hours after Midnight. The Sun's Right Ascension that day is, 1 hour 21 min. the time from Noon is 15 hours; which added to the Sun's Right Ascension makes 16 hours 21 min. the nearest in the Table is the Scorpion's Heart, whose Right Ascension is 16 hours 9 min. and comes to the Meridian 12 min. after 4; and Hercules Head, whose Right Ascension is 16 hours 50 min. from which take 16 hours 21 min. and there rests 29 min. after 4 of the Clock, which is the time of Hercules Head coming upon the Meridian. Note, That 16 hours from Noon, is 4 of the Clock next Morning. A Table of the Suns Right Ascen: Days Janua: Febr. March April. Mar. June. July. August. Septem. Octo: Novem. Decem. ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: ☉ Right Ascen: H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M H. M 1 19.35 21.42 23.28 01.22 03.14 05.10 07.23 09.25 11.19 13.08 15.05 17.15 2 19.39 21.46 23.32 01.25 03.18 05.23 07.27 09.29 11.25 13.12 15.11 17.20 3 19.43 21.50 23.30 01.29 03.22 05.25 07.31 09.33 11.26 13.15 15.15 17.25 4 19.47 21.54 23.30 01.33 03.26 05.31 07.35 09.37 11.30 13.19 15.19 17.29 5 19.51 21.58 23.43 01.36 03.30 05.36 07.39 09.40 11.33 13.22 15.23 17.34 6 19.56 22.02 23.40 01.40 03.34 05.40 07.43 09.44 11.37 13.26 15.27 17.38 7 20.00 22.06 23.50 01.44 03.38 05.44 07.47 09.48 11.41 13.30 15.31 17.42 8 20.04 22.10 23.53 01.47 03.42 05.48 07.51 09.51 11.47 13.34 15.36 17.47 9 20.09 22.14 23.57 01.51 03.46 05.52 07.55 09.55 11.48 13.38 15.40 17.51 10 20.13 22.17 00.01 01.54 03.50 05.56 07.59 09.58 11.51 13.41 15.45 17.56 11 20.17 22.21 00.05 01.58 03.54 06. 0● 08.03 10.02 11.53 13.45 15.49 18.00 12 20.22 22.25 00.08 02.02 03.58 06.04 08.07 10.06 11. 5● 13.49 15.53 18.05 13 20.26 22.29 00.12 02.06 04.02 06.08 08.11 10.10 12. 0● 13.53 15.58 18.09 14 20.30 22.33 00.15 02.10 04.06 06. 1● 08.15 10.14 12.06 13.57 16.02 18.14 15 20.34 22.36 00.10 02.13 04.10 06. 1● 08.19 10.17 12.09 14.00 16.07 18.19 16 20.38 22.40 00.23 02.15 04.14 06.21 08.23 10.21 12.13 14.04 16.11 18.24 17 20.42 22. 4● 00.26 02.21 04.18 06.25 08.27 10.25 12.17 14.08 16.15 18.28 18 20.46 22. 4● 00.30 02.25 04.22 06.29 08.31 10.28 12.20 14.12 16.19 18.33 19 20.50 22. 5● 00.33 02.29 04.26 06.33 08.35 10.32 12.24 14.16 16.23 18.37 20 20.54 22.55 00.37 02.32 04.30 06.38 08.39 10.35 12.27 14.20 16.28 18.41 21 20.38 22.59 00.41 02.36 04.34 06.42 08.43 10.39 12.31 14.24 16.32 18.45 22 21.03 23.03 00.44 02.40 04.38 06.46 08.47 10.43 12.35 14.28 16.36 18.49 23 21.07 23.06 00.48 02.44 04.42 06.50 08.51 10.46 12.38 14.32 16.40 18.54 24 21.11 23.10 00.52 02.48 04.46 06.54 08.55 10.50 12.42 14.36 16.44 18.58 25 21.15 23.13 00.55 02.51 04.50 06.58 08.58 10.53 12.43 14.39 16.49 19.03 26 21.19 23.17 00.59 02.55 04.54 07.02 09.02 10.57 12.49 14.43 16.53 19.07 27 21.23 23.21 01.03 02.59 04.58 07.06 09.06 11.01 12.53 14.47 16.57 19.11 28 21.27 23.25 01.06 03.03 05.02 07.10 09.10 11.04 12.57 14.51 17.02 19.16 29 21. 2● 01.10 03.07 05.06 07.14 09.14 11.08 13.01 14.55 17.06 19.20 30 21.35 01.14 03.10 05.11 07.19 09.17 11.11 13.04 14.59 17.11 19.25 31 21. 3● 01.17 05.15 09.21 11.15 15.03 19.30 A Table of the Magnitudes, Right Ascension in Hours and Minute's and Degrees and Minute's, & the Declination North or South of 33 fixed Stars. Names of the Stars. M R Asc Decli R Asc N/ S D M D M H M Pole Star or last in the 〈…〉 2 7 53 ●7 33 0 32 N Anchemidas Candle 2 12 31 ●3 56 0 50 N Medusa's head 3 41 27 ●0 35 2 46 N Perseus right side 2 44 30 ●8 33 2 58 N Middle of the Pleads 3 51 22 ●3 06 3 26 N Bulls eye. 1 64 0 45 48 4 16 N Hercus or Gait. 1 72 44 45 36 4 51 N Ortons lost foot 1 74 30 8 38 4 58 S Midshar●m Orrons Girdle. 2 79 45 1 28 5 19 S Orion's ●●ght shoulder. 2 64 5 7 18 5 36 N Aurion or Waggoner. 2 64 45 44 36 5 39 N Great Dog 1 97 24 16 13 6 30 N C●ylor or Apollo 2 108 00 32 30 7 12 N Linle dog 1 110 20 6 6 7 41 N Poullux or Hercules 2 110 25 28 48 7 22 N Hydra's heart. 1 137 36 7 10 9 10 S Lion's heart 1 147 30 13 30 9 50 N Great Pears fore guard 2 160 48 63 32 10 43 N Lyons Ruel 1 172 45 10 32 11 31 N Virgins Spike. 1 100 43 9 11 13 07 N Last in Great Bears tail. 2 203 36 51 5 13 34 N Architius 1 209 56 21 4 14 00 N Little Bears fore guard 2 222 46 75 36 14 52 N Hightest m the Crown 3 231 00 27 43 15 24 N Scriptions heart 1 242 23 25 37 10 09 S 〈◊〉 head 3 254 40 14 51 16 59 N L●ra● or harp 1 276 17 38 30 18 25 N Eagle or Vullure 1 293 28 8 1 19 35 N Swans tail 2 307 30 44 3 20 30 N Dolphins head 3 307 53 15 0 20 32 N Peoassus month 1 321 50 8 19 21 27 N Pomahant 3 339 30 31 12 22 38 S Pegassus lower wing 2 358 50 13 22 23 55 N A Table of the Latitudes of the Principal Cities, Towns, and— Islands in & about Great Britain & Ireland ENGLAND ° ′ Arundel 51 00 Barwick 55 54 Bedford 52 53 Br●tol 51 55 Buckingham 52 10 Cambridg 52 12 Canterbury 51 25 Carlisle 55 20 Chester 53 20 Chickester 50 48 Colchester 52 08 Dover 51 40 Derby 53 00 Dorchster 50 50 Durham 55 00 Exeter 50 50 Falmouth 50 22 Guildford 51 12 Gloucester 52 00 Hartford 51 50 Hereford 52 07 Huntingdon 52 30 Ipswich 52 20 Kendal 54 24 Lancaster 54 15 Leicester 52 45 Lincoln 53 20 London 51 32 Northampton 52 24 Norwich 52 45 Newcastle 55 12 Nottingham 53 00 Oxford 51 43 Portsmouth 51 08 P●●mouth 50 36 Readina 51 40 Salisbury 51 12 Stafford 52 50 Shrewsbury 52 50 Stamford 54 44 Truro 50 30 Warwick 52 30 Winchester 50 20 Worcester 52 25 York 54 00 WALES ° ′ Analesey 53 28 Brecknock 52 10 Cardigan 52 12 Carmarthen 51 58 Car●narvan 53 18 Denbigh 53 17 Flint 33 18 Landaire 51 36 Mo●●outh 51 51 Mongomery 51 56 P●mbroke 51 26 Redner 52 20 St. Da●●ds 53 00 ISLANDS Gar●●● 40 30 jarses 40 12 Lundy 51 22 Man 53 24 Portland 50 30 W●●h● 50 39 SCOTLAND Aberdin● 57 32 Du●blain 56 41 Dundec 56 30 Dunkel 56 48 Edinburgh 56 00 Glascow 55 50 Orkney 60 06 St. Andrews 56 39 Starlings 56 12 IRELAND Ant●●m 54 30 Argl●s 54 10 Armagh 54 14 Clare 52 34 Cork 51 53 Dred●●h 53 38 Dublin 54 27 Dundall 55 54 G●a●loway 55 02 Kildare 53 00 Kno●kferans 54 37 Kinsale 51 41 Lainer●ck 52 30 Waterford 52 00 Wexford 52 18 figure of a man overlaying a model of the solar system, surrounding by the ring of zodiacal houses Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Virgo Leo Cancer Gemini Taurus Aries Microcosmus Pi … ita Sanguis Cholera detail of previous constellation map, featuring Ursa Major Cor Caroli Ursa major detail of previous constellation map, featuring Bootes Tropicus Cancri Corona Borealis Arturus Boots Coma Berenice's Cor Caroli detail of previous constellation map, featuring Serpens Linea Aequinoctalis Linea Eclipticus Sarpentarius detail of previous constellation map, featuring Pegasus Linea Aequi Tropi Cancri Pegasus Piscis Aust detail of previous constellation map, featuring Cepheus, Cygnus, Draco, and Lyra Cygnus Lyra Cepheus Draco detail of previous constellation map, featuring Hercules Tropicus Cancri Corona Borealis Hercules Lyra detail of previous constellation map, featuring Aquila Tropicus Cancri Linea Aequinoctialis Delphinus Antinous Aquila detail of previous constellation map, featuring Andromeda Cassiopea Triangulum Tropicus Cancri Andromeda Pisces Bor. detail of previous constellation map, featuring Perseus and Auriga Auriga Capella Perseus Caput Medusae detail of previous constellation map, featuring Aries Aries detail of previous constellation map, featuring Taurus Taurus Aldebar●n detail of previous constellation map, featuring Gemini Gemini detail of previous constellation map, featuring Cancer Cancer detail of previous constellation map, featuring Leo 〈◊〉 … is Leo Cor Leonis detail of previous constellation map, featuring Virgo Virgo detail of previous constellation map, featuring Libra Libra detail of previous constellation map, featuring Scorpius Scorpius detail of previous constellation map, featuring Sagittarius Sagittarius detail of previous constellation map, featuring Capricornus Capricornus detail of previous constellation map, featuring Aquarius Aquarius Piscis Austrinus detail of previous constellation map, featuring Pisces Piscis Bor. Linum Piscium Piscis Aust detail of previous constellation map, featuring Ara Magnitudines Stellarum 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ara detail of previous constellation map, featuring Cetus Linea Eclipticus Linea Equinoctia●lis Cetus Tropicus Capricorni detail of previous constellation map, featuring Eridanus Tropicus Cancri Eridanus detail of previous constellation map, featuring Argo Navis Tropicus Capricorni Canis major Syrius Argo Columba Noachi detail of previous constellation map, featuring Centaurus Lupus Centaurus Pe● Centaur Crosiers detail of previous constellation map, featuring Canis Minor Linea Aequinoctialis protion Canicula detail of previous constellation map, featuring Hydra Eclipticus Spica Tropicus Capricorni. Corvus Crater Hydra detail of previous constellation map, featuring Orion Orion Linea Aequinoctialis Syrius Regeli Aldebaran detail of previous constellation map, featuring Phoenix, Hydrus, Tucana, Grus, Indus, and Pavo Acarnar Phoenix Hydrus Toucan Grus Indus Pavo detail of previous constellation map, featuring Apus, Volans, and Dorado Triangulum Apus Chamaeleon Musca Robar. Carolinum Pisces volans Xiphias