Class_____2^1 



Book. 



|*3f 






*£* 



DICTIONARY 

***** /& A*-fA- 



S<& c 



LATIN SYNONYMES, 



FOR THE USE OF 



SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS, 



WITH A COMPLETE INDEX. 



By LEWIS RAMSHORN. 



FROM THE GERMAN, 



By FRANCIS LIEBER. 







I 



BOSTON, 

CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN. 

MDCCCXXXIX. 



ti> v / y n . 



- \ 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight 
hundred and thirty-nine, by Francis Lieber, in the Clerk's Office of 
the District Court for the. District of Massachusetts. 



2 t b O- 



CAM BRIDGE: 

STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY 

FOLSOM, WELLS, AND THURSTON, 
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY. 



PREFACE OF THE TRANSLATOR. 



The author of the present work published, a few- 
years ago, a book, the whole title of which I will 
here give in translation, because it indicates some of 
its important features. It is, " Latin Synonymies, 
upon the Basis of Gardin-DumesniPs Synonymes La- 
tins, recast and augmented, by L. Ramshorn ; as a 
new Edition of the Universal Latin Synonymes of 
Ernesti." The names of Ernesti and Gardin-Dumes- 
nil, the latter of whom published the first edition of his 
Synonymes in 1777, are well known to all acquaint- 
ed with the modern history of philology. Upon the 
works of these two scholars, then, Dr. Ramshorn, a 
distinguished philologer and practical teacher in Ger- 
many, has built his own, adding from the rich treas- 
ures of the science of languages, so abundant in 
his country. Comparative philology and etymologic 
knowledge, now zealously and successfully cultivated 
in Germany, form a science which exhibits to us 
order, organic connexion, depth of meaning, and pro- 
gressive developement, where before disorder, dis- 
jointedness, caprice, or a barbarous want of perception 
seemed to exist, in so great and vast a sphere, embrac- 



iv PREFACE. 

ing many tribes and generations, that the scholar who 
enters deeper and deeper into this comprehensive 
system, extending over Asia and Europe, ancient and 
modern, feels as we may imagine one to feel, who 
beholds the firmament for the first time after being 
informed, that all its glittering hosts move in order, 
and according to the wisest principles. Neither the 
present cultivation of this branch of philologic knowl- 
edge, nor that of any other, appertaining to the study 
of antiquity, has been without its due influence in 
the composition of the abovementioned work, which 
makes it, in my opinion, a production of singular 
merit. My friends agreed with me, that an abridg- 
ment, adapted to our schools and colleges, would sup- 
ply a want which has long been felt by those who 
instruct in Latin. So soon, therefore, as I became ac- 
quainted with the fact, that Dr. Ramshorn himself had 
prepared a " school edition n of his work, I resolved 
to translate it into English. I have done so, and feel 
convinced, provided I have performed my task with 
any degree of success, that few works can be offered 
to all who study or promote the study of antiquity, 
more welcome than this. Had I not felt convinced 
of this fact, I should not have undertaken it : for 
translating is an irksome occupation, and I will 
frankly own, that, occupied as my mind was, at the 
same time, with labors far more congenial, I was 
once well nigh giving up my purpose. I remembered, 
however, what Cicero says of Brutus : u duidquid 
vult, valde vult;" and resolved, in my limited sphere, 
not to remain behind the Roman. If, therefore, the 
reader is of a peculiarly charitable disposition, the 



PREFACE. V 

merit of patience is all I claim, or can possibly claim, 
at his hands. 

In a few instances, where it was impossible to 
express the precise shade of meaning, conveyed by 
the Latin term, by a corresponding English word, 
or even by a paraphrase, I have given a German or 
French word, if these languages furnished an exact 
counter-term ; but, as I have in no case done so with- 
out trying, to the best of my ability, to approach as 
near as possible to the sense of the Latin by English 
words, I hope I shall not be blamed by the critic. 
My own additions, chiefly relating to the English 
idiom, are so few, that, successful or not, they can- 
not be considered as in any degree affecting the 
merits of the work. Clearness, that is, the most ex- 
act expression of the peculiar shade of meaning of 
the Latin term, has been my chief aim : I have freely 
made use, therefore, of English terms, not frequently 
employed, of a colloquial character, or, in some cases, 
of a bold formation, or of sentences which cannot be 
considered as elegant, so that I obtained my main 
object, that is, the nearest possible approximation to 
the precise Latin meaning. 

That part at the beginning of this work, which 
treats of Latin Terminations, will be considered by 
many as containing now and then views too bold or 
fanciful. Still I did by no means feel authorized to 
omit it, partly on account of its own merit, which 
will be more available however for the teacher than 
the pupil ; partly because the author refers to it in 
the main body of the work. The Index, unfortu- 
nately wanting in many dictionaries of modern syn- 
onymes, will be found a very convenient addition. 



vi PREFACE. 

Synonyme is a term which denotes various rela- 
tions between words. Some synonymes stand in the 
relation of genus and species to each other, so that 
the specific idea of the one is contained in the generic 
idea of the other. Of these Aristotle speaks in his 
Categories ; others are more accurate terms, furnished 
by advancing intercourse, science or art, or any other 
knowledge or skill, for expressions used less definitely 
in common life ; others designate notions related only 
to one another, or which have branched out from 
different roots, yet arrive at nearly the same point, 
carrying along with them, however, some modifica- 
tion of the idea, adhering to them from the original 
root ; others mean actually the same, yet differ in 
form ; which form still imparts a difference to them, 
in specific cases, under the hand of a skilful writer ; 
for instance, a difference of elegance. Annual and 
yearly mean exactly the same, I believe ; but a writer 
of nice feeling will prefer the one or the other, ac- 
cording to the circumstance, whether the general 
character of his writing makes the more positive 
Saxon, or the more technical Latin element in our 
idiom preferable at the time. So do the words besieg- 
ing and beleaguering mean exactly one and the same 
thing. Similarly related words are met with in Latin ; 
the one of old Latin stock, the other of later introduc- 
tion from the, Greek. Some synonymes become such 
simply because exactly the same thing is designated 
in one part of a country by one term, in another by 
a different one. But there are few instances, indeed, 
in which a word has been adopted by the general 
language of the cultivated, and has not soon received. 



PREFACE. Vii 

or rather formed for itself, a peculiar shade of mean- 
ing of its own. Still it ought to be remembered, 
that there are actually words which differ simply as to 
form or sound, and by which the scholar is strangely 
misled, if he starts with the axiom, that there are 
no two words meaning exactly the same thing, in 
the same language, — an error, it seems, which may 
be perceived in far the greater number of works on 
synonymes. That there are equivalent words may 
be seen at once, if we remember, that some Latin 
words end both in is and us, without a shadow of 
difference in meaning. 

The reader will find, that the author has in several 
instances grouped together terms which denote ac- 
tions or things different in themselves, yet belong- 
ing to one another : at other times, words which 
etymologically differ but little, and yet designate 
entirely different and frequently opposite things. I 
believe the scholar will thank him for what, in a 
w r ork on synonymes of the author's vernacular tongue, 
would appear as a transgression of the strict limits, 
drawn by the term synonyme. 

As to the quotations I have only to remark, that 
in many cases in which the explanation given is 
entirely sufficient to show the exact force of the 
Latin, the quotation exhibits the same term in a 
slightly different or figurative meaning, and, secondly, 
that the name only of the author from whom the 
quotations are taken, has been cited, for the sake of 
brevity. The larger work mentioned at the begin- 
ning of this preface, contains the entire citations, so 
that the reader may rest assured, that the respective 
quotation is to be found in the author cited. 



viii PREFACE. 

To my young readers, who will not fail to try 
their juvenile wit upon the author's peculiar name, 
I wish to remark, that there are no better means 
of making ourselves perfectly acquainted with a for- 
eign language, and acquiring a thorough knowledge 
of our own, than a careful study of those clusters of 
words by which a number of related ideas, a family 
of notions, is successfully expressed, in a foreign 
tongue, yet differently from the mode which our own 
idiom pursues ; in the same manner as there is no 
better way of discerning and thoroughly understand- 
ing our own advantages or deficiencies, individual 
or national, than by a candid comparison of ourselves 
with others, be this by travelling into other regions 
and nations of our own times, or into other ages 
by studying history. 

Columbia, S. C, December, 1838. 



LATIN TERMINATIONS. 



§ 1. A word receives a specific meaning by its termina- 
tion or terminal form ; and becomes, through it, a part of 
speech. This terminal form, the inflective part in nouns 
and verbs, is added to the last sound of the root either im- 
mediately, or mediately through a short connecting vowel ; 
i, more rarely w, e. g. car-o, urb-s ; len-iter, serv-itus, doc- 
iimentum, also pi-etas ; or to the characteristic vowel of an- 
other form ; manus* manu-brium ; salus, salii-ber. 

§ 2. The root of a word consists generally of a short 
syllable, ending with a consonant ; of many Latin words, 
however, it is lost, if it has not been preserved in other 
ancient languages. That word in which it is preserved with 
the least addition, and in its original meaning, is called the 
primitivum or original word ; the other words derived from 
these are called derivata, if they are words formed by a 
change of form and not by entire composition. These de- 
rivata may be denominative, pronominalia, numeralia* ver- 
balia, and adverbialia. The signification of the primitivum 
is the base of that of all derivations, but it is greatly modi- 
fied by the various forms. 

§ 3. The oldest nominal forms contain the personal pro- - 
nouns ; the others the declensions : 

a. The third declension is the oldest on account of the 
generality of its forms ; for, through them, it designates 
only existence and its modifications, and contains most 
original words ; the monosyllabic almost exclusively. 

b. The first and second distinguish clearly subject and 
quality, person and thing, and the genera. 

c. The fourth declension designates permanent conditions, 
as such, and in some, inanimate objects, e. g. acus, arcus, 
cor nu. 

1 



2 Substantive Forms. I. 

d. The fifth contains only denominations of essential prop- 
erties, hence only feminine nouns. This is also the 
reason why it had, at an early period, many words in 
common with the third and first declensions, as quies, 
quiei, quie ; plebes, plebei, and the long Ablative ter- 
minations fame, mole, tabe ; farther, materies and mate- 
ria, &c. 
§ 4. In the third declension there are, besides, the mono- 
syllabic radical words without form, as lac, sol, ren, lar, 
cor, fur. 

A. Substantive Forms. 

1. 1. S, the general form designating existence, 

a. attached to the last radical sound, or fused with it : sus, 
urbs ; mas, laus, mors, pax, grex, nix. 

b. with a vowel in nubes, quies ; navis, lapis; honos, 
custos; lepus, pal us. 

2. tas, Gen. tat is, designates quality ; tus, Gen. tut is, 
property. Juventas is youth distinguishable by early years, 
delicacy, and blooming beauty ; juventus, youth in its vigor 
and strength, opp. senectus ; juventa, the whole age, period of 
youth. Senectus, old age as condition of decreasing powers, 
but also venerable on account of greater experience ; senecta, 
old age as the last period of man's life ; senium, old age 
with its complaints and burdens, oppressive age. Veritas, 
truth as quality ; verum, as the True itself. 

II. O , as active form, designates in, 

1. o, Gen. in is, fern, a thing which effects that which is 
designated by the original word : Adspergo, the liquid which 
bespatters something, makes wet. 

o, Gen. o nis, masc. a subject, distinguishing itself by that 
which is expressed by the original word : Capito, naso, one 
who has a large. head, long nose ; opilio (ovis, ovilis), shep- 
herd ; the numeral nouns : unio (the one-hood, if I were to 
make a word, not one-ness, which is unitas), a unit, ternio, 
a Three; the diminutives: pusio (pusus), a puny little boy, 
pumilio (pumilus), a little dwarf, senecio (senex), an elderly 
man, homuncio (homo), a little man (manni-kin). 

2. io, Gen. bnis, fern, intransitive activity, action with- 
out transitive effect upon something else ; communio, com- 
munion, as equal participation of several individuals in one 



Substantive Forms. II. 3 

thing ; communitas, community, as quality of that which is 
common among them. Obsidio, siege, active, on the side 
of the besiegers ; obsessio, passive, on the side of the be- 
sieged, the being besieged ; obsidium, the besieging of itself: 
Dolabella primo sui incessu solvit obsidium. Tac. Colluvio 
(luere, lav are, belongs to fluere, pluere, the same root in our 
lie), the conflux of all sorts of drains; colluvies, these drains 
themselves, drainage. 

3. tio, sio, Gen. bnis, fern, a supinal form, activity with 
regard to an object or a suffering, passive subject. Legio, 
selection, lectio (legere, ledum), the reading, perusal, the act 
of reading, inasmuch as it is performed with a book. Mo- 
tto, motion, which stirs a body ; motus, see § 3, c. motion, as 
the state in which a body happens to be. Largitio, a liberal 
present, or rather presenting, as action ; largitas, abundance 
of gifts. Dignitas, dignity. Temperies, § 3, d. the just prop- 
erty of a mixture with reference to the relation between its 
ingredients ; the moderate condition of weather ; temper atio, 
the proper mixture of several ingredients into one mass, the 
observing of proper measure in a thing. Offensio (offen- 
der e), the knocking against, e. g. pedis, and the offence, 
which some one takes ; hence the cause which produces it, 
insult, and angry feeling, attracted from another upon us by 
our offending him ; offensa, the unpleasurable feeling, arising 
out of what is offensive, the offence as active, the insult we 
offer, we are guilty of. Visio, the seeing, the looking at, the 
sight as action ; visus, the seeing as condition, that is, the not 
being blind but being seeing, sense of sight ; visum, that 
which is seen, vision in dream. 

4. do, Gen. dinis, fern, with preceding long vowel 
(e, l, u), a condition, which represents that which is desig- 
nated by the original word, as phenomenon, i. e. as something 
appearing : Nigredo (niger), the condition which makes, - 
e. g. hair, look raven-black; formido (forma), the scare- 
crow ; testiido, that which has the quality of a testu (an earth- 
en, arched cover of a vessel). 

5. tit do, Gen. dinis, fern, as supinal form, a property, 
which represents that which is designated by the original 
word as existing, condition or state : Dulcedo, sweetness, af- 
fecting the organs of taste, e. g. mellis, vini ; dulcitudo, as 
the property of the sweet itself: Gustatus dulcitudine prceter 
ceteros sensus commovetur. Cic. Asperitas, roughness, un- 
evenness as quality ; aspredo, as property, which makes the 



4 Adjective Forms, III. 

touching person feel it ; asperitudo, aspritudo, as condition 
of that which is rough, e. g. calculi. Servitus, the situation 
of a slave, slavery ; servitude-, the condition of this state, in- 
asmuch as it is connected with disgrace, oppression, hard 
labor ; servitium, slave-service, slave-labor, also, collectively, 
slaves. 

6. — go, Gen. gtnis, fern, with preceding long vowel 
(a, I, u), represents the idea expressed by the original word 
as property in concreto : Vertigo (vertere), giddiness ; lanugo 
(lana), the first wool-like hair of the beard. Salsugo, salsi- 
lago, a salt substance ; salsedo, the salt taste of a substance ; 
salsitudo, the permanent salt property of a thing. 

III. OR as passive form : 

1. or, Gen. oris, masc. designates a state, which is ef- 
fected in the abstract: Clamor (clamare), the screaming. 
Albedo (albus), the white property of a thing striking the eye ; 
albugo, the white which adheres, generates somewhere, e. g. 
in the eye ; albor, the white of the egg, used by later writers 
for album or albumen ovi. Amaror, the bitter taste, which 
is produced by something bitter ; amaritas, bitterness as 
quality ; amaritudo, as natural property. Stupor, the as- 
tounding, the state of mental stagnation, also as transitory ; 
stupiditas (stupidas), want of feeling, of sensitiveness as re- 
maining quality. 

2. tor, sor, Gen. oris, mas. — trix, Gen. trtcis, fern. 
supinal form, the effected state, in concreto, i. e. a person, 
by whom that which is indicated by the original word, has 
been performed or is still performing : Victor (vincere, vic- 
tum), the victor, victrix, the female victor; funditor (funda), 
the slinger; olitor (olus), the kitchen gardener. Aleo (alea), 
the dice-player, as gamester; aleator, one who makes a pro- 
fession of playing dice. 

B. Adjective Forms. 

§ 5. An adjective denominates a quality as a mark pecu- 
liar to such objects as are distinguishable by the same from 
others. If the adjective is only applicable to quite a specific 
class of objects, or sufficient to designate the peculiar notion 
which expresses the object, without other aid, it may stand 
in the place of a substantive, and of this kind are all substan- 
tives of the first and second declension. The adjectives have 
either the adjective form proper, which indicate marks of 



Adjective Forms. IV. 5 

distinction taken from qualities, or participial forms, which 
indicate marks taken from conditions, modes of being. 
Those of the third declension have existence for their funda- 
mental notion. 

IV. S. 

1. 5, designating simply the existence as quality, termin- 
ates the adjective of the third declension, either directly 
added to the original word, e. g. princeps, reses (sedere), 
prcepes (peter e), forward, in advance in the flight, or with 
is, as in lenis. In the others r changes with s, as in veter, 
more commonly vetus ; or the termination is abbreviated, 
as in vigil, prasul (prce-esse, for pra-sulis, X, 1.), he who is 
in advance, at the head, the superintendent, or director, and 
thus consul, exsul ; oscen, tibicen (canere). The denomina- 
tiva are likewise subject to this rule, e. g. illunis (luna), 
extorris {terra), rebellis (helium), exsomnis (somnus), and in 
bicolor, affinis, exspes, seminex, pernox, in which the adjec- 
tive signification is effected by mere composition. 

2. us, a, um, signifying properties, inasmuch as they are 
peculiar to objects, is the fundamental form of adjectives of 
the first and second declension ; thus verus, vivus (vivere), 
veridtcus (dicer e), naufragus (frangere), honorus (honos), 
honorable ; superus (super), being above, in an upper situ- 
ation; nuperus (nuper) late, new; furthermore, commodus, 
consonus, and, with changing form, inermis and inermus. 

With substantives designates 

a. us, objects of the male sex, according to their nature, 
and with prominent masculine qualities, e. g. gallus, nervus, 
ventus ; abbreviated is vir. 

b. a, objects of the female sex and distinguished by fem- 
inine qualities ; hence also abstracta : Vacca, lana, pluma ; 
via, cura. 

c. um, objects taken as things, and designations taken in 
general : Ovum, aurum, pomum, vadum (vadere), a ford. 
Sibilus sc. sonus, is the hissing sound ; sibilum, the hissing. 

*] With some specific denominations the gender of the 
notion of the genus is imagined, e. g. names of trees 
and plants, as alnus, cerdsus, fern. scil. arbor; hyssbpus, 
papyrus, sc. herba; or the action, as with the verbalia 
of the third conjugation : scriba (scribere), masc. the 
scribe, indigena (indu — gignere), masc. and fern, the 
native ; and also from other reasons. 
1* 



6 Adjective Forms. IV. 

3. ews, ius, uus, a, urn : 

eus, a, um, consisting of a substance, being similar to it: 
Aureus, golden, like gold; niveus (nix), of snow, snow-white. 
— eus, with long penultima, terminates adjectives formed of 
nouns proper : Verrea, Marcellea sc. sacra, feasts conse- 
crated to Verres, &c. 

ius, a, um, originating from something taken as subject: 
Regius, royal, originating from the king, peculiar to him, fit, 
proper for him ; patrius, pluvius (pluere), anxius (anger e). 

uus, a, um, mostly with verbalia, signifies temporary 
continuance of a condition of indefinite genus : Circumfluus 
(fiuere),\hnX which flows around, and that which is surround- 
ed by the flowing substance, e. g. amnis, insula ; cceduus 
(ccedere), that which from time to time is cut down, e. g. 
silva; occiduus (occidere), that which approaches closer and 
closer to its end, downfall : Homo labitur occiduce per iter 
declive senectce. Ovid, occidens, going down, being in the 
act of going down : Redibamus sole jam fere occiduo, when 
the sun was setting ; sole occidente, at sunset ; occidentalis, 
situated toward sunset, west. 

Substantiva : a. Calceus (calx), laqueus (lacere in alii- 
cere) ; modius (modus), the bushel as measure of grain, 
genius (gignere) ; patruus, carduus (car ere, carding), 
card, thistle. 

b. Caprea (caper, capra), the chamois, the deer ; cavus, 
hollow and a mouse-hole; cavum, a cave ; cavea, 186, 
the hive, cage ; reliqua, 883, the rest of debts, reliquice, 
remains, relics. An adjective proper is laurea (laurus), 
sc. arbor, frons, corona, the laurel tree, twig, wreath. 
Furia (fur ere), the fury as passion, furor, as effect of 
this passion; ferocia (ferox), courageousness, also spite, 
temerity of itself, ferocitas, as quality. Noctua (nox), 
the night owl; stdtua (sister e, stdtum), the statue (stand- 
ing image). 

c. Biennium, triennium (annus), a period of two, three 
years. Linum, the flax ; linea, a line, both as cord and 
from it line in math. ; linteus, linen, adj. ; linteum, linen 
cloth, a linen cloth ; incendium (incendere), conflagra- 
tion ; incensio, the lighting, igniting ; remigium (remex 
from remus), the oar apparatus, the oars and their move- 
ment; also collectively for the oarsmen; remigatio, the 
paddling with oars, as action. Pascuum (pascere), pas- 
ture, place where cattle may obtain food ; pastio, inas- 



Adjective Forms. V. 7 

much as the place gives the food ; pasties, where the cat- 
tle are fed. 
4. vus, v a, vum, is the termination us after an r : Curvus, 
bent; torvus, protervus (pro-terere), trampling down before 
one, that is, contemning everything, bold, impudent. 

ivus, belonging to a distinct kind of enduring condition or 
state : 2Estivus, (cestas), that which continues in summer, 
e. g. mensis, avis, castra, a summer-month, summer-bird, 
summer-camp. Cadivus (cadere), e. g. poma cadiva sepa- 
rare; deciduus, that which from time to time falls of itself: 
elephanti denies decidui. Plin. Nocivus (no cere), that which 
has the quality of injuring, of the kind of those things which 
cause injury : Millepeda pecori nociva. Plin. nocuus, inju- 
rious, active, that which always causes injury, always tends 
to do it ; more common noxius, passive, by which we may be 
injured : Spina nocuus non Gobius (piscis) ulld. Ovid. 
Magistratus noxium civem coerceto. Cic. More frequent in 
the supinal form : Captivus, being in the condition of captiv- 
ity, but captus, he who has been caught, taken prisoner ; sa- 
tivus (serere), in the condition of being sown, planted : planta 
sativa, a plant for planting, tempora sativa, sowing seasons ; 
stativus, standing, of permanent standing : castra stativa ; 
statarius, acting while standing : miles statarius, who fights 
firmly standing. 

Substantiva : a. Acervus. — b. Oliva and olea, sc. arbor, 
the olive tree ; sc. bacca, the olive (fruit). — c. Olivum, 
oleum, oil ; arvum (arare), the field for husbandry ; 
lixivium (lix), the lie (used for making soap). 

V. X,— CUS, CA, CUM, belonging to that which is des- 
ignated by the original word according to its kind ; the 
German ig, isch ; the English ish, y ; the Greek wog. 

1. x, Gen. icis, is only verbal form, sometimes with ac- 
tive, sometimes with passive meaning : Fcenisex (fcenum — 
sec are), the hay-cutter, mower ; resex, that which has been 
cut or is cutting ; simplex, duplex (semel, duo — plicare), one- 
fold, two-fold ; precox, cocis (coquere), 670, (too early 
done, ripe) ; trux, ucis, 122. 

cus, ca, cum: Civicus, civic (burgher ish) ; corona, civic 
crown ; jura civica, citizens' rights, rights which refer to 
single citizens ; civ ilia, the rights, laws which are in force 
in a certain state. Gallus, is the native Gaul ; Gallia, his 
native country; Gallicus, Gallic (Gaulish), originated from 



8 Adjective Forms. V. 

Gaul, appertaining to it : Legiones Gallicce, consisting of 
Gallic men ; Gallicance, stationed in Gaul, or, if they con- 
sisted of Gauls, as contradistinguished to legiones Romance. 
Lubricus (labi), slippery ; petulcus (petulare from peter e), 
that which is apt to knock, or push ; hiulcus (Mulare from 
Mare), that which gapes, stands asunder. As supinal 
form : Volaticus (volar e), fleeting (as if it had wings) ; vil~ 
licus, the manager of a villa ; vitiations, of the kind of those 
things which belong to a villa, e. g, canis. Attached to 
other forms : Famelicus (famelis from fames), of the kind 
of those who suffer hunger. Grcecus, Greek ; Grcecanicus, 
Greek-like, e. g. nomen, a Latinized name derived originally 
from the Greek. 

Substantiva : a. Focus (fovere), the hearth ; remulcus 
(remulis from remus), the pull of the vessel by oars ; 
bubulcus (for bubulicus, from bubulus [bos], cattle-like, 
or rather cattlish), the herdsman, slave for the oxen ; 
subulcus (subulus, inus. from sus), swineherd. 

b. Fabrica, 420, sc. ars, the art of a faber, sc. ratio, the 
manner of working, treating a thing, e. g. ceris et ferri ; 
fabricatio, the artificial, art-like work ; manica (manus), 
sc. vestis, a sleeve covering the hand ; rubrica (ruber), 
sc. terra, linea, red earth, red stone (for drawing, mark- 
ing), red cord (i. e. cord or line used to mark red). 

c. Canticum, 170 ; labrusca, the wild vine, labruscum, its 
blossom and its grape. 

2. — x, Gen. — cis, with long penultima, having an un- 
common inclination to something, and manifesting it : Rapax, 
Gen. cicis (rapere), robber-like (robberish) ; bibax, who, with 
strong inclination to drink, drinks frequently ; bibosus, who, 
having the capacity of drinking much, does drink much, a 
drunkard ; emax, one who likes to buy, emtor, the buyer. 
Felix, Gen. wis (feo), fecund, successful, hence lucky, hap- 
py ; ferox, Gen. bcis (ferre), 17. — To these belongs as sub- 
stantive, radix (radere, rooting out), the root. 

— cus, ca, cum, increases the meaning of V, 1. Meracus 
(merus), entirely unmixed ; opacus (ob), shadowy, 165 ; aprl- 
cus (aperire), open to the rays of the sun, sunny; posticus 
(post), behind, e. g. ostium ; anticus (ante), before ; with 
changed palatal, antiquus, ancient, old, 832 ; and, with in- 
serted nasal sound, propinquus (prope), 48; caducus (cade- 
re), frail, decay able, 455. 

Substantiva : a. Umbilicus (umbUis, from umbo, ambi, 



Adjective Forms. VI. 9 

the German umb, about, around), navel because centre, 
and centre because round which the rest turns, or is 
thought to do so. [Navel in German is Nabel, and 
the nave of a wheel Nabe, both the English and Ger- 
man referring to the same association.] Lumbricus 
(lumbaris from lumbus, thigh), the entrails, hence the 
grub, because formed like a piece of entrails. 
b. Cloaca (luere), the sewer, and from — x, audacia, fe- 
rocia ; lectlca (lectus), a sedan-chair; lor'ica (lorum), 
sc. vestis, 649 ; festuca, a blade ; jistuca, a ram, ram- 
mer (for ramming a pile). [Both these words are con- 
nected with the Teutonic fast, fest (firm), the one, to 
which something is fastened, the other which makes 
fast.] 
3. iceus, icius (not itius), of the kind, are attached to other 
forms, which designate a substance or kind : Craticius (cra- 
tes), consisting of basket-work; latericius (later), of tiles, 
bricks ; pastorius, peculiar to herdsmen : pellis ; pastoricius, 
belonging, according to its kind, to such things : Sodalitas 
pastoricia Lupercorum ; pastoralis, so constituted as is 
usual with herdsmen : pastoralis habitus. As supinal form : 
Adventicius (advenire), of the kind of things which come 
from foreign countries or by accident to one, e. g. nomen, 
a Greek one, opp. vernaculum, a native one ; copia con- 
ductcE, troops taken into pay ; conducticice, belonging to such 
paid troops, standing in pay ; deditus, devoted ; dediticius, of 
the kind of those who have voluntarily surrendered them- 
selves ; insitivus, in the condition of the engrafted : pirum ; 
insiticius, of the kind of engrafted things, in contradistinction 
to those which grow naturally from the trunk. 

dceus, acius, tcius, uceus, consisting of a specific 
substance, only with later writers, e. g. terra argillacea, are- 
nacea, Plin. clay, sandy earth ; herbeus and herbaceus, grass- 
green ; roseus, rose-colored ; rosaceus, consisting of roses, 
e. g. corona ; gallinaceus (not gallineus), of hens, barn-yard 
fowls ; furnaceus (furnus), e. g. panis, baked in an oven ; no- 
vicius (novus), a novice (freshman) ; pannuceus (pannus), 
ragged. 

VI. BS, PIS— BUS, BA, BUM, designates capacity, 
capability : Calebs, Gen. Ubis, 559 ; volupis (velle), 
delightful. — Acerbus (acer), astringent, acerb; super- 
bus (super), who feels above others, proud. — Substan- 
tive : Morbus (mori), sickness. 



10 Adjective Forms. VII. — VIII. 

VII. DIS—DUS, DA, DUM, designates a being there in 
a high degree, or in quantity : 

d is: Rudis, 524; viridis (virere), green; grandis (gra- 
num from gro, growing, waxing), that in which appears a 
particular growth, large : grandia hordea. 

dus, da, dum : Herbidus (herba), covered with grass; her- 
bosus, rich in grass; crudus (cruor), rude, crude, uncooked; 
puter, putris (putere), decayed, brittle, e. g. gleba; putridus, 
full of putrefaction, decay, very brittle : denies putridi ; Jlo- 
reus (fios), consisting of flowers, fioridus, flowery, rich in 
flowers. 

*] Substantiva : Capis, idis (caper e), a small mug with a 
handle, to grasp it ; cuspis. — For da, (ferre), 150. 

VIII. R, (Neut. US) Gen. — ris, RIS—R a,nd Ji- RUS, 
RA, RUM, provided with that which is expressed by the 
original word in a peculiar degree, provided : 

1. er, or, ur : Celer, eris (cellere), 195; deer, acris, 
acre (dcus), 17; memor, oris (memini), cicur, uris (belongs 
to cicatrix from cicare, causing to overgrow), properly in- 
grown, tame ; also vetus, eris, old veter, 832. 

er, ur and erus, a, urn : Miser, miserable; satur (satis), 
satisfied ; inferus, superus ; also hildris, older hildrus, 486. 
— ter, terus, are used for determining persons, places : Ali- 
us, another ; alter, the other, i. e. the one of two ; so uter, 
neuter, which, none of the two ; interus, exterus, the inner, 
the outer one. 

Substantiva : a. Jubar, dris, n. 654 ; vomer, eris, m. 
{vomer e), ploughshare ; cadaver, n. (cadivus, IV, 4), the 
fallen, dead body, corpse ; cequor, oris, n. (cequus), the 
plain, even surface ; vultur, uris, m. the vulture ; ful- 
gur, uris, n. (fulgere), 478 ; robur, oris (robus, ruber), 
the stone oak, the strength. 

b. us, Gen. eris and oris, as neutral terminations: Genus, 
eris (gignere), the sex, the kind; later, eris, m. brick; 
latus, eris, n. the side ; decus, oris (decere), different 
from decor, oris, III, 1. 316. 

c. of the first and second declension : Numerus (numus 
from emere), the number. — Patera (patere), 2S5 ; lite- 
ra (liner e, litum), 394; opus, eris, the work as product ; 
opera, the labor, trouble, to produce a work. — Jugerum 
(jugum), fiagrum (ad — Jligere), a lash, whip. Also 
tugiirium (tegere), a hut. 



Adjective Forms. VIII. 11 

2. or, Neut. us, Gen. oris, as termination of the compar- 
ative, signifies the higher degree of a quality in comparison 
with a lower one : Posterus (post), coming after; posterior, 
the following,- the latter one of two. 

— rus, ra, rum, — rus with increased strength of mean- 
ing : Griwrus (noscere), knowing, expert; sincerus (belongs 
to semel, singuli), 545; severus (sev, height), 137; sonbrus 
(sonus, sonor), full of or rich in sound ; maturus, 670. 
Hence the supinal forms : Tectums, amaturus, indicating ex- 
pectation in the present time of a future completion of a con- 
dition or state. 

*] Substantiva : Stater a (sistere, statum), the balance. 
The supinal form ura, indicates the realization, actually- 
brought about, of that which is indicated by the original 
word : Status is standing, as condition, or state ; sta- 
tura, the height of a man when he stands, his growth, 
stature ; captus, the grasping ; captura, the procedure in 
doing so : inter esse captura piscium, and the capture, 
that which has been taken. Cultus, the fostering, the 
veneration, as condition, 297 ; cultio, as action ; cultura, 
the procedure in it : cultura agri, agriculture ; fultura 
(fulcire, fultum), that which is placed under a thing as 
contrivance, fulcrum, the support as prop ; usus (uti), 
the use, advantage derived from use ; usura, the using, 
the enjoying a thing : Natura dedit usuram vita, tarn- 
quam pecunia. Cic. 

3. dris, — drius, orius, a, u m, according to its qual- 
ities of the kind of that which the original word indicates. 

a. dris. Familiaris, according to its qualities of the kind 
of things which belong to the familia ; e. g. fundus, family 
lands ; res, property belonging to the family jointly, the do- 
mestic economy ; molaris (mola, molere), that which has the 
quality of grinding, crushing : dens, lapis. 

Substantiva. Pugillaris (pugnus, pugillus), sc. libelli, 

the tablet for the hand, fist. 

Altar e (alius), 91 ; torcular (torquere), wine-press. 

b. drius, orius, a, um, according to external marks of 
distinction belonging to that which is named by the original 
word. Asinus molarius, the mill ass, which turns the lapis 
molaris ; auxiliaris (auxilium from auger e), of the kind of 
those who render assistance : cohortes auxiliares ; auxilia- 
rius, one of the auxiliary troops, and only inasmuch as he 
belongs to them; talaris (talus), tunica, reaching to the an- 



12 Adjective Forms. IX. 

kles ; ludus talarius, the game at dice ; gregarius (grex), 
according to its kind belonging to the herd : pastor ; grega- 
lis, according to its properties, e. "g. habitus, the dress of a 
common soldier {gregarius) ; miles gregalis, a comrade ; 
binarius, ternarius, containing by two, three, &c. — orius is 
supinal form : Adventitia cozna, a meal for the arrival of 
some one ; adventoria, tropical, a book which is to entertain 
the arriving person; piscarius (piscis), belonging according 
to its kind to fishes; piscatorius (piscator), to the fishermen: 
Forum piscatorium ; navis piscatoria. 

Substantival a. Lapidarius (lapis), the stone-cutter; 
longurius (longus), 1005. 
/?. Unguentaria (unguentum), the female vender of oint- 
ments, and sc. ars, the art of making ointments ; luxu- 
via (luxus), 656. 
y. Mrarium (ces),4S; promontorium (mons), a promon- 
tory; portorium (portus), 907; territorium (terra), all 
the lands belonging to a city, the territory of a city, 
e. g. colonice. 

IX. BER, BRIS, — BER, BRA, BRUM, and CER, 
CRIS,— CER, CRA, CRUM (TRUM), proper, fit for 
the realization of a state of things, condition, capable of 
effecting something or of something being effected in or 
on it. 

1. ber, bris: Puber and pubes, Gen. beris (puer, in 
Germ. Bube, Engl, boy), having arrived at puberty; celeber, 
Gen. bris, 194; funebris, 480; saluber (solvere, salvus), 
healthy, favorable to health: locus, victus ; salutaris (salus), 
salutary : Consilia salubria, rational ; salutaria, bringing 
salvation, delivery. 

ber, bra: Glaber, smooth, glib ; creber (creo, crescere), 

194. 

Substantiva : a. Mulciber, Gen. bris and bri (mulcere, 

mollire), Yulcan, the softener of iron ; faber (facer e), 

111. 

b. Terebra (terere), the gimlet; of supine : dolabra (do- 
lare), 912. 

c. Candelabrum (candela), a candlestick; ludibrium, (In- 
dus), the sport; of the supine : Cr'ibrum (cernere, cretum), 
sieve, as instrument for sifting ; ventilabrum (ventilare), 
the sieve for grain ; pollubrum (pro, pol — luere), the 
wash-basin. 



Adjective Forms. X. 13 

2. cer, cris : Voliicer, cris (volare), 133 ; dldcer (ad — 
levis), 195 ; medio cris (medius), 672. 

cer, era: Ludxcer or ludicrus (ludus), 584. 
Substantiva of the supinum : a. Lucrum (luere), the pay- 
able, gain ; feretrum (ferre), the bier ; tonitrum, toni- 
truum (tonare), thunder. 

b. with long penultima : Ambulacrum, a place, made to 
walk about ; ambulatio, where one walks for pleasure ; 
involucrum (involvere), the cover, to put something into; 
aratrum (or are), plough. 

X. ILIS, — ILUS, OLUS, ULUS, ELLUS, ILLUS, A, 

TIM, signify the existence of a similarity with that which 
is named by the original word : 

1. i lis, similarly constituted: Similis (simul belongs to 
simplex); Jiumilis (humus), similar to the ground, assimilat- 
ing to it, low ; in verbalia, the same in a passive meaning : 
facilis, feasible (doable), easy ; fragilis (frangere), brittle, 
friable ; utilis, useful, and utensilis, necessary for use. Ab- 
breviated, vigil (vigere), watchful; pugil (pugnare), a pu- 
gilist. — Of the supine, similar, according to property or 
condition, to a state of things already effected : Coctilis (co- 
quere), fossilis (fodere), like baked things, things that are 
dug : Laterculus coctilis, a burned brick ; sal fossilis, min- 
eral salt, rock salt ; sectilis (secare) lamina, a veneer ; la- 
pis, which may be cut ; porrum sectile, leeky, according to 
its property, inasmuch as repeatedly fit to be cut ; sectivum, 
according to its condition, inasmuch as it is continually cut. 
Formed after the first conjugation, versatilis, that which may 
be easily turned, and, analogous to this, aquatilis, that which 
is capable of living in the water. 

I us, la, lum, attached to the radical syllable, cuius, a, 
um, attached to the form, signifies likewise similar ; words end- 
ing in er form ellus : Nubilus (nubes), cloudy; frivolus (fri- 
are), brittle, hence without value, trifling; pendulus (pendere), 
pendingly : Palearia pendula, uva pensilis, the grape sus- 
pended for keeping it; bubulus (bos), of cattle; suillus (sus), 
of hogs, e. g. caro bubula, suilla; — vernaculus (verna), in- 
landish; anniculus (annus), of one year; masculus (mas), 
male, masculine. — If the original word is of the same kind 
with the derivatum, it receives by this form diminutive mean- 
ing : Rutilus (rufus), reddish (somewhat red) ; aureolus, 
(aureus), golden looking, like gold, and small gold; longulus 
2 



14 Adjective Forms. X. 

(longus), a little long, lengthy; vetulus (vetus), oldish, rather 
old; — pauperculus (pauper), poor (poorish) ; dulciculus (dul- 
cis), sweetish; feroculus (ferox), a little courageous; melius- 
cuius, a little better. By reduplication of this form, the 
diminutive signification is increased: Tenellus (tener, as 
miser, misellus), tender; tenellulus, extremely tender; tantu- 
lus (iantus), so very small; tantillus, so punily small: Hce- 
cine sunt mece filice ? quanta e quantillis sunt factce ! Plaut. 
pauculus (paucus), very little; pauxillus, pauxillulus. — Of 
the supine : Contortulus (contorquere) , a little twisted to- 
gether, confused; barbatulus (barba), with a little beard; 
auritulus (auris), with long little ears. After this are 
formed : 

The substantiva ; A. Denominativa, of which some take 
leus, others ending in o unculus, all diminutives with the 
character of smallness, trifling, fondling, insinuating : 

a. Tubulus (tubus), a small tube ; ocellus (o cuius), pueru- 
lus, puellus (puer), lapillus (lapis); — fiosculus (fios), 
pisciculus (piscis),buculus (bos),versiculus (versus); — 
aculeus (acus), nucleus (nux), equulus, equuleus (equus) ; 
— dracunculus (draco), latrunculus (latro), and after 
this, furunculus (fur), ranunculus (rand). 

b. Cistula, cistella, cistellula (cista), a little box; pupula, 
pupilla (pupus), the pupil in the eye, properly the little 
image, the little puppet appearing in it ; fasciola, glori- 
ola (fascia, gloria); patella, catella (patina, catena) ; 
apicula, plebecula, labecula (apis, plebes, labes), diecula, 
recula (dies, res); caruncula, ratiuncula (caro, ratio). 

c. Oppidulum (oppidum), negotiblum (negotium) ; sigillum, 
villum (signum, vinum) ; scalpellum (scalper), lucellum 
(lucrum), corculum (cor), conventiculum (conventus), 
corniculum (cornu). 

B. Verbalia, designating something fit for what is desig- 
nated by the original word : 

a. Capulus- (caper e), fit or made to be grasped, the coffin, 
the handle, 175; cingulus and — um (cingere), a girt, 
girdle. 

b. Specula (ad - spicere) , an observatory; tabula, a board, 
table (a Teutonic word, tafen, cut into boards) ; of the 
supine: Regula (regere), the rule, level (instrument of 
mechanics, to ascertain the horizontal line, plumb-line) ; 
tendicula (tender e), a snare extended to catch, and of 
the supine : Subucula (subuere, utum, as exuere), an 
under-garment. 



Adjective Forms. X. 15 

c. of His: Concilium (of concilis), 233; of the supine : 
Auxilium {auger e, auctum), 139, and after this domicil- 
ium {domicilis, fit for a home), 372. — Of lus: Specu- 
lum, the mirror; specillum, probe; jaculum {jacere), 
javelin; of the supine: Ferculum {ferre, fertum), the 
bier; vehiculum {vehere, vectum), 1006; cubiculum {cu- 
bare, cubitum), 248; poculum {pbtum), 285 ; habitacu- 
lum, the dwelling as place arranged for dwelling ; habi- 
tation in as far as one actually lives in it, 372, and after 
this, senacidum {senatus), di room or hall for councils; 
hibernaculum, a room for the winter, winter-quarter, 
winter tent; hiberna sc. loca, castra, winter-quarters, 
camp. 
2. bilis, — bulus, a, urn, signifies passive capability; 
see VI., IX. 

bilis, changing between subjective and objective meaning : 
Patibilis {pati), capable of receiving impressions from with- 
out: Animal patibilem naturam habet. Cic. ; Jlebilis {flere), 
at which we must weep, capable of making us weep : cepe, 
species, and easily made to cry, or of a crying character : 
flebiles voces ; insatiabilis, insatiable : avaritia, and at which 
we cannot look enough : pulcritudo ; credibilis {credere), 
credible, that which may be easily believed ; credulus, cred- 
ulous, he who believes where doubts and examination are 
requisite ; horribilis, capable of exciting horror, shocking : 
spectaculum; horridus, rugged, shocking: barba, prodium; 
horrendus, that at which one must, ought to feel horror ; in- 
numerabilis, uncountable, countless ; innumerus, numberless, 
for which there is no number. Of the supine : Nobilis {nos- 
cere* notuni), easy to be known, remarkable, famous ; flexilis, 
that which easily bends : Curvavit flexile cornu ; coma flexi- 
lis, braided ; flexibilis, that which easily can be made a bent 
thing : Excogitatum est vitri temper amentum, ut flexibile es- 
set. Plin. With several words, of which this form is not 
used, the participium pr&teriti is used instead, e. g. invictum 
Romanorum i?nperium. Liv. ; infectus, not feasible ; immen- 
sum mare, immeasurable. 

Substantiva, only in but us, a, um, indicating that which 
is destined and used for that which is designated by the 
original word : a. Discipulus {discere), destined to learn, 
apprentice. — b. Fabula {fciri), a tale for oral delivery, 
421 ; tr'ibula and trlbulum {terere, tritum), a threshing 
wagon. — c. Latibulum {latere), the corner used for 



16 Adjective Forms. XL 

hiding; latebra, the corner, where one may lie con- 
cealed; exemplum (for exempulum, from eximere), 405; 
pabulum (pasci, pastum), fodder which the cattle receive 
from the pasture (pascuum) ; conciliabulum (conciliare), 
a meeting-place, 468. 
3. —lis, with long penultima, constituted conformably to 
that which is designated by the original word : Qualis — talis 
(quam — tarn), how, thus constituted; regalis or natus, regal 
ornament, according to property, magnificence ; animus, a 
mind and disposition fit for a king ; regius, which the king 
possesses ; quinquennis, five-yearly, five years old ; quinquen- 
nalis, arranged for five years, that which happens every five 
years ; causa judicialis, a cause belonging before a court ; lex 
judiciaria, relating to judges or courts ; sacrificium lustrale 
(lustrum), a sacrifice for purification; dies lustricus, the day 
of consecration ; crudelis, of rude character ; crudus, VII, 
crude, rude; hostUis (hostis), hostile, hostilely disposed: 
ager, where hostilities are to be expected ; hosticus, belong- 
ing to the enemy ; curulis (currus), according to property 
for wagons: equus, sella; edulis (edere), edible, 199. 

Substantival a. Animal (for animale, from anima), an 
animate being, according to natural property ; animans, 
according to condition, inasmuch as it performs the func- 
tions of life; mulctra, mulctrum (mulgere), the larger 
milking vessel ; mulctrale, the milking-pail, into which 
the farmer milks; mantele (manusj, 664; ovile (ovis), 
189; sedlle (sedere), 904. 
b. Of the first and second declension: a. el a: Candela 
(candere), taper, inasmuch as it gives a white, i. e. light, 
resplendent ray ; loquela (loqui), the mode of speaking, 
inasmuch as words, tone, and expression have a peculiar 
character : Nutricis blanda et infracta loquela. Lucret. ; 
locutio, the speaking, when the words are pronounced ; 
medela (mederi), the healing, the mode of healing, cure. 
Of the supine : Corruptela {corrumpere, — ruptum), the 
procedure of the seducer, seduction as mode ; corruptio, 
seduction as action. — /?. elia: Contumelia (turnere), 
557. — y. —Hum: Peculium (pecus), 506. 

XI. EN. Gen. inis, NUS, Gen. neris, noris, — NUS, 
NEUS, A, UM; MIS, — MUS, A, UM. 

1. en, Gen. in is, Neut. nus, terminates substantive de- 
nominations of genera or kinds only, which have that mark 



Adjective Forms. XL 17 

which is designated by the original word : Pecten (pectere), 
the comb ; unguen (unguere), the salve ; limen (limus), the 
threshold; gluten (glus), glue; fenus (feo), 437; pignus 
(pangere), 107; facinus (facere), the deed, 1044. 

nus, neus, a, um, according to its inner property of the 
kind of that which is designated by the original word ; it ter- 
minates adjective generic nouns of woods, colors, precious 
stones, localities, certain periods, and some names of rela- 
tions : Columns (colurus), hazle ; cerasinus (cerasus), cherry- 
red ; crystallinus (crystallus), of crystal (the mineral ) ; ole- 
um laureum, cedrium, lucus fageus, distinguish the substance ; 
oleum laurinum, trabs cedrina, scyphus faginus, the kind, 
genus from other genus of trees ; but of some words, the one 
form only existed, as acernus, ulmeus, aprugnus (aper) ; of 
others the one was older, the other more modern and rarer, 
as eburnus, eboreus. — Further: Inferus, that which is below, 
552 ; infernus, of the kind of that or those below, subterra- 
nean : Juno inferna ; mare superum, the upper sea ; vulnera 
superna, wounds in the upper parts of the body. Vernus 
(ver), of the kind of things which belong to spring; hibernus 
(hiems), to winter : Jlores verni, menses hiberni. Adverbia- 
lia are : Mternus (for ceviternus of cevum), 47 ; diurnus 
(diu), hesternus (fieri), of yesterday (in German, gestern), 
hodiernus (ho die), crastinus (eras), pristinus (pris), sero- 
tinus (sero), late, late maturing, happening; annuus, that 
which lasts one year, 83 ; annottnus, one year old ; hornus 
(hora), that which matured in the last late summer; homo- 
tinus, of this year, opp. of last year and of several years. 
Paternus, paternal, according to its kind, distinguishes a pos- 
session from others (paterni, agri, equi, servi), and contra- 
distinguishes pater, to other individuals ; patrius, paternal ac- 
cording to species, contradistinguishes pater, as appellative, to 
the general alienus : Bona patria, are family goods, opp. 
aliena, alio modo acquisita ; res paterncE, belonging to the 
father, or property possessed by him, opp. maternce, /rater- 
ncE. — To these belong also benignus, 146, malignus, 661, 
with inserted g before n, as nasal sound. 

Substantiva : a. Dominus (domus), 371 ; veternus (ve- 
ins), old dirt and the sleeping mania, 611 ; somnus, 941. 
b. Femina (feo, to produce), the progenitrix, 260; fuscina 
(furca), the trident; cisterna (cista), a reservoir ; ma- 
china (the Teutonic root make, German machen), ma- 
2* 



18 Adjective Forms. XI. 

chine; patina (patere), 773; lucerna (lucere), 610; 
transenna (trans), 436. 

c. Glutinum (gluten), glue, as particular kind; succinum 
(succus), amber; tignum (teg ere), 978; scamnum (scan- 
dere), 904. 

d. cinium, of the form o, onis, II, 1. indicating a 
business, occupation : Patrocinium, 774 ; latrocinium, 
866. 

2. anis, enis, tnis, in a few words: Inanis, empty, 542; 
Zem's (leo,lino), mild (in Germ, lind), 200. Subst. Panis 
(pasci), bread. 

— ?2 ms (neus), a, um, with long penultima, according to 
external property of the kind of that which is designated by 
the original word, or belonging to the genus of such things, 
which distinguish themselves by external common marks and 
designations from others : 

anus, belonging to the same class, or to things which have 
in common the same external property of a certain rank and 
relation : Veteranus (vetus), belonging to the class of the old, 
of those who have served their time ; miles decumanus, of the 
tenth legion; urbanus (urbs), one of the capital, in respect of 
rank and education; germanus (germen), belonging to those 
things which are of the same stock, growth ; via ^Emilia, 
designates iEmilius as founder ; Mmilianus, is one adopted 
by him. — Subitaneus (subitus), of the kind of things which 
come on a sudden ; supervacuus, superfluous in kind, existing 
in too great a quantity, and in the way ; supervacaneus, be- 
longing to the kind of useless and superfluous things ; exterus 
(ex), existing on the outer side, outward, VIII, 1. ; exterior 
pars castrorum, munitiones exteriores, nationes exterce, with 
reference to their situation as to the capital : externus, external, 
belonging to outward things ; externus hostis, populus ; ex- 
trarius (extra), of the species, VIII, 3. b ; extraneus, of the 
genus of external things, designates the relation to me and 
that which nearest surrounds me {intra) : Homo extrarius, 
one with whom I have nothing to do ; canis extrarius, who 
belongs to another ; Res sunt aut corporis aut extranece. Cic. 
Exercitatio forensis et extranea (opp. domestica). Id. 

enus, belonging to the genus of things of the same kind : 
Terreus (terra), earthen, according to the component parts: 
vas, murus ; terrenus, to the genus of the terrea belonging : 
Humor es marini terrenique. Cic. Tumulus terrenus. Cses., 
gradually elevating, rather flat, not terreus; hence septeni. 



Adjective Forms. XI. 19 

noveni; serenus (severe), of the genus of such things, which 
favor the sowing, serene ; egenus (egere), 111. 

tnus, of the kind of such things, as make one genus: 
Caninus (canis), peculiar to the genus of dogs, canine : pel- 
lis, eloquentia canina, biting ; thus leporinus, lupinus, ferinus 
(fera), genuinus (gignere), natural, genuine ; denies genuini, 
the last generated teeth, i. e. the wisdom teeth ; peregrinus 
(peregre), 32; supinus (super), 840; vicanus (vicus), a 
villager; vicinus, 270; femineus (femina), consisting of 
women, womanish : feminea caterva, manus, vox; femininus, 
feminine according to sex: nomen; terni, by three, distribu- 
tively, trini, threefold : trina castra. — Amplified forms are 
c i ?i us from cus,Y, 1, Morticinus (mors), of the kind of the 
dead, dead of animals ; medicinus (medicus), of the kind of 
that which heals, of medical things; and stinus from stis, 
XIII, 1. Mediastinus (medius, medias, mediastis), of slaves 
who have no certain occupation, and are used to fill up vacan- 
cies; clandestinus (clam), of the kind of that which happens 
secretly. 

onus, of the form o, bnis, II, 1. Colonus (colere), be- 
longing to the class of colonists, 53. — Amplified bneus: 
Erroneus (erro), belonging to the class of vagrants ; idoneus, 
14; ultroneus (ultro), who, of himself, does more than his 
duty requires, or than he ought to do ; who does not wait 
until called upon. 

unus : Jejunus (junis, young, with redoubled radical syl- 
lable, see Jentaculum, 219), sober, taken from the young 
day, i. e. early day, as one is when he rises ; opportunus 
(portus), 239. 

Substantival a. Pulvinus, a pillow, couch; patronus, 
fern, patrona (pater), 774. 
o. Membrana (membrum), the skin of any inner part, 309; 
laniena (lanius), the butcher's stall; habena (habere), 
the halter; piscina (piscis), the fish-pond; fodina (fo- 
dere), the fosse ; doctrina (docere, doctum), the doctrine, 
354; matrona (mater) , 260 ; lacuna (lacus), 606; for- 
tuna (fortu, ancient Ablat. of for 's), the luck. 
c. Salinum (sal), a salt-cellar; but salina sc. officina, a 
salt-work; pistrina and pistrinum (pinsere, pistum), 
697 ; vtnenum (venire), that w T hich of itself penetrates 
into the body, poison, 1008. 
3. mis, in incolumis (whole), without blemish, touch, 
568. 



20 Adjective Forms. XII. 

—mus, of the class of that which is at the outermost end ; 
hence, as superlative termination, it expresses the highest de- 
gree : Citimus (cis), ultimus (ids), at the outermost end this 
side, the other side; almus (alere), most nourishing; mari- 
timus (mare), at the last end, i. e. upon, or close to, the sea: 
helium, ora, urbs; marinus, of the kind of those things which 
belong to the sea: concha; jinitimus (finis), the frontier 
neighbour, 270 ; cedituus (cedes), the temple guard, according 
to his permanent condition ; ceditimus, inasmuch as he lives 
at the outermost end of the temple. 

— mus, with long penultima, is the termination of con- 
tracted forms : Supremus, extremus, primus (pris), the first 
among several, prior, of two; volemus (vola), that which 
fills the hollow of the hand ; pirum, a species of pear ; patrl- 
mus, matr'imus, possessing father and mother in the most com- 
plete manner, used of children whose parents are still living, 
were married by confarreatio, and ennobled by rank and 
birth, which child, therefore, could be used for the perform- 
ance of solemn, sacred rites and actions. 

*] Substantiva : Glomus (belongs to globus), Gen. eris, 
the skein. — Fumus (belongs to funus, spark, in Germ. 
Funke), smoke ; forma (forus, obs. i. e. quod fertur ex- 
tra), the outer fashioning, form, 424; spuma (spuere), 
the foam ; fama (fari), the tradition, the reputation ; 
palma (pdla, the flat surface, hence a spade, the little 
case of a ring, setting of a jewel), 665. 

XII. AS, ES, Gen.-tis,— TUS, TA, TUM, funda- 
mental forms of the second chief class of adjectives, 
which designate existence as prominent property. 

1. (as), es,-~tus, ta, turn, with short penultima, border- 
ing next to the form s, IV, 1 : 

es, Gen. it is, designates an existence in or upon that 
which the original word indicates : Codes (cozlum), existing in 
the sky, heavens ; Cozlites, the inhabitants of the heavens ; 
ales (ala), 133, ales equus, deus ; pedes (pes), on foot, and 
a pedestrian ; eques, one on horseback, a knight. 

*] Substantiva: Anas, dtis (nare),the duck; seges, etis 
(serere), the seed ; miles (mille), one of a troop of thou- 
sands, many, a soldier ; st'pes (stlpare), 759 ; cespes 
(capere, of the catching of the grass-roots, and the earth 
adhering to them,) turf. 
tus, sus, a, urn, originated from es, as perpes, more com- 



Adjective Forms. XII. 21 

monly perpetuus, 47, shows ; accordingly senectus (senex)^ 

grown old, see I, 2.; vegetus, 997; libertus (liber), 633; 

hence the participle preter. of the "strong conjugation," as 

scriptus, conditus, rasus (radere). 

Substantiva : a. Cubitus and cubitum (cubare, cubitum), 
293; orbita (orbis), the track of the wheel; vita (vi- 
vere), the life ; exta (ex), 1027. 

b. tia, indicates a quality of itself, inasmuch as it may be 
assigned as a mark of distinction to a genus or class of 
subjects : Pueritia (puer), childhood, boyhood ; malitia 
(inalus), badness, wickedness, malice ; pudicitia (pudi- 
cus), bashfulness; pudor, shame (of the blushing) ; nup- 
tice (nubere, nuptum), wedding ; notitia (noscere, notum), 
knowledge, acquaintance. Some belong at the same 
time to the fifth declension, as mollitia (mollis), softness, 
as quality ; mollities, effeminacy. 

c. tium: Calvitium (calvus), bald spot on the head; cal- 
vities, baldness; capillitium (capillus), the growth of 
hair; exercitium (exercere, citum), that which practises, 
practice as action, by which we exercise ourselves. 

d. of the fourth declension : Tumultus, 145 ; tactus (tart' 
gere), the touching, as a state, condition, the feeling; 
repulsa (pellere), the refusal, the unsuccessful request, 
repulsus, the being repelled in beating on a hard sub- 
stance ; hence also the echo, reverberation ; sensum 
(sentire), that which is felt, sensitively perceived : Ex- 
primere dicendo sensa. Cic. ; sensus, sensation, as con- 
dition, the sense of the faculty of feeling : sensus audi- 
endi. 

2. as, es, Gen. — tis — -tus, ta, turn, with long penul- 
tima, differs from 1. only according to the original word : 
Penas, atis, 4S7 ; primas (pris), one in the first place, oc- 
cupying the first rank; cujas (qui), from what country, 
people ? cujus, a, um ? whose ? belonging to whom ? An- 
tias, Arpinas. — Locuples (locus — plere), 362; mansues 
(manus — suescere), generally mansuetus, 200. 

— tus, ta, turn, the participial form of 'weak conjugations:' 
Condltus (condire), spiced; laudatus, praised; fietus (flere), 
wept. Hence the compounds with in, as immulatus, un- 
changed ; immutabilis, unchangeable ; incogitatus, unimagin- 
ed; and the denominativa: Alatus (ala), winged ; sordidus 
(sordes), soiled; sordidatus, dirtily dressed, as an accused 
person; odorus (odor), scenting, that which emits a smell, 



22 Adjective Forms. XIII. 

and that which perceives by scent ; odoratus, 742. Avitus 
(avus), descending or coming down from grandparents; ma- 
ritus (mas), married; cegrotus (ceger) , 40 -, versutus (vertere, 
versum), 166; ductus (cingere), girdled; cinctutus, provided 
with an apron ; nasutus [nasus), provided with a long, or 
with a fine nose, pert, malapert (which in German likewise 
is "nose- wise"). 

Substantiva : a. eta: Moneta (monere), the mother of 
the Muses, and money ; rubeta, the toad, as inhabitant 
of the blackberry bush (rubus). 

b. etum, that in which what is designated by the original 
word is frequently found : Rubetum, a place where black- 
berry shrubs, arundinetum (armido), where reed, is 
found in plenty; fruticetum, frutectum (frutex), where 
shrubs, salictum (salix), where willows, are frequent; 

jimetum (fimus), a dung-hole ; aspretum (asper), a place 
where there are many inequalities ; acetum [acer, aci- 
dus), vinegar. 

c. tus, Gen. us, of permanent conditions : Auditus (audi- 
re), the hearing, and the sense of hearing, as faculty to 
hear. 

d. turn: Verutum, 970. 

e. tia : Minutia (minutus), the trifle; argutia (argutus), 
the subtleness, sharp-mindedness ; astutia (astus), 166. 

3. uitus, a, urn, with long penultima, with poets also dis- 
syllabic, designates a mode : Fortuitus (fortu, ancient Ablat. 
of for s), casual, accidental, originated by accident: Concur- 
sio rerum for tuit arum. Cic. ; gratuitus (gratus), gratis, from 
mere kindness. 

*] Substantivum : Pituita, 703. 

XIII. STIS; STER, STRIS, — STUS; STER, STRA, 
STRUM. 

1. stis, Neut. e, in, upon, under that which is mentioned 
in the original, considered as quality : Codestis, that which 
has the quality of a cozies, XII, L, is under, among the coali- 
tes ; hence, also, worthy of heaven, excellent : arcus, ignis, 
imber, augurium, sapientia ; agrestis (ager), 893, mus, lau- 
rus, growing wild. Hence the termination — stinus, XI, 2. 

stus, a, um, gifted, endowed with that which is designated 
by the original word, having this as quality : Honestus (ho- 
nos), he who possesses honor, honorable, respectable : fa- 
milia, dignitas, mors; honoratus, honored by others, one to 



Adjective Forms. XIV. 23 

whom honor has been shown; scelestus (scelus), vicious of 
character, criminal, black, of the predominating inclination 
and practice in vice, and that which has proceeded from it : 
Homo malus atque scelestus; scelestum f acinus ; sceleratus, 
who has committed several shameless crimes, loaded with 
crimes ; scelerosus, full of vices and malice, a malefactor ; 
onustus (onus), laden, of him who carries the load ; oneratus, 
heavily laden, over-laden, burdened. So modestus, molestus, 
venustus, vetustus. 

*] Substantiva : Lanista (laniare), 120, Greek in dynasta 
and dynastes, Gen. a (dvvaoTTjg), a prince ; danista 
(dtAveiovrjg), the money-broker. ' 
2. ster, stris — ster, stra, strum, signifying the same 
with 1., and designate only more the genus : Campester 
(campus) ; terrestris (terra), on the earth, the continent, 
growing, happening, or being there : iter, loca campestria ; 
terrestris exercitus ; equester (eques) , pedester (pedes), what 
consists of cavalry, infantry, belongs to them, is done by 
them: statua, copice ; Silvester (silva), paluster (palus), 
wooded, marshy (boggy), and being in forests, morasses. — 
Sequester, tris, and stra, strum (sequi), the mediator, 574 ; 
minister, stra (munis), the servant, official assistant, 924. — 
Of this form are: Menstruus (mensis), monthly, destined for 
one month, lasting a month, and menstrualis, returning every 
month, calculated for a month: Menstrua cibaria; menstru- 
um lunce spatium ; menstruales epulce. 

If this form is added to an adjective, it receives a diminutive 
signification : Surdaster (surdus) , a little deaf. The same if 
attached to substantives : 

Substantiva: a. Parasitaster (parasitus), a little para- 
site ; oleaster (olea), pinaster (pinus), the wild olive 
tree, the wild pine. 

b. Fenestra (connected with the Teutonic root in Funke, 
spark, light), an opening in the wall to light a room. 

c. Capistrum (capere) , halter ; lustrum (made acute from 
luere, lav are), the place where hogs are washed; lu- 
strum (long from lucere), the sacrifice of atonement ; mon- 
strum (monere), 745 ; claustrum (claudere, clausum), 
214 ; rostrum (rodere, rosum), 889 ; transtrum (trans), 
463. 

XIV. ENS—ENTUS; ENDUS, UNDUS, A, UM, 

participial forms, which indicate a state or condition in 
its origin or growing. 



24 Adjective Forms. XIV. 

1. ens, Gen. entis, effecting a state, the form of the par- 
ticiple present of the active voice : Scribens, writing, a writ- 
ing one ; quadrupes, (quatuor — pes), quadruped ; quadrupe- 
dans, stepping down, stamping with four feet ; lactam (lac), 
making, containing milk : libera mammarum lactantia. Lu- 
cret. ; (lactans [lacio], alluring one, coaxingly, to deceive 
him) ; lactens, milky, and making milk : feus, puer. 

entus, in cruentus (cruor), bloody. 

Substantival a. entia, designating the execution, prac- 
tice of the action expressed by the original word, as 
quality, see XII, 1. b. Audientia (audiens), attention to 
a speaking person, audience, hearing : Illi prceco facie- 
bat audientiam; auditio, the hearing, as act and rumor, 
which is heard : Fabellarum auditione duci. Cic. His 
rumoribus aique auditionibus permoti. Cses. Observan- 
tia, the attention to every opportunity for certain actions, 
especially to be kind and respectful, respect : Tarquini- 
us obsequio et observantia in regent cum omnibus certavit. 
Liv. ; observatio, observation, especially connected with 
accuracy, conscientiousness : Observatio diuturna no- 
tandis rebus fecit artem. Cic. 

b, entium, of a permanent activity in general : Silentium 
(silens), silence. 

c. enta, entum: Placenta (placere), 635. — Fluentum 
(fluere), 455; unguentum, 1033; armentum (armus), 
1005 ; argentum ( Gallic Argid, belongs to argilla), 
silver. 

2. end us, undus, only verbal form of the gerundium, 
appears in three separate forms and significations : 

a. end us, ancient undus, a, um, formed of the present 
tense, designates a state or condition as destined in the pres- 
ent time for completion, or as one that ought to be ; hence 
the participium futuri passivi : Faciundus, faciendus, he 
who is yet to be made ; mirus, wonderful, uncommon : no- 
vitas, pulchritudo ; mirabilis, worthy of wonder, capable of 
exciting admiration, wonderment : Opus mirabile mundi ; 
mirandus, to be wondered at, to be admired : altitudo ; mi- 
randum in modum, wonderful, surprising ; mirabilem, in an 
admirable, extraordinary manner ; mirum in modum, in a 
wonderful, inconceivable manner, as if by a miracle ; ortus 
(oriri), originated, directly descended, from the next progeni- 
tors ; oriundus (properly he who ought to originate), orig- 
inally descending, respecting the founders of the family : 



Adjective Forms. XIV. 25 

Serv.a Tullius ortus. Ovid. Octavius Mamilius Tusculanus, 
si fames credimus, ab Ulixe deaque Circe oriundus. Liv. 

b. bund us, of the form of the future in bo, almost com- 
pleting a state, and on that account the more observable : 
Moribundus (mori), is the visibly dying off, hence like the 
really dying one (moriens) : Duabus hcerentes hastis mori- 
bundi ex equis lapsi sunt. Liv. Alexander moriens annulum 
suum dederat Perdiccce. Nep. ; who is in the state of dying, 
designates the state existing in the present time and perfect ; 
moriturus, who is on the point of dying, when the completion 
of the state depends upon resolution, will : Quo, moriture, 
ruis 7 Virg. ; pudens, being ashamed ; pudibundus, manifest- 
ing the feeling of shame, like an ashamed one : Pavo cauda 
amissa, pudibundus ac moerens quczrit latebras. Plin. Noctua- 
bundus ad me venit cum epistola tua tabellarius. Cic. ; like a 
night-bird (noctua). 

c. cundus, a supinal form, designates the continuation of 
a state already completed : Sequens (sequi, secutum), the fol- 
lowing one ; sequendus, one who is to be followed ; secundus, 
who has followed or still follows, 911. So facundus, fecun- 
dus, jucundus, verecundus ; rubicundus (rubere), showing a 
strong, glowing red : luna, cornum ; rubtdus est rufus atrior 
et nigrore multo inustus. Gell., deep red, dark red ; panis 
rubidus, baked, and oven-red. 

3. lens, Gen. lent is, — lentus, a, um, corresponding 
to the verbal form ulo, signifies the existence of that which 
is mentioned by the original word, multiplied ; hence in a con 
siderable, or also in a high degree : Pestilens (pestis), car 
rying with it contagious and dangerous ingredients, unhealthy 
locus, ventas ; opulens and opulentus (opes), considerably 
very wealthy, rich. More common is the latter form in gra- 
cilens, gracilentus (gracere, gracilis), very slender : equus 
violens, violentus (vis, violare), violent, forcible, impetuous 
Yiolens Aufidus, homo violentus ; it is only used in esculen 
tus (esse, esca), always full of food : Crocodili os esculentum 
and edible, hence esculenta, edibles, as potulentus, not pocu 
lentus, from potus, who has pretty well drunk, and drinkable 
macilentus (macer), pretty lean; pulvereus (pulvis), consist 
ing of dust ; pulverulentus, full of dust, dusty ; pulverea nu 
bes, a cloud of dust ; palla, a cloak quite covered with dust 
pulverulenta, a bedusted cloak. For somnolentia, very 
sleepy, somniculosus is more common. 
3 



26 Adjective Forms. XIV. 

4. en sis — osus, a, um: en sis, local, being at or from 
a place: Pratensis (pratum), being on meadows: fios; 
Corinthii, Hispani, Siculi, are natives of the respective 
places ; Corinthienses, Hispanienses, Sicilienses, strangers 
who reside at them ; sinus Corinthiacus, the bay bordering 
on the territory of Corinth ; litus Corintlxiense, the coast sit- 
uated within that territory. This form is the only one in use 
of some names of places, e. g. ager Ostiensis, belonging to 
the town Ostia ; porta Ostiensis, in Rome, situate toward 
Ostia : of other geographical nouns, this form does not exist, 
e. g. Antias, Anxuras, Sinuessanus, Pcestanus ; dii montani, 
not montenses. 

osus, existing in a subject in great quantity, or in a high 
degree : Montosus, where there are many mountains : Regio 
aspera et montuosa. Cic. ; meticulosus (meticulare, from me- 
tus), full of fear ; vinolentus, drunk, as a passing state ; medi- 
camentum, in which there is much wine ; vinosus, as essential 
and permanent quality, vinous, and of constant desire for 
wine, intemperate : sapor, odor, Homerus, 1022 ; pisculentus 
(piscis), full of fish : fluvius; piscosus, according to its na- 
ture fit for abundance of fish : piscosi scopuli. Virg. ; tene- 
brosus (tenebrce), full of darkness : Tenebrosa sede tyr annus 
exierat. Ovid. ; tenebricus, belonging to the dark, according 
to its kind : Tartari tenebrica plaga. Cic. ; tenebricosus, one 
who seeks a peculiar kind of darkness and maintains it ; libi- 
dines tenebricosce, light-shunning ; popina tenebricosa. Cic. ; 
suspectus (suspicere), suspicious, one against whom there is 
suspicion, and one who harbours it ; suspicax, inclined to sus- 
picion ; suspiciosus, full of suspicion ; subjective, having sus- 
picion, distrustful ; civitas, and objective, causing suspicion, 
very suspicious: negotium; sumtuosus (sumtus), of much 
expense ; subjective, who makes many expenses : mulier, and 
objective, that which causes many : ludi sumtuosi ; sumtua- 
rius, concerning expenses : lex ; prodigiosus ( prodigium), in 
a high degree unnatural and rare : solis defectus ; prodigia- 
lis, adventurous, prodigious : res, Jupiter, who averts the 
consequences of evil signs. The derivatives of the fourth 
declension end in uosus, as fructuosus, saltuosus; but we 
also find, as ancient, montuosus, monstruosus. 

*] Of osus, substantives can be formed only after I, 2., 
as vitiosus, vitiositas; of lens, lent us, according to 
XIV, 1, a., as violentus, violentia. 



Adjective Forms. XV. 27 

XV. MEN, Gen. minis — MNUS, A, UM. 

1. men, Neut. a form of itself, an adjective verbal form, 
XI, 1., but terminating substantives only, in representing an 
action as perceptible by the senses, in something belonging to 
the sensible world {in concreto), changing between active and 
passive meaning: Tegimen, tegumen, tegmen (tegere), the 
cover, i. e. every thing which covers another, or with which 
we may cover a thing : capitis, corporis ; Saliis Numa dedit 
super tunicam ceneum pectori tegumen. Liv. ; teges, etis, XII, 
1. as a mat which actually covers; tegula sc. testa, the tile ; 
tegulum, the small cover, and a little roof; regimen (regere), 
government, as effect in something, e. g. at the ship's helm, 
in a state, as direction of public affairs; specimen (specere), 
930, that in which we may see, discover the property of a 
thing, sample, e. g. of cloth : Temper antice prudenticeque 
specimen Q. Scaivola. Cic. ; the model. 

— men, with long penultima, in derivatives of derived con- 
jugations : Stamen (stare), subtemen (subtexere) , 947 ; abdo- 
men (abdere), 1010; legiimen (leg ere), legume, pulse; acu- 
men (acuere), 19 ; alumen (sal), alum; curvamen (curvare), 
the bend of itself, as existing appearance ; curvatura, as pre- 
pared, intentionally made, or as in relation to other parts ; 
ligamen (Jigare), bandage, band of itself, inasmuch as some- 
thing is thereby kept together ; ligatura, the way and man- 
ner in which something is thereby kept together : Sanguis 
profluens inhibetur papyri ligamine. Colum. Ligatura in 
vitibus locum debet mutare. Pallad. Solamen (sblari, making 
ground [sohun] for some one, that is, placing him firmly, 
giving him ground to stand upon), comfort, solace, by which 
the comforting is effected, poetical ; solatium, solace, by 
which we feel comforted : Solamen mali. Virg. Vacare cul- 
pa magnum est solatium. Cic. 

mnus, a, um, denominates a subject according to its con- 
dition or state, which is represented as realized in him : 
Alumnus (almus, XI, 3.), who is nourished, and who nour- 
ishes, the foster-son, and his father, fem. alumna; autumnus 
(augere, auction), autumn; columen (colere), columna, 229. 

2. mentis, Gen. is — men turn, formed from men, 1 : 
Sementis (semen), 916. 

men turn, something that serves for the realization of a 
state, a means fox something : Tegumentum, every thing that 
serves to cover, a cover as means of covering, 969 ; augmen 



28 Adjective Forms. XV. 

(augere), the visible growth, in which the augmentation shows 
itself as effect : corporis ; augmentum, means of augmenta- 
tion, addition : honoris, commend ationis ; munimen (munire), 
that which preserves : Effusos munimen ad imbres. Virg. ; 
munimentum, that which serves to keep, to protect, 112 ; tern- 
peratura, proper proportion of mixed parts of a whole to one 
another ; minii, the mode and procedure, if it ought to have 
the proper mixture ; temper amentum, the means by which this 
equal proportion is effected: Restincta seditio est; inventum 
est temper amentum, quo tenuiores cum principibus aquari se 
piitarent. Cic, a middle way; f err amentum {ferruni), iron 
tools, or tools fittejd out with iron ; ferramenta aratorum, the 
iron implements of agriculturists ; pulmentum, every thing 
which serves for the edibleness of the puis, meat dishes, &c. ; 
salsamentum (salire, salsum), salt provision, e. g. pickled 
fish. 

3. monia, mbnium from mnus, 1. after the form of 
onus, XI, 2. 

monia, designates a state or condition realizing itself 
after the manner in which it appears in the subject, in the 
abstract ; monium, this realization itself, thought as a thing : 
Alimonia {alumnus), the nourishment, sustenance, with which 
the foster-father provides his foster-son ; alimonium, the 
actual nourishment, the food, which the latter receives ; ali- 
mentum, the means of nourishment : Caius collationes in ali- 
monium ac dotem filim recepit. Suet. In alimoniis armen- 
ticium pecus sic contuendum, lactentes cum matribus ne cubent. 
Varr. ; acrimonia (acer), the sharp, biting taste: sinapis ; 
castimonia (castus), abstinence, mortification, if, with a re- 
ligious view, we abstain from every enjoyment which does 
not agree with the former ; castitas, chastity ; sanctimonia, 
the realization of the idea sanctus in a subject, hence virtuous 
disposition, innocence ; also sanctity, inasmuch as it manifests 
itself in certain venerable things : Priscce sanctimonia virgo. 
Tac. Sanctimonia nuptiarum ; sanctitas, holiness, as quality 
or virtue : Tueri se sanctitate sua. Cic. ; testimonium (testis), 
the showing, explication of a thing, as witness or by wit- 
nesses, testimony and assertion or evidence pronounced by 
witnesses ; testimonium dicere, giving oral evidence in court ; 
dare, bearing witness, assure by one's declaration that some- 
thing has happened, with the idea of praise and approval ; 
pro testimonio dicere, asserting as witness. 



Forms of Verbs. 29 



C. Forms of Verbs. 

§ 6. The verb expresses the state in which a thing is, in 
two fundamental forms. These are : 

1. o, the subjective and active form, which refers a state 
or condition to the ground of its origin, or makes that state 
proceed from the subject, which may also be taken in quite a 
general manner, as in luciscit, grandinat, it becomes light, it 
hails, and in the impersonal verbs poznitet, oportet. 

2. o r, the objective or passive form, which refers a state 
or condition to the aim or object of its existence, or makes it 
directed toward a subject. 

a. in the passive, if the subject is passive, that is, object 
of some activity directed from without ; hence it is, that 
the verba transitiva, whose active voice requires for the 
indication of the object of their activity the Accusative 
case, adopt regularly this form. The subject is here 
taken as general in the impersonal forms itur, curritur, 
ventum est, licitum est, the French on vat, est venu, &c., 
the German man. 

b. in the deponens, if the subject is presented only as sub- 
ject of the condition, that is, as that in which the action 
proceeds, without reference whether it be ground or ob- 
ject of action ; mostly those verbs in which the impres- 
sion of the action on the senses of the observer was 
considered. To these belong such passiva as have 
adopted an active or reciprocal signification, as Icetor, I 
am rejoiced (by) that; or which are taken as passiva 
in a certain respect only, as cachinnor, rideor, I laugh, 
inasmuch as I am shaken by the violent effect ; the verba 
mutucB actionis, as amplector, I embrace one, who at the 
same time embraces me ; osculor, I kiss ; altercor, I 
quarrel ; those with regard to which the impression on 
the observer predominates, as imitor, I am formed, i. e. 
I form myself after another; fistula ejaculatur aquas, 
for the Roman sees how the tube is discharged, while, 
for us, the tube itself discharges ; and thus the inchoa- 
tiva, nascor, I am born, i. e. now in the state of being 
born ; proficiscor, I am carried on, get along ; lastly, 
the verbs whose actions have reference to the person 
of the subject, his wishes, advantage, use, as nidulor, 
a nest is making for me, I am making a nest to my- 

3* 



30 Forms of Verbs. XVI. 

self; sortior, the lot is assigned to me, while I draw it 
for myself, 

XVI. O — ERE, indicating simply the condition, is the 
fundamental form of the third conjugation, to which be- 
long the verbs which contain the fundamental notion of 
a state, as esse, being ; existere, originating ; fieri, grow- 
ing, becoming ; and those which indicate a mere acting 
or suffering, as facere, doing ; nasci, becoming born. 
To this likewise are referred the derived forms : 

1. do — dere, designating a continued doing: Pendere 
(dis — pennere, penna), 706; tender e {tenuis, tenere), ex- 
tending; trudere (trua, trulla), 990; fodere (fovea), dig- 
ging, and hence fundere, 479. 

2. go — gere, a making : Spargere, 922 ; vergere, 974 ; 
ambigere (ambi), 68. 

3. no — nere, a doing with its consequence: Spernere, 
338; liner e (leo in delere, 330), 1033; sinere (siere, inus. 
hence situs), letting lie, 292; danere (dare), yielding over, 
granting, obsolete; see f acinus, XI, 1. 

4. so, xo — sere, xere, effecting, bringing something 
into reality: Vlsere (videre), really seeing, seeing after, 
1017; texere (tegere), 976. 

5. to — tere, a making connected with exertion, with its 
consequence, an intensive form: Nectere (nere), 637 ; ver- 
tere (v err ere), 1012. 

6. uo — uere, effecting with lasting consequence: Minu- 
ere, minutum (minor), diminishing, making smaller, 690; 
acuere (acus, acies), pointing, sharpening a thing; hence the 
obsolete subjunctives of the present tense, duam, creduam, 
duim, creduim, expected conditions as imagined, completed 
in the future. Of the supine : Stdtuere (stare, stdtum), 
making standing, placing. 

7. esso, is so — s sere, a passionate action, Ver ba in- 
tensiva: Capessere (capere), violently grasping at a thing: 
Animalia cibum oris hiatu et dentibus ipsis capessunt. Cic. ; 
fugam capere, taking to flight ; capessere, hastily doing so ; 
magistratum capere, taking an office, as capable for it ; ca- 
pessere, with zeal and seriousness taking care, as capessere 
rem publicam ; lacessere, 604; petessere petissere (petere), 
with several starts marching toward a thing, striving pas- 
sionately for something. 

8. esco, rarer isco, asco, osco — scere, designates 



Forms of Verbs. XVII — XVIII. 31 

the beginning of a state which advances toward its comple- 
tion, a beginning growing, becoming such, verba inchoativa: 
Madescere (inadtre, being wet), becoming wet, of the mere 
beginning of this state, without reference to the cause ; made- 
fieri, getting wet from without : Postera lux Hyadas evocat, 
et multa terra madescit aqua. Ovid. Polyxenia madefient cczde 
sepulcra. Catull. ; adhcerescere (adhcerere, adhering : Stellce 
adhcerent codo. Plin.), attaching itself to a thing, beginning 
of adhering : Herba barbis caprarum adhcerescens. Id. Mi- 
nima bestiola in sordibus aurium tamquam in visco inhceres- 
cit. Cic, remains hanging, attaches itself; contremiscere 
(contreniere, trembling : Ccelum tonitru contremit. Cic), be- 
ginning to tremble, being caused to tremble : Exalbesco atque 
omnibus artubus contremisco. Cic. ; gelare, causing to freeze, 
and making ice ; gelascere, beginning to freeze ; noscere 
(noo, noere, not used), 905. 

XVII. 10 — IRE, fourth conjugation, designates a state 
of lasting activity and manifestation of power, while with 
the third, the state was imagined as passing ; hence did 
later writers use linire for liner e, XVI, 3 : Vas cobpe- 
ries ac linibis. Pallad. Derivations are : 

1. urio — urire, of the supine, designating lasting en- 
deavour or intention to effect a state ; Verba desiderativa, 
more correctly meditativa : Esurio (edere, esum, eating), I 
feel hungry; emturio {emere, emtum), intending to buy a 
thing : Te emturientem ad mercatum crebro adducunt pedes. 
Varr. ; parturire {par ere, partum), being about to give birth, 
being in labor: Mons parturibat, gemitus immanes ciens ; — 
at ille murem peperit. Pheedr. 

2. urio — urire, with long penultima, designates the 
greater and enduring effect corresponding to lasting endeav- 
our : Ligurire ilingere), 609; scatere, containing something 
in quantity, being full of it : Scatet beluis pontus. Hor. ; sca- 
turire, producing in number and violently, gushing forth : 
Aqua scaturiens ; also solum fontibus scaturit. Colum., is full 
of wells, that is, it opens many and continually new ones. 

3. iitio — utire, doing something after the fashion of 
another : Balbutire (balbus, who stammers, also who pro- 
nounces the r like Z, prattling) ; ccecutire (ccecus), 157. 

XVIII. EO — ERE, form of the second conjugation, 
signifies a continued being : Sidere, sitting down ; sede- 



32 Forms of Verbs. XIX. 

re, sitting ; adsidere, sitting down upon a place ; adsi- 
dere, sitting by a thing : Assidamus, inquam, si videtur. 
Cic. Furius, quum lacrimans in carcere mater assideret, 
defensionem causa suce scripsit. Id. ; succendere, light- 
ing from below ; succensere, 950. Most verbs of this 
conjugation are intransitiva ; with the transitive ones 
the participle is added in imagination, e. g. miscere, mix- 
ing, i. e. being a mixing one ; docere, being a teaching 
one (properly, being a thinking one, the Latin and 
Teutonic root in thinking, denken, being related). 

XIX. O — ARE, form of the first conjugation, designates 
a making that something be perceived by the senses, a 
manifesting or presenting : Fug ere , fleeing ; fugare, 
causing to flee, 780; consternere, strewing on the 
ground ; consternare, consternate, making shy : equos ; 
magni facere, esteeming highly ; magnificare, magnify- 
ing, celebrating ; sidere, XVIII ; sedare, causing to sit, 
quieting ; par ere, giving birth ; parere, appearing, being 
visible, 735; par are, making ready, preparing, procur- 
ing, 764. This form attaches itself easily to nominal 
forms, e. g. judicare {judex), making the judge; hu- 
mare (humus), 519; limare (lima, the file), 810; autu- 
mare, asserting, telling one's opinion : Autumo signijicat 
et dico, et opinor, et censeo. Gell. Several of these 
verbs have at the same time transitive and intransitive 
meaning. The derived forms correspond most to ad- 
jective forms : 

1. a. igo — Igare, see XVI, 2., making lasting, effect- 
ing by enduring endeavour, verba effectiva: Purgare (pu- 
rus), making clean, cleansing ; navigare (navis), navigating; 
fumare (fumus), smoking, making smoke ; fumificare, smok- 
ing a thing; fumigare, producing smoke, fumigating, and 
showing smoke : Arce, fumant sacrificiis. Liv. Inde ignem 
in aram, ut Diance Arabico fumificem odore. Plaut. Mella- 
rius fumigat leviter apes. Varr. Fumigantes globi. Gell. 

b. With long penultima : Indagare (indu for in), 546; 
fastlgare, making a point upward, above, elevate ; casf.gare 
(castus), 181 ; vestlgare (with Vesta, vestibulum, vestis, from 
the Sanscrit vas, dwelling), seeking one's dwelling, resting- 
place, 546. 

2. tco — icare, see V; making something of that which 
is designated by the original word, something similar, verba 



Forms of Verbs. XIX. 33 

assimilativa: Fistucare (Jistuca), making fast; fodere, XVI, 
1 ; humum, puteum, equum stimulis, digging deep ; fodicare, 
doing something like digging, as if one would dig; latus, 
pushing some one in the side ; dolores fodicant, acute shoot- 
ing pains; albere (albus) , being white; albescere, becoming 
white, pale ; albicare, making or being whitish ; nigrare (ni- 
ger), making black, and being so; nigricare, being blackish. 
With inserted n before c: Verruncare (for verricare, from 
v err ere), making a sort of turn: Hcec tibi bene verruncent ! 
may this turn out well for you. See 130. 

3. ero — erare, see VIII, showing something as quality 
in a high degree, in a subject: Tollere (ancient high German 
tliulan), lifting, 628; tolerare, bearing, tolerating, 441 ; fri- 
gerare (frigus), cooling, refreshing; pignerare (pignus), 
making something a pledge, pawning it; pignerari, taking 
something as pledge. 

4. bro, tro — are, see IX, showing a capacity, the ap- 
plication, use of that which is named by the original word: 
Celebrare (celeber), 194; lucubrare (lux), 602; calcitrare 
(calx), kicking with the heel, being obstinate and restive. 

5. a. ilo, olo, ulo — are, see X, 1., presenting a state 
similarly, generally diminutively : Verba diminutiva (the 
German syllable eln) : Ventilare (ventus, ventulus), fanning; 
violare (vis), 743; pullulare (pullus), sprouting forth; stran- 
gulare (stringere). Of the supine: Postulare (poscere, pos- 
citum, postum), 794; ustulare (urere,ustum), burning a little, 
singeing; opitulari (ops; opes), 139. 

b. culo — are, X, 1., of the supine, diminutive, rather in 
a comical sense: Misstculare (mittere, missum), sending re- 
peatedly : Emta ancilla est, quod tute ad me literas missicu- 
labas. Plaut. ; gesticulari (gestus), making pantomimic ges- 
ticulations: Gesticulandi sallandique studio teneri. Suet. 

6. illo — are, X, 1., another diminutive form in a playful 
meaning: Cantillare (cantare), singing shakes; focillare 
(fovere), restoring by frequent and repeated warming; va- 
cillare (vagari) ; cavillari (cavere), cavilling, Liv. 9, 34. 
see 627. 

7. no, ino — nare, see XI, 1., making something of the 
kind of that which is named by the original word : Ferru- 
minare (ferrumen, putty, solder), soldering, closing or uniting 
with putty; inquinare (co-inquere and coinquire, lopping, 
e. g. holy trees in sacred woods, committing acts of temerity), 
267 ; coinquinare, making unclean ; destinare (stanare from 



34 Forms of Verbs, XIX. 

stare), making a firmly standing thing, settling: Rates anco- 
ris destinabat. Cses. Papirium parem destinant animis 
Magno Alexandro ducem. Liv. ; suffarcinare (farcire), 
packing full. 

With long penultima, see XI, 2. Op'nari, opining, ex- 
pecting (otiev Biv), 94; concibnari (concio), being heard by 
an assembly, addressing it. 

8. cinor — ari, XI, 1, d., carrying on something as 
(daily) occupation : Vaticinari (vates), being a prophet, 
prophesying; latrocinari (latro), being a professional high- 
way robber; ratiocinari (ratio), calculating; sermocinari 
(sermo), discussing; alucinari (not allucinari or hallucinari, 
from dlvKii), being thoughtless, inattentive, talking nonsense: 
Ista Epicurus oscitans alucinatus est. Cic. 

9. mo, timo, tumo — are, see XI, 3., determining the 
highest degree of something : Con-summare (summus), bring- 
ing into a sum, consummating, making perfect; cestimare 
(ces), 45. 

10. a. to, tto — are, see XII, 1., repeating an action 
often and with zeal, also being wont to do, verba frequenta- 
tiva seu iterativa : Mussitare (mussare), 707; ructare (ru- 
gire) ; crocitare (crocire); fluitare (fiuere); agitare (agere, 
ancient high German agan), driving to and fro; sectari (se- 
qui), running after: Eum pueri sectantur, omnes irrident* 
Cic. Is prcetorem circum omnia for a sectabatur. Id. 

b. to, so, xo — are, of the supine, verba intensiva : 
Captare (caper e, captum), striving to catch ; occasionem, ri- 
sum, striving to cause laughter; optare (see opinari, XIX, 
7.), 301 ; prendere, prehendere (premere, XVI, 1.), touching: 
aliquem manu, alicujus dextram; prensare, prehensare, lay- 
ing hold of something with a higher degree of zeal or desire ; 
luxare (luere, inus. luxum; kvsiv), dislocating. 

c. tito — tit are, of the supine, an increased frequenta- 
tive form: Cantitare (canere, cantare), singing often, re- 
peatedly ; jactare (jacere), throwing here and there, about: 
probra, minas, hence also boasting; jactitare, frequently re- 
peating, praising up; venire (via, old vea, way, XVII), com- 
ing ; ad-ventare being a coming, ventitare, -frequently coming 
somewhere; actitare (agere, actum), frequently carrying on: 
Pontidius multas privatas causas actitavit. Cic. ; he had 
many private suits. 

11. stro — strare, see XIII, 2., showing something as 
existing in a thing: Monstrare (monere), presenting a thing 



Adverbial Forms. XX. 35 

as something remarkable, showing as something instructive ; 
liistrare (lucere), shedding light upon: Sol cuncta sua luce 
lustrat et complet. Cic. ; hence, viewing, wandering through. 
12. is so, from the times of Augustus also izo — are, 
the Greek form of the verba imitativa, which indicate an im- 
itation connected with frequent repetition: Grcecissare, pa- 
trissare, playing the Greek, imitating the father: Filius pa- 
trissat. Plaut, he is like his father. It was preferred to say 
grcecari, pair em imitari; trullissare (trulla), throwing lime 
against the wall, plastering it. 

D. Adverbial Forms. 

§ 7. The adverbs, parts of speech which cannot be in- 
flected, and by which conditions are expressed, take partly 
forms of their own, partly forms of the cases, partly they re- 
tain the mere original sounds, as in procul, simul, cur. 

XX. a. Adverbial forms are : 

1. e, with adjectives of the second declension (short in 
bene, male), designates a property according to its kind ; ter, 
with adjectives of the second and third, designates the mode : 
C alii de argute que dicer e; alte cadere. Cic. Quid- 
quid acciderit, for titer et sapienter feramus. Id. D u- 
re dicer e is the hardness of expression when against good 
taste; duriter dicer e, the tasteless manner in which the 
speaker proceeds in his way of expressing himself; vitam 
duriter agere. Ter., severe. Fir me, fast, firm, refers to 
the kind of condition; firmiter, to the manner in which it 
originates or is brought to perfection: Rem fir me compre- 
hendere. Cic. Milites neque or dines servare neque fir mi- 
ter insistere poterant. Cses. Hi I are, gay, as character of 
the action; hilariter, as character of the acting person: 
Hi I are viv ere ; Hi lariter in omnes partes commutabimus 
ut verba, ita pronuntiationem. Ad Herenn. Large bibere, 
largely, much at once with respect to the mass of the liquid ; 
largiter, respecting the drinker, if it is much for him. 
Prope, propter, 598. Prcz, before, in advance, before 
something along ; prceter, past before, past by a thing. 

2. ies, a multiplying form: Quoties (quot), how often, 
toties (tot), so often; and the numeral adverbs from quin- 
quies, five times : sexies, decies, centies, millies. 



36 Adverbial Forms. XX. 

b. Forms of cases : 

3. us, cus, sus, tus, old Genitive forms, which assign 
its place to a state, or its origin locally, similar to the English 
side, ward, in uspiam (for cujus-piam), us quam, some- 
where; nus q uam, nowhere ; secus, 57 ; mordtcus (mor- 
dere), bitingly: Auriculam mordicus abstulit. Cic. ; ver- 
sus (vertere, versum),S6; intus (tVi), 570; subtus, below, 
underneath: Cancer fistulosus subtus suppurat sub came. 
Cato. Antique, in the okLway : dicere. Hor. ; antiquitus, 
in olden times, of old, from olden times: JEduorum anti- 
quitus erat in fide civitas. Cass. Divine, divinely con- 
stituted: Multa divine prcesensa et prcedicta reperiuntur. 
Cic, prophetically; divinitus, of divine origin, by divine 
inspiration, direction: Divinitus ea potius, quam casu facta 
esse dicamus. Cic. Humane, humanely, is the action if it 
has the character of a man of fine sentiment and education : 
Grceci morbos toleranter atque humane ferunt. Cic, with 
submission; humaniter, if the mode of action of men in 
general, or, also, of well educated, is observed : Docebo te, 
quid sit humaniter vivere. Cic, i. e. making one's self 
comfortable; sin aliter acciderit, humaniter feremus. Id., 
i. e. we shall not trouble ourselves too much; humanitus, 
with regard to the origin: Si quid mihi humanitus acci- 
disset. Id., something human; ursi humanitus strati. 
Plin., as we see it with men. Funditus (fundus), ever- 
tere, down on the bottom, from the bottom ; radicitus (radix), 
evellere, tearing out with the root. 

4. is, Genitive termination: Sat, satis, enough, sufficient: 
Tantum, quantum sat est. Cic. Satis superque vixisse. Id. 
Nimis, too much: Nimis multa, nimis sape, nimis in- 
sidiarum; nimium, too much considered of itself, the super- 
abundance : Magis offendit nimium, quam parum. Cic 
Tempus nimium longum videtur. Id. Magis, 659, of which 
the adject, neut. exists still. But for'ts, 464, the Ablat. of 
the plural. 

5. i, another obsolete Genitive form for designating lo- 
cality and time: Domi, at home, in one's country: do mi 
mece, sua, Casaris ; domi bellique; but pudlca in do mo. 
Cic, of the building; so vesperi, at eve; heri, yesterday; 
meridie, at noon; postridie, on the following day, for meri, 
posteri diei. But it is Ablative termination in qui, how ; luci 
(lux), in the day time ; tempori, temperi, by time. 



Adverbial Forms. XX. 37 

6. a s, the old Genitive form of the first declension : Cras, 
to-morrow ; alias, 57. 

7. im, an old Accusative form : Olim, 59 ; hinc (for 
himce), from here; clam, obsolete calim (celare), 207; inte- 
rim, meanwhile; and in utrimque, extrinsecus, intrinsecus, 
altrinsecus, for exterim, &c. ; partim {pars), partly. 

— tim, sim, with long penultima, as supinal form, signifies 
a mode, distributively, that with reference to a number each 
taken singly : Particulatim, by parts ; viritim, by men, i. e. 
by heads, man for man; summum, at the highest; s um ma- 
tt m, in a sum, generally: Bis terve summum liter as acce- 
pt. Cic. Cognosces a me pauca et ea summatim. Id. 
Gravate, with displeasure, in an unkindly manner: Comp- 
ter monstrat viam, non gravate. Cic; gravatim, with 
difficulty, going reluctantly at something: Mezentius liaud 
gravatim socia arma Rutulis junxit. Li v. 

8. e , the neutral adjective termination of the third declen- 
sion, in prope, fere, 942 ; sublime, high, upward and above ; 
facile, easy ; difficile, more commonly difficiliter, difficulter, 
difficult; of other adjectives indicating quality, it is rarer, as 
immane quantum, suave, &c. Of substantives this is Ablative 
form, as forte (fors), 467. 

9. um, the neutral adjective form of the second declen- 
sion, almost only used for determination of measure : Quan- 
tum, how much; mirum quantum, exceedingly much; mini- 
me, the least, not at all : Mini me gratum spectaculum. Liv. ; 
minimum, at the least, very little: Partes minimum octo- 
ginta. Varr. — For time, if order and sequence is expressed : 
Primum, tertium, the first, the third time ; iterum (ita), again; 
postremum, the last time; ultimum, the last time counted 
from the beginning: Vestigium illud, in quo Crassus pos- 
tremum institit. Cic. Domos suas, ultimum illud visuri, 
pervagabantur. Liv.; further in umquam, unquam (quum — 
quam), ever; nunquam, never. 

10. am, Accusative form of the first declension: Coram 
(Etrurian cora, presence, of b s, bra), 85; pdlam (pala an- 
nuli, the box of the ring, in which is the stone ; hence palari 
and palma), publicly, 756 ; bifariam, trifariam, omnifariam, 
sc. partem (fdcere), in two, three parts; on two, three, all 
sides; perperam (perperus, nsQTitQog), 427. 

11. u, an old Dative form in hue, istuc, illuc (for huce), 
hither, thither; and Ablative form in diu (dies, time), long, 
noctu. 

4 



38 Reduplication. 

12. b i, likewise an old Dative and Ablative form ; as Da- 
tive still in sibi; as Ablative, in ibi (is), even, there; ubi 
(qui), where. 

13. b , the Dative and Ablative form of the second declen- 
sion; as Dative form, in eo (is), thereto, thither; quo (qui), 
whither; intro, ultro, citro, retro; as an Ablative form, in 
primo, secundo, tertio, postremo, ultimo, at the first, second, 
last place, see XX, 9. ; ultimo templis dona detraxit. Suet., 
finally, at the end. Aut ambigue scriptum, out contrarie. 
Cic, in an opposite manner; Hamilcar numquam hosti cessit, 
scepeque e contrario lacessivit. Nep., on the contrary. 
Multum, much, many times: Res multum et scepe qua- 
sita. Cic; multo, by a great deal: Iter multo facilius 
atque expeditius. Cses. — As participial termination, it refers 
the action to the actor: Cogitate verba facere, scribere, 
thinkingly, considerately, considering the action ; consulto et 
co git at o fit injuria. Cic, with intention, and forecast. 
Caute atque consult e rem gerere. Liv., cautiously and con- 
siderately; Consulto et de industria factum est malefici- 
um. Cic, with forethought, 549. Composite et apte dicere. 
Cic, well composed and in good order; Composite ac sine 
pavore ambulare. Colum., in proper keeping, calmly; Ali- 
quid c o mp osito facere. Nep. Turn ex co mp osito orta 
vis. Liv., Conformably to agreement. Dupliciter, doubly, 
twofold: Maledicta in eum dupliciter recidunt. Cic 
Bifariam quatuor perturb ationes cequaliter distributee sunt. 
Cic, in two parts; Romani signa bipartito intulerunt. 
Cses., twofold divided, in two divisions; Id fit bipartito. 
Nam turn causa, turn res ipsa removetur. Cic, in a twofold 
manner. 

14. a, the Ablative form of the first declension, is always 
used with a substantive understood, supposed : Ea, sc. via, 
parte, re, ratione, since, on that account, therefore ; qud, as, 
inasmuch; frustra (frustera re), in vain, 475; una, 298: 
intra, citra (intera, citera parte), 570, 205. 

a, short, is the form of the Accusative plur. neut. in it a 
(is), therefore. 

E. Reduplication. 

§ 8. A reduplication of the radical syllable, or, also, of 
the whole word, signifies generally also reduplication of the 
meaning. 



Pronominal Forms. 39 

XXI. 1. The radical syllable prefixed to. the word, gives, 
in some verbs, the meaning to the preterite : Tendo, tetendi; 
tundo, tutudi; parco, peperci; posco, poposci; in other 
verbs, it indicates a continuance of the state, with changing 
degree of intensity : Tinnire (tonus), sounding; titinnire, 
tintinnire, tintinnare, sounding continually with changing 
oscillations; titubare (Teutonic root in tapperi), reeling, stag- 
gering ; tltillare, tickling. 

2. The radical syllable as chief part, joined with the form 
of the word : Pupus (puer), the little one, the little boy ; 
palpare (pala, see palma, XI, 3, *]), 967. 

3. Reduplication of the whole body of the word, redoubles 
likewise the whole force and meaning of the word, as many 
languages redouble whole words, e. g. in Italian, grande 
grande, very large ; in Spanish, mucho mucho, very indeed ; 
or as we say, quite quite little, for very little indeed : Si me 
amas, suscipe meme totum. Cic. Justitia propter sese co- 
lenda est. Id. Hence pronomina indejinita receive by redu- 
plication an entirely general meaning, as quisquis, whoever 
it may be, whosoever, when the who does not refer to one in 
the multitude, but to one whoever that may be ; qnanti quanti, 
however dear, however high in price, value: Sed quanti 
quanti, bene emitur, quod necesse est. Cic; ubiubi, where- 
ever ; quo quo, whithersoever ; quaqua, wherever, on whatever 
side; undeunde, whencesoever, if we discard the idea of 
nearer determination of magnitude, number, place. 

F. Pronominal Forms. 

§ 9. The pronoun of the third person, which distinguishes 
it from the person of the utterer and the addressed individual, 
is, in its fundamental form, Is, he, only indicating a subject; 
as demonstrativum, that ; as relativum, when it refers the 
subject which it designates to an assertion made in the next 
preceding or next following part of the sentence, or entire 
sentence, it is Qui, who? and these two in reference to one 
another are called correlativa ; the interrogative form Quis ? 
who ? asks for one as a mere subject among several ; the in- 
definite form Quis, one, some one, in the middle of a sen- 
tence, only mentions such a subject as one among many ; the 
general form Quisquis, whosoever, takes the " some one " in 
the most general sense, see § 8. The generic form, how- 
ever, which indicates one as belonging to a certain kind, 



40 Pronominal Forms. XXII — XXIII. 

genus, class, with distinct qualities, gives the interrogativum 
Qui? which? what sort of a one? the indejinitum Qui, 
one, and the generate Quicunque, whosoever one may be. 
Quis deus ? asks for a god among the rest of the gods : Is it 
Jupiter, Mercury, or Apollo ? Qui deus ? asks for his char- 
acter: Is this the mighty, merciful, heavenly god? the god 
of the sun or the sea? Hence originate, for the pronomina- 
lia, which indicate magnitude, degree, number, property, 
time, and place, the following series of forms: 

Correlativa. 
XXII. 

Absoluta. Relativa. Demonst. Interrogat. Indefinita. Universalia. Generalia. 

1. is, he. qui is quis? quis quisquis quicunque 

qui ? qui 

2. quantus tantus quantus ? aliquantus quantusquantus quantuscunque 

3. quot tot quot ? aliquot quotquot quotcunque 

4. qualis talis qualis ? qualiscunque 

5. jam quam tarn quam ? quam quamquam 

6. ita ut, uti ita ut ? utut utcunque 

7. quoties totie's quoties ? aliquoties quotiescunque 

8. quum turn num? 

quandol quando quandocunque 

9. ibi ubi ibi ubi ? alicubi ubiubi ubicunque 

10. eo quo eo quo ? aliquo quoquo quocunque 

11. ea qua ea qua? aliqua quaqua quacunque 

12. inde unde inde unde? alicunde undeunde undecunque 

§ 10. References to the person of the utterer are indicated 
by additions at the beginning of pronominal words ; references 
from him to something without, by terminations. 

XXIII. Additions at the beginnings and prefixed sylla- 
bles. 

1. H, N, D, T, C. By H, the utterer points at that 
which locally is nearer to him, in Ate, this one, hie, here, 
hue, hither, hinc, hence, in contradistinction to that which 
locally is farther removed, ille, that one, &c. By iV, in nunc, 
nam, nempe, he points at that before him, in as far as it touches 
upon the preceding subject ; by D, in dum, he points at the 
subject before him as continuous series ; by T, in turn, at the 
sequel, inasmuch as it has the subject before him behind it; 
by C, in cum, quum, at things belonging to one another. 

2. E, short, lays more stress upon the word with reference 
to the utterer in ego, as in enim; equidem; ecastor, equirine, 
edepol (e-epul), with inserted d, by Castor, by Quirinus, by 
Apollo, affirming. 



Pronominal Forms. XXIV. 41 

3. EC sharpens the question, demanding attention to the 
interrogative word, and giving greater force to it, in ecquis, 
ecqui? who? (when we pronounce it with a prolonged sound 
of oo, as if written wJwo-oo?) ; ecquando, when? ecquo, 
whither? (all with a prolonged pronunciation in English), 
also in ecce, behold! Ecquis homo ad HannibaUm trans- 
fugit ? that is, Has but one deserted to Hannibal ? (one sin- 
gle one ?); Ecquis his in cedibus est? in the affirmative 
sense : some-one must be there ; but if we ask with num quis, 
we have negation in our mind: Num quis vestrum ad cce- 
dem accommodatus est ? Nemo. Cic. 

4. AL, any, some. Aliquis, is not the one, Quis, in a 
multitude, imagined with certain marks of distinction, but one 
of them who has more or less of the imagined marks of dis- 
tinction of the multitude. Aliquantum, a magnitude, indefi- 
nite, whether it have the imagined measure or not; hence, a 
considerable, and a little. Orator, si quando opus erit, 
ab inferis testes excitabit. Cic, if perhaps, if some time, of a 
point of time, indefinite whether in the present time, the past, 
or the future ; Ampla domus dedecori domino sape fit, si est 
in ea solitudo ; et maxime, si aliquando alio domino solita 
est frequentari. Id., if some time or other, indicates that the 
" some time " may also happen at a period nearer or more 
remote than the imagined one. Alibi, aliunde, somewhere 
else, from somewhere else ; alicubi, alicunde, somewhere 
else, anywhere, from some place or other, from any place. 

XXIV. Affixes, Syllables attached to the End of Pro- 
nominal Words. 

1. MET, self, lays additional stress on the personality 
expressed by the word, and is used only with the words ego, 
tu, nos, vos, sui, and suus : Proximus sum egomet mihi. 
Ter. Memet mei pcenitet. Cic. Tutemet mirabere. Ter., 
not tumet. Curius suamet ipse scelera non occultabat. Sail., 
his own (his very own crimes). 

2. PSE (ye), self, referring back a subject of one of the 
three persons to its own ego, and is inflected in ipse (is-pse) : 
Sibimet ipsi viam ad honores aperiunt. Liv., they them- 
selves (and no others), as active subject; Majorem tibi fidem 
habui, quam pene ipsi mihi. Cic, even to me, myself (and 
to no other person), as suffering object. 

PTE limits, in the Ablatives of mens, tuus, suus, noster, 
vester, the possession to the indicated person ; in utpote, as, 
4* 



42 Pronominal Forms. XXIV. 

namely, explanatory, it limits the cause to an effect under 
consideration : No strdpte culpa, by our own guilt ; Atomi 
feruntur in locum inferiorem suopte pondere. Cic. Incom- 
moda valetudine jam emerseram, utpote quum sine febri la- 
borassem. Id. 

3. TE points at the second person only, partly in strength- 
ening the tu, partly with is designating the object which the 
addressed person is desired to remember ; hence it is inflected 
in this case: Ut tute mihi prcecepisti. Cic. You there. 
Nisi quid tibi in tete auxilii est, absumtus es. Plaut. Venio 
nunc ad istius quemadmodum ipse appellat, studium ; ut 
amid ejus, morbum et insaniam. Cic, i. e. of Verres, of 
whom I am talking to you. Armorum ista et victoria, sunt 
facta, non Ccesaris. Id., that there, which you mean. 

4. CE (belongs to cis), with demonstratives, points at an 
object, the situation of which the utterer refers to where he 
stands : Pater te amat plus, quam ho see oculos. Ter. Thus in 
ecce ! and abbreviated in Mc, here, near to the speaker ; istic, 
there, near the addressed person; illic, there, at a distance 
from the speaker ; in nunc, donee, for hice, numce, tumce, 
dumce ; interrogating in hiccine 1 this one there ? 

5. QUE lends distributive meaning to indefinita: Quisque, 
856. Usque (for cujus-que), 1039. Ut/ique, in every way 
and manner, at all events : Faba Pythagorei utique absti- 
nuere. Cic. Si utique novum aliquem consulem creari v el- 
lent. Liv., at all events, if they needs want to elect. Commota 
plebs est, utique postquam sordidatum reum viderunt. Id. 
Ubique, anywhere, 1004. 

6. CUMQUE or CUNQUE, generalizes relativa: Quot- 
quot, how many soever, so many as, XXI, 3., takes a number 
of things in its whole extent, without farther determining it ; 
Quotcunque, as many as there may be, however many : Si 
leges dua, aut, quot quot erunt, conservari non possint. 
Cic. Magistratus, quotcunque senatus creverit populusve 
jusserit, tot sunto. Id. 

7. PE (Oscan for que), even, well, gives affirmative or 
confirmative power to a word: Quippe, Nempe, 860, 1016. 

8. EM directs attention to something really existing : Hem 
ih ! ay, as interjection : He m, quid istuc est ? ut tu incedis ! 
Plaut. En, 384. — NEM points at something inasmuch as 
it is connected with something antecedent, hence at a cause 
or reason, as in nempe, 1016; in enim, 710. Ccesar Dumno- 
rigem retrain imperat : si vim faciat neque pareat, interfici 



Pronominal Forms. XXIV. 43 

jubet. Hie enim revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere 
cozpit. Cses., i. e. Caesar had good reason for it, for he, &c. 
— DEM designates an object as the same, in idem (is-dem), 
even he, the very same, 397; idemtidem (with inserted t), 
954; eodem, even thereto; eddem, even there, in precisely 
the same manner; indidem (inde), from the same place; 
tantundem, just as much, according to quantity ; totidem, ac- 
cording to number; quidem (quid-dem), indeed, at least, 
signifies identity in a certain respect. — TEM points at 
equality of the sequel with reference to something preceding, 
in item (id -tern), 589 ; autem (av, or), 913. 

9. AM designates degree, in quam, how much, i. e. in 
what degree, 28 ; tarn, so much, in such a degree, 23. Quam 
therefore, gives a higher degree of uncertainty to indefinita ; 
hence they stand, on account of their negative sense, always 
in connexion with negations, or with questions of a negative 
character : TJnquam, ever ; nunquam, never ; nequaquam, by 
no means, in no respect; neutiquam (ne -uti- quam) , in no 
manner, not in the least : Ccesaris copiai ne qua quam erant 
tantce, ut eis confideret. Cses, Indissolubiles vos quidem 
esse non potestis, neutiquam tamen dissolvemini. Cic. — 
PI AM (pe, 7), on the other hand, expresses a positive 
sense : Quisquam is one, if he exist anywhere, conditional, 
and in a negative meaning ; Quispiam, one, who is some- 
where, unconditional, 856. Fieri nullo modo potest, ut quis- 
quam alterum plus diligat, quam se. Cic. Hereditas est 
pecunia, qua morte alicujus ad qu e mp iam pervenit jure. Id. 
So usquam, uspiam, somewhere : Iste, cui nullus esset u s- 
quam consistendi locus, Romam se retulit. Cic. Sive est 
ilia lex scripta uspiam, sive nusquam. Id.; nuspiam does 
not appear in the Latin writers. — An? as interrogative, 76. 
Jam, 522, now, already, compares the moment of time, or 
degree of completion of a state arrived at, with the preceding ; 
Etiam, 397, a still higher degree. — NAM, 710, for, 
namely, adds to a preceding assertion a reason, an expla- 
nation, by which it becomes clearer, easier to be understood. 
An explanation of this kind is requisite also for the interroga- 
tives quisnam? quinam? who then? ecquisnam? ubinam? 
Crotoniatas opinio non fefellit. Nam Zeuxis qucesivit ab 
eis, quasnam virgines formosas haberentJ Cic. DAM, in 
quidam, a certain, points at one of the number of the qui, 
leaving uncertain which ; quaddam, is a certain thing ; quid- 
dam, taken in general, something certain: Mercator qui- 



44 Pronominal Forms. XXIV. 

dam fait Syracusis senex. Plaut. Fuit quod dam tempus, 
quum in agris homines passim vagabantur. Cic. In ista po- 
testate (tribunicia) inest quid dam mail. Id. Quid feceras? 
— Paulum quid dam. Ter. With adjectives, quidam indi- 
cates a degree arbitrarily to be supposed: Te natura ex eel- 
sum quendam, et altum, et humana despicientem genuit. 
Cic, somewhat, that is, considerably, very. 

10. TJM designates a period of uncertain duration, in urn- 
quam or unquam, ever, in the past or future : Isocrates prce- 
stat omnibus; qui unquam orationes attigerunt. Cic. Cave 
posthac unquam istuc verbum ex te audiam. Ter. — NUM, 
now, the period from the point of the present, with reference 
to the past next preceding: Urtlca quoque num medetur vul- 
neribus. Plin., (rare); generally as interrogative, 76; and 
of time, nunc is more in use, 522. — DUM, during, 378, 
points at a present duration of time, in nondum, not yet ; nul- 
lusdum, no one yet, and in imperatives: Manedum. Plaut., 
only wait. Iteradum eadem ista mihi. Cic, only repeat. — 
TTJM, then, 522, refers to a period in the past or future ; 
etiamtum, also then, also there : Initio reges diver si pars in- 
genium, alii corpus exercebant: etiamtum vita hominum 
sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Sail. 
Corresponding to this is the correlativum. — CUM or Quum, 
when, as, by which a state or condition is referred as cotem- 
porary w T ith that which is indicated by turn, tunc, or also as 
cause to an effect. As preposition, the cum signifies with, 
together, jointly, 298, a connexion, e. g. mecum, nobiscum, 
and thus in compounds : Conferre, carrying together; con- 
scius, knowing with another or others about a thing; com- 
primere, compressing, pressing together. 

11. O, signifies an aim, see XX, 13. — DO, in quando 
(quom for quum- do), when, of an indefinite point of time in 
the past, present, or future, interrogative, relative, and in- 
definite, 853. 

12. BE, from, in inde, from thence ; unde, from whence ; 
and PER, through, in tantisper, as long as, of uninterrupted 
duration ; they are prepositions. 



LATIN SYNONYMES. 



A. 

1. A, Ab, E, Ex, De, of, from. A, Ab, a motion from 
some point, coming from, designates a horizontal direction ; 
De, away from a certain point, away downward, designates 
an oblique or perpendicular direction ; E, Ex, from out the in- 
terior, toward without. Moreover, if used before consonants, 
Ab designates part close by; Ex, from out the very inmost; 
A and E are used with reference to the wherefrom, observed 
from a distance : Diu abfuisti a nobis ; Rosa recens a Ion- 
gin quo olet; Ex Ion gin quo boves arcessere; Aconitum 
procul et e longinquo mures necat. 

a. A , being derived from something, coming from; De, 
away from a surface downward, used also of taking away 
from ; hence it is used for treating of something, on account 
of, with respect to : Discessit a puero, from his side ; de fo- 
ro, from the market; A media node, from the beginning ; de 
node, in the course of the night, after its beginning or before 
its end; Rex a me cohortes de exercitu meo postulabat ; Hoc 
audio d e inimico a b accusatore ; Liber non d e puero scrip- 
tus, sed a puero; Abstergere vulnus, wipe off, wipe to the 
side; deter gere, wipe down, away, e. g. falcis pollutes 
aciem. 

b. A signifies the starting point of a movement; De, the 
aim or final point : Ad Y err em d e duxit Tertiam, vi ab- 
ductam. 

c. E, in compounds, means out of it; in some, throughout, 
increasing the strength of the meaning: Egelidus, from 
which the cold has fled, tepid; and also, throughout cold, 
ice-cold; exarare, to bring out by ploughing, and to obtain 
by ploughing. Abnormis, deviating from the rule ; enormis, 
in which all norma, rule, is wanting, irregular, over-large. 



46 2. Abdere. 5. Abominari. 

2. Abdere, Condere, Abscondere, Abstrudere, Retru- 
dere, OccuLERE, OccuLTARE. To hide, a. by change of place 
is A bd ere, to do away, to hide, e. g. se in sylvas ; Con- 
dere, to put together, to keep and preserve : Testudo 
abdidit cornea corpus domo, nee Icedi potest condita. 
Abs condere, to keep, preserve in a hidden place, Re- 
con d ere, in a remote, distant place: Res abscondita ; 
something kept hidden, of which we do not allow others to 
know; liter a reconditcB, those which we keep for our- 
selves and allow rarely to be seen. Abstrudere, to push, 
drive away and into a depth; Retrudere, into a remote 
deep corner: Me in silvam abstrusi densam. — b. by 
covering : Occulere, to envelope, veil ; Occult are, XIX, 
10, b, to hide carefully : Alcibiades penitus in Thraciam 
se abdidit, sperans ibi suam fortunam occuli posse. Nep. 
Natura partes corporis turpes contexit atque abdidit ; quce 
autem occultavit, eadem omnes removent ab oculis. Cic. 

3. Abesse, Distare ; Deesse, Deficere. a. Abesse, 
to be away, at a distance, used of the length of the distance ; 
Distare, to stand asunder, to be remote, used of the 
interval : Astutia abest a prudentia, distat que longis- 
sime, Cic. — b. Abesse, to be absent, not there ; Deesse, 
to be wanting, of the sensible want of something necessary : 
Argentum deer at. Deficere, to begin to be wanting, 
gradually to diminish and become exhausted : Vires et tela 
militibus deficiunt. Cses. Dies me deficit. Cic, is not 
sufficient 

4. Abire, Abscedere, Decedere, Discedere, Digredi, 
Facessere. Abire, to go off, away from a place : lidem, 
abeunt, qui venerant. Abscedere, to recede from some- 
thing, to depart: Nee armis aut loco suo miles absce- 
debat. Liv. Decedere, to go away; de via, making 
room ; provincia, de provincia, parting ; ex provincia, leav- 
ing it: Discedere, to go from one another, to separate: 
Uxor a Dolabella discessit. Cic. e provincia, to remove 
from it; decedere, de vita decedere, to die, to leave 

- our sphere of action ; discedere a, ex vita, to depart from 
the living. Digredi, to go away, and to some other 
place. Facessere, XVI, 7., to leave quickly by order: 
Faces se, liinc Corinthum ! Liv., begone! 

5. Abominari, Detestari, Exsecrari, Aversari, Ab- 
horrere. Abominari, to abhor something as portend- 
ing something bad (omen) e. g. mentionem fozdi facinoris. 



6. Absolvere. 9. Abstinens. 47 

Detestari, to wish some evil away from us or upon 
some one, to imprecate, curse: Dii, avertite et detesta- 
mini hoc omen. In caput alicujus detestari minas peri- 
culaque. Te tamquam auspicium malum detestantur. Ex- 
seer art, to wish for divine revenge upon the head (in caput 
alicujus) of some one, to curse : Milites tibi pestem exoptant, 
te exsecrantur. Aver sari, XIX, 10, b., to abominate 
something disgusting with violent excitement : Milites sua 
f acinar a aver sari deos lameniantur. Tac. Abhorrere, 
Ilium omnes abhorrebant, ut aliquam immanem ac perni- 
to shudder back, to have violent abhorrence of something : 
ciosam bestiam pestemque fugiebant. Cic. 

6. Absolvere, Perficere, Conficere, Efficere, Ex- 
sequi, Peragere, Patrare, Perpetrare. To complete 
something, is Absolv ere, if its parts are complete; Per- 
ficere, if they are perfect: Phidias potest a primo institu- 
ere signum idque perficere : potest ab alio inchoatum acci- 
pere et absolv ere. Cic. — To bring to an end: Confice- 
re, to put a stop to, e. g. bellum, if various acts belong to the 
whole ; Efficerg, to bring about, to effect, if the final ob- 
ject has been obtained: Libri ad Varronem sunt effecti. 
Cic. Exsequi, to execute according to prescription, order, 
e. g. officium, alicujus mandata. Perag-ere, to carry 
through, if the business required constant activity to the end, 
e. g. fabulam, consulatum. Patrare (pater, XIX), to pre- 
sent something as actually effected, completed, when the 
author and effect are clearly seen ; e. g. ccedem, bellum, in- 
ccepta. Teucris promissa patravit. Cic. Perpetrare, 
to bring about completely, with reference to publicity : Non 
creditur, nisi perpetratum, f acinus. Liv. 

7. Absonus, Absurdus. Absonus, sounding badly; 
Absurdus (abs-auris, VII), sounding painfully; hence 
clumsy, stupid: Vox admodum absona et absurda. Cic, 
as cause and effect. 

8. Absque, Sine, Citra. Without, in absque, exclu- 
sion; in Sine, want, opp. cum; in Citra, XX, 13., a com- 
plete measure not yet obtained : Absque te esset, hodie non 
viverem. Plaut., i. e. if thou hadst not been. Narrationum 
modus et finis esse citra divisionem nullus potest. Quinct. 
Only to be found with later writers. 

9. Abstinens, Continens, Temperans, Modestus. Abs- 
tinens, abstemious, to keep aloof of external charms; 
Continens, to keep one's appetites subdued, bridled, to 



48 10. Abundare. 12. Accendere. 

govern one's self: Abstinentes manus, oculi. Conferte 
hujus libidines cum illius continentia. Cic. Temper ans 
(tempus, XIX, 3.), moderating one's self, mitigating the 
violent passions according to reason. Modestus (modus, 
XIII, 1.), modest, decorous, he who observes the proper limits 
of that which is decorous, decent, and respectable : Hominem 
petulantem modestum reddo. Cic. Homo in omnibus vitce 
partibus moderatus ac temper ans. Id. Temper atus 
and modestus is the person who is versed in these virtues. 

10. Abundare, Redundare, Affluere ; Abunde, Af- 
fatim. Abundare (unda, XIX), to have in abundance, 
plenty; Redundare, to have more than requisite, not able 
to contain the abundance, overflowing ; Affluere, to have 
abundance pouring in from without: JEstiva Nilus abundat 
aqua; Lacus Alb anus redundavit, isque in mare fiuxit. 
Cic, to overflow. Hence Abundare is used of useful or 
not unnecessary things, e. g. divitiis; Redundare, of un- 
necessary ones: Digito uno redundat. Vita affluit 
voluptatibus. Cic. — Abunde, more than necessary, of that 
which is: Abundanter, of the application of plenty ; Af- 
fdtim (ad, as in admodum, — fatis, XX. 7.), in superabun- 
dance, i. e. in a degree in which the superabundance is use- 
less or creates distaste: Armorum affatim erat captorum 
Carthagine. Liv. 

11. Accedere, Adire, Appropinquare. Accedere, to 
step to it, to come in addition to it, from near and as accre- 
tion : Ad te supplex accedo ; Adire, to walk to it, from a 
distance and from interest; Appropinquare, to approach, 
used only of local approach. Ad rem publicam accedere, 
to enter upon a public employment; adire, C. Manil. 24, to 
interest one's self for the public weal. Mdui fnibus Bello- 
vacorum appropinquabant. Cses. 

12. Accendere, Incendere, Inflabimare, Cremare, U- 
rere, Comburere, Amburere. A c c e n d er e, to light from 
without, e. g. lucernam; Incendere, to light something by 
fire brought in, e. g. urbem. Inflammare, to make blaze: 
Classem inflammari incendique jussit. Cic. Cupidita- 
tem incendere, to excite; inflammare, to make violent, 
and bring to an eruption. Cremare, to burn to ashes: 
Sulla primus igni voluit cremari. Cic. Urere, to singe 
or burn the surface of a body by glowing heat, or burning : 
Terrce qucedam uruntur colore. In corpore aliquid uri 
secarique patimur. Cic; also uritfrigus, calceus. Com- 



13. Accidit. 16. Accusare. 49 

b ur ere, to burn together; Ami ur ere, to burn all around, 
only half: Combur amus annates. Calanus Indus vivus 
combustus est. Cic. Ambustus jiatu vapor is. Liv. 

13. Accidit, Contingit, Obtingit, Evenit, Obvenit, 
l^su venit. Accidit (cadere, from the falling of dice: 
Omnia cadant secunda), it happens by accident, having in- 
fluence upon something else; Contingit, it comes to pass, 
succeeds, happening to coincide with something else; Eve- 
nit, it follows, used of the result of an event: Timebam, ne 
ev enirent ea, qua acciderunt. Cic. Non cuivis liomini 
contingit adire Corinthum. Hor. Obtingere, to fall to 
the lot of some one by accident; Obvenire, as consequence 
of good luck, of the lot, election ; TJsu venire, to follow 
according to experience, and regularly : Provincia alicui o b- 
tig it and ob venit. Cic. Mihi fundus hereditate obve- 
nit. Varr. Cicero ea, qua nunc usu veniunt, cecinit ut 
votes. 

14. Accommodare, Aptare ; Aptus, Idoneus, Commo- 
dus, Habilis. Accommodare, to fit something to some- 
thing, so that it has the proper measure {modus); Aptare 
(apere, XIX, 10, b.), to attach something, to put something to 
a thing so that it attaches itself, e. g. annul um digito. Coro- 
nam sibi ad caput accommodare. Cic. Apt at is armis 
milites in ordines eunt. Liv. — Aptus, attached, fitted to it, 
fitting, befitting, proper : Apt a compositio membrorum cor- 
poris; Calcei apti ad pedem. Cic. Idoneus (videre, XI, 
2.), select, fit for a certain purpose : Prcesidia locis id one is 
disposuit. Liv. Duces idonei ad helium. Id. In Aptus 
fitness exists; in Idoneus, it rests upon our opinion of it. 
Commodus, according to measure (modus), i. e. just fit, 
convenient, comfortable, fit for use without inconvenience : 
Ad cursum commoda vestis. Ovid. Habilis (habere, X, 
1.), that which is easy to be held, comfortable because it fits 
well, suits : Gladius ad propiorem pugnam habilis. Liv. 

15. Accumbere, Discu3ibere, Accubare. AccujJibere, 
to lie down on a settee at table for a meal; Discumbere, 
of several guests, to distribute themselves around the table ; 
Accubare, to lie at the table, to beat dinner: Discubu- 
ere toris Theseus comitesque laborum. Ovid. 

16. Accusare, Reu3i agere, facere, Incusare, Argtj- 

ERE, LxsniULARE ; ACCUSATOR, AcTOR, PeTITOR. AcCU- 

sare, to accuse, especially legally ; Reum agere, facere, 
to represent some one as guilty in a legal action ; Incusare, 
5 



50 17. Acer. 19. Acies. 

to inculpate, charge some one, accuse not in a legal way, or 
in court: Gabinium de ambitu reum fecit Sulla. Cic. 
A rg uere, to prove that one be guilty. Insimulare, to 
charge with fictitious guilt : Insontem insimulas. Ter. — 
Accusator, the accuser; in causes publicce, the person who 
had been chosen to carry on the action against the accused 
person (reus), Actor ; but in causa privates, Petit or, the 
plaintiff, who by way of law makes demands against the de- 
fendant (is unde petitur) : Accusatorem pro omni ado- 
re et petit ore appello. Cic. 

17. Acer, Asper, Acerbus, Austerus, Amarus ; Vehe- 
mens, Ferox. Acer, biting, sharp, e.g. acetum ; Asper, 
rough, thorny, prickly, e. g. sentes ; and unfriendly, rough in 
manners: Homines natura asperi atque omnibus iniqui. 
Cic. Acerbus, tart, acerb, e. g. pirum, i. e. unripe ; hence 
harsh, hurting our feelings, our heart, e. g. mors. Homo 
immani acerb a que natura. Cic. Austerus, that which 
makes the tongue dry, rough, e. g. vinum, i. e. old wine which 
has grown tart. Amarus, bitter, opp. dulcis ; angry, he 
who makes others feel his disappointment: Amariorem 
me senectus facit, stomachor omnia. Cic. — Acer, sharp, of 
vivid, exciting power, keen, e. g. hiems, sensus videndi, bel- 
lum, canis, leo, biting, grim ; equus, quick, fleet ; memoria : 
Acer ac diligens animadversor vitiorum, severe, he who is 
accurate in his demands. Vehemens, old Vemens, prop- 
erly he who, from passion, does not properly use his reason 
(ve-mens), violent, passionate, impetuous: Tecum vehe- 
men ter me agere fateor, iracunde nego. Cic. Homo ve- 
hemens et violentus inimicitias mihi denuntiavit. Id. Fe- 
rox, he who relies and prides himself on his strength like a 
savage, unrestrained, wanton, insolent, proudly bold, e. g. 
equus, elephantus : Cacus ferox viribus. Liv. Jugurtha 
sceleribus suis ferox. Sail. Victoria ferociores impo- 
tentioresque reddit. Cic. 

18. Acervus, Cumulus. A cer vus, a heap which tapers 
above into a point (acies, IV, 4, a.), e. g. granorum ; Cumu- 
lus (cum, X, 1, A, a.), a heap, which, as superabundance, is 
over and above the regular measure: Accedere in cumu- 
lum. Cic. 

19. Acies, Acumen, Cuspis, Mucro ; Exercitus, Ag- 
men. Acies, edge, that which is sharp, sharpness, e. g. se- 
curium; ingenii : Acies, qua cernimus, pupillavocatur. Cic. 
Acumen, the point, the pointed part, e. g. coni : Propter 



20. Actor. 21. Acutus. 51 

acumen occultissima perspicis. Cic., sharpness in applying 
a thing. Cuspis (cudere, cusum, VI, *]), the forged point: 
Hasta acuta cuspidis. Ovid. Miicro {mdcer, II, 1.), the 
point which runs out very thin, e. g. of a dagger: Cuspis, 
latior vomeris, et acutior in mucronem fastigata, acie 
laterum radices heroarum secans. Plin. 

20. Actor, Histrio, Mimus, Pantomimus, Ludio or 
Ludius, Comcedus, Tragozdus. The drama of the ancients 
was sung by the Comcedus, in the comedy (scenes of com- 
mon life), and by the Tragcedus in the tragedy (represen- 
tations of the serious course of fate in the events of the gods 
and heroes), and this song was expressed by gestures and 
mimic performance by the Actor. Histrio (compare In- 
star), is a theatrical dancer, with mask and proper dress, for 
a certain part to be performed, accompanied by a Tib'icen with 
the flute ; at a later period he also declaimed in the dialogue 
(recitative). Comp. Liv. 7, 2. Mimus, a dancer also at 
festival dinners, w T ho imitated, in a ludicrous manner, various 
characters, e. g. misers, drunkards, by gesture and voice. 
The Pantomimi expressed the song of the chorusses by 
gesticulation ; from the times of Augustus they were ballet- 
dancers. Ludio or Ludius, an actor who is likewise a 
dancer, as Histrio : Si ludius constitit, aut tibicen repente 
conticuit, ludi sunt non rite facti. Cic. 

21. ACUTUS, SUBTILIS, SoLLERS, InGENIOSUS, PeRSPICAX, 

Sagax, Argutus. The sagacious and discriminating per- 
son, who discovers and discriminates that which is not easily 
remarked by common people, is Acutus, if his penetrating 
intellect enters into the essentials of things, their relations, 
and discovers marks until then unknown, and is able to per- 
ceive clearly differences and effects, e. g. philosophus ; Cal- 
lidus et ad fraudem acutus. Nep., opp. hebes, obtusus. 
Sub t His, fine, subtile, discriminating in taste, one who in 
works of art remarks, with praise or blame, delicate touches : 
Sub til is veterum judex et callidus ; Sincerum ac subtile 
judicium. S oilers, versed in the art : Adolescens in Uteris, 
in palcestra, in musicis so Hers. Ter. Ingeniosus, gifted 
with talent (talented), ingenious, of inventive mind. Per- 
spicax, sharpsighted, of penetrating sharpsightedness : Pa- 
lamedis per spicax prudentia. This, with an indistinct 
idea, is Sagax, he who easily scents, has no precise yet cor- 
rect impression, e. g. canis ; cunning in discovering future 
and threatening danger, e. g. ad suspicandum, ad pericula 



52 22. Ad. 24. Adeps. 

perspicienda. Cic. Argutus, full of expression, e. g. 
o cuius ; full of spirit, French spirituel, he who perceives 
easily fine similarities, and applies them with wit ; also hit- 
ting, in as far as the other feels hit: Quis illo (Catone), in 
sententiis ar gutior? in docendo subtilior? Cic. Sen- 
tential acuta?, those that are conceived with acuteness, and 
well-defined ; argutce, those which are full of meaning. 

22. Ad, Apud, Penes. In. Ad, to, signifies approach- 
ment to an object ; Apud, by, signifies the sphere ; Penes, 
with, in the innermost, in possession and power of some one ; 
In rem, into, toward, direction toward the interior ; In re, 
in, under, upon, repose of that which in a thing surrounds the 
subject. Ad me est, in my neighbourhood, near me, at 
hand; apud me, in my house, penes me, at my disposi- 
tion. Dicer e ad populum, when the speech is directed to 
the people; apud populum, in a popular meeting. Plato 
apud Xenophontem dicit, means Plato in the works of Xen- 
ophon, as author; in Timao, means the title of the book; 
in Socrate, in mentioning Socrates. Ad rem utilis, ad fa- 
cinus audax, signifies final object; pecunia in remiges, desti- 
nation. In some compounds ad increases the signification, 
as An admodum, affatim, adprime, adprobe ; different are : 
Aggravescere, to become heavier; Ingravescere, more 
oppressive, to increase, extend an evil, e. g. morbus. Ad- 
mitt ere f acinus , Jtagitium, to admit ; Committer e, to 
allow a thing to be done, to commit : Si quid a me prceter- 
missum fuerit, commis sum f acinus et admissum dedecus 
confitebor. Cic. Adnuere, to nod with applause to some 
one; Innuere, to give to understand with a nod. Ad- 
sc end ere, to ascend, approaching to the summit; Es- 
c end ere, from below up, to ascend with greater difficulty; 
Conscendere, to walk about above, when the highest point 
is reached; Inscendere, to enter, or to seat one's self 
firmly on the ascended object. 

23. Adeo,. Tam. Adeo, so much, even, used of the de- 
gree which something has reached ; Tam places this degree 
with that of something else, or with a consequence into equal 
relations: Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit. 
Hor. Tam sum amicus rei publico?, quam qui maxime. Cic. 

24. Adeps, Sebum, Arvina, Pingue, Laridum. Adeps 
(ad- daps), the softer fat of animals which do not ruminate : 
Sebum, Sevum, the firmer fat of ruminating animals, tal- 
low : Adeps Cassii, suilla, anserina ; Sebum vitulinum. 



25. Adesse. 28. Admodum. 53 

Arvzna, tallow, in as far as used to grease something : Cli- 
peos tergent arvina. Virg. Pingue, the oily fat : Pin- 
gue inter camera cutemque. Plin. Laridum, Lard urn, 
lard, salt and smoked fat pork. 

25. Adesse, Interesse, Presto esse, Prjesentem esse. 
Adesse, to be there, to be a bystander, to be present, as 
necessary : ad judicium, amicis. Inter esse, to be pres- 
ent taking part, e. g. negotiis. Prasto esse (prce-stus, 
XIII, 1., XX, 12.), to be at the disposal, at hand. Pre- 
sent em esse, to be present, to lie before us: Bellua 
ad id solum, quod ad est, quodque prcesens est, se ac- 
commodate Cic. Hostia ad sacrijicium prasto non fue- 
runt. Id. 

26. Adhibere, Uti. Adhibere, to take for some pur- 
pose, to apply for use: vestem ad ornatum corporis. Uti, 
to use, to make use of a thing for profit or enjoyment : Pau- 
sanias apparatu regio utebatur, veste Medica. Nep. Tes- 
tes adhibere, to bring forward witnesses ; testibus uti, to 
make use of their testimony in order to prove our assertion. 

27. Adhuc, Huctjsque, Hactenus ; Etiam. A series of 
circumstances to the present time, is expressed by A d hue, 
so far, of time, still, since, down to our time; Hucusque, 
so far, of locality, if without interruption it has obtained 
this point; Hactenus, so far, to here, if according to its 
extension it be taken to that point : Adhuc Ligarius omni 
culpa vacat. Cic. Hucusque Sesostris exercitum duxit. 
Plin. Hactenus reprehendat, si quis volet; nihil amplius. 
Cic. — In later times, Adhuc is used with the comparative, 
for still, to increase the strength; in earlier times, Etiam 
was used: Adhuc difficilior observatio est. Quinctil. Tan- 
turn et plus etiam mihi debet. Cic. Unum etiam de Cce- 
lio. Id. 

28. Admodum, Valde, Impense, Magnopere, Vehemen- 
ter, Quam, Perquam, Oppido. Admodum, is very, very 
much, near to the full measure: Turres admodum CXX. 
excitantur. Cses. Pauci atque admodum pauci corrumpere 
mores civitatis possunt. Cic. Valde, very strongly, signi- 
fies a high degree of power : Valide tonuit. Plaut. Brutus 
quidquid vult, valde vult. Cic. Imp en s e with pains and 
exertion, zeal: Impensius legatos mittere, pacem or are. 
Sail. Aliquem commendare. Cic. Magnopere, Magno 
op ere, very much, of interest in a subject, e. g. formas pu- 
erorum mirari ; Romam proper are. Cic. Vehementer, see 

5* 



54 29. Adolescens. 31. Adoriri. 

17, violent, of passion, pugnare, cum aliquo agere. Quam, 
very much, and perquam, exceedingly; the highest pos- 
sible degree of a quality : Obitum Jilice tuce sane quam 
graviter tuli. Cic, as certain as any thing can be. Hoc 
perquam puerile videtur. Id. Oppido, over-sufficient, 
completely, a high degree of perfection respecting requisite 
qualities: Oppido ridiculus ; Servirent, prceterquam op- 
pi do pauci. Cic, extremely few. 

29. Adolescens, Pubes, Ephebus, Juvenis, Puer, In- 
fa^s. Adolescens; properly a person that is growing up, 
a person from fifteen to thirty years of age, generally of the 
male sex: Adult a virgo. Cic. Pubes, matured to puber- 
ty, with growing beard, from the fourteenth year : Puer, 
priusquam pubes esset. Nep. Ephebus, a youth of six- 
teen years. Juvenis (ancient junis, young), a young man 
up to forty-five and fifty years ; opp. senior and senex, from 
the sixtieth year, Puer, a boy, to the fifteenth year. In- 
jirmitas puerorum est, ferocitas juvenum, gravitas jam 
constantis atatis, senectutis maturitas. Cic. Pueri regii. 
Liv., princes. In fans, a child which cannot yet speak 
well, up to the seventh year: Inj ant ium puerorum incu- 
nabula. Cic. 

30. Adorare, Venerari, Colere, Observare, Reve- 
reri. A dor are, to adore: precibus Superos. Venerari 
(bonus, ancient benus, XIX, 3.), to revere something as a 
higher being, also by genuflexion and other demonstrations 
of reverence, e.g. deos : Habet venerationem justam, 
quidquid excellit. Cic. Colere (connected with an old 
German word, kollern, to turn about, as the Romans did in 
solemn prayers), is to hold in honor, to manifest reverence 
by services and religious rites : Hunc patris loco colere de- 
bebas. Cic. Observare, to observe with attention, to man- 
ifest to some one an endeavour, on all occasions, of honoring ; 
it is never used of divine honor : Militice Africanum id deum 
colebat Lcdius ; domi vicissim Ladium, quod mtate antece- 
debat, observabat in parentis loco Scipio. Cic. Reve- 
reri, to fear, to manifest reverence by the endeavour of 
avoiding every thing which might be unpleasant to another : 
Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia cani. Ovid. 

31. Adoriri, Aggredi, Invadere, Opprimere. Ado- 
riri, to attack, assault some one, suddenly and unperceiv- 
edly rising from a neighbouring spot, hence the idea of cun- 
ning is connected with it: hostes a tergo. Aggredi, to 



32. Advena. 34. Adversaria. 55 

attack openly. Inv ad ere, to fall upon, breaking in upon 
some one with violence. Opprtmere, assault suddenly and 
overwhelm, overpower. 

32. Advena, Hospes, Peregrinus, Alienigena. Ad- 
vena is foreigner, as the new-comer from a foreign land ; 
Ho sp e s, the foreigner, who, as guest, has met with recep- 
tion ; Peregrinus, if a person is considered as a foreigner 
coming from a journey, or as an alien (opp. civis) ; Alieni- 
gena, a foreigner, inasmuch as he is born in a foreign coun- 
try (the German Auslander, literally outlander ; opp. indi- 
gena, native) : Nos Capua, hinc Roma qui veneramus, jam 
non hospites, sed peregrini atque advence nominaba- 
mur. Cic. 

33. Adversary Ob — Reniti, — Reluctari, — Resis- 
tere, Repugnare, Refragari. Adversari, to be against 
one in opinion, disposition : petenti, alicujus commodis, con- 
siliis. Ob, stepping in the way and hindering ; Re, recoil- 
ing effect ; in Ob — Reniti, to work against with zeal and 
perseverance : Consilio, manu hostibus obniti. Ob — Re- 
luctari, to struggle against something, to resist: Animus 
obluctans difflcultatibus. Reluctari precibus. Curt. 
Obsistere, to place one's self before another, in the way : 
Catilince consiliis occur ri atque obs tit i. Cic. Resistere, 
to resist as having been attacked, with fortitude, valor : Hos- 
tes acerrime resistebant, nee dabant suspicionem fugce. 
Cses. Fortiter dolori atque fortunes — . Cic. Repug- 
nare, resisting while fighting, to oppose in struggling : Nihil 
decet invita Minerva, id est, adversante et repugnante 
natura. Cic. Refragari, to strive with the pastern or 
ham (suffrago) against something, to resist, denying some- 
thing which is demanded: Lex petitioni turn refragata 
est. Cic. 

34. Adversaria, Tabulje, Commentaria — rii. A d- 
versaria, properly speaking, that which turns the front 
towards us ; hence that which is always open, a book, a 
ledger, to note down expenses and receipts, from which they 
are carefully transferred into the Tabula or Codex ac- 
cepts et expensi, because these were also used as legal 
evidence: Negligenter scribimus adversaria ; diligenter 
conficimus tabulas. Comment aria and Commentarii 
sc. libri, another note-book, in which memoranda, thoughts, 
and the chief outlines of connected pieces were written. C. 
Brut. 44, 164. 



56 35. Adversarius. 37. Adulari. 

35. Adversarius, Inimicus, Hostis, Perduellis. Ad- 
versarius, the opponent in disputations, auctions, lawsuits, 
in war ; Inimicus, hostile, enemy, according to his dispo- 
sition, he who hates the other and endeavours to hurt him ; 
Hostis, properly a foreigner, the enemy who commits hos- 
tilities, especially with arms ; Perduellis, properly he who, 
with arms, attacks his country, one who endangers public lib- 
erty, a traitor: Pompeius scepius cum hoste conflixit, quam 
quisquam cum inimico concertavit. Cic. Qui proprio no- 
mine perduellis esset, is hostis vocabatur. Hostis 
enim apud majores is dicebatur, quern nunc peregrinum did- 
mus. Id nomen in eo, qui arma contra ferret, remansit. Id. 

36. Adversus — um, Versus, E regione, Contra, Er- 
ga, In, A. Versus (the English ward, in homeward, to- 
ward, &c), toward a direction: Brundisium versus 
ire; Catilina modo ad urbem, modo in G alii am versus 
castra movere. Sail. Adversus, Adversum, turned to- 
ward a thing; Sedens adversus te spectat. Catull. Porta 
adversus castra Romana erat. Liv. Pietas est jus- 
titia adversum deos. Cic. E regione, right opposite, 
without being turned toward one another : Luna quum est e 
regione solis, deficit. Cic. Contra (cum-tera, VIII, 1. 
XX, 13.), opposite, over against, if two objects are turned 
toward one another, against: Insula contra Brundisi- 
num portum est. Cses. Contra officium est. Cic. 
Erg a (vergere, XVI, 2., XX, 13.), inclining toward some- 
thing, with regard to a thing : Tua voluntas erg a me, meaque 
erg a te mutua. Cic. Rarely, however, with Cicero, in a 
hostile sense, as Odium erg a re gem susceperant. Nep. In, 
toward, toward the centre, interior, see 22. Perindulgens 
in pair em acerbe severus in f ilium. Cic. A, Ab, re- 
specting to (see 1.), toward something from which an attack 
or danger comes: Defender e urbem ab hostibus, Italiam 
a v astatione. Cic, but in the sense of opposing, placing 
against: Capsenses muniti adversum hostes mcenibus. 
Sail. Meam salutem contra illius impetum in me de- 
fendi. Cic. 

37. Adulari, Assentart, Blandiri, Lenocinari. Adu- 
lari (ad-Huld, German for favor, XIX), to flatter, meanly 
and cringingly ; Assentari, to assent in every thing; 
Blandiri, to caress, endeavour to gain by caresses ; Le- 
nocinari, to flatter seducingly, with allurements and de- 
ception. 



38. Mdes. 39. Mdificare. 57 

38. ^Edes, jEdificium, Doimus ; Templum, Faotm, De- 

litbrum. 2Edes, a building which, by walls, includes a cer- 
tain space, a room, a barn ; in the plural, a house with its 
rooms and outhouses: JEdificium, a building as a work 
of architecture, fabric, e. g. a roof to protect soldiers at sieges 
(musculus, Cses. c. 2, 10). Domus, a house as property, 
hence likewise as home : Absolutum offendi in ce dibits tuis 
tectum. Cic. Britannorum cedificia fere Gdllicis consi- 
milia. Cses., speaking of them according to their architecture. 
Domino domus honestanda est. Scaurus do mum demolitus 
accessionem adjunxit cedibus. Id. 2Edes, also 2Edis, in 
the singular, the temple, in as far as it surrounds a deity, 
without reference to outhouses, yet only if sacra. Jovis, &c. 
be added, if the meaning does not plainly appear from the 
connexion: Complures cedes sacra. Cic. 2Edes labentes 
deorum. Hor. Templum (tempus, X, 1, A, c), properly the 
district appropriated by the augurs for the auspices, partly the 
sky open to it before the augur, partly the square district des- 
ignated by him with his lituus, and marked by a line drawn 
through the zenith and in a right angle with the meridian ; 
hence a temple laid out according to these lines, with a front 
toward the south, generally an ornamented or magnificent 
building: Ut area esset Jovis templique ejus, quod incedi- 
ficaretur. Fanum (fari, XI, 2, c), a place consecrated by 
an augur for a temple, further a temple consecrated by the 
pontifex as a holy place : Jovis Statoris cedes vota, seel fa- 
num tantum, id est, locus tempi o effatus, sacratus fuerat. 
Liv. Fanum Apollinis. Cic. Del ubrum (de-luere, IX, 
1, c), a temple as a place of purification and atonement: 
IN a, propter quce datur homini adscensus in ccclum, delubra 
sunt. XII. Tabb. ap. Cic. 

39. yEbificare, Struere, Cox — Exstruere, Condere, 
Fuxdare. Mdificare, to make a building, to build, do- 
mum, urbem, porticum, navem. Struere (belongs to sternere, 
to strew, XVI, 6.), to lay by layers, regularly upon and by one 
another, of parts of a building, parts of a regularly constructed 
whole, e. g. aggerem, aciem, verba : Domus e latere structce. 
Vitruv. Co 7i struere, to build up, to unite the various parts 
of a building in proper order: Mundi est corpus ea con- 
structum proportione, quam videtis. Cic. Exstruere, to 
build up, raise from below : Pliarus est turris mirifcis ope- 
ribus exstructa. Cses. Condere, 2. to build, to found, to 
cause the being built : Romulus lituo regiones direxit turn, 



58 40. Mger. 41. Mquus. 

quwn urbem condidit. Cic. Fun dare, lay the founda- 
tion: Facile est nav em facer e, ubi fun data et constituta 
est. Plaut. 

40. ^Eger, jEgrotus ; .ZEgritudo, jEgrimonia, ^Egro- 
tatio, Morbus, Vitium. Mger, sick, respecting the state 
of health, according to condition, one that feels suffering, 
used of every sort of physical or mental suffering, ager ani- 
mi, pedibus ; Mgrotus, befallen (stricken) by a certain 
disease ; he who is sick, a sick man : Corpus, etiamsi medi- 
ocriter cegrum est, sanum non est. Mgroto dum anima 
est, spes esse dicitur. Cic. — Mgritudo, suffering of the 
soul, the suffering state of the inner man in general ; with 
later writers, also of the body ; Mgrimonia, a specific sort 
of grief, showing its effect, anger ; Mgrotatio, the state of 
physically being unwell: TJt agrotatio in cor pore, sic 
agritudo in animo. Cic. Ferrem graviter, si nova agri- 
monies locus esset. Id. Morbus, the temporary disease, 
as cause of the mgritudo and agrotatio. Vitium, the re- 
maining disorder, defect, infirmity, e. g. blindness : Mo r bum 
appellant totius corporis corruptionem ; cegrotationem, 
morbum cum imbecillitate ; vitium quum partes corporis 
inter se dissident, ex quo pravitas membrorum, distortio, de- 
formitas. Cic. 

41. jEquus, Planus, ^Equalis, jEquabilis, Par, Simi- 
lis; Justus; ^Equare, Ad^equare, ^Equiparare. Mquus, 
even, level, horizontal; Planus, plain, flat, without eleva- 
tion or protuberances : Dejectus in inferiorem locum de supe- 
rior e, non de cequo et piano loco. Cic. Mqualis, equal 
with another subject, according to internal quality, e. g. pars 
altera parti ; Mquales, cotemporaries ; Mquabilis, that 
which may be made equal, or has been made so, uniform, 
that which remains equal, as ' uniform ' is likewise used, e. g. 
of conduct of the same person : Mquabilis prada partitio ; 
Motus certus et aquabilis. Cic. Par, equal, according to 
the external property, that which amounts to the same : In- 
tervalla aqualia, essentially equal among one another: 
paria, those that are proportionally equal : Numerosum metiri 
possumus intervallis aqualibus. Cic. Par est jus, quod 
in omnes aquabile est. Id., that which proportionally is the 
same, which is uniformly administered to all. Sim His, 
similar: Aqua aqua similis. Plaut. Mquus, equally 
weighed out, and he who weighs out equally: Mqua con- 
ditio, a quum certamen proponitur. Cic. Quintio non jus 



42. Aer. 46. Mtas. 59 

par, non magistratus aquus repiriri potuit. Id., impartial. 
Ex a quo et bono jus constat, quod ad veritatem et ad utili- 
tatem communem videtur pertinere. Ad Herenn., fair, miti- 
gating the strict law by the duties of humanity. Justus, 
just, according to strict right or law : Justo jure aliquid re- 
petere. Liv. Jus turn helium. Liv., formal, no irregular 
expedition; Justus exercitus. Id., complete. — JEquare, 
making even; Adaquare, making almost even, e. g. tecta 
solo. Liv. Mquipar are, come up to: Nemo eum labore, 
corporisque viribus potuit a quip a rare. Nep. 

42. Aer, jEther, Cgelum. Aer, the air near the earth; 
JEtlier, the higher, purer, and fiery air, as supposed by the 
ancients: Aer, quern spiritu ducimus. Cic. Aer em am- 
plectitur immensus ather, qui constat ex altissimis ignibus. 
Id. Ccelum (v.dllov, the hollow), the heavenly arch, the 
extreme hollow globe of the universe: Ccelum rotundum, 
terraque media est. Cic. 

43. ^Erarium, Fisctjs. Mrarium, every treasury, es- 
pecially of the state, the place where the public treasure is 
kept; Fiscus, properly a basket; the treasury of a magis- 
trate, and, since Augustus, the imperial private purse : Meam 
domum senatus ex arario adificandam putavit. Cic. Casar 
omnia habet ; fiscus ejus privata tantum ac sua. Senec. 

44. jErugo, Ferrugo, Rubigo. Mrugo, verdigris; 
Ferrugo, rust of iron ; Rubigo (robus, rufus), every sort 
of rust, and a certain disease of the grain : Ferrum rubigo 
corripit. Plin. Nee seges sterilem sentiet rubiginem. 
Hor. 

45. ^Estimare, Existimare. Mstimare {as, XIX, 9.), 
to estimate, determine the price or value of something, e. g. 
litem, the amount of expense for a lawsuit. Existimare, 
properly to estimate accurately by weighing ; to judge ac- 
cording to external or intrinsic value of a thing, after a proper 
valuation: Ex orationibus existimari de ingeniis orato- 
rum potest. Cic. Hence M stim a tio, valuation ; Existi- 
matio, opinion respecting something, and the opinion which 
others have of us, esteem ; bona, turpis, see 93, reputa- 
tion. 

46. jEtas, jEvum, Tempus, Spatium, Dies.' JEtas 
(for avitas), time as a quality of things in general, and as 
limited time, the times as period, the age we live in, the age 
of youth: Volat at as; Numa, consultissimus vir in ilia 
at ate. Mvum, that which is above time, eternal, also a 



60 . 47. Mternus. 49. Affirmare. 

very long and unlimited period : Est in ccelo locus, ubi beati 
cevo sempiterno fruantur. Cic. Temp us, the time of the 
day, night, or year, as marked by the sun or stars. See 
Polyb. 9, 15. In general, the limited time for which Spa- 
tium is used, if the distance of both the limits of a period or 
its duration is meant. Temp us est pars quczdam ceternitatis 
cum alicujus annul, menstrui, diurni nocturnive spatii certa 
significations Cic. Hence the measured, the right time : 
Veni in tempore. Ter. Dies, daytime, with the prevail- 
ing idea of light, opp. nox ; further, time, inasmuch as in it 
the series of events advances, and the end to which a given 
period or time extends, term: Nos, quod est dies allatura, 
id consilio anteferre debemus. Cic. Ex ea die ad hanc 
diem qua fecisti, in judicium voco. Id. 

47. iETERNus, Sempiternus, Perpetuus, Perennis, Ju- 
gis. IE t emus (cevum, VIII, 1., XI, 1, /5.), eternal, of end- 
less duration, e. g. deus ; urbs in externum condita. Liv. 
Sempiternus (to similis, semper), everlasting, of a state 
of things which continually remains the same : Si mihi ceter- 
nam esse cErumnam propositam arbitrarer, morte me ipse 
potius, quam sempiterno dolore multassem. Cic. Per- 
petuus, properly, touching to one another throughout ( pe- 
ter e), continual, uninterrupted, perpetual: Ignis Vesta per- 
petuus ac sempiternus. Cic. Perennis, through the 
whole year, the whole year round, e. g. aqua : Stellarum 
inerrantium perennes cursus at que perpetui. Cic. Ju- 
gis, properly joined together (jugere, IV, 1.), always flow- 
ing, never drying up, never ceasing : Capsenses una modo 
jugi aqua, cetera, pluvia utebantur. Sail. 

48. Affinis, Propinquus, Consanguineus, Necessa- 
rius. Affinis, contiguous, bordering on a thing, related 
by marriage: Et gener et adfines placent. Ter. Pro- 
pinquus, near, local, and in every sort of connexion and 
relationship : Cives potior es quam peregrini, et prop in qui 
quam alieni. Cic. Consanguineus, related by blood, 
generally of sisters and brothers : Consideratur in cognatione, 
quibus majoribus, quibus consanguineis. Cic. Neces- 
sarius, who stands with some one else in some binding, 
obliging relation, a relation which entails duties, which may 
be the case with the familiaris, affinis, and consanguin- 
eus : Jugurthce filia Bocchi nupserat. Verum ea neces si- 
tu do apud Numidas levis ducitur. Sail. 

49. Affirmare, Confirmare, Asseverare. Affirm a- 



50. Ager. 53. Agricola. 61 

re, to add solidity, to assure, affirm : Societatem jurejurando 
Confirm are, to make firm together, to confirm with evi 
dence or assurances: Hoc nervos confirmari putant 
Caes., to strengthen. Jubent nostra confirm are argu 
mentis et rationibus. Cic. Asseverare, to insist with ear 
nestness, to assure, maintain, assert, asseverate: Ass eve 
rant, ex corpusculis concurrentibus temere mundum esse 
perfectum. Cic. 

50. Ager, Arvum, Campus, Rus. Ager, the field as a 
piece of ground for tillage, pasture, &c. ; also, the fields to- 
gether : Ager Campanus. Ager novalis, is one just cleared 
and tilled, and a fallow ; restibilis, a field annually sown. 
Arvum [arare, IV, 4.), a field kept under the plough : Non 
arvus hie, sed pascuus est ager. Plaut. Campus, the field 
as an open, even, and horizontal plain : Segetes modice siccis 
camp is melius, quam pracipitibus locis proveniunt. Colum. 
Rus {ruere, to stir; in German rukren, originally to dig), 
the field, country, inasmuch as rural labors are performed 
there, as agriculture, the chase, in contradistinction to town ; 
also a farm : Rus ex urbe evolare. Cic. Habet rus amce- 
num et suburbanum. Id. 

51. Agger, Moles, Vallum. Agger (ad-gerere, IV, 
1.), the dam, in as far as it is an elevation of material carried 
together, e. g. an artificial public road; Moles, as a large 
mass, and a fabric which has taken much labor : Qua fauces 
erant angustissimce portus, moles atque agger em ab utra- 
que parte litoris jaciebat. Cses. Dams on the bottom of the 
sea ; agger, that part of them which is above the level of 
the sea. Agger is also the dam used in sieges, made of 
wood and filled with stone and earth, by which a fortress was 
enclosed, and from whence the assault was made : Exstruitur 
agger in altitudinem pedum IX. Cses. Vallum, also 
V alius, the palisades, consisting of posts and branches, 
driven into the dam, agger ; also used for the palisades and 
the dam together: Erat fossa pedum XV. et v alius contra 
hostem in altitudinem pedum X, tantundemque ejus v alii 
agger in latitudinem patebat. Caes. 

52. Agnatus, Cognatus, Gentilis. Agnatus, a kins- 
man by the father's side; Cognatus, from the mother's 
side ; both are Gentiles, relations of the same gens, if they 
have the same nomen. 

53. Agricola, Arator, Colonus. Agricola, an agri- 
culturist, a farmer : Dejotarus rex diligentissimus agricola 

6 



62 54. Ala. 57. Alias. 

et pecuarius habebatur. Cic. A rat or ploughman ; in Sicily, 
one who farmed Roman public farms (arationes), and who 
paid the tithe for it: Nympho arator arationes magnas con- 
ductas habebat. Cic. Colbnus, the farmer who maintains 
well a whole farm, whether his own or not: Coloni ratio 
est, ut ea, qua in agricultura nascantur e terra, fructwn fa- 
ciant. Varr. ; further, a freeborn man, who on his account 
cultivated a piece of public land for a fixed tax in kind or 
money ; by his birth he was attached to this farm, and pos- 
sessed the civitas, but he only paid poll tax : Antiquissimi 
socii jidelissimique, Siculi, coloni populi Romani atque 
aratores, in agros atque in cedes suas revertantur. Cic. 

54. Ala, Corntj. Ala, wing; the Roman cavalry, which 
covered both wings of the line of battle of the legions : Te 
Pompeius alee alteri prafecerat. Cic. At a later period, 
contingents of Roman allies placed likewise there, infantry 
and cavalry : Sinistra so ciorum al a. Liv. Cohortes, equites 
alarii, in contradistinction to I egi on arii. Cornu a, are 
both ends of a Roman order of battle, the cavalry included, 
contradistinguished from the centrum (media acies) : Thraces 
in dextrum cornu, Italicos equites, incurrerunt. Liv. 

55. Albus, Candidus, Canus ; Candere, Canere. A l- 
bus, white, as a natural color, equus, corvus ; hence album, 
the dye, or the body of the color: Columnas albo polire. 
Liv. Album ovi. C a n d id us (ac-cendere, 12, VII.), shin- 
ing, brilliant white, e. g. lilium ; in Albus, the degree of 
light, in Candidus, of purity, spotlessness, is considered: 
Alba nautis stella. Hor., portending good luck, success; 
Animce Candida. Id., spotless as to faith and probity. Ca- 
nus, of the shining silver-white which passes over into gray, 
e. g. pruina, arista : Non cani, non rugce repente auctorita- 
tern arripere possunt. Cic, gray hair. Hence Candere, to 
glow, to be white hot, to be brilliantly white ; Canere, to 
be grayish white : C and ens carbo, eyenus. Dum gramina 
canent. Virg., sc. rore. 

56. Alere, Nutrire, Pascere. Alere, to nourish, 
bring up, support, and maintain, e. g. exercitum ; Quum agel- 
lus eum non satis aleret, ludimagister fuit. Cic. Nu trire 
{utiy 26, XVII.), to give nourishment: Balance mammis fetus 
nutriunt. Plin. Pascere, to feed, to lead to pasture, to 
feed upon for pleasure or want ; bestias : Olusculis nos soles 
pascere. Cic. ; oculos animumque re, and in re. Id. 

57. Alias, Alioqui — in, Ceteroqui — in, Aliter, 



58. Aliquamdiu. 59. Aliquando. 63 

Secus. Alias, XX, 6., another time; Alioqui, XX, 5., 
and Alioquin, in another respect; Ceteroqui, Cetero- 
qui n, for the rest, other circumstances and relations being 
considered; A liter, otherwise ; it compares the other kind 
and mode of a state of a subject, as differing from the subject 
before us: Id quum scepe alias, turn Pyrrhi hello a senatu 
nostro judicatum est. Cic. Alias ita loquor, ut concessum 
est, alias ut necesse est. Id., the one — the other time. 
Minima olim istius rei fuit cupiditas : alio qu in multa ex- 
star ent exempla majorum. Id. Falernum idoneum est dever- 
sorio : si modo tecti satis est ad comitatum nostrum recipi- 
endum, ceteroqui mihi locus non displicet. Id. Aliter 
scribo ac sentio. Jus semper est qucesitum aquabile ; neque 
enim aliter essetjus. Id., if we should proceed in any other 
way; alio qui non esset jus would be under other circum- 
stances. Alias aliter Ikec in utramque partem causce so- 
lent convenire. Id. The one time so, the other time other- 
wise. Secus (sequi, XX, 3.), in a manner inferior to the 
one before us, different, worse : Hora fere undecima, aut non 
multo secus. Cic, later. Secus existimare de aliquo. 
Nobis aliter videtur ; recte s ecu sue, postea. Id. 

58. Aliquamdiu, Aliquantisper. Aliquam diu (i. e. 
minus quam diu), pretty long, it limits the length ; Aliquan- 
tisper, for some time, a while, the shortness of a duration : 
Aristum audivit aliquamdiu. Cic. Hinc concedas ab 
ore eorum aliquantisper. Ter. 

59. Aliquando, Quondam, Unquam, Olim. Aliquan- 
do, sometime or other, designates a case happening by 
chance among others; Quondam (quom-dam), at a cer- 
tain time, once, a single period, the more accurate determina- 
tion of which is unimportant; Unquam, ever, a certain 
point of time, without giving its distinct place in time ; Olim 
(olere, to grow, XX, 7.), always, continual recurrence of the 
same circumstances ; whether tbese words belong to the past, 
the present, or the future, is indicated by the surrounding 
words : Pelasgi fines aliquando habuere Latinos. Virg. 
Tandem aliquando Romce esse cozpimus. lllucescet ali- 
quando ille dies. Utilitas aliquando cum honest ate pug - 
not. Cic, now and then. Fuit ista quondam in hac re 
publica virtus. Id. Quondam tua dicer e facta tempus erit. 
Virg. Quondam etiam victis redit in prcecordia virtus. Id., 
sometimes, at certain times. Patroni raro unquam possunt 
ante judicium scire, quid testis dicturus sit. Quinctil. Sic 



64 60. Aliqui. 62. Alter catio. 

olim loquebantur. Cic, formerly always. Pueris olim 
dant crustula, blandi doctor es. Hor., always. Non, si male 
nunc, et olim sic erit. Id. 

60. Aliqui, Aliquot, Qui dam, Nonnulli. Aliqui, 
any, indifferent which, of a certain species ; Aliquot, some, 
of a number; Quid am, some, certain ones, without further 
determining them, which? Nonnulli, some few, the ne- 
gation of none : Omne nomen ex aliquibus, non ex omnibus 
Uteris scribitur. Cic, from some letters, whichever they 
may be. Accepi a te aliquot epistolas uno tempore. Id., 
undetermined number. Certis quibusdam verbis Jit di- 
vortium. Id. Certain formulas, which I need not mention 
here. Partem navium deprimunt ; nonnullas cum homini- 
bus capiunt, reliquas in portum compellunt. Cces. 

61. Alius, Alter, Secundus ; Alii, Ceteri, Reliqui. 
Alius, another one, that is different from one or more of the 
same kind; Alter, the other, the one of the two who stand 
in mutual relation, also counting; Secundus (sequi,XIV, 
1, b, y.), the second according to order or rank: Epistolas 
multas accepi uno tempore, all am alia jucundiorem. Cic, 
one more pleasant than the other. Te has phaleras a Phi- 
larcho abstulisse dicebas, alias item nobiles ab Aristo, ter- 
tias a Cratippo. Id. Duo consules ejus anni, alter morbo, 
alter f err o per iit. Liv., the one — the other. Nulla al- 
tera Roma, neque alia sedes imperii erit. Id. Joves tres 
numerant ; ex quibus primum et secundum natos in Arca- 
dia, alterum paire Mthere, alterum patre Cozlo ferunt, 
tertium Cretensem, Saturni filium. Id. Alii, others, differ- 
ent from the mentioned ones; Ceteri (ques, Plur. VIII, 1.), 
the others of the same species ; Reliqui, the rest, remain- 
ing ones : Homines student prcestare ceteris animalibus. 
Sail. Extra ducem paucosque prater ea reliqui in bello 
rapaces. Cic 

62. Altercatio, Contentio, Concertatio, Certamen, 
controversia, dlsceptatio, dlsputatio, dlssertatjo, 
Jurgium, Litigium, Lis, Rixa. Alter catio {alter, XIX, 
2. ; II, 3.), the more quiet or more violent exchange of words ; 
Contentio, exertion, a contest carried on with exertion; 
Concertatio, the mutual dispute of two or more, who by 
words or arguments strive to conquer one another; Certa- 
men, struggle with or without arms, emulating or contending 
to overcome the other ; Controversia, contest of two par- 
ties, each of which believes itself to be right and defends its 



63. Alternus. 64. Altus. 65 

ground, controversy ; Disceptatio, the contest of two parties, in 
which all legal grounds are brought forward for one and the 
other, which are examined so that it may be decided; Dis- 
putatio, colloquy on a disputed subject, with reasons and 
counterreasons and arguments, generally between several per- 
sons of different opinion, is of a polemic character, and pro- 
ceeds methodically; Dissertation a calmer, systematic, 
and extensive colloquy or essay ; it speaks in a didactic tone, 
without being bound by certain laws : Magna ibi non dis- 
ceptatio modo, sed etiam alter catio fuit. Liv. Est 
inter eos non de terminis, sed de tota possessione contentio. 
Contentiones concertationesque in disputando perti- 
naces, indigna philosophia videntur. Cic. Cum Zenone Ar- 
cesilas certamen instituit, non studio vincendi, sed rei ob- 
scuritate. Id. Judicia distrahendarum contr over si arum 
causa invent a sunt. Id. Lator legis, quum esset contr over- 
si a nulla facti, juris tamen disceptationem esse voluit ; 
et electi judices isque propositus qucestioni, qui hcec juste sa- 
pienterque disceptet. Id. Ea, qua disputavi, disse- 
rere malui, quam judicare. Id. In omni disputatione, 
quid esset simillimum veri, qucerebamus. Id. Jurgium (jus, 
jurgare, to judge, XIX, 1. ; IV, 3., c), the quarrel from de- 
sire to have the last word, also connected with reproaches and 
evil words: Benevolorum concertatio, non lis inimico- 
rum, jurgium dicitur. Maledicta jurgii petulantis. Cic. 
Litigium (lis, litigare), dispute, quarrel which originates 
from real disagreement: Litigium est tibi cum uxore. 
Plaut. Lis (ladere, by defending), the dispute, as action in 
court about a private matter : Adhuc sub judice lis est. Hor. 
Rixa, a passionate quarrel which goes to fisticuffs : Crebrce, 
ut inter vinolentos, rixa raro conviciis, scepius ccede et vul- 
neribus transiguntur. Tac. 

63. Alternus, Mutuus, Reciprocus. Alt emu s, alter- 
nately one and the other ; Mutuus (mutare, IV, 3.), mutual, 
when the same is returned with the same; Reciprocus 
(re-cis-procus), on the same path returning : Vites alter- 
nis putantur annis. Plin. Mutuum in amicitia est, quum 
par voluntas accipitur et redditur. Cic. JEstus maris affiu- 
unt et remeant reciproci. Plin. 

64. Altus, Editus, Arduus, Celsus, Procerus, Sub- 
limis ; Profundus. Altus (alere, 56), perpendicularly 
high, from the surface of the globe to the highest point, hence 
used to determine measures : Statuere columellam tribus 

6* 



66 65. Amandare. 66. Amare. 

cubitis ne altiorem. Cic. Edit us, elevated, of hills, &c. : 
Collis paululum ex planitie edit us. Cses. Arduus (ar de- 
re, IV, 3.), steep, e. g. via; Oppidum difficili adscensu atque 
arduo. Opus arduum conamur. Cic. C els us, high 
with regard to growth, and in relation to that which is low, 
reaching above : Status erectus et eels us. Cic. C el sum ca- 
put super agmina tollit. Sil. Diana posita ex eels a in basi. 
Cic, distinguished, most high. Procerus (pro, forward, 
VIII, with C as digamma), forward, stretched long, hori- 
zontally and upward, e. g. rostrum. Galatea, longa proce- 
rior alno. Ovid. Sublimis, from below directed upward, 
pending high in the air, e. g. cozlum : Apparet sublimis in 
aere Nisus. Virg. — Alt us, deep, from the surface of the 
globe downward : Quum ex alto puteo sursum ad summum 
escenderis, periculum est, a summo ne rursum cadas. Plaut. 
Profundus, entering deep, with distant bottom, e. g. mare : 
Profunda altitudinis convalles. Liv. Somnus altissi- 
mus ; Pr ofu nda avaritia. 

65. Amandare, Ab — Relegare, Aqua et igni inter- 
dicere. Amandare, to order one away, send away: Fa- 
miliar em dimittere ab se et amandare in ultimas terras. 
Cic. Ablegare, to send one away for the purpose of get- 
ting rid of him : Pueros venatum able gav it. Liv. Rele- 
gare, to order one from the place where we are back, to bid 
him away, to exile : Manlius filium ab hominibus r el e gav it 
et ruri habitare jussit. Liv. Aqua et igni inter dicer e, 
to prohibit fire and water, the punishment of perpetual exile, 
the only sort of exile in ancient Rome when free : Leges 
CcEsaris jubent, ei, qui de vi, itemque qui majestatis damna- 
tus sit, aqua et igni inter dici. Cic. 

66. Amare, Diligere ; Amicus, Familiaris, Necessa- 
rius ; Amor, Caritas, Pietas. A mare, to love, from in- 
clination, and because the subject pleases our heart ; Dili- 
gere, from esteem, as a subject dear to us : Scias, Egnatium 
a me non dili.gi solum, verum etiam amari. Cic. Amicus, 
friend in general, and the sincere, true friend ; Familiaris, 
a friend of the house, with whom we have become familiar 
by daily intercourse ; Necessarius, a friend allied to us by 
duty, as by relations of public office, the duties and relations 
of hospitality, mutual acts of kindness : Cum Dejotaro mihi 
amicitiam res publica conciliavit, fa miliaritatem con- 
suetudo attulit, summam vero necessitudinem magna ejus 
qfficia in me et in exercitum meum effecerunt. Cic. — Amor, 



67. Arab. 68. Ambiguus. 67 

love, as affection and sensual, also with animals; Car it as, 
the intense love to a highly valued object, result of reflection, 
and only of a pure kind ; Pi etas, dutiful love, from natural 
as well as religious impulse, toward those to whom we owe 
our life and the happiness of it: Aut car it ate moventur 
homines, ut deorum, patrice, parentum ; aut am ore, ut fra- 
trum, liber orum, familiarium. Cic. Pi etas erga patriam 
aut parentes aut alios sanguine conjunct os qfficium conservare 
monet. Id. 

67. Amb, Circum, Circa, Circumcirca, Circiter. Amb, 
about, according to the roundness of something, used only in 
compounds, as ambire, amplecti, amburere, ambages; Cir- 
cum, about, around, according to the circumference of some- 
thing, if there is a movement in a circular line ; Circa, if 
there is rest in the same, also of time and number ; Circi- 
ter (literally, circlish), about, not quite definite, of time, 
number, if an approaching to the definite part, and no more, 
is meant : Terra circum axem se convertit. Templa, qua 
circum forum sunt. Pueros circum amicos dimittit. Cic. 
Ligna contulerunt circa casam earn. Nep. Custodes circa 
omnes port as missi, ne quis urbe egrederetur. Li v. Plena 
sunt templa circa forum. Cic. Cir cater tiamhor am. Cels. 
Hora diet circiter quart a Brit anniam attigit. Cses. Cozpi 
regiones circumcirca prospicere Cic, all around, round 
about. 

68. Ambiguus, Anceps, Dubius, Incertus : Ambigere, 
Animi pendere, Dueitare. Ambiguus, that which may 
be taken in two different ways, ambiguous, e. g. oracula. 
Anceps (amb -caput), that which exists double, the same 
form, quality, tendency, or threatening the same danger from 
two opposite sides, e. g. Janus, securis, valetudo, fortuna ; 
Jus anceps. Hor., that which may be interpreted to the ad- 
vantage of either of the opposed parties. Ambigua reperien- 
tur facile, si animadverterimus verborum ancipites aut mul- 
tiplices potestates. Ad Herenn. Dubius (instead of dujus, 
from duo), wavering between two things, dubious, doubtful, 
as to him who has doubt, and the matter that is doubted : 
Equites visi ab dubiis, quinam essent. Liv. Perspicuis 
dubia aperiuntur. Cic. Dubius, the person who, in se- 
lecting between two things, is irresolute, doubtful, if he has 
equally strong reasons for either; Incertus, uncertain, if 
he is wanting in reasons or motives to decide upon : Milites 
incerti ignarique, quid potissimum facer ent. Sail. — Am- 



68 69. Ambitio. 72. Amens. 

big ere, to be undetermined, not to make up one's mind, 
hesitate : Philippus, cui rei primum occurreret, ambigebat. 
Justin. Animi and Animi s p end ere, to hesitate from 
want of resolution, fear, &c. : Ego animi p end ere soleo, 
quwn semel quid orsus traducor alio. Cic. Dub it are, XI, 
10., a., to doubt, to hesitate from the fact that there are equal- 
ly good reasons for one or the other choice : Cozna dubia 
apponitur, ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum. Ter. 

69. Ambitio, Ambitus. Ambitio, the lawful and proper 
canvass for a place, the favor of him who has to bestow it, 
and in general the endeavour to obtain the favor and good- 
will of some one; Ambitus, the same unlawful, e. g. by 
bribe.: Hie magistratus a populo summa ambitio ne con- 
tenditur. Ambitus alterum accusare. Cic. 

70. Ambo, Uterque, Duo, Bini, Par. Ambo, both the 
two, both together, a state of perfect equality as to certain 
circumstances of two; Uterque, either of the two, one as 
well as the other, two taken as two different units, with sep- 
arate share or participation of both in a state which neverthe- 
less is common to both : Duo, two, as number; Bini, two- 
fold, by two, distributive, things of the same species yet 
belonging to one another, two by two; Par, 41, a pair, if 
two things are designated which belong to each other on 
account of the equality of their qualities : Casar atque Pom- 
peius diversa sibi ambo consilia capiunt ; eodemque die 
uterque eorum ex castris exercitum educunt. Cses. Binos 
tabellarios in duas naves imposui. Cic. Censores bini 
sunto. Id., each time two. Binos habebam scyphos : jubeo 
promi utrosque. Id., two pairs, — utrosque, as belonging 
together. Scyphorum pari a complura. Gladiatorum par 
nobilissimum. Id. 

71. Ambulare, Spatiari. Ambulare (amb,XlX,5.,a.), 
originally of the changing position of the feet in walking, to 
walkabout; Spatiari, to walk slowly and with measured 
steps: Ambulant cornices; currunt per dices. Plin. En- 
nius in hortis cum vicino suo ambulavit. Cic. Nee mea 
turn longa spatietur imagine pompa. Propert. 

72. Amens, Demens, Ex — Vecors, In — Vesanus, 
Mente captus, Delirus. Amens, he who does not know 
what he is doing, senseless, of total want of consciousness ; 
Demens, he who has little understanding, inconsiderate, 
who does not show sense and mind where he ought to show 
it: Ccecus atque amens tribunus plebis. Cic. Amens 



73. Amittere. 74. Ampliare. 69 

Tullia per patris corpus carpentum egit. Liv. In tranquillo 
tempestatem adversam optare, de?nentis est. Cic. Incon- 
suite ac veluti per dementi am cuncta simul agere. Sail., 
like people who have lost their heads. Excors, without 
common sense, stupid : Hoc qui non videt, ex cor s est. Cic. 
Ins anus, he who from violent passion does not act like a 
rational being, senseless, also of highly inspired persons, e. g. 
votes, cupiditas : Moles ins an ce substructionum. Cic. Ve- 
cors, insane, he who carries his desire for satisfaction to all 
absence of reason; Vesanus, mad, he who is carried by 
wild passion to madness : Mulieris amore vecors. Armi- 
nium rapta uxor vecordem agebat. Tac. Yes anus nova 
in vite Lycurgus. Propert. Ulyssis simulata vesania. Plin. 
Impetus vecors turbavit hostes, is the assault of the furious, 
who throw themselves blindly into danger ; Omnia ira mili- 
taris vesano impetu egit. Liv., the passion of the person 
maddened with revenge, which knows no boundary any more. 
Mente captus, idiotic; Delirus, weak in mind, light- 
headed, frantic: Decipi tarn dedecet, quam delirare et 
mente esse cap turn. Cic. Deliri senes. Id. 

73. Amittere, Perdere, Deperdere. Amittere, to 
lose something which one misses; Perdere, if it perishes, 
is entirely gone; Deperdere, to lose something of that 
which one possesses, sustaining loss. Decius ami sit vitam, 
at non perdidit. Cic, lost, but not entirely, vainly lost. 
Nostri paucos ex suis deperdiderunt. Cses. 

74. Ampliare, Amplificare, Augere, Comperendinare, 
Prorogare, Propagare, Producere. Ampli are, to mag- 
nify, poetically; Amplificare, to make of wider extent, 
to amplify, e. g. urbem ; Augere, to increase, by addition 
and toward the upper part, e. g. numerum, copiam ; beneficium 
cumulo augere. Cic. — Ampliare, to adjourn sentence to 
a convenient day, which frequently could be done ; Compe- 
rendinare, adjourn to the third day (in perendinum) as 
second term: Bis ampliatus, tertio dbsolutus est reus, 
Acilius Glaucia primus tulit, ut comper en dinar etur 
reus: antea vel judicari primo poterat, vel amplius pro- 
nuntiari. Cic. Prorogare, to extend, from a disposition 
of kindness, the duration of an office, the term of payment, 
&c, in the sense of extending, e. g. vitce spatium damnatis. 
Propagare, to lengthen, to make to continue, in the sense 
of procreation : Propagatio miser rimi temporis vitce. Cic. 
Producere, to prolong, to procrastinate, to amuse one with 
vain hopes, e. g. convivium, aliquem falsa spe. 



70 75. Amputare. 76. An. 

75. Amputare, Circumcidere, Tondere, Prjecidere, 
Resecare, Mutilare, Truncare. Amputare, to lop off 
unnecessary or dangerous parts of a body ; Circumcidere, 
to cut all round, in circumference or of the volume, so that 
the whole remains still a whole, though diminished in size, 
e. g. ungues digitorum. Inutiles que f alee ramos amputans 
feliciores inserit. Hor. Radices vitium luxuriantium cir- 
cumcidere. Plin. Tondere, to shear, to shave, to cut off 
clear down, of hair, wool, grass, &c, e. g. barbam, prata, 
stipulas : Boni past oris est tondere pecus, non deglubere. 
Suet. Prcecidere, to cut, lop off at the forepart, manum ; 
hence also depriving, spem, reditum. Resecare, to cut 
what is too long, capillos, palpebras, to reduce what is too 
long: Nimia resecari oportet, naturalia relinqui. Cic. 
Mutilare, XIX, 5., a., to mutilate, to disfigure by the re- 
moval of parts : nasum auresque. Liv. Truncare, to mu- 
tilate entirely, to truncate by violent removal of all essential 
external parts: Truncat olus foliis. Ovid. 

76. An, Num, Ne, Utrum, Anne, Numne, Nonne, 
Necne, An non. A n, or whether ? perhaps? designates a 
doubting question, opposed to a previous one, expecting de- 
cision, or opposed to one imagined as contradictory, consent, 
with a degree of confidence : Respondeat Verves, qui sit iste 
Verrutius? mercator, an arator, an pecuarius? Cic. Qui 
scis, an, quae jubeam, sine vi faciat? Ter. Est igitur ali- 
quid, quod perturbata mens melius possit facere, quam con- 
stans : a n quisquam potest sine perturbatione mentis irasci ? 
Cic. Num inquires whether something is or not: Num 
quis hie est ? nemo est. Ter. Ne is added to the interrogat- 
ing word, expressing a supposition of probability, not without 
fear, however, of disappointed expectation : Nunquam n e tibi 
judicii venit in mentem? Cic. Ubi est tua mens? potesne 
dicer e? Id. Utrum, which of the two? whether? with 
following an or ne, leaves the answer free between two 
questions opposed to each other : Utrum defenditis, a n im- 
pugnatis plebem ? Liv. Iphicrates quum inter to gar 'etur, 
utrum pluris patrem matrem n e facer et ? matrem, inquit. 
Nep. Ne in Anne strengthens the meaning of an; so in 
Nu mne: Quando dicor spopondisse, et pro patre, anne pro 
filio ? Cic. In dominos quceri de servis iniquum est. A n- 
ne quairitur ? Id. Is there really anybody who asks? 
Quid? Deum ipsum numne vidisti? Id. The same in 
Nonne, in the convincing question, intended to bring the in- 



77. Anguis. 79. Anima. 71 

terrogated person to a confession of truth : Quid 7 cards 
nonne similis lupo? Cic. Necne, and whether not? or 
not ? unites with the positive question the doubting, negative 
one, respecting which the interrogator desires an answer : 
Dii utrum sint, necne sint, quaritur. Cic. Sunt hcec 
tua verba, necne? Id. Or are they not? An non, or 
whether not ? stand opposed either to a question affirmatively 
expressed, or to an imagined preceding one, if the interro- 
gator, sure of his opinion, expects confirmation of the other : 
Quceritur, Corinthiis helium indicamus, an non? Cic. Me 
hodie conjecisti in nuptias. — An non dixi esse hoc futu- 
rum ? — Dixti. Ter. Did I not tell it perhaps ? instead of 
dixi, an non dixi ? 

77. Anguis, Serpens, Coluber, Draco, Vipera, Aspis. 
Anguis, the winding and strangling (angere, making nar- 
row, strangle, throttle), especially poisonous, snake : Latet 
anguis in herba. Virg. Serpens, the creeping snake, 
reptile; Coluber (colere, IX, 1., a.), a smaller cylindrical 
snake: Ciconia, longis invisa colubris. Virg. Draco, a 
large innocuous snake : Quidque prius fuerint, placidi me- 
miner e dracones. Ovid. Vipera (from vapor, the snuff- 
ing, wheezing), the adder, which alone brings forth living 
young ones: Parva necat morsu spatiosum vipera taurum. 
Ovid. Aspis, asp, small, slowly moving, the bite of which 
kills quickly: Cleopatra perisse morsu aspidis putaba- 
tur. Suet. 

78. Angustus, Artus ; Angustl^, Fauces, Os. Au- 
gustus, narrow, strait, that which straitens; Artus, tight, 
closely fitting : In parvum et angustum locum concludere. 
Cic. Tigna artius illigata. Cses. — Angustice, the nar- 
rows in hollow roads, mountain passes, streets or lanes, where 
it is difficult to pass : Castra angustiis viarum contrahit. 
Cses. Fauces (faux, belly), the narrow entrance into a 
wider space, the pass through which we get into a more open 
country: Fauces portus angustissimce. Cees. Os, mouth, 
and every similar opening, estuary: In ipso aditu ore que 
portus. Cic. 

79. Anima, Spiritus, Animus, Mens. Anima, the 
breath, inasmuch as it is air ; the soul, as the vivifying sub- 
stance, according to the ancients, of every living being: Clo- 
dium an imam efflantem reliquit. Cic. Spiritus, the 
breathing, breath, which inhales and exhales the air in 
draughts: Aspera arteria excipit an imam earn, qua ducta 



72 80. Animadvertere. 82. Annona. 

est spiritu. Cic. Extremum spiritum ore excipere. Id. 
Animus, the human soul as the principiam of feeling, de- 
sire, and thinking: Immortalitas animi. Constamus ex an- 
into et corpore. Cic. Mens, understanding, as faculty of 
reflection; disposition: Menti regnum totius animi a na- 
tura tributum est. Cic. 

80. Animadvertere, Animum advertere, Attendere, 
Observare. Animadvertere, to remark, to find some- 
thing that has been perceived worth observing : Experrecta 
nutrix animadv ertit, puerum dormientem circumplicatum 
serpentis amplexu. Cic. Animum advertere, to direct 
one's thoughts to something, especially something surprising : 
Adverterent animos, ne quid novi tumultus oriretur. 
Liv. Attendere, to pay attention with exertion: Quum 
plura sint ambigui genera, attendere et aucupari verba 
oportebit. Cic, also : Animam compressi : aurem admovi : 
ita animum ccepi attendere, hoc modo sermonem captans. 
Ter. Observare, to observe, to direct one's attention to a 
subject in order to observe its changes: Observ at a hcec 
sunt et in significationem eventus animadversa et notata. 
Cic. The Observ atio, as sensual perception, precedes the 
Animadversio, i. e. the operation of the mind which 
draws conclusions from that which has been observed. 

81. Animosus, Fortis, Strenuus. Animosus, cour- 
ageous, he who, confiding in his strength and good luck, 
faces danger fearlessly and cheerfully; Fortis (ferre), 
brave, who suffers evil without losing courage, and stands 
dangers with circumspection and fortitude, that is, enduring 
moral strength: Fortis et const antis est non perturb ari in 
rebus asperis, sed prcesenti animo uti et consilio, nee a ra* 
tione discedere. Cic. Strenuus, properly, tightly drawn, 
active, industrious, thrifty ; hence also, resolute, he who goes 
quickly to work, and does not flag: Mercator strenuus 
studiosusque rei gerendce. Cato. Strenuis militibus vel 
ignavis spem metumque addere. Tac. 

82. Annona, Commeatus, Penus. Annona, the pro- 
duce of this year of the fruits of the field, and the market 
price depending upon it: Annona pretium, nisi in calami- 
fate fructuum, non habet. Cic. Commeatus, properly that 
which comes and goes, the provision which comes from other 
places: Commeatum ab Roma consul subvehit. Liv. Pe- 
nus, store of provision kept in the interior of a house, stores 



83. Annuus. 85. Ante. 73 

for the family: Cellam appellarunt penariam, ubi penus. 
Varr. 

83. Annuus, . Anniversaries, Sollemnis. Annuus, 
annual, of duration and regular annual recurrence, e. g. ma- 
gistratus ; frigorum et calorum varietates. Anniv ersari- 
us, that which returns with the annual change of the year: 
Mercurius sacris anniversariis colitur. Cic. Sollem- 
nis, that which happens annually and with certain solemni- 
ties : Idus turn Maice sollemnes ineundis magistratibus 
erant. Li v. 

84. Anquirere, Inquirere. Anquirere, to search 
about, e. g. necessaria ad vivendum ; and to accuse one, of a 
crime whose punishment is determined beforehand, which 
was done by the tribunes: Quum tribunus bis pecunia an- 
quisisset, tertio capitis se anquirere dixit. Liv . In- 
quirere, to try, in rem, and to make inquiries, &c, for an 
accusation : Scis ilium accusationem cogilare, inquirere 
in competitores, testes qucerere. Cic. 

85. Ante, Ob, Pr^e, Pro, (Por), Coram. Ante, be- 
fore, in front, of place, rank, and time, i. e. being in front of 
a thing, opp. post, in the back of a thing : Post me erat 
Mgina, ante Megara. Cic. Ob, before, from above, and 
in respect of the surface of a thing : O b oculos mihi caligo 
obstitit. Plaut. ; obvius, that which lies in the way before 
one; obtegere, to cover from above, to cover over; hence 
o b, on account of, because the subject to which it refers lies 
before us, is in our mind brought before us : Ob cives serva- 
tos corona data. Coram, in presence of, before, and per- 
sonally, in his own person: Coram Cuspio tecum locutus 
sum. Cic. Mihi promiserunt consules coram, et absenti 
mihi scripserunt. Id. Prai, in advance of something, of the 
foremost place in the sense of rank, in comparison with that 
which is behind ; hence it is used of the start which a thing 
has of another, preference and excelling: I prce, sequar. 
Ter. Pra se ferre, to carry before one's self, to exhibit. 
Loqui praz mcerore non potuit. Lictores prcetoribus ante- 
eunt cum fascibus. Cic, to precede. Ad honesti cognitio- 
nem natura ipsa prceeunte deducimur. Id., preceding as a 
leader. Pro, in some compounds Por, forward, signifies 
the direction from the front of a thing, which remains behind 
or stationary, e. g. prospicere, to look forward into a dis- 
tance ; pragredi, to precede; progredi, to go forward, 
farther and farther on, and to go forth, with reference to that 

7 



74 86. Antequam. 90. Apparere. 

which remains behind, e. g. longius ab castris, ex domo pro- 
gredi. The orator speaks pro rostris when he has the 
rostra of the tribune at his back, but also pro condone, inas- 
much as he is in front of the meeting; hence pro, for, in- 
stead of, in the sense of protection (protegere) and repre- 
senting, and in proportion: Sicilia Romanis non pro penaria 
cella, sed pro cerario fuit. Pro dignitate cuique tribuatur. 
Cic. Thus in p or rigere, por tender e, pol luere. — Ante- 
cellere, to precede, be above, according to rank-; Pracellere, 
according to the degree of quality; Ex cellere, according to 
the elevation above the multitude. 

86. Antequam, Priusquam. Antequam, previous to, 
before, according to position and time ; Priusquam, sooner, 
before, earlier, comparatively : Ante videmus fulgurationem, 
quam sonum audiamus. Senec. Menibris utimur prius, 
quam didicimus, cujus ea utilitatis causa habeamus. Cic. 

87. Anus, Podex, Nates, Clunes. Anus, the poste- 
rior as the issue of the rectum; Podex (pedere), as the 
opening of it: Anum appellas alieno nomine: cur non suo 
potius? Cic, sell, podicem. Nates, the seat; Clunes, 
the hams, used of men and animals. 

88. Anus, Vetula. Anus, a woman advanced in years; 
V etui a, an old woman, in the sense of disrespect. 

89. Apex, Cacumen, (Columen), Fastigium, Vertex. 
Apex, the prominent, conical, or other point, e. g. fiammce: 
Mons, apicem collectus in unum. Ovid. Cacumen, the 
pointed summit, e. g. abietis, montis. {Columen (colere, 
XV, 1.), the gable of a building, villa, contracted;) Cul- 
m en, the highest part of a thing which ends round: Cul- 
mina Alpium, also villarum. Fastigium, the pointed 
edge of surfaces inclining to one another, the high, elevated 
gable end: Summi fasti gi a tecti adscensu supero. Virg., 
especially the triangular frontispiece of a temple : Tempestas 
fastigia templorum, a culminibus abrupta, dissipavit. 
Liv. Vertex, the top, vertex, the highest point of a moun- 
tain, tree ; from which the outlines descend : Vertice celso 
aerice quercus. Virg. Ignes ex Mtna vertice erumpunt. 
Cic. 

90. Apparere, Comparere. Apparere, to appear, be- 
come visible : Navicula prcedonum apparuit. Compa- 
rere, to be there, present : Rex Us, quorum agros urbesque 
populatas esset, redder et res, quce comparerent. Liv., that 
which still might be extant, be found. 



91. Ara. 93. Arbiter. 75 

91. Ara, Altare. Ara, an altar of turf, earth, stones 
put together; Altare, the metal part, which was placed 
upon the ara for burning offerings; high altar: Aram 
tenens jurat. Cic. En quatuor aras: ecce duas tibi, Daph- 
ni, duas, alt art a, Phcebo. Virg. 

92. Arare, Colere agrum, A rare, to plough : Quum 
terra araretur et sulcus altius esset impressus. Cic. Co- 
lere agrum (see 30), to cultivate, till a field, also hortos, 
vitem: Major es nostri suos agros studiose colebant, non 
alienos appetebant. Cic. 

93. Arbiter, Judex, Recuperator, Qu^sesitor ; Arbi- 
trium, Judicium, Existimatio. Arbiter (ar - bit ere, the 
approaching listener: Remotis arbitris. Cic), an arbi- 
trator, who decides a dispute according to fairness, equity 
(ex cequo et bono) : Vicini nostri ambigunt de finibus : me 
cepere arbitrum. Ter. Judex, judge, who decides ac- 
cording to law and strict right. Recuperator, one who is 
charged to assist another to obtain his right and due, gener- 
ally by the judge after sentence ; a judge respecting disputed 
property, whether in land or money: Postquam prcetor re- 
cuperator es dedit, damnatus demum, vi coactus reddidit 
MCC. Philippiim. Plaut. In cases called judicia privata, 
the arbitri and ju dices were chosen by the prsetor from 
among private citizens; the recuperator es, from the 
collegium centumvirale. They then acted according to a 
formula prescribed by him ; but he himself decided what was 
law. Quaisitores, inquisitors, i. e. judges who investigate, 
inquire, were those four prsetors, who in judicia publica, ex- 
isted besides the prcetor urbanus and peregrinus, and who, in 
penal cases (quastiones perpetuce, since 604 A. U.), pre- 
sided. — Arbitrium, the result of arbitration, according to 
principles of fairness, equity, generally also free choice ; 
Judicium, the court, the sentence according to strict justice 
and law, and generally every unbiassed judgment, praise or 
blame; Existimatio, 45, a judgment which is founded 
upon the moral character, the estimation, a result of obser- 
vation and opinion; Judicium, the distinct opinion ex- 
pressed upon something: dementia liberum arbitrium 
habet : non sub formula, sed ex cequo et bono judicat. Senec. 
Legio Casari gr alias egit, quod de se optimum judicium 
fecisset. Cses. Mece vitce ratio dimanavit ad existima- 
tio n em hominum commendatione ac judicio meorum. Cic. , 
passive: Hoc dignitati et existimationi tua conducit. 
Id., calling. 



76 94. Arbitrari. 95. Area. 

94. Arbitrari, Existimare, Videri, Opinari, Reri, 
Credere, Putare, Censere, Sentire. Arbitrari, to 
believe, to opine, in consequence of sensual perception, or 
of conviction, which is not perfectly sure; Existimare, 
45, in consequence of mature reflection and weighing the 
reasons: Arbitror : cerium non scimus. Ter. Atticus max- 
imum existimavit qucestum, memorem gratumque videri. 
Nep. Videri, having the appearance, to appear, if the 
opinion is founded upon external appearance, and inquiry into 
the essential state is waived : Pancetius induxit earn, quce 
videretur esse, non qua esset, repugnantiam. Cic. Opi- 
nari, to opine, suppose, if we suppose something as possi- 
ble, without farther reference to the correctness of the rea- 
sons : Aiunt, sapientem scepe aliquid opinari, quod nesciqt. 
Cic. Reri, to believe, have the opinion founded upon rea- 
sonable grounds, calculations, conclusions [in a similar way, 
though for another degree of belief, are vulgarly used the 
words calculate and reckon, in America and some parts of 
England] : Non equidem insector delendaque carmina Livi 
esse re or. Hor. Credere, to believe, to hold something 
to be true : -Fere libenter homines id, quod volunt, credunt. 
Cses. Putare (see Amputare, 75), to believe, to express 
one's opinion as result of reasoning (rationem putare), weigh- 
ing reasons and counter-reasons. Aliquis forsan me putet 
non putare hoc verum. Ter. C ens ere (properly, to esti- 
mate the faculty, capacity by hundreds, centum), to give 
one's opinion on a subject, and, generally, to be of opinion in 
a formal way, legally : Senatus Codium ab re publica remo- 
vendum c en suit. Cses. Sentire, to be disposed, to think, 
to judge, thus or otherwise from moral reasons : De ceteris 
rebus quid senserim, quidque censuerim, audisse te ar- 
bitror. Cic. 

95. Arca, Cista, Capsa, Scrinium, Armarium. Area, 
a box, chest, which can be locked, is low and placed on the 
ground ; the Cista is a smaller box, to keep something, and 
the still smaller is Capsa, to keep something with care 
against injury, e. g. books, fruits; they are portable; Scri- 
nium, (a shrine,) box with divisions, pigeon-holes, in which 
letters, medicines, or things of value are kept; Armarium, 
a box for instruments, which are constantly used, and which 
one wishes to have handy, also for books, clothes ; it is higher 
than the Area, has divisions, and sometimes was fastened 
against the wall. Argentum in arca positum. Cic. Area 



96. Arcere. 100. Argentarius. 77 

vestiaria. Varr. Sestertios in cist am transfer am ex Jisco. 
Cic. Multis custodibus opus erit, si te semel ad meas cap- 
sas admisero. Id. Tune aurum ex armario tuo promere 
ausa es ? Cic. 

96. Arcere, Prohibere, Propulsare. Arcere, to limit, 
to repel from further proceeding : Platanus solem (Estate 
arcet, hieme admitiit. Plin. Prohibere, to keep off, at 
a distance, somebody from something, or something from 
somebody: Pradones ab insula Sicilia prohibuit. Cic. 
Ab hoc periculo prohibete rem publicam. Id. Propul- 
sare, to repel violently something hostile, to drive away: 
Hostem a castris propulsare. Cses. 

97. Ardere, Flagrare, Deflagrare. Ardere, to 
born, to be in flames, used of the burning body and the rising 
flames: Ardentia, procul vidit castra. Liv. Imagine 
cerea largior arserit ignis. Hor. Flagrare, to be in 
bright flames, in German jlackern, used of the bright, high 
fire moved by the air: Flagr antes oner arias, quas incen- 
derant milites, videbatis. Cic. Deflagrare, to burn down, 
off, to be in the state of being consumed by flames : Qua 
nocte natus est Alexander, Diana Ephesice templum defla- 
gravit. Cic. 

98. Area, Planities, Campus. Area, a space which 
has been made plain, a threshing-floor in the open field; 
with temples, e. g. Capitolii, and palaces, it means the yard : 
Frumentum de area tollere. Cic. Ponendaque domo qua- 
renda est area primum. Hor. Planities, a plain, a hor- 
izontal surface without considerable elevations : Collis pau- 
lum ex planitie editus. Cses. Campus, 50, an open 
plain, extending far, e. g. Campus Martius. Babylonii in 
c amp o rum patentium aquoribus habitantes. Cic. Collis 
er at, collemque super planissima campi area. Ovid. 

99. Arena, Sabulum, Glarea, Saburra. Arena, the 
finer sand consisting of gravel: Ventis arena moventur. 
Plin. Sabulum and Sabulo, sand which is mixed with 
earth, sand-earth: Ad vitem ruiilum sabulonem, qui sit 
vivida terra permistus, probant. Colum. Glarea, gravel: 
Via pulvis, non glarea injecta est. Cic. Saburra, Sa- 
bur a, coarse sand, ballast: Oneraria multa saburra gra- 
vata. Liv. 

100. Argentarius, Mensarius, Nummularius. Ar- 
gentarius, an exchange-broker on his own account, a 
banker. They had in Rome their stalls near the market, 



78 101. Argumentatio. 105. Armentum, 

lent money on interest, made payments, and did broker busi- 
ness at auctions; Mensarius, a banker of the republic, 
who, with a qucestor, kept and managed public money ; 
Nummular iu s, an exchange-broker on a small scale: Id, 
quod ar gentario tuleris expensum, ab socio ejus recte re- 
petere possis. Ad Herenn. Quinque viri creati, quos Men- 
sarios ab dispensatione pecuniae appellarunt. Liv. 

101. Argumentatio, Ratiocinatio. Argumentation 
the proving a thing or position from facts; Ratiocination 
the conclusion which reason makes, and the proof founded 
upon the same : Etiamne in tarn perspicuis rebus argu- 
mentatio qucerenda? Cic. Ratiocinatio est oratio ex 
ipsa re probabile aliquid eliciens, quod expositum et per se 
cognitum sua se vi et ratione confirmet. Id. Cicero omnem 
ar gumentationem dividit in duas partes, inductionem 
et ratiocinationem. Quinctil. 

102. Aridus, Siccus, Sobrius. Aridus, dry, dried up, 
well dried, German durre : Suscepit ignem foliis atque ari- 
da circum nutrimenta dedit. Virg. Siccus, dry on the 
surface, externally: Summa petit scopuli, sice a que in rupe 
resedit. Virg. ; hence also, he w r ho has not yet drunk, opp. 
to madidus. The English dry is used similarly, though it 
signifies rather the effect, namely, feeling dry, i. e. being 
thirsty. Sobrius (se-ebrius), sober, not intoxicated: Qua- 
si inter so brio s bacchari vinolentus videtur. Cic. 

103. Arista, Spica. Arista, the pointed and prickly 
fibres on the ear of culmiferous fruits, and the ear which has 
them; Spica, Spicum, and Spicus, i, the ear, inasmuch 
as it is a pointed body : Seges fundit frugem spici, or dine 
structam, et contra avium minor um morsus munitur vallo 
aristarum. Cic. Maturis albescit messis aristis. Ovid. 

104. Arma, Tela. Arm a, properly the shield on the 
arm (see 106), in general defensive arms, which however 
may at the same time be offensive or capable of wounding ; 
Tel a, offensive arms: Arma sunt alia ad tegendum, alia 
ad nocendum : quce qui non habent, inermes sunt. Cic. Tela 
in hostem, hasta et gladius. Liv. [Tela may be connected 
with the Teutonic Ziel, the object we strive to reach, target, 
&c, as we do by spears and arrows.] 

105. Armentum, Jumentum, Pecus, Grex. Armen- 
tum, beasts, cattle used for agricultural purposes; in gen- 
eral, larger animals, cattle, horses, stags, large sea-animals : 
Bourn armenta. Virg. Jumentum, animals for draught 



106. Armus. 108. Arrogans. 79 

or carriage, as horses, asses, camels: Timoleon vectus ju- 
mentis junctis. Nep. Metellus jumenta sarcinis levari 
jubet. Sail. Pecus, pecoris, cattle, collectively, which 
we raise and take care of; Pecus, pecudis, a single one 
of cattle, plur. also pecua, obsolete: Est scientia pecoris 
parandi et pascendi ; ejus pars est una de minoribus pecu- 
dibus, cujus generis tria, ovis, capra, sus ; altera de pe co- 
re majore, in quo sunt boves, asini, equi. Varr. P aires 
pecua captiva, prater equos, restituenda censuerunt domi- 
nis. Liv. Grex, a herd, a number, also of the larger cattle ; 
but if the object is distinction, grex is used of smaller beasts 
only: Mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas 
pascebant. Ovid. Pecudes dispulsce sui generis sequuntur 
greges, ut bos armenta. Cic. 

106. Armus, Humerus, Lacertus, Brachium. Armus, 
poetically, the strong, muscular upper-arm : Latos huic hasta 
per armos acta tremit. Virg. ; generally the breast with 
larger quadrupeds; Humerus, the upper-arm with the 
shoulder, from the shoulder-blade and the clavicula (jugulum) 
to the elbow (ulna) ; Lacertus, the fleshy part of the upper- 
arm in the middle ; Brachium, the lower part of the arm, 
from the elbow to the beginning of the hand : Homini uni 
humeri, ceteris armi. Plin. Milo humeris sustinebat 
bovem vivum. Cic. Femince Germanorum nuda brae hi a 
ac lacertos. Tac. 

107. Arra, Arrabo, Pignus. Arra, abbreviation of 
Arrabo, the earnest-money in a bargain, in order to fix it, 
to make the bargain certain : 2Edes destinat talentis duobus, 
sed arraboni has dedit quadraginta minas. Plaut. Pig- 
nus, & pledge, left, in making a contract, in the hands of the 
other party, which he shall keep until the contract is fulfilled. 
On the fulfilment, the pignus is returned, the arrabo not: 
Ager oppositus est pignori ob decern minas. Ter., as 
pledge. 

108. Arrogans, Superbus, Insolex\s, Fastidiosus, Va- 
nus ; Superbia, Fastus, Fastidium. Arrogans, arro- 
gant, to dare and undertake something against propriety, 
against the rights and dignity of others: Ne arrogans in 
prceripiendo populi benejicio videretur. Coes. Superbus 
(super, VI.), proud, he who in overvaluing his own merits or 
talents, considers himself above others, and makes them feel 
this opinion by undervaluing them, by contempt, love of splen- 
dor, also by tyranny : Dionysius super bum se prcebuit in 



80 109. Ars. 110. Arteria. 

fortuna. Gic. Superbos vertere funeribus triumphos. Hor. 
Insolens, haughty, presumptuous, overbearing, he who 
abuses his superiority in offending and humiliating others. In 
super bus is the idea of proudly elevating ourselves above 
others; in insolens, the idea of surprising (in-solere), 
offensive, scornful superciliousness : Qua est ista in comme- 
moranda pecunia tarn insolens ostentatio? Cic. Fasti- 
diosus, he who shows to others his antipathy and proud 
contempt because they displease him : In superiores contu- 
max,in cequos et pares fastidiosus, in omnes intolerabilis. 
Ad Herenn. Vdnus (belongs to vdcare, German Wahn, 
XI, 2.), vain, conceited, who imagines superiority and boasts 
of it, a superiority which he does not possess, or which a 
rational man would not value : Pari vanitate atque inso- 
lentia Vitellius lapidem, memoriae, Othonis inscriptum, in- 
tuens, dignum eo mausoleo, ait. Suet. — Superbia is pride 
from too high an opinion of one's self, as quality ; Fastus, 
pride which manifests itself by indifference or disdain against 
others, as not good enough, the proud conduct: Fast us 
inest pulchris sequiturque superbia formam. Ovid. Prudely 
playing the recherche. Fastidium, fastidiousness, disre- 
garding, despising others, as a state of the mind, in the ab- 
stract : Apparet, non superbia et fa stidio te amplissimos 
honores repudiare. Plin. Pan. 

109. Ars, Artificium, Opus ; Scientia ; Artes, Dotes. 
Ars, the art as skill and (by exercise, ex -er cere, acquired), 
skilfulness : Quam quisque norit art em, in hac se exerceat. 
Cic. Artificium, the art in its application, skill of the 
artificer, also artifice, knack : Simulacrum Diana singulari 
op ere atque artificio perfectum. Cic. Vincere artifi- 
cio quodam et scientia oppugnationis. Cass. Opus, a work 
full of art, a skilful work, work of the fine arts: Locus et 
natura et op ere munitus. Cses. Mirari Gracarum artium 
op ere. Liv. — Ars, the art, as system of the rules of art ; 
Scientia, the knowledge and science of the art, philosophy 
of the art : Turn disciplina militaris in artis perpetuis 
prceceptis ordinate modum venerat. Liv. Ars sine scien- 
tia esse non potest. Cic. — A rte s, acquired skill; Dotes, 
natural gifts and talents: Omnibus ingenuis artibus in- 
structs. Cic. Tibi natura raras dotes ingeniumque de- 
dit. Ovid. 

110. Arteria, Vena. Arteria, arteries, the pulsating 
conduits, according to Cicero mere channels of air, by the 



111. Artifex. 113. Aspei\ 81 

beating of which the blood in the veins, lying above them, is 
carried on ; Vena (via, obsolete vea, XI, 2., 6.), vein, also 
used of veins of ore or water : Sanguis per venas in omne 
corpus diffunditur, et spiritus per arterias. Cic. 

111. Artifex, Faber, Opifex, Operarius, Oper^e, Mer- 
cenarius. Artifex, the artist, in respect of talent, study, 
and ingenious invention: Qui distingues artificem ah in- 
scio? Cic. Greed dicendi artifices et doctor es. Id. Fa- 
ber, the artificer who fashions hard substance, in respect to 
his skilful treatment of the substance, and joining of its parts, 
e. g. ferrarius, tignarius : Grcecia marmoris aut eboris fa- 
bros, aut arts aniavit. Hor. Opifex, the maker of me- 
chanical productions, in which a pleasing exterior and useful- 
ness are requisite, a mechanic : Adhibitis op if i cum mani- 
bus tecti, vestiti, salvi esse possumus. Cic. Zeno verborum 
opifex. Id. Operarius, the workman, laborer, destined 
for manual labor, and executing it, frequently expressed in 
English by hand: Vineam habere oportet operarios de- 
cern. Cato. Opera, the workmen, hands, who are employed 
in a certain work, the abstract for the concrete: Opera 
conducta et ad diripiendum urbem concitata. Cic. Merce- 
narius, a workman or laborer, inasmuch as he works for 
wages, day-laborer, opp. servus. 

112. Arx, Castrum, Castellum, Munitio, Munimen- 
tum. Arx, an eminence which overlooks the surrounding 
country, hence an eminence fortified for the security of a 
place, a castle : Roma septem una sibi muro circumdedit 
arces. Virg. Tarento amisso, arc em tamen Livius reti- 
nuit. Liv. Castrum, a place, fort, fortress surrounded with 
walls and redoubts against hostile attacks; Castra, plur. a 
camp surrounded with wall and fosse : Alcibiadi Grunium 
dederat, in Phrygia castrum. Nep. Castellum, prop, 
a reservoir near an aqueduct, a small fort : Erant circum 
castra Pompeii editi colles : hos Ccesar prasidiis tenuit, 
cast ell a que ibi communiit. Cass. Munitio, fortification, 
as action, as well as the work which fortifies; Munimen- 
tum, the means of protection and fortification ; the fortifica- 
tion as a work: Brutus Mutinam operibus munitio nibus- 
que sepsit. Cic. Instar muri ha sepes muniment a pra- 
bebant. Cass. Tenere se munimentis castrorum. Tac. 

113. Asper, Salebrosus, Confragosus. Asper, 17, 
rough, uneven: Loca asper a et montuosa. Cses. Sale- 
brosus, rugged, where, on account of the many stones, we 



82 114. Assecla. 116. Assiduus. 

can proceed only, as it were, by leaping (satire) : Ipsa comes 
veniam, nee me salebrosa movebunt saxa. Ovid. Con- 
fragosus, full of rents, where hollows, glebes, stones, and 
rocks make proceeding difficult: In confr ago so ac dif- 
Jlcili fundo armenta valentiora parandum. Varr. 

114. ASSECLA, AsSECTATOR, COMES, SoCIUS, SoDALIS ; 

Societas, Sodalicium, Collegium. As seel a, he who fol- 
lows in our steps from flattery and interest : Ipsos prcetores 
et consules, non legatorum asseclas, recipere. Cic. As- 
sect at or, the constant companion, follower, from esteem or 
attachment: Africani vetus as sect at or, ex numero amico- 
rum, Cic. Auditor as sect at or que Protagorce. Gell. Co- 
mes, the companion who goes with some person by way of 
company; Socius, the associate, for the same purpose, par- 
ticipator in the same undertaking or fate : Fugientis comes, 
rem publicam recuperantis socius videor esse debere. Cic. 
Socii putandi sunt, quos inter res communicata est. Id. 
Sodalis, a comrade, member of a gay company, not open 
to all, club : Epulabar cum so dalibus. Cic. — Societas, 
society, as a union for general participation : Cum bonis om- 
nibus coire non modo salutis, verum etiam periculi societa- 
tem. Cic. Sodalicium, sc. convivium, an assembled so- 
ciety of sodales, club; Collegium, the union of fellow 
officers, e. g. pontificum, and a corporation acknowledged by 
the state, a guild, e. g. pistorum, navicular *iorum. 

115. Assequi, Consequi, Adipisci, Impetrare, Obti- 
nere. Assequi, to follow that which precedes, to ap- 
proach, reach something high, difficult; Consequi, to over- 
take, to obtain, to enter into real possession : Ite cito : jam 
ego assequar vos. Plaut. Pr opera, ut nos cons equ are. 
Cic. Omnia, qua ne per populum quidem sine seditione se 
assequi arbitrabantur, per senatum consecuti sunt. Id. 
Adipisci, to obtain or overtake something pursued, an ob- 
ject, something desired: Fugientes in via adipisci. Liv. 
Lentulus summos honores a populo adeptus est. Cic. Im- 
petrare, to obtain by prayers, representations : Demetrio 
Dolabella rogatu meo civitatem a Ccesare impetravit. Cic. 
Obtinere, to insist on the possession of a disputed thing, 
against the danger of losing it, to hold, e. g. jus suum, he- 
reditatem : Suam quisque domum turn obtinebat, nee erat 
usquam tua. Cic. 

116. Assiduus, Continuus, Perpetuus; Continue, — 
nuo, — nenter. Assiduus, he who sits always by it, 



117. Astrum. 119. Ater. 83 

always present, without interruption : Roscius ruri as si du- 
ll s, semper vixit. Cic. Assidua bella cum Vdlscis gesta. 
Liv. Continuus, holding together, hanging together, con- 
tinual, used of uninterrupted connexion; Perpetuus, 47, 
in one series, of uninterrupted continuation : Dentes serrati 
sunt canibus ; continui, homini, equo. Plin. Tres c on- 
tin ui consulatus. Liv. Erant Menapii perpetuis palu- 
dibus silvisque muniti. Cses., one touching the other. Mon- 
ies continui, mountain chains; perpetui, contiguous 
mountains, which, nevertheless, can be distinguished from 
one another. Biennium continuum, of a long duration 
perpetuum, of uninterrupted duration. — Flumen fiuit con 
tinue. Varr., continually. Ignis in aquam conjectus con- 
tinuo restinguitur. Cic, immediately after, of direct con 
sequence. Belgce cum Germanis continenter bellum ge 
runt. Cses., without interruption. 

117. Astrum, Sidus, Stella. Astrum (Sotqov), and 
Latin Sidus, the constellation, a group of stars, and as 
larger heavenly body with reference to its signification and 
influence upon the earth : Orbem per duodena regit mundi 
sol aureus astra. Virg. Homines annum soils, id est unius 
astri, reditu metiuntur. Cic. Occidente jam si d ere Ver- 
giliarum. Liv. Sid era, quce vocantur errantia. Cic. 
Stella, a single star, as effulgent body of the heavens: 
Stella Veneris. Cic. 

118. Asylum, Per — Refugium. Asylum, a public, 
sacred asylum, the sacredness of which protected : Quastor 
vi prohibitus est, quominus e fano Diance servum suum, qui 
in illud asylum confugisset, abduceret. Cic. Perfugi- 
um, a refuge for protection against danger, or for assistance 
in calamity: Morini paludes non habebant, quo perfugio 
superior e anno fuerant usi. Cses. Refugium, a remote 
place of refuge, into which we retire : Silvce tutius dedere 
refugium (ex campis). Liv. 

119. Ater, Niger, Pullus, Fuscus. Ater, coal-black, 
as the pure color ; opp. albus, 55 ; also signifying mourning 
and misfortune, e. g. cupressus : Tarn at ram reddam, quam 
carbo est. Ter. Dies atri, were the Calendar, Nona, Idus 
and dies Alliensis. Niger, black, like the night, raven- 
black, opp. candidus : Codum pice nigrius. Ovid. Ni- 
gris oculis nigroque crine decorus. Hor. Niger corvus 
inter olores ridetur. Martial. Pullus, dirty-black: Toga 
pull a, with common people and mourners. Fuscus, black- 



84 120. Athleta. 122. Atrox. 

ish, dark, e. g. the skin, in consequence of exposure to a hot 
sun: Andromede, patria fuse a colore sua. Ovid. 

120. Athleta, Pugil, Gladiator, Lanista. Athleta, 
one who appeared in public games in general, in which 
bodily strength, nimbleness, and rhythm of motion were 
requisite: Athleta se exercentes in curriculo. Cic. Pu- 
gil, a pugilist, whose hands were armed with the cestus : 
Pug ties, eliam quum feriunt adversarium, in jactandis 
cestibus ingemiscunt. Cic. Gladiator, the fighter, cham- 
pion by profession, who, with the gladius, fights publicly : 
Athletas et gladiator es videmus nihil facer e, in quo non 
motus hie habeat palastram quandam. Cic. Lanista, the 
fencing-master who instructs the gladiators and deals in them. 

121. Atrium, Vestibulum, Aula. Atrium, the entry 
of a Roman house, from the door to the curtain of the kitchen 
in the back part, from which the smoke passed through it, 
the place where images of the family were placed, and where 
visits were received ; in temples, the halls and porticos near 
the entry: Atria servantem postico falle clientem. Hor. 
Qucestiones habit a in atrio Libertatis. Cic. Vestibu- 
lum, the front-yard or open place from the house-door to the 
low wall which separated it from the street. Gell. 16, 5. In 
primo aditu vestibuloque templi. Cic. Aula, the hall 
and front-yard, with reference to spaciousness and magnifi- 
cence, generally of princely buildings: Janitor aula Cer- 
berus. Virg. Penetrant aulas et limina regum. Id. 

122. Atrox, Trux, Truculentus, Torvus, Teter, Di- 
rus, Immanis, Barbarus, Ferus, Durus, Crudelis, Sje- 
vus. Atrox (ater, 119, V, 2.), who causes misfortune, 
mourning, and who or which is apt to do it, e. g. cades, pug- 
na: Furit te reperire atrox Tydides. Hor., panting for 
revenge. Horrida et atrox videbatur Appii sententia. 
Liv., cruel. Trux, spiteful, of the wild, staring look, which 
threatens successful resistance and danger : Hor alius Codes, 
circumferens truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etrusco- 
rum. Liv. Tauro savior truci. Ovid. Truculentus, 
full of spite, causing fear and shuddering, by a wild, spiteful 
look : Alter tribunus quam teter incedebat, quam truculen- 
tus, quam terribili adspectu ! Cic. Torvus, wrathful, 
grim, with dark look and distorted features : Irati virftus 
t o r v a que forma minantis. Ovid. Teter, Tater, disgust- 
ing, ugly, horrid for sight, scent, and taste, e. g. aqua, libido : 
Ne qua scintilla teterrimi belli relinquatur. Cic. Dirus 



123. Avarus. 124. Audio. 85 

(as divus, from deus, VIII, 2.), ominous, and thus causing hor- 
ror, horrid to hear or to see, dire, e. g. Hannibal. Hor. ; hence 
parentibus abominatus. Id. Dira exsecratio. Liv. Di- 
rce sicut cetera auspicia nuntiant eventura, nisi provideris. 
Cic, bad indications. Immanis, that which causes surprise, 
horror, or fear by that which is unusual and unnatural : Im- 
mani magnitudine simulacra. Cses. Tetra et immanis 
belua. Cic. B arbar ms, foreign, rude, unpolished : Imma- 
nis ac b arbar a consuetude» hominum immolandorum. Cses. 
Fir us, wild, living wild, and of uncivilized, callous senti- 
ment : Homines in agris et in tectis silvestribus abditos ex 
feris et immanibus mites reddidit et mansuetos. Cic. 
Filium ego ferus ac ferreus dimisi. Id. Burns, hard, 
callous, without feeling. Crudelis, cruel, of disposition 
and action, of rude character, he who delights in the suffer- 
ing of others. Savus, furious, used of the wild passion of 
an infuriated person, who is no longer master over himself: 
ScBva canum rabies. Propert. Sceva Tisiphone. Hor. 

123. Avarus, Avidus, Sordidus, Parous, Tenax, Re- 
strictus. Avarus, avaricious, of continual and insatiate 
desire to possess the property of others : Avaritia pecuniae 
studium habet ; ea semper infinita, insatiabilis est. Sal]. 
Avidus, impelled by cupidity, longing, yet transitorily, for 
something, also innocent things, e. g. pecuniae, cibi, sermonis, 
laudis. Sordidus, meanly avaricious, niggardly, he who 
does not care for honor or propriety in order to satisfy cupid- 
ity : llliberales et sordidi quastus mercenariorum omnium. 
Cic. Pare us, saving, he who observes the limits of neces- 
sity to the utmost, bordering close on the shabby : Temperat 
et sumtus parens uterque parens. Ovid. Tenax, tight, he 
who keeps the money back, miserly : Par cum genus, qua- 
sitique tenax, et qui quasita reservent. Ovid. Restrictus, 
penurious, tight : Ad largiendum ex alieno fui restricti- 
or. Cic, the p arc us shuns expenses ; the restrictus dis- 
likes to give, gives little ; the tenax gives nothing. 

124. Auctio, Sectio, Licitatio. Audio, public auc- 
tion to the highest bidder : Bona Roscii, constituta aucti- 
one, vendebat. Cic. Sectio, the division of booty or prop- 
erty of condemned persons by auction among the Sectores, 
who bought them in order to sell them again by single pieces : 
Ad illud scelus sectionis accedere nemo est ausus, quum 
tot essent circum hastam Mam. Cic. Licitatio, the bidding 
in an auction : Licitationem facer e. Cic. 

8 



86 125. Auctor. 

125. Auctor, Conditor, Scriptor, Doctor, Consilia- 
rius, Lator, Suasor, Princeps, Testis, Sponsor. Auc- 
tor (auger e, 76.), the author of any thing, he who causes a 
thing, and to whom, therefore, it may be imputed. From 
this idea, however, every thing relating to manifestation of 
power, of exertion, is excluded. This is expressed by other 
words. Auctor urbis, the author of a city, i. e. he from 
whom came the idea, plan, and execution; Conditor, the 
founder, he who built it. Rerum auctor, the historian, in- 
asmuch as he is author of the plan and guaranty of the con- 
tents ; Scriptor, as author, in the modern sense, with the 
mode of representing things, peculiar to him. Auctor, pre- 
decessor in doctrine and example; Doctor, Prceceptor, 
Magister, the practising teacher, school-teacher: Plato 
non intelligendi solum, sed etiam dicendi auctor et ma- 
gister. Cic. Auctor, the leader, he who gives the tone, 
who in deliberation speaks first, and whose vote is of peculiar 
weight; Consiliarius, Senator, he who was used as 
giving counsel, a counsellor: Senatui pads auctor fui. 
Cic. Ea ratio cedijicandi initur, consiliario quidem et 
auctor e Vectorio. Id. Auctor legis, the one who starts 
the law, with whom it originates, and through whose authority 
or approbation it becomes law ; Lator legis, he who pro- 
poses a law to the people ; Suasor, he who praises, supports 
it: Cassia lex Scipione auctor e lata esse dicitur. Cic. 
Auctoribus Diis ad rem gerendam projiciscimur. Liv., 
who approve of our undertaking. Decreverunt Patres, ut, 
quum populus regem jussisset, id sic ratum esset, si Patres 
auctor es Jierent. Id., if the senators approved and con- 
firmed the resolve of the people. Auctor, the ringleader, 
originator, inasmuch as the guilt of an action or effect must 
be imputed to his influence; Princeps, Dux, he who 
makes the beginning, places himself at the head : Auctor es 
belli, defectionis. Liv. Te bonis omnibus auctor em, prin- 
cipem, due em prcebeas. Cic. Auctor, the voucher, whose 
statement and declaration is appealed to on account of his 
credibility; Testis, witness, who declares himself for the 
truth of a fact after perception by his senses : Varro pradi- 
cavit, adversa Ccesarem prcelia fecisse ; id se certis nunti- 
is, certis auctoribus comperisse. Caos. Major xs nostri 
nullam rem agere feminas sine auctor e voluerunt. Cic, 
without confirmation and guaranty of the guardian or a rela- 
tive. Auctor, who offers himself as bail ; Sponsor, he 



126. Auctoritas. 127. Audere. 87 

who formally and according to law becomes bail : Teates 
Apuli fozdus petitum venerunt, pads per omnem Apuliam 
prcestandce populo Romano auctores. Id audacter spon- 
dendo impetravere, ut fozdus daretur. Liv. 

126. Auctoritas, Gratia, Favor ; Senatus auctori- 
tas, consultum, decretum. Auctoritas, authority by 
which we exercise influence with others; Gratia, favor, in 
a passive sense, the being popular, beloved ; Favor, favor, 
inasmuch as it shows itself to others, e. g. popularity as be- 
stowed by the people, applause : Habet, ut in cetatibus auc- 
t or it at em senectus, sic in exemplis antiquitas. Cic. Attico 
honor es patebant propter v el gratiam, vel dignitatem. Nep. 
Rumore et favor e populi tenetur, et ducitur. Cic. Trium- 
phus actus magno favor e plebis. Liv. Senatus aucto- 
ritas was a decree of the senate, inasmuch as it pronounced 
its decision or will, as the highest power or executive, and 
confirmed it by the names of the present senators (auctori- 
tates), which were signed at the head, even if the tribunes of 
the people had vetoed; Senatus consultum, with re- 
spect to the previous deliberations, especially when, by the 
approval of the tribunes, it had received the force and 
authority of law ; Senatus decretum, inasmuch as it pro- 
nounced the unalterable and decisive will of the senate, as 
result of their deliberations : Severitatem majorum Senatus 
vetus auctoritas de Bacchanalibus declarat. Cic. The 
same decree is called Senatus con suit um, Liv., 39, 17, 
pr. cf., Cic. Fam. 8, 8. Si quis inter cedat Senatus con- 
sulto, auctoritate se fore contentum. Liv. Accepto inde 
Senatus decreto, ut jussu populi Camillus dictator ex- 
templo diceretur, nuntius Vejos contendit. Liv. 

127. Audere, Conari, Moliri, Niti ; Audens, Audax, 
Temerarius. Audere, to dare, at the peril of failure and 
one's own danger, designates fearlessness, and daring in a 
bold undertaking; Conari, to have the boldness, the bold 
undertaking of a work which demands pains and exertion ; 
Moliri (properly to strive to remove a large, heavy mass, 
moles), to endeavour to bring about something important and 
difficult, undaunted and unceasing exertion in a great and 
laborious work ; Niti, to exert one's self, to stem against; 
it indicates exertion of power in the execution of a work : 
2Equos desperatio ultima audere et experiri cogebat. Liv. 
Magnum opus et arduum conamur : sed nihil difficile 
amanti puto. Cic. Mundum efficere mo liens deus terram 



88 128. Audire. 129. Ave. 

primum ignemque jungebat. Id. Pugnabatur loco iniqao : 
milites tamen virtute et patientia nitebantur atque omnia 
vulnera sustinebant. Caes. Optimi cujusque animus maxime 
ad immortalitatem glorice nititur. Cic. — Audens, bold, 
courageous, only for a certain case; Audax, bold, daring, 
designates habit, disposition, and a higher degree, a heedless 
man, who with impious temerity challenges danger. Teme- 
rarius, without any consideration, who undertakes or be- 
lieves without judgment ; Tu ne cede malis, sed contra 
audentior ito. Virg. Nautce per omne and aces mare 
qui currant. Hor. Ad consilium, prima specie temerari- 
um magis quam audax, animum adjecit, ut ultro castra 
hostium oppugnaret. Liv. 

128. Audire, Ex — Inaudire, Auscultare ; Audientem, 
Auditorem esse. Audire, to hear, perceive by the sense 
of hearing; Exaudire, to hear from a distance yet dis- 
tinctly; In audire, to hear, learn by the way, unofficially: 
Maxima voce, ut omnes exaudire possint, dico. Cic. Po- 
etically, also, to hear and grant, to hear favorably, e. g. 
prayers, the German erhbren also: Dii preces meas au di- 
ver unt. Cic. Concilia sunt inita de me, quce te video in- 
audisse. Id. , also in the participle : In audit a credulitas. 
Id., unheard of. Auscultare (ausiculo, from auris, XIX, 
5, 10.), to listen, pay attention in hearing, secretly and open- 
ly ; alicui, to pay attention to what one says, to obey, pre- 
cisely as the German gehorchen, to obey, comes from hor- 
clien, to listen: Omnia ego istcec auscultavi ab ostio. 
Plaut. Ausculta paucis, nisi molestum est. Ter. Mihi 
ausculta : vide, ne tibi desis. Cic, more intense than au- 
dire, to listen attentively to one's whole statement, to listen 
with approval, following the speaker : Veniunt, qui me audi- 
ant, quasi doctum hominem. Cic. Vellem a principio te 
audisse amicissime monentem. Id. — Is qui audit is the 
present person who hears ; Audiens, the continual hearer; 
Auditor, the hearer in general, the scholar, pupil ; Oratorum 
eloquentice moderatrix est audit or u?n prudentia. Omnes 
enim, qui probari volunt, voluntatem eorum, qui audiunt, 
intuentur. Cic. Te, annum jam audientem Cratippum, 
abundare oportet prceceptis philosophies Id. Numa Pi/tha- 
gorce auditor fait. Id. Omnes oportet senatui dicto 
audientes esse. Id., to follow, obey one exactly, to the 
letter. 

129. Ave, Salve, Vale. Ave, Have, long live ! live! 



130. Avertere. 133. Avis, 89 

and haver e te jubeo, the common greeting : Simul atque 
have mihi dixit, statim, quid de te audisset, expo suit. Cic. 
Salve, hail! and salver e te jubeo, the greeting in the 
morning, to those who arrive, those who sneeze, and to the 
gods: O Mi/sis, salve. M. Salvus sis, Crito. Ter. 
Vale, be healthy, well, of bodily feeling well, used on going 
away, but here salve and ave were likewise used, and the 
latter returned with vale: Liberti servique mane salvere, 
vesperi Valere domino singuli dicebant. Suet. Vale, mi 
Tiro, vale et salve! Cic. Have, Have et vale, Sal- 
ve I also the last farewell to the dead. 

130. Avertere, Averruncare. Avertere, to avert 
threatening dangers, used of wishes, expression of desire ; 
Averruncare, XIX, in ancient forms of prayers, to avert, 
also of real evils: Quod dii omen avert ant I Cic. Mars 
pater, te precor, ut tu morbos calamitatesque prohibessis, de- 
.fendas, aver rune es que. Cato. Placuit, aver run can dee 
Deum irce victimas cadi. Liv. 

131. AlJFERRE, TOLLERE, AVERTERE, AdIMERE, Dl 

Subripere. Auferre, to carry off, away, to the loss of the 
possessor; Toll ere (lift), to take up, away, used of re- 
moving entirely, e. g. frumentum de area ; hominem de — e 
medio : Signum Apollinis Verres, si portare potuisset, non 
dubitasset auferre. Cic. Ludi dies XV. auferent. Id. 
Avertere, to embezzle, to take secretly and with bad inten- 
tion, e. g. pecuniam publicam ; also intervertere, intercipere. 
Adimere, to take, deprive, e.g. alicui compedes : Pecuniam 
si cuipiam fortuna ad emit, aut si alicujus eripuit injuria. 
Cic. Of violent taking away: Dirip ere, to rob and plun- 
der, if it is done in wild disorder, e. g. provincias, bona locu- 
pletum ; Subripere, to carry off violently but covertly: 
captivum e custodia. Cic. Virtus nee eripi, nee surripi 
potest. Id. 

132. Augescere, Crescere, Adolescere. Augescere, 
to increase from time to time and externally : Uva et succo 
terra et colore soils augescens. Cic. Crescere, to grow, 
of a continuous augmentation from within: Crescit, occulta 
velut arbor cevo, fama Marcelli. Hor. Adolescere, to 
grow up, to become more perfect after obtaining a certain 
increase : In satis fructibusque arborum nihil ad justam 
magnitudinem adolescere potest, quod loco, in quern cres- 
cat, caret. Quinctil. 

133. Avis, Ales, Volucris, Alites, Pr^epetes, Os- 

8* 



90 134. Augur. 

ciNES. Avis, bird, according to its nature ; Ales, inasmuch 
as it has wings and uses them, of large birds, and poetical ; 
Volucris, every creature capable of flying : Canorus ales. 
Hor., the swan. Ales equus. Ovid., winged, i. e. Pegasus. 
Volucres videmus finger e et construere nidos. Cic. Deum 
volucrem. Ovid., i. e. Cupido. In the terminology of the 
augurs, alites are those birds whose flight and beating of 
the wings are observed: Prcepetes, those who, indicating 
good luck, fly high before the observer; Infer ce, those who 
do the contrary, and bring bad luck ; O seines, birds whose 
voice and singing serve for prophesying. 

134. Augur, Auspex, Haruspex, Extispex, Hariolus : 
Augurium, Auspicium, Divinatio, Pr^sagium, Omen. Au- 
gur (o cuius i German Auge, XIX, 3., VIII, 1., a.), a public 
soothsayer, who explained the will of the gods, and unveiled 
future events from the flight and song of birds, dreams, and 
phenomena of the heavens and on the earth. The augurs, 
formed a collegium, and granted the office for life ; it super- 
intended the whole system of soothsaying, and upon it de- 
pended the most important state transactions : Romulus om- 
nibus publicis rebus instituendis, qui sibi essent in auspiciis, 
ex singulis tribubus singulos cooptavit augures. Cic. Au- 
spex, observer of birds, who, before the beginning of an 
undertaking, observed the flight, song, and eating of certain 
birds, to discover whether the gods approved of it ; hence 
also, the author of a certain deed or undertaking : Ego, pro- 
vidus auspex, oscinem corvum prece suscitabo. Hor. La- 
tores et auspices legis. Cic. Haruspex, observer of 
sacrifices, soothsayer, who, from the liver of the victim, pre- 
dicted ; more especially Extispex, observer of the entrails: 
Ea, qucE significari dicuntur extis, cognita sunt haruspici- 
bus observatione diuturna. Cic. Hariolus, a travelling 
soothsayer. — Augurium, the solemn observation of the 
predicting birds by the augur, and the interpretation of the 
will of the gods or prediction of future events, founded upon 
this observation, or upon other phenomena considered impor- 
tant (signa, portenta, ostenta) : In arce augurium augures 
acturi erant. Cic. Divitiacus partim auguriis, partim 
conjectura, qua essent futura, dicebat. Id. Auspicium, 
observation of birds, piur. Auspicia, the significant indi- 
cations which birds, lots, &c. give, and from which the will 
of the gods and their approval of an undertaking was learned ; 
also the right to make this observation, and the highest 



135. Avius. 137. Austerus. 91 

power connected therewith: Consul pullarium in auspici- 
um mittit. Liv. Quantum ex augurio auspicii intelligo. 
Plaut. Gracchi consul-is imperio auspicioque exercitus 
populi Rom. Sardiniam subegit. Liv. Dii auguriis 
auspiciisque mini omnia lata ac prosper a portendunt. Id. 
The augur ium has its fixed reasons; not so the divina- 
tio, the indefinite presentiment, or gift of prediction (divini- 
tas) : Divinatio est earum rerum, quce fortuitce putantur, 
prcedictio atque prcesensio. Cic. Prcesagium, presage, as 
effect of a finer, acuter feeling, prophetic sight, e. g. tempes- 
tatis futurce. Colum. Omen (for bpimen, from opinari), 
every thing which by chance has been heard or seen, and 
which is considered as indicating something future, good or 
bad : Ccesar prolapsus in egressu navis, verso ad melius onl- 
ine : Teneo te, inquit, Africa. Suet. 

135. A — De — Invitjs, Inaccessus. Avius, off from 
the road, remote; Devius, situated off from the road, 
whither no road leads ; Invius, where it is difficult to pro- 
ceed ; Inaccessus, inaccessible : Jugurtha Metellum sequi- 
tur nocturnis et aviis itineribus ignoratus. Sail. Aquinates 
in via habit ab ant ; Anagnini quum essent devii, descende- 
runt, ut consulem salutarent. Cic. Invia virtuti nulla est 
via. Ovid. Montes inaccessi amne interfluente. Plin. 

136. Aura, Ventus, Spiritus, Flatus, Flamen, Fla- 
brum. Aura, the air which is gently moved ; Ventus, the 
air current, wind ; Spiritus, 79, the wafting, draught of 
air : Semper aer spiritu aliquo movetur ; frequentius tamen 
auras, quam ventos habet. Cic. Flatus, the blowing, 
also of favorable winds : Flatu Jiguratur vitrum. Plin. 
Pro spero flat u fortunaz uti. Cic. Flamen, violent blow- 
ing; Flabrum, gentle fanning, blowing, also of puffs of 
winds, poetically: Fugant inductas f lamina nubes. Ovid. 
Cacumina silvce lenibus alludit flabris levis Auster. Val. 
Flacc. Borea flabr a. Propert. 

137. Austerus, Tetricus, Tristis, Severus, Serius, 
Rigidus. Graveness, simply considered as external appear- 
ance : Austerus, 17, grave, like the Stoic, who disdains all 
serenity in his conduct; Tetricus (teter, 122, V, 1.), som- 
bre, of excessive gravity, which disposes even to melancholy ; 
Tristis, of sorry appearance, dark, if it is rather forbidding 
and causes fear: Agit mecum austere et Stoice Cato. Cic. 
Disciplina tetrica ac tristis veterum Sabinorum. Liv. 
Judex tristis et integer. Cic. — Grave, as belonging to 



92 138. Aut. 139. Auxiliari. 

character: Severus, stern, he who is not indulgent toward 
himself and others ; Serins, serious, that which is according 
to the disposition of the serious person, in contradistinction to 
the gay or jocose ; Rigidus, stiff with cold, inflexible, who 
cannot be induced to yield: Non potest is severus esse in 
judicando, qui alios in se severos esse judices non vult. 
Cic. Si quid per jocum dixi, nolito in serium converter 'e. 
Plaut. Porcius Cato fait invicti a cupiditatibus animi et 
rigidce innocentice.. Liv. Rigidus censor. Ovid. 

138. Aut, Vel, Ve, Sive, Seu, Neve, Next. If two 
ideas in a disjunctive relation are so opposed to one another, 
that only one of the two can take place, it is expressed by 
Aut, or, if they differ essentially, but by Vel, or, even, if they 
differ only in certain things ; by Ve, or, if they are consid- 
ered convertible, and one may take place as well as the 
other. If they stand in a perfectly equal disjunctive relation, 
we use Aut — aut, either — or, if the taking place of the one 
excludes entirely that of the other ; Vel — vel, partly — 
partly, if it excludes only in the given case ; Ve — ve, poet- 
ical, if the choice between the two remains free. Sive and 
Seu, or, be it, it may be — or, express this alternative con- 
ditionally; Neve and Neu, or not, and not, neither — nor, 
express it negatively : Audendum est aliquid universis, aut 
omnia singulis patienda. Liv. Epicurus, homo minime malus 
vel potius vir optimus. Cic. Ex ingenio suo quisque demat 
vel addat fidem. Tac. Hcec sunt omnia ingenii vel medi- 
ocris. Cic. Consules alter ambove rationem agri habeant. 
Cic, the one or the other, or also both together. Hoc te ro- 
go, ut resistas sive etiam occurras negotiis. Id. Ascanius 
Lavinium urbem matri seu novercce reliquit. Liv. Ccesar 
milites cohortatus est, uti suce pristince virtutis memoriam re- 
tinerent, neu perturb arentur animo. Cses. — Aut vivam, 
aut moriar. Ter. Fauci nobiles vel corrumpere mores civ- 
itatis,vel corrigere possunt. Cic. Ubi potest senectus aut 
calescere vel apricatione melius vel igni, aut vicissim urn- 
bris aquisve refrigerari salabrius? Id. Si quis in adver- 
sum rapiat casus ve deusve, te super esse velim. Virg. Veniet 
tempus mortis, sive retractabis, sive proper abis. Cic. Car- 
thaginiensibus conditio pads dicta, helium neve in Africa, 
neve extra Africam, injussu populi Romani gererent. Liv. 

139. Auxiliari, Adjuvare, Opitulari, Subvenire, Suc- 

CURRERE, SlJBLEVARE ; AuXILIUM, AdJUMENTUM, OpS, SuP- 

petle, Presidium, Subsidium. Auxilium (augere, 76.), 



139. Auxiliari. 93 

assistance, in reference to him to whom it is given, and inas- 
much as his power is thereby increased, augmented ; plural, 
Au x Hi a, auxiliary troops; Aux ilium ferre, to bring 
assistance, which is yet to be performed; Auxiliari, to 
help, of active and actual assistance : Dii populo contra tan- 
tarn vim sceleris prcesentes auxilium ferent. Cic. Nihil 
Numantinis vires corporis auxiliatce sunt. Ad Herenn. 
A djuv are {ad -juvare, make young [juvenis, 30] , strength- 
en, help), to be of use in the furtherance of some object, to 
support, to assist : Ad navem actuariam multum humilitas 
adjuvat. Cses. Adjumentum, the means of assistance 
for a certain purpose, e. g. rei gerendce : A philosophia om- 
nia adjumenta et aux Hi a petamus bene beateque Viven- 
di. Cic. (Ops, goddess of the earth and riches, as symbol 
of power ; of this Gen., Ace, Abl.) Op is, op em, ope, the 
faculty, power, which one is in possession of, and through 
which we can effect something, and may assist others ; the 
assistance of him who gives it : Sidicini aut ipsi mover ant 
bellum, aut moventibus auxilium tulerant, Itaque Pa- 
tres omni op e adnisi sunt, ut Valerium Corvum consulem 
facer ent. Liv., with all their influence, which they possessed 
by their power, authority, and riches. Quum vallis aut locus 
declivis suberat, ii, qui antecesserant, morantibus op em 
ferre non poterant. Cses., bring assistance; Opitulari 
(XIX, 5., a.), to lend assistance with one's means, to help: 
Ad gubernaculum accessit et navi, quoad potuit, est opitu- 
latus. Cic. Subvenire, to come to assistance to him who 
is in want of it ; Succurrere, to run to assist, rescue from 
imminent danger, e. g. urbi incensa. Virg. Sublevare, to 
help one up again, to give him a lift, to assist, e. g. aliquem 
facultatibus suis. Cic. Suppetice, the existing assistance, 
standing in readiness from without : Qui auditis clamorem 
meum, ferte suppetias. Plaut. Presidium, protecting 
assistance, securing the obtaining of an object: Subsi- 
dium, reserve, assistance for a case of need: Pompeius 
Siciliam, Africam, Sardiniam, hcec tria frumentaria sub- 
si di a, rei publicce firmissimis prcesidiis classibusque 
munivit. Cic. 



94 140. Baculum. 143, Bardus. 



B. 

140. Baculum, Scipio, Sceptrum, Ferula. Baculum, 
at a later period B a cuius, a stick, staff, e. g. of him who 
beats (batuere), of a wanderer; Scipio and Sceptrum, 
a shorter stick, for support : Cornelius qui patrem luminibus 
carentem pro baculo regebat, Scipio cognominatus est. 
Macrob. Scipio eburneus was in Rome the mark of honor 
of the highest magistracy, the Sceptrum that of triumphers 
and kings: Sceptrum Dictcei regis. Virg. Ferula, the 
shrub ferula, vag&r]^, which was used for staves for old peo- 
ple, and for rods in schools: Ferula que tristes, sceptra 
pcedagogorum. Hor. 

141. Balneum, Thermje, Lavatio, Lavacrum. Bali- 
neum, Balneum, the bath as the place, and water in a 
private house; Balnece at a later period, and poetically, 
Balnea, a public bathing establishment with several baths : 
Labrum in balneo ut sit, cur a. Cic. Fatigatis balneum 
fervens idoneum non est. Cels. Occiditur ad balneas 
Palatinas Roscius. Cic. Therm a, public warm baths, near 
warm wells, as in Baiss, and artificial warm baths, e. g. Ne- 
romance, in Rome. Lavatio, the bathing, and the bath as 
vessel, the bathing-tub, water, and place; Lav dcrum, the 
bathing-room : Seponit lavationem argenteam. Phsedr. 
Faciam, ut lavatio parata sit. Cic. Lav a era pro sexi- 
bus separavit. Spartian. 

142. Barbarismus, Stribligo, Solcecismus. Barb a- 
rismus, a mistake in a single word, with reference to pro- 
nunciation or grammar; Stribligo, and at later periods 
Solcecismus, a fault in the grammatical construction. 

143. Bardus, Hebes, Stupidus, Absurdus, Ineptus, 
Insulsus, Stultus, Fatuus, Insipiens, Stolidus, Brutus. 
With reference to mind and judgment, he is Bardus who is 
of slow mind, slow in understanding a thing ; Hebes, dull, 
who wants the gift of sharp discrimination; Stupidus, stu- 
pid, who, possessed by impressions of the senses, is incapable 
of mental exertion, and feels no interest in it : Populus studio 
stupidus in funambulo animum occuparat. Ter. Absur- 
dus, 7, clumsy, clownish, who has no skill, who has no 
practical judgment, wanting in common sense; Ineptus, 
foolish, who behaves childishly, makes a fool of himself, in 



144. Beatus. 145. Bellum. 95 

contradistinction to the judicious, sedate person : Risu inep- 
to res ineptior nulla est. Catull. Insulsus, absurd, he 
who, by unsuccessful witticisms, makes a disagreeable im- 
pression upon persons of fine feeling, he who has no taste, a 
rather bad taste : Qui ridiculi et salsi artem conati sunt tra- 
der e, sic insulsi exstiterunt, ut nihil aliud eorum, nisi ipsa 
insulsitas rideatur. Cic. Stultus, ill-advised, foolish, 
who in single cases acts contrary to wisdom and prudence, 
be it from error or from being blinded : Exploranda est Veri- 
tas multum, prius quam stulta ) prave judicet sententia. 
Phaedr. Fdtuus (fdtiscere, to stand idling about), simple, 
who, from weakness of understanding, remains without 
thought in cases which ought to stir his activity, and allows 
himself patiently to be fooled by others, or to be made their 
laughing-stock : Pollio triplicem usuram prcestare paratus 
circuit et fatuos non invenit. Juvenal. Insipiens, un- 
wise, acting contrary to wisdom from want of intelligence ; 
Stolidus, fool, from conceit or thoughtlessness, who, in his 
opinion of his superiority above others, neglects all prudence 
and caution, sometimes from excessive self-confidence, some- 
times from stupidity, as the clown or fop : St olid am Jidu- 
ciam liosti auger e. Liv. Legati velut ad ludibrium stolidce 
superbice in senatum vocati. Id. Brutus (belongs to bar- 
dus, prop, clumsy, unwieldy), without reason, without sense 
or feeling for any thing, incapable of understanding any 
thing, perfect blockhead : L. Junius ex industria /actus ad 
imitationem stultitice Bruti haud abnuit cognomen. Liv. 

144. Beatus, Felix. Beatus, happy, w 7 ho is not want- 
ing in any physical or moral thing for his existence : Verbo 
beati subjecta notio est, secretis malis omnibus cumulata bo- 
norum complexio. Cic. Felix, lucky, he who is always 
successful, who is always fortunate : Ccesar Alexandria se 
recepit,felix, ut sibi quidem videbatur. Cic. 

145. Bellum, Tumultus. Bellum, war, in general; 
Tumultus, tumult, a war suddenly broken out, which by 
its suddenness, and by surprise, causes dismay, disorder, tu- 
mult, a sudden rebellion; see C. Phil. 8, 1. Mqui tantum 
RomcE terrorem fecere, quia vix credibile erat, solos per se 
ad bellum cobrtos, ut tumultus ejus causa dictator dice- 
retur. Liv. — Bellum facer e, to begin war; agere, to carry 
it on ; gerere, to lead it, to carry it on with judgment ; du- 
cere, to protract it ; profiigare, to suppress it, to bring near 
an end ; patrare, to bring it entirely to an end ; conjicere, to 



96 146. Benignus. 149. Bonus. 

make an end by annihilation of the hostile forces ; compone- 
re, to make an end by treaty, mutual arrangement. 

146. Benignus, Beneficus, Liberalis, Munificus, Lar- 
gus, Prodigus, Profusus. Benignus (benus for bonus, 
XI, 1.), benign, kindly from goodness of heart and inclina- 
tion ; Beneficus (doing good), beneficent, doing good to 
others : Ben efi cus est, qui alterius causa benigne facit. 
Cic. Liberalis, liberal in giving from noble disposition, 
where circumstances, honor, and decorum demand it ; Mu- 
nificus, generous- in giving, who makes presents frequently 
and largely, from charity, generosity, or a disposition of show 
of munificence ; Largus, who spends largely ; Prodigus, 
liberal in a prodigal way: Duo sunt genera largorum, 
quoram alteri sunt prodigi, alteri liber ales : prodigi, 
qui pecunias profundunt in eas res, quarum memoriam nullam 
sint relicturi. Cic. The prodigus throws away some good 
as worthless ; the Profusus, the spendthrift, who incurs ex- 
penses beyond his means, manages it badly, carelessly, though 
he considers it not without value: Prof us is sumtibus vi- 
vere. Cic. 

147. Bestia, Fera, Bellua. Bestia, an animal with- 
out reason, in contradistinction toman: Bestias hominum 
gratia generatas esse videmus. Cic. Fera, a wild animal 
living on land, in contradistinction to the domestic (cicur) : 
Excitare et agitare feras. Cic. Bellua, ancient Belua, 
a monster, a large and fearful land or sea animal, e. g. a 
lion, elephant, wild boar, sea-monster : Belua vasta et im- 
manis. Cic. 

148. BlBERE, POTARE ; CoMBIBO, POTOR, PoTATOR. Bi- 

bere, to drink, to draw in a liquid; Potare, to empty a 
liquid, and fill one's self with it, to drink in full draught, the 
German saufen : Sat'prata biberunt. Virg. Domus erat 
plena ebriorum : totos dies potabatur. Cic. — Combibo, 
drink-companion; Pot or, a drinker, one who. empties the 
vessel of potation : Aquce pot ores. Hor. Pot at or, fud- 
dler, drunkard. 

149. Bonus, Probus ; Bonum, Commodum ; Bona, For- 
tunje, Res, Facultates, Opes, DivmiE, Copi^e. Bonus, 
good, perfect as to its destination, answering it, and good in 
itself, opp. malus ; e.g. poeta, causa, memoria; Probus, 
proof, that which has been found, is acknowledged as good 
by test, e. g. argentum, navigium. Oratione efficitur, ut 
probi, ut bene morati, ut boni viri esse videantur. Cic, 



150. Bos. 152. Brevi. 97 

tried, honest. — Bonum, something which is good, a good, 
e - ©• formce, liter arum ; Commodum, an advantage, that 
which benefits a person in order to obtain a good, e. g. pads, 
opum, potentice: Commo&um est, quod plus usus habet 
quam molestice : bonum sincerum esse debet et ab omni parte 
innoxium. Senec. — Bona, goods, a fortune as good in it- 
self: Liberis pros crip torum bona patria reddere. Cic. 
Fortunes, goods, blessings which we owe to fortune, such 
as honor, honorable offices, property; Res (temporal), prop- 
erty as possession, things collectively which we possess : 
Rem auger e ; Rem familiar em dissipari nolumus ; im- 
petum prcedonum in tuas for tunas fieri nolo. Cic. Prop- 
erty as belonging to the family, family property. Facul- 
tates, fortune of a private citizen, inasmuch as he can effect 
something by it, property in respect to its influence : Caven- 
dum est, ne benignitas major sit, quam fa cult ate s. Cic. 
Opes, 139, riches, power, and force, as a means of obtain- 
ing an end: Magnas inter opes inops. Hor. Divitice, 
riches, goods of this world in abundance : Supero Crassum 
divitiis. Cic. Cop ice, stores, certain goods or things 
which for future use are in greater abundance than necessary ; 
Domesticis copiis rei frumentarice uti. Cses. 

150. Bos, Juvencus, Taurus ; Vacca, Juvenca, Forda. 
Bos, a male or female of cattle, ox, bull, or cow: Bo- 
um cervices nates ad jugum. Cic. Juvencus, a young 
steer; Taurus, the bull: Rudes operum juvenci. Ovid. 
— Vacca, cow, inasmuch as she is a breeding animal and 
furnishes milk : Tiber a vacca lactea demittunt. Virg. Ju- 
venca, a young cow; Forda, a cow with calf: Forda 
ferens bos est, fecundaque. Ovid. 

151. Bracte a, Lamina. Brae tea, a thin metallic plate 
for the purpose of plating, also a veneer, wood for veneering ; 
Lamina, Lamna, is thicker, iron &c. sheet, tin: Tenuis 
bracte a ligna tegit. Ovid. Tigna laminis clavisque re- 
ligant. Cses. 

152. Brevi, Propediem ; Breviter, Strictim. Brevi y 
sc. tempore, oratione, briefly, in a short time, in a few words : 
Quum tu tarn multis verbis ad me scripsisses, faciendum mihi 
putavi, ut tuis Uteris brevi responderem. Cic. Prope~ 
diem, soon, very soon : Propediem te videbo. Id. Bre- 
viter, briefly, not diffusive: Rem summatim breviter que 
descripsimus. Cic. Strictim, short, only superficially: 

9 



98 153. Bruma. 156. Cadere. 

Ea, qua copiosissime did possunt, b rev iter a me stric- 
timque dicuntur. Cic, only touching the chief points, heads. 

153. Bruma, Solstitium, Hiems. Bruma, properly 
the rainy season, the shortest day, the beginning of winter ; 
Hiems, the stormy, cold, rainy season, winter in Italy, be- 
tween the Ides of November and February; Solstitium, 
the summer solstice, beginning of summer : Solis accessus 
discessusque solstitiis brumisque cognosci potest. Cic. 
Only in later periods solstitium cestivum and hiemale or 
hibernum. Et glacialis hiems aquilonibus asperat un- 
das. Virg. 

154. Bitcca, Gena, Mala, Maxilla. Bucca, cheek, 
from the cheek-bone to the lower jaw: Buccas inflare. 
Hor. Gena, the elevated part or surface under the eyelids, 
which covers the cheek-bone : Confusa pudore sensi me totis 
erubuisse genis. Ovid. Maxilla, the upper and lower 
jaws, in which the teeth are placed; denies maxillares, 
back teeth: Timor elms duos dentium or dines liabuit maxih 
larum. Plin. Mala, the lower jaw externally: Juven- 
tus molli vestit lanugine malas. Lucret. Originally the 
same with maxilla. 



c. 

155. Cadaver, Corpus, Funus. Cadaver, the corpse, 
as fallen body ; Corpus, as mass ; Fu n u s, as the corpse 
destined to be burned : Catilina longe a suis inter hostium 
cadaver a repertus est. Sail. Sep eliendi causa confer ri in 
unum corpora suorum jussit. Liv. TJrbs assiduis exhaust a 
funeribus : multa et clara lugubres domus. Id. 

156. Cadere, Con — Occidere, Ruere, Corruere, Pro- 
cumbere, Labi, Ferri. Cadere, to fall, to fall heavily 
with the whole body on the ground; Concidere, to col- 
lapse, to fall to the ground, breaking down, sinking to the 
ground; Occidere, to perish: Omnes adversis vulneribus 
conciderant. Sail. Sub onere concidere. Liv. Sol 
occidit. Omnia honoris insignia occiderunt. Cic. 
Ruere, to fall precipitately, to fall in, of houses, mountains : 
Crebris terra motibus ruunt tecta. Liv. Corruere, to 
break in with rattling noise: Tabernce mihi dua cor rue- 
runt. Cic. Pr o cumber e, 15, fall forward, slower, and so 



157. Ccecus. 158. Ccedere. 99 

as to be in a lying position after the fall : Procumhit humi 
bos. Virg. Repentina ruina pars turris concidit, pars 
reliqua consequents procumbebat. Cses. Labi, to glide 
on a smooth surface, to slide on a slippery surface before the 
fall takes place : Sunt in lubrico, incitataque semel proclivi 
labuntur. Cic. Laps a cadunt folia. Virg. Ferri, 
being violently driven down by the force of gravity : Ne 
ferar in prceceps. Ovid. 

157. CiEcus, Luscus, Cocles, Strabo, P^tus ; Qectt- 
tire, Caligare. Ccecus, blind, pass, invisible: Cceco 
carpitur igni. Virg. Luscus, with one eye by mishap: 
Dux luscus. Juvenal, i. e. Hannibal. Cocles, one-eyed 
by nature, e. g. Cyclops. Strabo, squinting; Pcetus, who 
has no fixed look, and looks somewhat to the side ; of the 
roguish look of Venus: Strabonem appellat Pee turn pa- 
ter. Hor. — Ccecutire, not to see well, to be half blind by 
nature ; Caligare, not to see well, indistinctly, from exter- 
ternal causes: Utrum oculi mihi ccecutiunt, an ego vidi 
servos in armis contra domino s ? Varr. Ex somno oculi 
caligant. Cels. 

158. C^dere, SecAre, Scindere, Findere, Recidere, 

E-ESCINDERE ; C-EDES, ClADES, StRAGES, OcCIDIO, InTER- 

NE.CIO. Ccedere, to give a blow with an axe, rod : Lapides 
ccedere; virgis cadi. Cic. Sec are, to cut with sharp 
instruments, e. g. marmora: Ne glacies secet aspera plan- 
tas. Virg. Scindere, to split, tear, thereby to destroy, 
e. g. vestem, epistolam : Cuneis scindebant fissile lignum. 
Virg. Findere, to split, by penetrating into the inner parts 
which sever naturally, to cleave : Fissus erat tenui rima 
paries. Ovid. Redder e, to cut off with a blow unneces- 
sary or obnoxious parts, e. g. vepres, immedicabile vulnus. 
Rescindere, to tear off, injuriously, destroyingly : Pontem 
jubet rescindi. Cses. — C cedes, the cutting to pieces, the 
act of killing: C cedes, in qua Clodius occisus est. Cic. 
Equites magnam cad em ediderunt. Liv., carnage. C la- 
des, the defeat, as the great loss we sustain, e. g. dextrce 
manus: Claudii risus, classe devicta, magnam clad em at- 
tulit. Cic. Strages, the defeat, as the mass of bodies by 
and upon one another: Strage hominum armorumque campi 
repleti. Liv. Occidio, the cutting down of an army : Duo 
exercitus prope occidione -occisi sunt. Liv. Interne- 
cio, the deadly defeat, entire destruction : Neque resisti mor- 
bo sine internecione posse arbitramur. Cic. 



100 159. Ccelare. 163. Calceus. 

159. C^LARE, SCALPERE, ScULPERE ; CAELUM, SCALPRUM, 

Tornus. Ccelare, to polish or smooth with the ccelum a 
statue or relievo after the casting, and to give it finish, make it 
perfect ; also used of relievi in wood, ivory, clay, &c., hence 
gemmce ccelatce, cameos, precious stones with figures of the 
same mass protruding from the surface : Hanc speciem Prax- 
iteles ccelavit argento. Cic. Scuta auro ccelaverunt 
Liv., to ornament with figures of gold. Scalper e, to carve 
especially into the substance, engrave : Sardonyches scalp 
tee ceram non auferunt. Plin., gems. Sculpere, to carve 
to work out statues : Non est e saxo sculp tus sapiens. Cic. 
- — Ccelum, the hollow chisel; Scalprum, the graver, and 
the chisel; Tornus, a turning tool, is used likewise for 
Ccelum and Scalprum. Virg. Eel. 3, 37. 

160. G^rimonia, Ritus. Ccerimonia, the prescribed 
procedure in the execution of a sacred and solemn custom, 
by which something referring to a deity is symbolically rep- 
resented ; Ritus, the prescribed or accustomed manner of 
acting, which guides in the performance of some business or 
affair, usage, e. g. nuptiarum : Sacra Cereris summa religi- 
one ccerimonia que conficere. Cic. Hominem non funditus 
interire, e ccerimoniis sepulcrorum intelligitur. Id. Quo 
modo rituque sacra fiant, discunto ignari a publicis sacer- 
dotibus. Id. Latronum ritu vivere. Id. 

161. C^eruleus, G^sius, Glaucus. Cceruleus, dark 
blue, and nearly so or similarly so, e. g. dark violet-color : 
mare, hyacinthus. Ccesius, light blue, grayish-blue, as the 
eyes of cats: Ccesios oculos Minervce, cceruleos esse 
Neptuni. Cic. Glaucus, bluish, greenish-blue: Glauca 
canentia fronde salicta. Virg. 

162. Calcar, Stimulus; Stimulare, Pungere. Cal~ 
car, the spur, fastened, with the ancients, to the heel of the 
foot: Concitat calcaribus equum. Liv. Stimulus, the 
artificial sting (see 21), and the stick provided with the same, 
to drive oxen of draught, prong: Stimulo tardos increpare 
loves. Tibull. Hence Calcar, a means of encouraging, 
animating ; Stimulus, a discomforting means of excitement, 
e. g. doloris. — Stimulare, to excite, discomfort by prick- 
ing, enduringly ; Pungere, to sting, to push in the sting, 
and thus to cause pain : Te conscientice maleficiorum stimu- 
lant ; Ignominia pup u git. 

163. Calceus, Calceamentum, Pero, Solea, Crepida, 
Sandalium, Caliga, Soccus, Cothurnus, Ocrea. CaU 



164. Calere. 165. Caligo. 101 

ceus, the Roman shoe, covering the foot as far as the ankle, 
and fastened with thongs up to the middle of the shin, of 
black leather (aluta) ; calcei mullei, of purple color and 
soft leather, worn by consuls, praetors, aediles, and triumphers 
on solemn occasions; C alee amentum, French chaussure, 
separate from vestimentum : Milo calceos et vestimenta 
mutavit. Cic. Pero, a similar shoe of rough leather, some- 
times with the hair on the leather. Sole a, the sole, fastened 
with thongs; Crepida, the same, if fitting for both feet; 
S an dalium, the same, richly ornamented, for ladies ; C ti- 
ll g a, the same, with nails and fastened up to the calf, of the 
common soldiers; So ecus, the low, light slipper of the wo- 
men and actors in the comedy; Cothurnus, that of the 
tragedians, with soles four fingers thick; ere a, the shin- 
plate of iron or brass, of the soldiers. 

164. Calere, Tepere ; Calor, Tepor, Fervor, iEsTus, 
Ardor. Calere, to be warm : Sentimus calere ignem. 
Cic. Tepere, to be tepid: Tepentes aurce Zephyri. 
Virg. — The warmth perceived from without is Tep or, a. 
mild warmth ; Calor is warmer; Fervor is heat, as that 
of boiling water: Medii fervor es. Virg., heat of noon. 
JEstus is the internal heat which makes a body boil or show 
symptoms of a high degree of heat : Rigor auri solvitur 
cestu. Lucret. Ardor, 97, the burning heat of a burning 
or glowing body, e. g. solis : Mea domus ardore suo de- 
flagrationem urbi minabatur. Cic. 

165. Caligo, Obscuritas, Tenebr^, Nox ; Umbrosus, 
Opacus. Caligo, darkness, obscurity, which prevents the 
observer from properly seeing ; Ob s cur it as, darkness, as 
quality of things, which protects against the observer ; Te n- 
ebrce, twilight, caused by the vanishing of light, obscurity as 
such; Nox, night, as contradistinguished from day: Deus 
inducta caligine terras occuluit. Ovid. Ob s cur it as la- 
tebrarum. Tac. Tenebrce eruptione Mtnceorum ignium 
Jinitimas regiones ob s cur aver unt. Cic, hence of dizzi- 
ness, giddiness. Milites e scalis, quum altitudo mcenium ca- 
ll gin em oculis offudisset, ad terram delati sunt. Liv. Te- 
nebrce oboriuntur ; genua succidunt. Plaut. — Umbrosus, 
shady, designates the extent of shade ; Opacus, shady, that 
which gives dark shade ; Arbor umbrosa, that which throws 
shade on a large place, even if not quite perfect; opaca, 
that which does not allow the sunbeams to penetrate ; both, 
also, in a passive sense, where, or under which there is 

9* 



102 166. Calidus. 167. Colo. 

shade: Colle sub umbroso. Ovid. Cubicula obductis veils 
opaca, nee tamen obscura facio. Plin., dark, but not to- 
tally so ; (the same difference which there is in German 
between dunkel and finster ; it is not precisely the same with 
regard to dark and obscure.) 

166. Callidus, Astutus, Versutus, Vafer, Vetera- 
tor, Captiosus, Subdolus ; Astus, Astutia, Dolus, Fraus, 
Fallacia. He who possesses skill and ingenuity to obtain 
by a sure means a certain object, which another strives 
to prevent, and, unperceived by the latter, to obtain an advan- 
tage or to escape a danger, is Callidus, cunning, shrewd, 
e.g. Hannibal: C alii do s eos appello, quorum, tamquam 
manus opere, sic animus usu concalluit. ■ Cic. More in a de- 
preciating sense : As tiitus, cunning, with innate sharpsight- 
edness, vulpes : Pro bene sano ac non incauto jictum astu- 
turn que vocamus. Hor. Versutus, he who, in pursuing his 
plan quickly, without showing it, changes his measures ac- 
cording to circumstances, dexterous, e. g. Lysander : Ver- 
suti, quorum celeriter mens versatur. Cic. Vafer, he who 
cunningly discovers the tricks of others, and plays them still 
better ones, cunning with inventive power: Captes astutus 
testamenta senum, neu, si v afe r unus et alter insidiatorem 
prceroso fugerit hamo, spem deponas. Hor. Veterator, a 
cheat, one who is experienced in tricks, cheating, and 
rogueries: In causis privatis satis veterator. Cic. Fin- 
gamus omnia callide refer entem ad utilitatem, acutum, 
v ersutum, veterator em, facile ut excogitet, quo occulte 
sine ullo conscio fallat. Id. Captiosus, captious, design- 
ing to lead others so that he gets the advantage over them : 
Fallacibus et captiosis interrogationibus decepti. Cic. 
Subdolus, who covers his tricks: Rete subdolum. Mar- 
tial. — Astus, the cunning, a cunning device; Astutia, 
cunning, as natural quality and skill ; Bolus, trick, with bad 
intention: Dolo pugnare, non armis. Nep. Dolus malus 
est, quum est aliud simulatum, aliud actum. Cic. Fraus, 
the cheat, fraud, if the expectation of honesty has not been 
fulfilled: Fraus fidem in parvis sibi prcestruit, ut, quum 
opera pretium sit, cum mercede magna fallat. Liv. Fall a- 
cia, deception, also intrigue: Composita est fallacia, ut 
auro me privent. Plaut. In Dolus and Fraus is immor- 
ality; in Astus, Astutia, Calliditas, is intelligence, 
mental dexterity, the chief modifying idea. 

167. Calo, Lixa. Calo, properly a club, — one who 



168. Calumniari. 170. Canere. 103 

carries the mace as servant of an officer, one who attends to 
the baggage of an army: Calonum atque impedimentorum 
non magnus numerus desideratus. Cses. Lixa, a sutler, 
who on his own accord followed the army with edibles ; from 
elixum, cooked meat : Metellus lixas e castris summovit, 
cibumque coctum venalem proponi vetuit. Val. Max. 

168. Calumniari, Obtrectare, Conviciari. Calum- 
niari, properly, to misrepresent the words of a person ; to 
accuse falsely and maliciously, to practise chicane : Defen- 
soris locus est, quum accusatorem calumniari criminatur. 
Ad Herenn. Obtrectare, maliciously detract, to speak 
disparagingly of good actions or qualities of others : ali- 
cujus laudes. Liv. Conviciari, to reproach, to use in- 
vectives, to call names : Eum conviciatus est, qui tarn 
sero venisset ad constitutum (tempus). Varr. Maledictum 
est, si falso objicitur, maledici conviciatoris. Cic. , the 
calumniator who slanders the good name of another. 

169. Caminus, Fornax, Furnus. Caminus (xdfiivog) 
and Fornax, furnace with vaulted cover, in which there is 
an aperture : Ne frigeas in hibernis, c amino luculento 
utendum censeo. Cic. Recoquunt fornacibus enses. Virg. 
Furnus, the oven to bake: In fur no calido torreto me 
pro pane rubido. Plaut. 

170. Canere, Cantare, Modulari ; Canor, Cantus, 
Canticum, Cantilena, Cantamen, Cantio, Carmen, Po- 
ema. Canere, to sing, to produce harmonious sounds 
with the voice or on an instrument, and to make that which 
can be sung, i. e. verses; also to prophesy; Cantare, 
to sing audibly and with art ; Modulari, to sing according 
to tact, to give rhythmical motion to the song: Canere voce, 
Jidibus, tibiis. Cic. Cicero ea, qua nunc usu veniunt, ceci- 
nit ut votes, Nep. Cantare ad chordarum sonum. Cic. 
Virgines carmen in Junonem canentes, sonum vocis pulsu 
pedum modulantes incesserunt. Liv. — The song is Ca- 
nor, if heard as such, e. g. lyrce ; Cantus, according to its 
mode, e. g. remissior ; Canticum, as text, as a song, poem, 
made to be sung : Nosti canticum. Cic. Convivium can- 
ticis strepit. Quinctil. Cantilena, a song which goes by 
a well-known tune, a song sung everywhere, so that it be- 
comes tiresome: Cantilenam eandem canis. Ter. Can- 
tamen, a formula of incantation : utinam magica nossem 
cantamina Musce. Prop . Cantio, the song when actually 
sung, as action, the singing, e. g. luscinice : Venejiciis et 



104 171. Caper. 172. Capere. 

cantionibus Titinice factum erat. Cic. Carmen, the 
poem, as that which can be sung, also a single verse, i. e. 
line, an epigrammatic verse or verses, an oracle, &c. : Rem 
carmine signo : Mneas hcec de Danais victoribus arma. 
Virg. Poem a, poem, as a poetic composition and produc- 
tion of art : Non esse illud carmen (Sibyllce) furentis, ip- 
sum poem a declarat ; est enim magis artis ac diligentice, 
quam incitationis et motus. Cic. 

171. Caper, ELedus, Hircus. Caper, a he-goat, entire 
or emasculated: Vir gregis ipse caper. Virg. Caper, 
qui excastratus est. Varr. Heed us, a young he - goat : Te- 
nero lascivior hcedo. Ovid. Hircus, a he-goat, with refer- 
ence to his striking qualities, as knocking, smelling, &c. : Olet 
hircum. Hoy., of the unpleasant flavor of perspiration from 
under the arm-pit. 

172. Capere, Sumere, Rapere ; Accipere, Assumere, 
Arrogare, Adsciscere; Decipere. Capere, to take, 
grasp, and to have room for something : Cape hoc fiabellum 
et ventulum huic sic facito. Ter. Stipendium cap it victor, 
quod victis imposuit. Cses. Turbam cedes vix capient. 
Ter. Sumere, to take up and away from some place of 
rest, to take for some purpose : Epistolam y in pulvino posi- 
tam, sumit ac perlegit. Sail. Sumite materiam vestris, 
qui scribitis, cequam viribus. Hor. Arma capere, to take 
up arms, to arm one's self; sumere, to take them away 
from their place. Exemplum cap it de te, he catches it from 
you, learns it from you ; ex aliis sumere. Ter., to take as a 
model, choose. Rap ere, to take away hastily, tear away: 
Distat, sumasne pudenter an rapias. Hor. — Capere, to 
take that which is given; A ccip ere, to accept, in order to 
keep, approvingly: Verres contra leges pecuniam cepit. 
Cic. Prcedonum duces, accept a pecunia, dimisit. Id. Su- 
mere, to assume, to be bold enough to do something not fit 
for us, trespassing the limits of propriety, modesty, and right ; 
Assumere, Ao claim with right in certain respects : Legatus 
prcelio decertare noluit, ne imperatorias sibi partes sum- 
sis se videretur. Cses. Quod est oratoris proprium, si id 
mihi as sumo, videor id meo jure quodam modo vindicare. 
Cses. Arrogare, 108, to arrogate, from pride or conceit: 
Non vereor, ne mihi aliquid videar arrogasse, si de quaes- 
tura mea dixero. Cic. Assumere, to receive addition; 
Adsciscere, by a decree, and as property : Sacra Cereris 
assumta de Grcecia. Cic. Adsciverunt oppidum piratce; 



173. Capillus. 174. Capite censi. 105 

primo commercio, delude etiam societate. Id. Rhetor es ex- 
pertes fuerunt prudentice, quam sibi adsciscerent. Id. — 
Cap ere, to catch, take prisoner, to capture, occupy, to se- 
duce ; Decipere, to deceive, to allure one into a trap, in 
order to take advantage : Callida assentatione, error e capi. 
Cic. Decipimur specie recti. Hor. 

173. Capillus, Crinis, Coma, C^esaries, Cincinnus, 
Cirrus, Villus, Pilus, Seta. Capillus, the hair of the 
head: Promissa barba et capilli effer aver ant speciem oris. 
Liv. Crinis, the hair collectively, in French chevelure; 
plur. Crines, the hairs as thin bodies: Crinem barbamque 
submitter e. Tac. Cap ill o pexo, vittisque innexis crini- 
bus. Varr. Coma, the long hair: intonsa, calamistrata. 
Cic, hence also the mane of the horse, foliage : Galeceque 
tremunt horrore comarum. Stat., meaning the comb on the 
helmet; in plural, of several divisions or layers. Ccesa- 
vies, the thick, long, curly hair of adults : Scipionem ador- 
nabat promissa ccesaries. Liv. Nymphce ccesariem ef- 
fuses nitidam per Candida colla. Virg. Cincinnus, an 
artificial lock; Cirrus, a natural lock, of boys : Istos com- 
positos, crispos cincinnos tuos unguent at os expellam. Plaut. 
Ambracice primum cap ilium puerilem demtum, item cir- 
ros ad Apollinem ponere solent. Cato. Villus, a bunch 
of hair, adhering to one another and pending from the head : 
Ovium villi. Cic. Pi lu s, a single, thin hair : Muniti sunt 
palpebrce tamquam vallo pilorum. Cic. Ne ullum pilum 
viri boni habere dicatur. Cic. Seta, a single strong hair, 
bristle, e. g. equina, leonis : Barba viros, hirtceque decent in 
corpore setce. Ovid. 

174. Capite censi, Proletarii, ^Erarii. Capite cen- 
si, valued by the head, were those Romans who possessed 
three hundred and seventy-five asses at the highest, and who, 
as poor, were excluded from the five classes which had a 
right to vote and did military service ; Proletarii (blessed 
with children), citizens possessed of one thousand five hun- 
dred asses at the utmost, and who, with their sons, in sudden 
and dangerous wars, entered the army, where the state sup- 
ported them; Mrarii, serfs of the public treasury; when 
the censor expelled senators or knights from their tribe, de- 
clared their citizenship and right of voting as lost (in Cceri- 
tum tabulas referri), and themselves and fortune henceforth 
to belong to the public treasury ; yet the succeeding censor 
could reinstate them : Marius milites scripsit non more 



106 175. Capulus. 178. Carpere. 

majorum, neque ex classibus, sed capite censos plerosque. 
Sail. Censor es scepenumero superiorum judiciis non steterunt, 
ut alter in cerarios referri aut tribu moveri jubeat, alter 
vetet. Cic. 

175. Capulus, Manubriubi, Ansa. Capulus, the han- 
dle of a tool or instrument of any sort, e. g. sceptri, ensis, 
aratri ; Manubrium, handle, in as far as it designates rings 
and the like to lift &c. a thing, also the handle, if it is a long, 
projecting piece, hand-piece, as it were, e. g. the handle of a 
broom, and, in general, the handle considered as contrivance 
for the hand, e. g. securis : Ad ferr amenta facta manu- 
bria aptare. Colum. Vas vinarium manubrio aureo. 
Cic. Ansa, ear, handle of a vessel: Attrita pendebat can- 
tharus ansa. Virg. 

176. Carbo, Pruna. Car bo, the coal, as effect and 
product of the fire, burning or not : Prozlia, rubrica picta aut 
car bone. Hor. Dionysius candente car bone sibi adure- 
bat capillum. Cic. Pruna, the burning, glowing coal: 
Subjiciunt veribus p run as. Virg. 

177. Carere, Egere, Indigere, Vacare ; Caritas, Pe- 
nuria, Inopia. Carere, to want, i. e. to stand in want of, 
to feel the want, not to have, the opposite of having or pos- 
sessing : malo, dolor e, febri, consuetudine amicorum. Cic. 
Non caret is, qui non desiderat. Id. Egere, to suffer 
want, the opposite of having in plenty, abundance : Consilio 
non eges, vel abundas potius. Cic. Eg ens ceque est is, qui 
non satis habet, et is, cui nihil satis potest esse. Ad Herenn. 
Indigere, to stand in great need of: Bellum indiget ce- 
leritatis. Cic. Vacare, to be open, free, empty of and for 
something: Tota domus superior vac at. Cic. Vaco culpa. 
Id. Scribes aliquid, si vacabis. Id. Philosophies semper 
vaco. Id. Caritas, 66, the quality of a thing if we dislike 
missing it, and it has, consequently, much value to us ; the 
high price of articles on account of scarcity : Vilitas annonce 
ex inopia et car it ate rei frumentarice consecuta est. Cic. 
Penuria, want, scarcity of stores, opp. copia: Cozlo, terra 
penuria aquarum. Sail. Inopia, want of assistance, help- 
lessness, embarrassment : Magna sollicitudine afficior, magna 
inopia consilii. Cic. 

178. Carpere, Legere, Meters; Vellicare. Carpe- 
re, to take off piece by piece, to pluck, e. g. poma, gramen ; 
Legere, with selection; Jlores et fraga. Virg. Met ere, 
to mow off, to reap: Ut sementem feceris, ita metes. Cic. 



179. Casa. 181. Castigare. 107 

Carp ere, to attack partially, by parts, and thus injure : 
Hostes fessum agmen car punt ab omni parte, incur santque. 
Liv., and to tease some one, to ridicule him strongly : In 
multorum peccato carpi pueros ad ignominiam non oportet. 
Cic. Vellicare, to pluck violently (the German rupfen 
and zupfen), to pinch with words, to taunt with nipping words : 
More hominum in conviviis rodunt, in circulis vellicant, 
maledico dente car punt. Cic. 

179. Casa, Tttgurium, Mapale. Casa, the hut, a small 
house, as the covering refuge: Casa capiebat parva Quiri- 
num. Ovid. Tugurium, the hut, covering against wind and 
weather: Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen. 
Virg. Map alia, Mag alia, small huts, like ovens, of the 
African nomadic tribes: Numida, map alia sua, hoc est 
domus, plaustris circumferentes. Plin. 

180. Cassis, Galea, Cudo. Cassis, C as si da, a hel- 
met of metal, as the hollow covering of the head; Galea, 
of leather, also covered over with metal, as the hiding cover- 
ing ; Cudo, of rare use, the covering, as skin-like, protecting 
covering of the head : Aurea c as si da. Virg. Ad gale as 
inducendas tempus defuit. Cses. ; both were ornamented by 
feathers (crista). Capiti cud one ferino cautum. Sil. 

181. Castigare, Punire, Pcenas petere, repetere, Pce- 
js'as, Sutplicium sumere, Animadvertere, Plectere, Mul- 
care, Multare ; Pcena, Multa. Castigare, to punish 
with the view of correcting, to correct, if used for punishing 
(German zuchtigen) : Segnitiem atque inertiam hominum. 
Cic. Punire, to punish, to make one suffer for something, 
retaliate in the sense of punishing: sontes. Cic. Pcena, 
punishment, as atonement for a crime; Pcenas petere a 
quo, to bring one to condign punishment; repetere, to de- 
mand punishment as satisfaction, atonement, to demand, as it 
were, back; to revenge something with some one : Leges 
pcenas repetunt ad injusto judice, qui pcenas ab inno- 
cente petiit. Sumere pcenas, punishment in general; 
Sumere supplicium, a severe bodily infliction, or capital 

, punishment, execution : Qui ne de d amnat a quidem pcenas 
sumere potuisset, de ea supplicium sum sit. Cic. An- 
imadvert ere (80) in quern, to visit a crime judicially*. 
Institueras in eos animadvertere, qui perperam judi- 
cassent. Cic. Plectere, to whip, chastise with blows, 
stripes, generally Plecti, to suffer painful punishment, to 
suffer dearly for something: Quidquid delirant reges, plec- 



108 182. Castus. 184. Catapulta. 

tuntur Achivi. Mule ft re, punish with bodily ill-treat- 
ment ; Mu It are, with loss : Familiam mulcavit usque ad 
mortem. Ter. Mu Itantur bonis exsules. Cic. — Mu It a, 
generally fine: Centum millium mult a irrogata erat. Liv. 

182. Castus, Pudicus, Verecundus. Castus, chaste, 
he who so chastens his sensual appetites that his morality 
appears spotless: Castus animus purusque. Cic. Pudi- 
cus, to have the proper sense of shame, indicating that bash- 
fulness which proceeds from a chaste feeling (in German 
zilchtig), he who avoids that which might excite his sensual 
appetites or might hurt his sense of shame : Erubescunt pu- 
dici etiam loqui de pudicitia. Cic. Verecundus, 
decorous, of moral deportment, from natural sense of chas- 
tity, moral delicacy, and fear of giving just scandal : Decet 
verecundum esse adolescentem. Plaut. Verecundi sunt, 
ut bene audiant, ut rumorem bonum colligant. Cic. 

183. Casus, Fors, Fortuna, Sors, Fatum ; Exitus, 
Eventus. Casus, the case, accident, untoward event, in- 
asmuch as they are unforeseen : Quod temere Jit cceco casu, 
pradici non potest. Cic. Spem varii casus fefellerunt. Id. 
Fors, the accident by which an event is caused, brought 
about : Non casu te sortitus sum amicum ; nulla etenim 
milii te fors obtulit. Hor. Fortuna, the fate which has 
been brought upon us by accident, as event to be perceived 
by the senses, as phenomenon, good or bad luck : Fortuna 
commutationem queri. Cses. Infima est conditio et fortuna 
servorum. Cic. Forte fortuna adfuit. Ter., by a happy, 
fortunate accident. Sors, the lot which, as effect of acci- 
dent, falls to one, with the additional idea of a mysterious 
destiny ; Fatum, the order of the world, of things, unchange- 
ably destined by the supreme ruler of the universe ; fate, as 
the steadily and secretly swaying power ; there is the idea of 
the unchangeable, and therefore irresistible, in fa turn: Fa t i 
lege immobilis rerum humanarum ordo seritur. Liv. Nescia 
mens hominum fa ti sortis que futurce. Virg. , differing like 
cause and effect. — Casus, event, as that which happens ; 
Exitus, the end, issue of an event ; Eventus, its effect and 
consequence, its turning out so or so, successfully or not, 
happily or not: Contigit consiliis nostris exitus, quern 
optamus. Cic. Non ex sententia eventus dicendi pro- 
cedit. Id. 

184. Catapulta, Ballista, Onager, Scorpio. Cata- 
pulta, and the (differently arranged) Ballista, were large 



185. Catena. 187. Cavere. 109 

machines for throwing (tormenta) with bows and strings, they 
threw large arrows and pieces of rocks ; Onager threw 
stones; Scorpio, a small ballista or scaffold, which threw 
very pointed arrows. From the times of Csesar, that which 
was formerly called catapulta was named ballista, and the 
former ballista was called onager. 

185. Catena, Torques, Monile ; Vinculum, Nervus, 
Manica, Compes, Pedica. As ornament of the neck served 
the Catena, a chain composed of rings; Torques, the 
twisted chain ; Monile, an ornament of the neck, composed 
of separate parts, more independent links than those of the 
chain: Eriphyla quum vidisset monile ex auro et gemmis, 
salutem viri prodidit. Cic. Chains to fetter, fetter, is Vin- 
culum, every thing which serves to lash, to tie (vincere), the 
rope, if used for this purpose; Nervus, cord, and fetter 
made of sinews; Manic a, manacle; Compes, a fetter 
applied to the lower leg (con-pes), foot-iron; Pedica, a 
noose, fetter in which the foot is kept : In vinculis et ca- 
tenis esse. Liv. Corpus in nervum ac supplicia dare. 
Id. In manicis et compedibus te sub custode tenebo. 
Hor. 

186. Cavea, Cunei, Gradus, Fori. Cavea, the seats 
in form of stairs in the amphitheatre, and the theatre as a 
hollow place, considered as a whole; ima, the lowest divi- 
sion, for senators; media, for the equites ; sum ma, the 
highest, for the people; Cunei, the divisions of these seats 
made by the stairs from above down, and which appeared, 
of course, in the form of wedges, since the upper circumfer- 
ence was wider than the lower ; below was the orchestra, 
for the senators. Cunei equestres s. quatuordecim, 
for the knights; popular es, for the people; Gradus, 
these seats according to the horizontal rows. Fori, the 
stair-like seats in the circus, the large racing-ground. 

187. Cavere, Cautionem habere ; Cautio, Satisdatio.. 
Cavere, to prevent a danger, or endeavour to do it, to take 
care against something, insidias ; ab aliquo, to be on his 
guard against some one, and to make some one give guar- 
anty, bail; Cautionem habere, to require caution and 
carefulness : Ego, quce provider i yoterunt, non foliar in Us : 
qua cautionem non habebunt, de Us non ita valde la- 
boro. Cic. Benejicentia multas habet cautiones. Id. — 
Cautio, caution, foresight, the pledge and guaranty in a 
contract, given orally, in writing, or by an actual pledge, a 

10 



110 188. Caverna. 190. Causa. 

thing pledged; Satisdatio, the action of giving bail, by 
which the other is satisfied : A malis natura declinamus : 
qua declinatio, quum ratione fit, cautio appellator. Cic. 
Satisdationem prcestare. Ulpian. 

188. Caverna, Antrum, Specus, Spelunca. Caverna, 
cavern, inasmuch as it is hollow, a hollow, excavation : E 
terra cavernis ferrum elicimus. Cic. Antrum, cavern , 
grotto, entering deep, poetical : Silvestribus abditus ant r is. 
Ovid. Specus, the more elongated hollow, cleft of rocks, 
whence dangers may be espied, hence the name; Spelun- 
ca (for speculunca), the smaller spelunca, the hiding-place, 
corner: In earn speluncam penetratum cum signis est, et 
ex eo loco obscuro multa vulnera accepta, donee altero spe- 
cus ejus ore {nam pervius erat), invento, utrceque fauces con- 
gestis lignis accensa. Liv. 

189. Caula, Ovile. Caul a, the pen, inasmuch as it 
surrounds the sheep; Ovile, the place where sheep are 
kept: Lupus insidiatus ovili, quum f remit ad caul as. 
Virg. 

190. Causa, Ratio ; Res, Lis ; Causari, Prjetendere, 
Pr^etexere. Causa, cause of an effect; Ratio, the pro- 
ceeding according to a certain calculation, hence the word ; 
that which contains the reasons why we destine a thing to 
produce an intended effect, the reasons, the grounds : Nun- 
quam bellorum semen et causa deerit. Cic. Ex laqueis se 
aliqua via ac ratione explicare. Id. In explicandis cau- 
sis rerum novarum ea, qua placebunt, exponendis rationi- 
bus comprobabis. Id. — If we have distinct objects in view, 
causa is the interest, especially of each disputing party, as, 
to have a good cause ; Res is the subject of dispute, in which 
the parties have different interests ; Lis, 62, the legal action, 
process, which is brought and had about the res : Senator 
causas populi teneto. Cic. Causam pro publicanis dixit 
Lalius. Id., to defend in court. Jus in rem; Rei vindi- 
catio. Quibus res erat in controversia, ea vocabatur Lis. 
Varr. — Causari, to assert, give something as cause; 
Pratend ere, to extend a veil before something; Pra- 
t ex ere, to weave a veil before something, i. e. to pretend, to 
veil, cloak, cover the truth ; the German vorwenden, literally 
to turn before, is taken from a very similar trope : Consen- 
sum Patrum causabantur tribuni, quo jura plebis labe- 
facta essent. Liv. Te Pythagoricum soles dicer e, et komi- 
nis doctissimi nomen tuis barbaris moribus pratendere. 
Cic. Blando fraudem pratexere risu. Claudian. 



191. Cautus. 194. Celeher. Ill 

191. Cautus, Consideratus, Circumspectcjs, Providus. 
All these signify the same with the corresponding English 
words, except that providus does not only mean provident, 
i. e. foreseeing wants, and therefore laying in provisions or 
other articles wanted at some future period, as it does in 
English, but it signifies carefully avoiding distant dangerous 
consequences. Cautus, cautious, careful against possible 
danger, being upon one's guard; Consider at us, consid- 
erate, who weighs judiciously all circumstances; Circum- 
spectus, circumspect, who views all surrounding dangers, 
and tries to protect himself suitably, who has his " eyes wide 
open." Propter insidias cautus providusque. Cic. 
Consider ati hominis est, qua de re jure decertari oportet, 
armis non contendere. Id. In cognoscendo ac decernendo 
circumspectus et sagax. Suet. 

192. Cedere, Concedere, Connivere. Cedere, to 
yield against resistance; Concedere, to yield, to concede 
from kindness, to grant; Connivere, to close the eyes, 
connive at, to be indulgent : Ille tempori, furori, consulibus 
cessit. Cic. Concedere amicis, quidquid velint. Id. Cur 
in hominum sceleribus maximis conniv etis? Id. 

193. Celare, Silere, Tacere ; Tacitus, Taciturnus. 
C el are, to hide, to conceal something of which we ought to 
inform another on account of his interest; Silere, to be 
still, quiet, not to talk; Tacere, to be silent, when we 
might or ought to speak, to abstain from talking about a 
thing, to conceal by silence, by not talking, the German ver- 
schiveigen : Celare est, quum quod tu scias, id ignorare 
emolumenti tui causa velis eos, quorum intersit id scire. Cic. 
Muta silet virgo. Ovid. Silent leges inter arma. Cic. 
Enuntiabo, quod adhuc semper tacui. Id. — Tacitus, who 
is silent ; Taciturnus, taciturn, still more one who keeps a 
secret well, and cannot be made to speak: Tu abi tacit us 
tuam viam. Plaut. Ingenium statua taciturnius. Hor. 
The English language having no verb for being silent, is de- 
ficient in all these various derivatives. 

194. Celeber, Frequens, Creber; Frequenter, Cre- 
bro, SjEpe ; Celebrare, Frequentare, Agere diem festum. 
Celeber, noisy, by a large concourse of people, by numer- 
ous visits, e. g. forum, nuptia, oraculum ; Locus Celebris, 
an desertus. Ad Herenn. Frequens, crowded by people, 
opp. pauci, singuli ; that which is in great number, and he 
who does in great number : theatrum ; municipium, populous : 



112 195. Celer. 

Senatus frequens convenit. Cic. Demosthenes fr equens 
fuit Platonis auditor. Id. Creber of increasing, accumu- 
lating number : Castella primum pauca, posted, exercitu auc- 
to, creberrima fecerunt. Liv., of frequent, increasing oc- 
currence. — Fr equenter, frequently, closely one to another ; 
Crebro, numerous, frequently in succession ; Scepe, Scepe- 
numero, often, at various times: Alexander* frequenter 
in officinam Apellis ventitabat. Plin. Crebro Catulum, 
scepe me, scepissime rem publicam nominabat. Cic. — 
Celebrare, to make loud, solemn, famous by concourse of 
people; Frequentare, to make crowded, full, to visit in 
numbers; Agere, Agitare diem festum, to celebrate 
solemnly a feast day by observing accustomed rites : Quum 
urbes Italia festos dies agere adventus mei videbantur, 
vice multitudine legatorum undique missorum celebraban- 
tur. Cic. Res omnium sermone celebrata. Id., rendered 
famous. Multi fr equentant domum meant. Id. 

195. Celer, Velox, Pernix; Levis, Agilis, Alacer, 
Promtus ; Citus, Properxis, Festinus ; Celerare, Pro- 
perare, Festinare, Maturare. Celer (celsus, 64.), quick, 
of a violent motion, or as effect of certain talents, as sinful- 
ness: Velox (volare), fleet, nimble, used of ease in the 
movement of the limbs; Pernix (niti), rapid, quick, of 
lasting moving power: Pedites velocissimi, si quo erat 
celerius recipiendum. Cses. Famam pedibus celer em et 
pernicibus alis. Virg. As capacity: Levis, light, op- 
posed to heavy of motion ; Agilis, movable, agile, quick at 
work, opp. tardus; Alacer, lively, sprightly, effect of a 
lively feeling of spirits, e. g. equus ; Promtus, ready, 
always prepared: Corpuscula volucri levitate feruntur. 
Lucret. Oderunt agilem gnavumque remissi. Hor. Vic- 
tores alacritate ad canendum excitantur. Cic. Ad bella 
suscipienda Gallorum alacer et promtus est animus. 
Caes., only of shortness of time : Citus, expediting with ex- 
ertion; Properus, hasty, in order to approach the end in 
view; Festinus, anxiously hastening, hastening while driven 
by internal disquiet: Cito transcurre curriculo ad nos. 
Plaut. Ecce venit Telamon properus. Ovid. Cur su fes- 
tinus anhelo advolat. Id. — Celer at, qui mora periculum 
sentit; Festinat, quern urget necessitas aut cupiditas ; 
Proper at, qui citius quam diligentius agit, ut aliquid con- 
ficiat ; Matiirat (to do that for which it is the right time, 
not to delay), qui rem tempestive perfectam cupit. Nonius. 



196. Cento. 198. Cessare. 113 

hide ventis r ends in patriam omni festinatione prope- 
ravi. Cic, to hasten, to hurry to obtain one's object. Multa, 
forent quce mox ccelo proper anda sereno, maturare da- 
tur. Virg., the farmer may perform with considerate dili- 
gence many labors, which he would be obliged to hurry if 
it should soon be fine weather. 

196. Cento, Lacinia, Pannus. Cento, a dress or cover 
patched together of old pieces, patchwork; Lacinia, a 
blanket, a towel, and the corner of a dress, e. g. toga ; Pan- 
nus, a. larger blanket, as that which is woven, a dress; in 
plur. Panni, rags: Cent ones sibi sarcire. Cato. Sume 
laciniam atque absterge sudor em tibi. Plaut. Pannis 
annisque obsitus. Ter. 

197. Certus, Ratus; Certe, Certo, Profecto, Sane. 
Cert us, certain, according to the ground of our knowledge 
or perception, in the which we cannot doubt ; also, sure, safe, 
of the person in whom we may trust ; also, a certain (person) 
whom we may mention as the cause, author, &c. of a certain 
thing, but whom we do not choose to designate farther : Mi- 
M certum est, I am resolved, indicates the firmness of will 
to do something acknowledged by us as the best to be done : 
Quum certum sciam, faciam te certiorem. Cic. Sunt 
cert a vitia, quce nemo est quin effugere cupiat. Id. Habe- 
bam certo s homines, quibus darem liter as. Id. Certum 
est deliberatumque omnia dicere. Id. Ratus, calculated, 
settled, that which is concluded upon, cannot be changed : 
In omni ceternitate rati immutabilesque siderum cursus. Cic. 
Testamentum ruptum aut ratum. Id., valid. — Certe, cer- 
tainly, of a thing ; at least, if it applies to a given case ; 
Certo, with certainty, of the conviction of him who knows : 
Si Deus scit, certe illud eveniet. Cic. Quod ex nostris Ut- 
eris certe scire potuistis. Id. Homines mortem vel optare 
incipiant, vel certe timere desistant. Id. De quo te non 
dubitare certo scio. Id. Profecto, assuredly, in fact, 
assuring something as fact : Non est ita, judices, non est 
profecto. Cic. Sane, entirely so, verily; Sane vellem 
potuisset obsequi voluntati tuce. Cic. ; in " concessive style," 
it signifies, may it be so : Hcec sint falsa sane. Id. 

198. Cessare, Intermittere, Desistere, Desinere ; 
Intermissio, Intercapedo. Cessare (cedere, XIX, 10., b.), 
to stop repeatedly in a work from indolence, to tarry, loiter ; 
Intermittere, to interrupt the work for a time altogether; 
Desistere, to desist from it, uncertain whether the work 

10* 



114 199. Cilus. 202. Cingere. 

will be taken up again, e. g. hello, incept o ; Desinere, to 
leave off, never to resume it again : Gorgias nunquam in suo 
studio atque opere cessavit. Cic. Milites paulisper in- 
termittunt pr odium, seque ex labor e reficiunt. Cses. Tit 
incipiendi sermonis ratio fuerit, ita sit desinendi modus. 
Cic. — Intermissio, intermission for a time, e. g. officii; 
Intercapedo, the interval, interruption: Inter capedi- 
nem scribendi facer e. Cic. 

199. Cibus, Esca, Cibaria, Edulia. Cilus, food, as 
that which satisfies, assuages hunger; Cibaria, every thing 
used for this purpose, victuals ; Esca, prepared food, meal ; 
also, bait; Edulia, all eatables except bread : Cibo et po- 
tione famem sitimque depellere. Cic. Cibaria cocta die- 
rum decern. Nep. Dii non escis aut potionibus vescuntur. 
Cic. Commercatis conquisite edulibus. Afran. 

200. Cicur, Mansuetus, Mitis, Lenis. Clcur, tamed, 
accustomed to man, not fearing him; Mansuetus, accus- 
tomed to the hand of man, serving man, tame, mildly dis- 
posed ; Mi tis, yielding, soft, mild ; Lenis, soft, not disa- 
greeable to the feeling, agreeable to it : Genera bestiarum 
vel cicurum vel ferarum. Cic. Vir quidam sapiens hom- 
ines ex feris et immanibus mites reddidit et mansuetos. 
Cic, of sociable disposition. Casar, homo mitissimus 
atque lenissimus. Id. 

201. Ciere, Excire, Excitare. Ciere, excite, stir up, 
set into activity, e. g. motus, lacrimas, pugnam, helium ; pa- 
trem ciere, to call one's father, and thus prove birth as a 
freeman ; Excire, to chase up that which was at rest : Ex- 
tremos pavor cuhilihus suis excitos in fug am tulit. Liv. 
Excitare, to excite more violently, by calling or any other 
stirring means, e. g. e somno, ah inferis. 

202. Cingere, Redimire, Circumdare, Ambire ; Cin- 
gulum, Redimiculum, Zona. Cingere, to fence (circum- 
fence), to gird, holding together : castra vallo, comam lauro : 
Flumen oppidum cingit. Redimire, to wind around, to 
hem, hem in: capillos serto, vitta; Circumdare, to sur- 
round all around : brachia collo, oppidum vallo et fossa ; 
Ambire (amb, XVII. ), to walk round something, to surround 
a thing from all sides, neutraliter, i. e. being situated all 
around: Oceanus terram, amnis insulam ambit. — C in g il- 
ium, the girdle ; Cingulus, a large circle which surrounds 
something : Cernis terram quasi quibusdam redimitam et 
circumdatam cingulis. Cic. Cingula, the saddle-girt: 



203. Cinis. 206. Civis. 115 

Nova cingula Icedit equum. Ovid. Redimiculum, that 
which serves to tie round, riband, band, sash: Habent r e di- 
nt icul a mitrcB. Virg. Zona, a, girdle in general: Zona, 
qua cincta fuit. Ovid. Quinque tenent codum Zona. Virg., 
the zone. 

203. Cinis, Favilla, Scintilla. Cinis, the ashes, be- 
cause a grayish-white (55) body; Favilla, the flying ashes 
(fdvere) ; Scintilla, spark : Dilapsam in cineres facem. 
Hor. Scintillas agere, ac late differre fa v ill am. Lucret. 

204. Circus, Circulus, Orbis, Gyrus. Circus and 
Civ cuius, the circle, as the outermost line of a circular 
space: Stella circos suos orbesque conficiunt. Cic. ah cir- 
culos; especially Circus maximus, the race-ground in 
Rome; circus theatri; Vasa circulis cingere, with 
hoops; sermones in circulis. Cic, in circles of society. 
Orbis, the circular space, space marked out by the circle, 
hence terrarum, because the earth was considered to be such : 
Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orb em. Ovid. Gy- 
rus, the motion in a circle: In gyros ire coactus equus. 
Ovid. 

205. Cis, Citra. Cis, this side of, designates the whole 
space between the person who speaks and a certain limit ; 
Citra, on this side of, a place or country in this space: 
Gallia Cisalpina. Cic. Vinum citra mare natum. Hor. 

206. Civis, Popularis, Incola ; Civitas, Urbs, (Caput,) 
Oppidum, Municipium, Colonia, Prjefectura. Civis, cit- 
izen, as member of the state, and participator in its liberties 
and burdens: Eques Romanus, Jiujus rei publicce civis. 
Cic. Mei civ es, my fellow-citizens (not concives). Pop- 
ularis, one of the same nation, a countryman: Indibilis 
Herges non popular es modo, sed Ausetanos quoque, vici- 
nam gentem, concitat. Liv. Incola, inhabitant of a certain 
place or country: Totius mundi incola et civis. Cic. — 
Civitas, all the citizens, as society forming the state, and 
the citizenship, the aggregate of rights of a citizen : Servos 
libertate, id est civ it ate donor e. Cic. Urbs, city, as the 
place, solemnly consecrated and surrounded by a wall, of a 
civitas ; also this place with reference to its magnitude, 
rights, privileges, a capital : Et Roma urbs est, et earn ci- 
vitas incolit. Cic. [Caput, head, it is called in as far as 
it is the most powerful, considerable, of a country : Thebce, 
caput totius Grcecice. Nep. Thus, New York would be the 
caput, but Albany the urbs, by way of preference, of the 



116 207. Clam. 210. Clarus. 

State of New York.) Oppidum, town, as a remaining, 
stationary dwelling-place : tfbii sua omnia ex agris in oppi- 
da conferunt. Cses. Oppidum Britanni vocant, quum 
silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt. Id. With re- 
spect to Home as the capital, Municipium is a free, pro- 
vincial city in Italy, with its own laws, magistracy, and Sacra, 
generally also with Roman citizenship ; Colonial Roman 
colonial city, which was granted to Roman citizens for colo- 
nization: In colonias Latinas scepe nostri cives profecti 
sunt, aut sua voluntate, aut legis multa., Cic. Prcefectura, 
a town suspected of want of loyalty, and which was governed 
by a prcefectus appointed by Rome, e. g. Capua. 

207. Clam, Clanculum, Furtim, Secreto. Clam, se- 
cretly, without knowledge of others, unobserved by others ; 
the same, but stronger, is Clanculum, in secret; Multa 
palam domum suam auferebat ; plura clam de medio remo- 
vebat. Cic. Alii clanculum patres quce faciunt, ea ne me 
celet, consuefeci jilium. Ter., without knowledge of their 
fathers. Clanculum ex cedibus me edidi for as. Plaut. 
Furtim, stealthily, like thieves: Lagence furtim exsic- 
catce. Cic. Se ere to, secretly, separated from others: Ego 
et Pompeius secreto collocuti sumus. Cic. 

208. Clamare, Vociferari; Clamator, Rabula. C la- 
mare, indicating the scream, in speaking or calling; Voci- 
ferari, vociferate, to speak violently, with great exertion, 
in passion, pain: Ipse minitari absenti Diodoro ; vocife- 
rari palam: lachrimas vix tenere. Cic. — Clamator, the 
bawler, who with great noise makes empty speeches (in Ger- 
man Schreihals) ; Rabula, a bad lawyer, who can only 
make noise and use scurrilous language in court: Rabula 
aut plane indocti et inurbani, aut rustici etiam. Cic. 

209. Clangor, Stridor, Crepitus, Strepitus. The 
sound, ringing and sounding loud, is, as far as we perceive it 
with the sense of hearing, Clangor, e. g. tubce, aquila, an- 
seris ; Stridor, whistling, hissing, whizzing, screaming, or 
loud and not' agreeable sound, as the cackling of geese, the 
sound of owls, elephants, monkeys, the grunting of hogs : 
Stridor anguis, serrce, teli ; Crepitus, screaking, clat- 
tering, rattling, suddenly and violently, yet in short intervals, 
e. g. claustrorum, plagarum, digitorum; Strepitus, roar- 
ing, rustling, of lasting sound, noise, e. g. rotarum. Canes, 
sollicitum genus ad nocturnos strepitus. Cic. 

210. Clarus, Manifestus, Evidens, Perspicuus; II- 



211. Classiarii. 117 

LirsTRis, Lnsignis, Nobilis, Celebes, Ixclitus. Clarus, 
clear, light, for the sense of sight and hearing, as the Ger- 
man hell is used for color and sound, and as we say clear 
day, clear voice, opp. obscurus, dark ; e. g. dies ; lucerna, 
Stella, effulgent, bright ; vox, clear and audible : Clara res 
est, iota Sicilia celeberrima atque notissima. Cic. Mani- 
festus, plain, open, from manus, as the German handgreif 
lich, that which can be grasped with the hand ; opp. latens. 
Cades manifest a. Cic. Evidens, evident, that which 
clearly appears to the eyes, the German augenscheinlich, ap- 
pearing to the eyes, not requiring farther proof, opp. dubius, 
e. g. narratio, argumentum: Tarn evidens women hac tern- 
pestate rebus adfirit Romanis. Liv. Perspicuus (trans- 
parent, through which we may see), perfectly clear, not 
requiring farther explanation: Ita perspicua Veritas, ut 
earn infirmare nulla res possit. Cic. — Clarus, bright, giving 
light, lustre by excellent qualities, celebrated, e. g. genere 
fact is que ; III us tr is, famous, enjoying fame and glory 
from without, illustrious: Homines illustres honor e ac 
nomine. Cic. Factum illustre notumque omnibus. Id. 
lnsignis, distinguished, good or bad: Virtus Scipionis 
etiam posteris erit clara et insignis. Cic. Nobilis, 
very much known: Demetrius ex doctrina nobilis. Cic. 
Competitores non tarn genere insignes, quam vitiis nobi- 
les. Id. Hence Nob Hit as, celebrity by birth, nobility. 
Celeber, 194, famous, renowned, of whom much noise is 
made: Marnii celeb re nomen laudihusfu.it. Liv. Incli- 
ius, obsolete Inclutus, very loud, famous, of whom they 
talk much : Templum Feronia inclitum divitiis. Liv. 

211. Classiarii, Classici, Nautje, (Vectores), Natjt- 
tici, Socn navales, Refuges. Classiarii, crew and 
marines belonging to a fleet, according to their profession : 
Centurio classiarius. Tac, naval centurio. Those who 
belong according to their species to the fleet, are Classici ; 
if belonging to the same fleet, Nautici crew belonging to 
one vessel. These were taken from among the lowest citi- 
zens and freed slaves ; but the sailors, who as a corporation 
were called Socii navales, were enlisted in the maritime 
cities. From these differ the Remiges, oarsmen, who were 
slaves: Jussus e nauticis unus escendere in malum. Liv. 
Hasdrubal classicos milites, navales que socios in 
naves compellit. Id. Nauta is the sailor who manages, 
serves the vessel; Vector, the passenger: Lahore et per- 



118 212. Claudere. 215. Clemens. 

sever antia nautarum se vim tempestatis super are posse 
sperabat. Cses. Omnis vector nihil prius quarit, quam cu- 
jus se diligentice credat. Petron. 

212. Claudere, Obserare, Obturare, Obstruere, Op- 
pilare. Claudere, to lock up, to surround and thus lock 
up, as it were, forem cubiculi, urbem operibus, transitum 
angusti saltus : Duce legiones agmen claudebant. Cses. 
Obserare, to lock with a bolt (lock) : Ostium obsera- in- 
tus. Ter. Obturare (to door up, as it were), to stop an 
opening, hole : Cadum operculo, formicarum foramina ; ali- 
cui os, ne maledicat. Plaut. Obstruere, to obstruct by 
layers of things one upon the other, block up by building : 
iter, portas castrorum. Oppilare, to dam up. with piles: 
Potest magnus congestus arence fluctibus adversis oppilare 
ostia, Lucret. 

213. Claudere, Claudicare. Both are limping, being 
lame, but the first only tropically : Beata vita etiamsi ex 
aliqua parte clauderet. Cic. Carvilius graviter claudi- 
cabat ex vulnere. Id. Vulgus, si quid in oratione claudi* 
cat, sentit. Id. 

214. Claustrum, Pessulus, Repagulum, Obex, Sera. 
Claustrum, every contrivance to keep something locked 
up, also turnpike, outer wall, frontier fortress : Effringi fo- 
res, revelli claustra. Cic. Claustris retinere feram. 
The ancients used a bolt instead of a lock. The bolt had a 
hole in the middle ; into this, the opening person put, through 
the key-hole, an iron, with which the bolt was lifted ; in lock- 
ing a door, this iron was taken out with the key [clavis). 
Pessulus is the small bolt, turning downward, and which is 
pulled up ; the cross-bolt, going into the wall, and hence 
must be pulled back, was Repagulum, inasmuch as it 
firmly secured the door, and Obex, inasmuch as it was 
pushed across: Occlude fores ambobus pessulis. Plaut. 
Portas objice clauserat. — Sola Venus porta cecidissere- 
pagula sensit. Ovid. Sera, a bolt which can be taken 
away : Serai, quibus remotis fores panduntur. Varr. 

215. Clemens, Indulgens, Placidus, Misericors. Cle- 
mens, gracious, he who, from humane motives, tempers his 
feeling of revenge, clement, opp. iratus ; Indulgens , in- 
dulgent, who does not blame or punish, though he disapproves 
of something, opp. severus, stern: CI em en ti castigatione 
licet uti. Cic. Pater nimis indulgens quidquid ego ad- 
strinxi, relaxat. Id. The clem ens is merciful toward the 



216. Clipeus. 219. Ccena. 119 

criminal, the indulgens gracious in granting favors. Pla- 
cidus, calm, mild by self-rule, placid, opp. iracundus : 
Quum mihi videretur irasci, eum placidum mollemque red- 
didi. Cic. Mis eri cor s, compassionate toward unmerited 
suffering, from the interest of the heart : Pater ipso nomine 
patrio valet apud clementes judices et misericordes, 
Cic. 

216. Clipeus, Scutum, Parma, Pelta, Cetra, Ancile. 
Clipeus, the smaller, oval, hollow shield of bronze, cover- 
ing the whole breast ; Scutum, the larger shield, four feet 
long, two and a half wide, made of wood, and covered with 
linen or skin, and on the rim with iron; Parma, a round 
shield, about three feet in diameter, of wood covered with 
leather, used by the light infantry and cavalry. Pelta, 
smaller, crescent-like, also square, without protuberance or 
knob (umbo) in the centre, used by the Macedonians, Ama- 
zons, &c. Cetra, similar to the pelta, made of thongs of. 
buffalo or elephant skin, used by the Spaniards and Africans ; 
Ancile, elongated oval, and in the middle on both sides cut 
out, as the Salians carried in processions. 

217. Cochlea, Concha, Mitulus, Musculus. Cochlea, 
an animal with one shell, wound, the shell as well as the 
animal in it: Iste tamquam cochlea, abscondens retentat 
sese tacitus et cum domo sua, ut comedatur, aufertur. Ad 
Herenn. Concha, a shell-fish with two shells, as the oys- 
ter : Pisciculi parvi in concham hiantem innatant. Cic, 
also the mere shells: Ostreaque in conchis tuta fuere suis. 
Ovid. Mitulus and Musculus, the former small, are 
species of it. 

218. Codex, Codicilli, Liber, Volumen, Periculum. 
Codex, a book made of thin boards covered with wax, leaves 
of parchment or papyrus, tied together at the back with a 
thong; Codicilli a small note-book, with smaller boards 
covered with wax ; Liber, properly, the bark of trees, a 
book consisting thereof, or of papyrus, generally used with 
reference to the contents of a book : Lib rum tibi mittam de 
gloria. Cic. Volumen, the scroll of a book consisted of 
several leaves (pagince) glued together, which were wound 
around a wooden cylinder: Libros tres in sex volumina 
propter amplitudinem divisi. Plin. Epist. Periculum, a 
protocol, as an original writing : Scribarum fidei tabula pub- 
lico, pericula que magistratuum committuntur. Cic. 

219. Ccena, Jentaculum, Prandium, Merenda ; Ccena- 



120 220. Ccenum. 

culum, Ccenatio, Triclinium. Ccena, the chief meal, 
which, with the ancient Romans began with sunset, about the 
twelfth, but at a later period at the tenth and eighth hour of 
the day : Coznato milii et jam dormitanti epistola est red- 
dita. Cic. Cozna recta, a complete meal, wanting nothing, 
well furnished: Promissa est nobis sportula: recta data 
est. Martial. Jentaculum, the breakfast: Surgite ; jam 
vendit pueris j entacula pistor. Martial. Pr andium, 
luncheon, a slight meal toward noon, or merely some small 
relish before going to the forum, or with laborers : Claudius 
ad spectaculum meridie, dimisso ad prandium populo, per- 
sedebat. Suet. Merenda, the " afternooning," afternoon 
luncheon (Vesperbrot, in German). — Coznaculum, the 
dining-room, generally a back apartment of the upper story : 
Ubi coznabant, coznaculum vocitabant. Posieaquam in su- 
per iore parte coznitare cozperunt, superior is domus universa 
coznacula dicta. Varr. Coznatio, the magnificent dining- 
room of the rich : Coznationes laqneatce tabulis eburneis. 
Suet. Triclinium, a composition of three sofas for dining, 
each generally for three persons, around a table ; also the 
room where such was standing : Rogatus est, ut triclinium 
sterneret. Atque ille stravit pelliculis hcedinis lectulos Pu- 
njcanos. Cic. 

220. CraNUM, Lutum, Limus ; Stercus, Fimus, Merda, 
QuisquilijE ; Situs, Squalor, Sordes, P^idor, Illuvies. 
Ccenum, liquid dirt, filthy, disgusting fluids, drainings of the 
barnyard; Lutum, dirt, consisting of dissolved earth and 
water, mire ; Limus, thin slime, sediment of impure fluids : 
Male olet omne c 02 num. Cic. Milites luto et assiduis im- 
bribus tardabantur. Cses. Amnis abundans obducto late 
tenet omnia limo. Virg. More consistent masses are: 
Stercus, animal excrements, both as such and as manure : 
quod ex avibus, ex hominibus, ex pecudibus confit. Colum. 
Stercore et cozno aliquem incessere. Suet. Segetem ster- 
corant fruges, lupinum, faba, vicia. Stercus unde fa- 
cias, str amenta, lupinum, paleas, fabalia. Cato. Fimus 
and Ft mum, dung, excrements mixed with other bodies, 
used for the mass of dung, e. g. on the dung-hill : Asinus 
facilius concoquit, et bene confectum atque idoneum protinus 
arvo fimum reddit. Colum. Si quis fimo corrupto ali- 
quem perfuderit, cozno, luto oblinuerit. Digg. Fabce ca- 
prini fimi. Plin. Merda, dirt, rather liquid animal excre- 
ment, in as far as it soils: Merdis caput inquiner albis 



221. Cazpisse. 222. Cogere. 121 

corvorum. Hor. Quisquilice, all sorts of offal, mixed 
rubbish, sweepings, slops: Omitto quisquilias seditionis 
Clodiance. Cic., i. e. bad people, scum. Sticking dirt is Si- 
tus, also dirt or soiling or disfiguring substance which has 
originated from an article's long lying in a damp place, dirt, 
mould, rust: Situ corrumpi. Plaut. Squalor is the dis- 
gusting dirt of a sloven, opp. nitor, neatness: Obsita squa- 
lore vestis. Sordes, the offal which is thrown away, the 
dirtiness of the rabble, in which they live, opp. splendor, 
cleanliness, neatness: Sint sine sordibus ungues. Ovid. 
With mourners and the unfortunate, who wish to excite com- 
passion, squalor is soiled appearance, if they disregard or- 
nament and beauty ; sordes, if they disregard their standing 
and dignity. Pee dor, filth which emits offensive effluvia 
from protracted uncleanliness (situs): Barba p adore hor- 
rida atque intonsa. Cic. Illuvies, accumulated filth, which 
gradually has increased: Ablue corpus illuvie ceternisque 
sordibus squalidum. Curt. 

221. Ccepisse, Incipere, Inchoare, Ordiri, Infit. Cce- 
pisse, having begun, intransitive, and with respect to the 
action, hence with the infinitive : Divitiacus domum discedere 
ccepit. Cses., the action did begin, but was not completed. 
Strepitus audiri cozpere. Tac, passive: Pons institui 
cceptus est. Cses. Incipere, making the beginning, lay- 
ing hand to a work, active, e. g. opus, iter ; also, Jam fru- 
menta maturescere incipiebant. Cses. Hence Incipiens 
annus, the beginning of the first period of a space of time ; 
Iniens annus, the entering, now arriving year, of the first 
point from which it begins. Inchoare, to plan, to lay out a 
thing, to lay the first foundation of a thing which is to be ex- 
ecuted, opp. perjicere, e. g. navem, picturam : Opera prce- 
clare inch oat a multa, perfecta non plane. Cic. Ordiri, 
to begin something at the foremost part, used with reference 
to the duration and weariness of a work, properly of a time : 
Pertexe modo, quod exorsus es. Cic. Cum bonis pre- 
cationibus Beorum libentius inciperemus, ut orsis tanti 
operis successus prosperos darent. Liv. Infit, he begins, 
an ancient form of introducing a person as adding something 
new in one's relation : lbi infit Albanus. Liv. 

222. Cogere, Compellere, Contrahere, Colligere^ 
Conficere. Cogere, to drive together, to assemble, crowd- 
ing together; Compellere, driving on, and pushing on: 
Cogere senatum, copias, pecuniam ; Tityre, coge pecus. 

11 



122 223. Cogitare. 225. Cohibere. 

Virg., keep together. Pastor es compulerant greges in 
unum. Id. In hunc sensum et alii ci or beneficiis hominum, 
et compellor injuriis. Cic. Contrahere, to draw to- 
gether into a narrower space : Vibullius ex finitimis regioni- 
bus contrahit cohortes. Cses. Colligere, to collect, 
picking singly, e. g. fructus, sparsos capillos in nodum ; Se 
colli g ere est dissipatas animi partes nirsum in suum locum 
cog ere. Cic. Co nfi cere, to bring together with care and 
labor, and produce something in a degree of completeness : 
bibliothecam, magnam ex aliqua re pecuniam ; Bellovacos 
posse conficere armata millia centum. Cses. 

223. Cogitare, Reputare, Perpendere, Deliberare ; 
Sentire. Cogitare, thinking: Mens cogitat, id est, 
plura in unum cogit (XIX, 10., a.), unde eligere possit. Varr. 
Mihi visus est toto animo de tuis commodis cogitare. Cic. 
Reputare (see 94), to reflect repeatedly upon something 
which we call back in our memory, thinking over : Hcec ille 
reputans et dies noctesque cogitans. Cic. Perpen- 
dere, to weigh something thoroughly, to examine on all 
sides : Cato diligentissime perpendet momenta officiorum 
omnium. Cic. Deliberare, to deliberate, to weigh reasons 
pro and contra, in order to determine one's self, with free 
choice, as to a final resolution : Deliberat senatus, captivos 
ab hostibus redimat, an non. Ad Herenn. Iste statuerat et 
deliberaverat non adesse. Cic, conclude upon after ma- 
ture reflection. Cogitare designates merely activity of 
the mind; Sentire, 94, the determination of judgment or 
opinion by the moral feeling : Orator pervestiget, quid ii 
homines, quibus aliquid dicendo persuadere velit, cogitent, 
sentiant, opinentur, exspectent. Cic. Omnia de re publica 
praclara atque egregia sentire. Id. 

224. Cognoscere, Agnoscere, Dignoscere. Cognos- 
cere, to become acquainted with, to know something by cer- 
tain marks of distinction (in German, erkennen). Cczsar 
Illyricas nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat. 
Cses. Statilius cognovit et signum et manum suam. Cic. 
Agnoscere, recognising something already known, ac- 
knowledging: Deum agnoscis ex operibus ejus. Cic. Di- 
gnoscere, to distinguish something by known marks from 
other things : Ut possem curvo dignoscere rectum. Hor. 

225. Cohibere, Continere, Coercere, Comprimere, 
Frenare, Compescere, Inhibere. Co hi b ere, keeping to- 
gether, closely one to another : crinem no do, brachium toga ; 



226. Colaphus. 229. Columen. 123 

se cohibere, to take courage (that which familiarly is ex- 
pressed by plucking up a good heart, and very beautifully in 
German by ermannen, to bring out the man in one's self, to 
take courage and be a man) ; Continere, to keep together 
by application of power from without : exercitum castris ; 
Taciturn continere gaudium non poterant. Liv. Se con- 
tin ere, to restrain fits of passion or strong feeling. Coer» 
cere, to limit, bring back to a smaller place of action, to 
restrain within proper bounds that which resists : amnem extra 
ripas diffluentem ; cupiditates, seditionem. Comprimere, 
to press together, repress, manus, vocem ; to stem by physical 
force, to stop, to stem : seditionem, furorem. Frenare, to 
bridle, restrain : equum, laying on a bridle : Clodii furores 
nullis legibus, nullis judiciis frenare poteramus. Cic. 
Compescere, suppressing something on the point of exceed- 
ing measure and limit, violently or forcibly, and with judg- 
ment not allowing it to become too large or too violent : 
ramos Jluentes. Virg., querelas, dolor es ; dissolutos mores vi 
compescere. Phsedr. Inhibere, to stop, to keep back 
something in its course, flight : impetum victoris ; remos ; 
navem remis or retro inhibere, to row back. 

226. Colaphus, Alapa. Colaphus (v.olacpog), a blow 
in the face with clenched fists; A I dp a, with the flat hand, 
a box on the ear. * 

227. Collis, Clivus, Mons, Jugum, Tumulus. Co 11 is, 
a hill, the sides of which converge at the top in an arched 
line; Clivus, the inclination, inclining side of a hill or 
mountain: In clivum Capitolinum erigunt aciem. Liv. 
Mons, mountain, higher and steeper than Collis; Mon- 
te s, a mountain chain, aggregate of mountains. J it gum, 
the yoke which unites two or more mountain tops ; also a 
chain thus connected: Jugum eos montes perpetuo dor so 
inter sejungit. Liv. Tumulus, a hillock, a natural or arti- 
ficial small hill: In planitie erat tumulus terreus satis 
grandis. Cses. 

228. Color, Pigmentum, Fucus. Color, color: Iris 
tr aliens varios adverso sole colores. Virg. Pigmentum, 
dye, the body which imparts color: Adspersa temere pig- 
ment a in tabula, Fucus, sea grass, as dyeing stuff, and 
rouge : Non fuco illitus, sed sanguine diffusus color. Cic. 

229. Columen, Fulcrum; Columna, Pila, Ant^e. Co- 
lumen, the round, perpendicular support of the gable end ; 
tropically, the column, the support: rei publicce ; Fulcrum, 



124 230. Cominus. 233. Comitia. 

the support in general, especially of the bed, bedposts : Pueri 
nobiles ad fulcra lectorum vescebantur. Suet. Columna, 
the round column, as support or ornament of a building : 
Column ce et templa et porticus sustinent. Cic. Pila, the 
pillar, as support or against the wall, not round, but with 
corners, and of brick work: Pila pontis. Liv. Ant a, the 
door-posts : Antes sunt later a ostiorum. Fest. 

230. Cominus, Prope. Cominus, also Commi.nus, 
threatening near by, or in order to pick a quarrel, to come to 
combat: Cum hoste cominus in acie pugnare. Cic. Pro- 
p e, near, of the local situation : Erat in Italia helium tarn 
prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit. Cic. 

231. Comis, Humanus, Urbanus. Comis (homo), kind, 
kindly, ready to serve, anticipating : Comes, benigni, faciles, 
suaves homines esse dicuntur : qui erranti co miter mon- 
strant viam. Cic. Humanus, humane, he who, in social 
relations, proves a man of education, kindness of heart, and 
well-meaning disposition toward others, benevolent, conde- 
scending : Hoc igno seer e, est humanitatis tuce. Cic. Ur- 
banus, one who has good manners and fine education, 
urbane, mannerly, polite, polished, opp. rusticus : Hie tibi 
comis, et urb anus, liber que videtur. Hor. 

232. Comitari, Prosequi, Stipare. Cbmitari, to ac- 
company some one, going with or by the side of him ; Pro- 
sequi on account of honoring him, to go before him, but 
following his movements (pro - sequi) ; Stipare, to accom- 
pany one in multitude, surrounding and protecting him : Pas- 
tor em comitantur oves. Virg. Valerium decedentem do- 
mum homines cum fav ore ac laudibus prosecuti sunt. Liv. 
Magnus c omit at us fait regius, cum amicorum, turn satel- 
litum turba s tip ante. Liv. 

233. Comitia, Concilium, Consilium, Concio, Ccetus, 
Conventus. Comitia, a solemn meeting of all Roman 
citizens, in which, by majority of votes, resolutions were 
passed respecting the elections of priests and magistrates, 
laws and punishments for highly penal crimes : Tenetis c o- 
mitia centuriata et tributa curiata tantum auspiciorum causa 
remanserunt. Cic. Concilium, a meeting of part of the 
people called (cdlare) together : Is, qui non universum popu- 
lum, sed partem aliquam adesse jubet, non comitia, sea con- 
cilium edicere debet. Gell. Consilium, a meeting of a 
number of men deliberating jointly and for common interest : 
Senatus est consilium publicum. Concio, a meeting 



234. Commemoratio. 237. Commissura. 125 

called together to hear something : Consul advocat concio- 
nem: habet orationem. Cic. Dimissa condone, consi- 
lium habitum, omnibusne copiis Luceriam pr 'enter ent. Liv. 
Coitus, a multitude convened for some purpose or other: 
Solemnes ccetus ludorum. Cic. Conventus, a meeting, 
inasmuch as it assembles at a certain place : Syracusani 
festos dies agunt, celeberrimo virorum mulierumque con- 
ventu. Cic. 

234. Commemoratio, Mentio. Commemoratio, the 
mentioning of a thing, supposed to be known to the addressed 
person ; Mentio, of one, of which the speaking person thinks 
just now: Istcec commemoratio quasi exprobratio est 
immemoris beneficii. Ter. Casu in eorum mentionem in- 
cidi. Cic. 

235. CoMMENDARE, CoMMITTERE, PERMITTERE, CREDERE. 

Commendare, recommending, to charge some one that he 
take care of, or interest in, a person, according to the desire 
of the recommending person; Committer e, to hand over 
the recommended person to the protection of another in con- 
fidence in his honesty ; Permittere, to leave a thing to the 
free disposition of another; Credere, 97, trusting some- 
thing to another, convinced that he will correspond to our 
confidence, e. g. pecuniam alicui : llle tibi moriens nos com- 
mend av it senex. Ter. Homo vestrce commissus est 
Jidei, permissus potestati. Cic. 

236. Commentari, Meditari. Commentari, to re- 
flect upon something, and thus to produce new thoughts, or a 
new disposition of them : Futuras mecum commentabar 
miserias. Cic. Hortensius erat memoria tanta, ut, qua se- 
cum commentatus esset, ea sine scripto verbis eisdem 
redder et, quibus cogitavisset. Id. Meditari, to think out 
means and to practise in order to obtain an object, to think 
out something : Meditare, quibus verbis illius cupiditatem 
restinguas. Cic. M edit or esse affabilis, et bene proce- 
dit. Ter. 

237. Commissura, Compages, Compago. Commissura, 
the joint, groove, at the spot where two parts attached to one 
another join : Digitorum contractio facilis propter molles 
commissuras et artus. Cic. Compages, the joining of 
closely attached parts of a whole, as quality : Species efficiens 
lapidum compagibus arcum. Ovid. Compago, the means 
of joining, by which parts are kept together : Calami com- 
pagine ceres, inter se juncti. Ovid . 

11* 



126 238. Commodare. 241. Compvrare. 

238. Commodare, Mutuum dare. Commodare, to 
give something to another for his use, to assist him with 
something gratis; Mutuum dare, to give something in 
exchange, i. e. so that it be returned in equal value, equal 
quality; also with interests Mdes amico ad nuptias com* 
mo dare. Ad Herenn. Egnatio magnam dedimus pecu- 
niam mutuam. Cic. 

239. Commodus, Opportunus, Utilis ; Facilis. Corn- 
modus, that which is convenient, comfortable of itself, always 
so; Opportunus, convenient according to circumstances, 
opportune, or by its situation and circumstances, for the exe- 
cution of some plan: Urbs opportunissima portu egre- 
gio, wide terra marique, quce belli usus poscunt, suppediten- 
tur. Liv. Utilis, useful, that which may serve as proper 
means for a purpose: Cibus utilis cegro. Ovid. — Corn- 
modus, he who yields to others, kind, obliging : Commodis 
esse moribus. Cic. Fa cili s, tractable, yielding : Faciles 
nos ad concedendum liabebit. Cic. 

240. Communicare, Participare, Impertire ; Communis, 
Publicus. Communicare, to make something entirely 
common with another, so that both have, enjoy it, to commu- 
nicate, not to retain it for one's self: consilia, cur am cum 
aliquo ; Provinciam Galliam cum Antonio communicavi. 
Cic. Participare, to give a part of a whole to some one, 
to make one share in something, and to be made to share in 
something, to receive a share in a thing, participate in : Ser- 
vum sui participat consilii. Plaut. Qui alteri exitium 
par at, pestem participat par em. Cic. Impertire, rarer 
Impertiri, to assign a proper share: Salutem alicui and 
salute aliquem, to greet. Indigentibus de re familiari i m- 
pertiendum. Cic. — Communis, common, of which all 
have an equal degree of use or advantage : Res publica res 
communis. Cic. Mare commune est omnibus. Plaut. 
Publicus, belonging to the people forming a state, peculiar 
to it, relating to it : Via, pecunia publica. 

241. COMPARARE, COMPONERE, CoNFERRE, CONTENDERE. 

Comparing, in order to find out the degree of similarity of 
two or more things, is given by Comparare, discovering 
the marks of equality of two things (par) ; Componere, to 
place them by the side of each other, in order to see how far 
they agree or disagree : Testes cum his legatis se co mp a- 
rent, dignitati horum componant suam. Cic. Compo- 
nere causam suam cum causa adversarii. Quinctil. Con- 



242. Compitum. 247. Concitare. 127 

ferre, to bring them together, when they differ much from, 
or are opposed to, each other : Parva magnis scepe rectissime 
conferuntur. Cic. Contendere, holding together, to 
see whether they fit, if the latter is yet doubtful : Signum 
recte comparebat ; hujus contendi annulum. Plaut. 

242. Compitum, Trivium. Compitum,, cross-way, place 
where two or more roads join ; Trivium, where three roads 
meet: Ubi via competunt, turn in compitis sacrificatur. 
Varr. In triviis aut in compitis auctionari. Cic. 

243. Compos, Potens. Compos, he who is master of a 
thing, has power of mastering it, disposes freely of it, over it : 
mentis and mente, sui, lingua, libertatis : Prceda ingenti 
compos exercitus. Liv. Compos designates possession; 
Potens, powerful, having capacity of, and signifies that 
which is actually possessed, e. g. regni. Dum liber, dum 
mei potens sum. Liv. 

244. Concavus, Convexus. Concdvus, hollow of a 
surface, depressed in the central region, concave ; a surface 
which is capable of receiving, containing something : Ventus 
concava vela tenet. Ovid. Co nve x u s, arched, of a body 
which regularly rounds off from the central part, both of the 
outer and inner surface : Coeli convex a tueri. Virg. 

245. Concinnus, Elegans, Subtilis. Concinnus, 
pleasing by symmetry and harmony, fitting ; Elegans, by 
choice, selection, tasty; Subtilis, 21, by precision, accu- 
racy, and simplicity, fine ; of expression : Virgo est con- 
cinna facie. Plaut. In oratione forma ipsa concinni- 
t as que verhorum conficiat orbem suum. Cic. Intelligo, te, 
hominem in omni judicio elegantissimum, quce me digna 
putaris, coemisse. Cic. Subtilis definitio. — Hcec subti- 
lis oratio etiam incomta delectat. Id. 

246. Concio, Oratio. Concio, a speech, inasmuch as 
it is directed to a meeting, see 233. Marcellus in castris 
concionem apud milites habuit. Liv. Oratio, a dis- 
course, arranged according to art and system, prepared for 
public delivery : Isocrates, orationis faciendce et ornandce 
auctor locupletissimus. Cic. 

247. Con — Incitare, Instigare, Exstimulare ; Soli- 
citare. Concitare, to excite together, to set one's self in 
motion: multitudinem ad arma; calcaribus equum. Inci- 
tare, to excite that which is already in motion: currentem. 
Cic. Instigare (to punch, prick), to excite, instigate vio- 
lently against something, to set on (a dog) : canem in aliquem ; 



128 248. Conclave. 251. Condimentum. 

(in German, anhetzen) ; Age, si hie non insanit satis sua 
sponte, ins tig a. Ter. Exstzmulare, 162, to harass, 
drive one by a more acute means of incitement : fame, dictis. 
Sollicitare, to incite to sedition, rebellion, generally to in- 
cite to something bad : Pausanias Helotes sollicitare spe 
libertatis existimabatur. Nep. Servum ad venenum Avito 
dandum spe et pretio sollicitavit. Cic. 

248. Conclave, Cubiculum. Conclave, a room that 
can be locked ; Cubiculum, a room in which one may rest 
on a sofa or sleep : Comprehensos conclavi ad qucestionem 
servare. Liv. Vir, quum Verves etiam cubaret, in cubicu- 
lum introductus est. Cic. 

249. CoNCORDARE, CoNCINERE, CoNSENTIRE, CoNGRUERE, 

Con venire, Quad-rare. Agreeing is given by Cone or- 
dare, if it means to harmonize in disposition, if the effect of 
this harmony is clear and visible : Fratres concordant. 
Just. Animi sanitas dicitur, quum ejus judicia opinionesque 
concordant. Cic. Concinere, if actions and thoughts 
harmonize with each other : Stoici cum Peripateticis re con- 
cinere videntur, verbis discrep are. Cic. Consentire, if 
the reason of the, agreeing in the different subjects is consid- 
ered, being consentaneous : Erexerat se civitas, in retinenda 
libertate consentiens. Cic. Congruere, mutually to 
agree in effect, to come to the same, the same happening to- 
gether, to coincide : Forte congruerat, ut duorum civium 
ccedes nuntiarentur. Tac. Dies menses que congruunt cum 
solis lunceque ratione. Cic, they agree. Convenire, com- 
ing together, fit, if the one arranges itself to the other : unum 
in locum ; Cothurnus ad pedem apte convenit. Cic. Quad- 
rare, precisely fitting to a thing : Omnia in istam mulierem 
quadrare apte videntur. Cic. 

250. CONCRESCERE, CoGI, CoAGULARI, CoNGELARI. Con- 

cr esc ere, to become thick, solid, to curdle, and congeal, as 
now used by chemists; Cogi, 222, by an astringent sub- 
stance; Coagulari, by rennet (coagulum), or something 
similar; Congelari, by cold, congealing: Lac concre- 
vit; Lac cogitur agni out hcedi coagulo. Colum. Lac 
coagulatur in stomacho. Plin. Frigoribus oleum conge- 
latur. Colum. 

251. Condimentum, Aroma. Condimentum, spice, or 
condiment, inasmuch as it gives a better taste to food ; Aro- 
ma (ZtQwiia), as substance, articles of spice: Cibi condi- 
mentum est fames, potionis sitis. Cic. Aromata contusa 
et cribrata insperges. Colum. 



252. Conditio, 255." Conj under x. 129 

252. Conditio, Status. Conditio (condere, 2, II, 3., 
not conditio), position, which something occupies in reference 
to that which surrounds it ; situation, in which fate makes a 
person exist as a member of social union ; generally, the 
condition under which something exists or takes place : Ho- 
mines nos esse meminerimus, ea lege natos, ut omnibus tells 
fortuna proposita sit vita nostra : neque esse recusandum, 
quominus ea, qua nati sumus, conditione vivamus. Cic. 
Alienum appetis, qui mortalis natus conditionem postules 
immortalium. Id. Conditio atque fortuna infimi generis 
liominum. Id. Status, the state, circumstance in which 
some one finds himself at a certain period respecting the con- 
dition of his life, the present or actual state, condition of a 
thing : Si, quo quisque loco nostrum est natus, aut, si in qua 
fortuna est nascendi initio constitutes, hunc vita statum 
usque ad senectutem obtinere debet ; non gravior L. Cornelio, 
quam multis viris bonis, constitui lex vita et conditio vi- 
detur. Cic. De statu nostra dignitatis nobis non est rece- 
dendum. .Id. 

253. Confligere, Dimicare, Digladiari. Confligere, 
to fight with some one violently, without reference to the 
kind of arms, to be engaged in a conflict of arms, e. g. manu 
cum hoste ; Dimicare, to wage a fight, at the peril of being 
overcome and beaten ; Digladiari, to fight like gladiators, 
with mortal arms, and for life or death : Equites hostium 
acr iter pr alio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt. 
Cses. Datis fretus numero copiarum suarum confligere 
cupiebat, quod, priusquam Lacedamonii subsidio venirent, 
dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Nep. De sua potentia di- 
micant homines, periculo civitatis. Cic. C. Gracchus ru- 
nas et sicas in forum projecit, quibus digladiarentur 
inter se cives. Id. 

254. Confugere, Perfugere. Confugere, to fly to 
some place, to seek refuge somewhere, flying to it, e. g. in 
silvas, in aram, ad amicum, ad opem alicujus ; Perfugere, 
escape by flight, and arrive at a place secure against further 
pursuit : Jam Tarquinii ad Lartem Porsenam, Clusinum 
regem, perfugerant. Liv. 

255. Confundere, Miscere, Turbare, Perturbare. 
C o nfu ndere, throwing together : Una multa jura c o nfu n- 
dit cocus. Plaut. Confundere vera cum falsis. Cic. 
Miscere, mixing: Miscebat mella Falerno. Hor. Tur- 
bare, bringing into confusion, stirring, making muddy : Limo 



130 256. Confutare. 258. Conjugare. 

turhata aqua. Hor. Eleplianti, peditum aciem turb an- 
tes. Liv. Perturbare, to bring into utter confusion, thor- 
oughly to disorder and confuse : Civitas perturbata sedi- 
tionibus. Cic. 

256. Con — Hefutare, Refellere, Redarguere. Con- 
f iit are, to damp, smother, check: Cocus ahenum, quando 
fervit, confutat trua. Titinn. Confutavit verbis iratum 
patrem. Ter. Stoicorum argumenta confutare. Cic, to 
disarm them. Refut are, driving back, pressing back, re- 
pressing : lllas nationes imperatores nostri refut an das 
potius bello, quam lacessendas putaverunt. Cic. Testes re- 
fut are. Cic, not to admit them. Refutatio orationis 
dicitur, in qua est depulsio criminis : confutatid est loco- 
rum contrariorum dissolutio. Cic. Refellere, showing by 
arguments that that which has been said is false, refuting : 
Ita vivunt quidam, ut eorum vita refellatur oratio. Cic. 
Redar guere, convince of error, untruth: Redargue me, 
si mentior. Cic. 

257. Congiarium, Donativum. Congiarium, a pres- 
ent of oil, wine, salt, and the like, in kind or money, to the 
poorer among the people, handed singly, and measured out 
according to a certain measure (congius), also to soldiers and 
favorites ; Donativum, a, present in money to the army, to 
each soldier individually, on peculiar festival days, gratuity : 
Virilis toga Neroni maturata. — Additum nomine ejus do- 
nativum militi, congiarium plebi. Tac 

258. Conjugare, Conjungere, Copulare, Colligare, 
Connectere, Constringere. Conjugare, yoking to- 
gether, pairing, uniting by pairs for concord and common 
burden: Amicitiam similitudo morum conjugavit. Cic 
Conjungere, uniting for one purpose: Pan calamos cera 
conjungere plures instituit. Virg. Copulare, to unite 
similar things closely together by a band, thong (copula) : 
Hannibal ita quodam uno vinculo copulavit milites suos, 
ut nulla nee inter ipsos, nee adversus ducem seditio exstiterit. 
Liv. Colligare, to tie together by a band surrounding the 
whole and keeping it close together, to fetter together : I, 
Lictor, colliga manus. Cic. Verbis colligare senten- 
tias. Id. Co n ne ct ere, to tie together with a knot, connect 
with some inner means of connexion: Ossa connectuntur 
nervis et cartilagine. Cels. Constringere, to tie tightly 
together, draw together with exertion: Constringe tu illi 
manus. Plaut. Bellua constricta catenis. Cic. 



259. Conjurare. 260. Conjux. 131 

259. Conjurare, Conspirare, Coire. Conjurare, to 
unite by a mutual oath, to conspire against some one : Inter 
se milites conjurabant, sese ex or dine non recessuros. Liv. 
Catilina contra rem publicam conjuravit. Cic. Conspi- 
rare, to unite for a common endeavour, e. g. in cadem ali- 
cujus : Conspirate nobis cum ; consentite cum bonis. Cic. 
Coire, to go seditiously together, make seditious clusters: 
Nullam societatem neque sceleris neque pramii cum homine 
ullo coieras. Cic. 

260. Conjux, Maritus — ta, Pater — Materfamilias, 
Mas, Uxor, Matrona, Mulier, Femina ; Conjugium, Con- 
nubium, Matrimonium, Contubernium. Conjux, obsolete 
Conjunx, either of the married pair, spouse, consort, united 
in mutual obligations (in German, Gemahl) : Quis te casus 
deject am conjuge tan to excipit ? Virg. Fidelissimam 
conjugem me prosequi non sum passus. Cic. Ma ritus — 
ta, husband, wife, inasmuch as each one for himself has and 
exercises his own rights and obligations : Corruptos sape 
pravitatibus uxorum maritos. Tac. Hie (Casar) castas 
jubet esse mar it as. Ovid. Violataque jura mar it a. Id. 
Paterfamilias, the father of the house and family, with 
reference to his children, slaves, and establishment ; Mater- 
familias, the mother of the family and house, who, having 
by lawful matrimony been placed in the power of her hus- 
band (conventione in manum s. in potestatem maritalem), 
shares his rights and is his heiress : Pat re sfa milias op- 
tant filios suos rei familiari maxime servire. Cic. Mater- 
familias, qua in mariti manu mancipioque est, non in 
matrimonium tantum, sed infamiliam quoque mariti et in sui 
heredis locum venit. Gell. Mas, male, according to sex, a 
man as male being: Bestia alia mares, alia femina 
sunt. Cic. Non me mar em, sed feminam vicini rentur 
esse. Plaut. Uxor, the wife, inasmuch as she is matrimoni- 
ally united to her husband for a physical purpose: Uxor is 
dua forma: una matrumfamilias, ea sunt, qua in ma- 
num convenerunt ; altera earum, qua tantummodo uxores 
habentur. Cic. Matrona, a free-born, married woman, 
who, not to place herself entirely under the power of her 
husband, slept annually for three nights (per trinoctium) out 
of the house of her husband, with the additional meaning of 
dignity and spotless reputation : Spectata pudicitia matro- 
na et qua uni viro nupta fuisset. Liv. Mulier, a woman 
that is a marriageable being, whether married or not, with 






132 261. Consecrare. 262. Consilium. 

the additional meaning of weakness and delicacy, want of 
protection, in contradistinction to vir : Philodami esse jiliam, 
quce cum patre habitaret, propter ea quod virum non haberet, 
mulierem eximia pulchritudine. Cic. Mulieres omnes 
propter injirmitatem consilii majores in tutorum potestate 
esse voluerunt. Id. Femina, a female, only with reference 
to sex, and the opposite to Mas. — Conjugium, matri- 
mony, as the union between spouses as man and woman, 
male and female, hence used of animals: Colwnbce conju- 
gii fidem non violant. Plin. Connubium, legal matrimo- 
ny, according to civil rights, since a Roman citizen was 
allowed to marry a Roman female citizen only ; to marry a 
foreign woman, it required the approbation of the people : 
Connubium est uxoris ducendce facultas. Ulpian. Ma- 
trimonium, matrimony, lawful according to the law of 
nations, according to which a foreigner was allowed to marry 
a Roman woman, but had no claim to the privileges of the 
connubium : Glaucon, medicus Pansce, sororem Achilleos 
nostri in matrimonio habet. Cic, of freed slaves. Con- 
tubernium, the matrimonial connexion among slaves, also 
concubinage, that is, enduring connexion without lawful mar- 
riage : Vespasianus post uxoris excessum Ccenidem, Antonicz 
liber tarn, revocavit in contubernium, habuitque pene justce 
uxoris loco. Suet. 

261. Consecrare, Dedicare, Inaugurare. Consecra- 
re, withdrawing from common use and destining to the gods, 
to make sacred, consecrate, e. g. candelabrum Jovi Optimo 
Maximo. Cic. Omne fere genus bestiarum JEgyptii conse- 
craverunt. Id., i. e. adored. Dedicare, to consecrate 
something as something holy (consecratum) to a deity, espe- 
cially which, respecting temples, was performed by one or 
two magistrates in presence of the Pontifex maximus, who 
cited to them the formula of dedication : Horatius consul, te- 
nens postern, precationem peragit et dedicat templum (Jovis 
in Capitolio). Liv. Inaugurare, to consecrate (Germ. 
einweihen), after the auspices have been consulted: Augures 
jussi adesse, locumque inaugurare, ubi auspicato cum po- 
pulo agi posset. Liv. 

262. Consilium, Pr^eceptum ; Consulere, Consultare, 
Deliberare. Consilium is the result of rational reflec- 
tion, which weighs every thing well (ratio, 190), and which 
we communicate to others for free use ; good counsel, or a 
measure followed by us ; the maxim or principle, as ground 



263. Consobrinus. 264. Consors. 133 

of a rational mode of acting: In capiendo consilio pru- 
dentia, in dando fides requiritur. Cic. Consilium est 
aliquid faciendi non faciendive excogitata ratio. Id. Pra- 
ceptum, the precept, the rule given for a mode of action, 
and which ought to be followed : Ut simus ii, qui liaberi 
velimus, prcecepta danda sunt. Cic. Longa oblivia Bri- 
tannia etiam in pace fuerunt. Consilium id Divus Au- 
gustus vocabat, Tiberius prac ep turn. Tac. Political expe- 
diency, political maxim, principle. Consulere, to seek the 
best ; aliquem, with some one, i. e. asking his advice ; alicui, 
for some one, take measures in his behalf, sibi, sua saluti, 
pad ; in aliquem, taking measures against some one : Per 
liter as te consului, quid mihi faciendum censer es. Cic. In 
humiliores libidinose crudeliterque consulebatur. Liv. 
Consultare, to deliberate with one's self or others: Civi- 
tates de bello consultabant. Cees. Deliberare, freeing 
something of objections, to reflect upon something and resolve 
accordingly : Distrahitur in deliberando animus affert- 
que ancipitem curam cogitandi. Cic. Iste certe statuerat 
atque deliberav erat non adesse. Id. Consilium fidele 
deliberanti dare. Id., deliberate with another upon one's 
petition, desire, that which we have in view. 

263. Consobrinus, Sobrinus. Consobrini, children 
of brothers and sisters, issue of actual sisters and brothers ; 
Sobrinus, the same in the second degree, second cousin: 
Sequuntur fratrum conjunctions, post consobrinorum 
sobr in or unique. Cic. 

264. Consors, Particeps, Socius, Popularis ; Exsors, 
Expers, Immunis. Consors, who participates in some- 
thing before it is divided, such as brothers and sisters in the 
paternal inheritance ; he who has the same lot (sors), a 
fellow-fated being : Fr aires consortes sunt mendicitatis. 
Cic. Particeps, who participates in something, receives a 
share, e. g. prada ac prcemiorum. Socius, 114, fellow: 
Belli socius et adjutor ; socius et consors gloriosi la- 
boris. Cic. Popularis, belonging as member to a social 
union, or union for any purpose, e. g. conspiracy : Popula- 
res conjurationis. Sail., are the real members of a conspir- 
acy ; participes. Cic, those who joined in the undertaking 
of the conspirators, supported, aided them, participated in 
their guilt. — Exsors, he who has no share, no part in 
something, e. g. culpa, amicitice fozderisque. Liv. Expers, 
he who does not take, or has no share in it : pramiorum 

12 



134 265. Constans. 266. Consuetudo. 

beneficiorumque ; humanitatis. Immunis, he who has not 
the burdens in common (con-munis, in- munis) with others, 
free of service, e. g. militia: Immune s operum famu- 
Ice. Ovid. Siculi agros immune s or ant. Cic., free of 
taxes. 

265. Constans, Firmus, Stabilis, Solidus. Con- 
stans, remaining the same, constant, not changeable, valiant, 
that is, not changing by way of fear, to be of consistency of 
character: Stellarum cursus certi et const antes. Cic. Vo- 
luntas in rem publicam perpetua at que constans. Id. Fir- 
mus (ferre, XI, 3.), firm, that which can resist external 
attacks and repel them, that which cannot be shaken, hence 
of firmness of character : Tremens et nondum poplite fir mo 
constitit. Ovid. Nondum satis fir mo corpore esse. Cic. 
Stabilis, standing firm, that which remains as it stands, 
unchangeable, stable: Navis velut medio stabilis sedet 
insula ponto. Ovid. Amici sunt fir mi et stabiles et 
constantes eligendi. Cic, trustworthy, unchangeable, and 
remaining in their disposition the same. Solidus, massive 
and firm, solid, fast, genuine, something which by its nature 
is a closely compressed mass: Columna soli da, nee extrin- 
secus inaurata. Cic. Soli da laus veraque. Id., no sham 
praise, no compliment, but genuine, solid praise. 

266. Consuetudo, Mos, Mores, Usus. Consuetudo, 
custom, i. e. a mode of action which by repetition and prac- 
tice has become dear to us : Qucedam jura ex utilitatis ra- 
tione in consuetudinem venerunt. Cic. Mos, the custom 
(German Sitte), i. e. a mode of action (relating of course to 
free actions), which by long time has become a rule, usage : 
Philodamus negavit, moris esse Grcecorum, ut in convivio 
virorum accumberent mulieres. Cic. Mos majorum (ancient 
usage, in German Herkommen, literally, the coming down, 
that which has come down). Consuetudo, is that which 
is done by the multitude or majority ; Mo s, that which has 
been done since a distant period, for a long time ; both differ 
from Ritus, 160. Mores, these forms of free actions, inas- 
much as they correspond more or less with the laws of moral- 
ity, propriety, and decorum in social intercourse (in German, 
Sitten, in French, mceurs ; we have no word for it in English, 
and must say custom, habits, and manners, and yet it does 
not express the idea) : Civitatum Grcecorum mores lapsi 
ad mollitiem. Cic. lis us, use, repeated practice or applica- 
tion, repeated intercourse with some one, inasmuch as we 



267. Contaminare. 270. Contiguus. 135 

make use of him : Dicendi omnis ratio communi quodam in 
usu at que in hominum more et sermone vertatur. Cic. 
Longo cognitus usu. Ovid. 

267. Contaminare, Inquinare, Polluere, Spurcare, 
Conspurcare. Co n t ami nar e, to soil by iniquitous touch, 
e. g. se civium sanguine ; veritatem mendacio. Inquinare, 
to soil with dirt which adheres from without : Mihi sunt ma- 
nus inquinata, quia ludo luto. Plaut. Polluere, to pol- 
lute, i. e. make impure, especially that which is holy, with sin 
or crime : Pollui cuncta sanie, odore, contactu. Tac. Di- 
vina atque humana jura scelere nefario polluere. Cic. 
Spurcare, to cover with filth, to render impure or dirty 
with something disgusting : Supersiliens avis proluvie ventris 
cibos et aquam conspurcat. Colum. 

268. Contemtus, Vilis, Abjectus. Contemtus, con- 
temptible, in as far as we consider something not worthy of 
attention, or to be rejected; Vtlis, inasmuch as we ascribe 
little value to it ; Abjectus (thrown away), inasmuch as it 
is considered entirely worthless : Contemtissimorum Con- 
sulum levitas. Cic. Etiamsi honos noster vobis vilior fuit, 
salus certe car a erit. Id. Homo Romce contemtus et ab- 
jectus. Id. 

269. Contendere, Certare, Decernere, Decertare, 
Depugnare. To fight, struggle with arms, fists, or words, is 
Contendere, if it be done with the exertion of the whole 
strength: Verbis inter nos contendimus, non pugnis. Cic. 
Certare, if emulation, the mutual endeavour to surpass the 
other is to be expressed : armis de principatu : Consul par- 
simonia et vigiliis et labore cum ultimis militum certabat. 
Liv. Decernere, if the struggle is allowed to come to an 
end, to a decision, by some procedure, directed by some rea- 
son (de-cernere) or other, generally by arms : Gladiatorium 
vitm cert amen f err o decernitur. Cic. Decertare, to be 
one's self the struggling party, and to bring it to an end by 
sword or word : Quum tempus necessitasque postulat, decer- 
tandum manu est. Cic. Expetenda est magis decernen- 
di ratio, quam decertandi fortitudo. Id. Depugnare. 
to fight a fisticuff, to bring a struggle to an end by the fist : 
Utrinque copies ita paratce ad depugnandum sunt, ut, 
utercunque vicerit, non sit mirum futurum. Cic. 

270. Contiguus, Continens, Vicinus, Finitimus, Con- 

FINIS, CONTERMINUS ; VlCINIA, CONFINIUM. ContigUUS, 

touching one another: Domus contiguce. Continens, 



136 271. Continue. 

connected with something, e. g. aer mari : Cappadocice pars 
ea, quce cum Cilicia continens est. Cic. Vicinus, prop- 
erly, belonging to the same vicus, row of houses, neighbour- 
ing, of the nearness of all relations in space, dwelling, prop- 
erty, position: Arrius proximus est vicinus. Cic. Vice 
vicina domus. Ovid. The joining of the limits, frontiers, 
as mathematical line of division, respecting surfaces (campi, 
agri, fundi), is expressed by Finitimus, situated on the 
frontier, bordering on : Finitimce civitates. Liv. Confi* 
nis, to be contiguous to (adjacent), if two surfaces are di- 
vided by a common limit {con -finis) : Cataonia jacet supra 
Ciliciam, confinis Cappadocice. Conter minus, joining 
by a common goal or end, poetical : Ardua morus erat, ge- 
lido contermina fonti. Ovid. ^Ethiopia Mgypto c ou- 
ter min a. Plin. — Vicinia, neighbouring country, places, 
dwellings, with their persons and things : Mulier commigra- 
vit hue vicinice. Ter. Co nfinium, frontier division, that 
which divides fields : Arbores in confinio natce in utroque 
agro serpunt. Varr. 

271. Continue, Statim, Confestim, Actutum, Illico, 
Protinus, Repente, Subito, Extemplo, Ex tempore. 
Continuo (see 116.), immediately after: Ignis in aquam 
conjectus continuo restinguitur. Cic. Statim, on the 
spot, without first doing something else : Literas scripsi, 
statim ut tuas legeram. Cic. Confestim, right away, 
expresses rapidity: Mulier confestim hue advolavit. Cic. 
Actutum (as if it had been done already), without a mo- 
ment's hesitation, quick, used of rapid movement : Aperite 
aliquis actutum ostium! Ter. Illico (in loco), on the 
spot, at once : Simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes 
illico nostrce conticescunt. Cic. Protinus (forward), 
without delay : Fit protinus, hac re audita, ex castris Gal- 
lorum fuga. Cses. Repente, suddenly, so that we are sur- 
prised thereby : Amicitias magis decet sensim dissuere, quam 
repente pr adder e. Cic. Subito, on a sudden, instantly, 
sudden in its' existence, without surprising us : Infebrim sub- 
ito incidere. Cic. Extemplo, at the moment, presently, 
immediately: Erubescit ; quidfingat extemplo, non habet. 
Cic. Ex tempore, properly, according to circumstances, 
as they require it ; they, therefore, may require resolution ; 
on the spot, not by way of preparation : Curioni minime mi- 
rum est, ex tempore dicenti solitam effluere mentem. Cic, 
extempore, extemporizing. Expedire rem et consilium ex 
tempore caper e. Id. 



272. Contumacia. 275. Conviva. 137 

272. Contumacia, Pertinacia, Pervicacia, Obstinatio. 
Contumacia, spite, which from pride will not yield to the 
will or power of others, the unbending disposition, refractori- 
ness : Vitellius liber turn, ob nimiam contumaciam et fe- 
rocitatem gravatus, lanistce vendidit. Suet. Pertinacia, 
obstinacy in persisting in one's opinion, assertion, or way of 
acting, which the pertinacious person will not give up : Nos 
et refellere sine pertinacia et refelli sine iracundia para- 
ti sumus. Cic. Pervicacia, perseverance in the endeavour 
to carry something in spite of resistance, and to gain the 
victory: Hcec pervicacia, tua et superbia coegit me loqui, 
et nisi legi parueris, in vincula duci jubebo. Liv. Tandem 
pervicacia victi inceptum omisere. Tac. Obstinatio, 
the steady perseverance in one's resolution, from strength of 
character as well as from obstinacy : Atticus preces Agrippa 
taciturna sua obstinatione depressit. Nep. 

273. Conveniens, Consentiens, Consentaneus. Con- 
veniens, coinciding, fitting, designates uniformity of desti- 
nation; Consentiens, agreeing, uniformity of disposition, 
of meaning, or signification, — both of things existing at the 
same time (see 249). Consentaneus, conformably, agree- 
ably to, uniformity of the relation between cause and effect, 
or consequence : Nihil est tarn natura aptum, tarn conveni- 
ens ad res vel secundas vel adversas, quam amicitia. Cic. 
Status oratoris, incessus, omnisque motus cum verbis senten- 
tiisque consentiens. Id. Mors consentanea vita sane- 
tissime honestissimeque actce. Id. 

274. Convincere, Revincere, Persuadere. Convin- 
cere, convincing, proving the truth of a fact which has been 
denied, with victorious evidence, proving it upon the accused 
person : Epicuri errores. Cic. Si negem, me unquam istas 
liter as ad te misisse ; quo me teste convincas? Id. Re- 
v in cere, proving, with convincing counter-proof, the con- 
trary of an assertion, refuting : Crimina, r evict a rebus, 
verbis confutare nihil attinet. Liv. Persuadere, persuad- 
ing, making believe by representations and reasons : Hoc 
mihi non modo confirmavit, sed etiam persuasit. Cic. 

275. Conviva, Convivator, Convictor ; Convivium, 
Epulum, Epul^e. Conviva (con-vivere, living together, 
eating and drinking together), the guest at any meal, or the 
invited person; Convivator [convivari, to hold a banquet), 
the host who gives a feast, banquet ; Convictor, one who 
lives and has intercourse with another, eats and drinks with 

12* 



138 276. Copia. 278. Cordis. 

him: Soliti sunt in epulis canere conviva de clarorum 
hominum virtutibus. Cic. Coena hospitis mei, sciti convi- 
v at or is. Liv. Me Capitolinus convictore usus amico- 
que a puero est. Hor. — Convivium, a social meal, with 
social conversation : Majores accubitionem epularem amico- 
rum, quia vita conjunctionem haberet, convivium nomina- 
runt. Cic. Ego propter sermonis delectationem tempesti- 
vis conviviis detector ', nee cum cequalibus solum, sed cum 
vestra etiam cetate. Id., such meals as began at the proper 
time of the day, i. e. at sunset, but also too soon (de die), by 
daylight, and sometimes lasted longer than usual, as at 
family festivals. Intempestiv a convivia is to be ascribed 
to defective readings only. Epulum, the sumptuous dinner; 
the characteristics consist in costly and abundant dishes and 
expensive serving up, as the public dinners at public games, 
triumphs: Quum epulum Q. Maximus populo Romano da- 
ret. Cic. Epulce, properly choice and costly dishes, hence 
a magnificent, large banquet : E p ulce regum. Hor. Ita 
illud epulum est funebre^ ut munus sit funeris, epulce 
quidem ipsa, dignitatis. Cic, like Dapes. 

276. Copia, Abundantia, Ubertas. Copia, stores, 
quantity and sufficiency of any thing for use, opp. inopia : 
Rerum copia verborum copiam gignit. Cic. Abundan- 
tia (see 10.), abundance, if there is more than necessary: 
Circumfluere omnibus copiis at que in omnium rerum abun- 
dantia vivere. Cic. Ubertas, plenty, the plentiful exist- 
ence of any thing, without reference to its use : Rami bacca- 
rum ubertate incurviscunt. Cic, luxuriancy. 

277. Coquere, Torrere, Frigere ; Elixus, Assus. 
Coquere, cooking, e. g. cibaria, ccenam ; in general soften- 
ing by heat and preparing for use : panem, later es (baking, 
burning) ; aurum, plumbum, ferrum, melting ; cibum conco- 
quere, to digest. Torrere, to dry a juicy or moist body 
by heat, to toast, to bake, as fruits : igni fruges ; terram so- 
lis ardore ; caro tost a, roast meat. Frigere, to roast 
dry bodies, make them less tough, fit to eat, e. g. hordeum, 
cicer ; frictce nuces, roasted chestnuts. — Elixus, boiled in 
water: Allium coctum utilius est crudo, elixumque tosto. 
Plin. Assus, stewed, done in its own juice : Carnem primo 
ass am, secundo elixam, tertio e jure homines uti cozpisse 
natura docet. Varr. 

278. CORBIS, FlSCINA, FlSCELLA, SpORTA, QlJALUS, QlTA- 

sillus, Canistrum, Calathus. Cor bis, a basket in gen- 



279. Corona. 282. Cortex. 139 

eral, e. g. messoria. Fiscina {fiscus, 43, XI, 1., b.), a bas- 
ket for fruits, also as form of the cheese ; smaller than this 
is the Fiscella: Fiscina jicorum. Cic. Fiscellam 
texit hibisco. Virg. Sport a, a light basket, hand-basket : 
Ecce redit sport a piscator inani. Martial. Qualits, a 
pointed basket for filtering oil, must, under the press, also 
used for other purposes: Saligneus qualus, inverses metcB 
similis, obscuro loco suspenditur : in eum congeruntur favi. 
Colum. If the little work-basket of women is meant, qua- 
stilus is used more frequently: Graviora rependit iniquis 
pensa quasillis. Propert. Canistrum, a basket, to be 
placed upon the table with bread, flowers, fruits : Cereremque 
canistris expediunt famuli. Virg. Calathus, a small 
basket for wool or flowers, in form of a lily, used by the Ro- 
man ladies ; it also signifies similarly formed vessels for 
drinking: Vos lanam trahitis calathisque per acta refertis 
vellera. Juvenal. 

279. Corona, Sertum. Corona, wreath, crown, inas- 
much as it is a round body and surrounds the upper part of 
another round body : Coronam imponere victori. Cic. 
Sertum, a wreath of flowers, a garland, inasmuch as flowers 
and leaves are attached to one another, and placed in some 
order : Velentur Palatia sertis. Ovid. 

280. Corrigere, Emendare. Corrigere, orig. to make 
straight what is crooked (con-rigere, regere, rectus), correct, 
improve what is deficient: Ea, qua corrigere vult, mihi 
depravare videtur. Cic. Emendare, take off or out faults, 
improve that which is faulty : Facillime corriguntur in 
discendo, quorum vitia imitantur emendandi causa magis- 
tri. Cic. 

281. Corrumpere, Depravare, Vitia re. C or rump e- 
re, spoiling, rendering unserviceable, according to its inter- 
nal quality : Conclusa aqua facile corrumpitur. Cic. De- 
pravare, giving a crooked, wrong direction, and thus 
disfiguring: Deprav at a crura corrigere, Varr. Nihil 
est, quin male narrando possit depravarier. Ter., that 
which cannot be represented in a wrong way. Mores cantus 
dulcedine corruptelaque depravati. Cic. Vitiare, 
to bring faults into something faultless, spoil something par- 
tially, make faulty, vitiate, adulterate: Lues vitiaverat 
auras. Ovid. Senatus consulta arbitrio consulum supprime- 
bantur vitiabanturque. Liv. 

282. Cortex, Liber, Crustum. Cortex, bark, also the 



140 283. Coxa. 285. Crater. 

outer, hard covering of some animals; Liber, the inner, 
more delicate rind or integument: In viridi cortice fagi 
carmina descripsi. Virg. Obducunlur libro out cortice 
trunci quo sint a frigoribus et a caloribus tutiores. Cic. 
Cr us turn and Crust a, the crust, a hard, dry rind of soft 
bodies, e. g. panis rustici : Cortice obducuntur testudines, 
ostrece, conchce : crust is locustce. Plin. 

283. Coxa, Coxendix, Femur. Coxendix, hip, the ex- 
ternal, elevated part with men and animals, under the weak 
part of the flank, which elevation is formed by the Coxa, ox the 
hip bone, in the lower cavity of which (acetabulum), the glob- 
ular part of the thigh bone turns ; Femur (obsolete Fern en, 
Gen. Feminis, more common than Femoris), the upper part 
of the upper thigh, and the whole upper thigh : Augustus 
coxendice, et fern ore, et crure (lower thigh) sinistro non 
valebat, ut scepe inde claudicaret. Suet. 

284. Crassus, Densus, Spissus. Crassus, thick, used 
of too large an accumulation of parts, and disproportionate 
circumference compared to length, hence fat, heavy in move- 
ment, heavy, e. g. restis, sura, toga; Crassus et concretus 
aer, qui est terrce proximus. Cic. Densus, dense, if the 
parts of a body are accumulated and occupy a comparatively 
narrow space, e. g. silva, ccesaries ; Aer densus. Hor., of 
fog. Spissus, densely pressed to and above one another, 
so that it is difficult to penetrate: Spissa coma. Hor., in 
close layers above one another. Spissum theatrum. Id., 
crowded. Crassus ager is a fat, fertile soil ; densus, a 
compact, sound sort of soil; spissus ager, a tough sort of 
soil, in which the plough works heavily. 

285. Crater, Cyathus, Poculum, Calix, Scyphus, Pa- 
tera, Cantharus. Crater, a large vessel to mix the wine 
with water, from which, with the Cyathus, a small vessel 
containing not quite two ounces, serving as ladle, the cups 
were filled : Novem miscentur cyathis pocula. Hor. Ves- 
sels for drinking are: Poculum, a vessel for drinking in 
general, cup;' Calix, a chalice, goblet, beaker; Scyphus, 
a larger vessel for drinking, without foot or handle, generally 
used by the pair: Scyphorum paria complura Verri data. 
Cic. Patera, a shallow bowl or cup, for drinking, gener- 
ally of costly material or workmanship : Patera poculum 
planum ac patens est. Macrob. Cantharus, a large drink- 
ing vessel, with ears and a body much bending out, a can, 
tankard: Et gravis attrita, pendebat cantharus ansa. 



286. Creare. 141 

Virg. Scyphus Her culls poculum est, ut Liberi patris 
cantharus. Macrob. 

286. Creare, Facere, Legere, Eligere, Deligere, 
Capere, Dicere, Prodere, Cooptare, Sufficere, Desig- 
nare, Declarare, Nuncupare. Creare, to make a choice, 
elect, designates lawful election and appointment, and author- 
ization for an office as result of free voting or deliberation : 
Patricii coiere et interregem creavere. Liv. Romulus 
centum ere at senatores. Id. Facere, making, Fieri, 
being* made, the investment with some dignity or authority 
without reference to choice or election : Te, Ser. Corneli, 
prcesidem hujus publici consilii, custodem religionum, comiti- 
orum, legum, collegce facimus. Liv. Tribuni plebis, cedi- 
les, qucestores, nulli erant : institutum est, ut fi event. Id. 
Leg ere, 178, to select (for one's self) with reference to the 
qualities requisite for an office and the like : Pontificis Max- 
imi arbitratu virgines e populo viginti leguntur, Gell. C en- 
sores senatum perlegerunt : princeps in senatu lectus 
est P. Scipio. Liv. Eligere, electing from among a 
number of eligible persons; Dili g ere, with reference to 
the destination: Ex malis eligere minima. Cic. Catilina 
ad certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos habebat. 
Id. Especial designations of elections are: Capere, 172, 
taking, without reference to the agreeing or readiness of the 
selected individual : Prater virgines Vestales Flamines quo- 
que Diales, item Pontifices et Augures capi dicebantur. Gell. 
Dicere, nominating, when one elector designates, nominates 
the chosen one, pronouncing one to be such or such officer : 
Consul Postumium dictator em dixit ; ab eo L. Julius magis- 
ter equitum est d ictus. Liv. Camillus creatus consul col- 
legam App. Claudium dixit. Id., he voted for him first. 
Prodere, appointing, interregem, fiaminem: Nos P aires 
sine suffragio populi auspicato interregem prodimus. Liv. 
Cooptare, to elect as colleague and receive him as such, 
if one or a collegium (which see) elected a colleague or new 
member: Ciceronem nostrum in vestrum collegium coopta- 
ri volo. Cic. scil. Pontificum. Sufficere, appointing a 
person in a place of another, who had died before the expira- 
tion of his official term : C. Julius censor decessit ; in ejus 
locum M. Cornelius suffectus. Liv. — Designare, pro- 
nouncing an individual, who has been already elected for the 
respective office, a person elect: Consul designatus, was 
the person already elected and proclaimed (renuntiatus) 



142 287. Crepusculum. 288. Crescere. 

until he actually entered upon office, the consul elect. De- 
clarare, declaring publicly one who has been elected, 
which was done by the presiding person, sometimes also by 
the electing meeting, upon which the respective individual 
was proclaimed (renuntiabatur) by the prceco : Me una voce 
universus populus Romanus consulem declaravit. Cic., 
by acclaim. Nuncupare, naming, designating by name 
the elected citizen : Te consulem designavi, et declara- 
vi, et prior 'em nuncupavi. Auson. 

287. Crepusculum, Vesper., Nox concubia, intempes- 
ta, Diluculum, Mane. Crepusculum, twilight of the 
evening: Inducunt obscura crepuscula noctem. Ovid. 
Vesper, Ace. Vesperum, Abl. Vespere and Vesperi ; rarer, 
Vesper a, the evening star (for which, Hesperus) ; the di- 
rection toward evening, i. e. west, and the time of evening 
(as in German, for instance, evening is likewise used for the 
particular time of day, and the cardinal point where the sun 
sets, west) : Usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Cses. Epis- 
tolam de node dedi, nam earn vesperi scripseram. Cic. 
Nox concubia, the time of night, when one has laid down 
to sleep, hence the name ; Nox intempesta, the late night, 
inasmuch as it is a time unfit for business (properly, untimely 
night): Concubia node visum est in somnis. Cic. Re- 
pente, node intempesta, servorum armatorum fit concur- 
sus. Cic. Diluculum, the time when it becomes light, day- 
break : Quum ante lucem surrexissem, veni diluculo ad 
pontem Tirenum. Cic. Mane, morning, the whole time of 
morning ; as adverbium, early : Jam clarum mane fenestras 
intrat. Pers. 

288. Crescere, Augescere, Gliscere, Crebrescere. 
Crescere, growing, used of a continuous augmentation from 
within: Ostrea cum luna pariter crescunt, pariterque de- 
er escunt. Cic. Augescere, to increase from without, in cir- 
cumference, number, measure, or strength, or increasing, inas- 
much as the outer increase only is considered : Uva et succo 
terra et colore solis augescens. Cic. Milii quotidie de 
filio cegritudo augescit. Ter. Glis cere, gaining strength 
imperceptibly, like glimmering fire, extending, imperceptibly 
taking a wider and wider range : Nee ultra bellum Latinum, 
gliscens jam per aliquot annos, dilatum. Liv. Crebres- 
cere (see 194), becoming more and more frequent, more 
and more strong : Crebr escunt optatce aurce. Virg. Fa- 
ma crebrescit. Tac. 



289. Crimen. 143 

289. Crimen, Culpa, (Dolus, Noxia, Noxa,) Delic- 
tum, Peccatum ; Crimini, Vitio dare, Criminari, Cul- 

PARE, VlTUPERARE, REPREHENDERE, InCREPARE, ObJURGARE, 

Op — Exprobrare. Crimen, crime, inasmuch as we charge 
some one with it, the charge, imputation of a crime : Hce 
liter ce jidem Persei criminihus fecerunt. Liv. Accusa- 
tions, charges which Perseus made against his brother, De- 
metrius. Culpa, the obligation of restitution or paying 
damages, or the liability to punishment, both arising out of 
an accountable offence : Cavendum est, ne major pozna, quam 
culpa sit. Cic. With jurists, culpa is an offensive action 
inadvertently done, an offence unintentionally committed ; 
Dolus, 166, offence intentionally committed, with malice 
prepense; Noxia, the obligation and accountability on 
account of injury done; Noxa, the punishment for the 
same. Delictum, properly, unlawful omission ; the crime, 
as punishable deviation from (omission of) established law 
and right: Quo delictum majus est, eo poena est tardior. 
Cic. Peccatum, an offence from thoughtlessness, folly, 
inadvertence, a sin or offence of transgression, opp. recte 
factum : Zeno recte facta sola in bonis actionibus ponebat ; 
prave, id est, peccata, in malis. Cic. — Vitio dare,ver- 
tere, taking something badly, accounting it as fault, offence, 
interpreting something unfavorably: Vitio mihi dant, quod 
mortem hominis necessarii graviter fero. Cic. Crimini 
dare, reproaching with, considering and charging as crime, 
used of the accuser: Sciebat, sibi crimini datum iri, 
pecuniam accepisse a piraiis. Id. Both these terms may be 
used of actions entirely innocent in themselves; but Crimi- 
nari is charging some one with something criminal in itself, 
though this charge may be entirely unfounded : Marius Q. 
Metellum apud populum Romanum criminatus est, bellum 
ilium ducere. Cic. Culpare, placing the guilt on some- 
thing, and therefore blaming it: Arbor nunc aquas culpat, 
nunc torrentia agros sidera, nunc liiemes iniquas. Hor. Vi- 
tuperare (vitium, XIX, 3.), blaming something as faulty, 
deficient: Cervus crurum nimiam tenuitatem vituperat. 
Phsedr. Reprehend ere, properly, to touch behind; find- 
ing fault with some one for something, striving to prevent 
him, by blaming, from similar offences or false steps, and to 
correct him : Ccesar temeritatem cupiditatemque militum re- 
prehendit. Caes. Increpare, reproaching loudly, to 
attack one with loud words (hence the word), scolding : Cato 



144 290. Cruciatus. 292. Cubare. 

quum Pompeii in me perfidiam increparet, auditus est 
magno silentio malevolorum. Cic. Objurgare, making re- 
proaches on account of a fault, rebuking, reproving, chiding : 
Jurgare est, quum quis jure litigat : a quo objurgat is, 
qui id facit juste. Varr. Objurgavit Ccelium de incon- 
tinentia intemperantiaque. Cic. Opp rob rare, reproaching 
one strongly with something, to dishonor him, in the sense of 
placing opposite to him, e. g. impudicitiam ; more frequently 
is Exprobrare used, in the sense of selecting something 
for this purpose : Egone id exprobrem, qui mihimet cupio 
id opp robrarier? Plaut. Istcec commemoratio quasi e x- 
probratio est immemoris beneficii. Ter. 

290. Cruciatus, Cruciamentum, Tormentum, Suppli- 
cium, Carnificina. Cruciatus, the pang, extreme pain, 
as that which is suffered ; Cruciamentum, pang, as affecting 
the sufferer, operating upon him; Tormentum, an instru- 
ment (to distort the limbs) for the purpose of eliciting a con- 
fession, torture: Confectus cruciatu maximorum dolorum. 
Cic. Non graviora sunt carnificum tormenta, quam interdum 
cruciamenta morborum. Id. Supplicium, the severe 
bodily infliction of pain, corporal punishment, and painful 
or violent capital punishment: Dabitur mild supplicium 
de ter go vestro. Plaut. Undecimviris ad supplicium pub- 
lice damnati tradi solent. Nep. Carnificina, the cham- 
ber where the torture was applied, and the torment or tortur- 
ing which the executioner applied to malefactors : Ductum se 
ab creditor e in ergastulum et carnificinam esse. Liv. 

291. Crux, Furca, Patibulum. Crux, a cross in form 
of a T, or of a crutch; Furca, the fork, and an instrument 
in form of a V or Y, which was applied to the neck of male- 
factors, whose arms were tied to the thighs ; criminals were 
also crucified on it, with their arms extended ; Patibulum, 
is the generic name for such an instrument of torture (made 
of wood) : In crucem tolli. Cic. In campo Martio cru- 
cem ad civium supplicium dejigi et constitui jubes. Id. Com- 
perit, nudi hominis cervicem inserifurcce, corpus virgis 
ad necem cadi. Suet. Patibulum ferat, deinde qffigat 
cruci. Plaut. 

292. Cubare, Jacere, Situm esse. Cubare, lying, 
supported upon something, resting in a lying posture, opp. 
moveri: Catella collo (domini) nixa cub at, capitque som- 
nos. Martial. Jacere, lying, low, from fatigue and weak- 
ness, opp. stare: Diu ad pedes jacuit stratus, obsecrans. 



293. Cubitus. 296. Culmus. 145 

Cic. Locus j acet inter Apenninum et Alpes. Id., of the 
low situation. Si turn esse (sinere), properly, having been 
left behind, lying, being buried ; of places, being situated : 
JEneas situs est super Numicium Jiumen. Liv. TJrbes 
Grcecce in or a sitce sunt Asim. Nep. 

293. Cubitus, Ulna. Cubitus, the elbow, with the 
lower arm down to the knuckle, inasmuch as it serves for 
pushing, lifting, supporting (cumber e), also the lower, stronger 
bone of the elbow ; signifying the bend at the elbow, or a 
measure, it is lubitum with later writers: Cubitis depul- 
sare de via, Plaut. Ter sese attollens cub it o que adnixa 
levavit. Virg. Gladii longi quaterna cubit a. Liv. Ulna, 
the elbow, inner side, with the lower arm as far as the outer- 
most point of the finger, and the ell (which is derived from 
ulna), as measure, yard (though not meaning exactly the 
same as the English yard), generally in the plural: TJlnis 
amplecti ; fovere in ulnis. Prop. Bis ter ulnarum to- 
ga. Hor. 

294. Culcita, Pulvinus, Pulvinar. Culcita, a mat- 
tress stuffed with wool, feathers, or other light stuff: Colloce- 
mus in culcita plumea. Cic. Pulvinus, a pillow, bolster, 
couch : Adcubans in convivio epistolam sub pulvinum sub- 
jecit. Nep. Pulvlnar, sofas or ottomans (or anything for 
lying down) covered with couches and costly covers on them, 
as they were prepared in temples for the gods at festivals for 
supplication and thanksgiving (supplicationes) , in which case 
they were called Lectisternia : Lectisternium per triduum 
habitum. Sex pulvinaria in conspectu fuere : Jovi ac 
Junoni unum, &c. Liv. 

295. Culeus, Uter, Saccus. Culeus, a large sack, of 
leather: Parricidas major es nostri insui voluerunt in cule- 
um vivos atque ita in jiumen dejici. Cic. Smaller was the 
Titer, a skin for containing liquids : Aquam utribus cameli 
devexerant. Curt. Saccus, a sack for grain, money, of 
coarse linen, also made of willow branches : Effundere sac- 
cos nummorum. Hor. Tenui vimine rarius contextus sac- 
cus, inverses metce similis, qualis est, quo vinum liquatur. 
Colum. 

296. Culmus, Calamus, Stipula ; Arundo, Canna. Cul- 
mus, the green, fresh blade of grain and other gramina, in 
the sense of the stem which bears the grain, the fruit : Ne 
gravidis procumbat culmus aristis. Virg. Rarer is the 
use of Calamus for the same, the blade of grain as a tube : 

13 



146 297. Cultus. 298. Cum. 

Calamus altior frumento, quam hordeo. Plin. Sttpula, 
stubble, the part of the blade which remains after mowing : 
Peragitur messis stipula nunquam cubitali. Plin. — Cal- 
amus, properly, the thin, slender blade of the reed: Et 
Zephyri, cava per calamorum, sibila primum agrestes do- 
cuere cavas inflare cicutas. Lucret. At undo, the reed 
plant, and the thicker reed blade: Spes capiat arundine 
pisces. Tibull. Carina, small reed, rush: Radiculce de- 
generis arundinis, quam vulgus cannam vocat. Colum. 

297. Cultus, Victus ; Ornatus, Munditia. Cultus, 
the tending of our living, life, by which our life receives 
charm, in externals, or by the omission of which it loses in 
agreeableness, hence ornamenting, magnificence, comforts, 
tasteful arrangements, and the contrary of all this : Victus, 
the manner of living in physical respects, designates not only 
the sustenance and establishment requisite for physical ex- 
istence, but also the enjoyment of life in social intercourse : 
Delectant etiam magnifici apparatus vitceque cultus cum 
elegantia et copia. Cic. Yidert tu puerum hunc, quern tarn 
humili cultu educamus? Liv., the poor attention to a slave. 
Parvo contentos tenuis victus cultus que delectat. Cic, 
slender cooking and expense. — Cultus, therefore, com- 
prises every thing by which the whole exterior of the body 
receives a finer or worse appearance, the dress, clothing, 
from the meanest, poorest, to the most magnificent : Codrus, 
deposita veste regia, cultum pastor alem induit. Veil., shep- 
herd's dress. Ccesarem etiam cultu notabilem ferunt. Suet., 
by dress and ornament. Ornatus, the ornament which by 
splendor and costliness beautifies: Purpura Cyri or n at us- 
que Persicus multo auro multisque gemmis. Cic. Munditia 
and Mundities, tidyness, neatness, which consists in a 
careful removal or prevention of every thing that may soil, 
stain, or injure the appearance of the dress ; in plural, the 
neat, tidy dress as a whole : Munditia placeant : sit bene 
conveniens, et sine labe toga. Ovid. 

298, Cum, Simul, Una, Conjuncte, Conjunct™, Pa- 
riter. Cum, with, together, one thing and the other, as 
preposition, designates a coexistence, existing by one another, 
opp. sine ; Simul, at the same time; Una, expresses the 
being together, in each other's presence or company, in the 
same place, and participation in the same action ; Conjun c- 
te, jointly, designates the mode in which one acts with 
another; Conjunctim, conjointly, in community, expresses 



299. Ounce. 301. Cupere. 147 

the social relation, opp. separation ; Par iter, equally, in the 
same way, relation: Nihil est turpius, quam cum eo helium 
gerere, qui cum familiariter vixeris. Cic. Duas res simul 
nunc agere decretum est mihi. Plaut. Philosophari una 
cum ali quo. Cic. Mulieres in Formiano esse volui, et 
una Cicerones. Id. Sulpicius cum Pompeio conjunct is- 
sime et amantissime vixit. Id. Viri Gallorum pecunias 
ex suis bonis cum uxorum dotibus communicant. Hujus omnis 
pecunice conjunctim ratio habetur, fructusque servantur. 
Cees. Caritate non par iter omnes egemus. Cic. 

299. CuNiE-, Cunabula, Incunabula. Cunce, cradle (for 
infants) ; Cunabula, the children's beds, pillows, &c. in it; 
Incunabula, napkins and bandages of wool or linen, in 
which children were laced : Cunarum fueras motor et pue- 
ri custos. Mart. Aves, quce cunabula in terra faciunt. 
Plin. Puerum nemo colligare quivit incunabulis. Plaut. 

300. Cunctari, H^sitare, Morari. Cunctari, en- 
deavouring to obtain a clear idea of something, inquiring, 
either of others or asking one's self, reflecting upon some- 
thing, in order to find out that which is right, especially to 
tarry, delay from irresoluteness, doubting and hesitating : 
Vos cunctamini etiam nunc, quid intra moznia deprehensis 
hostibus faciatis? Liv. Cunctari diutius in vita. Cic, 
hesitating, thinking yet a long while whether one ought to 
die. Hcesitare, sticking fast, e. g. in luto, being "bogged" 
in the mire, hence to stop repeatedly, to be embarrassed on 
account of insufficiency of strength, capacity: Non lice si- 
tans respondebo. Cic, hesitating. Morari, delaying, tar- 
rying, being retarded by circumstances causing loss of time : 
Dum in his locis Ccesar navium parandarum causa mora- 
tur. Cses. 

301. Cupere, Concupiscere, Avere, Desiderare, Op- 
tare, Velle, Ap — Expetere, Gestire, Cupido, Cupidi- 
tas, Aviditas, Desiderium, Libido, Appetitus, Appeten- 
tia. Cupere, desiring, simply with reference to the inclina- 
tion of our soul to obtain a certain thing; Concupiscere, 
is stronger, desiring much: Nitimur in vetitum semper cu- 
pimusque negata. Ovid. Divitias infinite concupiscere. 
Cic. Av ere, having a desire for a thing inasmuch as it 
pleases, interests : Valde aveo scire, quid agas. Cic, I should 
like very much to know. Desiderare, longing for some- 
thing, missing something ; it expresses the want felt (the Ger- 
man sich sehnen), e. g. milites in prozlio : Desiderarunt 



148 302. Cur? 

te oculi mei, quum tu esses Cyrenis. Cic. Opt are, choosing 
something as good and advisable, wishing : Theseo quum tres 
optationes Neptunus dedisset, optavit interitum Hippo- 
lytiJiUi. Cic. Velle, willing a thing, used only of manifesta- 
tion of our will (in German wollen) : Cupio omnia, quce vis. 
Hor. Appetere, striving for something, taking pains to ob- 
tain it, expressing endeavour; Expetere, striving for some- 
thing especially, peculiarly, hence striving more ardently : 
Alien os agros cupide appetere. Cic. Quod optabile est, 
id est expetendum. Id. G est ire, manifesting by gestures 
and lively or violent signs one's desire : Quemadmodum volu- 
cres, sic nostri animi, urbano opere defessi, gestiunt ac 
volitare cupiunt, vacui cur a et labore. Cic. — Cupid o, 
desire, as more violent passion, rather poetical ; Cupiditas, 
desire, as quality: Opum furiosa cup i do. Ovid. Inest in 
mentibus nostris insatiabilis qucedam cupiditas veri vi- 
dendi. Cic. Cupiditas ex homine, cupido ex stulto nun- 
quam tollitur : quod cupiditas pars qucedam sit temper atior 
defiuens ex cupidine. Lucil. Aviditas,.desire, as pass- 
ing violent manifestation of our faculty of desiring an object : 
Senectus mihi sermonis aviditatem auxit . Cic . Deside- 
rium, the longing (in German, Sehnsucht) : Hortensius 
exstinctus prudentia suce triste nobis desiderium reliquit. 
Cic. Libido, obsolete Lubido, pleasure, that is, desire, 
desire connected with voluptuousness ; in plural, unrestrained, 
ungoverned sensual desire, lust : Res libidine, non ratione 
gesserat. Cic. Libido est cupiditas effrenata. Id. Domi- 
tas habere libidines, coercere omnes cupiditates. Id. 
Appetitus, the longing, as state of our soul, the feeling of 
a want, appetite : Dissimulare appetitum voluptatis prop- 
ter verecundiam. Cic. App etentia, the desire which strives 
to obtain something : Lactucce cibi app etentiam faciunt. 
Plin., appetite for eating. 

302. Cur? Quare ? Cur non? Quid ni ? Curl (for 
cui rei ?) why,, inquires for the cause of an action ; Quare? 
(qua re?) on what account ? how ? through what ? requires 
explanation respecting something, through which or on ac- 
count of which something has been done : Senex quum it 
dormitum, follem sibi obstringit ob gulam. — Cur? — Ne 
quid anima forte amittat dormiens. Plaut. Msclxinus alienus 
est ab nostra familia. — Quare? — Amare occepit aliam. 
Ter. — Cut non? why not? inquires for the reason or 
object, why something has not been done; Quid ni? why 



303. Cura. 304. Curiosus. 149 

not ? with the conjunctive mood, expresses surprise that 
another does not see the reason, and an answer, therefore, is 
not expected: Sed cur non domum uxor em arcessis? — 
Cupio : verum hoc mihi mora est tibicina, et hymenceum qui 
cantent. Ter. Nostitf porticum apud macellum hac deor- 
sum 1 — Quidni noverim ? Id. 

303. Cura, Sollicitudo ; Curator, Procurator ; Tutor. 
Cura, the care, if our mind is directed with anxious expec- 
tation to a possible mishap, and if we either fear this or try- 
to prevent it; Sollicitudo, internal disquiet on account of 
a possible evil, expecting it with anxious solicitude. Omnis, 
quce me angebat, de re publica cura consedit. Cic. Quce- 
nam sollicitudo vexaret improbos, sublato suppliciorum 
metu? Id. — Curator, he who is charged with the execu- 
tion of a thing, or the superintendence over its administration, 
superintendent; Procurator, representative of the cura- 
tor, or who executes something by way of commission : 
Sunto cediles cur at ores urbis, annoncE, ludorumque solem- 
nium. Cic. Procurator dicitur alieni juris vicarius. Id. 
Nihil interest, utrum per procuratores agas, an per te 
ipsum. Id. Curator bonorum, is the guardian, appointed 
by the prsetor, over the property of an orphan of age (puber) 
to his twenty-fifth year, of an insane person or spendthrift ; 
Tutor, the guardian over persons under age (impubes) to 
their fourteenth year. 

304. Curiosus, Diligens, Attentus, Sedulus, Studio- 
sus, Officiosus. Curiosus, careful in inquiry: ad inves- 
tigandum ; in omni historia. Diligens, he who takes 
every thing accurately, especially in domestic economy, opp. 
negligens : Homo frugi ac diligens, qui sua servare vel- 
let. Cic. Assidua ac diligens scriptura. Id. Attentus, 
attentive, especially as to increase of property : ad decoris 
observationem : Paterfamilias et prudens et attentus. Cic. 
Sedulus, who gives himself much to do, and performs even 
trifling affairs with the greatest possible care, sedulous ; e. g. 
apis, hospes : Sanctique pudoris assideat custos sedula sem- 
per anus. Tibull. Studiosus, one who zealously favors 
something or another, is useful to him, promotes him, e. g. 
nobilitatis ; especially, zealously devoted to the study of 
something: Venandi aut pilce studio si. Cic. Officio- 
sus, ready to serve or assist, kindly disposed, obliging: Of- 
ficiosissima natio candidatorum. Cic. [Officious, as 
now generally used, namely, of proffering importunely one's 

13* 



150 305. Currere. 307. Curvus. 

service, or of busying one's self in matters that do not be- 
long to us, with a view of rendering ourselves important, is 
given in Latin by importunus, molestus, odiosus, gravis, or 
like words. Formerly the word officious was more frequently 
used in the sense of the Latin officiosus.] 

305. Currere, Ruere, Volare ; Curriculum, Stadium. 
Currere, running, used of feet, wheels, vessels, rivers, ex- 
pressing a motion in a line, not necessarily swift, as we say 
the wheels run very slow : Qui stadium cur r it, eniti et con- 
tendere debet, ut vincat. Cic, also cur r it (Etas, oratio. 
Ruere, 156, running swiftly, downward or on a plain, with 
violence: Ctzsarem ruere nuntiant, et jam jamque adesse, 
ut fugam Pompeii intercludat. Cic. At Nisus ruit in me- 
dws. Virg. Volare, flying, used of very rapid motion: 
Antonii celeritas non contemnenda est: volasse eum, non 
iter fecisse dicas. Cic. — Curriculum, the race-ground 
for running and the chariots, such ground of any dimension, 
orbit; Stadium, a distance of one hundred and twenty-five 
steps, and a Greek race-ground of this distance : Athletce se 
exercent in curriculo. Cic. Curriculum solis et lunce. 
Id. In stadio cursores exclamant, quam maxime possunt. 
Senec. 

306. Curtus, Mutilus, Truncus, Mancus, Claudus. 
Curt us, too short, designates want of requisite magnitude: 
tegula, vas, supellex ; Mutilus, disfigured and worn off by 
too much use, wanting in completeness of some parts, e. g. 
finger, toe : Alces mutilce sunt cornibus. Cses. Truncus, 
mutilated, if whole extremities of the body are wanting, e. g. 
nose, ears, hands, arms : Cyncegirus Atheniensis non duabus 
manibus amissis victus, truncus ad postremum, dentibus 
dimicavit. Justin. Mancus, deficient in respect of the use- 
fulness of single parts ; especially of the lame right hand : 
Qui imbecillitate dextrce validius sinistra utitur, is non scce- 
va, sed mancus est. Ulpian. Claudus, lame in one of 
the two feet. - 

307. Curvus, In — Recurvus, Uncus, Ad — Reduncus, 
Pandus, Repandus, Simus, Sinuatus, Falcatus. Cur- 
vus, curved, crooked, bent in a circular or similar curve, 
e.g. arcus ; Incurvus, curved in, bent in, from above 
down ; Recurvus, bent in a backward curve : Curv a fal- 
ces conflantur in ensem. Virg. Lituus est incurvum et 
leniter a summo inflexum bacillum. Cic. Hcedorum mater 
cornibus in sua terga recurvis. Ovid. Uncus, bent like 



308. Custodia. 309. Cutis. 151 

a hook, hooked, e. g. Tiamus, ancora; Aduncus, bent to- 
wards a thing, a little inward ; Reduncus, bent back : Vo- 
lucria ad uncos ungues habentia came vescuntur. Plin. 
Virgo a dun co naso. Ter., with a Roman, curved nose. 
Avis rostro redunco. Ovid. Bestiis cornua aliis a dune a, 
aliis re dune a. Plin., some bent forward, some backward. 
P and us, stretched out, bent out, used of opposite curves, 
which above recede far from one another; Repandus, 
having a wide curvature from above down, high arched : 
Panda cornua juvencce. Ovid. Lancibus pandis reddimus 
exta. Virg. Delphini dorsum repandum, rostrum si mum. 
Plin. Simus, bent up, pug-nosed, flat-nosed: Sim a capel- 
Ice. Virg. Sinuatus, of the inner curvature of the pandus, 
like a sinus ; Falcatus, bent like a sickle, the same curva- 
ture at the outer side : Luna sinuata in orbem. Plin. Bum 
servat Juno sinuatam cornibus Io. Ovid. F ale at a no- 
vissima cauda delphini. Id. 

308. Custodia, Carcer (Carceres), Ergastulum. Cus- 
todia, watch, e. g. canum ; the place where the object is 
watched and kept: Emitti e custodia et levari vinclis. 
Cic. Carcer, prison, a public prison, and every place in 
which one is kept prisoner: Carcerem vindicem nefario- 
nun ac manifestorum scelerum major es esse voluerunt. Cic. 
Quum carceribus sese effudere quadriga. Virg., arched 
places, fenced in, at the entrance of the circus, in which the 
race-teams were kept until the sign of starting was given. 
Ergastulum, the workhouse or prison on a farm, in which 
the slaves were kept while working: Servum in Tusca er- 
gastula mittas. Juvenal. 

309. Cutis, Membrana, Pellis, Corium, Tergus, Alu- 
ta. Cutis, skin, the outer tegument of flesh with men and 
brutes: Rana intendit cut em. Phsedr. Membrana, mem- 
brane, the delicate tegument of inner parts : Natura oculos 
me ml ranis tenuissimis vestivit. Cic. Pellis, the soft 
skin, full of folds, as it appears after flaying : Rana rugosam 
infiavit pell em. Phsedr. Britanni pellibus sunt vestiti. 
Cses. Corium, the thick, firm skin, coat of animals, and as 
prepared leather: Corium elephanti, bovis. Canis a corio 
nunquam absterrebitur undo. Hor. Tergus, the skin of 
the back, and the body part : Ter g or a deripiunt costis et 
viscera nudant. Virg. Aluta, soft and flexible leather, 
prepared with alum (hence the name) and gall apples : 
Coccina non Icesum cingit aluta pedem. Martial. These 



152 310. Damnum. 312. Dare. 

words are likewise used of plants : Putamine clauduntur nu- 
ces, corio castanea. Crusta teguntur glandes, cute uvce, 
corio et membrana Punica. Plin. 



D. 

310. Damnum, Detrimentum, Intertrimentum, Jactu- 
ra, Incommodum. Damnum, fine paid in court, the injury, 
loss one suffers in a thing : Exercitum Ccesar, duarum cohor- 
tium damno, reducit. Cses. Damnum dare, causing in- 
jury, damage; facere, ferre, suffering it. Detrimentum, 
loss caused by use; Inter trim en turn, loss on both sides: 
Acceptum detrimentum sarcire. Cees., to replenish, supply 
the loss (of soldiers) : Carthaginienses, quia pars quarta de- 
cocta erat, pecunia Romce mutua sumta, inter trimentum 
argenti suppleverunt. Liv. Jactura, the loss, voluntarily 
suffered (thrown away) to avoid a greater one, or to obtain a 
greater advantage : Si in amicitia jactura, rei familiaris 
erunt faciundce. Cic. Incommodum, loss brought about 
by misfortune, vexations: Incommoda in vita sapientes 
commodorum compensatione leniunt. Cic. 

311. Daps, Ferculum, Obsonitjm, Bellaria, Cupedia. 
Daps, rich, i. e. selected, delicate, and plentiful food; plural, 
Dapes, a feast : Non Siculce dapes dulcem elaborabunt sa- 
por em. Hor. Ferculum, a dish carried (ferre) on the table : 
Augustus coznam ternis fer cutis prcebebat. Suet., course. 
Obsonium, food eaten with something else (German Zu- 
host), eaten with the bread, meat, fish, vegetables: Omnia 
coemens obsonia. Hor. Bellaria, every thing which 
tastes well (belle), though our appetite is satisfied, dessert, as 
nuts, fruits, confectionary (the idea is " something nice ") : 
Bellaria mellita. Varr. Cupedia, delicacies: Cupes 
et Cupedia .antiqui lautiores cibos nominabant. Fest. 

312. Dare, Dedere, Tradere ; Pr^bere, Tribuere ; 

DlCARE, VOVERE, DEVOVERE ; DONARE, LaRGIRI, CoNDO- 

nare, Gratificari. Giving, i. e. putting another in posses- 
sion of something of which we may dispose, is designated, 
a. by Dare, giving, respecting the origin, the author who 
gives ; by Dedere, respecting the object of the action, or 
him who is to have that which is given ; by Tradere, hand- 
ing over, respecting the transition of the thing from the giver 



312. Dare. 153 

to the receiver: Dominus dat servum in pistrinum, he gives 
to him a different place of dwelling; dedit in pistrinum, 
there alone, and in no other place, he shall remain and work; 
tradit, he hands him over to the overseer, that the latter 
may dispose of him. Dare se victori, voluptatibus, doc- 
trince, surrendering one's self as voluntary sacrifice ; se de- 
dere, surrender as entire property, and with perfect resigna- 
tion of free will; se trad ere, to surrender one's self, give 
one's self up : Totum hominem tibi trado de manu, ut aiunt, 
in manum tuam. Ter. Trad ere se lacrymis et tristitice ; 
se totum voluptatibus. Cic, designates the transition from one 
state into another, from virtue to voluptuousness. — b. Dare, 
giving, from a free, unrestrained resolution; Prcebere, fur- 
nish, afford, willingly satisfy the want and desire of another ; 
Tribuere, communicating something, awarding, with the 
express will that henceforth it be his property: Dare ope- 
rant rei public ce, doing actual service to the state ; prcebere, 
allowing one's self to be used for that purpose ; tribuere, 
giving our whole service exclusively to the state. Dare 
alicui aures, lending our ears to some one, being patient and 
obliging to him : prcebere aures, silentium, lending our ear 
with longer patience, designates a longer duration; tribu- 
ere silentium orationi, with lasting silence and attention. 
Dare alicui suspicionem, giving suspicion to some one, be- 
coming suspicious to him; prcebere, causing suspicion, 
giving cause of suspicion to another. — c. Dare, placing 
some one in possession, even though momentary; Die are, 
dedicate, consecrate, solemnly declare, that something shall 
belong exclusively and lastingly to another; Vovere, vow- 
ing, solemnly promising something on condition that one's 
desire be fulfilled; Devovere, consecrating something as 
atonement to death: Atticus libellum mihi dedit, ut da- 
rem Ccesari. Cic. Sabinus Tiro librum Mcecenati dicavit. 
Plin. Dare studium agricolationi. Colum. Mece laudi, 
vel prope saluti tuum studium dices. Cic. Cygni Apollini 
dicati sunt. Id. Attius Navius vovisse dicitur, si suem 
amissam recuperavisset, uvam se deo daturum. Id. Aga- 
memnon qvum devovisset Diance, quod in suo regno put- 
cherrimum natum esset illo anno, immolavit Iphigeniam. Id. — 
d. Dare, giving; Don are, making a present, i. e. giving 
something of value, renouncing all restitution or the returning 
of an equivalent; Largiri, properly, to empty itself or 
one's self; giving away or distributing on a large scale 



154 313. De. 

(German spenden), making vast presents, most frequently 
from interest and political views, making large distributions 
among the people; Con don are, remitting, cancelling a 
debt or punishment, as a favor to some one ; Gratificari, 
making one's self agreeable and obtaining favor by oblig- 
ing services or presents : Milo munus magnificum dederat. 
Cic, he had given a public gladiatorial game to the people. 
Munera ista, quibus es delectatus, vet civibus tuis vel diis 
immortalibus dona. Id. Hortensio summam facultatem di- 
cendi natura largita est. Id. Cupidi splendoris et glorice 
eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur. Id. Meam animad- 
versionem et supplicium, quo usurus eram in eum, quern cepis- 
sem, remitto tibi et condono. Id. Parvi de eo, quod ipsis 
super at, aliis gratificari volunt. Id. 

313. De, Dis, Se, in compounds. De, down, off, 1; 
Dis, dis, as in so many English words derived from the 
Latin or Saxon, or in compounds not to be found in Latin, 
although the root of the word be of Latin origin (dismantle, 
discountenance, disagree ; in many English words, however, 
dis stands for the original de, as discharge). The Latin dis 
answers the German prefix zer, designating asunder, from 
one another. Se, by the side, off to the side: De due ere, 
leading away, and leading to another place, see 1; Didu- 
cere, drag from one another, lead off from one another; 
Seducer e, lead off from the way, to the side, separate from 
others, withdraw; hence seductus, remote; Diducere co- 
pias. Cses. Me hodie seduxit senex solum, seorsum ah 
cedibus. Plaut. — Decolor, having lost its or one's color, 
of indifferent appearance, e. g. sanguis, species ceris argen- 
tive. Plin. D i s c o I o r, of different color: Evolat admissis 
discolor agmen equis. Ovid. — Delabi, sliding down, 
falling down, e. g. equo, de cozlo ; Dilabi, to tumble to 
pieces, to flow into various directions and thus to cease : 
Navis vetustate dilabens. Liv. — Deminuere, making 
smaller, lessen by removing parts; Diminuere, making 
smaller by dividing into pieces: De mina una deminui 
quinque nummos. Plaut. Diminuam ego caput tuum. Ter. 
— D em ov ere, removing something from its place ; Dimo- 
vere, removing from one another and to different places, to 
remove from one's presence, separating : Senatus censuit, 
Messalina nomen et effigies publicis et privatis locis demo- 
vend as. Tac. Dimovit Atilius Regulus obstantes pro- 
pinquos et populum morantem. Hor. 



314. Debere. 315. Dehilis. 155 

314. Debere, Oportere, Opus, Usus, Necesse est. 
Debere, owing something to another, and hence being mor- 
ally or legally obliged to return it, owing a debt, being 
obliged by duty (German sollen): Debebat nullum num- 
mum nemini. Cic. Prceslitimus patrice non minus certe, 
quam debuimus. Id. Op or t ere, expresses a strong obli- 
gation founded upon duty, conscience, or moral decorum, 
propriety : Op or t ere perfectionem declarat officii, quo et 
semper utendum est, et omnibus. Cic. Est aliquid, quod non 
oporteat, etiam si licet; quidquid vero non licet, certe non 
oportet. Id. Mendacem memorem esse oportet. Quinctil. 
Opus est, it is wanted, it is necessary, because a want, as 
requisite or indispensable for the obtaining of some end or 
object: Nihil istac opus est arte ad hanc rem, quam par o, 
Ter. Usus e st, it is requisite for the furtherance of some 
object: An cuiquam est usus homini, se ut cruciet? Ter. 
Necesse est, it is absolutely necessary, of unchangeable 
necessity founded in natural causes, something which cannot 
possibly be avoided : Casar castra vallo muniri vetuit, quod 
eminere et pro cut videri necesse erat. Cses. Emas, non 
quod opus est, sed quod necesse est. Cato. 

315. Debilis, Imbecillxjs (is), Invalidus, Infirmus, 
Imbellis, Enervis. Debilis, he who has lost the use of 
some organ by old age, disease, or a misfortune, unfit for use : 
Mustela annis et senecta debilis. Phaedr. Deb Hem fa- 
cito manu, pede, coxa. Senec. Memorid debilis erat Oc- 
tavius. Cic. Imbecillus, later Imbecillis, weak, he 
who suffers from natural weakness : Marius et valetudine est 
et natura imbecillior. Cic. Si gladium imbecillo seni 
out deb Hi dederis,ipse impetusuo nemini noceat. Id. Earn 
super stitionem imbecilli animi atque anilis putant. Id. 
Invalidus, is he who had at some other time strength (va- 
lidus), but who is deficient in it just now, when he wants it, 
incapacitated (also of insufficient strength, as a military post) : 
Camillas, jam ad munera corporis senecta inv alidus. Liv. 
Infirmus, see 265, without firmness and proper inner sup- 
port, weakly, infirm, e. g. caput: Erant infirmi ad resis- 
tendum propter paucitatem hominum. Cses. Ccesar in fir- 
mi tat em Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis 
mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student. Id., without charac- 
ter, without moral firmness, changeableness of mind. Im- 
bellis, unwarlike, unfit for fight: Femince puerique et alia 
imbellis turba. Liv. Vicimus imbelles hostes. Id., 



156 316. Decet. 317. Decidere. 

coward. Enervis, enervated, lax, as consequence of in- 
dolence and dissipation: Fracii enervi corpore gressus. 
Petron. 

316. Decet, Convenit ; Decentia, Decus, Decor, De- 
corum, Honestum, Honestas. Decet, it is proper, meet, 
becoming, handsome, of free actions, which have their reason 
in the nature of the actor and in circumstances, why they 
ought to be thus and not different ; Convenit, 249, it be- 
hoves, used of something which has every necessary quality 
in relation to something else : Decere est quasi aptum esse 
consentaneumque tempori et persona ; quod cum in factis sce- 
pissime, turn in dictis valet, in vultu denique et gestu et in- 
cessu ; contraque item dedecere. Cic. Ista decent humeros 
gestamina nostros. Ovid. Conveniet quum in dando mu- 
nijicum esse, turn in exigendo non acerbum. Cic. — Decentia, 
is the quality of that which is proper ; proper behaviour, 
address, the quality and consequent appearance of him who 
acts according to decorum : In formis venustatem atque or- 
dinem et, ut ita dicam, decentiam oculi judicant. Cic. 
Decus, that which gives fine appearance, ornament: Monu- 
menta imperatorum, decora atque ornamenta fanorum. Cic. 
In ornamentum we express that which is added by way of 
ornament; in decus, that ornament which, in the opinion of 
the speaker, befits, as such, the object to which it is applied, 
or elevates its character by beautifying. Decor, beauty, 
decorousness, in as far as it is perceived, appears : in habitu 
ac vultu. Decorum, that which is befitting, proper for the 
well-behaving, and that by which man appears in his dignity 
as a reasonable being: Id decorum volunt esse, quod ita 
naturce consentaneum sit, ut in eo moderatio et temperantia 
appareat cum specie quadam liber ali. Cic. Decorum id 
est, quod consentaneum sit hominis excellentice in eo, in quo 
natura ejus a reliquis animantibus differ at. Id. Honestum, 
that which is morally good, in the abstract, and Honestas, 
the moral goodness, purity, virtue, of which the Decorum, 
as the external appearance, is the effect : Quidquid est, quod 
deceat, id turn apparet, quum antegressa est honestas. Cic. 

317. Decidere, Decernere, Statuere, Transigere 
Pacisci, Depacisci. Decidere, finishing a question or dis- 
puted matter by cutting it, i. e. by a shortening of the trans- 
action, or only one-sidedly (as we say, somewhat similarly, 
to cut the matter short), finishing a case quite short, summa- 
rily : Res ad Verrem defertur, et istius more deciditur. 



318. Decipere. 157 

Cic. Decernere, 269, deciding according to certain rea- 
sons in consequence of reflection, deliberation (with others), 
concluding: Rem consules de consilii sententia deer eve- 
runt. Cic. Statuere, establishing, settling, after previous 
scruples and considerations, as a lasting resolution, from 
which no departure shall be made : Decidis statuisque, 
quid Scapulis ad denarium solver etur. Cic. Transigere, 
settling a disputed case, a business, so that nothing unsettled 
or requiring alteration remains, terminating : Qui de sua 
parte decidit, reliquis integrant relinquit actionem; qui 
pro sociis transigit, satisdat, neminem eorum postea peti- 
turum. Cic. Pacisci, making an agreement, contract, com- 
pact : Scopas Simonidi dixit, se dimidium ejus ei, quod 
p actus esset, pro illo carmine daturum. Cic. Depacis- 
ci and Depecisci, to enter upon a contract, to accept of 
it : Eques Romanus non ante dimissus, quam ad conditiones 
Apronii dep actus est. Cic. 

318. Decipere, Deludere, Fallere, Fraudare, Frus- 

TRARI, IjMPONERE, VERBA DARE, CiRCUMVENIRE, ClRCUM- 

scribere. Decipere, 172, catching unawares by false 
appearance, deceiving the incautious : Ita decipiemus fo- 
vea Lycum. Plaut. Deludere, to make fun of another, to 
banter, the fool or credulous person, what we familiarly ex- 
press by bamboozling, it is deluding by easy means, or the 
easily deluded: Sopitos deludunt somnia sensus. Virg. 
Fraudare, cheating, with violation of honesty and faithful- 
ness, obtaining property from another, defrauding: Frau- 
dare creditores. Cic. Fallere, deceiving, leading another 
into error, without his perceiving it : Node silenti fallere 
custodes. Ovid. Frus tr ari, deceive in expectation : Clas- 
sem Dolabella comparavit, ut, si Syrice spes eum frustrata 
esset, Italiam peteret. Cic. Imponere alicui imposing 
upon another, so that the deceived person appears as a sim- 
pleton : Eumenes simulata deditione prcefectis Antigoni i m- 
posuit. Nep. Verba dare, outwitting, depriving another 
entirely of his advantage, in spite of his cunning and watch- 
fulness : Hannibal clausus locorum angustiis, noctu sine ullo 
detrimento exercitus se expedivit ; Fabio, callidissimo impe- 
ratori, v erba dedit. Nep. Circumv e ni re, circumvent- 
ing, depriving one cunningly of something, catching, by 
intrigue: Ajax judicio iniquo circumv entus. Cic. Cir- 
cums crib ere, cheating by distortion of law, tricks, and fal- 
sifications: Emtiones falsas aperta cir cums crip ti one 
14 



158 319. Declamare. 321. Decretum. 

fecisti. Cic. Testamenta subjiciunt, adolescentulos circum- 
scribunt. Id. 

319. Declamare, Pronuntiare, Recitare. Decla- 
mare, delivering something with a loud voice, in effect, or 
by way of rhetorical practice, with reference to strength and 
modulation of voice: In quemvis impune declamari non 
licet. Cic. In Phalerico ad jiuctum declamavit Demos- 
thenes, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere. Pronunti- 
are, pronouncing, uttering words clearly, distinctly, and 
audibly, as in public annunciations : Prcelium pronuntiare 
in posterum diem. Liv. Pronuntiatio est, ex rerum et 
verborum dignitate, vocis et corporis moderatio. Cic, of ora- 
torical expression. Recitare, reciting, delivering a certain 
discourse or composition with a loud voice, reading aloud : 
Pansa tuas literas recitavit. Cic. Nero declamavit 
scepius publice: recitavit et carmina domi et in theatro. 
Suet. 

320. Decoquere, Heluari, Abligurire. Decoquere, 
to boil down, spend one's fortune: Heluari, to swallow it 
down, i. e. to ruin it by dissipation; Abligurire, to get 
through with it by dainty things, paying high prices for choice 
things: Tenesne memoria, prcetextatum te decoxisse? Cic. 
Tu meo periculo, gurges ac v or ago patrimonii, heluabare. 
Id. Homo p atria abligurierat bona. Ter. 

321. Decretum, Consultum, Edictum, Scitum, Jussum. 
Decretum, decree as decisive and unchangeable result of 
a deliberation on reasons and counter-reasons on a subject ; 
Consultum, the measure, conclusion, which proceeds as 
opinion from a deliberation, also the order, if it contains at 
the same time the opinion of the collegium: Con suit a om- 
nia et deer eta regis rescindere. Sail. Majores miseriti 
plebis Romance decretis suis inopice opitulati sunt. Id. — 
Decretum, the resolution which, as containing or express- 
ing the opinion of a higher authority, demands attention and 
must be followed; E dictum, the formally published order 
of a superior authority, which informs the inferior of its will 
and desire, and deprives the latter of the excuse of not know- 
ing it ; Flaccus Prcetor sanxit e die to, ne aurum ex Asia 
exportari liceret. Cic. Nego me ex decreto Prcetoris in 
fundum restitutum esse. Id. — Sen at us Decretum, also 
Consultum, a resolution or act of the senate which author- 
ized magistrates to perform important acts, and gave to reso- 
lutions of the people the authority of law. Such a popular 



322. Dediscere. 324. Deficere. 159 

resolve was called Populi scitum, if passed by the whole 
people, the entire people (of course by majority), but Pie- 
biscitum if passed by the plebs, in contradistinction to the 
senate, after the charge by the presiding magistrate; Jus- 
sum^ inasmuch as the people, as a whole, in virtue of its 
majesty, i. e. sovereignty, proclaimed or expressed its will : 
Rhodii societatem ab Romanis ita volebant peti, ut nullum de 
ea re scitum populi fieret. Liv. Scitum plebis est 
factum, rogantibus tribunis. Id. Pontius accepit sen at us 
decretum, ut, comitiis curiatis revocatus de exsilio, jussu 
populi Camillus dictator extemplo dicer etur. Id. 

322. Dediscere, Oblivisci. Be disc ere, to unlearn that 
which we had learned, from want of practice; Oblivisci, 
to forget, if we cannot any longer remember a thing : Milites 
disciplinam populi Romani dedidicerant. Cses. Si vete- 
ris contumelice oblivisci vellet : num etiam recentium inju- 
riarum memoriam deponere posse ? Id. 

323. Deducere, Derivare. Deducere, leading off 
water from a place ; Derivare, leading to a place : Quum 
pluere incipiet, aquam oportet deducere in vias. Cato. 
Deductum nomen ab Anco. Ovid. Fossam aqua ex Jlumine 
derivata complevit. Cses. Suam culpam derivare in 
aliquem. Cic, shift it upon some one, make him appear 
guilty. 

324. Deficere, Desciscere, Rebellare ; Defectio, Se- 
ditio, Secessio, Factio, Partes. Deficere, 3., ab ali- 
quo, separating from a country, ally, severing from an ally, 
and withdrawing one's assistance (in German abf alien, falling 
off) : Dua colonics Latince ad Auruncos defciunt. Liv. 
Desciscere, severing allegiance or submission to some one, 
and becoming his enemy; Deficere designates faithlessness 
in this action; Desciscere, unstableness, inconsistency: 
Propugnatores rei publicce qui esse voluerunt, si leviores sunt, 
desciscunt ; si timidiores, desunt. Cic. Nunquam isti 
populi, nisi quum deerit, ad quern desciscant, a nobis non 
deficient. Liv. A me ipse defeci, I have abandoned my 
own principles, have become faithless to them; descivi,! 
have acted directly contrary to my principles. Rebellare, 
beginning war again, rebeginning it: Volsci, fortior ad re- 
bellandum, quam ad bellandum, gens. Liv., hence to rebel, 
i. e. to begin war again after having been subdued. — De- 
fectio, defection: Rebellio facta post deditionem ; de- 
fectio datis obsidibus. Cses. Seditio, dissension of a 



160 325. Deformis. 327. Dein. 

society, riot, sedition, when the citizens, in parties, oppose 
one another, or, by unlawful acts and violence, the lawful 
authorities: Domestica seditio. Liv. Ea dissensio civium, 
quod seorsum eunt alii ad alios, seditio dicitur. Cic. Se- 
cession the formal separation of one, the malecontent party 
in a state, from the other, rebellion : Civium secessio in 
Sacrum montem facta. Liv. F actio, a seditious party, regu- 
larly organized under a leader or head, for the purpose of 
obtaining supreme power : Consul Patavinorum in Venetia 
sedition em comprimeret, quos certamine fa ctionum ad 
intestinum helium exarsisse legati attulerant. Liv. Partes, 
party, as a union of several members having the same opinion, 
and thereby standing opposite and opposed to another of a 
different opinion : Cinnano tumultu alii Sullanis, alii Cinna- 
nis favebant partibus. Nep. 

325. Deformis, Turpis, Fcedus. Deformis, deformed, 
i. e. having an irregular and unpleasant form, displeasing by 
want of beauty and perfection or completeness, opp. Formo- 
sus ; Turpis, ugly, scandalous, disgraceful, by dishonoring 
and disgracing deformity, i. e. deviation from what it ought 
to be ; Fee du s, abominable, that which excites disgust and 
horror: Jumenta prava atque deformia. Cses. Turpe 
pecus mutilum ; turpe est sine gr amine campus ; et sine 
fronde frutex, et sine crine caput. Ovid. Caput impexa 
fcedum porrigine. Hor. Luxuria quum omni cetati tur- 
pis, turn senectuti fee diss im a est. Cic. 

326. Dejicere, Deturbare, Pr^ecipitare. Dejicere, 
chasing, throwing down from a position, to maintain which is 
important, with violence : aliquem de ponte in Tiberim. Si 
qui meam familiam de meo fundo dej ecerit, ex eo me loco 
dej ecerit : si qui me in meum fundum introire prohibuerit, 
non ex eo, sed ab eo loco me dejecerit. Cic. Deturbare, 
driving down, from the possession away, expel, push out with 
great violence : Ceelius, impetu in prcetorem facto, eum de 
tribunali deturbavit. Cses. Prcecipitare, precipitating, 
fall with violence head-foremost, used of a precipitous fall : 
Multitudo de turre sese prcecipitabat, Liv. Nilus pra- 
cipitat ex altissimis montibus. Cic. 

327. Dein, Deinde, Deinceps, Dehinc, Exinde, Tum, 
Post, Postea. Dein, properly, from thence, after ; Dein- 
de, thereupon, after this, points to a near object upon which 
the one in question is to follow; Deinceps, immediately 
after ; Dehinc, from hence, to begin here, expresses locality, 



328. Delectare. 329. Delectum habere. 161 

and from now, expresses time : Numidcz pro tempore in- 
structi : dein pr odium incipitur. Sail. Tres fr aires video 
deinceps tribunos plebis per triennium fore. Cic, after 
one another. Interior a Gedrosi, dehinc Persce habitant. 
Mela. Ex in, Exinde, from that place, of locality, and 
upon that, after that, of time, and of a consequence of some 
fact: Mare terram appetit : exin mari jinitimus aer sublime 
fertur. Cic. Turn, then, points at a fact in the past or the 
future in relation to now, without reference to any thing that 
may follow : Quum inimici nostri venire dicentur,tum in 
Epirum ibo. Cic. Post, after, behind; Postea, there- 
upon, thereafter, designates the following after another ac- 
cording to order or time : Ccedere incipiunt Milonis servos, 
qui post erant. Cic. — In enumerations, Deinde and Turn, 
if repeated, designate every idea or sentence that follows 
after them as equally important in its relation to the previous 
part or to the whole of the sentence. Deinde distinguishes 
such ideas according to their order and successiveness ; Turn, 
as belonging to various periods : lllud erat philosophi totius 
augurii primum naturam ipsam videre, deinde inventionem 
deinde constantiam. Cic. Stella err antes turn occultan- 
tur, turn rursus aperiuntur, turn adeunt, turn recedunt. Id 

328. Delectare, Oblectare ; Delectamentum, Deli 
cle,- Voluptas. Delectare, alluring by agreeable things 
delighting; Oblectare, acting against disagreeable impres- 
sions by delighting, entertaining, amusing : Muscb me a prima 
adolescentia delectarunt. Cic, they attracted me. Ab 
delectatione omni negotiis impedimur ; ludis tamen ob- 
lectamur et ducimur. Id. — Delectamentum, the means 
of delight, that which is capable of furnishing or procuring 
it; Delicice, the things themselves which attract by their 
charms, which delight, and on which we dwell with pleasur- 
able sensation ; Voluptas, the pleasurable sensation which 
is created by a high degree of pleasure through the senses, 
voluptuousness: Amores ac delicice tuce, Roscius. Cic. 
Verbo voluptatis duas res subjiciunt, Icetitiam in animo, 
commotionem suavem jucunditatis in corpore. Id. 

329. Delectum habere, Conscribere, Legere milites. 
Delectum habere, levying troops with reference to proper 
age, health, and strength, as in Rome, originally in the Cam- 
pus Martius, at a later period in all the provinces ; Conscri- 
bere milites, at the delectus, the entering of the names of 
the men capable of bearing arms, whose names had been 

14* 



162 330. Delere. 331. Delirare. 

called in the roll, enrolling the men (yet without the addi- 
tional meaning which the word has in the United States or 
England); Leg ere milit&s, levying from among those 
that can bear arms, selecting : Delectum consules habent. 
Ad duo simul bella exercitus scribitur. Liv. Delectus ha- 
betur; nee junior es modo cons cripti, sed senior es etiam 
coacti nomina dare. Id. Legionem Fausto conscriptam, 
in Siciliam sibi placere a consule duci, scripserat Pompeius 
ad consules. Cic, the words of Pompey were : Ladio man- 
daram, ut alter vestrum cum Us militibus, quos Faustus 
legit, proficisceretur. 

330. Delere, Abolere, Obliterare, Extinguere, In- 
ducere. Delere, erase that which had been engraved in 
the wax of the tablet, with the flat end of the stylus, erase : 
Rubeo : sed jam s crips er am ; delere nolui. Cic. Delere 
maculam, urbem, to erase. A bole re, causing something to 
vanish, perish, destroying, e. g. monumenta, imagines : Cor- 
pus non igni abolitum. Tac. Obliterare, properly, 
crossing writing with other writing ; causing something to be 
forgotten: Res vetustate obliter ata ; Obliterata memo- 
ria superioris belli. Liv. Exstinguere, properly, remov- 
ing by pointed instruments, to annihilate, extinguish, to deprive 
of active existence, of activity and influence : Aqua multitu- 
dine vis jlamma opprimitur ; sua sponte autem consumtus 
ignis exstinguitur. Cic, see 417. Inducer e, cover 
something with something, e. g. super lateres coria ; postes 
in duct i pice; making plain again the wax on which some- 
thing had been written, covering it over again, as it were ; 
hence cashiering : Nomina jam facta sunt : sed vel induci, 
vel mutari possunt. Cic. Inducendi senatus consulti ma- 
turitas nondum est. Id. 

331. Delirare, Desipere, Insanire, Fitrere ; Insania, 
Furor, Rabies. Delirare, properly, deviating from the 
straight furrow (lira) ; being out of senses: Profecto deli- 
ramus inter dum senes. Plaut. Desipere, giving one's 
self up to folly, being over gay : Objurgabar, quod nimio 
gaudio pene desiperem. Cic. Insanire, not having a 
sound mind, being crazy : Homo audacissimus, et quod inter 
omnes constat, nisi inter eos, qui ipsi quoque insaniunt, 
insanissimus. Cic. Fur ere, raving, raging, being furious 
and wild : Scepe iracundia graviore, vel timore, vel dolore 
movetur mens : quo genere Athamantem, Ajacem, Orestem 
fur ere dicimus. Cic. — Insania, nonsense, craziness, 



332. Demum. 333. Denuo. 163 

insanity, as quality : Ins an i a libidinum. Cic. Fu ror, the 
state of fury, of the person that rages: Insaniam majores 
stultitiam censuerunt, constantly id est, sanitate vacantem : 
fur or em autem esse rati sunt mentis ad omnia ccBcitatem. 
Cic. Rabies, the madness, when the fury of passion rises 
to a privation of consciousness, and knows, in its frantic ir- 
ruptions, of no limits : Canum rabies. Ovid. 

332. Demum, Denique, Postremo, Tandem. Demum, 
only, signifies that the preceding demonstrative {nunc, post, 
turn, igitur, is, ibi) must be taken in the highest degree of its 
meaning: Nunc demum rescribo his Uteris, quas mihi mi- 
sisti. Cic. Idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum jirma 
amicitia est. Sail. Denique (for demumque), at length, 
only, attaches the idea which has been strengthened by de- 
mum to that which precedes : Turn denique homines nostra 
intelligimus bona, quum qua in potestate habuimus, ea amisi- 
mus. Plaut., then and then only. Hence in enumerations, 
when at the end of the series the highest or lowest or some- 
thing is mentioned, which comprises the whole preceding 
series ; at the highest, at least, in short, or, even : Decemviri 
provincias, civitates liber as, socios, amicos, reges denique 
exhauriunt. Cic. Hostes deditione facta, nostros prcesidia 
deducturos, aut denique indiligentius servaturos credide- 
rant. Caes., or at least. Negant id Syracusani per religiones 
sacrorum ullo modo fieri posse : fas denique negant esse. 
Cic, in short, in general. Postremo, sc. loco, at length, 
finally, designates only the last place according to order : 
Omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vec- 
tigalia vestra venierint. Cic. Tandem, at last, at last after 
all, at length, of time, when long expectation is to be ex- 
pressed : Redditce mihi tandem sunt a Ccesare liter ce. Cic. 

333. Denuo, Ab — De — Ex integro, Iterum, Rursus 
— um. Denuo, literally, from anew, designates the repe- 
tition (renovation, as it were) of a state of things, according 
to the time after its existence had ceased for a time ; A b — 
De — Ex integro, anew, with reference to the thing itself, 
its essence, i. e. so, as the previous state was from the begin- 
ning, immediately after its origin, afresh ; designates the 
mode, entirely so, as it existed before ; Iterum, again, des- 
ignates the mode, quite so, as it was before ; Rursum, 
Rursus, again, an additional time, of the kind, of mere 
repetition': Dixi equidem : sed si parum intellexti, dicam 
denuo. Plaut. Parietes ruunt : cedificantur cedes totce de- 



164 334. Depeculari. 335. Describere. 

nuo. Id., merely of building, in which also old yet sound and 
good materials may be used: Columnam efficere ab integro 
novam nullo lapide redivivo. Cic., from the bottom anew, of 
new hewn stones. Faciet de integro comcedias. Ter., in- 
vented by himself, not derived from the Greeks. Te prcetore 
Sicilia censa denuo est ; poster o anno Metellus mentionem 
tui census fieri vetat : censor es dicit de integro sibi creari 
placere. Cic. Every fifth year censors were elected anew ; 
in this case, the election was annulled a year after it had 
taken place, and others were elected afresh, fresh ones. Li- 
viance fabulce, non satis dignce, quce iterum legantur. Cic. 
Facis, ut rursus plebes in Aventinum sevocanda esse vide- 
atur. Id. 

334. Depeculari, Spoliare, Pr^dari. Depeculari, 
abstracting property which does not belong to us, especially 
public property, robbing by embezzling : cerarium, fana ; 
Spoliare, robbing in the sense of undressing, pulling off 
what one wears, dress or armour, uncovering, denudating : 
Consules spoliari hominem et virgas expediri jubent. Liv., 
undressing. Monumenta spoliavit nudavitque omnia. Cic. 
Pr cedar i, making booty, plundering, robbing, in the sense 
of carrying off as prize : Pecoris vis ingens in saltum avium 
compulsa perpulit consulem, ut prcedatum eo expedites du- 
cerentur legiones. Liv. 

335. Describere, Exprimere, Definire ; Designare, 

DlSTRIBUERE, DlSPERTIRE, DlSPENSARE, DlRIBERE. D e- 

s crib ere, copying, describing, refers to the intention of a 
clear perception; Exprimere, expressing, representing, 
properly of plastic works, giving a more vivid and visible 
representation's it were ; Definire, defining, giving the 
precise limits of a thing, giving a distinctly delineated, cir- 
cumscribed presentation or idea of a subject ; if we give just 
as many marks of distinction as an object has or ought to 
have, to be such as we mean: Descriptio rerum conse- 
quentium continet perspicuam et dilucidam cum gravitate ex- 
positionem. Ad Herenn. Orator hominum sermones mores- 
que describat. Cic. Hanc speciem Pasiteles ccelavit 
argento, et noster expressit Archias versibus. Id. Ora- 
tione, verbis exprimere mores, animorum sensus. Defi- 
nitio est earum rerum, qua sunt ejus rei propria, quam 
definire volumus, brevis et circumscripta explicatio. Id. — 
Describere, giving a clear representation of the form of 
things by a sketch, drawing (pingere, delineare) ; hence, 



336. Deses. 165 

directing how something is to be, ordering, designating the 
order; Designare, designate, distinguishing by making a 
sign upon it: Non jpotuit pictor rectius describere homi- 
?iis formam. Plaut. Servius Tullius classes centuriasque ex 
censu descripsit. Liv. JEneas urbem designat aratro. 
Virg. — Describere, enumerating, dividing, directing, by- 
writing, the parts of a whole. Inasmuch as the writing or 
directing is unimportant, and only the placing of the different 
parts is considered, the same is called Distribuere, dis- 
tributing, to distinct and respective individuals; Dispertire, 
giving away by dividing into parts, used of the thing, the 
whole, which is divided (divider e) ; Dispensare, weighing 
out to different individuals, distributing proportionately, ac- 
cording to proportions ; Diribere, to distribute according to 
order, even : Mdiles curules frumentum quaternis ceris vica- 
tim populo descripserunt. Liv. Numa in duodecim men- 
ses describit annum. Id. Distribuisti partes Italia, 
Catilina : statuisti, quo quemque prqficisci placeret. Cic. 
Archipirata cequabiliter prcedam dispertit. Id. llle ter- 
rarum victor, qui gentes et regna diribet. Plin. 

336. Deses, Reses ; Desidia, Ignavia, Pigritia, Iner- 
tia, Segnities, Socordia, Otium. Deses, he who sits 
firmly on a place, idle, inactive; .Reses, hewho does not 
move from his seat, who does not move, stir, quiet, unoccu- 
pied : Sedemus desides domi, mulierum ritu inter nos 
alter cantes. Liv. Casei molles, in corpore non resides. 
Varr. Clamor em pugnantium exaudimus, resides ipsi ac 
segnes, tamquam nee manus nee arma habeamus. Liv. — De- 
sidia, inclination to sit upon one place, the sitting idle, put- 
ting one's hands in one's lap : Legi frumentarice repugnabant 
boni, quod ab industria plebem ad desidiam avocari puta- 
bant. Cic. Ignavia, indolence, when impulse and desire 
of activity are wanting ; hence, also, cowardice ; opp. activ- 
ity, industry, thriftiness, alacrity : Non Jit ex ignavo strenu- 
us, neque fortis ex timido. Sail. In quern cadunt timor et 
infr actio qucedam animi et demissio, recipiat idem necesse est 
tarditatem et ignaviam. Cic. Pigritia, crossness, if one 
goes crossly and reluctantly to a work, opp. cheerfulness, 
alacrity: Pigritia est metus consequents laboris. Cic, 
laziness. Noli putare, pigritia me facere, quod non mea 
manu scribam. Id. Inertia (iners, without energy, strength, 
life, motion, and hence unfit for its purpose or destination, 
e. g. sal, stomachus), enduring inactivity, inclination to idle- 



166 337. Desperare. 338. Despicere. 

ness, to faineantise, as the French express it: Vita humana 
prope uti ferrum est : si nihil exerceas, inertia atque tor- 
pedo plus detrimenti facit, quam exercitio. Cato. Res aspera 
est: sed inertia et mollitia animi, alius alium exspectantes 
cunctamini, Dis immortalibus confisi. Sail. Deseruntur of- 
Jicia defensionis negligentia, pigritia, inertia. Cic., 
from inclination to ease and comfort (indolence), or from in- 
capacity. Segnities, slowness, sleepiness, drowsiness in 
acting, dulness of mind : Hortantur consulem, ut castigaret 
segnitiem populi. Liv., the people, tired of eternal war, 
were slow in entering into a new war with Macedonia. So- 
cordia, thoughtlessness, want of attention and energy ; 
hence, also, dulness : Nisi animum advertitis omnes, nisi 
somnum socordiam que ex pectore oculisque amovetis. Plaut. 
Poznus ah extremis orois terrarum terminis nostra cunctatione 
et socordia jam hue progressus. Liv. Otium, leisure, 
the time which remains unoccupied by professional employ- 
ment ; it may be well or badly made use^of; ease, opp. ne- 
gotium : Nostrum otium negotii inopia, non requiescendi 
studio constitutum est. Cic. 

337. Desperare, Diffidere. Desperare (de-spes), 
giving up hope, despairing, if all grounds of expecting that 
which we wish to be fulfilled are gone ; D iffi dere, dis- 
trusting, if but few or weak grounds to expect this realization 
are left : Gallic nisi perfregerint munitiones, de omni salute 
desperant. Cses. Ita graviter agrum Eudemum fuisse, ut 
omnes medici diffiderent. Cic. 

338. Despicere, Spernere, Aspernari, Temnere, Con- 
temnere, Fastidire, Negligere. Despicere, looking 
down upon a thing as below one's self, considering something 
far below ourselves : Omnes despicit, hominem prce se ne- 
minem putat, se solum potentem putat. Cic. Spernere, hold- 
ing far off from one's self, disdaining, slighting, not wanting 
it in the least; Aspernari, spurning, not wishing to have 
any thing to do with it, involving disdain, contempt : llle sper- 
nit segregatque ah se omnes. Plaut. Qui habet, ultro appeti- 
tur : qui est pauper, aspernatur. Cic. Temnere, poetical, 
more commonly Contemnere, contemning, holding value- 
less, worthless, unworthy of attention : Jejunus raro stomachus 
vulgaria temnit. Hor. Nemo potest id, quod malum esse 
decreverit, non curare idque contemnere. Cic. C ont em- 
sit Siculos ; non duxit homines. Id. Fas tidi re, disdaining 
proudly or as unfit for us, not good, not delicate enough for us : 



339. Destruere. 341. Detinere. 167 

Superbas aures habemus, si quum domini servorum non fas- 
tidiant preces, nos rogari ab honestis feminis indigna- 
mur. Liv. Negligere, neglecting, not paying attention to 
something or some one : alicujus imperium. Omnes, quibus 
res sunt minus secundce, propter suam impotentiam se semper 
credunt negligi. Ter. 

339. Destruere, Demoliri, Diruere, Excidere, Ever- 
tere, Delere. Speaking of buildings, Destruere, literally 
unbuilding (see 39), pulling down by layers : Navem, cedi- 
jicium idem destruit facillime, qui construxit. Cic. De- 
moliri, pulling^ down high fabrics, with exertion; also 
statuas, see 51: Augur es jus serunt demoliri ea, quorum 
altitudo officer et auspiciis. Cic. Diruere, pull asunder, in 
various parts, demolish (dis-ruere, see 39) : Legiones ductce 
ad diruendam urbem. Liv. Excidere, hewing out, as 
it were, demolish from the bottom, entirely, to the very bot- 
tom : Monumenta publica, cedes sacras, domos inimicorum 
suorum oppugnavit, excidit, incendit. Cic, razing to the 
ground. Evertere, upsetting, turning the bottom up, de- 
stroying, in a way of turning every thing topsy-turvy : Urbem 
nondum excisam et eversam, sed jam captam atque op- 
pressam vidimus. Cic. Delere, annihilate : Scipio alter 
Africanus duas urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Carthaginem 
Numantiamque, delevit. Cic. 

340. Deterior, Pejor. Deterior, less good, worse, 
in the sense of deterioration, growing worse, comparatively 
to that which is better; Pejor, worse, more evil, more 
wicked, in the sense of augmenting evil, or that which is 
bad: In mundo si quis corrigere aliquid volet, deterius 
faciei. Cic. De male Greeds Latine scripta deterius. Id., 
worse, i. e. further from what it ought to be. Consules 
orabant tribunos, ne pessimum f acinus pejore exemplo ad- 
mitt event judices. Liv. Neminem pejus oderunt. Cic. 

341. De — Distinere, Distringere, Occupare, Morari, 
Tardare. Detinere, keeping a person in a place or at a 
thing, so that he occupies himself solely with it; Distinere, 
keeping from one another, distant from a thing, off from 
something, so that he cannot occupy himself with it so much, 
detaining: Me detinuit morbus. Ter. Quce facilius pro- 
veniebant, quia PartJii Hyrcano bello distinebantur. 
Tac. Distringere, pull in different directions, occupy 
one's self with more than one thing : Hannibalem mittendum 
in Africam esse ad distringendos Romanos. Liv., to 



168 342. Detrectare. 343. Devertere. 

make a " diversion." Sulla multis negotiis distentus est. 
Cic. Numquam a causis et judiciis districtior fui. Id., 
when attention is divided among several. Oc cup are, 
properly, mastering a subject; occupy one's self: Populus 
in funambulo animum occuparat. Ter. Quamvis o ecu- 
pat us sis, otii tamen plus habes. Cic. Morari, 300, de- 
tain, make tarry, used as verb active : Legatio belli celerita- 
tern morabitur. Cic. Tar dare, properly making slow; 
retarding, interfering with the progress, opp. accelerare : Mea 
dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur, aut certe 
tar dare. Cic. Res scepe tentata impetus Ccesaris consilia- 
que tar dab at. Cses. 

342. Detrectare, Obtrectare. Detrectare, properly, 
endeavouring to carry off; declining a thing or a performance, 
militiam; taking off from others, i. e. merits, detracting, plac- 
ing them in the shade, virtutes : Ingenium magni detrectat 
Livor Homeri. Ovid. Obtrectare, opposing a person on 
account of his merits from envy or jealousy, endeavouring to 
impede the effects of his meritorious qualities : Cessatum a 
milite, ac de industria, ut obtrectaretur laudibus duds, 
impedita victoria est. Liv. 

343. De-— Divertere, Deversari ; Deversorium, Hos- 
pitium, De — Diverticulum, De — Divortium. Dever- 
tere, turning off the road and turning in, alighting (precisely 
the German einkehren) ; Divertere and Diverti, turning 
from one another into different directions, taking a road lead- 
ing in a different direction; Deversari, stopping, tarrying 
where we have alighted : Quum duo quidam iter facerent et 
Megaram venissent, alter ad cauponem d ever tit, ad hospi- 
tem alter. Cic. Proficiscenti Consuli causa in Pamphyliam 
divertendi oblata est. Liv. Omnes ad, earn domum, in 
qua iste deversabatur, profecti sunt. Cic. — Deverso- 
rium, the place where we enter, turn in from the road; 
Hospitium, the inn which receives the "stranger" hospi- 
tably, which is a comfort to him : In aliquo peropportuno 
dev ersorio requiescere. Cic. Te in Arpinati videbimus 
et hospitio agresti accipiemus. Id. Dev erticulum, 
branch way, which leads off from the road; Diverticu- 
lum, road leading in a diverging direction: Hcec deverti- 
cula et anfr actus suffugia sunt infirmitatis. Quinctil. Ubi 
ad ipsum venio diverticulum, constiti. Ter., also: Gla- 
dii abditi ex omnibus locis deverticuli protrahebantur. 
Liv., of the corner, for deversorii. Devortium, the place 



344. Deus. 348. Differre. 169 

where a road leads off from the main road ; Divortium, 
the place where a road or river divides into two different di- 
rections : Devortia itinerum indicebantur, ut civitates a 
proximis hibernis in avia frumentum refer rent, Tac. Prope 
divortium itinerum castra posituri erant. Liv. 

344. Deus, Divus, Numen. Deus, a certain god; Di- 
vus, divine, a god in general, in solemn expression, and a 
deified emperor; Numen, the deity, inasmuch as it shows 
effectually its majesty and power: Deum, Deo natum, sal- 
vere Romulum jubent. Liv. Ad divos adeunto caste. Cic. 
Omnes naturce numini divino parent. Id. O numen 
aquarum, Neptune ! Ovid. 

345. Diadema, Infula, Mitra. Diadema, the wide, 
white head-band of kings ; Infu I a, the white woollen band 
over the forehead of the priests : Phazbi Triviceque sacerdos, 
infula cui sacra redimibat tempora vitta. Virg. Mitra, 
a sort of cap with flaps covering the cheeks, to be tied under 
the chin : Ille Paris, Mceonia mentum mitra crinemque ma- 
dent em subnixus. Virg. 

346. Dictio, Stilus. Dictio, properly, the oral deliv- 
ery ; diction, the peculiar manner of presenting the thoughts 
for and by oral delivery, calculated upon and according to 
the effect which it will produce with the hearer ; for genus 
dicendi : Fuit in Crasso popularis dictio excellens : An- 
tonii genus dicendi multo aptius judiciis, quam concionibus. 
Cic. Stilus, style, the mode of presenting thoughts by 
words and writing, which pays regard to the connexion and 
distribution of words: Stilus optimus dicendi effector et 
magister. Cic. 

347. Dies festi, profesti, fasti, nefasti, comitiales, 
intercensi. Dies festi, feast days, days of rejoicing, 
when all labor and business were suspended, and every one 
gave himself up to pleasure of some sort; profesti, non- 
feast days, among these were Dies fasti, court days, ne- 
fasti, when the holdin g court was prohibited ; comitiales, 
when comitia, but not sessions of the senate were held; in- 
tercensi or inter cisi, days when a few hours at the 
middle of the day, about noon, were spent in holding court, 
the morning and evening hours, however, in sacrificing. 

348. Differre, Proferre, Prolatare, Procrastinare, 
Diffindere. Differre, deferring something to a more 
convenient time; Proferre, extending (pushing further 
out), delaying on account of an obstacle : In crastinum dif 

15 



170 349. Difficilis. 351. Dignitas. 

fero res sever as. Nep. Si coheredes laxius volent pro- 
ferre diem auctionis, poterunt vet biduum, vel triduum, vel 
ut videbitur. Cic. Prolatars, making wider forward, ap- 
point something for a more distant time, e. g. comitia : Id 
malum opprimi sustentando ac prolatando nullo modo 
potest. Cic. Pro eras tin are, always delaying to tomor- 
row, from one day to another, procrastinating : Primo rem 
di /ferre quotidie ac procrastinare cozperunt. Cic. Dif- 
find ere, interrupting a law case, and adjourning it to some 
other day : Papirio legem curiatam de imperio ferenti triste 
omen diem diffidit. Liv. 

349. Difficilis, Laboriosus, Operosus ; Morosus. Dif- 
ficilis, difficult, the execution of which opposes many ob- 
stacles even to great powers and means; Laboriosus, 
laborious, toilsome, the bringing about of which is connected 
with great labor, trouble; Operosus, the completion of 
which requires manifold labor, much work, many hands we 
could not well give it ; vast, applied to work, undertaking, 
expresses somewhat, and in certain cases, the Latin operosus 
(German milhsam) : Erat difficile eodem tempore rapi- 
dissimo flumine opera perficere et tela vitare. Cic. Operum 
fait omnium laboriosissimum cuniculus in arcem hos- 
tium agi cceptus. Liv. Laboriosce exercitationes. Cic, 
fatiguing. Sepulcrum operosius, quam quod decern homi- 
nes effecerint triduo. Id. — Difficilis, difficult to be 
treated, obstinate, hard, stubborn : Avunculus d iffi cillima 
natura, cujus asperitatem nemo ferre potest. Nep. Moro- 
sus, cross, morose, to whose satisfaction nothing can be 
done, grumbling, e. g. senex. 

350. Digerere, Ordinare, Disponere. Digerere, dis- 
tributing properly, so that that which belongs together be 
placed together, and each group be properly separated from 
the rest : Carmina digerere in numerum. Virg. Primum 
omne jus civile in genera dig erat ; deinde eorum.generum 
quasi qucedam membra dispertiat. Cic. Ordinare, placing 
in order, giving to each individual thing or being its proper 
place in a series, e. g. partes orationis. Cic. Ars perpetuis 
prceceptis ordinata. Liv. Disponere, disposing, plac- 
ing, according to a plan, in various places : Vigilias dispo- 
nere per urbem. Liv. 

351. Dignitas, Honestas, Existimatio. Dignitas, 
dignity, which, on account of personal or political advantages 
or privileges, gives claim to esteem and acknowledgment ; 



352. Dilapidare. 354. Disciplines 171 

Honestas, properly, the quality of being honored or having 
honor, i. e. feeling of honor ; moral dignity, which gives a 
claim to general esteem and honor, on account of his rational 
actions, and the honor itself, thus obtained ; Existimatio, 
45, 93, the judgment, opinion of others, founded upon the 
above quality, honor, civil honor, reputation: Dig nit as est 
alicujus honesta, et cultu et honore et verecundia digna aucto- 
ritas. Cic. In officio colendo sita vitce est honestas omnis, 
et in negligendo turpitudo. Id. 

352. Dilapidare, Dissipare. Dilapidare, properly, 
to pull down, pull asunder a heap of stones ; spending one's 
fortune by dissipation, down to nothing : Conveniundus Phor- 
mio est, priusquam dilapidet nostras triginta minas, ut 
auferamus. Ter. Dissipare, strewing about that which 
belongs together, diffusing : Statuam istius deturbant, com- 
minuunt, dissipant. Cic. Ignis totis se passim dissipa- 
vit castris. Liv. Dissipare fortunas alicujus. Cic. 

353. Discernere, Internoscere, Distinguere, Secer- 
nere. Discernere, seeing two or more things as different 
things, distinguishing, so that we do not take the one for the 
other, e. g. alba et atra: Discernit, quid sit ejusdem gene- 
ris, quid alterius. Cic. Internoscere, knowing one from 
among others, knowing him by known marks of distinction, 
and distinguishing him thus from others : Mater geminos in- 
ternoscit consuetudine oculorum. Cic. Distinguere, 
distinguishing something by accurate delineation from other 
things : Numerum in cadentibus guttis, quod intervallis dis- 
till guuntur, notare possumus. Cic, also effecting that 
something be much distinguished from something else, easily 
known. Pocula ex auro gemmis erant distincta. Id., or- 
namented. Secernere, separating by sifting: Bestial se- 
cernunt pestifera a salutaribus. Cic. 

354. Disciplina, Doctrina, Pr^ecept.um. Disciplina, 
that which is learned, inasmuch as it occupies the disciple, 
the learner ; instruction, and the whole education which he 
receives, and the instruction or system, in as far as it teaches 
methodically the branch of a science : Ad Druidas magnus 
adolescentium numerus disciplina causa concur r it. Mag- 
num ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur : itaque annos 
nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. Cses. Mago- 
rum disciplina scientiaque. Cic. Doctrina, the instruc- 
tion which a teacher gives, and the knowledge requisite for 
this ; also every science : Doctrinal pretium triste magister 



172 355. Discrimen. 356. Disertus. 

habet. Ovid. Homo disertissimus et omni doctrina orna- 
tissimus. Cic. Prceceptum, 262, the instruction given as 
precept, rule: PrcBcepta dicendi, vivendi, dare, tra- 
der e. Cic. 

355. Discrimen, Differentia, Discrepantia, Diversi- 
tas ; Periculum, Dimicatio. Discri men, that which dis- 
tinguishes two things from each other, makes the difference 
between them, by which they are discriminated : Duo maria 
pertenui discrimine separantur. Cic, i. e. Isthmo. The 
difference of two things, if they have such qualities that they 
can be distinguished from one another, is expressed by Dif- 
ferentia, if the two things are thereby kept from one an- 
other, are different things ; by Discrepantia, want of har- 
mony, disagreement, if they do not harmonize (sound, chime) 
together, hence the name; Diversitas, diversity, if they 
deviate from one another, have, as it were, a different direc- 
tion, are diverging: Differentia honesti et decori. Cic. 
Oculi in homine numerosissimce varietatis atque differ en- 
tice, : grandiores, modici, parvi, prominentes, conditi. Plin. 
Discrepantia scripti et voluntatis. Cic, want of agree- 
ment or harmony. Sua cuique vox, sicut fades. Hinc ilia 
gentium toique linguarum toto orbe diver sit as. Plin. — 
Discrimen, the distinguishing point, that which gives the de- 
cision, on which it turns ; Periculum, the attempt, by which 
we obtain experience while we are thereby exposed to danger, 
the trial, the danger itself, the risk ; Dimicatio, 253, strug- 
gle against a great danger, when something important is at 
stake: Totius belli in unius viri vita positum est discri- 
men. Cic. Siculi volunt mece fidei diligenticeque pericu- 
lum facer e, qui innocentia abstinenticeque fecerunt. Id. 
Publicum periculum erat a vi tempestatis in Us, qua por- 
tarentur ad exercitus. Liv. In tanta dimicatione capitis, 
famce, fortunarumque omnium ab Jove pacem peto. Cic. 

356. Disertus, Eloquens, Facundus. Disertus, of 
ready speech, one who is able to deliver something in good 
order, clearly and perspicuously ; Eloquens, eloquent, well- 
speaking, used of the completely trained orator, according to 
art; Facundus, speaking fluently, he who finds it easy to 
speak, and who is not wanting in words, used of natural 
eloquence, perhaps expressed by our well-spoken : Eum sta- 
tuebam disertum, qui posset satis acute atque dilucide, 
apud mediocres homines, ex communi quadam opinione homi- 
num dicer e ; eloquent em vero, qui mirabilius et magnifi- 



357. Dispar. 360. Diu. 173 

centius auger e posset atque ornare, quce vellet, omnesque om- 
nium rerum, quce ad dicendum pertinerent, fontes animo atque 
memoria contineret. Cic. Caligula eloquential plurimum 
attendit, quantumvis facundus et promtus. Suet. 

357. Dispar, Impar, Disparilis, Dissimilis. Dispar, 
not entirely equal, uneven, that which does not make a pair 
with another thing on account of disproportion; Impar, un- 
even (as of a number), unequal, which does not make a pair 
on account of total absence of the requisite qualities ; Dispa- 
rilis, that which with difficulty, on account of frequent and 
rapid change, can be made equal: Disparibus septem 
compacta cicutis fistula. Virg. Erant trigemini fratres, nee 
(Etate nee viribus dispar es. Liv. Stellarum numerus par 
an impar sit, nescitur. Cic. Hannibali par audacia Ro- 
manus, consilio et viribus impar. Liv. Cozli varietas et 
disparilis aspiratio terrarum. Cic, alternating. Dissi- 
milis, dissimilar, designates quality: Dispar es mores 
disparia studia sequuntur, quorum dissimilitudo dis- 
sociat amicitias. Cic. 

358. Dissensio, Dissiditjm, Discidium, Discordia. Dis- 
s ens io, disagreement in opinion and disposition, e. g. de 
jure : Animorum disjunctio dissensionem facit. Cic. 
Dissidium, dissension, discord, if two persons on account 
of discord keep themselves far from one another : Quod una 
non estis, non dissensione ac dissidio vestro, sed vo~ 
luntate ac judicio tuo factum est. Cic. Discidium, forci- 
ble separation: Manet memoria, etiam in discidio publi- 
corum fcederum, privati juris. Liv. Nero exturbat Octaviam 
— civilis disci dii specie. Tac, of divorce. Discordia, 
discord, as the result of striving for different aims : Duas ex 
una civitate discordia fecerat. Liv. 

359. Distantia, Intervallum, Spatium. Distantia, 
distance of one thing from another : Tanta est inter bonos et 
improbos, quanta maxima potest esse, morum studiorumque 
distantia. Cic. In terv a Hum, space between two things: 
Trabes paribus inter v allis distantes inter se binos pedes, 
in solo collocantur : ea inter valla saxis effarciuntur. Cses. 
Spatium, the space into which something may be received, 
in which something can be done : Inter duas acies tantum erat 
relictum spatii, ut satis esset ad concursum utriusque exer- 
citus. Caes. 

360. Diu, Dudum, Pridem. Diu, long, a long time, in 
general: llle vult diu vivere ; hie diu vixit ; — sperat 

15* 



174 361. Diver sus. 863. Divider e. 

adolescens, diu se victurum. Cic. Dudum (diu-dum), 
already a long time, this long while, connects the length of 
time with now, to express the weariness and tediousness of 
this duration of time : Vide, quam dudum hie adsto et pul- 
to! Plaut. Antonium j am dudum Cotta et Sulpicius ex- 
spectant. Cic, already a long time. P rid em, a long time 
ago, of things which belong to a time having passed away 
long before the one we speak in : Sermo hue evasit, quam 
pridem mi pater et mater mortui essent : dico, jam diu. 
Ter. Ad te jam pridem de testamento scripsi. Cic. 

361. Diversus, Varius. Diver sus, different, not the 
same, that which may be distinguished by marks peculiar to 
it; Varius, variegated, party-colored, changing, change- 
able, that which by many changes distinguishes itself from 
the others of its class : Diver si dissipatique in omnes par- 
tes fugiunt. Cses., in different directions. Difficile est, ea, 
qucB commodis, utilitate et prope natura divers a sunt, vo- 
luntate conjungere. Cic. Varietas proprie quidem in dis- 
paribus coloribus dicitur: sed transfertur in multa disparia; 
varium poema, varia oratio, varii mores, v aria for- 
tuna; voluptas etiam varia dici solet, quum percipitur 
e multis dissimilibus rebus dissimiliter efficientibus volup- 
tates. Id. 

362. Dives, Fortunatus, Locuples, Opulentus. Di- 
ves, rich, he who has an abundance of all sorts of goods, 
generally temporal or earthly ones: Dives est, cui tanta 
possessio est, ut ad liber aliter vivendum facile contentus sit. 
— Animus hominis dives, non area appellari solet. Cic. 
Fortunatus, fortunate, favored by fortune, possessed of 
goods: Ecquis me hodie vivit fortunatior? Ter. Quid 
vos hanc tenuem sectamini prcedam, quibus licet jam esse fo r- 
tunatissimis? Cses. Locuple s, rich in real estate, and 
he who has every thing in plenty : A locorum possessionibus 
locupletes vocabantur. Cic. Copiis rei familiaris locu- 
pletes. Id. Testis locuples. Id., creditable, of full value. 
Opulent us, rich in means, gold and goods, power and in- 
fluence, rich, powerful: Croesus, rex Asice opulentissi- 
mus. Cic. Opulentior f actio tenuit urbem. Liv. 

363. Dividere, Partiri, Separare, Dirimere, Diribere. 
Divider e, separating from one another, disuniting a whole 
into its component parts; Par tire, dividing, making di- 
visions so that the separated parts stand in a certain proportion 
to each other: Omne corpus secari ac dividi potest. Cic. 



364. Divortium. 367. Docere. 175 

In circo loca divisa Patribus Equitibusque. Liv., parti- 
tioned off. Cum liberis vivi bona nostra pariimur. Cic. 
Sep ar are, separating, so that something comes out of all 
connexion with another thing: Privati ac separati agri 
apud Suevos nihil est. Cses. Dirimere, not allowing a 
union or connexion to take place, enemies not to come to an 
issue: Hispania, ab Africa angusto dire rata freto. Liv. 
Dirimere certamen, prozlium, connubium, pacem. Diri- 
mere suffragia, tabellas, selecting and counting out the 
votes (tablets) in comitia or courts ; but Diribere tabellas, 
335, distributing these tablets among the people or judges : 
Licinius Macer, repetundarum reus, dum sententice diribe- 
rentur, in Menianum conscendit. Val. Max. Indicant ta- 
bulce publicce, vos rogatores, vos diribitores, vos custodes 
fuisse tabellarum. Cic. 

364. Divortium, Diffarreatio, Repudium. Divorti- 
um, lawful divorce, when, upon the motion of the husband, 
the separation from the lawful (connubio, 260) uxor was form- 
ally confirmed by a family court: Tunc repudiatam tu 
credis uxorem, quum res suas sibi habere jussa est, quum egre- 
di domo. Quinctil. Declam. Diffarreatio — genus erat 
sacrificii, quo inter virum et mulierem fiebat dissolutio, dicta 
diffarreatio, quia fiebat farreo libo adhibito. Festus. 
But, since a marriage concluded by the confarreatio was to 
be indissoluble, it would appear that diffarreatio was only the 
postponement of the sacrifice on account of some bad omen : 
Confarreationes tonitru dirimit. Serv. ad V. Mn. 4, 374. 

365. Diurnus, Quotidianus. Diurnus, daily, that 
which belongs to the day-time, and returns every day, opp. 
nocturnus : Quod est tempus, quo illi non cantent, vel diur- 
num, vel nocturnum? Cic. labor es diurni nocturnique 
domi militiceque. Id. Quotidianus, daily, which day by 
day is repeated : Homines spes prcedandi ab agricultura et 
quotidiano labore revocabat. Cses., the same work, which 
is daily performed. Quotidiani maxime fiebant sum- 
tus. Nep. 

366. Diutinus, Diuturntjs. Diutinus, wearisome, that 
which lasts longer than we wish : Desiderium libertatis odi- 
umque diutince servitutis. Cic. Diuturnu s, lasting long, 
respecting the long space of time only : Macedonia vix se 
potest diuturna pace recreate. Cic. 

367. Docere, Erudire, Imbuere ; Doctus, Eruditus, 
Peritus, Gnarus ; Doctor, Magister, Preceptor, P^da- 



176 368. Dolium. 

gogus, Literatus, Literator, Professor. Do cere, teach- 
ing, in order to increase the knowledge of another ; Eru- 
dire, properly, to un-rude him, instruct, to free him from 
ignorance ; Im buere, properly, immerging, imparting doc- 
trines, knowledge, opinions, sentiments, skill, by times, so 
that they enter deeply and are not forgotten again : Non per- 
fectus Uteris, sed imbutus. Suet., of elementary instruction. 
Cicero per legatos cuncta edoctus. Sail., thoroughly in- 
formed. Orator em eru dire in jure civili. Cic. Par en- 
tium prceceptis imbuti ad eorum consuetudi?iem moremque 
deducimur. Id. Pueri animum tenerum bonis opinionibus 
imbuere. Id. — Doctus, he who is scientifically educated, 
he who knows thoroughly and systematically what he knows, 
who is master of his science ; Eruditus (he who has been 
freed of rudeness), he that is rich in, well-stored with knowl- 
edge, learning, originally he that has been raised out of the 
rude, untaught state into knowledge ; Peritus, experienced, 
who by experience and practice has obtained knowledge ; 
Gnarus, versed, expert, having perfect knowledge of a sub- 
ject: Memmius fuit doctus ex disciplina Stoicorum. Cic. 
Epicurus non satis politus est iis artibus, quas qui tenent, 
eruditi appellantur. Id. Ad ea eligenda, quce dubitationem 
qfferunt, adhibere doctos homines, vel etiam usu peritos* 
— Sisenna, doctus vir, gnarus rei publicce. Id. — Doc- 
tor, teacher, as the person fully versed in a branch, and 
giving thorough instruction in it; Magister, teacher, as 
master of a science, and directing an institution as principal ; 
Prceceptor, inasmuch as he gives direction for the applica- 
tion and practice of his science or art; Pcedagogus } the 
superintendent over children, who taught good manners, the 
rudiments of knowledge, and a pure pronunciation; Lite- 
ratus and Literator, expounder of poets, a scholar of 
languages; Professor, a public teacher of a specific sci- 
ence or art ; these latter designations are used by later 
writers only : Considerare oportet, quos quis habuerit artium 
liber alium magistros, quos vivendi prceceptor es. Cic. 
Pcedagogi jure vetustatis plurimum benevolentice postula- 
bant. Id. 

368. Dolium, (Cupa), Seria, Orca, Amphora, Cadus, 
Urceus, Lagena. Lying vessels for liquids: Dolium, a 
larger barrel of clay, at a later period of wood, differing from 
the Cupa, wine-tub, which was, at the upper end, open and 
wider than below; Seria, a barrel, longer than the other 



369. Dolor. 371. Dominus. 177 

vessels: Relevi do Ha omnia, omnes serias. Ter. Ore a, 
a still smaller barrel, similar in form to the dolium and seria, 
keg: Ore ce fervore musti ruptce. Varr. Vessels standing 
up: Amphora, a vessel of clay, entirely round, provided 
with two handles at the upper end, and a narrow mouth, for 
the preservation of wine, after it had gone through the requi- 
site fermentation in the dolia; Cadus, larger, of the same 
kind, without handles, containing two amphora and a half: 
Hie dies festus corticem adstrictum pice demovebit ampho- 
rce fumum bibere institute. Hor. TJrceus, a pitcher of 
clay, with a handle, to draw liquids, to obtain them out of 
another vessel, well, &c. ; Lag en a, a flask of clay, with 
narrow neck and handles, in which the wine was carried on 
the table: Mater nostra la gen as etiam inanes obsigna- 
bat. Cic. 

369. Dolor, Mceror, Mcestitia, Tristitia, Luctus. 
Dolor, pain, that acute sensation which is caused by a great 
loss, or any other disagreeable occurrence, especially when 
this sensation or feeling is fresh, lately caused : Huic nihil 
possit offensionis accedere sine acerbissimo animi sensu ac 
dolor el Cic. Mceror, grief, affliction, the deep but silent, 
dumb pain at the misfortune or loss of a beloved object, which 
has obtained a hold of our soul, so much so that it becomes 
visible: Magnum dolor em, vel mceror em potius ex cru- 
deli et miserabili morte C. Trebonii accepimus. Cic. Mce- 
stitia, protracted melancholy, in consequence of deep 
affliction, as quality; Tristi tia, affliction, inasmuch as it 
manifests itself by gestures and expression of the face : La- 
crimis ac tristitia te tradidisti. Cic. Luctus, mourn- 
ing and mournfulness, within, and inasmuch as it is mani- 
fested by the appearance both of the man himself and his 
dress: In luctu et squalor e sum. Cic, (see Squalor e.) 

370. Domare, Subigere, Condocefacere. Domare, 
breaking, overcoming, violently making one's self master of 
something, and depriving it of its forces of resistance : leones, 
equos, gentes feras ; d omit as habere libidines. Cic. Sub- 
igere, subjugate, forcing to something; properly, driving 
down to something: Subigitque fateri commissa piacula. 
Virg. Nulla gens est, quae non aut ita sub act a sit, ut vix 
exstet, aut ita domita,ut quiescat. Cic. Condoc efa cere, 
drilling, breaking for a certain purpose : Feris beluis utimur 
domitis et condocefactis, ut elephantis. Cic. 

371. Dominus, Herus, Dominus, he who possesses 



178 372. Domus. 

something as property, and has free power over it, master, as 
proprietor: Adolescens harum est do minus cediwn. Ter. 
Her us (German Herr, connected with hehr, elevated), mas- 
ter, in as far as he is elevated above something, as the master 
of slaves, the father of the house : Sed Us, qui vi oppressos 
imperio coercent, sit sane adhibenda scevitia, ut her is in 
famulos. Cic. Thus Domina, Hera. 

372. Domus, Insula, Tectum, Habitatio, Mansio, Do- 
micilium, Sedes ; Familia. Domus, 38, dwellinghouse of 
the family, with its out-houses; Insula, a single, insulated 
dwellinghouse, without out-buildings, on an open space ; also 
a number, cluster, or row of such houses in a separate place, 
which belong to one owner, and in which lodgers (inquilini) 
live: Clodii insula est venalis, cujus hie (Ccelius) in cedi- 
culls habitat. Cic. Prceter immensumnumerum insular um, 
domus priscorum ducum arserunt. Suet. Tectum, & house, 
inasmuch as we are there under a roof: Quoniam jam nox 
est, in vestra tecta discedite. Cic. Habitatio, a room, 
inasmuch as we live in it, and a house, as dwelling-place, 
habitation, the lodging of a lodger, i. e. a hired lodging : Vil- 
lico juxta januam fiat habitatio. Colum. Mercedes habi- 
tationum annuas conductoribus donavit. Caes. Mansio, 
the place where one stops, night's lodging : Ad primam sta- 
tim mansionem febrim nactus est. Suet. — Domus, home, 
inasmuch as it indicates a place, hence only domi, domum, 
domo : Do mo Carthaginienses sunt. Plaut. Domicilium, 
home, as place of dwelling, where we are at home, domi- 
cile ; Sedes, seat, where we settle down, settle domes- 
tically: Quum Archias domicilium Romce multos jam 
annos haberet. Cic. Cerebrum, cor, pulmones, jecur sunt 
do mi cilia vitce. Id. Advenis locum ac sedes par are. 
Cses. — Domus, the house, i. e. the father of the house, with 
all the family, i. e. those that live with him, also a race, with 
its founder, as we use house when we say the house of Aus- 
tria : Domus te nostra tota salutat. Cic. Quod genus et 
proavos et regi-a nomina jactas, clara satis domus hcec no- 
bilitate sua est. Ovid. Familia, all the servants of a man, 
his children and servants, also his clients, his people, and the 
direct line of some founder, bearing his name: Familia, 
quae constat ex servis pluribus. Cic. Orgetorix ad judicium 
omnem suam familiam, ad hominum millia decern, undique 
coegit. Cses. Honest ce families plebeice et proavus et avus 
prcetores fuerunt. Cic. 



373. Donum. 376. Ducere. 179 

373. Dontjm, Munus, Premium ; Donarium, Strena. 
Donum, gift freely given ; Munus, a present, to give which 
the giver feels himself obliged in some sort or other : D o- 
num hoc divinum rationis et consilii hominibus impertitum. 
Cic. Quod munus rei publicce afferre majus possumus, 
quam si docemus atque erudimus juventutem ? Id. Prcemium, 
prize for exertions, honorable reward for merit : Ccesar his, 
qui primi murum adscendissent, prcemia proposuit. Cees. — 
Donum, gift in general, any thing given, e. g. militare ; do- 
nation: Latini coronam auream Jovi donum in Capitolium 
mittunt. Liv. Donarium, a votive gift, something given 
from respect to the gods, to propitiate them, &c, and the 
place in the temple where they were preserved : Templum 
donariis ornare. Aur. Vict. Strena, a festival gift, such 
as were given on a new-year's day: Tiberius strenarum 
commercium prohibuit, ne ultra Kalendas Januarias exerce- 
retur. Suet. 

374. Dormire, Stertere, Dormitare, Sopire. Dor- 
mire, sleeping : Jacet corpus dormientis, ut mortui. Cic. 
Stertere, snoring whilst sleeping: Ita stertebat, ut ego 
vicinus audirem. Cic. Dor mi tare, being sleepy, and lying 
in a fast sleep: Te dormitare aiebas ; cubitum hinc abii- 
mus. Plaut. Arte et graviter dormitare. Cic. Sopire, 
making to fall asleep, lull into fast sleep : Tiburtini tibicines 
invitant, et vino oneratos sopiunt. Liv. [Falling asleep is 
sopiri.] 

375. Dorsum, Tergum, Tergus. Dorsum, back, as 
elevated part of the animal body from the neck to the hind- 
quarters : Asellus gravius dor so subiii onus. Hor. Jugum 
moniis in angustum dorsum cuneatum. Liv. Tergum, 
back, as the side which is turned off, reverse : Manus post 
tergum revincire. Virg. Terga vertere. Cses. Tergus, 
oris, the skin of the back, see 309. Durissimum dor so 
tergus elephantorum. Plin. 

376. Ducere, Ductare, Trahere ; Habere, Perhibere. 
Ducere, drawing after one's self, leaning; Ductare, lead- 
ing about, mocking, making fun of some one : Duxit hones- 
tissimi viri Jiliam. "Cic, marrying (leading to a home). 
Nisi feres argentum, frustra me ductare non potes. Plaut. 
Exercitum ductare, instead of ducere, in Sailustius, has 
found no imitators. Trahere, pulling, dragging, is more 
forcible than ducere: Spe duci; Aliquem trahere ad 
supplicium. Die cunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt. 



180 377. Dulcis. 378. Bum. 

Senec. Trahimur omnes laudis studio, et optimus quisque 
maxime gloria ducitur. Cic. Due ere helium, dragging 
on the war, intentionally prolonging it; tr alter e, prolong- 
ing it beyond what one might or ought to have done, from 
want of energy. — Bucere, holding something to be such or 
such, in the sense of draiving conclusions (rationem ducere) : 
Priore se consilio, quod optimum duceret, cum potentissimo 
populo per ingens beneficium perpetuam Jlrmare pacem ami- 
citiamque. Liv. Habere, holding to be, if we have ended 
the drawing conclusions (ducere), and act accordingly, though 
it be only according to reasons of probability ; hence, Orant, 
ne se in hostium numero duceret. Cses., 6, 32. Reductos 
in hostium numero habuit. Id., 1, 28. 6,6. Perhibere, 
considering, holding to be, with conviction and in fact : Bene 
qui conjiciet, vatem hunc perhibebo optimum. Cic. 

377. Dulcis, Suavis, Jucundus, Gratus, Amcenus. Bui- 
cis, sweet, that which produces the highest degree of pleas- 
urable sensation, e. g. mel, pomum, nectar, sonus, epistola. 
Omne animal sentit et dulcia et amara. Cic. Suavis, 
sweet, lovely, agreeable, designates the sensation which the 
dulce produces: Aqua potu suavissimce. Plin. Radix 
suavissimi gustus et odoris. Id. Suave rubens hyacin- 
thus. Virg. Jucundus, delightful, joyful, that which de- 
lights at the same time the inner sense : Juvare in utroque 
(et corpore et animo) dicitur, ex eoque jucundum. Cic. 
Commune patrium solum dulce est atque jucundum. Id, 
Gratus, grateful, that which produces pleasurable sensation, 
and on that account is welcome, liked by us : G rati or et 
pulchro veniens in corpore virtus. Virg. Fuit mihi laudis 
nostra gratulatio tua jucunda, et timoris consolatio gra- 
ta. Cic. Am anus, fine, pleasing, especially of scenery 
which has a cheerful, serene appearance ; later writers use it 
also of objects of taste : Ita me Venus am an a amet. Plaut. 
Ego laudo ruris am ami rivos. Hor. Seneca fuit ingeni- 
um amoznum. Tac. 

378. Dum, Donec, Quoad. Bum, during, whilst, points 
at something within the present time, and something near, or 
which was present at the time we speak of; Bo nee (obso- 
lete Bonicum, i. e. dum — cum), so long until, until, desig- 
nates the idea expressed by while, more accurately ; Quoad, 
as long as, so long as, stands as a relative which refers to a 
demonstrative in the next sentence, though this demonstrative 
be but imagined: Homines, dum docent, discunt. Senec. 



379. Dumtaxat. 381. Duplex. 181 

Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos. Ovid. Luna 
quum defecisset, clamor ululatusque in castris Macedonum 
fuit, donee luna in suam lucem emersit. Liv. Epaminondas 
exercebatur luctando ad eum jinem, quoad stans complecti 
posset adversarium. Nep. 

379. Dumtaxat, Solum, Tantum, Modo, Solum — Tan- 
tummodo, Nonnisi. Dumtaxat, in the mean time only, 
limits to a definite duration : Coluntur amicitice simulatione 
dumtaxat ad tempus. Cic. Solum, only, alone, excluding 
all the rest: Nos nuntiationem solum habemus, consoles et 
reliqui magistratus etiam spectionem. Cic. Tantum, only, 
according to the degree of quantity, in contradistinction to the 
negation: Nomen tantum virtutis usurp as : quid ipsa va- 
leat, ignoras. Cic. Modo, only, in the sense of moderating, 
restricting : Omnes, qui ea mediocriter modo consider ant. 
Cic, and strengthening the sense : TJnam solummodo Ze- 
nonis statuam vendidit Cato. Plin. Torquatus suppressa 
voce dixit, tantummodo ut vos exaudire possetis. Cic. 
Nonnisi, only, makes an exception after a negation : Dru- 
sus, nullo turn alio lioste, non nisi apud Germanias adsequi 
nomen imperatorium et deportare lauream poterat. Tac. 

380. Dumus, Vepres, Sentes, Rubus. Dumus, a clus- 
ter of tough, wildly-entwined vines, which rather impede than 
wound: Animadverti columellam e dumis eminentem. Cic. 
Vepres, plural, vines with thorns : Ovibus hirsuti secuerunt 
corpora vepres. Virg. Sentes, plural, thorn-bushes, with 
sharp, pointed thorns, e. g. hawthorn : Hamatis prcecordia 
sentibus implet. Ovid. Rubus, blackberry: Rubus et 
sentes tantummodo Icedere natce. Ovid. 

381. Duplex, Duplus, Geminus, Gemellus. Duplex, 
twofold, twice, indicates the multiple, how many times a 
thing, single or by another, exists; Duplus, double, indi- 
cates, as proportional number, how often one magnitude is to 
be taken, in order to express the measure of another, so that 
this may also stand for the other, e. g. duplex stipendium. 
Caes., but not vice versa: Duplices tendens ad sidera pal- 
mas. Virg. Pecuniam sacram sublatam conquiri, d up I am- 
que in thesauros reponi jussit. Liv. Geminus, double, 
according to birth, twin ; hence also of two things essentially 
agreeing according to their destination: Fratres gemini, 
Amphion atque Zethus. Plaut. Par est avaritia, similis im- 
probilas, eadem impudentia, gemina audacia. Cic, twin 
sister. Gemellus, belonging to one another like twins, 

16 



182 382. Duritia. 385. Edere. 

poetical: Prolem gem ell am pignora Lucina bina favente 
dedi. Ovid. Poma cohcerentia et gem ell a. Plin., which 
hang by one stem. 

382. Duritia — es, Duritas, Rigor, Severitas. Dm- 
ritia, hardness, as essential external property; Durities, 
as internal: Serpens defensus duritia pellis. Ovid. Pa- 
tieniiam imitatar duritia immanis. Cic. Calculi in joci- 
neribus duritie lapillis similes. Plin. Duritas, as the 
quality ; the repulsive manner, unfriendliness, opp. comitas : 
Aliqui duritatem ei severitatem quandam verbis sequun- 
tur. Cic. Rigor, the being stiff, impliability, rigor, which 
does not yield, e. g. ferri, animi : Saxa ponere duritiem 
ccepere, suumque rigor em. Ovid. Severitas, severity, 
gravity, which is strict and punctual : Id supplicium hujus 
imperii severitas postulabat. Cic. 



E. 

383. Ebrietas, Crapula, Ebriositas, Temulentia, Vi- 
nolentia. Ebrietas, intoxication, as quality of the intox- 
icated person, drunkenness: Ebrietas oper tar ecludit. Hor. 
Crapula, intoxication, as the state of the intoxicated man, 
in which he finds himself, as the word excitement is now 
sometimes delicately used ; the state of privation of senses, 
dizziness, brought on by drinking (the German Rausch ; the 
Germans therefore say, he has a Rausch) : Edormi crapu- 
lam. Cic. Ebriositas, inclination to intoxication, intem- 
perance, mania of drinking; Temulentia, that degree of 
drunkenness when the head is gone entirely (in German, 
Taumel, the state in which the person vacillates from one side 
to another) : Alexander amicos in temulentia inter emit. 
Plin. Vinolentia, inclination to immoderate wine-drink- 
ing : Quid furiosam vinolentiam tuam prefer am ? Cic. 

384. Ecce, En. En, look! see! points at something 
present; Ecce> lo ! see here! points at something to be re- 
marked, deserving attention: En quatuor aras ; ecce duas 
tibi, Daplini, duas, altaria, Pliozbo. Virg. 

385. Edere, Comedere, Mandere, Manducare, Gus- 
tare, Vorare ; Pasci, Vesci, Pabulari ; Edax, Gulosus, 
Vorax. Edere, eating, L e. in biting, taking in nutriment; 
Comedere, eating up, consuming: Hodie te istic muscce 



386. Educere. 388. Ejulare. 183 

comedissent. Cic. M and ere, chewing, masticating, 
crushing the food: Dentibus manditur atque ab his ex- 
tenuatur et molitur cibus. Cic. Manducare, playing, act- 
ing the chewer (manditcus), performing visibly the act of 
chewing, grotesquely : Pullos columbinos m an due at o can- 
dido farciunt pane. Varr. Negant recte did, piscem vel 
aliud tenerum quid manduco, sed potius edo. Man du- 
cat ur autem, quod denti reluctatur. Diomed. It is chewing 
hard. Gust are, tasting, eating moderately, and so that we 
perceive accurately the taste of the food, eating with gastro- 
nomic attention : Nos in essedo panem et palmulas gustavi- 
mus. Suet. V or are, devouring, gulping down without 
previous mastication : Animalia alia car punt, alia v or ant, 
alia mandunt. Cic. Pasci, feeding, with pleasure and 
for momentary want, of animals, e. g. Sues pascuntur 
gland e ; tropically of men : llli maleficio et scelere pascun- 
tur. Cic, delighting in. Vesci, to nourish one's self, taking as 
nourishment: Penus est omne, quo vescuntur homines. Cic. 
P abulari, feeding on the pasture (German iveiden), eating 
fodder, procuring fodder, foraging : Capra placide ac lente 
pabuletur. Colum. P abulandi frumentandique causa 
progredi. Cses. — Ed ax, one who eats much, e. g. para- 
situs; ignis, cur a. Gulosus, who has too large a throat, 
who makes the gula (English gullet) his most important part, 
hence gourmand, French, and dainty {gourmet)-, Vorax, 
greedy and devouring in quantity (German Fresser), e. g. 
Charybdis, voracious. 

386. Educere, Educare, Tollere. Educere, rear- 
ing, has reference to care and preservation ; Educare, 
bringing up, educating, education and formation of body and 
mind; Toller e, according to Roman custom, the taking up, 
as father, the infant from the ground, and thus undertaking 
its care and education : Parentis est, quern procrearit et 
eduxerit, eum vestire. Cic. E due at nulrix, instituit pce- 
dagogus. Varr. Quod erit natum, tollito. Plaut. 

387. Egregius, Eximius. Egregius, choice, excel- 
lent, not equal with the common herd; Eximius, distin- 
guished by peculiar advantages, worthy of making an excep- 
tion : Gens bello egregia. Virg. Eximium ingenium sum- 
maque virtus. Cic. 

388. Ejulare, Ululare, Vagire, Quiritare. Ejulare, 
lamentably howling, screaming from pain : Philoctetes Her- 
culem vidit in (Eta magnitudine dolorum ejulantem. Cic. 



184 389. Elegans, 392. Emere. 

TJlulare, exciting horror, by howling, &c. : Visceque canes 
ululare per umbram. Virg. Galli suo more victoriam con- 
clamant atque ululatum tollunt. Cses. Vagire, is the 
crying of infants : Si repuerascam et in cunis vagi am. Cic. 
Quiritare, screaming miserably for assistance: Quiri- 
tare dicitur is, qui Quiritium jidem damans implorat. Varr. 
Prce ululatibus nulla vox quiritantium inter cades ex- 
audiri poterat. Liv. 

389. Elegans, Ornatus. Elegans, properly, one for 
whom nothing is good enough, who is exceedingly particular 
in choosing ; he who in dress, furniture, dishes, unites with 
the greatest simplicity fine choice, tasteful, see 245. Ele- 
gans dictus antiquitus, qui nimis lecto amoznoque cultu vie- 
tuque esset. Postea elegans reprehendi quidem desiit ; sed, 
laude nulla dignabatur, nisi cujus elegantia erat modera- 
tissima. Gell. In epularum apparatu, a magnificentia rece- 
dens, non se par cum solum, sed etiam el eg ant em videri 
volet. Cic. Ornatus, ornamented, embellished with rich 
embellishments, richly furnished : Domicilia regis, omnibus 
rebus ornata atque referta. Cic. Oratio or n at a, et arti- 
ficio quodam et expolitione distincta. Id. 

390. Elidere, Suffocare, Strangulare. Elidere (e — 
Icedere), injuring deeply (from the bottom), entirely, e. g. 
oculos, caput saxo ; elidere fauces, pressing the throat most 
violently, strangling ; Suffocare, suffocating by closing the 
organs of respiration: Acerbum est, in melle situm suffo^ 
cari. Lucret. Str angular e, throttle, strangulate, by 
drawing together the throat : Agrippina non laqueo str an- 
gulata. Tac. 

391. Emancipare, Manumittere. Emancipare, re- 
signing the right of ownership over something formally, 
especially dismissing a son from the paternal power and 
authority: Vident omnes, adoptatum emancipari statim, 
ne sit ejus filius, qui adoptavit. Cic. Manu mitt ere, 
manumitting a slave, making him free : Su?it servi illi de 
cognatorum sententia manumissi. Cic. 

392. Emere, Coemere, Mercari, Nundinari. Emere, 
buying, obtaining by buying : domum ; aliquem donis. Liv. 
Coemere, buying several things together: Sulla omnia bona 
coemit. Cic. Mercari, trading, selling and buying, when 
this is connected with transactions, and on both sides the ob- 
ject is rather gain than lasting possession : Sordidi putandi, 
qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant. Cic. 



393. Enodare. 395. Equus. 185 

Nundinari, carrying on open trade, properly on markets : 
Una in domo omnes, quorum intererat, totum imperium populi 
Romani nundinabantur. Cic. 

393. Enodare, Enucleare. Enodare (un-knotting), 
disentangling something difficult, explaining, clearing up, (the 
German entwickeln is precisely the same); Enucleare 
(properly shelling out, or rather un-kernelling), bringing 
something from its obscurity to light, elucidating, presenting 
lucidly: Aristoteles veterum pracepta artis en o data dili- 
genter exposuit. Cic. Nee quidquam in amplification nimis 
enucleandum est: minuta est enim omnis diligentia. Id. 

394. Epistola, Liters (Litera, Elementum), Ltbelli, 
Codicilli. Epistola (imoTolv), epistle, letter, inasmuch 
as it is sent from one to another: Hoc est epistola pro- 
prium, ut is, ad quern scribitur, de Us rebus, quas ignorat, 
certior fiat. Cic. Litera, a letter, as something written : 
Venio nunc ad tuas lit eras, quas pluribus epistolis ac- 
cept, dum sum in Arpinati. Cic. (Properly, letters, some- 
thing written, from Litera, the letter in the alphabet: Sus 
rostro si humi A liter am impresserit. Cic, differs from 
Elementum, the fundamental sound: Litera est nota 
elementi, et velut imago quadam vocis literatce. Ele- 
ment a proprie dicuntur ipsa pronuntiationes : nota autem 
earum litera. Abusive tamen et element a pro Uteris et 
litera pro elementis vocantur. Priscian. Philippus rex 
Alexandro filio suo prima liter arum element a tradi ab 
Aristotele voluit. Quinctil.) Libelli, unsealed short letters, 
notes; they were differently folded from the epistola. Co- 
dicilli, 218, a writing for persons in the neighbourhood, 
also a petition, imperial order: Quasivi e Balbo per codi- 
cillos, quid esset in lege. Cic. Sejanus composuit ad Ca- 
sarem codicillos. moris quippe turn erat, quamquam pra- 
sentem, scripto adire. Tac. 

395. Equus, Caballus, Mannus, Canterius, Veredus. 
Equus, horse, name for the species; Caballus, a horse 
for common use and labor : Olitoris aget mercede cabal- 
lum. Hor. Mannus, a horse from Gaul, shorter, and, on 
account of quickness, used by the wealthy : Currit, agens 
mannos, ad villam pracipitanter. Lucret. Canterius, or 
C anther ius (xav&ijhog), a horse as beast of burden, bag- 
gage horse : In viis habere malunt placidos (equos). itaque 
institutum, ut castrentur equi. ii canterii appellantur v\ r ari 1 ■. 
Veredus, a light messenger's-horse : Vel celerem m annum 

16* 



186 396. Errare. 397. Et. 

vel ruptum terga veredum conscendas, proper e dummodo 
jam venias. Auson. 

396. Errare, Vagari, Palari ; Erraticus, Vagus, Er- 
ro. Errare, erring, from want of knowledge of the coun- 
try, place, &c. : Excutimur cursu et ccecis erramus in undis. 
Virg. Vagari, pursuing one's way in various directions, 
without object, in order not to remain in one settled place : 
Quodam tempore homines fusi per agros ac dispersi vaga- 
bantur. Cic. Palari, walking in all directions, of a herd 
which separates, and the individuals of which err singly 
about: Pal antes oves solce libere grassantur ; ne balant 
quidem, quum a pecu cetero absunt. Plaut. Hostes vagi per 
agros pal ant ur. Liv. — -Erraticus, erring about, accord- 
ing to its nature, erratic : Stella erratica. Van*., a planet. 
Nigidius called them err ones. Vitis serpens multiplici lapsu 
et erratico. Cic. Vagus, unsettled, unsteady: Vagus 
et exsul errabat undique exclusus. Cic. Erro, a vagrant, 
one who errs about in a country, without definite, legitimate 
object. 

397. Et, Que, Ac, Atque ; Etiam, Quoque, Idem. 
Notions, ideas, and sentences are connected by Et, and, 
simply and externally, as belonging together in a certain re- 
spect ; Que, and, expresses the same by way of addition; 
Atque and its contraction Ac, and, unites things as placed 
equal to one another according to internal connexion or agree- 
ment : Quid interest, motu animi sublato, inter hominem e t 
saxum ? — In lunce cursu est e t brumes qucedam e t solstitii 
similitudo, multaque ab ea manant et jluunt, quibus animan- 
tes alantur augescantque. Cic, et — et, as well as, for 
two parts taken as equaL : — Si forte qucereretur, quis esset 
i?nperator : Epaminondam atque Hannibalem, atque ejus 
generis homines nominarem. — Quis esset tantus fructus in 
prosperis rebus, nisi haberes, qui illis ceque ac tu ipse gau~ 
deret ? Cic. — An addition of an idea yet to be added to the 
preceding one, or a sentence of this sort, is added with et, 
also, and thus also, and at the same time, too, without further 
modification; Etiam, also, even, and still, and yet; Quo- 
que, just so, in the same way, manner, also, something which 
stands with the preceding in the same relation ; Idem, also, at 
the same time, if the same subject is repeated : Pueri certe in 
Formiano videntur hiematuri : num et ego, nescio. Cic. 
Victor ex Volscis in Mquos transiit, et ipsos bellitm moli- 
entes. Liv. Qui omnibus Druidibus prcesit, suffragio Drui- 



398. Etsi. 187 

dum deligiiur, nonnunquam etiam de principatu armis con* 
tendunt. Cses. Per se jus est expetendum et colendum. quod 
si jus: etiam justitia. sic reliquce quo que virtutes per se 
colendce sunt. Cic. Quidquid lionestum est, idem est utile. 
Id. BaTbus eo utebatur cibo, qui et suavissimus esset, et 
idem facillimus ad concoquendum. Id. 

398. Etsi, Etiamsi, Tametsi, Licet, Ut, Ne, Quam- 
vis, Quamquam. In concessive sentences, which stand to 
the minor position in the relation of a condition to a conse- 
quence contrary or opposed to the expected one, the minor 
position contains a direct affirmation, a positive statement ; 
the antecedent, however, contains, a. the assertion that the 
fulfilment of the condition has no influence upon the opposite 
assertion of the minor position, — non-consideration of the 
condition ; — this is given by Etsi, even if, also if, although ; 
strengthened, Etiamsi, even though, allowing something 
very important ; Tametsi, also Tarn en etsi, notwithstand- 
ing, opposes the taking place of the antecedent to the minor 
position with additional weight : Etsi summa difficultas fa- 
ciundi pontis proponebatur, tamen id sibi contendendum, aut 
aliter non transducendum exercitum, existimabat. Cses. Ha- 
bet res deliberationem ; etsi ex parte magna tibi assentior. 
Cic. Ista Veritas etiam si jucunda non est, mihi tamen 
grata est. Id. Ego bonos viros sequar, etiamsi ruent. Id. 
Tua vero nobilitas, Ser. Sulpici, tametsi, summa est, tamen 
hominibus literatis est notior, populo vero obscurior. Id. 
Tamen etsi antea sciHpsi, quce existimavi scribi oportere : 
tamen hoc tempore breviter te commonendum putavi. Id. — 
b, or the declaration that the taking place of that condition is 
allowed to rest on its own merits, is given with Licet, may 
it be, be it so ; the mode is designated by Ut, supposed ; 
negatively, by Ne, supposed that not ; the degree of the 
notion by Quamvis, how much soever, though ever so 
much, although; and making the notion general by Quam- 
quam, how much so ever, although; Utut, howsoever, in 
whatever mode or manner : Quoniam semel suscepi hanc 
causam, licet undique omnes in me terrores periculaque im- 
pendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo. Cic. Ut omnia 
contingant, qua volo, levari non possum. Id. Ne sit sane 
summum malum dolor ; malum certe est. Id. Quamvis non 
fuer is suasor et impulsor profectionis mece, approbator certe 
fuisti. Id. Quamquam omnis virtus nos ad se allicit, ta- 
men justitia et liberalitas id maxime efficit. Id. Id quoque 



188 399. Ex sententia. 402. Excedere. 

possum ferre, quamquam injurium est. Ter., limiting, re- 
stricting or correcting the minor position. 

399. Ex SENTENTIA, De SENTENTIA, In SENTENTIAM. Ex 

sen t en tia, according to desire : Ut reliqua ex sententia 
succedant. Cic. Quod ex animi tui sententia juraris, 
sicut verbis concipitur more nostro, id non facer e perjurium 
est. Id., according to true conviction and feeling. De sen- 
tentia, according to your opinion, desire, counsel: Nihil 
facturus sum, nisi de sententia tua. Cic. In senten- 
tiam, entering into some one's opinion, agreeing with it: 
Plura in earn sententiam ah eisdem contra verecundiam 
disputantur. Cic. Factum est senatus consultum in me am 
sententiam. Id., as I had voted. 

400. ExAMINARE, PoNDERARE, LlBRARE, ExiGERE. Ex- 

aminare, making something in the balance equal to a cer- 
tain weight, weighing accurately according to it : Britanni 
utuntur annulis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro 
nummo. Cses. Male verum examinat corruptus judex. Hor. 
Ponder are, inquire into, whether something have the proper 
weight : Semper amatorum ponder at ilia sinus. Propert. 
Non est ex for tuna fides ponder an da. Cic. Librare, 
making level, keeping in equilibrium : Terra lib rat a pon- 
deribus. Cic. Telum missile libro. Virg., swinging. Ex- 
igere, examining according to the plumb-line, measure, or 
weight: ad perpendiculum columnas. Cic. Margaritarum 
pondus sua manu ex eg it. Suet. 

401. Exanimus — is, Inanimus. Exanimus and Ex- 
animis, deprived of life, that from which the soul has fled 
or been taken, exanimate (in German, entseelt ; literally, un- 
souled, dis-souled) : Exanimumque auro corpus (Hectoris) 
vendebat Achilles. Virg. Inanimus, inanimate (lifeless), 
that which has never lived, e. g. aurum, lapis: Inter in an- 
imum et animal hoc interest, quod animal agit aliquid. Cic. 

402. Excedere, Effugere, Evadere, Erumpere. Ex- 
cedere, marching out, off, quietly departing from some 
place : Exercitum ab Janiculo deduxit Porsena et agro Ro- 
mano excessit. Liv. Effugere, to fly from, out of a 
place, escaping, hastening away from pending danger : Rex 
e manibus effugit. Cic. Effugere celeritate periculum. 
Cass. Invidiam vulgi. Nep. Evadere, escaping from 
w T atches and danger, escaping with celerity and cunning, 
and obtaining the end : e manibus hostium. Liv. Jamque 
pedem refer ens casus ev as era t omnes. Virg. Erumpere, 



403. Excudere. 405. Exemplum. 189 

breaking forth with violence, as is the case in a sally from a 
besieged town: Occasione rursus erumpam data. Phaedr., 
of the stag in the stable. Catilina abiit, ex cess it, evasit, 
erupit. Cic. Abiit, is removing from out our sphere of 
vision (what in vulgar English would be indicated by clearing 
out) ; excessit, removing beyond the limit ; evasit, escaping 
from danger ; erupit, violently breaking forth, and breaking 
his path to the certain aim. 

403. Excudere, Excutere, Extttndere. Excudere, 
beating out by repeated blows : silici scintiUam. Virg., beat- 
ing forth; librum. Cic, welding, i. e. writing. Excutere, 
with one blow, and crushing: Tibi hoc cyatho oculum excu- 
tiam. Plaut. Extundere^ pushing out: Quum labor ex- 
tuderit fastidia. Hor., driving away. Ut v arias usus me- 
ditando extunderet artes. Virg., bringing forth, i. e. 
about. 

404. Excusare, Purgare. Excusare, excusing, i. e. 
removing guilt by bringing forth reasons, or diminishing 
guilt : AtticcB velim me ita excuses, ut omnem culpam in te 
transfer as. Cic. Pur gar e, clearing one's self of guilt, ex- 
culpating, proving one's innocence, justifying one's self: 
Brutus per liter as pur gat Ccesarem de interitu Marcelli. 
Cic. 

405. EXEMPLUM, EXE3IPLAR, DoCUMENTU3I, ArGL t 3IEN- 

tum. Exemplum, properly, something selected from vari- 
ous objects, for the representation of qualities common to all ; 
a thing fashioned after something else, destined for imitation, 
a pattern, model, example, an example for illustration, for 
proof of something similar: Ccesaris liter arum exemplum 
tibi misi. Cic. Ille vir, exemplum innocentia. Id. Ex- 
emplo demonstratur id, quod dicimus, cujusmodi sit. Ad 
Herenn. Exemplar, that which may serve as example, 
may take the place of the original, according to its kind : 
Idem liber, in exemplaria transscriptus. Plin. Copies. 
M. Cato, quo omnes quasi ex emplari ad industriam vir- 
tutemque ducimur. Cic. Exemplum, is the model, of itself, 
inasmuch as it faithfully represents the original ; exemplar, 
with reference to him who is to make use of it. Documen- 
tum, an example for instruction, warning, proof, evidencing 
a position : Perseus documentum humanorum casuum fuit. 
Liv. Document a damus, qua simus origine nati. Ovid. 
Argumentum, the mark of distinction, proof from facts, 
ftx>m which we may learn the truth, and by which we may 



190 406. Exhibere. 407. Exilis. 

convince others : Argumenta atque indicia sceleris. Cic., 
evidence. 

406. Exhibere, Offeree, Porrigere ; Ostendere, Os- 

TENTARE, MONSTRARE, DeMONSTRARE, PoRTENDERE. E X- 

liibere, handing out, giving up, after resistance: Exhibe- 
mus servum, quern habemus. Equitem Romanum, procla- 
mantem: heres mens es ! exhibere testamenti tabulas coegit. 
Sueton. Off 'err e, offering, bringing toward one, giving to 
one in bringing it, and offering for acceptance, e. g. se pro 
patria ad mortem. Cic. Modestis etiam off err e, quod non 
petierunt. Phssdr. Solus tu inventus es, qui cum accusatori- 
bus seder es, atque os tuum non modo ostenderes, sed etiam 
offer res. Cic. Porrigere, stretching out before one, 
proffer, laying before : Manum porrigere in mensam. Cic, 
in order to take away something. Dexter am hosjies hospiti 
porrexisti. Id. A diis bona porrigentibus et danti- 
bus nolle sumere. Id. — Exhibere, showing, proving by 
fact: Exhibuit junctam cum viribus artem. Ovid., the art 
of throwing the disk. Prcemium es pollicitus : exhibe vocis 
fidem. PfiBgdr. Os tend ere, showing, exhibiting a thing in 
its true form or light, without concealing any essential part : 
Eis mores ostendi tuos, et collaudavi secundum facta et 
virtuies tuas. Ter. O stent are. showing something in a 
manner that it may be seen very clearly, exposing a thing to 
perfect sight, showing off, showing it ostentatiously, bragging 
with it: Altera manu fert lapidem, panem o stent at altera. 
Plant, Ut potius amor em tibi ostenderem meum, quam 
ostentarem prudentiam. Cic. Mon strare, showing, with 
instruction, directing, e. g. viam : Tu istic, si quid librarii 
mea manu non intelligent, monstrabis. Cic. Demon' 
strare, pointing at a subject with instruction, so that it can- 
not be mistaken for another ; proving, demonstrating : Hi qui 
liospites ad ea, qua visenda sunt, ducere solent, et unumquid- 
que ostendere, ut ante demonstrabant, quid ubique 
esset : ita nunc, quid undique ablatum sit, ostendunt. Cic. 
Port end ere, showing from a distance, indicating some- 
thing coming, pending, future, portending, indicating, fore- 
tokening : Victoria sese portendit fatis, ominibus, oraculis. 
Liv. Dii mihi auguriis auspiciisque omnia Iceta ac prospera 
portendunt. Id. 

407. Exilis, Tenuis, Gracilis, Macer, Vescus. Exi- 
lis, small, weak, in proportion to the proper degree of the 
extensive or intensive magnitude of things of the same kind 



408. Expedire. 411. Explanare. 191 

(at times, puny), e. g. jecur exile, opp. plenum; exiles 
artus, emaciated : Cur a oratoribus convenit, ne ad mulierum 
et cegrorum ex Hit at em vox tenuetur. Quinctil. Tenuis, 
■ thin, the parts of which are stretched out, opp. thick and 
dense, e. g. filum, a'er : Oculi membranis tenuissimis 
vestiti. Cic. Gracilis, long and thin, lank, slender, and 
by its slenderness pleasing, gracile : Virgines, quas matres 
student demissis humeris esse, vincto pectore, ut gracile s 
sint. Ter. Pini silvestres graciles. Macer (meagre), 
lean, opp. pinguis (which see): Ma era cavum repetes arc- 
turn, quern ma era subisti. Hor. Vescus, consuming, and 
consumed, i. e. dried out: Saxa vesco sale peresa. Lucret. 
Vescce salicum frondes. Virg. 

408. Expedire, Extricare. Expedire, properly, get- 
ting the foot out of a fetter or trap ; disentangling, making 
loose, free : Ex laqueis se expedire. Cic. Expedire 
nomina, paying debts: se cur a. Cic. Extricare, freeing 
from entangling disorder, extricating: Pugnat extricata 
densis cerva plagis. Hor. De Bionysio adhuc nihil extri- 
co. Cic, I cannot yet give any information. 

409. Expergefacere, Suscitare ; Expergefactus, Ex- 
perrectus. Expergefacere, wakening a sleeping one, 
stirring him : Italiam tumultus expergefecit terrore subi- 
to. Ad Herenn. Suscitare, causing that something or one 
rise, inciting to activity: Cinerem dimovit et ignes susci- 
tat hestemos. Ovid. Themistocles Miltiadis tropceis e som- 
no susciiabatur. Cic. Suscitare testem, bellum civile. 
Id. — Expergefactus, awakened from without; Exp er- 
red us, he who awakens of himself: Quum, somno repetito, 
simul cum sole experrectus ess em. Cic. 

410. Experiri, Tentare, Periclitari. Experiri, ob- 
taining experience by a trial, experiment, trying, e. g. vim 
veneni in aliquo ; alicujus fidem virtutemque ; Una spes erat 
salutis, si eruptione facta extremum auxilium experiren- 
tur. Cses. Tentare, properly, endeavouring to learn the 
qualities of something by touching, which precedes the expe- 
riri : Vadum fluminis tent ab ant, si transire possent. Coes. 
Periclitari, making an attempt, trial, which is connected 
with danger, daring, risking : Homines in prozliis belli for- 
tunam periclitantur. Cic. 

411. Explanare, Explicare, Interpretari, Exponere. 
Explanare, explaining, making clear and plain, if obscure 
and entangled notions are the cause of ambiguity or obscurity 



192 412. Explorare. 413. Expugnare. 

of sense; Explicare, unfolding, developing, if want of 
proper exactness and copiousness and indistinctness are the 
cause; Interpretari, interpreting, showing the meaning 
of some signs, translating, if things or words convey no 
meaning to the studious; Exponere, exposing, i. e. making 
an exposition with words, clearly and in proper order, pre- 
senting lucidly and in its parts : Rem non intelligo ; exp la- 
nab is igitur. — Definire rem non presse et anguste, sed 
explanatius et ad popularem intelligentiam accommoda- 
tius. — Crassus hcec, quce coarctavit in oratione sua, dilatet 
atque explicet. — Somnium magi Cyro interpretati 
sunt. — Rem latentem explicare definitione, obscuram ex- 
planar e interpretando. — Ab initio, res quemadmodum 
gesta sit, v obis exponemus. Cic. 

412. Explorare, Ex — Requirere ; Explorator, Spe- 
culator, Emissarius, Excursor. Explorare, exploring, 
inquiring into, obtaining knowledge by persons sent for this 
purpose; of sharply seeing with strained attention: E x qui- 
ver e, seeking out, asking, questioning something out, looking 
and inquiring for something lost or missing, hunting for it : 
Explorare iter, locum castris idoneum ; hence Explo- 
ratus, that which, by inquiry, has been placed beyond 
doubt : Bene pro visa et diligenter explorata principia po- 
nere. Cic. I intro, ex quire, sit ne ita, ut ego prcedico. 
Plaut., go in and see whether it is not just as I say. A te 
nihil dum certi exquiro, sed quid videatur. Cic. Consilio 
convocato, sententias exquirere ccepit. Cees. Te re qui- 
sivi scepius, ut viderem. — Vectigalibus amissis, subsidia 
belli requiretis. Cic. — Explorator, a spy, one who 
on the spot endeavours to observe closely every thing which 
interests his party, and who, therefore, gives information to 
be depended upon : Ccesar per explora tores certior f ac- 
tus est. Cses. Speculator, observer, spy, who from a dis- 
tance observes the enemy, scout: Ex speculatoribus 
cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse. Sail. Emissa- 
rius, an emissary, one sent to espy or to get any information ; 
Excursor, one who takes another way, who runs far out in 
order to espy : Petit hereditatem Ncevius quidam, istius ex~ 
cursor et emissarius. Cic. 

413. Expugnare, Debellare, Vincere, Superare. Ex- 
pugnare, conquering by storm : castellum, urbem munitam; 
alicujus pertinaciam ; Debellare, beating down by war, 
making, by war, the enemy incapable of resistance, and thus 



414, Exsistere. 415. Exspectare. 193 

bringing the war to an end, warring down the enemy, if we 
could say so : Pugnare et ipsi mihi placet : neque prizes, 
quam debellavero, absistam. Liv. Aulius cum Ferentanis 
uno secundo prcelio debellavit. Id. Vine ere, overcom- 
ing, being victorious over, conquering, mastering obstacles 
and resistance: Jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, Us, quos 
vicissent, quemadmodum vellent, imperarent. Cses. Labor 
omnia vincit. Virg. Super are, getting beyond a thing, 
being an overmatch, excelling : Metellus Scaurum constantia 
et gravitate super avit. — In officio etiam si multi mecum 
contendent, tamen omnes facile super abo. Cic. Vine ere, 
points at weakening resistance, and abasement of the oppo- 
nent ; Super are, only represents the victor as the superior, 
the one overcome. 

414. Exsistere, Exstare, Emergere, Eminere, Promi- 
nere ; Esse. Exsistere, properly, placing itself forth; 
stepping forth, becoming visible ; Exstare, standing out, i. e. 
being visible: Si ex sis tat ab inferis Lycurgus, gaudeat 
ruinis murorum. Liv. Ineunte vere in vitibus ex sis tit 
gemma. Cic. Ex virtutibus vita beata ex sis tit. Id., orig- 
inates, is the consequence of. Milites capite solo ex aqua 
exstabant. Cses. Exstat memoria, senatus consultum. 
Cic, there is extant, yet existing; Emergere, emerging, 
coming forth : Aves qucedam se in mari mergunt atque emer- 
gunt. Cic. Emer gere se ex malis. Ter. Scepe multorum 
improbitate depressa Veritas emer git. Cic. Eminere, 
reaching above and out of something ; used of the position 
of striving up, rising aloft, topping : Columella non multum e 
dumis eminens. — Globus terrce eminens e mari. Cic. 
Prominere, projecting: Hostium cuneus, a cetera pro mi- 
nens acie. Liv. Elephanto denies prominent. Plin. — 
Exsistere, originating, showing itself, with the notion of 
activity ; Esse, to be, merely indicates existence as a state : 
Nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus A chil- 
lis contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. — In gloria bellica 
multi apud major xs npstros exstiterunt. — Homo nequis- 
simus omnium, qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt. 
Cic. 

415. Exspectare, Prjsstolari, Opperiri. Exspec- 
tare, awaiting something that is to come : Sto exspectans, 
si quid mi imperent. Ter. Pr astblari, being present to 
receive some one: Quern pr as tol are, Parmeno, hie ante 
ostium ? Ter. Opperiri, waiting until the expected effect, 

17 



194 416. Exsul 418. Extra. 

waiting so long as something occurs (German abwarten) : 
Parati atque intenti hostium adventum opperiebantur. 
Liv. 

416. Exsul, Extorris, Relegatus, Deportatus. Ex- 
sul, the exile, he who is not allowed in the patria, as punish- 
ment and dishonor, with the loss of all places of honor and 
authority, yet without loss of Roman citizenship ; also, he 
who voluntarily expatriates himself to escape punishment : 
Hannibal Cartkagine expulsus Ephesum ad Antiochum venit 
exsul. Cic. Extorris, homeless, he who misses his home- 
country, he who cannot remain in his father-land : Juguriha 
me extorrem patria, domo, inopem et coopertum miseriis 
ejfecit, ut ubivis tutius, quam in regno meo essem. Sail. Re- 
leg atus, 65, one who has been degradingly expelled from 
his city ; a milder punishment than the exile : Octavianus M. 
Lepidum supplicem concessa vita Circeios in perpetuum rele- 
gavit. Suet. Edictum in pcena nomine lene fuit. Quippe 
relegatus, non exsul dicor in illo. Ovid. Deporta- 
tus, a criminal who was for ever banished to wild islands, 
losing with this his citizenship and property, which was not 
the effect of the relegatio. Both these punishments were 
introduced by Augustus : Vibius Serenus, de vi publica dam- 
natus, in insulam Amor gum deportatur. Tac. 

417. Exstinguere, Opprimere. Exstinguere, extin- 
guishing, 330, designates a more cautious effacing, annulling ; 
Opprimere, pressing down, damping, a quicker, more for- 
cible overcoming and suppression : Danda opera est, si ami- 
corum dissidia fiant, ut exstinctce potius amicitia, quam 
oppressor esse videantur. Cic. 

418. Extra, Extrinsecus ; Prater, Pr^eterquam. Ex- 
tra, without, outside, of position or situation: Extra et in- 
tus hostem habere. Cses. Non potui intelligere extra ostium, 
intus qua inter sese ipsi egerint. Ter. Extra culpam, 
periculum, jocum. Cic. Extrinsecus {extrim, XX, 7.), 
from without, designating direction: Metus extrinsecus 
imminentis belli. Liv., from without. Columna extrinse- 
cus inaurata. Cic, on the surface. Extra, except, not 
included in the quantity or multitude : Neque notus neque 
cognatus extra unam aniculam quisquam aderat. Ter. Pra- 
t e r, except, of things passed over : Frumentum omne, prater 
quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt. Cses. Omnino ego 
neminem video, prater istwn. Cic. Praterquam ex- 
cept, only as adverb : Ex hac sede Vestales nihil unquam, 
prater quam urbs capta, movit. Liv. 



419. Extremus. 420. Fabrica. 195 

419. Extremus, Extimus, Ultimus, Postremus, Postu- 
mus. The last is Extremus, the outermost of several outer 
{extents) parts of a contiguous series, surface, meeting, in con- 
tradistinction of the parts within ; Extimus, the outermost, 
that which is on the outermost point, contradistinguished from 
the centre : Epistola, in qua extrema scriptum erat. Cic. 
Extremo anno pads aliquid fait. Liv. Novem orbium vel 
potius globorum unus est ccdestis, extimus, qui reliquos om- 
nes complectitur. Cic. Ultimus, the most distant, on the 
other side, in contradistinction to the nearest this side, citi- 
mus ; the most remote on the other extreme end, beyond 
which nothing of the same kind exists : Luna ultima a ccelo, 
citima terris, luce lucet aliena. Cic. Hostis ah Oceano ter- 
rarumque ultimis oris helium ciebat. Liv. Casar, reducto 
exercitu, partem ultimam pontis, quce ripas TJbiorum con- 
tingebat, rescindit, atque in extremo ponte turrim consti- 
tuit. Caes., extremo, on the end this side. Postremus, the 
hindmost of the other post eri, or"preceding ones (with regard 
to him) : TJt quisque in fuga postremus, ita periculo prin- 
ceps erat ; postremam enim quamque navem piratce primam 
adoriebantur. Cic. Postumus, the last in relation to the 
first, generally he who is the last born of the children, also 
born after the father's death, that which is born or produced 
late: Postuma spes. Appul. Posthuma proles non eum 
significat, qui patre mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus 
est. Gell. 



F. 

420. Fabrica, Officina, Taberna ; Fabricator, Machi- 
nator. Fabrica, the workshop of an artificer in hard 
metal (faber): Est in fabrica: ibi lectulos ilignis pedi- 
bus faciundos dedit. Ter. Officina, the workshop in 
which something is made and produced by way of mechan- 
ical trade, or some mechanical product, e. g. armorum ; fal- 
sorum commentariorum et cliirographorum. Cic. Taberna, 
a stall, a booth, in which ware of all sorts is offered for sale, 
and also such things are made as do not require a more sub- 
stantial building : Taberna sutrina, libraria. — Fabrica- 
tor, the skilful artificer, maker, who with instruments, espe- 
cially with sharp ones, and with the hammer, produces fine 



196 421. Fabula. 422. Facer e. 

work : Myrmecides, minutorum opusculorum fa bricator. 
Cic. Doli fa bricator Epeus. Virg. Ma chinator, who 
invents or makes machines, that is, skilfully composed instru- 
ments or assemblages of such, in order to produce or facili- 
tate motion : Archimedes , inventor ac macliinator bellico- 
rum tormentorum. Liv. Scelerum macliinator. Cic, the 
leader, ringleader. 

421. Fabula, Apologus, Narratio. Fabula, an in- 
vented tale, a nursery tale, a piece for theatrical perform- 
ance : Fabula neque veras neque verisimiles continet res, 
ut hce, quce tragozdiis traditce sunt. Ad Herenn. Apologus, 
an apologue, a fable with a moral and instructive object ; 
Narratio, narration, account, representation of an event : 
Exprimere et ponere ante oculos ea, qua videantur esse veri- 
similia, est proprium narrationis. Ad ridiculi genus 
adscribamus narrationes apologorum. Cic. 

422. Facere, Agere, Gerere ; Reddere ; Operari ; 
Actio, Gestio, Actus, Gestus. a. Facere, making, des- 
ignates the result of activity; Agere, carrying on, acting, 
designates the activity itself; Gerere, properly, carrying 
something openly, that it may be seen, 440 ; a branch of 
business, profession, office with its duties, with reference to 
the deportment of the invested person, or his execution of his 
calling : Facere pontem, classem, bellum, ccedem, fozdus, in- 
sidias, pactionem, bringing about, that which did not exist 
before ; facere argentariam, medicinam, pecuariam, sc. ar- 
tern, performing the respective arts or trades, acting (as) the 
broker, physician. Agere jumenta, navem, driving; nego- 
Hum, diem festum, vitam, doing the business, celebrating the 
day, acting it out (German begehen). Fabulam facit poeta, 
a git actor. Quinctil., making and acting, i. e. acting out. 
Reum facere, making one the reus, bringing him before 
the court; agere, speaking against him as accuser. Ge- 
rere in capite galeam ; gerere et administrare magistra- 
tum, rem publicam, negotium, res bellicas ; se gerere pro 
cive, behave as citizen. There is always in gerere, in 
these cases, the idea of leading, as we have it in leading a 
life of a certain kind. Facere bellum alicui, beginning war 
with some one; agere bellum, -carrying it on, causing that 
it be carried on, directing it; gerere bellum, leading it, 
performing hostilities. Facta, the things done; Acta, 
actions, according to a certain procedure or rule, political 
actions of an individual, and public transactions; Gesta, res 



423. Facere fidem. 197 

gestce, official performances, especially warlike performances, 
deeds, in connexion with one another: In judiciis facta 
arguebantur, dicta impune erant. Tac. Res urbanas acta' 
que omnia ad te perferri arbitror, Cic. Habebam acta ur- 
bana usque ad Nonas Martias. Id. Thucydides res g est as 
et bella narrat. Id. b. Facere, making, effecting a differ- 
ent state of a thing; Redd ere, making, transforming into a 
different state, changing the previous one : Ducem faciebat 
vulnus inutilem. Liv. TJt ex alienissiinis sociis amicissimos, 
ex infidelissimis firmissimos redder em. Cic. c. Facere 
{sacra), sacrificing, bringing about a sacrifice; Operari 
sacris, being occupied with sacrificing, performing a sacrifice : 
Nostri sacra pro civibus civem facere voluerunt. Cic. 
Aliqua assidum textis o per at a Minerva cantat. Tibull. — 
Actio, every civil, political action, transaction, e. g. de pace, 
and the action in court: Frator dot action em, he allows 
it, grants the action; intendere actionem perduellionis, 
bringing it, attacking some one legally, by way of legal 
action; Gestio, the direction, and carrying along and out, 
e. g. negotii. — Actus, action, that is, activity, as state of 
the performer, agent: Ad ultimum vitce finem in actu eri- 
mus. Senec. Gestus, position, bearing of the body, the 
way of leading it, as it were, gesture : Vitium in gestu mo- 
tuque caveatur. Cic. 

423. Facere, D^re, Habere fidem ; Agere, Habere, 
Facere concilil t 3I. Facer e fidem, making belief, that is, 
creating belief, making credible : Argumentum est ratio, rei 
dubice fa ciens fidem. Cic. Dare fidem, giving one's 
word, promise (pledging one's faith) : Fidem hosti datam 
fallere. Cic. Habere fidem, being credible, creditable; 
alicui, having belief in what one says: Debebit habere 
fidem nostra pradictio. Cic. Major em tibi fidem ha- 
bui, quam pene ipsi mihi. Id. — Agere concilium, con- 
ventual, holding a council, convention, &c, if we speak of 
their direction and transactions taking place there : Habere, 
cause them to be held, and presiding over them : Hostes 
concilia secreta agunt. Liv. In oppidis Sicilice pratores 
conv entum agere solent. Cic. Consul Scodrce, evocatis 
ex tota provincia principibus, conv entum habuit. Liv. 
Fa cere, joining in a convention, meeting in, making, pro- 
ducing it, as it were: Ecetra Antiates coloni palam con- 
cilia faciunt. Liv., assembling, convening. 
17* 



198 424. Fades. 425. Facultas. 

424. Facies, Species, Forma; Vultus, Frons, Os. 
Fades, the whole front, front side or facing side of a thing, 
according to its formation, its form : Agesilaus et statura fuit 
humili, et corpore exiguo, et claudus alter o pede. Itaque ig- 
noti faciem ejus quum intuerentur, contemnebant. Nep. 
Species, appearance of a thing, as its exterior appears to 
the beholder, the looking of a thing: Natura specie?n ita 
formavit oris, ut in ea penitus reconditos mores effingeret. 
Cic. Prceclara classis in sped em, sed inops et infirma 
propter dimissionem propugnatorum. Id. Forma, the out- 
lines, by which a thing receives its definite shape, by which 
it may be distinguished from others : Mulier sibi prceter 
for mam nihil ad similitudinem hominis reservavit. Cic. — 
Facies, face, as the whole prominent surface on the front 
side of the human head, according to its natural formation : 
Facies homini tantum ; ceteris os, aut rostra. Plin. Fa- 
cies pulchra, honesta, decora. This is called Vultu s, inas- 
much as in its middle part, in its traits, and the rolling (volo, 
volvere) of the eyes, peculiar expressions and emotions are 
visible ; Frons, forehead, inasmuch as in it, the highest and 
most prominent part of the face, the same or similar things 
are expressed ; and Os, mouth, inasmuch as the play of its 
muscles express these inner movements peculiarly : Quemad- 
modum animo affecti sumus, vultus indicat. Cic. Domina- 
tur maxime vultus. Hoc supplices, hoc minaces, hoc blandi, 
hoc tristes, hoc erecti, hoc summissi sumus. Sed in ipso 
vultu plurimum valent oculi, per quos maxime animus emi- 
net. Quinctil. Frons tranquilla et serena. Cic. Frons 
homini tristitice, hilaritatis, dementia, severitatis index. 
Plin. In speculo os contemplare suum. Plaut., the face, ac- 
cording to its traits, mien, and accidental form. Licet or a 
ipsa cernere iratorum, aut eorum, qui aut metu commoti sunt 
aut voluptate nimia gestiunt : quorum omnium vultus mu- 
tantur. Cic. Pudibundaque frondibus or a protegit. Ovid. 
Nam quo redibo ore ad earn, quam contemserim? Ter., as 
the seat, expression of shame and shamelessness. 

425. Facultas, Facilitas. Facultas, expresses the 
possibility or capability of doing a thing on the part of the 
acting subject, hence the faculty, opportunity, possibility, with 
regard to action ; Facilitas, the same on the part of the 
thing to be done, feasibility, of things that may easily be 
done, facility, and, applied to men, readiness, kindness, one 
who easily yields, who is facile : Hortensio summam copiam 



426. Fax. 428. Fama. 199 

fa cult at em que dicendi natura largita est. Cic. Reliquis 
fuga fa cult as datur. Caes. Germani agros inter se par- 
tiuntur : facilitatem partiendi camporum spatia prastant. 
Tac. Meam facilitatem laudatote, quum vobis non gra- 
vate respondero. Cic. 

426. Rex, Sentina. Fax, dregs, sediment of a liquid 
which has fermented: Cadi cum face siccati. Hor. In- 
f ma fax populi. Cic. Sentina, the dirt on the very bot- 
tom in a vessel, bilge water: Sent in am exhaurire. Cic. 
Exhaurietur ex uYbe perniciosa sentina rei publica. Id., 
the dregs, the very offal of the state ; properly, the sink, with 
what is in it. 

427. Falsus, Fallax, Pellax ; Falso, Perperam. Fal- 
sus, false, deceiving one's self, i. e. being wrong, and that 
which is not what it appears to be : Falsus es. Ter., you 
are wrong, you are mistaken. Fcena est fals arum et cor- 
ruptarum literarum. Cic. Fallax, deceitful: Astrologi 
vani atque fall aces. Cic. Quod si est erratum spe falsa 
atquefallaci,redeamusinviam. Id. Pellax (pellicere), 
seductive, delusive, the intriguer, who cunningly conceals his 
falseness, in order to lead others toward his own end : Pel- 
lax Ulysses. — Falso, falsely, wrongly, not according to the 
true state of things ; Perperam, incorrectly, not according to 
the cause and ground of things : Fals on'' an vero laudent, 
non flocci faciunt. Plaut. Calceum perperam, ac sinis- 
trurn pro dextro, inducere. Suet. Utrum recte, an perpe- 
ram, judicatum est 7 Cic, wrongly. 

428. Fama, Rumor, Sermo ; Famosus, Infamis. Fa- 
ma, the saying, reputation, every thing which, as being re- 
markable, is told of a person either publicly or among the 
people, good or evil reputation, name : Ad Labienum de vic- 
toria C as aris fama perfertur. Cses. Fama fuit, Themis - 
toclem venenum sua sponte sumsisse. Nep. Fama inser- 
vire. Tac. Rumor, rumor, the talk of the people among 
themselves of contemporary events, uncertain whether it have 
any true foundation : Ex Asia nihil perfertur ad nos prater 
rumor es de oppresso Dolabella, satis illos quidem constan- 
tes, sed adhuc sine auctore. Cic. Calamitas tanta fuit, ut 
earn ad aures Lucidli non ex prozlio nuntius, sed ex sermone 
rumor afferret. Id. Sermo, the talk of individuals of 
something, especially evil talk, gossip : In sermonem homi- 
num venire; Hominum malevolis de aliquo sermonibus 
credere. Cic. — Famosus, he who stands in fama, that is, 



200 429. Fari, 

reputation, bad or good, of whom they talk a great deal. 
Famosa mors. Hor. Me ad famosas vetuit mater acce- 
dere. Cic. In f amis, he who stands in evil repute, badly 
renowned, famous in a bad respect : Homines vitiis atque 
omni dedecore infames. Cic. Infamem annum pestilen- 
tia fecit. Liv. 

429. Fari, Loqui, Dicere, Perhibere ; Die, Da, Cedo ; 
Effari, Edicere. Fari, speaking, uttering articulated 
sounds, words ; in the " golden age," it was used of the 
solemn, oracle-like utterance : Nescios fari pueros. Hor. 
Turn ad eos is deus, qui omnia genuit, fatur : Hcec vos, qui 
deorum satu orti estis, attendite. Cic. Loqui, speaking, 
i. e. expressing one's thoughts by language (German reden), 
of the common utterance of man, in contradistinction to the 
mute animal, e. g. pure et Latine : Magni interest, quibus- 
cum quisque lo-quatur a puero, quemadmodum patres, pa- 
dagogi, matres etiam loquantur. Cic. Dicere, properly, 
showing, saying, indicates the form of representation of one's 
thoughts by language ; hence it is used of the orator, if the 
object is which sense the words ought to have: Die am, 
quod sentio. Cic. Qua quum dixissem, magis ut ilium 
provocarem, quam ut ipse loquerer : turn Triarius, Quid 
Epicuro, inquit y reliquisti, nisi te, quoquo modo loquere- 
tur, intelligere, quid dicer et? Id. Perhibere, 376, 
saying, naming, calling, in the sense of believing, holding to 
be : Prohibiti estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere, et pro- 
hibiti, ut perhibetis, summa cum injuria. Cic. Bene qui 
conjiciet, vatem hunc perhibebo optimum. Id. — Die, say, 
demands implicit answer or declaration; Da, tell me, men- 
tion, where, what ; Cedo, out with it, tell me, demands com- 
munication : Sed da mihi nunc, satisne probas ? Cic. (The 
German angeben, gieb an, is precisely the same.) Cedo 
tabulas ! Id. Si Galbam laudas ut oratorem, cedo, quaso, 
orationes, et die, hunc velle de illo modo dicere. Id. — Ef- 
fari, speaking out, expressing with words, antiquated ; also, 
consecrating a sacred spot with certain formulas of consecra- 
tion : Celanda effari. Liv. Epicurus verum esse concedat, 
quod ita effabimur: out vivet eras Hermachus, aut non 
vivet. Cic. Effari templa dicuntur ab auguribus. Varr. 
Edicere, speaking out, stating that which was unknown, 
making known something as an order or direction for observ- 
ing it: Jussus est a consule, de conjuratione qua sciret, edi- 
cere* Sail. Consul exercitui in Etruriam ad conveniendum 
diem edixerat. Liv. (Hence edictum, which see.) 



430. Fascia. 431. Fasti. 201 

430. Fascia, Vitta, Taenia, Lemniscus. Fascia, a 
larger band, for winding round something: Octavius devinc- 
tus erat fasciis propter dolorem artuum. Cic. Fascia 
pectoralis. Martial., otherwise strophium. Fasciis opus 
est, pulvinis, amis, incunabulis. Plaut., swaddling-clothes. 
Vitta, a band to tie the hair, used by priests and women : 
Vitta coercuerat neglectos alba capillos {virginis). Ovid., 
also for animals destined for sacrifice, altars, and the hands 
of those that implored for protection : Effer aquam et molli 
cinge haze altaria vitta. Virg. Tibi me Fortuna precari et 
vitta comtos voluit prcetendere ramos. Id. Taenia (rairla), 
a band, in the sense of extension : Puniceis evincti tempora 
tceniis. Virg. Lemniscus (bi^rlazog), a narrow woollen 
band, originally of fine inner rind of linden tree, which was 
tied round wreaths, and the end of which used to hang down 
by way of ornament : Lemnisci, fasciolce colorice depen- 
dentes ex coronis. Festus. 

431. Fasti, Annales, Historia, Acta, Cobimentarii, 
Kalendarium. Fasti ma j ores seu consular es, a record 
of consuls and dictators, with a brief indication of their deeds, 
and remarkable events, which record was engraven in mar- 
ble, as the Tabula? s. Fasti Capitolini. To these belong the 
Fasti triumph ales, containing the victories of Roman 
generals and their triumphs, with the year, month, and day 
when performed; Annales sc. libri, annals, in wh.ch the 
events of a state, year after year, were commemorated *, His- 
toria, properly, narration; history, as credible and well re- 
lated representation of remarkable events in their connexion 
w T ith causes and consequences : Paginas in annalibus 
magistvatuum fasti s que percurr ere licet consilium dictato- 
rumque. Liv. Erat olim historia nihil aliud, nisi an- 
nalium confectio, cujus rei memoriaque publico, retinendce 
causa res omnes singulorum annorum mandabat Uteris ponti- 
fex maximus ; ii, qui etiam nunc annales maximi nomi- 
nantur. Cic. Historia, testis temporum, lux veritatis, vita 
memorial, voce oratoris immortalitati commendatur. Id. The 
Historian of Livy may as well be called annales, as the An- 
nales of Tacitus may be called historice, on account of their 
historical manner, showing the connexion of causes and 
effects. Acta, 422, public records of state transactions in 
important events, which, under the emperors, took the place 
of the annals, the latter having fallen into disuse : Casar 
primus instituit, ut acta Senatus et populi diurna confice- 



202 432. Fateri. 

rentur. Suet. Jul. 20. Acta Senatus, the senatorial proto- 
col, written by one of the senators ; the minutes of the senate, 
kept by a senator : Acta diurna populi Romania Acta pub- 
lica, diurna, contained events relating to the people, or inter- 
esting in some way or other to them, buildings, births, mar- 
riages, deaths of celebrated persons, transactions in public 
courts, comitice, &c. Comment arii, 34, memorable things 
which a person, without binding himself to any peculiar rule, 
wrote down, in order to save the knowledge of occurrences, 
even of not very important ones, from falling into oblivion ; 
nothing comes nearer than our memoirs, though this expresses 
not the precise thing ; the German Denkwiirdigkeiten ex- 
presses it: Omnes suppliciorum acerbitates ex annalium 
monumentis atque ex re gum commentariis conquisivit. 
Cic. Pontificum comment arii. Id. Conficiam c o mm en- 
tar ios rerum mearum. Id. Fasti minor es s. Kalenda- 
res, Romani, urbani, described a whole year, according to 
months, with the indication of the dies fasti et nefasti, dies 
senatus et comitiales, of festivals, days of rest, games, and 
extensive meals after sacrifices, and were under the superin- 
tendence of the pontifex maximus, but were publicly made 
known by placards since the year 450, A. U. C, only. The 
Fasti rustici, only indicated the Kalendce, Nonce, Idus, 
Nundince, rural festivals and field-work, the twelve heavenly 
signs, and duration of the day, engraved on a marble block : 
Cn. Flavins, cedilis curulis, civile jus, reposition in penetra- 
libus pontificum, evulgavit ; fast os que circa forum in albo 
proposuit, ut, quando lege agi posset, sciretur. Liv. Vide- 
mus lunam, accretione et deminutione luminis, quasi fas to- 
rum notis signantem dies. Cic. Kalendarium, or Ca- 
lendarium, the book of debts, in which capitalists entered 
their capitals and interests, which on the Calendce were lent 
and paid: Nemo beneficia in Kalendario scribit. Senec. 

432. Fateri, Con — Profiteri. Fateri, confessing, 
telling, in consequence of some inducement given from with- 
out, something which otherwise we should have preferred to 
pass over in silence or to deny : Fate or non modo in socios 
sed etiam in elves nostros perscepe esse severe ac vehementer 
vindicatum. Cic. Confiteri, confessing, in consequence 
o*f strong action from without, if we allow something of which 
we are ashamed, or that we bear the guilt- of something : 
Habes, Tubero, quod est accusatori maxime optandum, c on- 
fit ent em reum. Cic. Se victum c o nfi ter i. Cass. Pro- 



433. Favere. 434. Faux. 203 

fiteri, confessing openly and without evasion, not making 
a secret of a thing, of which we do not mean to be ashamed : 
Themistocles apud Lacedcemonios liberrime professus est, 
Athenienses suo consilio urbem muris sepsisse. Nep. C on- 
fit etur ita, ut non solum fateri, sed etiam prof iter i 
videatur. Cic. 

433. Favere, Studere, Sectjndare, Fovere ; Favora- 
bilis, Propitius, Secundus, Faustus, Prosper. Favere, 
properly, waving, Mowing : Ventis fa ventibus navigare. 
Ovid., blowing favorably, being favorably disposed, being 
inclined to aid one: Favebam et rei publicce, cui semper 
favi, et dignitati ac gloria tu<2. Cic. Favete Unguis. 
Hor., silence ! One's favor was evinced at sacrifices by 
reverential silence ; in the theatre, by attention, silence, and 
applause; at festivals, by congratulations. Studere, sup- 
porting one by our favor, taking his part, feeling attached to 
something, diligently attending, studying a thing : Ccelius 
studuit Catilince, consulatum petenti. Cic. Studere sa- 
crificiis, labori ac duritice, agriculturce. Cses. Secundare, 
favoring, making a thing happily succeed, aiding, poetical: 
Dx nostra incepta secundent auguriumque tuum. Virg. 
As we say, divine aid. Fov ere, 470, fostering, with deli- 
cate treatment and careful removal or avoidance of every 
thing which might be disagreeable to the other, or render 
us disagreeable to him : Inimicum meum sic amplexaban- 
tur, sic in manibus habebant, sic fovebant, certe ut mihi 
stomachum facere se arbitrarentur. Cic. — Fav or abilis, 
capable of obtaining favor, well-received : Tiberius favor a- 
bill in speciem oratione vim imperii tenuit. Tac. Secun- 
dus, favoring, aiding, that which succeeds according to our 
wishes, e. g. pr odium, navigatio : Video navem secundis 
ventis cur sum tenentem suum. Cic. Conon inconsideratior in 
secunda, quam in adversa er at for tuna. Nep. Faustus 
{favor, XIII, 1.), of favorable portent, indication, lucky : 
O fa us turn et felicem diem ! Ter. Prosper ( pro - spes, 
VIII, 1.), corresponding to our hope, succeeding well, suc- 
cessful : Tenere navem prospero cursu ; Prospero Jlatu 
fortune uti : Nihil est prosperum, nisi voluptas, nihil 
asperum, nisi dolor. Cic. Propitius, gracious, well-dis- 
posed, of gods, opp. iratus : Huic homini pauci deos pro- 
pitios, plerique iratos putabunt. Cic. 

434. Faux, Gula, Guttur, Jugulum. Faux, 78, the 
upper, narrow part of the gullet, close by the entrance into 



i 



204 435. Fax. 437. Fenus. 

the larynx: Os devoratum fauce quum hcereret lupi. Phsedr. 
Gula, gullet, the channel through which the food passes 
down, in the back part of the oral cavity : Lentulo vindices 
rerum capitalium laqueo gulam fregere. Sail. Gulce, pa- 
rens. Hor., a bibber, glutton. Guttur, throat, the entrance 
into the channels of the throat, of the gullet and the .larynx : 
llle (Cerberus) fame rabida tria guttura pandens. Virg. 
Et liquidum tenui guttur e cantat avis. Ovid. Jugulum, 
properly, the clavicle ; the throat, the hollow at the fore part 
of the neck between the two collar-bones: Da jugulum 
cultris, hostia dira, meis. Ovid. 

435. Fax, T^da, Funale, Candela, Cereus. Fax, 
a torch of wood, covered with a thick combustible substance, 
especially suGh a one if burning : Spina, nuptiarum facibus 
auspicatissima. Plin. Dolorum, invidiam faces. Cic. Tee- 
da, a. torch of resinous wood, pine, &c. : Ardet ut ad magnos 
pinea tee da Deos. Ovid. Funale, a torch of oakum, or 
similar stuff, covered with combustible matter, a wax torch : 
Noctem flammis fun alia vincunt. Virg. Candela, the 
taper made of pith covered with pitch or tallow : Scirpi pa- 
lustres, e quibus detracto cortice candela luminibus et fu- 
neribus serviunt. Plin. Cereus, a wax taper: Cereos 
Saturnalibus muneri dabant humiliores potentioribus, quia 
can delis pauper es, locupletes cereis utebantur. Festus. 

436. Fenestra, Transenna, Cancelli. Fenestra, 
an opening in the wall, in order to admit light, square or 
round, generally oblong ; they were shut with two shutters, 
right and left, curtains, or lattice-work ; under the emperors, 
with tables of lapis phengites, specularis (isinglass) : Quan- 
tum ei fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris ? Ter. Tran- 
senna, a net or lattice-work, a lattice-window or window 
with grates : Earn copiam, quasi per transennam, prater- 
euntes sirictim adspeximus. Cic. Cancelli (cancer), bars, 
which prevent entrance into, or the approach to a place ; it 
may likewise consist of lattice-work: Ex fori cancellis 
plausus est excitatus. Cic. C ert arum rerum for ensibus can- 
cellis circumscripta scientia. Id. 

437. Fenus, Usura, Versura, Versuram facere, Ver- 

STJRA SOLVERE ; ANATOCISMUS ; FeNEBRIS, FeNERATORIUS. 

Fenus, profit of invested capital, by which the creditor in- 
creases his property, usury : Duodecim tabulis sanctum, ne 
quis unciario fen ore amplius exerceret, quum antea ex 
libidine locupletium agitaretur. Tac, i. e. annually of one 



438. Ferax. 205 

hundred asses as many uncice ; hence there were paid monthly 
(431.) 8J uncice. Scaptius centesimis, renovalo in sin- 
gulos annos fen ore, contentus non fuit. Cic., sc. partibus 
sortis, i. e. of one hundred asses capital, monthly t^q- or one 
as, annually, therefore, twelve pro cent. TJsura, that which 
is given for the use of borrowed capital, interest : Ccelius 
Prcetor legem promulgavit, ut sine usuris creditce pecunice 
solvantur. Ca3s. Versura (properly, the turning of the ox 
at the end of the furrow), the change of a dead capital into 
one bearing interest, or also the transformation of a capital 
and interests, both due, into a new debt : Rogatione tribuni- 
cia ad semuncias redacta, postremo vetita versura. Tac. 
The fenus unciarium was reduced to 4-1 uncice, and at length 
all borrowing on interest prohibited. Versuram facer e, 
borrowing a capital on interest, in order to pay a debt : Sola- 
minii quum Romce versuram facer e vellent, non pote- 
rant ; quod lex Gabinia vetabat. Cic. They intended to sat- 
isfy with it their creditor, Scaptius. Versura, Versura 
facta so Ivere, paying a debt with borrowed money: Op- 
pio DCCC aperuisti : quce quidem ego utique vel versura 
facta solvi volo. Cic. Anatocismus, interest upon 
interest, when the unpaid interests were added to the capital, 
thus bearing themselves interest : Clamabant, nihil impuden- 
tius Scaptio, qui centesimis cum anatocismo contentus non 
esset. Cic. Scaptius demanded quaternce centesimce cum an- 
atocismo anniversario. Ibid., therefore, 100 capital gave, 
with fourfold centesimce, that is, 48 per cent, interest, and the 
anatocismus, which was calculated for the next year, 100 -f- 
48 -}- 23 jV — 171^. — Fenebris, relating to usury : Fe- 
neb rib us legibus constricta est avaritia. Liv. F en era- 
tor ius, carrying on usury: Avar a et feneratoria Gallo- 
rum philosophia. Val. Max. 

438. Ferax, Fertilis, Fecundus, Uber. Ferax, fertile, 
having a strong impulse to produce often and much : Terra 
fer ax Cereris multoque fer cicior uvce. Ovid. Fertilis, 
that which bears much, capable of bearing much, fertile, of 
inanimate nature, e. g. ager : Gallia frugum hominumque 
fertilis. Liv. Fecundus, productive, full of fecundity, 
that is, containing much of generative energy and substance, 
and hence producing much : Sue nihil genuit natura fecun- 
dius. Cic. Fossionibus agri repastinationibusque multo 
fit terra fecundior. Id. Byzantium fer till solo fecun- 
doque mari, quia vis piscium innumera Pontum erumpit. 
18 



206 439. Ferice. 440. Ferre. 

Tac Tiber, 276, producing nourishment in plenty, abun- 
dantly causing or favoring it, e. g. solum: Lactis uberes 
cantare vivos. Hor. Periclem censet Socrates uberem et 
fecundumfuisse. Cic, rich in ideas, and constantly pro- 
ducing new ones. 

439. Ferine, Justitium ; Feriatus, Otiosus. Ferice, 
days of rest, generally connected with religious service : 
Feriarum festorumque dierum ratio in liberis requietem 
habet litium et jurgiorum ; in servis operum et laborum. Cic. 
Justitium (standing still of the jus), vacations of courts of 
law, their adjournment at universal mourning or great danger 
of the state ; when they were passed, the business began 
again: In tanto tumultu justitium per aliquot dies serva- 
turn. Liv. — Feriatus, having, enjoying days of rest; one 
who does not occupy himself with any thing: Feriatum 
cessatione torpere. Cic. Ne putes, jilium tuum in Asia fe- 
riatum a studiis futurum. Id. Otiosus, having leisure, 
being free from official or professional occupations : Satius 
est otiosum esse, quam nihil agere. Plin. 

440. Ferre, Gerere, Bajulare, Portare, Vehere ; 
Ferre, Capere fructum ; Ferre, De — Referre hem ad 
aliquem. Ferre, carrying, bringing as burden, load, e. g. 
jugum : Oppidani cum omnibus rebus suis, qua ferri agi- 
que potuerunt, node excesserunt. Liv. Ferre sententiam de 
aliquo. Cic, giving a judgment; Tribus plerasque tulit 
Plancius. Id., obtaining the votes of most tribes. Gerere, 
422, carrying something publicly : Princeps Horatius ibat, 
trigemina spolia prce se gerens. Liv. Bajulare (prop- 
erly, making a jack) , carrying on the neck : Hie istam colloca 
cruminam in collo plane. — Ego bajulabo. Plaut. For- 
tare, getting away, conveying a thing from one place to 
another ; Naves legato s Romam p or tab ant. Liv. Miles 
circumspiciebat, quid secum portare posset. Cses. Tantum 
nunc porto a portu tibi boni. Nunc hanc Icetitiam accipe a 
me, quam fero. Plaut. Veh ere, moving away, conveying; 
curru, equo velxi, driving, riding, i. e. being moved away, by 
a vehicle, on horseback. Formica vehit ore cibum. Ovid. 
Pecuniam portantibus suis prcecipit Gentius, parvis itin- 
eribus veherent. Liv., carrying. Quadr.igis veh ens. Cic, 
moving away, along. — Ferre f rue turn (bearing advantage, 
bringing use), being profitable, and enjoying advantage (carry- 
ing away advantage), as reward of one's merit; Capere, 
deriving advantage, enjoying the fruits of something : Pisoni 



441. Ferre. 207 

fructum pietatis suce neque ex me, neque a populo Romano 
ferre licuit. Cic. Omnium laborum vos fructus uteres 
capietis. Id. — Ferre rem ad populum, bringing some- 
thing before the people, relating it to them, that they may- 
vote on it: Volero ro gat ion em ad populum tulit, ut 
plebeii magistratus tritutis comitiis fierent. Liv. Turn, ut 
tellum juberent, latum ad populum est. Id. Defer re 
rem ad ali quern, lodging information with some one, in- 
forming some one : Eporedorix, cognito Litavici consilio, 
rem ad Caesar em defer t. Cass. Gallice civitates hatent 
legitus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica a finitimis rumore 
ac fama acceperit, uti ad magistr a turn defer at. Id. 
Referre rem and de re ad aliquem, making report, as 
delegate or ambassador, or officially, consulting with some 
one about something : His mandavit Ccesar, ut, qua diceret 
Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad se refer rent. Caes. Tunc 
relata ex integro res ad Senatum. Liv. 

441. Ferre, Perferre, Sustinere, Tolerare, Pati, 
Perpeti, Sinere, Permittere. • Ferre, bearing a burden, 
having to carry onerous things, having them upon one^s shoul- 
ders : Magna laus est tulisse casus sapienter adversos,non 
fr actum esse fortuna. Cic. P e rfe rre, bearing, with manly 
perseverance, to a certain aim or end {per) : Id, quod sus- 
cepi, quoad potero, p erf er am. Cic. Sust in ere, keeping 
the burden up, not allowing it to sink, holding from telow, 
persevering, with greater endurance than is required by^er- 
ferre, sustaining with perseverance: Suscipis onus officii, 
quod te putas sustinere posse. Cic. Milites virtute et pa- 
tientia nitetantur, atque omnia vulnera sustinetant. Cass. 
Tolerare, bearing (if we say, he bore it well, like a man ; 
standing, if used as verb active), offering resistance to the 
feeling of the burdensome or onerous with persevering 
strength, e. g. hiemem, famem, sumtus : Ferte, viri, et duros 
animo tolerate latores. Cic. Pati, suffering, bearing with 
resignation, allowing a thing to be done, to pass : Virorum 
est fortium, toler anter dolor em pati. Cic. Gallia omnes 
cequo animo belli patitur injurias. Id. Sequani per fines 
suos Helvetios ire patiuntur. Cses. Perpeti, persever- 
ing in suffering (per -pati) : Mendicitatem multi perpeti- 
untur,ut vivant. Cic. Sin ere, 292, allowing to happen, 
permitting: Sine nunc meo me vivere modo. Ter. Suevi 
vinum ad se importari non sinunt. Cses. Permittere, 
properly, allowing to run ; permitting that something be done, 



208 442. Fervere. 444. Fetialis. 

not throwing obstacles in the way, not hindering : Id, quod 
imperatur, neces s avium : illud, quod permittitur, volunta- 
rium est. Cic. Pontes reficere, magnitudo fiuminis non per- 
mitted at. Cses. 

442. Fervere, Effervescere, ^Estuare, Ebullire, 
Fervere, obsolete Fervere, brewing, i. e. the making 
noise by agitation of liquids (as the German hrauen, brewing, 
and brausen, producing loud noise, as the wind, yet lower 
than howling, are etymologically nearly the same words), 
boiling, e. g. aqua, cera, ces : Fervere appellant musti in 
vina transitum. Piin. Effervescere, brewing up, boiling 
up, hence, Orator effervescens iracundia. Cic. Msiu- 
are, being in the state which is the effect of enduring and 
more violent inward heat ; with water, it precedes that of 
bubbling by boiling, simmering (German ivallen) : Syrtes, 
ubi Maura semper cestuat unda. Hor. llle quum cestua- 
ret (sole), umbrum secutus est. Cic, boiled. Ebullire, 
bubbling of boiling water, throwing up bubbles ; hence, Dix- 
erit Epicurus, semper beatum esse sapientem, quod quidem 
solet ebullire. Cic, with which he boasts. 

443. Fessus, Fatigatus, Lassus, Languidus. Fessus 
(fdtiscere, bursting from superabundance), tired, exhausted ; 
used of the exhaustion of strength, as quality ; Fatigatus, 
10, tired, without strength, as the state, effected from without ; 
Lassus, lax, used of want of strength or energy united with 
dislike of labor, without its being the effect of exertion ; Lan- 
guidus, languid, worn out, of exhaustion : Fessis Lahore 
ac pugnando quies data militibus. Liv. Longo itinere fati- 
gatus et onere fessus. Id. TJt lassus veni de via, me 
volo curare. Plaut. Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere 
castrorum et prodio fessi I as si que erant, tamen instructi 
intentique obviam procedebant. Nam dolus Numidarum ni- 
hil languid i, neque remissi patiebatur. Sail . 

444. Fetialis, Pater patratus, Caduceator. The Fe- 
tiales, priests, who watched over the observance of the law 
of nations, demanded, when hostilities had broken out, satis- 
faction of the enemies, announced war with peculiar ceremo- 
nies, and consecrated alliances and treaties. The one among 
them whose office it was to take the oath (jusjurandum pa- 
ir are), was called the Pater patratus. Liv. 1, 24. 32, 
Caduc eat or, a herald sent to the enemy; he carried for 
his security a staff of peace : Philippus caduceator em ad 
Consulem misit, qui inducias ad sepeliendos equites peteret, 
Liv. 



445. Fetus. 446. Fides. 209 

445. Fetus, Catulus (Catellus), Pullus, Hinntjs, 
Hinnuleus. Fetus, the produced living issue, the brood, 
e. g. avium: Bestice, qua multiplices fetus procreant, ut 
sues, ut canes. Cic. Catulus, a young one of cats, dogs, 
foxes, monkeys, hogs, stags, and other animals (it comprises, 
therefore, more than the English whelp does at present, 
though the original meaning of whelp is not restricted to 
beasts of prey ; it is originally the same with calf, in other 
Teutonic languages Kalp, Kivalp, &c.) : Leama catulorum 
oblita. Virg. Catellus, signifies a puppy only. Tanta- 
lum loci, ubi catellus cubet. Plaut. Pullus, filly (which 
is the same word), of horses, asses ; especially of fowl ( pul- 
let) : Quum cavea liberati pulli non pascerentur. Cic. 
Hinnus, the young of a mare and an ass: Equo et asina 
genitos mares, hinn os antiqui vocdbant : contraque mulos, 
quos asini et equce generarent. Plin. Hinnulus, the young 
of goats, deer, chamois, stags; Hinnuleus, a stag of one 
year, without antlers yet. 

446. Fides, Fidelitas ; Fidtjs, Fidelis ; Fidentia, Fi- 
ducia, Confidentia. Fides, properly, promise; the hon- 
esty in promises and contracts or agreements, if we keep 
them honestly and conscientiously ; and the belief in the 
truth of a thing, the holding ourselves convinced of its cer- 
tainty : Fides est dictorum conventorumque constantia et 
Veritas. Cic. Fid em res habuit. Ovid., it was believed, the 
thing found belief. Fidelitas, faithfulness, conscientious- 
ness in the fulfilment of one's duties and calling : Vita mea 
fidelitate amicorum conservata est. Cic. — Fidus, trust- 
worthy, to be relied upon: Canum fida custodia. Fide- 
lis, faithful, who keeps faith, in whom you may confide : 
Servi animo fideli in dominum. Cic. — Fi dentia, the 
being confident, self-reliance, the being of good cheer, opp. 
metus : Fidentia est, per quam magnis et honestis in rebus 
multum ipse animus in se fiducia certa cum spe collocavit. 
Cic. Fiducia, confidence : Non modo spem tibi, sed prope 
certam fi duel am salutis prabet. Liv. In law language, 
fiducia signifies the pledge or security for fulfilment of 
payment, which the creditor receives from the debtor; fur- 
ther, a sale on condition of being permitted to buy back, 
and the necessary contract respecting the transaction : Qui 
fiduciam accepit, debet prastare fidem. Cic. C o nfi den- 
tia, a faulty confidence, boldness, temerity: Videte, quo 

18* 



210 447. Fieri. 448. Figura. 

vultu, qua c o nfi dentia dicant ; turn intelligetis, qua reli- 
gione dicant. Cic. 

447. Fieri, Evadere. Fieri (one of the most sensible 
lacks of the English idiom is, that it has no word which ex- 
presses that signification of fieri which in German is given 
by werden, a want which makes itself continually felt, and 
actually forces the writer to leave certain shades unsaid) ; 
beginning to be, growing, continuing to be, happening ; Eva- 
der e, coming about, to pass, at last, turning out thus or other- 
wise : Ego sum ille Amphitruo, idem Mercurius qui fit, 
quando commodum est. Plaut. Fit, quod futurum dixi. Id. 
Albucius perfectus Epicureus evaserat. Cic. 

448. Figura, Forma, Species ; Tropus ; Figurare, For- 
mare, Conformare. The figure of a thing is called Figu- 
ra, if it represents something general, and is proper for a 
certain end only; Forma, if it represents a definite object, 
and, conformably to the letter, its parts stand in the proper 
proportions to one another ; Species, if the observer repre- 
sents it to himself, as it appears to him, see 424, hence the 
appearance, the look: Himera, in muliebrem figuram ha- 
bitumque formata ex oppidi nomine etfiuminis. Cic. Natura 
figuram corporis habilem et aptam ingenio humano dedit. 
Id. Artifex quum facer et Jovis for mam aut Minervce, non 
ex aliquo similitudinem ducebat. Id. Uri sunt specie et 
colore et figura tauri. Cses. Natura for mam, corporis 
nostri, reliquamque figuram, in qua esset species honesta, 
earn posuit in promtu. Cic. For mam, those parts which 
give beauty to the body; figuram, those which are neces- 
sary for its destination; species, the sight of which is not 
offensive. — Figura, in rhetoric, every modification of ex- 
pression by which the same is beautified, and becomes capa- 
ble of producing a more lively impression or notion connected 
with direct pleasure, e. g. prosopopoeia : Crudelitatis mater 
est avaritia, et pater furor ; the antitheton : Domus deerat ? 
At habebas. ■ Fecunia superabat ? At egebas. Tropus, 
the more vivid representation of an idea under the image of 
something similar or well-known, as in the metonymy, synec- 
doche, and metaphor ; the trope. — Figurare, shaping, 
forming something according to its destiny : Bourn terga non 
ad onus accipiendum figurata. Cic. Form «re, fashion- 
ing, giving to a substance that form in which it represents a 
certain object with the same proportions of its parts : E Pario 
for mat um marmore signum. Ovid. Materiam fingit et 



449. Finger e. 450. Finis. 211 

format effectio. Cic. Conformare, forming something 
harmonious in its parts : Mundus non cedificatus est, sed a 
natura conformatus. Cic. 

449. Fingere, .Con — Effingere, Conflare ; Fictor, 
Plastes ; Figularis, Fictilis ; Fictus, Commenticius, SlM- 
ulatus. Finger e, fashioning, forming, causing a rude sub- 
stance to assume a certain form ; it precedes the figurare and 
formare, see 448; Confingere, forming that things fit to- 
gether, to one another ; Effing e r e, forming after an original ; 
Conflare, melting metals together: Aves fingunt nidos ; 
fin g ere aliquid e cera. Cic. Apes favos confingunt 
et ceras. Plin. Icarus bis conatus erat casus effingere in 
auro. Virg. Augustus argenteas statuas, olim sibi positas, 
conflavit omnes. Suet. — Fictor, the fashioner, he who 
fashions some substance, e. g. wax, clay, wood, stone, and 
the like, into a figure, an image, &c. ; Plastes, the fash- 
ioner of soft substance, as wax, clay ; yet for this, fictor is 
more common : Faber quum quid cedificaturus est, materia 
iititur ea, qua sit parata: fictor que item cera. Cic. — 
Figularis, proper for the potter (figulus), e. g. rota, creta ; 
Fictilis, earthen, made of clay: Vasa fictilia. — If 
fin g ere takes as substance something unreal, merely im- 
agined, it signifies treating a fiction poetically (German er- 
dichten) ; the inventing of this subject, the thinking it out, is 
expressed by Comminisci ; hence Fictus, invented, ficti- 
tious, put on by way of hypocrisy (German erlieuchelt) : Pro 
non incauto, fictum astutumque vocamus. Hor. Commen- 
ticius, invented by way of fiction, for pleasure or entertain- 
ment, e. g. crimen; ficta et commenticia fabula. Cic. 
Simulatus, only apparent, not real : In amicitia tenen- 
dum, ne quid fictum sit neve simulatum. Cic, no sim- 
ulation. 

450. Finis, Modus, Terminus, Limes, Meta ; Finire, 
Terminare, Definire, Determinare. Finis, the limit of 
a thing as the end of its extension, the end, where something 
ceases in time or space ; Fines, the limits of a country, and 
the land comprised within them itself: Ligures ad extremum 
fin em provincice Gallia venerunt. Liv. Domus finis est 
usus. Cic, the object, the end. Dumnorix a Sequanis impe- 
trat, ut 'per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur. Cses. Mo- 
dus, the measure to determine a magnitude, and by which 
something is limited, according to space, time, and degree : 
Mod os, quibus metirentur rura, alius alios constituit. Varr. 



212 451. Flaccesccre. 

Modum ponere orationi. Tac, not allowing it to become 
too long; fin em ponere, to make an end to it, stopping. 
Terminus, the sign or mark of limit, the limit-stone, as the 
final aim not to be trespassed, in reference to the space on the 
other side: Certos mihi fines terminosque constituam, 
extra quos egredi non possim. Cic. Limes, a cross-way, 
cross-path, boundary, limits, the old mere, the strip of un- 
ploughed land between two fields (in German, Rain), and 
every landmark for the purpose of dividing land, a post, tree, 
stone: Ante Jovem ne signare quidem out partiri limit e 
campnm fas erat. Virg. Met a, a conically formed hay- 
stack, the cone at the end of the Roman circus, and, in gen- 
eral, the aim, term, where we turn again : Fcenum siccatum 
in met as exstruere. Colum. Sol ex czquo met a distabat 
utraque. Ovid., at noon, because there the chariot of Phoebus 
turns again, if not back, at least down. — Fin ire, limiting, 
ending, finishing, concluding : Populi Romani imperium 
Rhenus finit. Cees. Terrain are, drawing the limits, be- 
yond which something shall not go : Mare terras terminat 
omnes. Lucret. Bellum fin ire, bringing to an end; Ter- 
minare helium, putting a stop to it, not allowing it to con- 
tinue any longer. D efi nire, showing, indicating accurately 
the limits, how far a thing extends and no further, or how far 
it is to extend : Fundi extremam partem olece, directo ordine 
definiunt. Cic, they indicate the limits of the land from 
within outward; — terminant, they make the limit with 
regard to the things without, surrounding land. Deter mi- 
nare, reducing the limits to a certain mark or to certain 
bounds, boundaries: Votes scipione determinavit templi 
imaginem in solo. Plin. 

451. Flaccesceue, Tabescere ; Flaccidus, Marcidus. 
Flaccescere, becoming flaccid, slack (flagging), wither- 
ing; Tahescere, melting away by dissolution, diminishing 
imperceptibly, vanishing : Fceniculum sub tecto exponito, dum 
fl ace esc at. Colum. Sol alias nives radiis tahescere 
cogit. Lucret. Diuturno morho tahescere. Cic. — Flac- 
cidus, withered, slack, limber, e. g. folium ; Marcidus, 
friable, brittle (this is the nearest, I believe, that our language 
can approach, though marcidus expresses that lack of con- 
sistency and solidity which we observe in wood with dry rot, 
or the ice of sea water, while brittle would indicate the ease 
with which glass can be broken), e. g. asseres ohruti vetus- 
tale. Vitruv. Caper f lac cidis et prcegravantibus auribus. 



452. Flare. 455. Fluere. 213 

Colum., naturally flabby ; Equis fessis mires marcidce. 
Plin., slack, pending, from fatigue. 

452. Flare, Spirare, Halare. Flare, blowing, is the 
forcible exhalation of air in one direction, and in one blast, 
one exertion : Simul flare sorbereque hand facile est. 
Plaut. Spirare, breathing, blowing, of the motions of the 
atmosphere, every perceptible draft of air : Nee Zephyros 
audis spirare secundos? Virg. Hal a re, a soft streaming 
of air from within the body ; that breathing which is stronger 
than the common breathing, but less forcible than blowing, if 
expressed by flare: Be gelidis halabat vallibus aura. 
Ovid. 

453. Flectere, Plectere, Plicare ; Movere, Afficere. 
Fleet ere, bending, changing the straight direction into a 
curved: Flectitur obsequio curvatus ab arbore ramus. 
Ovid. Plectere, braiding, entwining, according to order 
or not, pliable bodies, is only used in the partic. prat, and 
in compounds. Flores plexi corollis. Catull. Plicare, 
folding: Charta plicetur altera. Martial. — Flectere, 
giving a different direction to one's opinion or disposition, 
moving to compassion, to yield : Commutare animos atque 
omni ratione flectere. Cic. Movere, moving from the 
spot: Glebce ccepere mover i. Ovid., and moving the soul, 
the heart, producing in them a change, exciting pleasure or 
displeasure, inclination or disinclination, joy or grief: Mo- 
vere risum, indignationem, odium, misericordiam. Flec- 
tere si nequeo super os, Acheronta movebo. Virg. Affi- 
cere animum, influencing the soul in a manner that it is 
placed in a disposition corresponding to our intentions, influ- 
encing : Forum, qui audiunt, sic afficiuntur animi, ut 
eos affici vult orator. Cic. Animi spectantur aut quemad- 
modum affecti sint, virtutibus, vitiis, artibus, inertiis, 
aut quemadmodum commoti, cupiditate, metu, voluptate, 
molestia. Id. 

454. Florere, Vigere. Flor ere, blowing, flourishing: 
Arbor lentisci una ter floret. Cic. Regina Berenice, flo- 
rens cetate formaque. Tac. Vigere, being in its vigor, in 
full power, alacrity, and activity, being alive : Jacet corpus 
dormientis, ut mortui ; viget autem et vivit animus. Cic. 

455. Fluere, Labi, Manare ; Fluctus, Unda, Fluen- 
TUx^i ; Fluxus, Fluidus, Caducus. Fluere, flowing, mov- 
ing along, as liquid body, without reference to direction or 
course; Labi, 156, running, easily gliding along, slightly 



214 456. Fluvius. 

downward; Ma n a re, running, coursing, streaming, from a 
given point in one uninterrupted course, and extending fur- 
ther : Fluunt lachrima more perennis aqua. Ovid. Adspice 
jucundo labentes murmur e rivos. Id. Gutta labitur ex 
oculis. Id., glides down. Sudor ad imos man at talos. Hor. 
Manabat saxo vena perennis aqua. Ovid. Multa a luna 
man ant et fluunt, quibus animantes alantur. Cic. — Fluc- 
tus, properly, the waving, the wave, the large mass of water 
which is forcibly heaving and apparently moving along on the 
agitated sea, the billow : Insani feriant sine litora fluctus. 
Virg. Unda, the wave, smaller than the previous one, the 
ever-movable, mostly smaller mass of water which heaves on 
a moved mass of water: Sonat undarum incur su gravis 
unda ; fluctibus erigitur codumque aquare videtur pon- 
tus. Ovid. Fluentum, the heaving mass in its natural state, 
while fluctus is caused from without by storm, earthquake. 
Fluent a, the billows, heavings, as an aggregate (German, 
die Fluthen) : llle (Eridanus) caput placidis sublime flue n- 
tis extulit. Claudian. — Fluxus, that by which the flowing 
becomes perceptible: Purpura flux os habent succos. Plin. 
Vas flux um per tuswnque. Lucret. Flux a fortuna, fides, 
inconstant. Fluidus, liquid, fluid: Contrarium est terre* 
num fluido. Colum. Mollia et fluid a corpora. Liv., 
lax, incapable of resistance. Caducus, that in which the 
falling shows itself as prominent quality, fallen, falling, ripe 
for falling, e. g. folium : Res humana fragiles c a due a que 
sunt. Cic, frail, transient, apt or destined to fall (the Germaa 
Jiinfdllig). 

456. Fluvius, Flumen, Amnis, Rivus, Tokrens. Flu- 
vius, river (properly, the floiv) considered simply materially, 
as ever-flowing mass of water: Fluvius Eurotas is, qui 
propter Lacedamonem fluit. Cic. Hence also as river-god, 
personified quality of flowing. Flumen, river, inasmuch as 
we perceive in it the flowing as a permanent state : Indus est 
omnium fluminum maximus. Cic. Hence also used of 
rivulets : Nos flumina arcemus, dirigimus, avertimus. Cic. 
Flumen orationis : Flumen aliis verborum volubilitasque 
cordi est. Id., flow of words. A mn is, the stream, larger 
than Fluvius, and flowing with greater rapidity, e. g. Ma- 
ander : Pars magna Carpetanoru?n flumine (Tago) ab- 
sumta ; quidam vorticoso amni delati in hostes, ab elephan- 
tis obtriti sunt. Liv. Rivus, a, small running water, rivulet : 
E rivo flumina magna fads. Ovid. Sudor fluit undique 



457. Fcetidus. 461. For em. 215 

rivis. Id. Torrens, properly, boiling of heat (torrere), 
streaming with velocity, tearing rapidity : Urbs cingitur 
amne torrent i. Curt. Hence a wild freshet, which in- 
creases rapidly, becomes torrens and dries up again : Rapi- 
dus montano flumine torrens sternit sata. Virg. 

457. Fcetidus, Putidus. Fcetidus, stinking, the evil 
smell of which causes disgust : Ore fcetido teterr imam no- 
bis popinam inhalabas. Cic. Putidus, rotten, putrid, smell- 
ing of rottenness : Putida caro. Cic. Put idee, paludis 
v or ago. Catull. 

458. Folium, Frons. Folium, the leaf, of all kinds of 
leaves ; Fr ons, properly, the young sprout of leaves ; the 
branch with the leaves, and foliage : In arboribus truncus, 
rami, folia sunt. Cic. Folia ccepce, chartarum. Plin. 
In nemoribus virgulta et frons multa. Varr. Bobus prai- 
stabit milieus Octobri frond em et ficulnea fo li a. Colum* 

459. FONS, ScATURIGO, SCATEBRA, PuTEUS. FoilS, the 

well, in reference to its origin from the earth : Rivorum a 
fonte deductio. Cic. Causa atque fons moeroris. Id. 
Scaturigo, the well, as the water gushing forth with vio- 
lence from the earth : Vix deducta summa arena erat, quum 
scaturigines primo tenues emicare, dein mult am finder e 
aquam cceperunt. Liv. Scatebra, spouting, gushing forth 
from the earth, and rising to some elevation: Scatebra 
fonticuli semper emicante, lacus non augetur. Plin. Puteus, 
a pool, a well, artificially dug, where water collects : Mise- 
rum est opus demum fodere puteum, ubi sitis fauces tenet. 
Plaut. Aqua hausta de jugi puteo. Cic. 

460. Forare, Perforare, Terebrare, Cavare. Fo- 
rare, making a hole, as passage: For at a arbor e lapidem 
adigito. Colum. P erf or at ense latus. Ovid., through and 
through. P erf or are is Forare with the idea of quite 
through. Terebrare, boring with a gimlet or similar in- 
strument, which is turned: Arbor es terebrare Gallica tere- 
bra. Colum. Cavare, hollowing, making a cavity: Saxa 
cavantur aqua. Ovid., poetical: Parmam gladio, galeam- 
que cavari videt. Id. 

461. Forem, Essem; Fore, Futurum esse. For em, 
I should, would be, and Fore, to become (see 447), infini- 
tive future of the verb being, designates a being (i. e. " to 
be," a state) which depends upon circumstances, with regard 
to which first something else must happen before it can be 
realized, can appear as reality ; Essem, I may be, a being 



216 462. Forfex. 465. Formula. 

("to be," a state) which is supposed, indeed, yet supposed as 
something actual, real; Futurum esse, a being, a state, 
which does not yet exist, but is now becoming, growing : Si 
scecla for en t antiquis grata puellis, ess em ego, quod nunc 
tu : tempore vincor ego. Propert. Neque ego ea, quae facta 
sunt, for e quum dicebam, divinabam futura: sed quod et 
fieri posse, et exitiosum fo r e, si evenisset, videbam, id ne 
accideret, timebam. Cic. Gavium eum futurum esse puto, 
qui esse debet. Id. 

462. Forfex (Forpex), Forceps, Volsella. Forpex, 
the scissors of the barbers, is only corrupted pronunciation 
of Forfex, -the scissors; Forceps (fervmn- caper e, 164, 
properly, fire tongs); Forfice fila: pilos cape for pice : 
Fo rcipe ferrum. Isidor. Vitiosa grana uvarum fo rfi c i- 
bus amputant. Colum. Compressamforcipe linguam abs- 
tulit ense. Ovid. Volsella, tweezers, a pair of nippers, 
to tear out (evellere, French epiler) hairs, and for similar 
use. 

463. Fori, Transtra, Juga. Fori, 186, the passages on 
the deck, from aft to the bow: Fori, tabulata navium: ab 
eo, quod incessus fer ant. Servius. Transtra, the benches 
for the oarsmen, in the hold abeam the vessel : Navium 
transtra pedalibus in latitudinem trabibus confixa clavis 
ferreis. Cses. Juga, the same benches, inasmuch as they 
reach across the vessel, from one side to the other : Animas, 
qua per juga longa sedebant, deturbat, laxatque foros. 
Virg. 

464. Foris, Foras. For is (instead of a f oris partibus, 
from forus, i. e. quod fertur extra), without, and from with- 
out, opp. intus, intra; Foras (for ad foras partes), out- 
ward, direction toward without : Adversarii et intra vallum 
et foris cadebantur. Nep. Tit apud te exemplum experi- 
undi habeas, ne petas foris. Plaut. Incamatum senem fo- 
ras extrudunt mulieres. Id. 

465. Formula, Norma, Regula. Formula, the pre- 
scribed, generally ancient words, which were used in certain 
kinds of legal transactions, and in the sense of which the 
latter must be executed, when they should be valid, e. g. 
Formula testament or um, juris consultorum. Sunt jura, 
sunt formula de omnibus rebus constituta, ne quis out in 
genere injuria, aut ratione actionis errare possit. Cic. P. 
Scipio Mmilianus Africam in fo r m ulam redegit provin- 
cia. Vellei., giving the accustomed organization of a Roman 



466. Fornix. 467. Forte. 217 

province. Norma, square (of the carpenter), and Regula, 
a rule (the instrument for ruling) ; tropically, the rule, that 
by which we regulate our free actions. Norma determines 
the measures and proportions which we observe in so doing ; 
Regula, the whole procedure which we follow or observe: 
Nee sunt Jicbc rhythmicorum ac musicorum acerrima nor m a 
dirigenda. Cic. Habere regulam, qua vera et falsa judi- 
centur. Id. 

466. Fornix, Camera, Testudo, Tholus, Lacunar, 
Laquear. Fornix, the single arch-way ; Camera (which 
is more correct than the later Camara), the ceiling, consisting 
of arches, vault : Tullianum (in car cere Romano) muniunt 
undique parities, atque insuper camera lapideis fornici- 
bus vincta. Sail. Testudo, a vault of low and long arches, 
in the form of the shell of a turtle. Tholus, the inner cen- 
tral point of a vault, in which the arches meet ; generally a 
cupola : Par ( Terrce rotunda) fades templi : nullus procur- 
r it in ill o angulus : a pluvio vindicat imbre tholus. Ovid. 
Lacunar, the inlaid ceiling, inasmuch as it is provided with 
embellishing squares, hollows (lacus) ; Laquearia, plur. 
the lines similar to drawn cords (laqueus) which define these 
entablatures of a ceiling; hence the ceiling itself: Non ebur, 
neque aureum mea renidet in domo lacunar. Hor. De- 
pendent lychni laquearibus aureis. Virg. 

467. Forte, Fortuito — tu, Fors, Forsan, Forsit, 
Forsitan, Fortasse, Fortassis. Forte, as form of the 
Ablative, by a chance, by chance, of an event, the causes 
and connexion of which we are unable to explain: Forte 
evenit, ut in Privernati essemus. Cic, hence perhaps, after 
si, nisi : Nemo fere saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit. Cic. 
Fortuito, only with later writers Fortuitu, accidentally: 
Fa, qua gignuntur, donata consulto nobis, non fortuito 
nata videntur. Cic. Fors, 183, as adverb, Forsan, For- 
sit (fors -sit), poetical, and Forsitan, it may, it might be 
that, are used if something is imagined as possible : Et fors 
aquatis cepissent prceinia rostris, ni Cloanthus divos in vota 
vocasset. Virg., at a boat-racing. Aliquis forsan me putet 
non putare hoc verum. Ter. Forsitan queer atis, qui iste 
terror sit. Cic, expecting. Neque id facio, ut forsitan 
quibusdam videor, simulatione. Id. Fortasse, as Accusa- 
tive, rarer Fortassis, as Genitive, perhaps, if the supposi- 
tion is pronounced with a belief in the probability of the 
event : Habes epistolam verbosiorem fortasse, quam vellem. 

19 



218 468. Forum. 471. Fr anger e. 

Cic. Sed ego fort as se vaticinor et hcec omnia meliores 
hdbelunt exitus. Id., for which older editions have ego for- 
tassis. 

468. Forum, Velabrum, Macellum ; Conciliabulum, 
Emporium. Forum, market, market-place, whither com- 
modities were carried (ferre) for sale, e. g. boarium, pisca* 
torium. Erat Vaga, oppidum Numidarum, forum rerum 
venalium totius regni maxime celebratum. Sail. Velabrum, 
places or squares in Rome, at the foot of the Aventine, Pala- 
tine, and Capitoline hills, where oil and cheese sellers offered 
their commodities. Between the larger and lesser Velabrum 
was situated the Macellum, the food market, where meat, 
fowls, vegetables, &c. were sold. — Forum Romanum } 
chief square in Rome, where all public magisterial acts were 
performed; hence also were called For a those provincial 
places where, on account of the conflux of people, market- 
days and courts were held, e. g. Forum Julii, Forum Vo- 
conii ; Conciliabulum, properly a club ; generally, smaller 
market-places, with courts, in the Roman provinces : Decem- 
viri supplicationem in biduum in urbe et per omnia fo r a, 
conciliabulaque edixerunt. Liv. Emporium, properly, 
a commercial place: Creusa Thespiensium emporium, in 
intimo sinu Corinthiaco retractum. Liv. 

469. Fossa, Fovea, Scrobs. Fossa (fodere), a long 
ditch, fosse (as being dug, as the German Graben, from the 
corresponding verb, and etymologically the same with the 
English word grave) : Pomarium circummunire fossa prce- 
cipiti. Colum. Fovea (fodere), & short ditch, a hole dug 
in the ground, an excavation to catch or keep wild beasts : 
Anates in foveas, quibus j eras venamur, delapsce evadunt. 
Plin. Scrob s, obsolete Scrob is, a hole to put something 
in: Viti ponendce scrobis in longitudinem altitudinemque 
defossus tripedaneus. Colum. 

470. Fovere, Calefacere. Fov ere, warming, keeping 
warm: Aves .pullos pennis fov en t, ne frigore Icedantur. 
Cic, hence, fostering, 433. Quasi fov eb am dolores meos. 
Id. Calefacere, making warm, heating: Arborum con- 
sectione ad calefaciendum corpus, igni adhibito, uti- 
mur. Cic. 

471. Frangere, Rumpere ; Fragmentum, Frustum, Seg- 
mentum. Frangere, breaking something solid by a violent 
pressure, blow, &c. : cervices, patinam ; alicujus furorem 
petulantiamque. Cic. Perfidiosum et nefarium est fidem 



472. Frenum. 474. Fruges. 219 



B - 



f rang ere. Id. Rump ere (from rapere, plucking), tear- 
ing, separating by violent extension : Kodos et vinculo, linea 
rupit. Virg. Inflatce rumpuntur vesiculce. Cic. Fr an- 
ger e fcedus, designates the sacrilegious violation of that 
which is sacred in the fcedus ; Rump ere, the violent sepa- 
ration and dissolution of the part. — Fragmentum, part of 
something broken, fragment, e.g. lapidis, fustis ; Frustum 
(rumpere), a piece torn off from a whole: Frustum offce 
cadit ex pull i ore, quum pascitur. Cic. Viscera in frusta 
secant. Virg. Segmentum (secare), a piece cut off, a seg- 
ment ; this is even on the side of the cut, and thus may be 
fitted to the whole again, which the frustum cannot: Flu- 
r a sunt segment a mundi, qua nostri circulos appellavere. 
Plin. Quid de veste loquar'1 nee vos, segment a, requi- 
ro. Ovid. 

472. Frenum, Lupi, Lupata, Capistrum ; Habena. 
Frenum, plur. Freni and Frena, bridle, bit; the latter is 
the original meaning: Equum caegit frenos invitum pati. 
Phsedr. Frena injicere licentice. Hor. Lupi, " wolf-bit," 
a sort of frenum with iron teeth, like those of wolves ; more 
frequently hup at i and hup at a: Asper equus duris con- 
tunditur or a lupatis. Ovid. Capistrum, cavesson (from 
the French cavesson, German Kappzaum, literally, Cap- 
bridle), also halter: Pullos asinorum noctibus leniter capis- 
tris habent vinctos. Varr. Habena, halter, something by 
which we may retard, relax, lead something, bridle of horses : 
Tempore paret equus lentis animosus habenis, et placido 
duros accipit ore lupos. Ovid. 

473. Frigus, Algor (Algu), Geltt, Rigor. Frig us, 
the cold, which causes congealing: Tectis f rigor um vis 
pellitur. Cic. Algor, the cold which is felt, the feeling 
cold: Hostis confectus algore atque inedia. Tac. Algu, 
antiquated, the cold which withers, makes limber : Crepitans 
dentibus algu. Lucret. Gelu, the cold which makes coag- 
ulate, congeal, the frost : Gelu que flumina constiterint acuto. 
Hor. Rigor, the stiffness of frost: Bruma nives affert 
pigrumque rigor em reddit. Lucret. 

474. Fruges, Fructus, Fetus, Frumentum ; Frugi, 
Frugalis. Fruges, all fruit of the field, also of trees, as 
productions of the soil : Natura fruges ad spicam perducit 
ab herba. Cic. Fructus {frui), the fruit, which can be 
enjoyed, eaten ; the produce, and every enjoyment, use, 
which we derive from a thing: Fructum, arbitror, esse 



220 475. Frustra. 476. Fugere. 

fundi eum, qui ex eo satus nascitur utilis ad aliquam rem. 
Varr. Fr ugum fr uctuum que reliquorum perceptio et con- 
servatio sine hominum opera nulla esse potest. Cic, of the 
fruits of the field, and of the produce of meadow land, gar- 
dens, and pastures. Gloria est fructus vera virtutis. Id. 
Fetus, 445, the fruit as something produced by the process 
of generation : Ager aratur, quo meliores fetus possit et 
grandiores edere. Cic. Fetus arborei, vinece. Virg. Fru- 
m en turn, grain, as means of nourishment : Frumentum ex 
agris in loca tuta cbmportatur. Cic. Frugum sunt duo 
genera : frumentu m, ut triticum, hordeum ; et legumina, 
ut faba, cicer. Plin. — Frugi, properly, useful; acting ra- 
tionally : L. Fiso tanta virtute atque integritate fait, ut solus 
Frugi nominaretur. Cic. Proverbii locum obtinet ; homi- 
nem frugi omnia recte facere. Id. Frugalis is only used 
as comparative and superlative of frugi: Optimus colonus, 
parcissimus, modestissimus, frugalis simus. Cic. 

475. Frustra, Incassum, Nequidquam, Gratis, Gra- 
tuito ; Cassus, Irritus. In vain is given by Frustra 
(fraus), if deceived expectation and unsuccessful exertion is 
to be expressed : Obsecro, ne me in Icetitiam frustra con- 
jicias. Ter. Hcec si verbis explicare conemur, frustra 
suscipiatur labor. Cic. Incassum, without effect and use: 
Galli vana incassum jactare tela. Liv. Incassum pati 
labores. Virg. Nequidquam, without coming to the ob- 
ject, effecting anything: Res nequidquam erant repetita. 
Liv. Nequidquam sapit sapiens, qui ipse sibi prodesse 
non quit. Ennius ; while Gratis, also Gratiis, is gratis, 
without taking or giving remuneration: Gratis rei publicce 
servire. Cic. Habitare gratis in alieno. Id. Gratuito, 
gratuitously, from mere kindness, to render himself obliging: 
Multorum causas non gravate et gratuito defendere. Cic. 
— Cassus, empty, of something hollow, e. g. nux, glans ; 
hence, in vain: Cassi labores et infructuoscE preces. Plin. 
Irritus, properly, invalid : Quod modo erat ratum, irri- 
turn est. Ter., hence, in vain, as well as not done, frustrated : 
Sternuntur segetes, longique labor perit irritus anni. Ovid. 
Irritce preces. Plin., without effect, useless. 

476. Fugere, Subterfugere, Vitare, Facere fugam, 
Tergum vertere, Solum vertere ; Fuga, Exsilium ; Fu- 
gax, Fugitivus, Profugus. Fugere, flying, retiring in 
haste from a place, and striving to get rid of a thing, with- 
drawing from it, e. g. conspectum multitudinis, laborem, 



477. Fulcire. 221 

Subterfugere, stealing away from, e. g. periculum: Ulys- 
ses simulations insanicB militiam subterfugere voluit. Cic. 
V it are, avoiding, going out of the way : Eum locum si qui 
v it are voluerit, sex millium circuitu in oppidum perveniet. 
Cses. Columba quum scepe effugissent miluum, et celeri- 
tate pennce evitassent necem. Phsedr. Periculum fuge r e, 
flying the danger, is if we do not expose ourselves to it ; v i- 
tare, escaping it, by not falling into it. Fugam facer e, 
making flight, i. e. running away, becoming runaways : Fun- 
dam tiki nunc vellem dari, ut tu illos procul hinc ex occulto 
ccederes : facerent fugam. Ter. Fug a confestim ex 
acie, duce amisso, fieri ccepta est. Liv., and making that 
one runs away : Anguis elapsus terror em fug am que fecit. 
Liv. Terga vert ere, turning the back, i. e. turning to 
flight: Hostes terga verterunt, neque prius fugere 
destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum pervenerint. Cses. So- 
lum vert ere, changing the soil (i. e. our country), means 
going into a foreign or other country, generally of voluntary 
exile : Qui volunt pcenam aliquam subterfugere, aut calamita- 
tern, eo solum vertunt, hoc est, sedem ac locum mutant. 
Cic, emigrating. — Fug a, flight from one's country, as mere 
removal : Ob invidias multitudinis civium expulsiones, ca- 
lamitates, fugce. Exsilium (see 416), the residence with- 
out . one's country, in order to escape punishment, and as 
punishment, exile: Exsilium non supplicium est, sed per- 
fugium poriusque supplicii. Cic. Camillus damnatus in ex- 
silium abiit. Liv. — Fu g a x, given to flight, apt to fly, he 
who does not stand, and easily runs away, e. g. cervus : Fu- 
gaces labuntur anni. Hor. Fugitivu s, fugitive, being on 
the flight, also a runaway slave : Dicitur tuus servus fugi- 
tivus cum Vardais esse: ego, terra marique ut conquirere- 
tur, prcemandavi. Cic. Profugus, he who flies on in the 
wide world : Profugi Scytha. Hor., who have no stationary 
place, erring: Hannibal, patria profugus, pervenerat ad 
Antiochum. Liv., far away from his country. 

477. Fulcire, Sustinere, Sustentare ; Fultus, Nixus, 
Fretus. Fulcire, propping, supporting, giving support: 
Fulcire opus trabibus. Plin. Imperium gloria debet ful- 
tum esse et benevolentia sociorum. Cic. Sustinere, 441, 
holding upright (as we use the noun upright for a support) ; 
holding up, supporting : Senex ferula titubantes artus su s ti- 
ne t. Ovid. Milo humeris sustinebat bovem vivum. Cic. 
Ccesar labentem excepit, fulsit et sustinuit re, for tuna, 
19* 



222 478. Fulgere. 

fide. Cic. Sustentare, tropical, keeping up something 
from perishing, preserving, and bearing, enduring : Valetudo 
sustentatur notitia sui corporis et observatione, qua. res 
out prodesse soleant, aut obesse. Cic. Sapientes laborem spe 
otii sustentant. Sail. — Fultus, supported, held up by a 
support: Domus fulta columnis. Propert. Nixus or Ni- 
sus, resting on something, leaning : Sccevola, confectus senec- 
tute, hastili nixus. Cic. Fret us, properly, resting on 
something; confiding in something, relying ^on (which is the 
same trope): Hcec scripsi liberius, fretus conscientia of- 
ficii mei benevolenticeque. Cic. Miles, ferro et animis fr e- 
tus. Liv. 

478. Fulgere, Splendere, Lucere, Nitere, Corus- 
care, Radiare, Micare ; Fulgere, Fulgurare ; Fulgor, 

FULGUR, FULGETRUM, FuLGURATIO, FuLMEN. Fulgere, 

emitting a bright, blinding light, shining in a high degree, e. g. 
ebore et auro, purpura: Micantes fulsere gladii. Liv. 
Splendere, emitting a pure, shining light: Splendens 
Pario marmore purius. Hor. Splendens stella Candida. 
Plaut. Lucere, giving light, emitting a light which makes 
things visible : Luna luce lucet aliena. Cic. Nitere, 
shining, of the mild shine of a pure, smooth, bright, or oily 
surface: Nit en t unguentis, fulgent purpura. Cic. Mr a 
nit en t usu. Ovid. Coruscare, properly of the quivering 
of the lightning, flame, rays of light ; glittering, corruscating : 
Flamma inter nubes cor us cat. Cic, of the lightning ; hence 
it is used of the quivering motion of slender, pointed bodies : 
Longe coruscat sarraco veniente abies. Juvenal., active: 
Hastamque coruscat. Virg., shakes. Radiare, radiating, 
sending forth rays : Radiantis imagine lunce. Virg. Mi- 
care, of rays suddenly darting forth and vanishing: Qualis 
gemma mi cat. Virg. Mi cat ignibus cether. Id., hence of 
similar movements: Aures micantes pavidis equis. Plin. 
— (The reader will have observed, that the English language 
is peculiarly destitute of words designating with nicety either 
the degree, effect, or movement of light. Indeed, there are 
yet many other notions respecting light to be expressed, and 
are actually expressed by other languages, for which we have 
no words in English. For the varieties of sound, the English 
seems peculiarly rich. May not the reason be, that light is not 
a very prominent ingredient in the English sky, but that the 
sea-girt isle has the greatest variety of sounds daily sounding 
up to her shore ? Be that as it may, the remark applies to 



479. Fundere. 223 

the subsequent part of this section likewise.) — Fulgere, 
obsolete, lightning, of the sudden dart of the single flash of 
lightning : Antiqui ad significandum hanc e nubibus subitce 
lucis eruptionem dicebant fulgere. Senec. Fulgur are, 
the flashing of the electric fluid in the skies, without a partic- 
ular line in which the light is concentrated, diffusive flashing : 
Noctu magis, quam inter diu sine tonitribus fulgur at. Plin. 
— Fulgor, the bright splendor of the lightning, and of sim- 
ilar flashes of light which suddenly vanish, and of emission 
of dazzling light, e. g. armorum ; Fulgur, the lightning as 
fiery meteor which precedes the thunder, and with equal 
rapidity darts forth and vanishes; Fulgetrum, the light in 
the skies which lasts longer and is without thunder ; also the 
flash of lightning merely as fiery phenomenon; Fulgur a- 
tio, the same, as act; Fulmen, the flash of lightning with 
brilliant light and annihilating power : Prospera Juppiter his 
dextris ful goribus edit. Enn. Stella solis fulgor e 
obumbrantur. Senec. Credas et rapidum JEtnceo fulgur 
ab ignejaci. Ovid. Si in nube flatus aut vapor erumpit ar~ 
dens, fulmina oriuntur ; si longiore tractu nititur, ful- 
getra. Plin. Fu Iguratio est late ignis explicitus ; Fu I- 
men est coactus ignis et imp e tu j actus. Senec. 

479. Fundere, Profligare, Sternere, Prosternere ; 
Fundus, Pr^edium, Bus, Villa. Fundere, pouring on the 
ground: Mer curium e patera sanguinvn visum esse fun- 
dere, qui quum terram attigisset, refervescere videretur. 
Cic, hence scattering, dispersing an army already beaten : 
Ex Uteris hosiium exercitum ccesum flu sum que cognovi. Cic. 
Legiones, item classes fusee, fugatceque. Sail. Profli- 
gare, beating down to the ground along before one : Aciem 
hostium. Cic. Classem hostium primo impetu profligavi, 
Cses. Commissum ac profligatum bellum conficere. Liv., 
pretty nearly finishing. Sterner e, strewing (German streu- 
en, which is of the same root with the Latin) on the ground, 
extending, stretching on the ground : Semitam saxo quadrato 
straverunt. Liv. Stravit pelliculis hcedinis lectulos. 
Cic, and forcibly, violently stretching on the ground, throw- 
ing to the ground: Turbam invadite, ac sternite omnia 
ferro. Liv., see Torrens, 456. Prosternere, stretching 
down to the ground, cutting down : Se ad pedes ; corpora 
humi. Liv. Communis Mars belli utramque aciem pari cade 
pro stravit. Id. He who is profligatus, has been deprived 
of the power of resistance ; the prostratus, of the courage 



224 480. Funus. 

and energy. — Fundus, the soil, inasmuch as it is the 
ground and substratum ; and a real estate (as this is called 
in German, likewise, a Grundstiick, a ground-piece ; it is 
also called lying property, i. e. not movable ; and the Latin 
Fundus leads to the same original meaning, fundere, see 
above) : Fundus dicitur ager, quod planus sit ad similitu- 
dinem fundi vasorum. Festus. Fundum alienum arat, 
incultum familiar em deserit. Plaut. Mancipio fundum ac- 
cepi. Cic, a farm with the appertaining land; Prcedium, a 
farm, which as free property (fee simple) of a Roman citizen 
{dominium quiritarium) , might be pledged as bail, mortgage, 
&c, for which reason it must lie in Italy, or at least in a 
province which had Jus Latii : Patres, si quibus argentum 
in prcesentia deesset, dandam ex cerario pecuniam mutuam, 
prcedibusque ac prcediis cavendum populo, censebant. Liv. 
Rus, a farm, with regard to its rurality, i. e. contradistinction 
to the residence in town, with its privation of pure air, rural 
scenery, &c. ; see 50. Villa, a country seat, with the pre- 
dominating idea of the edifice, villa : Accepit agrum tempori- 
bus Us, quum jacerent pretia pr adiorum : qui ager neque 
v ill am habuit, nequefuit cultus. Cic. Fundi appellaiione 
omne cedijlcium et omnis ager continetur : sed in usu urbana 
cedificia, cedes ;rustica, villa dicuntur. Digg. 

480. Funus, ExsequijE, Pompa, Sepultura, Humatio, 
justa ; fljnebris, funereus, funestus, feralis ; fera- 
lia, Inferi^e. Funus (Gothic Fun, for fire, which is the 
root of the German Funke, spark), funeral, inasmuch as the 
body was burnt; see 155. Huic vivo funus ducitur. Cic. 
Exsequice, sc. res, the funeral procession, with every thing 
belonging to it; properly, the funeral suit (the following) 
Mater exsequias illius funeris prosecuta. Cic. Pom 
pa, is the same, yet with the idea of solemnity and pomp 
pompous or magnificent funeral: Publici funeris pompa 
Tac. Spoliatum cadaver imaginibus, ex sequiis, pompa 
laudatione, canibus dilaniandum reliquisti. Cic. Sepultu 
ra, the mode in which a dead body is brought under ground 
the peculiar manner of burying, the burial : Antiquissimo 
sepulturce genere redditur terrce corpus, et ita locatum ac 
situm operimento matris obducitur. Cic. Humatio, inter- 
ment, as action ; Just a, the last marks of honor or reverence, 
prescribed by law or custom, which we feel bound to pay to 
a departed person: Nondum omnia paterno funeri just a 
solvit. Cic. — Funebris, that which is becoming for a 



481. Fungi. 482. Fur. 225 

corpse, relating to it : laudatio, epulum, vestimenli genus. Cic. 
Funereus, peculiar to a corpse, belonging to it: Ter omen 
fun e reus bubo let all carmine fecit. Ovid. Pyram fronde 
coronat fu nerea. Virg. , with cypresses. Fu nestus, mourn- 
ful : Familia fu nest a fratris morte. Li v. Fu nestus dies 
Alliensis. Cic. Fe r a lis, agreeing with a funeral: Tu ta- 
men exstincto feralia munera ferto. Ovid., hence, — Ft- 
ralia sc. sacra, the annual feast of the dead: Hanc quia 
justa ferunt, dixere Feralia lucem. Ovid. Infer ice, 
sacrifices which brought on the feralia, on the seventeenth 
or twenty-first of February, on the tombs of the departed 
Inferias exstincto mittere Phoco. Ovid. 

481. Fungi, De — Perfungi, Administrare, Obire 
Fungi, getting through with something, finishing it; per 
forming an office, business, with pleasure and satisfaction on 
account of success : Functus erat dapibus. Ovid. Consu- 
lentibus respondens senectutis non inertis grato atque honesto 
fungebar munere. Cic. Defungi, getting through with 
something entirely, getting off, especially off from something 
onerous, e. g. honoribus, cura, labore, poena : Maximo se 
affectum beneficio putavit, quum tribus decumis pro una de- 
fungeretur. Cic. Perfungi, getting through a thing 
entirely, passing through a sufferance, at last having it be- 
hind one's self, serving through a difficulty, as it were, sup- 
mounting : Eis favemuSy qui eadem pericula, quibus nos 
p e rfu ncti sumus, ingrediuntur. Cic . Administrare, 
making the minister, i. e. the servant in some affair or busi- 
ness, directing, administering it by one's services, attention, 
handling a business, e. g. bellum, navem : A dministrat 
ad rem divinam tibi. Plaut. Postulat, rem publicam susci- 
piant atque una secum administrent. Cses. Toti officio 
maritimo M. Bibulus propositus cuncta administrabat. 
Id. Obire, tending, keeping, attending, e. g. sacra, bellum, 
negotium, res suas : Rex certamini non adfuit, quum impera- 
tor Romanus omnia militaria munera ipse impigre obireU 
Liv. 

482. Fur, Latro, Pr^edo, Pirata; Furari, Bapere, 
Diripere. Fur (ferre, carrying off), a thief, he who car- 
ries off the property of others secretly and with bad intent of 
appropriation: XII. tabula nocturnum furem interfici im- 
pune voluerunt. Cic. Latro (Gallic Ladrau, robber), high- 
way robber, he who publicly and forcibly, and armed, attacks 
others and takes property from them: Subito I air ones ex 



226 483. Furice. 485. Garrulus. 

insidiis advolant, interque ccedem diripiunt nummos. Phsedr. 
Prcedo, 334, a robber, he who goes out and robs, on land 
or water: Maritimos p reed ones consectando mare tutum 
reddidit. Nep. Pirata, one who ranges (tcsIqw) the sea 
with the view of robbing, a pirate, corsair : Belli more, non 
latrociniorum, orbem classibus piratce terrebant. Vellei. — 
Furari, stealing: Solet hcex, qua rapuit et furatus 
est, nonnunquam dicer e, se emisse. Cic. Rap ere, robbing, 
hastily and forcibly : . Vivebat latronum ritu, ut tantum habe- 
ret, quantum rap ere potuisset. Cic. Diripere, 131, plun- 
dering : Expilare socios,diripere provincias. Cic. Mith- 
ridates res ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum conges- 
serat. Id. 

483. Furice, DiR^E, Eumenides. The furies, furious 
spirits of torment, were called Fur ice, as avengers of evil 
deeds, by causing disquiet within the malefactor ; they are 
the personified bad conscience; they are called Dira, 122, 
as bringing woe, the terrific; Eumenides, the gracious, 
poetic, when, from reverential fear, their true name was not 
pronounced: Fur ice dece sunt speculatrices et vindices fa- 
cinorum et scelerum. Cic. TJltricesque sedent in limine Di- 
rce. Virg. 



G. 

484. Ganeo, Nepos, Asotus. Ganeo (ganeum, a cook's 
shop, where people satisfied their palate and gave themselves 
up to voluptuousness), the glutton, the dissipated fellow, who 
is always to be found where there is dissipation, where peo- 
ple administer to their sensual appetites, in whatever way that 
may be: Ganeones nostri, quibus modulus est vita cvina» 
Varr. Nepos, properly, nephew, grandchild ; a rake, sj. snd- 
thrift : Perditus ac profusus nepos, qui non adesa jam sed 
abundanti pecunia sic dissolutus fuit. Cic. Asotus, ai in- 
satiate and insatiable voluptuary : Si jinitas cupiditates habe- 
rent luxuriosi non essent asoti. Cic. (From the Greek 
aowToq, of d-o(6'£a), not to be saved.) 

485. Garrulus, Loquax. Garrulus (garrire), chat- 
tering, making a noise like a rivulet, of no great rapidity, if 
slightly but repeatedly beating against rocks ; it is the open 
sound, not the subdued one expressed by murmuring ; the a 



486. Gaudere. 488. Genius. 227 

in garrulus, chattering, the Scottish clabbering, the German 
plappern, and similar words of so many other languages, in- 
dicates the open sound ; hence, making much noise of this or 
some similar sort, e. g. hirundo, rivus ; talkative, garrulous, a 
talker, a chatter-box: Percontatorem fugito ; nam garru- 
lus est. Hor. Loquax, loving or ready to speak, also 
talkative: Senectus est natura loquacior. Cic. The Gar- 
nil us chatters away without thought or sense ; the Loquax 
finds always some subject or other to talk upon. 

486. Gaudere, LiETARi ; Hilaris, Ljstus. Gaudere, 
rejoicing at, indicates the emotion which is caused by the 
delight at a real or imagined good; Lcetari, being glad, 
rejoicing, indicates the state when joy affects us ; it is the 
consequence of joy within : Quum privamur dolor e, ipsa libe- 
ratione molestia gaud emus : omne autem id, quo gaude- 
mus, voluptas est. Cic. Lcetaris tu in omnium gemitu, et 
triumphas. Id. — Hilaris, obsolete Hildrus (the same 
root with the German hell, i. e. bright, shining, serene), glad, 
gladly disposed, happy, if this indicates our feeling : Hilar i 
animo esse et prompt o ad jocandum. Cic. Lcetus, glad, in a 
higher degree, merry, frolicsome, used of the effects of joy, 
which show themselves in exciting our spirits, and the exter- 
nal manifestation of this effect, happy, as used in this sense : 
Lcetus sum laudari me a laudato viro. Cic. Videbant 
Catilinam alacr em atque latum. Id. 

487. Generalis, Universalis. Generalis, general, 
with reference to the kind {genus) ; generalis, therefore, isi 
that which is constituted like all the species of the same 
genus; Universalis, common, referring to a whole, so 
constituted, or of such a character, as all individuals which 
belon to a whole (universum) must be, are: Generale 
quod I im decorum intelligimus, quod in omni honestate versa- 
tur. . c. In constitiitionibus principum nihil inveniebam aut 
pror am, aut universale, quod ad Bithynos ferretur. 
Plip 

. Genius, Lares, Penates ; Genialis, Genitalis, 
Genitivus. Genius, the protecting or directing, influenc- 
ing spirit which presides over human nature, and watches 
over the procreation, birth, and life of a human being, and 
even after death continues to act protectingly in the Lar; 
hence the constant endeavour to keep him well-disposed, and 
to reconcile him in misfortune which had befallen the indi- 
vidual : Scit Genius, natale comes qui temper at astrum, 



228 489. Gens. 

naturce deus humance. Hor. Suum genium defraudare. 
Ter., not to allow one's self any comfort, denying one's self 
the necessary things. Lares, house and family gods of the 
Romans, whose little images stood upon the hearth, sacred to 
them, and under which the families paid honor to their de- 
parted forefathers. There were likewise public Lares, as 
patrons of cities, streets, and peasants: Ego Lar sum Fa- 
miliaris, ex hac familia, unde exeuntem me adspexistis. hanc 
domum jam multos annos est quum possideo. Plaut. Parvo 
sub lare pauperum carta. Hor., the house itself. Penates 
(compare Penes, 22.), private deities, of which every family 
chose for patrons, while the Lares were only worshipped 
men ; they were also worshipped as publici in the Atrium or 
Impluvium (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, Vesta), on the Capitoli- 
um, and from them were expected blessing, nourishment, 
prosperity : Dii patrii ac penates, qui huic urbi atque liuic 
imperio prcesidetis. Cic. Exterminabit cives Romanos edicto 
consul a suis penatibus? Id., out of their houses. — Ge- 
nial is, constituted agreeably or conformably to the Genius, 
as the giver of joy and all comfort, festival-like, e. g. lectus, 
the marriage bed: Invitat genial is hiems, curasque resol- 
vit. Virg., the time when the farmer rests and enjoys comfort. 
Genitalis, that which has the capacity of procreation or 
generation : Quatuor genitalia corpora mundus continet. 
Ovid. Elements. Dies genitalis. Tac, birthday, inas- 
much as from its constellation the astrologer or reader of 
nativity divines the future fate of an individual; natalis, 
birthday, inasmuch as it is the day on which he was born. 
Genitivus, that which has remained ever since the birth, 
that which we brought with us into the world : Augustus cor- 
pore traditur maculoso, dispersis per pectus atque alvum 
genitivis notis. Suet., moles. (Innate, when applied to 
inborn ideas, must be given by innatus ; genitivus is only 
that which we have from our generation, the procreation of 
the individual.) 

489. Gens, Familia, Genus, Stirps, Prosapia ; Ge- 
nus, Natio, Populus ; Gentilis, Gentilicius, Genticus. 
Gens, a clan or race, as a multitude of persons who are able 
to prove their descent, through all possible degrees of consan- 
guinity, to the same progenitor (genitor) ; Familia, 372, 
that branch of the gens who belong, as nearest kinsmen (re- 
lations by consanguinity), to a descendant of such a genitor, 
in direct line. Those who belonged to one gens had the 



489. Gens. 229 

common name of the genitor (nomen) ; those that belong to 
the same familia, have in addition the name of the family- 
father {cognomen). Thus the Gens Cornelia, descending 
from one Cornelius, branched out in the families, Cornelii 
Scipiones, Cornelii Dolabellce, Cornelii Cethegi, Cornelii 
Sullce, Cornelii Cinncc, etc. Ex gente Domitia duoe fa- 
milies claruerunt, Calvinorum et Mnobarborum. Suet. Ge- 
nus, the race or kind, genus, with reference to the common 
qualities or distinctions which all individuals of the same pro- 
creator have, e. g. genus humanum, genus acre leonum : 
Non idem mihi licet, quod Us, qui nobili gen ere nati sunt. 
Cic. Stirps, trunk, chief part of a plant, and of a whole 
race or people, i. e. the two first progenitors, from which, as 
from a trunk, all descendants, like branches, went forth ; and 
these descendants themselves, inasmuch as they form one 
whole : Atticus Juniam fa miliam a stirpe ad hanc ceta- 
tern enumeravit. Nep. Horatius orabat, ne se, quern paulo 
ante cum egregia stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis face- 
rent. Liv., with his stock or race. Prosdpia, properly, the 
distant relationship ; an ancient, extensive clan, inasmuch as 
an individual descends from it: Homo veteris prosapia ac 
multarum imaginum. Sail. — A whole people is called Gens, 
as race descending from the same founder, parent : Segni 
Condrusique ex gente et numero Germanorum. Cses. Sue- 
vorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germanorum 
omnium. Id. Genus, as a genus of people, a species of 
nations, distinguished by characteristics common to all mem- 
bers, from other nations: Nostrorum virtuti consilia Gallo- 
rum occurrebant, ut est summa genus sollertice atque ad 
omnia imitanda et efficienda, qua ab quoque traduntur, aptis- 
simum. Caes. Natio, a people, with regard to their birth in 
a common country, and the peculiar character which results 
from this fact: Suevorum non una, ut Chattorum Tenctero- 
rumve, gens, majorem enim Germania partem obtinent, pro- 
priis adhuc nationibus nominibusque discreti, quamquam 
in commune Suevi vocantur. Insigne gent is, obliquare 
crinem nodoque substringere. Tac. Natio est omnium Gal- 
lorum admodum dedita religionibus. Cses. (Hence does 
natio signify a set of people who agree in character, as con- 
sequence of the same profession, endeavour, &c, e. g. natio 
candidatorum.) Populus, a people, as state, or inasmuch 
as it is a society of free citizens, kept together by the com- 
mon band of government : Populus est ccetus multitudinis^ 
20 



230 490. Gestire. 492. Gladius. 

juris consensu et utilitatis communione consociatus. Cic. 
Na tiones ferce et populi ingentes vi subacti. Sail. Scipio 
llergetum gent em quum infcsto exercitu invasisset, Athana- 
giam urbem, quce caput ejus populi erat, circumsedit. Liv., 
gent em, as a people of a common descent, which, however, 
as political body, populus, had their capital. — Gent His, 
one of the same race or stock, gens ; akin by gens: Phe- 
recydes Syrius fuit meo regnante gent Hi. Cic. The gen- 
ti I i s of Tullius Cicero was Tullius Hostilius. Gentilicius, 
peculiar or common to gentiles: Gentilicia sacra. Liv., 
family sacrifices. Genticus, common or peculiar to a tribe, 
people, as of common descent (gens), national : Servitia, 
quibus more gentico continuum ferri tegimen. Tac. 

490. Gestire, Exsilire, Exsultare. Gestire, 301, 
giving to understand, manifesting by position, bearing, and 
movement (gestus), of the body one's emotions, especially 
joy, desire : Licet ora ipsa cernere eorum, qui voluptate 
nimia gestiunt : quorum vultus, voces, motus statusque mu- 
tantur. Cic. G est it animus aliquid agere in re publica. 
Id. Exsilire, leaping out of, up, leaping for joy: Literis 
perlectis, exsilui gaudio. Cic. Exsultare, jump, re- 
peatedly and wildly, of delight : Vacca ex suit at in herbis. 
Ovid. Alacris ex suit at improbitas in victoria. Cic, ex- 
ulting. 

491. Gignere, Generare, Parere, Procreare. Gig- 
nere (from geno : Principium genendi. Varr.), producing 
something out of itself, begetting: Pisces ova quum genue- 
runt, relinquunt. Cic. Artis proprium est creare et gig- 
nere. Id. Generare, producing something begotten, pro- 
ducing, generating; it designates the effect of gignere: 
Placet Stoicis, quce in terra gignantur, ad usum Jwminum 
omnia creari, homines autem Jwminum causa esse genera- 
t os, ut ipsi inter se aliis alii prodesse possent. Cic. Pare- 
re, giving birth, bringing forth : Ut ea liber os ex sese p are- 
ret, quos quum videret, Icetaretur. Cic. Gallina peeper it 
ovum. Id. Cui laurus Jwnores peperit. Hor. Procreare 
(see 286.), producing something, giving it existence and pre- 
senting it as something produced, something having come 
forth, without reference to begetting : Hcec terra, quce te 
procreavit, est patria tua. Cic. 

492. Gladius, Ensis, Acinaces, Sica, Pugio. Gla- 
dius, the sword for cut and thrust ; Ensis, the longer 
sword, more adapted for the blow or cut, hence with heroes 



493. Gradus. 494. Gramen. 231 

and gigantic people : Graviter gladio caput percussit. Hirt. 
Stricto gladio transjigit puellam. Liv. Hector eo per culsus 
concidit ense. Cic. Acindces, the crooked Persian sabre ; 
Sica (secare), a short cutlass used by banditti; Pugio 
(pungere), a stiletto, dirk: Tibi extorta est sica de mani- 
bus. Cic. Casare interfecto statim cruentum alte extollit 
Brutus pugionem. Id. 

493. Gradus, Gresstjs, Passits, Incessus ; Gradatim, 
Pedetentim, Sensim, Paulatim. Gradus, the step which 
a walker makes : Gradum accelerare ; Aciem pleno gradu 
in hostem inducer e. Liv., quicker than in the gradus mili- 
taris and gradus modicus. Stabili gradu imyetum hos- 
tium excipere. Id., in a position stepping forward ; hence the 
step of a staircase, of a ladder, and the measure of the steps 
of a person walking to and fro : Elatum e curia in inferiorem 
partem per gradus dejicit. Liv. Honorum gradus sum- 
mis hominibus et infimis sunt pares. Cic. Gressus, Supinal 
form, the stepping, the making steps : Veniebat gressu 
languido. Phsedr. Pass us, the step, the extension of the 
legs from one another in walking, and, as measure, five Ro- 
man feet (pedes) : Sequiturque patrem non passibus cequis. 
Virg. Vt ab urbe abesset millia passuum ducenta. Cic. 
Incessus, the walk, as peculiar manner of walking : Tenero 
et molli in gressu suspendimus gradum: non ambulamus, 
sed incedimus. Senec. — Gradatim, step by step, and 
gradually, signifies slowly one thing or act after the other, in 
measured points of rest or stops: Gradatim adscendere 
vocem utile et suave est. Cic. Pedetentim, foot after foot, 
step by step, slowly, gradually, and cautiously : Viam pede- 
tentim tentabam. Cato. Nihil condone tua sapientius : ita 
pedetentim et gradatim turn accessus a te ad causam 
facti, turn recessus. Cic. Sensim, gradually, imperceptibly ; 
of a continuous yet hardly perceptible following upon one 
another: Sensim sine sensu cetas senescit. Cic. Nilus in- 
cipit crescere sensim modiceque. Plin. P aulatim, grad- 
ually, slowly, a continuous following upon one another, yet 
so that each time the state or position of the thing changes 
but very little : Paulatim adnabam terrce. Virg.' 

494. Gramen, Herba, Foznum. Gramen, grass in 
general, as fresh, green, and growing, with narrow leaves and 
blades, on which each blossom brings but one grain ; Herba, 
herb, the sprouts of the grass or any other plant which come 
directly out of the ground, before it has a blade, stalk, 



232 495. Grains. 496. Gravis. 

stem, or trunk: Jacere in ienaci gr amine. Hor. Injussa 
virescunt gramina. Virg. Fetialis ex arce graminis 
her I am pur am attulit. Liv. TJt sulcis frumenti qucereret 
her bam. Virg. Foznum, hay, mown and dried grass: 
Foznum siccatum in metas exstruere. Colum. 

495. Gratus, Memor ; Grates s. Gratias agere, Gra- 
tiam habere, referre, reddere, facere. gratus, 377, 
grateful, thankful, one who manifests his gratitude ; Memor^ 
he who remembers a benefaction, who does not forget kind 
acts: Bene de me meritis gratum me prcebeo. Cic. Socios 
Bithynice, si Us commodaris, memor es esse et gratos cog- 
nosces. Id. — Grates, poetical, and Gratias agere, ex- 
pressing thanks, orally or by writing : Mihi senatus singula- 
ribus verbis gratias egit. Cic. Gratiam habere^ 
having grateful feelings, feeling one's self obliged, being con- 
scious of kindness bestowed upon one's self, and feeling 
grateful consequently; refer re, returning a kind act, prov- 
ing one's gratitude : Inops etiam si refer re gratiam non 
potest, habere certe potest. Cic, also, Maximas tibi, P an- 
sa, gratias omnes et habere et agere debemus. Id. 
Gratiam redder e, returning an act of kindness with an 
equivalent or similar one, paying off one's debt of gratitude : 
Quoad vives, nunquam redditam gratiam putaveris. Sail., 
requiting entirely, perfectly. Gratiam facere, giving up 
something, claim, &c, from kindness : Omnium tibi, qua 
impie nefarieque es ausus, gratiam fa cio. Liv. 

496. Gravis, Onerosus ; Gravare, Gravari ; Gravi- 
dus, Fetus, Pr^egnans. Gravis, heavy by its weight, 
also, oppressive, difficult to be borne : Aureum amiculum 
Jovis Olympii grandi ponder e (Estate grave esse. Cic. 
Graves hostilibus spoliis naves. Liv., heavily laden. Gra- 
ve omne insuetis onus. Phoedr. Verebar, ne mihi gravis 
esses. Cic. Onerosus, onerous, if something is a heavy 
load for us, e. g. prczda: Onerosa gravis que esse potest 
imbellibus hasta lacertis. Ovid. — Gravare, making heavy, 
adding weight: Foma grav antia ramos. Ovid. Mull 
gravati sarcinis. Phsedr. Gravari, going with difficulty 
to a task, shunning: Non grav abor de amicitia disputare, 
Cic. — Gravidas, full of something, and thus being heavy, 
pregnant, e. g. arista, pecus : Qui manus attulit steriles intro, 
gravidas foras exportat. Plaut, Fetus, that which is 
provided with generative power, capacity of procreation ; 
that which can produce a fruit, has produced it, or is produc- 



497. Gubernaculum. 500. Gutta. 233 

ing it, e.g. pregnant with it: Ubi visceribus gravida 
ielluris imago ejfecta est hominis, feto consurgit in arvo. 
Ovid., capable of producing, fecund. Pr (Eg nans (prce — 
gignere), in the last stages of pregnancy, near delivery. 

497. Gubernaculum, Clavus. Gub ernaculum, the 
rudder; Clavus, properly, a nail, plug; the helm of the 
rudder, and the rudder itself with the helm : Naufragus ad 
gubernaculum accessit et nam est opitulatus. Cic. Gu- 
bernator clavum tenens sedet in puppi. Id. Clavum im- 
perii tenere et gubernacula rei publicce tractare. Id. 

498. Gurges, Vorago, Barathrum. Gurges, eddy: 
Rheni fossa, gurgitibus redundans. Cic. Vorago, a 
depth, a very deep abyss, which devours every thing which 
falls into it, i. e. every thing that falls into which perishes; 
applied to water, it means a vortex, an extensive eddy, which 
draws things in, whirling them to the centre, and thence to 
the ground : Forum medium specu vasto collapsum in immen- 
sam altitudinem dicitur, neque earn v or agin em conjectu 
terra expleri potuisse. Liv. Dionysius quum equum demisis- 
set in Jlumen, submersus equus voraginibus non extyitit. 
Cic. Gurges ac vorago 'patrimonii. Id. Gurges, re- 
specting the quantity which the spendthrift makes pass 
through his gullet; Vor a go, an insatiable vortex. Bara- 
thrum, a bottomless abyss, respecting the enormous depth: 
Imo barathri gurgite vastos sorbet in abruptum jluctus. 
Virg. 

499. Gustus, Gustatus, Sapor. Gustus, the taste, the 
sensation on the tongue in tasting something : Dominus ipse 
panis bonitatem gustu suo exploret. Colum. Gustatus, 
the taste or tasting, as effect of the tasted thing upon the 
nerves of taste and the sense of taste, the faculty of taste : 
Pomorum jucundus non gustatus solum, sed odoraius etiam. 
Cic. Gustatus sentire eorum, quibus vescimur, genera 
debet. Id. Sapor, taste of a thing, that quality of producing, 
by contact with the nerves of taste, an efTect peculiarly per- 
ceived by them: Mel suo proprio genere sap oris dulce 
esse sentitur. Cic. 

500. Gutta, Stilla, Stiria. Gutta, the drop in a 
globular form : Numerum in cadeniibus guttis, quod inter- 
vallis distinguuntur, notare possumus. Gutta cavat lapi- 
dem non vi, sed sape cadendo. Ovid. Stilla, the drop 
falling down, and which in so doing becomes extended, 
oval, or long: Interit magnitudine maris 2Egai stilla 

20* 



234 501. Habena. 503. Habitus. 

murice. Cic Stiria, the pending, also the frozen drop: 
Turpis ab inviso pendebat stir i a naso. Martial. Stiria- 
que induruit horrida barbis. Virg. 



H. 



501. Habena, Lorum, Corrigia, Amentum. Habena, 
472, the thong for holding (habere) or pulling, of a sling, 
shoes: Equus liber habenis. Virg. Fundam Mezentius 
adducta circum caput egit habena. Id. Lorum, a thong 
to tie or bind, to hold something together or fast, also for the 
rein: Lor is ccedere, equos ducere. Id. Corrigia, a thin 
thong for tying, pulling together, a string : Pedis offensio et 
abruptio corrigice. Cic. Amentum, a thong in the mid- 
dle of the spear, for throwing, to give it more force by a 
swing: Inserit am en to digitos et torsit jaculum. Ovid. 

5Q2. Habere, Possidere, Tenere, Esse alicui ; Habi- 
lis, Capax. Habere, having, of every sort of property; 
Possidere, possessing, inasmuch as we alone have the 
thing, may freely use it, and freely dispose of it; Tenere, 
holding, in the hands, or by way of possessing, inasmuch as 
we maintain our possession of a thing, are actually holding 
it; Mi hi est, I have, when merely the existence of a pos- 
session for me is meant: Domus tibi deer at ? At habebas. 
Cic, as proprietor. Iste turn, quum omnia tenebat, non est 
ausus meam domum possidere. Id., as sole owner, master; 
tenebat, he who would not allow himself to be dispossessed. 
Danao quinquaginta fuerunt Jilice. Cic, they were there 
for him, extant; habuit jilias, they belonged to him. — 
Habilis, 14, that which is easily held, which allows itself 
easily to be treated ; comfortable, because it fits well : Calcei 
habiles et apti ad pedem. Cic Capax, capacious, spa- 
cious, that which can contain, hold much, e. g. domus : Puer 
animi ad prcecepta capacis. Ovid. 

503. Habitus, Vestitus, Amictus. Habitus, the pe- 
culiar manner of dress, according to substance and form, 
dress, e. g. scenicus, triumphalis ; Vestitus, the dress itself, 
inasmuch as it covers the body, garment; Amictus, the 
outer dress, which strikes the eye, garb, ornamenting or em- 
bellishing dress : Vestitu calceatuque et cetero habitu ne 



504. Hcerere. 507. Heu. 235 

virili quidem usus est. Suet. Appuleius specie et motu atque 
ipso amiclu capiebat homines. Cic. 

504. Hjerere, Pendere. Hcerere, hanging to some- 
thing, adhering, not to be able to separate from it: Hceret 
os fauce ; senex in equo ; laxus in pede calceus. Hor. Pen- 
dere, hanging in a pending position, pending, hanging down : 
Pendent poma in arbore. Virg. 

505. Haurire, Sorbere. Haurire, taking part of a 
larger mass up and out: Aqua e pnteo hausta. Cic. Mul- 
tos hausit fiamma, gurges. Liv., devouring in mass. Sor- 
bere, drawing in a liquid, not in large draughts, but with 
half-closed lips, gradually, and with pleasure. I believe the 
only word which comes near it is sucking; it is between 
sipping and drawing (in German schlurfen) : Animalia, qui- 
bus continui denies, sorbent, ut equi, boves. Plin. Medicus 
obiit, dum mulsi potionem haurit; alius, quum mulsum bi- 
bisset ovumque s or beret. Id. 

506. Hereditas, Patrimonium, Peculium ; Hereditatem 
cernere, adire. Hereditas (heres, heir; originally, the 
acquirer of a piece of earth ; in German, the former Erbe, 
the latter Erde), inheritance in general: Hereditas est 
pecunia, quce morte alicujus ad quempiam pervenit jure. Cic. 
P atrimonium, patrimony, the property which the freeborn 
Roman father left to his children as lawful property : Optima 
hereditas a patribus traditur liberis, omnique patrimo- 
nio prcestantior, gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum. Id. 
P eculium (pecus), the peculiar small property which one 
has saved, especially a son as soldier (castrense), by other 
occupations or pursuits (quasi castrense), by paternal grants 
or allowances (profecticium), by inheritance on the maternal 
side (adventicium), or what a slave saves with the permission 
of the master: Servi cupiditate peculii nullam conditionem 
recusant durissimce servitutis. Cic. — Hereditatem cer- 
nere, viewing the inheritance, examining it, meant, if the 
heir by testament (neither son nor slave of the testator), de- 
clared solemnly, only after a period of five days, that he was 
willing to become heir; adire, when he solemnly took pos- 
session of the inheritance : Pridie Nonas Februarias crevi 
hereditatem. Cic. Archias adiit hereditates civium 
Romanorum. Id. 

507. Heu, Heus. Heu, alas! ah! is the exclamation 
of pain; Heus, hah! listen! if some one's attention is 
called to listen : Heu me miserum ! Ter. A. Heus Getal 



236 508. Hiare. 509. Hie. 

— G. Hem tihi! Id. Heus ! uhiestis? ecquis hoc aperit 
ostium? Plaut., holla! 

508. Hiare, Hiscere, Dehiscere, Fatiscere ; Hiatus, 
Rictus, ilia re, yawning, opening wide the mouth: Hi a- 
vit humus multa vasta et profunda. Sail., also opening the 
mouth wide from surprise or greediness : Emtorem inducere 
hiantem. Hor. Hiscere and Dehiscere, designates the 
beginning of this action, opening itself, yawning, as we use 
it of an abyss : Respondebisne ad hcec ? aut omnino hiscere 
audebis? Cic., opening the mouth. In dehiscent em in- 
tervallis hostium aciem ' equites emisit. Liv. Fatiscere 
(fatis, 10.), properly, bursting of too much ; cracking, 
getting crevices from dryness, &c. : Naves rimis fatis- 
cunt. Virg. 

509. Hie, Ille, Is, Iste ; Hie, Illic, Ibi, Inibi, Ibidem, 
Istic. By Hie, this, the speaker points at an object; by 
Hie, here, at a condition near, locally and in mind ; by Il- 
le, that, and Illic, there, he points at the opposite, more 
remote object ; hence Hi c is used, also, for present, and that 
which is at present ; Ille, famous, renowned by the tradition, 
report, &c, which tells of remote things, speaking of some- 
thing which everybody knows, and hence may be pointed at 
at once : Tu si hie sis, aliter censeas. Ter., this one here, 
i. e. on the spot where he stands, pointing at himself. Negli- 
genter scribimus adversaria; diligenter conjicimus tabulas. 
Hcec delentur statim ; ilia servantur sancte. Cic. Is, he, 
that one, the one, points, for the benefit of the addressed per- 
son, at an object only as known, already mentioned; Iste, 
that one there, as one to whom he ought to direct now his 
particular attention : Fuit olim hinc quidam mercator ; navem 
is f regit apud Andrum insulam : is obiU mortem. Ter. At 
i st osrastr os t amen inter ea adpone, ne labor a. Id. Si ami- 
citiam adfructum nostrum refer emus, non erit ista amicitia, 
sed mercatura qucedam utilitatum suarum. Cic. Hi c segetes, 
illic veniunt felicius uvce, arbor ei fetus alibi. Virg. Ibi 
(is, in the ancient dative form), there, even there, at the spot : 
Demaratus fugit Tarquinios Corintho, et ibi fortunas suas 
constituit. Cic. Inibi, in the place, in the thing itself, ex- 
pressing in a stronger way its existence : Hannibalem Capua 
corrupit, et superbia nata inibi esse hcec videtur. Cic, even 
there. Ibidem, at the same spot: Si Thessalonicce erit 
causa, aut ibidem opperiar, aut me ad te conferam. Cic. 
Istic, there, at that place, where the addressed person is : 



510. Hirtus. 513. Horreum. 237 

Ibi malis esse, ubi aliquo numero sis, quam is tic, ubi solus 
sapere videare. Cic. 

510. Hirtus, Hirsutus, Hispidus, Pilosus, Villosus, 
Setosus. Hirtus, properly applies to hair standing up; 
that which is rough to the touch: Barba viros hirtceque 
decent in corpore setce. Ovid. Hirsutus, provided with 
stiff hair, bristles, pricks: Bestice spinis hirsutce. Cic, and 
of the hair itself, if singly the hairs stand upward : Comce 
hirsutce et intonsce sunt. Curt. Hispidus, VII, rough, of 
stiff hair standing close together, e. g. sus : Tiberini frons 
hispid a manat imbribus. Claudian. In the words Pilo- 
sus, full of hair, Villosus, shaggy, Setosus, full of bris- 
tles, the species of covering hair is more particularly indi- 
cated : Pilosce gence ; Pellis villosi leonis ; Setosa 
frons. 

511. Homo, Vir. Homo, man, as the nobler, rational 
creature, in contradistinction to the brute; Vir, ma.x\, inas- 
much as he is distinguished by peculiar qualities from other 
men {mares, 260.) by strength, courage, intrepidity, merits, 
honorable offices : Marius tulit dolorem ut vir; et, ut homo, 
major em ferre sine causa necessaria noluit. Cic. 

512. Honos, Honores, Munus ; Honestare, Honorare. 
Honos {Honor only from the third century; originally 
spite, German Holin, Gell. 12. 9.), honor, mark of honor, by 
which we manifest our esteem and approbation to a person 
on account of his worth or merit : Honos est prcemium vir- 
tutis, judicio studioque civium delatum ad aliquem. Cic. ; 
hence, a public office, connected with honor and authority, 
generally in the plural. Honores, places of honor, which, 
in Rome, were without salary: Hie ipse honos, delatus ad 
me, testis est innocentice mece. Liv. Munus, 373, an office, 
inasmuch as it is connected with burden and expense, without 
reference to dignity : Non surdus judex huic muneri atque 
officio praest. Cic. — Honestare, making honorable, giv- 
ing honor and authority; Honorare, honoring, showing 
honor to: Domino domus honestanda est. Cic. Am- 
phiaraum sic honor avit fama Grcecice, ut deus habere- 
tur. Id. 

513. Horreum, Granarium, Cumera. Horreum, the 
barn ; every storehouse, magazine, but especially of grain : 
lllius immensce ruperunt horrea messes. Virg. Deripere 
horreo amphoram. Hor. Granarium, granary, larger 
building for the preservation of considerable quantities of 



238 514. Hortari. 516. Hospes. 

grain: Triticum condi oportet in granaria suhlimia. Varr. 
Cum era, a large basket or earthen vessel for the preserva- 
tion of grain with farmers: Cur tua plus laudes cumeris 
granaria nostris? Hor. 

514. Hortari, Monere, Admonere, Suadere. Hor- 
tari (horiri, excite, belongs to oriri), encouraging, stirring, 
by representations and impressive words : Ad artern impellere 
atque hortari. Cic. Monere, admonish to think of some- 
thing, reminding, warning: Pluribus te hortari non debeo: 
tantum moneo, magis idoneum ternpus, si hoc amiseris, te 
esse nullum unquam reperturum. Cic. Admonere, re- 
minding on occasion, also urgently : Leo contexit asinum 
frutice et admonuit simul, ut insueta voce terreret feras. 
Phsedr. Suadere, advising, in pointing out the reasons and 
with the intention of persuading to do something : An Tre- 
bonio persuasi? cui ne suadere quidem ausus essem. 
Cic. Monere, expresses an action which influences the 
intellect; Hortari, the volition ; Su a d ere, conviction. 

515. HORTUS, HORTI, POMARIUM, VlRIDARIUM, VlRETUM. 

Hortus, a kitchen, fruit, flower garden, as a place fenced 
in; Horti, in plural, a large pleasure garden, park: Pria- 
pus, custos pauperis horti. Virg. Epicuri horti. Cic. 
Po mar ium, orchard : Arboribus consita Italia est, ut tot a 
pomarium videatur. Varr. Viridarium, a pleasure 
garden with rare plants and trees, as they were behind the 
cellce on both sides of a Roman domus (we have the same 
idea of green prevailing in greenhouse) ; Viretum, a charm- 
ing spot, where there is a great deal of green, i. e. verdure, 
e. g. clumps of trees ; it also signifies a fine lawn, a green (in 
England) : Amozna vireta nemorum. Virg. 

516. Hospes, Caupo, Deversor; Hospitus, Hospita- 
lis. Hospes, 32, the "stranger," as guest, and the host, 
who receives him ; especially the guest with whom one had 
concluded the relation of hospitality for mutual kind recep- 
tion, according to antique custom: Adeone hospes hujusce 
urbis es, ut hcec nescias? Cic. Dexter am hospes hospiti 
porrexisti. Id. Caupo, also Copo.. a wine-seller, who, for 
money, receives strangers in his booth (caupona, taberna) and 
refreshes them ; Deversor, one who puts up with a friend, 
or in a tavern (who turns in) : Homo multorum hospitum, 
copo de via Latina. Cic. — Hospitus, as fern, and neut. 
for Hospes: Pomponia, Ego sum, inquit, hie ho spit a. 
Cjc. Quo tutior ho spit a lustres aquora. Virg. Hospi* 



517. Hostia. 519. Humus. 239 

talis, hospitable, and where guests are well received, e. g. 
sedes : Cimon in suos cur tales hospitalis fait. Cic. 

517. Hostia, Victima. Hostia, a sacrifice of atone- 
ment; Victim a, a costly sacrifice of thanksgiving, for 
which well fed cattle were taken : Victim a, qua dextra 
cecidit victrice, vacatur. Hostibus amotis, hostia nomen 
habet. Ovid. 

518. Humor, Sudor, Uligo ; Humidus, Madidus, Uvi- 
dus, Udus; Humectare, Bjgare, Irrigare. Humor, hu- 
midity, in general, with which a body is penetrated, e. g. 
narium: Humor et color, qui est fusus in corpore. Cic. 
Humor. Terra et Mbit humor em, et, quum vult, ex se ipsa 
remittii. Ovid. Sudor, perspiration, sweating, as exhala- 
tion on a surface, sweat : Humor, allapsus extrinsecus, su- 
dor em videtur imitari. Cic. TJligo (for udiligo), natural 
humidity or marshy quality of soil : Venetia agros arbustat 
salice propter uliginem soli. Plin. — Humidus, humid, 
penetrated, in a less degree, by watery particles ; Madidus, 
wet, from without, and dripping : Ignem ex lignis viridibus 
atque humidis fieri jussit. Cic. Ma did is Notus evolat 
alls. Ovid. TJvidus, contracted Udus, very moist, a higher 
degree of humidus, more rarely used : Vides me, ornatus ut 
sim vestimentis uvidis. Plaut., instead of madidis. Uda 
pomaria rivis. Hor. — Humectare, moistening, so that 
something is penetrated in a less degree by moisture : Hu- 
mect at Lucifer agros, roranti prcevectus equo. Claudian. 
Rig are, watering, with rain or artificially ; Irrigare, irri- 
gating : ^Estate seminaria conspergi scepius, quam rigari 
debent. Colum. Mgyptum Nilus irrigat. Cic. 

519. Humus, Terra, Tellus, Solum ; Humare, Sepe- 
lire, Tumulare ; Humilis, De — Summissus, Abjectus, 
Supplex. Humus, earth, as the moist and low soil : Repere 
per humum. Hor. Procumbit humi bos. Virg., down on 
the ground. Mulier humi jacebat. Phsedr., on the ground. 
Terra, earth, as element, in contradistinction to water and 
fire, as an original substance of the universe, pervading it, as 
firm land, country, and as substance: Aquam t err am que 

> alicui adimere. Cic, Terra locata in media sede mundi, 
solida et globosa. Id. Manibus sagulisque t err am exhau- 
rire. Caes. Tellus, the earth, as body in the universe, gen- 
erally as goddess, poetically also for the ground, surface of 
the earth, land: Mdes Telluris. Cic. Solum, properly, 
the foundation ; the soil, as the base of produce, property, 



240 520. Jacere. 

and home: Terrce pingue solum fortes invertant tauri. 
Virg. — Hum are, covering with earth, and interring, as 
general expression : Quod nunc communiter in omnibus se- 
pultis ponitur, ut humati dicantur, id erat proprium turn in 
iis, quos humus injecta conlegeret. Cic. Sepelire (properly, 
setting aside [se]), interring : Atticus sepultus est juxta 
viam Appiam in monumento avunculi sui. Nep., hence bring- 
ing into total oblivion : Sepultum helium, sepultus dolor. 
Tumulare, covering a grave with a hill: Injecta tumula- 
bor mortua terra. Catull. — Hum His, near the ground, 
low, lowly: Vites ea, quce sunt humiliora neque se tollere 
a terra altius possunt. Cic. Humili atque obscuro loco 
natus. Id. Animi humiles formidine divum, depressique 
ad terram. Lucret. Demissus, properly, let down; de- 
pressed, bent by misfortune; Summissus, lowering one's 
self, humble : Erigebat animum, jam demissum et oppres- 
sum. Cic. Cum civibus vivere neque summissum et ab- 
ject um, neque se efferentem. Id. Abjectus,268, thrown 
to the ground, without courage, despairing : Sum animo per- 
culso et abjecto. Cic. Sup pi ex, with bent knee, humble 
and urgently praying : Sup pi ex te ad pedes abjiciebas. Cic. 
Humili s, designates the manifestation of our feeling of 
distance from a superior; Demissus, humility and resigna- 
tion of our worth; Summissus, subjection; Abj ectus, 
feeling of insufficiency of worth; Sup pi ex, the feeling of 
dependence upon the mercy of a powerful one, manifested 
by position of body. 



i, j. 

520. Jacere, Mittere, Conjicere, Jaculari, Collineare. 
Jacere, throwing, by propelling through the air : scyphum in 
aliquem de manu. Cic. ; lapides post terga ; ancoras, funda- 
mentum. Mitt ere, throwing in sending, e. g. pila; send- 
ing: Tela tormentis miss a. Caes. Conjicere, throwing 
together ; hence opining, surmising, from materials thrown 
together, bringing various indications together (combination) : 
sarcinas in acervum. Liv. Brutus de matre suavianda ex 
oraculo argute conjecit Id., and throwing an object against 
something : Pila in hostes ; aliquem in vincula, throwing 
into fetters; maledicta in aliquem. Jaculari, throwing, by 



521. Jactatio. 523. Icere. 241 

swinging with the hand, throwing by the sling : Rector 
Olympi j aculatur fulmina dextra. Ovid. Collineare, 
also Collimare (from limis), aiming the missile in a straight 
line, aiming well, true : Quis est, qui totum diem j aculans, 
non aliquando collineet? Cic. 

521. Jactatio, Jactantia, Ostentatio, Venditatio. 
Jactatio, properly, the repeated throwing to and fro ; the 
repeated and boasting mention of one's performances, boast- 
ing, as action; Jactantia, the same, as quality, bragging: 
Jactatio eruditionis. Quinctil. Abolita retinere est fri- 
volce in parvis j actantice. Id. Ostentatio, bragging, 
ostentatiously showing one's superiority, real or not: Vitanda 
est ingenii ostentationis suspicio. Cic. Venditatio, 
a still higher degree, downright bragging: Ostentatio ar- 
tis et portentosa scientice venditatio manifesta est. Plin. 

522. Jam, Jamjam, Nunc, Mox, Tum, Tunc ; Jam nunc, 
Nunc jam, Etiam nunc. Jam, now, already, compares a 
present, past, or future moment, as consequence of the past, 
with this latter ; Nunc (for num-ce), at present, now, points 
at the real circumstances of the present, inasmuch as they 
are closely following upon the past: Nestor tertiam j am 
cetatem hominum vivebat. Cic. Discebamus pueri XII, qnas 
jam nemo discit. Id. Jam te premet nox fabulceque ma- 
nes. Hor. Jamjam, increases the strength of j am, in this 
moment, directly: Claudius senatum, j amj am inclinatum, 
a Pyrrhi pace revocavit. Liv. Nondum hcec, qua nunc te- 
net scBculum, negligentia JDeum venerat. Id. Mox, within 
the shortest possible time, soon: De summo bono mox, ut 
dixi, videbimus. Cic. Tum, then, and stronger Tunc (turn 
-ce), at that time, points at a past or future fact, relating 
back to the correlative Quum, when, or to the demonstrative 
Nunc: Quum inimici nostri venire dicentur, tum in Epi- 
rum ibo. Cic. Verres quum rosam viderat, tunc incipere 
ver arbitrabatur. Id. Seder at tunc excusatio oppressis : 
nunc nulla est. Id. — Jam nunc, already now; Nunc 
j am, now, even now ; Etiamnum and Etiamnunc, still 
now: Hermce, de quibus ad me scripsisti, jam nunc me 
delectant. Cic. Habui paululum mora: nunc jam sum 
expeditus. Id. Etiamnum credis te ignorari aut tua 
facta 7 Ter. 

523. Icere, Ferire, Percutere, Verberare, Vapulare, 
Pulsare, Tundere, Pavire. Icere, reaching with a blow 
or thrust, hitting: Laurus fulmine sola non icitur. Plin 

21 



242 524. Idiota. 526. Ignominia. 

Per ire, carrying a heavy blow, beating severely, knocking 
hard: Cornu ferit caper. Virg. Murum arietilus feriri 
vident. Sail. P er cut ere, shaking through and through by 
a blow or knock : Januam plena per cuter e manu. Tibull. 
Lapide ictus ex muro periit. Cees., is the one hit; per- 
cuss us, who has received a severe contusion. Fulmine, 
securi ferire, hitting; per cuter e, slaying, executing. 
Verier are, beating repeatedly with a swung scourge {ver- 
ier), rod, giving blows and knocks, threshing; Vapulare, 
designates the shaking, tremulous motion caused by repeated 
beating upon a soft and elastic body ; receiving a beating : 
Ego v apulando, ille verier an do usque amlo defessi 
sumus. Ter. Puis are, obsolete Pultare (pellere), giving 
repeated knocks and blows with something that is roundish, 
like a butt: Fores pulsar e, with the comic writers, pul- 
tare; Lictores valentissimi et ad puis and os verier an- 
dos que homines exercitatissimi. Cic. Tu ndere, repeatedly 
and violently knocking, pounding, and thus violently shaking 
a body or crushing it : Linum textum tunditur clavis. Plin., 
knocking ; ferrum tun d ere. Id., welding ; grana tun d ere 
in pila lignea. Id. Pdvire, properly, causing a surface to 
elevate itself by beating upon it, reverberating, rebounding : 
Quum aves pascuntur, aliquid ex ore cadit et terrain pavit. 
Cic, hence, also, making a surface denser, by beating, beat- 
ing firmer : Pavimenta primum facta in Italia Jistucis p a- 
vita. Plin. 

524. Idiota, Rudis. Idiota, an uneducated person, ig- 
norant, especially in the branch on which the conversation 
dwells, an ignorant person in general, ignoramus; Rudis, 
rude, such as nature furnishes a thing, without further prepa- 
ration : Signa pulcherrima, quce quemvis nostrum, quos iste 
idiot as appellat, delectare possent. Cic. Rudis ad pedes- 
tria lella est gens Numidarum, equis tantum liabilis. Liv. 

525. Ignis, Flamma, Ardor. Ignis, fire, as freed and 
luminous caloric ; Flamma, flame, the movable mass of fire 
which rises from burning bodies ; Ardor, 164, burning heat, 
glowing substance (German Gluth): Ignem sic distulit ven- 
tus, ut omnia flammam conciperent. Cses. Mea domus 
ardore suo deflagrationem urli minalatur. Cic. 

526. Ignominia, Infamia, Dedecus, Probrum, Oppro- 
brium. Ignominia, ignominy, the loss of a good name 
(nomen), civil honor, and marks of honor or distinction, con- 
nected with or effecting public shame, caused from without, 



527. Ignorare. 243 

inflicted by some one: Animadversio Censoris ig no mini a 
dicta est. Cic. Infamia, the evil repute, reputation, opinion 
of the public respecting one's morality, and the shame ensu- 
ing from it: Crudelitatis infamiam effugere. Cic. De- 
decus, that by which we injure our honor, dishonor, contu- 
mely : Ampla domus dedecori domino jit, si est in ea 
solitudo. Cic. Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non hceret 
inf amice? Id.; dedecus, disgrace; ignominia, state of the 
disgraced one. Prbbrum (pro, IX, 1. c), a disgraceful 
action, by which we injure our morality and reputation ; a 
shameful act, and the shame it brings upon a man itself: 
Curium censor es senatu probri gratia mover ant. Sail. In- 
gerere probra. Liv., uttering abusive speech against some 
one. Opprobrium, reproach w T e make to some one, on 
account of dishonorable actions: Majoris fugiens oppro- 
bria culpa. Hor. 

527. Ignorare, Non nosse, Nescire, Non scire; Ig- 
norantia, Inscientia, Inscitia ; Ignarus, Ignotus, Incog- 
nitus ; Inscius, Nescius. Ignorare, not knowing, having 
no knowledge or information whatever of a subject, indicating 
a lack of our own experience, or that of others, or informa- 
tion : Res erat prcetoribus nota solis : ignorabatur a cete- 
ris. Cic. Non nosse, not knowing something, i. e. not 
having learned to distinguish it by its proper marks of dis- 
tinction : Vesperascit, et non noverunt viam (ancillce). 
Ter. Not knowing, that is, not having a distinct notion of 
something, of subjects of the understanding and memory (in 
German, nicht icissen), is Nescire, if the idea expressed by 
the verb is negatived ; Non scire, if the fact is negatived, 
and the negation is directly opposed to the affirmation, see 
540, d. Non tarn prczclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe 
nescire. Cic. Tu nescis, id quod scis, Dromo, si sapies. 
Ter., you act as if you did not know it, pretend not to know 
it. Pacisci modo scis : sed qua pacta es,non scis solvere. 
Plaut. Non sciunt pueri viam, qua domum redeant. Ter., 
signifies the existence and direction ; non norunt, the state 
and environs of the street, if we cannot find our way in it, or 
if we run in danger in it. — Ignorantia, the not being 
known, as inherent quality of a thing : Munitionem cohortes, 
ignorantia loci, sunt secutce, quum portam queerer ent. Cses. 
Inscientia, the subjective ignorance, lack of knowledge, 
which memory stores up in ourselves; Insciti a, practical 
ignorance, want of skill, which has its foundation in want of 



244 528. Ignoscere. 

proper knowledge and practice, in keensightedness and pres- 
ence of mind, or also in natural clownishness, helplessness, 
clumsiness : Vitam omnem perturbari videmus err ore et in- 
scientia. Cic. Inscitice mece et stultitice ignoscas. Plaut. 
— Ignarus, wanting in knowledge, he who has no knowl- 
edge of facts and subjects of sensual perception, of active use 
(in German unkundig) : I guar us legum, rudis in jure 
civili. Cic; and passive, unexplored, not known: Regio 
hostibus ignara. Sail. Ignotus, active, one who has not 
yet become acquaiuted with something, does not know it yet : 
llli artifices corporis simulacra ignotis nota fiaciebant. 
Cic, and passive, unknown, one we do not yet know : In 
navem omnibus ignotus nautis escendit. Nep. Incogni- 
tus, not yet inquired into, one we are not yet acquainted 
with: Hoc vitandum est, ne incognita pro cognitis habea- 
mus. Cic. — Inscius, ignorant, designates the absence of 
knowledge; Nescius, ignorant, not knowing, the want of 
knowledge : Artem si subtraxeris, qui distingues artificem ah 
inscio? Cic, he who has not the rules and principles of the 
art in his memory ; ignarus artis, who does not understand 
the procedure, mode of practising the art. Nescia mens 
hominum fati sortisque future. Virg. In prose, with pre- 
ceding negation, Iratum te regi fiuisse, non erant nes- 
cii. Cic 

528. Ignoscere, Indulgere, Parcere ; Indulgentia, Ob- 
sequium, Venia. Ignoscere, not taking notice of some- 
thing; hence, pardoning faults and omissions, from generosity : 
Et pr&teritis ignoscis, et concedis futura. Cic, see 192. 
Indulgere (dulcis), being indulgent toward some one, or 
something, having indulgence with faults, from kindness of 
heart, also from weakness : Epicurei sibi indulgentes et 
corpori deservientes. Cic, who indulge themselves, do not 
deny themselves anything. Spernere veteres amicitias, in- 
dulgere novis. Id., cultivating. P arcere, moderating 
something, e. g. tree, labori, periculo ; and bestowing the 
greatest care upon the preservation of something, saving : 
Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos. Virg., sparing, 
from humanity. — Indulgentia, long-suffering, indulgence: 
Si fierce partus suos diligunt ; qua nos in liber os nostros i n« 
dulgentia esse debemus? Cic. Obsequium, yielding, if 
we regulate our actions according to the will and desire of 
another: Flectitur obsequio curvatus ab arbor e ramus. 
Ovid. Legatus officii terminos, obsequium erga Impera* 



529. Illustrare. 531. Imbuere. 245 

torum exult. Tac. Indulgentia, does not offer obstacles; 
Obsequium, yields, does not resist. Ve n i a, pardon, shown 
to supplicating and guilty persons: Veniarfi et impunitatem 
dare. Cic, and the indulgence which is connected with par- 
don, permission: Dedi veniam liomini impudenter pe- 
tenti. Id. 

529. Illustrare, Illuminare. Illustrare, making 
something light, throwing light upon it, opp. obscurare ; Il- 
luminare, giving light, illuminating, shining upon : Qua sol 
habitabiles illustrat or as. Hor. Luna a Sole ill u mi- 
nata. Cic. 

530. Imago, Effigies, Simulacrum, Signum, Sigillum, 
. Statua, Toreuma. Imago, the imitating, image of a sub- 
ject, presenting its form in all its details, if it makes an im- 
pression upon the imagination; hence, Imagines, images 
of ancestors; Effigies, the image, as plastic work of art, 
especially with reference to faithfulness and truth of expres- 
sion ; Simulacrum, the similar image or representation, 
inasmuch as it is formed similar to the original, of a formed 
image as well as an illusion in the air, dream ; hence of im- 
ages of gods, which can be formed similar only to the qual- 
ities of the deities ; Signum, every image as sign of the 
original, hence of images of deities, as their symbols ; Si- 
gill u m, a small image of this sort; Statua, a standing 
image, statue, representing the whole body, and is worked 
round ; only used of human figures ; Toreuma, every half 
or entirely elevated image, relievo, as ornament of golden or 
silver vessels, also such a vessel itself: Quum statu as et 
imagines, non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, stu- 
diose multi summi homines reliquerint, consiliorum relinquere 
ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem multo malle debemus, sum- 
mis ingeniis expressam et politam. Cic. Est signum no- 
tum, imago avi tui. Id., of the seal. Signum Isidis, in 
modum Libumce figuratum. Tac. In patella sigilla erant 
egregia. Cic, little images of embossed work, which were 
fixed to the vessel. Diodorus habebat perbona toreumata; 
in his pocula duo, summo artificio facta. Id. 

531. Imbuere, Inficere, Infuscare. Imbuere, im- 
merging a body in a liquid, so that the latter penetrates it: 
Quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odor em testa diu. 
Hor., hence, Pueri animum tenerum his opinionibus imbu- 
as. Cic, imbuing. Inficere, mixing some ingredient with a 
substance in such a manner that it changes its natural property, 

21* 



246 532. Imitatio. 535. Imperium. 

dyeing: Britanni se vitro inficiunt, quod cceruleum efficit 
colorem. Cses. Puerum inficere artibus. Cic., making 
them part of himself. Infuse are, making dark, dark col- 
ored, soiling: Ne maculis infuse et vellera pullis. Virg. 
Omnes, quos non aliqua barbaries domestica infuscaverat, 
recte loquebantur. Cic. 

532. Imitatio, ^Emulatio, Bjvalitas. Imitatio, im- 
itation, without passion : Excellentium civium virtus imita- 
tione digna est, non invidia. Cic. JEmulatio, the pas- 
sionate endeavour of equalling another in his envied superior- 
ity, emulation from ambition, and jealousy from ambition : 
Mmulantis est angi alieno bono, quod ipse non habeat. 
Cic. Et imitatio virtutis cemulatio dicitur : et est azmu- 
latio cegritudo, si eo, quod concupierit, alius potiatur, ipse 
ear eat. Id. Riv alitas, rivalship in matters of love: Quin 
sine riv all teque et tua solus amares. Hor. Vitiosa cemu- 
latio, qua riv alitati similis est. Cic. 

533. Imminere, Impendere. Imminere, towering above 
something, bordering closely upon something, and being near 
at hand, of time, striving for something, threatening some- 
thing, in order to pounce upon it; Impendere, hanging 
over something and threatening to fall, threatening to befall, 
of near evils pending over us: Quercus pratorio immine- 
bat, cujus umbra opaca sedes erat. Liv. Mors quotidie 
imminet. Id. Mors, quasi saxum Tantalo, semper imp en- 
det. Id. 

534. Immundus, Spurcus, Obsccenus, Impurus ; Obscce- 
nitas, Turpitudo. Im mundus, not cleanly, unclean, where 
dirt, stains, and soiled spots are, e. g. sus : Pauperies im- 
munda domus procul absit. Hor. Sp>urcus, filthy, nasty, 
of disgusting uncleanliness for the sense of sight and smell : 
Si quid est urina spurcius. Gell. Tempestas spur c is- 
sima. Cic. Obsccenus, also Obscenus, giving an evil 
indication, e. g. aves ; ugly, nasty, foul, exciting disgust, hor- 
ror, and loathing in seeing or hearing it: Obscceni interpres 
funestique ominis auctor. Varr. Torquet ab obscaznis 
sermonibus aurem. Hor. Impuru s, impure, unclean, vicious, 
unchaste: Persona lutulenta, imp lira. Cic. — bscceni- 
t as, obscenity, as quality; Turpitudo, ugliness, as prop- 
erty, which disgraces, immorality, shamelessness : llliberalis 
jocus est, si rerum turpitudo adhibetur, aut verborum ob- 
sccenitas. Cic. 

535. Imperium, Principatus, Dominatus, Regnum ; Im- 



536. Impius. 537. Implicare. 247 

peria, Magistratus. Imperium, properly, the command, 
which demands implicit obedience ; the command, as of an 
army, &c, i. e. highest authority ; supreme authority, which 
unites with supreme power irresistible will : Imperium all- 
cujus exseqid. Ter. Galli sub populi Romani imperium 
ditionemque ceciderunt. Cic. Prin cip a tu s, supreme place, 
precedence: Cingetorigi prin cip atus (in civitate) atque 
imperium est traditum. Csss. Dominatus, mastership, 
as a state of things, when one can command over something 
as if it were his property, when he is lord of it: Dominatu 
unius omnia tenentur, neque est usquam consilio aut auctori- 
tati locus. Cic. Regnum, autocracy, regal dignity, govern- 
ment ; with the republican Romans, also used for tyranny : 
Duces (Romulus et T. Tatius) regnum consociant, imperi- 
um omne conferunt Romam. Liv. — Imp eri um, empire, the 
whole district or territory which stands under the supreme 
authority of an individual or a people : In tuo toto imperio 
ac provincia. Cic, i. e. Western Asia, where Thermus was 
preetor. Fines imperii populi Romani. Id. Regnum, 
the district within which one, as master, ordains and directs 
every thing, and a realm, kingdom, as country : Id nisi hie 
in tuo regno essemus, non tulissem. Cic, where thou alone 
hast the command. — Imp eri a, the places of commanders, 
as offices, and in the persons of the commanders-in-chief; 
Magistratus, the superior political or civil offices, under 
the authority of which public affairs and institutions stood ; 
also used for single superior magistrates: Vacua ab impe- 
riis provincice. Cic. Imp eri a ex urbe exeunto. Id. Ut 
magistratibus leges, ita populo prcesunt magistra- 
tus. Id. 

536. Impius, Nefarius, Sacrilegus. Impius, impious, 
unconscientious, i. e. showing no conscience against God, 
country, or one's relations; Nefarius, of impious temerity, 
he who trespasses the divine and natural laws ; Sacrilegus, 
a robber of temples, a dishonorer of temples : Qui qffinem 
fama ac fortunis spoliare conatus est, impium se esse fate- 
atur. Cic. Moliri nefaria mulier cozpit insidias filio. Id. 
Sacrilego poena est, qui sacrum abstulerit. Id. 

537. Implicare, Im — Pr^pedire, Obstare, Officere ; 
Impedimentum, Obstaculum, Difficultas ; Impedimenta, 
Sarcin^e. Implicare, putting into folds, entwining, en- 
tangling, e. g. crinem auro : Quod male implicuisti, sol- 
vas potius, quam abrumpas. Senec. Impe dire, entangling 



248 538. Importunus. 539. Impudens. 

the feet, keeping off, hindering : TJt exercitum eadem, quae 
impedierat, fortuna expediret. Liv. Prcepedire, 
drawing something before the feet that will hinder, stopping, 
checking, detaining : Sine modd sese prceda prcepediant. 
Liv. Ob st are, standing in the way, and thus detaining, 
e. g. currenti : Conferti in portis, obstando rnagis, quam 
pugnando, castra tutabantur. Liv. Officer e, working 
against, and thus being in the way or doing injury : Umbra 
terra soli officiens noctem efficit. Cic. Cur meis commo- 
dis officis et obstas? Id. — Impedimentum, hin- 
drance, impediment, the thing by which we are prevented 
from advancing; Obstaculum, the obstacle which places 
itself in our way, and interferes with our progress ; of rare 
use; Difficult as, difficulty, expresses the exertion and 
application of great force and many means to bring about our 
object: Demosthenes impedimenta natures diligentia in- 
dustriaque superavit. Cic. Ego hcec propter magnitudinem 
rerum ac difficultatem assequi non potui. Id. — Imped- 
imenta, are the baggage of an army, inasmuch as they im- 
pede military movements ; the impedimenta are constituted 
by the baggage, the people attending it, wagons, and beasts 
of burden; Sarcina, a bundle of things tied together for 
travelling ; in plural, the bundles which the Roman soldiers 
carried on the march: Consistit agmen ; impedimenta 
intra legiones recipiuntur. Caes. Sarcinas colligam ante 
quam proficiscar e vita. Varr. 

538. Importunus, Molestus, Intempestivus. Imp or- 
tunus, opp. opportunus, is partly he who allows one no quiet, 
who is unkind, impetuous, and insufferable: Uxor imp or- 
tuna atque incommoda. Plaut. Importunus atque amens 
tyr annus. Cic. Molestus, pressing, inconveniencing, mo- 
lesting, e. g. onus, labor ; also surprising by artificiality, &c. 
Latine loquendi accurata, et sine moles tia diligens ele- 
gantia. Cic, — partly unfitting, respecting place and circum- 
stances, inconvenient, importune : Aggeribus turribusque 
locus importunus. Sail. Cur sum ingenii tui premit hcec 
importuna clades civitatis. Cic. Intempestivus, un- 
fit, respecting the time, untimely, improper, that which hap- 
pens or is done at an improper time : Amicitia nunquam in- 
tempestiva, nunquam molesta est. Cic. 

539. Impudens, Inverecundus ; Impudicus, Incestus. 
Impudens, without shame, shameless, impudent, e. g. men- 
dacium. Inverecundus, he who has no regard for decorum 



540. In. 249 

and propriety, who shows do esteem or regard for anybody, 
indecorous, e. g. frons : Legirupa, impudens, impurus, 
inv erecundissimus. Plaut. — Imp udicus, shameless, 
insensitive against the violation of natural feeling of shame : 
Mulieres impudicce. Cic. Incestus (castus), unchaste, 
impure with regard to religion and purity of morals, e. g. 
sermo : Incestus par at sacrificium, non ante perfusus fa- 
mine. Liv. 

540. In, De, Ne, Non. a. In, as preposition, signifies 
in, toward, on, into ; as negation, it signifies the English un, 
but only with nouns and verbs, formed of nouns substantive, 
e. g. Incommodare, causing incommodity. Incoquere 
aqua, cooking in water ; succum, boiling down ; plumbum 
album incoquitur aereis operibus. Plin., adding by boil- 
ing, as it were, tinning over: Incoctus, uncooked. In au- 
dit e, hearing as a secret; inauditus, zmheard of, and 
unheard: Inauditi atque indefensi perierant. Tac. In- 
cog it are, thinking of something, meditating it, e. g. frau- 
dern ; In cogitans, acting unth'm kingly ; Incogitatus, 
thoughtZess, 2£?zre fleeting, e. g. opus. Infringer e, breaking 
in two in the middle, into several pieces, by knocking against 
something, e. g. ollam in caput. Plaut. Infr actus remus. 
Cic, broken (never, unbroken). — In, as preposition, also 
strengthens the meaning, e. g. Canus, silver-grav, 55. In- 
can us, very gray : Barbas in can a que menta tondent Jiirci. 
Virg. See Incolumis. 

b. In, as preposition, into, aw r ay from us and toward us, 
designates the direction toward the most inner point ; De, off, 
away, of a straight line, surface, away from it, downward, 
313. Inflect ere, bending in: bacillum a summo i nf lex- 
urn ; Deflect ere, bending off, downward, e. g. ramnm 
olivcB ; oculos aliorum (in se) inflect ere, attracting; de- 
flect ere, turning away. Imminutus, diminished by a 
certain magnitude: Siet, plenum est; sit, imminutum. 
Cic. Deminutus, diminished, of decrease, weakened: 
Aliquid de libertate mea deminutum est. Cic. In the 
words designating dressing, dyeing, in signifies a putting on, 
or drawing over, or adhering to it, at it : De, a. coating over 
downward, covering over : Inauratus, covered over with 
gold, e. g. statua ; Deauratus, lighter gilt, rarely used, 
e. g. balteus. De alb are, white-washing, e. g. columnam ; 
In alb are, putting on white paint, rare. 

c. In, un, designates a reversion of the notion into its 



250 540. In. 

opposite ; De, a, decrease, lack in perfection : Juvenes adhuc 
confusa qucedam non indecent. Plin., disfigure : Falli, 
err are, decipi dedecet. Cic, not befitting, which is unbe- 
coming. Indecorant bene nata culpce. Hot., dishonoring; 
D e decor as familiam. Ter., bringing shame upon. In- 
dignari, considering something unworthy, feeling indignant 
at \i;.Dedignari, considering something unworthy of us, 
disdaining. Insuetus, unaccustomed; Desuetus, disac- 
customed. Insipiens, the unwise, who does not know how 
to act in every situation rightly and decorously ; Desipiens, 
silly, who betrays want of intellect. 

d. In, un, designates as negation at the same time the 
opposite or the contrary quality of the notion expressed by 
the original word ; Ne and No n, merely negative : Ne, not, 
negatives the taking place of the notion ; No n, no, negatives 
the fact. Ne, relates to the meaning of the word ; No n, to 
the fact which it expresses: Infandus, unspeakable, so 
horrid, that it cannot be sufficiently expressed in words, inex- 
pressible, e. g. dolor, f acinus ; Nefandus, that which we 
dare not pronounce, or ought not to speak out, e. g. arma, 
domus : Nefas, that which must not be permitted, must not 
be done, considers the consequences of the breach of the 
commandment; Non fas est, means, it is really not per- 
mitted, has reference to the commandment itself. In o pi- 
nans, active, and Inopinatus, passive, unexpected, that 
which happens when least expected ; Necopinans, he who 
cannot suppose something; Necopinatus, who cannot be 
supposed: Germani inscios in op in antes que Menapios op- 
presserunt. Cses. Hoc mihi improvisum in op in ant uni- 
que accidit. Cic. Hostes necopinantes oppressimus. Id., 
stronger than inopinantes, expressing the surprise. Omnia 
repentina et necopinata sunt graviora. Id. Innocens, 
uninjurious, innocent, who has no share in the injury done or 
to be committed; Non nocens, he who does not injure, 
really does not do any harm. Indemnatus, uncondemned, 
is quality; Non damn atus, not condemned, designates 
action or condition. Inhonestus, dishonorable, immoral; 
Non honestus, not moral, not dutiful : Nihil a diis petere, 
quod sit injustum atque inhonestum. Or. p. Domo. Multa, 
qua, lion est a natura videntur esse, temporibus Jiunt non 
ho nest a. Cic. Neq uire, not being able, not being in the 
situation that we can do a thing, negatives the idea of the 
verb; Non quire negatives the action itself, which is thus 



541. In prcesens. 544. Incola. 251 

opposed to the real being able ; being unable. After nequeo, 
the being able does not take place ; after non qneo the being 
unable takes place : Antonius, pedibus csger, prcelio adesse 
ne quit at. Sail. Non queo omnia scribere. Cic. 

541. In prjesens, In pr^senti, In pr^sentia, Impile- 
sentiarum. In press ens {tempus), for the present, for the 
present moment ; and In prcesenti sc. tempore, at present, 
now, only of time : Causa peccandi in prcesens minus sup- 
petebat. Sail. Hoc ad te in prcesenti scripsi. Cic. In 
pr essentia, in the present time, for the present, of the 
present position and circumstances : Vestrce cozncs non solum 
in pr essentia, sed etiam poster o die jucundes sunt. Cic. 
Imp r es s enti arum, and In pressentiarum (contraction 
of in pr essentia rerunx), for the present: Hannibal cupivit 
in prcesenti arum helium componere. Nep. 

542. Inanis, Vacuus. Inanis, empty, in which there 
is nothing, indicates want; Vacuus, empty, indicates the 
existence of space for the reception of something : Bomum 
ornatum at que instructam reddiderat nudam atque in an em. 
Cic. Inane s Uteres. Id., empty, barren of any thing worth 
knowing. Prolapsorum equitum equi vacui. Liv. 

543. Ixclinare, Vergere ; Acclinis, Acclivis. In di- 
nar e, properly f leaning upon something: Bos genua incli- 
nat arenis. Ovid., bending, deviating from the straight line : 
Inclinavit acies. Liv. Sol, for tuna se inclinat. Coes. 
Vergere, bending toward ; of the direction, oblique, down- 
ward, toward something: Tectum vergit in tectum inferi- 
oris porticus. Cic. — Acclinis, leaning against : Corpusque 
levabat (Mezentius) arboris acclinis trunco. Virg. Ac- 
c I i v i s, ascending : Leniter acclivis aditus. Caes. 

544. Incola, Indig-ena, Inquilinus. Inco la, inhabitant, 
who dwells at a certain place: Peregrini atque incola 
officium est, nihil prceter suum negotium agere. Cic. Indi- 
gena (indu- gignere), native, who is born in the place or 
country where he lives: Ne major 'es quidem Gallorum in- 
digence, sed advenes Italics cultores, Alpes transmiserunt. Liv. 
Inquilinus (for incolinus), the inhabitant of a foreign place, 
where he does not enjoy the privilege of holding property, 
and who, on that account, continues to be considered a stran- 
ger ; an alien : Catilina postulat, ne Patres existimarent, 
sibi patricio Jwmini perdita re publica opus esse, quum 
earn servaret. M. Tullius inquilinus civis urbis Roma. 
Sail., because Cicero was a native of Arpinum. In quil i n i 



252 545. Incorruptus. 547. Indoles. 

privataru?n cedium atque insularum. Suet., lodgers, in con- 
tradistinction to Domini, freeholders. 

545. Incorruptus, Sincerus. Incorruptus, unspoiled, 
with reference to the natural good quality; Sincerus (be- 
longs to semel, singuli), without foreign addition or alloy, 
genuine, such as something is by nature : Spina incorrupta 
etiam in aquis durat. Plin. Incorrupti atque integri testes. 
Cic. Sincerum est nisi v as, quod cunque infundis,acescit. 
Hor. Nulli sincera voluptas, sollicitique aliquid Icetis in- 
tervenit. Ovid. 

546. InDAGARE, QuiERERE, ScRUTARI, RlMARI, VeSTI- 

gare, Investigare, Expiscari. In d ag ar e, XIX, 1., trac- 
ing out: Ad indagandum canis natus est. Cic. Quee- 
rer e, inquiring into, searching with pains and attention : 
Mgre qucerit,et nihil invenit. Plaut. Scrutari, searching 
by rummaging and "overhauling," accurately and carefully : 
Non excutio te, si quid forte ferri habuisti, non scrutor. 
Cic. Arcanum scrutari. Hor. Rimari, searching in 
all the cracks and fissures : Rastris terram rimantur. Virg. 
Ve s tig are, tracking ; Investigare, following the track, 
until the object searched for be found, tracing out : Causas 
rerum vestigabimus. Cic. Adhuc investigare non 
possum, ubi Lentulus sit. Id. Expiscari, fishing out, 
properly, of course, of fish, but also, in general, bringing out, 
to light, by careful search and investigation: Proinde ex- 
pis car e, quasi non nosses. Ter. 

547. Indoles, Ingenium, Natura. Indoles, natural 
endowments, capable of growth, i. e. perfection by cultiva- 
tion, industry, and practice : animi, ingeniique. Liv. Cum 
Jiac indole virtutum atque vitiorum Hannibal triennio sub 
Hasdrubale meruit. Id. Ingenium, the peculiar gifts, 
powers, and qualities which an individual has received at its 
first origin ; with men, their peculiarities of temper, charac- 
ter, and dispositions, and those of the mind, talent, genius, 
understanding, and wit : Cceli mores solique ingenia. Plin. 
Suum quisque noscat ingenium, acremque se et bonorum et 
vitiorum suorum judicem prcebeat. Cic. Natura, the pecu- 
liar mode and way in which, with a being, its bodily compo- 
nent parts, as well as also its mental faculties, have been 
constituted and combined from its birth (nasci) or origin ; its 
nature, natural state and organization, the nature of a thing : 
Qualis esset natura montis> qui cognoscerent, misit. Cass. 
Medico natura corporis cognoscenda est. Cic. Mitis in 
nos Hannibal contra naturam suam est. Liv. 



I 



548. Induere. 549. Industria. 253 

548. Induere, Vestire, Velare, Amicire, Obnubere, 
Vestis, Vestimentum, Amiculum, Tunica, Subucula, In- 
dusium. Induere, putting on, and putting in, into {doing 
on and in): Loricam induam mihi. Plaut. Tu te in la- 
queum induas. Id. Vestire, covering with a dress, cov- 
ering with something, be it for protection or ornament : Alere 
et vestire aliquem. Cic. Terra vestita floribus, arbori- 
bus, frugibus. Id. Velare, covering, hiding something 
with a kerchief or garment, so that it cannot be seen, envel- 
oping : Augur capite vela to. Liv. Toga velatus proces- 
sit. Id. Ami cire (ad-mtcire, belongs to mitra), properly, 
dressing up, clothing, of external garments, which strike the 
eyes, e. g. toga : Eleus Hippias gloriatus est, pallium, quo 
amictus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confe- 
cisse. Cic. Obnubere, properly, drawing fog over some- 
thing; veiling: I, lictor, caput obnube liber atoris urbis 
hujus. Liv.' — Vestis, gown, inasmuch as it covers nudity, 
or covers, in general (as we use coat still more generally) : 
Datames hominem optima veste texit. Nep. Vestimen- 
tum, inasmuch as it serves as dress : Milo calceos et v esti- 
va ent a mutavit. Cic. Amiculum, the outer garment: 
Femince Persicce in conviviis summa quceque amicula exu- 
unt. Curt. Tunica, the white woollen under-dress, which 
the Romans wore under the toga ; with men, as low down as 
below the knees, and fastened with a girdle ; with women, 
longer, wider, and with sleeves ; Subucula, a sort of shirt 
worn by men, and Indusium (according to Varro Intusi- 
um, from intus), a shift worn by women near the skin, of 
linen or cotton: Si forte subucula pexce trita subest tu- 
nica. Hor. 

549. Industria, Assiduitas, Sedulitas, Labor, Dili- 
gentia : Industrius, Navus, Impiger ; De — Ex industria, 
Data, Dedita opera : Consilio, Consulto, Sedulo. In- 
dustria (indu, XIII, 2.), the activity which operates in the 
interior of a business, an affair, an activity which has entirely 
entered into the object to which it is applied, which is not su- 
perficial, industry : antelucana opificum. Cic. Assiduitas, 
116, assiduity, the uninterrupted, lasting, and persevering 
diligence, e. g. medici : Id assiduitate et virtute conse- 
quere. Cic. Sedulitas, 304, the zealous industry which 
strives to make the best possible use of the time, especially in 
order to be obliging to others : officiosa. Hor. Pauper, sed 
mundce sedulitatis, anus. Ovid. Labor, fatiguing labor, 

22 



254 550. Infans. 551. Infensus. 

pains, trouble: Labor, est functio quad am vel animi vel 
corporis, gravioris operis et muneris. Cic. Dili genii a, 
the accuracy, punctuality, diligence with which we carry on 
an affair: Curatce hcec magna diligentia. Plaut. Ars 
(oratoris) demonstrat tantum, ubi queer as ; reliqua sunt in 
cura, attentione animi, cogitatione, vigilantia, assiduitate, 
labore ; complectar uno verbo, diligentia. Cic, applica- 
tion. Industrius, he who finds his very element in indus- 
try, work ; active, industrious : Dionysius in rebus gerendis 
vir acer et industrius. Cic. Navus, ancient Gnavus 
(geno, nascor, IV, 4.) properly, he who has native talent, 
skill for something, natural impulse for some certain activity, 
active: Ex inerti parent e navus filius. Cic. Navus vpe- 
rarius ignavo et cessatore multum prastat. Colum. Impi- 
ger, undaunted, he who goes to work with alacrity, and does 
not lose cheerful activity though the task may be laborious : 
Vir ad lab ores belli impiger. Cic. — De, Ex industria, 
with diligence, with careful reference to the object in view : 
Injuria, qua nocendi causa de industria infer entur. Cic. 
Romulus ludos ex industria par at. Liv. Data, Dedi- 
ta opera, on purpose, taking pains : TJt hac scirem, d edit a 
opera has ad te lit eras misi. Cic. Co nsilio, intentionally; 
Consulto, considerately, with forethought : Consul, seu 
forte, seu co nsilio, Venusiam perfugit. Liv. Consulto 
et cogitate ft injuria. Cic. Sedulo, sedulously, with great 
pains and activity in details : In ducendo bello sedulo tern- 
pus terere. Liv. 

550. Infans, Mutus, Elinguis. Infans, who cannot 
speak, as the infant, or who does not dare to speak : Mutus, 
speechless, dumb, as natural deficiency; Elinguis, who 
has no tongue, or one that is palsied: Infantes pueri et 
muta bestice. Cic. Timebam, si nihil dixissem, ne in fan- 
tissimus existimarer. Id. Testem convicit et elinguem 
reddidit. . Id. 

551. Infensus, Infestus. Infensus, irritated against 
some one from hatred or ire, incensed, embittered against 
him: Pro offensione hominum, qui illi inimicl infensique 
sunt. Cic. Infestus (belongs to Manifestus, 210.), hostile, 
ever ready to commit hostilities against some one : Tutus ab 
infest is latronibus. Hor. Infestis signis ad hostem ire. 
Cses., directed toward the enemy for attack ; passive, it 
means unsafe, exposed to hostilities (infested) : Via exeursio- 
nibus barbarorum est infest a. Cic. 



552. Inferus. 553. Informare. 255 

552. Inferus, Infimus, Imus ; Inferi, Orcus. Infe- 
rus (in, VIII, 1., withy as digamma), below, being below, 
and the lower one : Limen superum inferumque vale. Plaut. 
In the superlative, Infimus, contracted, Imus, the lowest; 
originally both words had the same meaning, but generally 
Infimus signifies the lowest; Imus, the deepest: Infi- 
nite montis radices. Cses. Perditissima atque infima fax 
populi. Cic. Imo Nereus ciet aquora fundo. Virg. Ab 
imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum ex fraude constat. 
Cic. — Inferi, those that are in the lower regions, the de- 
parted, inasmuch as they dwell there : Orator non ab infe- 
ris mortuos excitabit. Cic. Orcus, the lower region, inas- 
much as it contains the dead, the realm of the dead : Minos 
sedet arbiter Orci. Propert. 

553. Informare, Instituere, Instruere, Pr^cipere ; 
In — Conformatio. Informare, forming into something; 
properly, a substance into a plastic work of art : Cyclopum 
informatum manibus jam parte polita fulmen erat. Virg. 
Artes, quibus cetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari so- 
let. Cic. Instituere, properly, placing there, down, estab- 
lishing, e. g. civitates ; establishing or organizing for a certain 
purpose, object ; instructing one how he ought to do a certain 
thing: Plane rudem instituere ad dicendum. Cic. In- 
struere, placing in good order, upon and by one another, 
properly arranging, providing with every thing necessary, 
e. g. agrum, cedes ; and furnishing with knowledge, instruct- 
ing, artibus, Uteris, doctrinis, consiliis, or the subject of in- 
struction is indicated by the accompanying words : Mulier 
instituit accusatores, instruit testes. Cic, she appoints 
accusers, and tells them what they have to do ; she furnishes 
the witnesses with documents and evidence. Senectus ado- 
lescentulos docet, instituit, ad omne officii munus in- 
struit. Id., furnishes them with knowledge, gives direction 
as to what they have to do now and in the future, provides 
them with necessary preparatory knowledge for every affair. 
Pracipere, directing beforehand, prescribing how some- 
thing and what is to be done : Portu solventibus ii, qui jam in 
portum ex alto invehuntur, p r ce cip er e solent et tempestatum 
rationem et prcedonum et locorum. Cic. Philippus et Anti- 
pater fi His prcecipiujit, ut oratione benigna multitudinis 
animos ad benevolentiam alliciant. Id. — Informatio, the 
image which the soul forms of something : Habebam in ani- 
mo insitam informationem quandam dei. Cic. Confor- 



256 554. Ingenuus. 556. Initium. 

matio, the formation of a whole in respect of the harmoniz- 
ing composition of its parts, conformation : Ipsius theatri 
co nf or matio sic est facienda. Vitruv. Est qucedam con- 
formatio insignita et impressa intelligentice, quam notionem 
voco. Cic. 

554. Ingenuus, Liber, Liberalis. Ingenuus, that 
which we have by our procreation, which belongs to the in- 
dividual from the moment of its being engendered, e. g. in- 
doles ; naturally free, freeborn : Ean> in genua an festuca 
facta e serva libera est? Plaut. Artes ingenuce et huma- 
nee. Cic, befitting a freeborn man, noble. Liber, civilly 
free, he who is no slave ; hence frank, open : Jure civili qui 
est matre libera, liber est. Cic. Vocem liber am mil- 
ter e. Liv. Li ber a li s, 146, worthy of a freeman, decorous 
for him, proper for him : Omnis liberalis et digna homine 
nobili doctrina. Cic. 

555. Ingredi, Intrare, Introire. Ingredi, walking 
along, walking toward something: Si stas, ingredere. 
Cic, going toward a place in order to enter; Intrare, so 
far entering into an enclosed place that we are within (intra), 
passing the threshold ; Introire, going into the interior: 
In vitam, tamquam in viam ingredi. Cic. Tu ingredi 
illam domum ausus es? tu Mud limen intrare 1 ) Id. Me 
fuerat cequius, ut prius introieram, sic prius exire de 
vita. Id. 

556. Initium, Origo, Ortus, Principium, Exordium, 
Primordium, Procemium. Initium (inire), beginning, ac- 
cording to space and time, inasmuch as something follows 
after: Gallice pars initium capit a fiumine Rhodano. Cses. 
Initium belli, vitce. Id mihi propositum initio non fuit. 
Cic, in the beginning. Hoc tibi et est antiquissimum et ab 
initio fuit. Id., from the beginning. Initia, the first be- 
ginnings, the elements or rudiments of a science,, upon which 
more difficult problems follow: Ut male posuimus initia, 
sic cetera sequentur. Cic Aer, et ignis, et aqua, et terra 
primce sunt. Ergo ilia initia et elementa dicuntur. Id. 
Mysteriis ex agresti immanique vita exculti ad humanitatem 
mitigatique sumus : Initia que ut appellantur, ita re vera 
principia vitce cognovimus. Id., the secret service of 
Ceres and Bacchus. Origo (oriri), the origin, as descent; 
Ortus, the origin, the beginning of the existence of a thing, 
with reference to the question, whence ? A primo animan- 
tium ortu petitur origo summi boni. Cic Principium 



557. Injuria, 257 

(princeps), the beginning, considered materially, inasmuch 
as that which follows has its foundation in it ; that from which 
something takes its rise : Omnium rerum magnarum a diis 
immortalibus principia ducuntur. Cic. ; hence, Princi- 
pi a, the original substances, the first fundamental doctrines 
of a science, on which the others rest: Rerum principia, 
e quibus omnia constant, Cic. Juris principia. Id., and 
the first files in front of an army, where the colors were. In 
this sense also, Hoc principio est in omni quastione con- 
siderandum. Cic, in the beginning, first of all. Vellem a 
principio te audisse amicissime monentem. Id., from the 
beginning, with reference to order and series. Exordium, 
properly, the edge or list of something woven ; the first part 
of a whole, from which the other parts start, or to which they 
attach themselves: Hujus quoque exordium mali, quoniam 
principium boni diximus, explicemus. Cic. Primer- 
dium, the very first beginning, origin, with which the exist- 
ence of a thing begins : A Diis immortalibus suni nobis 
agendi capienda primordia. Cic. Proozmium (tiqooL- 
piov), properly, the prelude ; the preface, introduction of a 
speech, essay: In singulis libris utor proozmiis. Cic. 

557. Injuria, Noxa, Noxia, Contumelia, Maledictum, 
Convicium ; Injuriam facere, Nocere, Obesse. Inju- 
ria, the wrong, every action by which the rights of another 
are violated : Duobus modis, aut vi aut fraude, jit injuria. 
Cic. Noxa, the injury, damage done to some one, and in 
this respect, also, the guilt ; and the injury, damage which 
we suffer, and in this respect, also, the punishment, see 289. 
Node nocent pota (aqua): sine noxa luce bibuntur. Ovid. 
Ne quis, nisi qui noxam meruisset, donee poznam lueret, in 
compedibus teneretur. Liv. Noxia, sc. res, the injury done, 
hence also the crime (done to the suffering party) and the 
guilt, crime: Noxia pozna par esto. Cic. Hence, Noxam 
factam sarcire, noxa dare, dedere ; but noxiam sarcire, 
in noxia esse, teneri. Contumelia, the wanton abuse 
of another, with disgrace to his honor, contumely, affront : 
Patior facile injuriam, si est vacua a contumelia. 
Pacuv. Maledictum, an expression which affects the 
honor of another, or an imprecating, cursing expression, gen- 
erally during a fit of high passion, an abusive word, an invec- 
tive imprecation: Maledictum est, si vere objicitur, vehe- 
mentis accusatoris : sin falso, maledici conviciatoris. Cic. 
Convicium (vox), properly, the wild screaming of many 
22* 



258 558. Innocens. 560. Inquietus. 

together ; hence the violent scream against some one, accom- 
panied with or consisting of reproaches and invectives, the 
abusing of a person : Ma ledictio nihil habet propositi, 
prater contumeliam : qua si petulantius jactatur, con- 
vicium nominatur. Cic. — Inj u ri a m fa cere, committing 
a wrong, interfering with the rights, privileges of others ; 
No cere, injuring, causing injury to another; Ob esse, be- 
ing in the way, being a hindrance to another, opp. promoting, 
injuring by hindrance : Alienum est a sapiente non modo in- 
jur i am cui facer e, verum etiam no cere. Cic. Pudor is 
fuit in Crasso, qui non modo non obesset ejus orationi, 
sed etiam probitatis commendatione prodesset. Id. 

558. Innocens, Innocuus, Innoxius, Insons, Integer. 
Innocens, properly, without injuriousness ; he who does 
nothing wicked, has no share in a crime, innocent and guilt- 
less : Innocens, si accusatus sit, absolvi potest. Id. In- 
nocuus, uninjurious, innocuous; active, incapable of injur- 
ing, innocuous ; and passive, uninjured, who has received no 
injury: Aves, assuetum silvis innocuumque genus. Ovid. 
Seder e carina omnes innocua. Virg. Innoxius, free of 
injury ; active, uninjurious, harmless ; passive, uninjured, not 
exposed to danger: Anguis innoxius imo successit tumulo. 
Virg., without injuring anybody. Sic condita faba a curcu- 
lionibus erit innoxia. Colum. In n o c e n s, is the negative 
of the action of injuring; Innocuus, continuation of the 
state; Innoxiu s, indicates a quality. Insons (properly, 
unsinful), innocent, guiltless, upon whom the guilt of a pun- 
ishable action does not rest : Quid Perseus, novus rex, omnis 
injuria insons, meruit ? Li v. Integer ( t anger e), blame- 
less, spotless, respecting the moral state, righteous : Integer 
vita scelerisque purus. Hor. Integritatem atque inno- 
centiam singularem esse oportet in eo, qui alterum accu- 
set. Cic. 

559. Innuptus, Innubus, Calebs. Innuptus, unmar- 
ried, not yet ever having married; Innubus, remaining 
without marriage, unmarried, inasmuch as it indicates a state, 
not only the negation of being married (in German, ehehs) ; 
both used of women : Pueri innupta que puella. Virg. 
Innuba permaneo. Ovid., the Cumsean Sibyl says. Calebs, 
without matrimony, of men ; one who has never married, or 
lost his wife, bachelor or widower : Pygmalion sine conjuge 
Calebs vivebat. Ovid. 

560. Inquietus, Irrequietus, Anxius, Sollicitus. In- 



561. Inquit. 583. Instate, 259 

quietus, obsolete Inquies, restless, where we cannot get 
settled, obtain quiet, and he who cannot settle or obtain quiet, 
who is in continual activity : Lux noctem in quiet am inse- 
cuta est. Liv. Hispanorum inquieta avidaque in novas 
res sunt ingenia. Id. Irrequietus, who never rests after 
previous activity : Siderum ir re qui eta semper agitatio 
nunquam in eodem vesiigio manet. Senec. Anxius, anxious : 
His anxius curis helium gessit Hamilcar. Liv. Philippus 
desiderio anxius Jilii et poenitentia crudelitatis suce. Id. 
Sollicitus (solium- tier e), excited, agitated, disquieted: 
Mare sollicitum stridit. Virg. Solliciti eramus de 
tua valetudine. Cic. 

561. Inquit, Ait, Dicit. Inquit (in, — Gothic quithan, 
speaking, saying ; inquit, therefore, he speaks into, the con- 
versation ; inquam, is conjunctive form), he says, says he, 
and quite general as a formula of introducing words of an- 
other : Hoc libro quasi ipsos induxi loquentes, ne inquam 
et inquit scepius Inter p oner etur. Cic. Ait, he assures, 
asserts, maintains, as a formula of citing the assertion of 
another, which we cite by way of narration, and as contradis- 
tinction to negat ; he affirms. But if not only mere negation 
and affirmation are opposed to each other, but whole affirm- 
ing or negativing sentences, the words Dicit — negat are 
used; besides this use, dicit is simply an indicating and 
prefatory formula of citing the words of others : Ne faciam, 
in qui s, omnino versus! Aio. Hor. Sthenium educunt : 
aiunt ah eo liter as puhlicas esse corruptas. Cic. Considius 
ad Caisarem accurrit ; dicit, montem, quern a Labieno occu- 
pari voluerit, ah hostibus teneri. Cass. 

562. In — Exsomnis, Vigil. Insomnis, sleepless, he 
who cannot sleep : Nodes non sine multis insomnis lacri- 
mis agit. Hor. Exsomnis, not sleepy, awake, that is, 
sprightly, active, who allows no sleep to come into his eyes : 
Mcecenas, vir, ubi res vigiliam exigeret, sane exsomnis. 
Vellei. Vi gil, watchful, hence the watchman: Vigilum 
canum excuhia. Hor. Milites oherrabant tentoriis, insom- 
nes magis, quam pervigiles. Tac. The insomnis is 
prevented from sleeping by disturbances, he is deprived of 
sleep; the exsomnis has no desire to sleep, because he is 
not tired ; the vigil will not sleep, suppresses it, because it 
is his will to be attentive and active. 

563. Instare, Urgere, Premere, Deprimere. In stare, 
properly, standing upon something, being quite near in a 



260 564. Instaurare. 565. Institor. 

hostile sense ; being near at hand, of an event : Vicit hostis ; 
ferociter ins tat victis. Liv. Nox, dies ins tat; Bruto 
iter in stab at et subitum et longum. Cic. TJrgere, or 
Vrguere, harassing, violently and repeatedly attacking: 
magna vi ho stes. Sail. Malis omnibus argeri. Cic. Pre- 
mere, pressing: P res sit pede exanimem. Virg. Aere ali- 
eno premi. Cses. Deprimere, pressing down : Lanx in 
libra, ponderibus impositis, deprimitur. Cic. Improbitate 
depress a Veritas.. Id. In stare, signifies a continued har- 
assing and pressing from above ; Urgere, from in front, or 
that which drives into great difficulty ; P rem ere, something 
molesting; Dep rim ere, something pressing to the ground, 
and rendering useless all resistance. 

564. In — Restaurare, Renovare, Integrare, Redin- 
tegrare, Sarcire. Instaurare, holding a solemn per- 
formance in due form, causing it to be held : Ludos votivos, 
sacrificium. Inst aur emus novum de integro helium. Liv., 
i. e. with all formalities. Restaur are, reestablishing, sol- 
emnizing again ; only used with later writers : cedem vetustate 
dilapsam. Tac, more common for this, is instaurare and re- 
stituere. Renovare, renovating, making that which is old 
new again, and beginning anew : bellum, memoriam inter- 
mortuam. Cic. Integrare (tangere), making intact, i. e. 
as if untouched, i. e. completing, reestablishing in the former 
sound state, rebeginning : Animus defessus audiendo, admi- 
ratione integratur. Cic. Equites, relictis equis, pro- 
volant ante signa, et novam integrant pugnam. Liv. 
Redintegrare, reestablishing something entirely: copias 
deminutas, vires : Per enumerationem commonemus, quibus de 
rebus verba fecerimus, breviter ; ut renovetur, non re din- 
tegretur oratio. Ad Herenn. Sarcire, reestablishing 
something defective : acceptum detrimentum. Cses. Discidit 
vestem; resarcietur. Ter. 

565. Institor, Mercator, Negotiator. Institor, a 
merchant's servant, who for his master, or a pedler, who for 
himself, carries about, offers, and sells merchandise : Insti- 
tor ad dominam veniet emacem, expedietque merces suas. 
Ovid. Mercator, the merchant, who buys commodities in 
foreign countries and brings them home for sale, and the 
retailer, shopkeeper, which profession was followed in Rome 
by low people and manumitted slaves only : Sordidi putandi, 
qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant. Cic. 
Negotiator, banker, who carries on money transactions 



586. Instrumentum. 568. Integer. 261 

and exchange business in the provinces, or who carries the 
produce of his large estates to the capital for sale, as rich 
Roman knights and plebeians did: Negotiator es putant 
esse turpe, id forum sibi iniquum ejurare, ubi negotien- 
tur. Cic. 

566. Instrumentum, Supellex, Vasa, Utensilia. In- 
strumentum, that which serves to put a thing in its com- 
plete state, to arrange and establish it properly ; tool, imple- 
ments used as instruments or tools : Arationes conductas 
magno instrumento tuebatur. Cic. Implements for agri- 
culture. Belli instrumentum et apparatus : instrument 
ta virtutis. Id. Specific kinds are: Supellex, Gen. Su- 
pellectilis (superlectus), properly, the covers, blankets 
(stragulce) over the places of repose; furniture: Supellex 
est domesticum patris familice instrumentum, quod neque 
argento aurove facto, vel vesti adnumeretur. Pompon. Fuit 
permagnum optimi pondus argenti, pretiosa vestis, multa et 
lauta supellex. Cic. Vas, Gen. Vasis, a vessel, a uten- 
sil, especially to contain liquid, e. g. vinarium ; plur. Vasa, 
or urn : Par are vestem egregiam, vasa pretiosa. Cic, drink- 
ing vessels generally, plates, &c, also other utensils, e. g. of 
a soldier : Jussi milites vasa colligere. Liv. Utensilia, 
every thing wanted or useful for the daily support, and, in 
domestic economy, utensils and stores which are using : 
Utensilia, quibus out alitur hominum genus, aut etiam ex- 
colitur. Colum. Exutus omnibus utensilibus miles. Liv. 

567. Insumere, Impendere, Erogare. Insumere, 
taking for some object, applying ; it indicates the destination 
of that which has been taken for a certain object : Quceritur, 
quibus rationibus vixerit (homo), quid sumtus in earn rem aut 
laboris insumserit. Cic. Impendere, applying to, or 
employing for ; indicates the real use : Non operam, cur am, 
pecuniam impendent in eas res, quas vobis gratas fore 
non arbitrentur. Cic. Erogare, spending, paying out: 
Pecunia in classem est erogata. Cic. 

568. Integer, Incolumis, Salvus, Sanus, Sospes ; So- 
lidus, Torus dies. Integer, 558, yet untouched, hale, 
upon which nothing from without has had any influence, 
neither for its advantage or disadvantage: Rudem me et in- 
tegrum discipulum doce. Cic, who has not yet learned any 
thing; Re integra, when nothing in the matter has yet 
been done; Integri milites defessis succedunt. Cass., sol- 
diers yet unused, fresh troops. Incolumis, 64, uninjured, 



262 569. Intelligere. 

as good as in the previous good state : Casar omnibus navi- 
bus ad unam incolumibus, milites exposuit. Cces. Et 
urbem et cives integros incolumesque servavi. Cic. 
Salvus, safe, respecting the existence, well-placed, saved : 
Salvum atque incolumem exercitum, nulla omnino nave 
desiderata, transduxi. Cses. Sanus, sound in body and 
soul, feeling well, opp. cegrotus : Orandum est, ut sit mens 
sana in corpore sano. Juvenal. Sospes, safely escaped 
from danger by divine assistance : Vix una sospes navis 
ab ignibus. Hor. — Integer dies, the whole day, the en- 
tire day which lies yet before us, on which we have done 
nothing yet, the unbroken day, as it were: Dicimus inte- 
gro siccimane die. Hor. Solidus dies, the whole, com- 
plete day, at the entireness of which nothing is wanting (a 
solid day): Hodiernus dies solidus est; nemo ex illo 
mihi quidquam eripuit. Senec. Totus dies, the whole 
day, as to its duration, all day : Totos dies scribo. Cic. 

569. Intelligere, Per — Concipere, Comprehendere. 
Intelligere, understanding, obtaining a clear, distinct, and 
correct notion of a thing : Explicari ?nihi tuum consilium 
plane volo, ut penitus intelligam. Cic. Percipere, 
properly, to perceive and understand every thing which is 
necessary for the clearest possible idea of something : Artis 
prcecepta percipere. Cic. Id si minus intelligitur, 
quanta vis amicitice concordiceque sit, ex dissensionibus atque 
discordiis percipi potest. Id. Concipere, taking to- 
gether, by embracing all: Terra concipit semina. Cic, 
receives ; hence receiving, forming a notion, an idea of some- 
thing, imagining something : Quod it a juratum est, ut mens 
conciperet fieri oportere, id servandum est. Cic. Com- 
prehendere, grasping together; with the memory, obtain- 
ing a proper impression, taking care to remember; grasping 
together, with the mind, the marks of distinction of a thing, 
to form an idea of it: Has disputationes memoria c omp re- 
hen damus. Cic. Concludunt philosophi, nihil esse, quod 
nosci, percipi, comprehendi possit. Id. Noscere, be- 
coming acquainted with, and thus knowing a phenomenon, 
something which appears to us; percipere, perceiving, 
comprehending its various marks of distinction; compre- 
hendere, uniting these marks of distinction into one notion. 
D is cere, learning, obtaining by instruction knowledge, 
ideas, notions, skill, which so far we did not possess : Tarn 
diu discendum est, quamdiu nescias. Senec. Didici 



570. Inter. 263 

ex Uteris tuis, I have learned, i. e. seen from your letter ; 
intellexi, I have understood from it, by closer atten- 
tion. 

570. Inter, Intra, Per ; Intus, Intrinsecus, Intro, In- 
trorsum ; Inter, Super cgenam ; Inter, Per manus. In- 
ter, between, among, being in the row or series of several 
others, or between two : Jura mons est inter Sequanos et 
Helvetios. Cses., and during, falling into the course of a 
period, and moving along with this: Germani inter annos 
XIV tectum non subierant. Cses. Intra, within a surrounded 
or limited space : Qui regnat intra montem Taurum, is non 
solum in monte Tauro regnat, sed in his etiam regionibus, 
qua Tauro monte clauduntur. Gell. Modice hoc faciam, out 
etiam intra modum. Cic. Of time within the limits of a 
period, not going beyond them : Romani XLI oppida Mquo- 
rum intra dies L ceperunt. Liv. Per, through, of place 
and time, during, during a whole period, uninterruptedly en- 
during : Me per jo cum dwitias orationis habere dicis. 
Cic, in joke, jocosely, of the form ; Supplicium minatus in- 
ter j o cum fuerat. Suet., during the joke, of the duration. 
Tenuisti provinciam per X annos a te ipso per vim et 
per f actionem datos. Cic, during — through force. Dies 
XIV inter binos ludos tolluntur, per quos solos judi- 
cium fieri posset. Id., between — during. — Inter, between, 
i. e. in the centre, limited on several, at least two sides ; In- 
tra, within, enclosed on all sides, opp. extra ; Intus, therein, 
in the inner part, or in the centre of a space enclosed all 
round, inasmuch as something is in the same, goes thither or 
comes thence: Moznibus in patriis atque inter tuta domo- 
rum confixi exspirant animos. Virg. lliacos intra muros 
peccatur et extra. Hor. Milites extra et intus hostem ha- 
bebant. Cass., i. e. in castris. In portum naves introduxe- 
runt. Quo simul atque intus est itum, Auster in Africum 
se vertit. Id., there, in the most inner port of the harbour. 
Pulta dum fores atque evocato aliquem intus ad te. Plaut., 
from within outward. Intrinsecus, turned within, to the 
inner part: Aviaria intrinsecus et extrinsecus poliantur 
opere tectorio. Colum. Intro, into, moving into the exte- 
rior of an enclosed spot: Introrsum, Intr or sus, toward 
within, directed toward this point, either resting or moving in 
this direction: Ibo intr o, atque intus subducam ratiuncu- 
lam. Plaut Hostem introrsum in media castra accipiunt, 
Cses. — Inter coznam, during the eating and drinking, of 



264 571. Inter cedere. 572. Inter esse. 

something that is brought into connexion with the meal ; 
Super can am, at table, at dinner, while one lies at table 
(or sits), used of something accidentally happening at this 
time: Hac inter can am Tironi dictavi. Cic Tiberius 
solebat ex lectione quotidiana quastiones super can am 
proponere. Suet. Inter manus, under the hands, when 
several stretch their hands for it at the same time; Per 
manus, from hand to hand, when one gives it to the other, 
and so on: Inter manus e convivis, tamquam e pralio, 
auferebatur. Cic' Sextius, gravibus acceptis vulneribus, 
cegre per manus tr actus servatur. Cses. Traditce per 
manus religiones. Liv., handed down from father to son. 

571. Intercedere, Intervenire. Inter cedere, step- 
ping between, and thus separating two things, or preventing 
something; Intervenire, coming between, coming to a 
thing, by which something may happen to be prevented, im- 
peded, &c, intervening : Hostes non longius prosecutus est, 
quod silvcB paludesque inter cedebant. Cses. De his rebus 
senatus auctoritas gravissima inter cessit ; cui quum Cato 
et Caninius inter cessissent, tamen est perscripta. Cic, 
the tribunes of the people interfered with their veto against 
the decrees of the senate. Plures cecidissent, ni nox prcelio 
inter v enisset. Liv. 

572. Interesse, Differre, Distare ; Interest, Refert. 
Inter esse, being between, designates that which lies be- 
tween two things, by which they are distinguished from one 
another; Differre, differing, relates to the subjects which 
may be distinguished by their different qualities ; Distare, 
standing from one another, designates the distance, the dif- 
ference of two things : Inter hominem et beluam hoc maxime 
interest, quod hac ad id solum, quod adest quodque prasens 
est, se accommodat : homo autem facile totius vita cursum 
videt. Cic, is this chief difference. Quid est illud, quo po- 
eta differ unt ab oratoribus? Cic. Mirabile est, quum 
plurimum .in faciendo inter sit inter doctum et rudem, 
quam non multum differ at in judicando. Id., how small a 
difference exists. Multum inter se distant ista facultates 
(senatoris atque oratoris), longeque sunt diversa atque se- 
juncta. Id. — Inter est, it is important, depends upon, has 
reference to our own interest we feel in the subject ; Refert, 
to greater or less advantage, profit, utility : Magni mea in- 
terest, hoc tuos omnes scire. Cic. Non refert, quam 
multos libros, sed quam bonos habeas. Senec. 



573. Interficere. 574. Internuntius. 265 

573. Interficere, Conficere, Inter — Perimere, Oc- 
cidere, Necare, Enecare, Trucidare, Jugulare, Obtrun- 
care. Interficere, properly, causing that something per- 
ish, and in this sense killing : Fer stabulis inimicum ignem, 
atque inte rfi c e messes. Virg. C o nfi cere, cutting 
down of living and resisting beings : Postumum Agrippam 
ignarum inermumque quamvis firmatus animo ceniurio cegre 
confecit. Tac. Interimere, properly, taking away out 
of the middle and carrying off; getting rid, i. e. killing, if 
applied to animate objects which molest, or of other evils : 
Amulius stirpem fratris virilem inter imit. Liv. Cato 
ipse suis manibus se inter emit. Hirt. B. Afr. Perimere, 
getting rid entirely, annihilating, extinguishing the existence 
of something: Ludi non intermissi, sed peremti atque sub- 
lati sunt. Cic. Si supremus ille dies per imit ac delet om- 
nino. Id. Occidere, properly slaying, that is, killing by 
blows; killing in general : Nullus modus est hominis Deci- 
dendi, quo ille non aliquot oc cider it, multos fer to, mult os 
veneno. Cic. Necare, killing violently and purposely, with 
the additional idea of hardheartedness, want of feeling : vir- 
gis ferroque. Hor. Imperii severitatem addit : igni atque 
omnibus tormentis nee at. Cses. Enecare, killing slowly 
in the same manner: Octavia prcefervidi balnei vapore ene- 
catuf. Tac. Specific modes of depriving of life are desig- 
nated by: Trucidare, 122, cutting to pieces in a horrid 
manner, murdering: Inde non jam pugna, sed trucidatio 
velut pecorum fieri. Liv., carnage. Pleminius tribunos mili- 
tum verberatos, servilibusque omnibus suppliciis cruciatos 
trucidando occidit. Id. Jugulare, properly, killing 
by applying the means to the neck, throat, e. g. suem ; in 
general, murdering, dirking: TJt jugulent homines, sur- 
gunt de node latrones. Hor. Obtruncare, surprising, and 
thus killing, assassinating : Tribunos militares inter epulas 
obtruncant. Sail. See Str angular e, Suffocare, 390. 

574. Internuntius, Interpres, Sequester. Inter nun- 
tins, the messenger between two parties, as negotiator: Al~ 
cibiades cum Pisandro pratore per inter nuntios collo- 
quitur. Nep. Interpres, the mediator, who endeavours to 
settle disputed points between two parties : Hcec non per 
amicos atque interpretes, sed palam agebat. Cic. ; hence, 
the interpreter, explainer : Nee verbum verbo reddere cura- 
bis fidus interpres. Hor. Sequester, one with whom 
money was deposited by two litigating parties, in order to 

23 



266 575. Interpolare. 576. Interrogate. 

pay it over to whom the sentence of the court should legally 
assign it ; also, one who acted as go-between, in cases of 
bribing judges or at elections: Sequester a sequendo fac- 
tum est, quod ejus, qui electus sit, utraque pars Jldem sequa- 
tur. Gell. 

575. Interpolare, Interlinere, Corrumpere, Vitiare, 
Adulterare, Transscribere. Interpolare, giving a new 
appearance to a thing by dressing it up anew, e. g. togam ; 
falsifying a document by erasures and additions, not easily to 
be detected : Hoc modo iste sibi prospexit, referendo in tabu- 
las, quod gestum non esset, tollendo, quod esset^ et semper 
aliquid demendo, mutando, interpolando. Cic. Inter- 
linere, writing between; in documents, writing a word be- 
tween others imperceptibly, striking out : Totum hoc nomen 
est in litura; quid fuit istic antea scriptum? Cic. Cor- 
rumpere and Vitiare, 281, falsifying, adulterating, cor- 
rupting, vitiating in general. A dulte rare, admixing spu- 
rious or bad substances with the genuine, and thus corrupting, 
e. g. nummos ; more rarely used of documents. Trans- 
scribere, imitating by writing, falsifying by copying : 
Transscripsit tabulas publicas, quum chirographum Sex 
— primorum imitatus est. Cic. 

576. INTERROGARE, RoGARE, QlJiERERE, Percontari, 

Sciscitari, Scitari. The interrogator announces his inten- 
tion by Queer o, I ask, pronounced with emphasis, if he de- 
sires more accurate information on the spot, or if he means 
to bring the interrogated person to a confession ; Rogo, I 
ask, if he addresses his question to the good will of the per- 
son interrogated ; Interrogo, if he addresses himself to his 
understanding, hence, in conversation, if the object is mutual 
communication ; Percontari, obsolete Percunctari, in- 
quiring, expresses the question of one who desires information 
respecting something not, or not sufficiently, known to him ; 
Sciscitari, rarer Scitari, desiring to know something, 
endeavouring to learn by inquiry, of the desire of knowledge 
as well as curiosity, which, following up an interesting subject, 
makes more and more penetrating queries, tracing or follow- 
ing up questions, questioning: Me nemo adhuc rogavit, 
num quid in Sardiniam vellem : te, puto, seepe habere, qui : 
numquid Romamvelis, qua rant. Cic. Racilius me primum 
sententiam rogavit. Cic. Visne, ut tu me Greece soles or- 
dine interrogare, sic ego te vicissim eisdem de rebus La- 
tine interrogem? Id. Ego Masinissam de suo regno, ille 



577. Invenire. 579. Invidia. 267 

me de nostra re publica percontatus est. Id. Confusam 
jiliam quum pater forte vidisset, per cunctatus, satin* 
salvce? elicuit comiter sciscitando, ut fateretur causam 
doloris. Liv. Non te id scitari, qualem ego in inveniendo 
summum esse orator em vellem, sed id mi hi queer ere vide- 
bare, quod genus ipsius orationis optimum judicarem. Cic. 

577. Invenire, Reperire, Nancisci, Offendere, De- 
prehendere. Invenire, happening to meet with something 
which lies in the way, or finding by searching, inventing and 
finding out: Quod quceriiabam, fliam inveni meam. Ter. 
Prcesidia contra feras invenire. Cic. Reperire (pa- 
rere), finding something which exists already, but has not yet 
been known, finding out, discovering : Eo proficiscitur cum 
legionibus : locum rep er it natura at que opere munitum. 
Cses. Nancisci (naco, in German nahen, i. e. nearing, 
approaching), properly, coming, getting near ; obtaining, 
getting, possessing ourselves of a thing after endeavour : 
Feras beluas nanciscimur venando. Cic. Occasionem 
reperire, finding an opportunity, which exists already, but 
must be improved, seizing upon it; nancisci, meeting with 
an opportunity which happens to present itself; by the addi- 
tional idea of approach, it differs from Assequi and Adipisci, 
115. Offendere, properly, stumbling upon something 
lying across ; happening to meet with something, unexpect- 
edly finding: Non offend es eundem bonorum sensum, quern 
reliquisti. Cic. Deprehendere, catching on the spot, 
surprising in the very fact : In aliquo manifesto scelere d e- 
prehensus. Cic. 

578. Invicem, Vicissim, Mutuo. Invicem and In vi- 
cem, for exchange, alternately, i. e. if several actions follow 
upon one another, directly changing, or if one action takes 
the place of another, instead: Dicamus invicem audiamus- 
que. Liv. Defatigatis in vie em integri succedunt. Cses. 
Vicissim, again, in a similar manner, as the other has done 
something before : Hanc veniam petimusque damusque v i- 
cissim. Hoy., namely, when it will be our turn to requite 
the act of kindness by a similar one. Mutuo, 63, mutually, 
when two do the same to one another : Fac valeas meque 
mutuo diligas. Cic. 

579. Invidia, Invidentia, Livor ; Invidus, Invidiosus. 
jEmulus. Invidia, the dislike at the advantages or supe- 
riority of others ; envy, as fault, active and passive: Invi- 
dia non in eo, qui invidet, solum dicitur, sed etiam in eo, 



268 580. Invitare. 582. Inultus. 

cui invidetur. Cic Excellentiwn civium virtus imitations 
digna est, non invidia. Id. ; passive, hatred, discontent 
with some one : Sullanus ager, a certis hominibus latissime 
continuatus, magnam habet invidiam. Cic. Invidentia, 
the envying, as quality, by which the vice of envy manifests 
itself : Invidentia cegritudo est ex alterius rebus secundis. 
Cic. Liv or, properly, the lead-like or bluish color caused 
by contusion, lividness ; pale envy, in the highest degree of 
passion: Summa malevolentia et livore imp ediuntur. Cic. 
— Invidus, envious against some one, grudging : Invidus 
alterius macrescit rebus opimis. Hor. Invidiosus, full of 
envy, active : Invidiosa vetustas, omnia destruens. Ovid. ; 
passive, envied, hated: Fuit invidiosa senatus potentia. 
Cic, the English invidious. Mmulus (see 532), one who 
with ill-feeling observes the advantages or preference of 
others, which he might enjoy himself; emulous, rival -.Mmu- 
lus mearum laudum exstitit. Cic, or who sees with displeas- 
ure such advantages as he possesses himself, jealous : Mise- 
num cemulus Triton spumosa immerserat unda. Virg. 

580. Invitare, Illicere, Prolectare, Inescare, Dele- 
nire. Invitare, inviting, calling upon, in a friendly way, 
for participation: Benigne salutare, domum invitare. Liv. 
Illicere, by allurements, charms : Eos ad bellum spes rapi- 
narum illexerat. Sail. Prolectare, inducing the bash- 
ful, retiring person to come forth : Adolescens homines egentes 
et leves, ne sibi adversentur, spe legationis et viatico publico 
prolectat. Cic Ine s care, decoying the inexperienced: 
Animalia cibo inescantur. Petron. Nos cceci, specie parvi 
beneficii, inescamur. Liv. Delenire, winning by blan- 
dishments, flattery, or cunning, the resisting, gaining : homi- 
num animos prceda, pretio, oratione benigna. Cic. 

581. Invitus, Coactus. Invitus, dislikingly, yet if we 
conquer our own dislike against something unpleasurable, 
reluctant; Coactus, forced, if we are compelled to perform 
something not by our own free resolution, but by the authority 
of some one else : Solus sapiens nihil facit invitus, nihil 
dolens, nihil coactus. Cic. 

582. Inultus, Impunitus. Inultus, unavenged, if the 
offended party has not obtained satisfaction for the suffered 
injury; Impunitus, unpunished, if the evil-doer does not 
suffer that punishment which he deserves : Marcius excitabat 
manipulares, ne inultos imperatores suos jacere sinerent. 
Liv. Tibi uni direptio sociorum impunita fuit ac libera. 



583. Invocare. 585. Ira. 269 

Cic. Id agis, ut ceterorum quoque injuria sint impunita 
atque inultce. Id. 

583. Invocare, Implorare. Invocare, invoking some 
one, directing the call to his person : Deos testes, Deorum 
opem. Implorare, imploring with tears and urgently for 
aid : Vestram i mp loro jidem, qui auditis clamorem ?neum, 
ferte suppetias. Plaut. 

584. Jocus, Joci, Joca, Ludus, Lusus, Ludicrum ; Jo- 
cosus, Jocularis, Ridiculus, Ludicrus. Jocus (juvare, 
juvenis), the jest to laugh at, and the joke, fun, for serene 
and happy entertainment ; in the plural, Joci, certain definite 
jests ; Joca, jokes in general : Sed mehercules, extra jo cum, 
homo bellus est. Cic, joke apart, otherwise remoto joco. 
Horatium Augustus scepe inter alios jo cos homuncionem 
lepidissimum appellat. Suet. Quam multa joca solent esse 
in epistolis. Cic. Ludus, the game, sport, as pleasing occu- 
pation for recreation : hud o et joco uti licet turn, quum 
gravibus seriisque rebus satisfecerimus. Cic. Ludi, public 
games in Rome ; Circenses, races in the chariot ; Scenici, 
theatrical; Gladiatorii, in amphitheatres. Lusus, play, 
playing, as the state of him who plays: Puer Icarus lusu 
suo patris impediebat opus. Ovid. Ludicrum, a specific 
game, as entertainment, play: Nunc versus etcetera ludi- 
crapono. Hor., trifles. Ludicrum fuit in Circo maximo 
equi pugilesque. Iaw. — Jocosus, full of fun, that which 
gives a good deal to laugh at, sermo. Jocularis, belong- 
ing to those things which entertain others, amusing : Jocu- 
lare istud quidem est, et a multis scepe derisum. Cic. Ri- 
diculus, laughable, that which causes laughing, that which 
is to be laughed at, worthy of nothing better, ridiculous : 
Inveni ridicula et salsa multa Grcecorum. Cic. Sicinius, 
homo impurus, sed admodum ridiculus. Id. Ludicrus 
(not extant in the nom. sing, masc), that which is done for 
entertainment, amusement, amusing: Ars ludicra armo- 
rum et gladiatori et militi prodest aliquid. Cic. (not ludi- 
crous). 

585. Ira, Indignatio, Indignitas, Iracundia, Excan- 
descentia, Bilis ; Iracundus, Stomachosus. Ira, ire, 
wrath, rage, the violent emotion or affection produced by the 
wrong and injuries which others have committed against us, 
and which incites to revenge : Ira, in the plural, the different 
manifestations of ire in several individuals: Ira est libido 
pozniendi ejus, qui videatur lasisse injuria. Cic. Quam 

23* 



270 586. Ire. 

minimum irarum inter nos Mosque relinqui velim. Liv. 
Indignatio, indignation, anger at unworthy, indecorous 
things: Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum. Juve- 
nal. Indignitas, unworthiness, indecorous deportment, 
indecorousness, as cause of indignatio ; stands likewise for 
displeasure, irritation at something : Patres indignitate 
rerum cesser ant in agros. Liv. Indignitas, atque ex ea 
ira animos cepit. Id. Ir a, is passing; Iracundia, iras- 
cibility, the lasting disposition to be wrathful, quick-tempered, 
choleric ; and also the violent anger, ire, which breaks forth 
into revengeful passion, heat of passion: Prce iracundia 
non sum apud me. Ter. Excandescentia, the getting 
into a passion: Excandescentia est ira nascens et modo 
existens. Cic. Bilis, bile, choler, the anger which disturbs 
and excites more within than manifesting itself in fits, erup- 
tions of passions : Bilem id commovet latoribus legis. Cic. 
— Iracundus, of hot, quick, passionate temper, e. g. leo : 
Ariovistus homo barbarus, iracundus, temerarius. Cses. 
Stomachosus, who has a touchy stomach, that is, because 
the ancients believed this to be the seat of choler, cross, ill- 
tempered, of angry temper : Stomachosiores meas liter as 
quas dicas esse, non intelligo. Cic. 

586. Ire, Gradi, Grassari, Incedere, Vadere, Meare 
Pergere, Scandere, Con — In — E — Adscendere, Ex 
scensionem facere. Ire, going, in general : pedibus, equis 
trans mare; Incipit res melius ire, quam putaram. Cic 
Gradi, stepping, designates the equal extending or stretch' 
ing of the legs, the equal, measured, firm step; and Gras< 
sari, moving along with equal steps, stalking ; Incedere 
192 (properly, parting along, i. e. leaving space behind) 
walking along, the manner of walking and carriage of a man 
Vadere, wandering, the striving rapidly forward, onward 
without allowing ourselves to be detained by obstacles ; Me- 
are, walking all the time, continually, indicates the uniform 
course in a certain path, direction ; Pergere ((snegxeiv), go- 
ing away, hastening away, the pursuing of one's object or 
aim without resting; Scandere, the lifting the feet and 
firmly placing them, in order to rise or descend by steps one 
above the other, walking or going with reference to ascent 
or descent (in German steigen) : Gallus gallinaceus gradi- 
tur ardua cervice. Plim Animus ad gloriam virtutis via 
grassatur. Sail. Ast ego, quce divom incedo regina. 
Virg. Vadunt in prozlium et locum, ex quo cesser ant, re- 



587. Ita. 588. Itaque. 271 

petunt. Liv. Docebat Pythagoras, qua sidera lege me a- 
rent. Ovid. Concessum est, ad castra uti contendant. Qua 
re concessa, lati ad castra pergunt. Cses. Victorem Tar- 
peias sc and ere in arces Roma videbit. Ovid. C ons ten- 
der e, ascending, when we arrive upon the ascended thing 
itself (in German besteigen, as if we had a word he-walking, 
or be-scending) ; Ins c end ere, ascending and going in, 
entering (we might have inscending) ; Escendere, ascend- 
ing, both as ascending a mountain and for rising; Ads Gen- 
der e, ascending, up to a given height: Pompeius navem 
frumentarium conscendit. Cses. Mihi navem paro : i n- 
scendo, ut earn rem Naupactum ad herum nuntiem. Plaut 
In navem omnibus ignotus adscendit. Nep. Constabat, 
Eumenem, ut sacrif caret Apollini, Delphos adscensurum. 
Liv. Legati Delphos quum escendissent, oraculum adie- 
runt. Id. Exscensionem facer e, stepping on shore, 
landing (never exscendere) : Philippus rex quinqueremibus 
sex profectus ad Erythras Mtolorum escensionem fe- 
cit. Liv. 

587. Ita, Sic. Ita (is, id), thus, so, points at something 
present in the mind, something thought: Sic, thus, so, at 
something in reality before us, something in the sensual 
world : Est, judices, i t a, ut dicitur. Cic. Heus tu, Bore, 
cape hoc fabellum, et ventulum hide sic facito, dum lavamus. 
Ter., showing to the eunuch how he ought to fan. 

588. Itaque, Igitur, Ergo ; Eo, Ideo, Idcirco, Prop- 

TEREA, PROINDE ; QlJARE, QlJAMOBREM, QlJAPROPTER, QuO- 

circa. a. Sentences or parts of sentences which express 
consequences or conclusions derived or founded upon preced- 
ing notions, and are acknowledged as true, either as neces- 
sary conclusions or consequences, or at the same time, accord- 
ing to our judgment, are united to their preceding part of the 
sentence by the demonstrative particles Itaque, Igitur, 
Ergo, hence, therefore, consequently, now: Itaque has 
reference to the conclusion, as founded in the fact ; Igitur 
refers to that which precedes, as absolutely necessary ; Er- 
go shows the obligation of conviction that the drawn conclu- 
sion is correct : Hecuba omnia mala ingerebat, quemquem 
adspexerat. Itaque adeo jure caipta appellari est Canis- 
Plaut. Staphyla : Ligna hie apud nos nulla sunt. Coci: 
Sunt asseres? St.: Sunt pol. Co.: Sunt igitur ligna; 
ne quceras foris. Id. Albano non plus animi erat, quam 
fidei. nee manere ergo, nee transire aperte ausus, sensim ad 



272 598. Item. 590. Iter. 

monies succedit. — b. In demonstrative minor positions, in 
which a certain state of things is mentioned as a consequence 
of a reason or cause at which we point by a particle, Eo (for 
ea re), and more emphatically Ideo, therefore, hence, points 
at a course directly influencing, and as the sole cause ; Id- 
circo, on this account, points at circumstances as causes of 
a state of things, inasmuch as the moving agency of the same 
is drawn into particular account ; Pr opt ere a, therefore, on 
this account, points at the nearness of such moving causes ; 
Proinde, hence, therefore, points at the proper, correct re- 
lation in which the consequence or effect stands to its reason 
or cause : Hoc anno pestilentia fait, eo nihil dignum memo- 
ria actum. Liv. Verves, quod ubique erit pulcherrimum, 
auferet? idcirco nemo superiorum attigit, ut iste tolleretJ 
ideo C. Claudius Pulcher retulit, ut C. Verres posset au- 
ferre? Cic. Quia mihi est natalis dies, propterea te 
vocari ad ccenam volo. Plaut. Duces barbarorum pronun- 
tiari jusserunt, illis reservari, qucecunque Romani reliquis- 
sent: proinde omnia in victoria posita existimarent. Cses. 
— c. In active minor positions, which contain a consequence 
or effect and refer this back to a reason given in the ante- 
cedent, the following relative particles are used : Qu are, on 
which account, by, through which, if the given reason is to 
be considered the means or as existing secondary circum- 
stance ; Quamobrem, on which account, if the given reason 
is meant to be taken as a general motive ; Quapropter } on 
account of which, if this reason is to be considered as a near 
motive, lying close at hand; Quo circa, on which account, 
why, if the effective agent is to be indicated as lying in the 
circumstances, which are given as reason : Alcibiades et po- 
tentior et major, quam privatus, existimabatur. Quare 
fiebat, ut omnium oculos ad se converteret. Nep. Tuas epis- 
tolas quum lego, emergit rursum dolor. Quamobrem ob- 
secro te, mi;Tite, eripe mihi hunc dolor em aut minue saltern. 
Cic. Stoici fortitudinem virtutem esse dicunt propugnantem 
pro cequitate. Quo circa nemo, qui fortitudinis gloriam 
consecutus est insidiis et malitia, laudem est adeptus. Id. 

589. Item, Itidem. Item, in the same manner, just so, 
also; with increased force, Itidem, precisely so, entirely 
so: Solis defectiones it em que lunce prcedicuntur in multos 
annos. Cic. Ea qua movent sensus nostros, itidem movent 
omnium. Id. 

590. Iter, Via, Meatus, Actus, Semita, Callis, Tra- 



591. Juba. 273 

mes, Angiportus ; Iter, Viam facere, Viam mux ire. 
Iter (ire, itum), the walk which we take, make toward a 
place, march, journey : Iter pedibus conficere. Cic, and 
hence the walk or road, in as far as it leads, goes to a place : 
Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus Helvetii 
domo exire possent. Cses. Via (obsolete Vea, Veil a, from 
vehere), the road for vehicles, road, way, street : Via Appia. 
Dejotarus rex persape revertit ex it in ere, quum jam pro- 
gressus esset multorum dierum viam. Cic, a journey which 
had required many days; but novem dierum iter. Cses., 
nine days' journeys. Meatus (see 586), the path on which 
a moving body passes along in its regular course, with the 
additional ideas of the narrow and hollow : Danubius in Pon- 
ticum mare sex meatibus erumpit. Tac. Actus, a field- 
way, a way for cattle, also a field-road for vehicles: Iter 
est, qua quis pedes vel eques commeare potest: Actus vero, 
ubi et armenta trajicere et vehiculum ducere liceat. Digg. 
S emit a (se-meare), a foot-path in streets and lanes, the 
part for passengers : Be via in s emit am degredere. Plaut. 
Call is, a narrow path over hills and mountains, especially 
a mountain path only used by the cattle, &c, cow-path : 
Nos hie pecorum modo per astivos saltus deviasque calles 
exercitum ducimus. Li v. Trames (trans -meare), a path, 
a cross-path near a large road, for foot-passengers, on which 
one may come shorter and less observed to the desired place : 
Uti per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam. Sail. 
Angiportus, Gen. us, and Angiportum, Gen. i, a nar- 
row passage between two houses, a narrow lane : Id quidem 
angiportum non est pervium. Ter. — Iter facere, 
making a journey, designates the movement toward the place 
of destination: Iter ad te in Apuliam facere ccepi. Cic. 
Viam facere, walking in the street : Ad senem etiam alte- 
ram facias viam. Plaut., and making way, opening one: 
Virginius ferro, quacunque ibat, viam facere, donee ad 
portam perrexit. Liv. Viam muni re, paving a road, 
breaking a road: Appius ille Ccecus viam muni v it, qua 
populus uteretur. Cic. 

591. Juba, Crista. Juba, the mane, comb, plumes, of 
hair and feathers on the top of the head, and on the neck, if 
they hang down, e. g. leonis, equi ; Crista, the comb, plu- 
mage on the head of birds, and the crest on the helmet, if 
the feathers or hairs stand up: Gallinaceorum jubce per 
colla cervicesque in humeros diffusa. Colum. Gallinace- 



274 592. Judicare. 594. Jurare. 

orum sublimes sanguineceque nee obliquce cristce. Id. Galea 
cristis decora. Virg. 

592. Judicare, Duudicare, Judicium facere, Judicatio, 
Jurisdictio ; Judicium dare, reddere, exercere, facere. 
Judicare, judging, in thought and orally : Id ita perspi- 
cuum est, ut oculis judicare possitis. Cic. Dijudicare, 
dividing two things, by one's judgment, deciding, distinguish- 
ing : Non facile dijudicatur amor verus et jictus. Cic. 
Judicium facere, forming a judgment, opinion, inasmuch 
as one is capable of doing it, generally giving a favorable 
opinion of some one : Ut primum per cetatem judici u m fa- 
cere potuisti. Cic. Legio Ccesari gratias egit, quod de se 
optimum judicium fecisset. Caes. — Judicatio, the 
opinion of a thing ; in legal matters, the chief point in a liti- 
gation : Judicatio est, qua ex infirmatione, et confirma- 
tione rationis (i. e. causae) nascitur controversia. Cic. Ju- 
risdictio, the administration of justice, which was in the 
hands of the praetors in Rome and in the provinces, but only 
in civil actions, because in these they proceeded according to 
their edicts ; they directed public processes [causce publicce) 
pro imperio : An hoc dubitabit quisquam, quin Verres vena- 
lem in Sicilia juris diction em habuerit, qui Romce totum 
edictum atque omnia deer eta vendiderit? Cic. — Judicium 
dare, reddere, granting and instituting a legal inquiry, 
trial, is said of a praetor, who gave the formula for the first 
steps and the adjournment of an action, and appointed the 
judges ; for the praetor did not decide himself either in judi- 
ciis privatis or in publicis ordinariis s. qucestionibus perpe- 
tuis, but had the fact decided by sworn judges, Judicium 
exerce b at, and afterwards pronounced the judgment given 
by them (dicebat sc. jus, s. sententiani). Judicium facer e, 
is said of the judges, if they give a legal opinion on the fact 
before them, giving a verdict: Gravia judicia pro rei 
publicce dignitate, multa de conjuratorum scelere fecistis. 
Cic. 

593. Jungere, Sociare. Jung ere (jugum), uniting, 
joining, so that several appear as a whole : Navibus junc- 
tis pontem imper ant fieri. Caes. Sociare, making one a 
partner, associate, ally: Homines conjurare out sociari 
facinoribus noluerunt. Liv. 

594. Jurare, Dejerare. Jurare, swearing: Magna 
voce juravi verissimum jusjurandum. Cic. Dejerare 
and Dejurare, daring, placing one's existence at stake by 



595. Juris consultus. 596. Jus. 275 

an oath, if it be not true ; firmly asseverating : Per omnes 
deos et deas dejuravit, occisurum eum hac node, quicum 
cubaret. Plaut. 

595. Jurisconsultus, Jurisperitus, Leguleius. Juris- 
consultus and Jureconsultus, the learned jurist, who is 
asked respecting law cases, and gives his opinion, counsel : 
Est domus jurisconsulti totius oraculum civitatis. Cic. 
Jurisperitus, the experienced person in the knowledge of 
law and legal procedures; Leguleius, a legal pedant, who 
studies but the letter of the law, not the philosophy of the law, 
as a public orator and sound jurist ought to do : Leguleius 
quidam cautus et acutus, prceco actionum, cantor formularum, 
auceps syllabarum. Cic. 

596. Jus, jEquitas, Justitia ; Lex ; Fas ; Jus dicere, 
Jus, De jure respondere. Jus, the right, that which is 
according to law, as subject of the administration of justice, 
and demanding strict attention and obedience; 2E quit as 
and Mquum, fairness, equity, which brings the use we make 
of our rights and privileges and our duties into harmony, and 
moderates, tempers the strictness of the law, especially by 
humanity: Galba multa pro <z quit ate contra jus dicere. 
Cic. Justitia, justice, according to which we satisfy our 
duties, without yielding up our rights or those of others : 
Justitia est habitus animi, communi utilitate conservata, 
suam cuique tribuens dignitatem. Cic. — Jus, right, as the 
authorization of action founded in nature, on law and custom, 
and as the aggregate of all binding laws, law ; Lex, a. law, 
or binding precept of superior authority, for actions of free 
agents; it is a species of the genus Ju s: Natura jus est, 
quod qucedam innata vis inseruit, ut religionem, pietatem, 
gratiam, vindicationem, observantiam, veritatem. Cic, hence 
suo jure, rightfully, in virtue of his personal right ; jus gen- 
tium, international law, the aggregate of all the rights, cus- 
toms, and obligations sanctioned by common consent and 
long usage ; j us civile, civil law, all the positive laws, which 
every citizen of a state has to follow : Hoc si minus civ Hi 
jure perscriptum est, lege tamen naturce, communi jure 
gentium sancitum est, ut nihil mortales a diis usu capere 
possint. Cic. — Jus, right, that which is right and permitted 
according to human laws; Fas (fari), divine law, that 
which is right before God, hence also according to natural 
law : Quod eorum judicum major pars judicavit, id jus 
ratumque esto. Cic. Sanctis his or a resolvere fas est Ma- 



276 597. Jusjurandum. 598. Juxta. 

nibus. Virg. — Jus dicer e, deciding according to law, giv- 
ing sentence, is only used of the praetor, generally, in as far 
as he administered his office, in doing which he used the 
words do, dico, addico, and especially when he gave judg- 
ment or sentence : Siculi dixerunt, se Verri pecuniam ob jus 
dicundum dedisse. Cic. Jus, De jure respondere, 
giving a legal opinion, of a Jurisconsultus, 595. Se ad jus 
respondendum dare : Rutilius magnum munus de jure 
respondendi sustinebat. Cic. 

597. Jusjurandum, Juramentum, Sacramentum. Jus- 
jurandum, rarely Juramentum, the oath by which we 
strengthen our assertion as being in accordance with truth ; 
Sacramentum, oath, by which one subjects himself to the 
avenging gods, if the promise should be broken ; hence the 
oath of fidelity, which the soldiers were obliged to take on 
their being enlisted : Jusjurandum est affirmatio religiosa. 
Quod autem affirmate, quasi deo teste, promiseris, id tenen- 
dum est, Cic. Aliquem obligare militia sacramento, Cic. 
Sacramentum dicer e apud aliquem. Caes., and Sacra- 
mento dicer e alicui. Liv. 

598. Juxta, Instar; Secundum, Propter. Juxta (jun- 
gere), by a thing, by the side, close by : Furiarum maxuma 
juxta adcubat. Virg., hence, just so, as good as, of similar- 
ity of kind and mode of circumstances : Juxta liieme atque 
(Estate bella gerere. Liv. Instar (belongs to histrio), some- 
thing which bears a remarkable or striking likeness to some- 
thing else, and may be compared to it ; a form, an image, 
picture, in Virgil only of objects which attract much atten- 
tion ; in the Accusative, after the image, i. e. as great, as 
good as, like, used of similarity of outward marks and qual- 
ities : Volat atri turbinis instar exitium dirum hasta fe- 
rens. Virg. Accepi epistolam, quce voluminis instar erat. 
Cic. — Juxta, as preposition, very close by: Atticus sepul- 
tus est juxta viam Appiam. Nep. Juxta deos, in tua 
manu positum est. Tac, nearest to the gods, i. e. after the gods. 
Secundum, designates a following, partly according to the 
longitudinal extension of a body, along: Iter secundum 
mare faciunt. Cic, partly immediately after, close behind 
something, next after: Proxime et secundum deos homi- 
nes hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt. Cic, hence, after, 
consistently, agreeably, conformably to: Secundum arbi- 
trium tuum testes dabo. Id. Propter (prope) near, 
coming near, in the neighbourhood, as contradistinguished 



599. Labefacere. 600. Lobes. 277 

from the distance, expresses the mode and manner; prope, 
however, only the locality: Adolescentia voluptates prop- 
ter intuens magis foriasse latatur, sed delectatur etiam se- 
nectus procul eas spectans. Cic. Fluvius Eurotas propter 
Lacedcemonem Jiuit. Id., pretty near. 



599. Labefacere, Labefactare, Convellere, Quatere, 
Quassare, Concutere. Labefacere, making that which 
is firm loose, shaking; Labefactare, doing the same vio 
lently, with repeated blows: Omnes denies labefecit mihi 
Ter. Demoliri signum ac vectibus labefactare conantur, 
Cic. Leges ac jura labefactat. Id. Co ?iv e Here, tear- 
ing off, separating with violence firmly united things, by tear- 
ing and blows, e. g. repagula valvarum : Milites vectibus 
infirna saxa turris, quibus fundamenta continebantur, con- 
vellunt. Cses. Quatere, making vibrate, and unsettling 
by percussion, by shaking and blows ; Quassare, shaking 
frequently and violently, giving shocks: Quatere in aere 
pennas. Ovid. Carthaginis mcenia quatit ariete. Liv. 
Quassat caput. Plaut. Concutere, shaking by concus- 
sion: Terra ingenti concuss a motu est. Liv. Te ipsum 
concute. Hor., examine thyself, inquire into thyself. 

600. Labes, Macula, Nota, N^lvus. Labes (labi), 
properly, the falling together, downfall ; the spot, stain by 
which something becomes soiled, spoiled, the spot caused by 
something shameful (as we use the word in spotless char- 
acter) : Sit sine labe toga. Ovid. Macula, a speck, which 
is distinguished by a different color from the rest of a surface, 
whether this be by way of embellishment or disgrace : Va- 
ria tigres ma cutis. Plin. Maculas e veste eas nonnisi 
urina ablui. Id. Delenda vobis est ilia macula, Mithrida- 
tico bello superiore suscepta. Cic. Nota, the mark of dis- 
tinction, mark, by which we make an object to be known and 
distinguished from others of the kind, or by which we our- 
selves wish to remember something : Sonos vocis literarum 
notis terminare. Cic. Omnibus insignis not is turpitudi- 
nis. Id. Naivus (obsolete Gnceus, from gignere), an excres- 
cence of the body, a wart, a mole: Navus in articulo 
pueri delectat Alcceum. Cic. 

24 



278 601. Labium. 602. Labor. 

601. Labium, Labrum, Labellum. Labium, the an- 
cient form, more common Labrum, the lip, the rim of a 
deep vessel, and the latter itself, e. g. for bathing : Senex in- 
curvus, lab lis demissis. Ter. Tantalus a labris fugi- 
entia capiat flumina. Hor. Labrum si in balineo non est, 
ut sit. Cic. Labellum, a little lip and a small vessel, the 
basin : Platoni in cunis dormienti apes in labellis conse- 
derunt. Cic. 

602. Labor, Opus, Opera ; ^Erumna, Molestia, Dolor ; 
Laborare, Operam dare, navare, Elaborare, Lucubrare, 
Elucubrare. Labor, 549, the labor, as fatiguing exertion : 
Se ex labor e reficere. Cses. Opus, 109, the work, as pro- 
duce of practice, skill, of the practised workman, artificer: 
Habeo opus magnum in manibus. Cic. Oyer a, the activ- 
ity, used to produce a work (opus), the pains we take, labor, 
in as far as it indicates this : Quod in op ere faciundo ope- 
r<2 consumis turn. Ter. In Opera, is intention and free 
resolution ; in Opus, this is not considered in the least, hence 
it is used of animals too; but of gods, Ope, e. g. Deorum 
ope opus est. Liv. — Labor, the toil, hardship, misery, in- 
asmuch as we resist and labor through : Vir fortissimus 
multis variisque perfunctus laboribus. Nep. JErumna, 
poverty, misery, connected with grief: 2Erumna est cegri- 
tudo laboriosa. Cic. Ubi virtus est, ibi esse miseria et 
cerumna non potest, tamen labor potest, potest molestia. 
Id. Molestia, the weariness, enduring difficulties with the 
feeling of burdensomeness, dislike; Dolor, 369, pain, the 
painful feeling caused by misfortune or contrary events : Do- 
lor est (Egritudo crucians. Cic. — Laborare, exerting one's 
self with great fatigue, fatiguing one's self, and being embar- 
rassed, grieved, being in great want of assistance, suffering 
severely : In enodandis nominibus, quod miserandum sit, 
labor at is. Cic. Laborare animo, morbo, ex re frumen- 
taria. Cses. Operam dare, taking pains, being active for 
some one ;* navare, serving one with industry and zeal, 
with zealous endeavour: Plus opera Greeds dedisti rebus, 
quam putaramus. Cic. Certatum ab utrisque est, ut ad recon- 
ciliandam pacem consuli opera navaretur. Liv. Elabo- 
rare, fatiguing one's self to exhaustion, working one's self 
fairly down ; bringing about something with pains, elaborat- 
ing : Ornati el abo rati que versus. Cic. Lucubrare, 
working by candlelight; Elucubr are, with a greater de- 
gree of carefulness : Orationes diligenter el abo rat as et 
tamquam elucubr at as afferebamus. Cic. 



603. Lacerare. 606. Lacus. 279 

603. Lacerare, Laniare, Dilaniare, Discerpere. Ld- 
cerare, lacerating, separating the outer and softer parts of 
a body by disfiguring wounds: Dilacer are, tearing asun- 
der by laceration: Tergum laceratum virgis. Liv. La- 
cerare aliquem verborum contumeliis. Cic. Ldniare, 
tearing to pieces with many deep wounds, with a higher de- 
gree of cruelty and fury; Dilaniare, cutting, tearing the 
flesh of some animal body into pieces and asunder : Cadaver 
canibus dilaniandum reliquisti. Cic. Discerpere, 
tearing to pieces by pulling violently in two directions, tear- 
ing : Bacchce discerpium juvenem spar sere per agros. 
Virg. 

604. Lacessere, Provocare, Irritare. Ldcessere 
(lacio, lacere), inducing to fight, or something of the kind, by 
teazing, taunting ; challenging, irritatingly inciting, e. g. in- 
juria, maledictis : Etrusci lacessere ad pugnam : primo 
obequitando castris provocandoque, postremo qua consu- 
les, qua exercitum increpando. Liv. Provocare, chal- 
lenging, calling out, forth, for a battle : ad certamen ; male- 
dictis aliquem. Cic. Irritare, irritate, by exciting impres- 
sions to rage, battle, &c, e. g. crabrones. Plaut. Pueri et 
cupiditas et licentia potius est irritata, quam repressa. 
Cic. 

605. Lacrimare, — ri, Flere, Plorare, Lugere. La- 
crimare, giving vent to tears, allowing tears to flow; La- 
crimari, as Deponens, being moved to tears, becoming 
affected to crying : Quis fuit tarn inhumanus, quin illorum 
miser ia commov eretur ? ecquis fuit, quin lacrimaretur? 
Cic. Flere, crying with a drawn mouth (in German 
jlennen, greinen) ; in general, crying when the tears are in- 
terrupted by sounds indicating grief, weeping bitterly : Fie- 
bat uter que, pater defilii morte, de patris jilius. Cic. Plo- 
rare, crying, i. e. shedding tears with much noise, with 
accents of great misery or agony : TJxorem tuam neque ge- 
mentem, neque pi or ant em audivimus. Plaut. Lugere, 
mourning, manifesting one's sadness by external signs, espe- 
cially by peculiar dress, bemourning : Luctus est agritudo 
ex ejus, qui carus fuerit, interitu acerbo. Cic. Matronce 
annum, ut parentem, Brutum luxerunt. Liv. 

606. Lacus, Lacuna, Palus, Stagnum. Lacus, a deep 
reservoir, a lake, natural or artificial : Lacus vinarii et tor- 
cularii. Colum. Lacus Albanus, Fucinus. Lacuna, a 
slough, standing water, without outlet, having run into some 



280 607. Lcedere. 610. Lampas. 

low place: Lacuna, aqua collectio. Festus. Pdlus, a 
pool of less extent, a morass, a "swamp," flat water on 
marshy ground : Ccesar paludes (Pomptinas) siccare volu- 
it. Cic. St a gnu m (stagnare, from stare), a stagnating 
mass of water of an overflowed river, a puddle : Super ripas 
Tiberis effusus lenibus stagnis adiri non poterat amnis. 
Liv. 

607. Lcedere, Sauciare, Vulnerare ; Saucius, Vulne- 
ratus. L (Ed ere, violating, wounding, injuring in such a 
manner that the completeness, perfection, or beauty of a thing 
suffers thereby : Her bas morsu Ice sere juvencce. Ovid. Sau- 
ciare, wounding deeply and vitally : Sauciat ungue genas. 
Ovid. Ccesarem Brutus noster sauciavit. Cic. Vulne- 
rare, wounding lightly, by tearing, separation (vellere) of 
external parts: Ab Neoptolemo Eumenes aliquot plagis vul- 
neratur, neque eo magis ex prozlio excessit, sed acrius 
hostes institit. Nep. Servi nonnulli vulnerantur ; ipse 
Rubrius in turba sauciatur. Cic, hence Saucius, the 
severely wounded man, who is thus rendered incapable for 
battle, non-combatant ; Vulneratus, any one who is wound- 
ed, only as such, though he may be only slightly wounded : 
Gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules vestros opponite, 
Cic. Graviter vulneratus Prcefectus refertur in castra. 
Hirt. 

608. Ljevus, Soevus, Sinister. Lcevus, left, opp. right, 
left-handed, clumsy: Dextra montibus, Iceva Tiberi amne 
septus. Liv., sc. manu, parte. O ego lcevus/ Hor. Scce- 
vus, obsolete, in the sense of left: Mucins Sccevola. Liv., 
generally reversed, unhappy: Sccevus profecto et ccecus 
animi forem, si issem magis ad alium, quam ad te. Gell. 
Sinister, left, at the left hand ; hence, at the inconvenient 
time, illy applied, injurious : Gerens dextra manu clavam, 
sinistra copulam. Nep. Sinistra liber alitas, Catull. 

609. Lambere, Lingere, Ligurire. Lamb ere {labium), 
licking a thing all round, seizing it with the stretched out 
tongue and the lips: Canes tribunal meum vides lambere, 
Cic. Ling ere, licking, gliding with the tongue over some- 
thing : Quia te tango, mel mihi videor ling ere. Plaut. 
Ligurire, also Ligurrire, with appetite slightly licking 
a thing ; also, tasting something delicate : Si quis eum ser- 
vum, qui tepidum ligurierit jus, in cruce suffigat. Hor., 
junketing. 

610. Lampas, Lucerna, Lychnus, Lychnuchus, Later- 



611. Languere. 613. Lapis. 281 

na. Lamp as (lafinag), a torch of metal in the form of a 
trumpet, in the opening of which pitch was burned : Multum 
fiammarum et cena lamp as. Juvenal. Luc em a, a burn- 
ing light, a lamp : ardens ; defectu olei restincta. Plin. 
Lychnus (huyvog) a pending lamp: Dependent lychni la- 
quearibus aureis incensi. Virg. Lychnuchus (hvyvovyog, 
light-bearer), the instrument to hold a light, a candlestick : 
Epistolam scripsi ante lucem ad lychnuchum ligneolum. 
Cic. L at em a, a lantern : Dux I at em a vice clausis feror 
aurea jlammis, et tuta est gremio parva lucem a meo. 
Martial. 

611. Languere, Marcere, Torpere ; Languor, Veter- 
nus, Torpor, Torpedo. Languere, properly, being slow; 
being fatigued, weak, exhausted, e.g. de via: Tristi Ian* 
guebunt corpora morbo. Virg. Mar cere, being withered, 
without strength, e. g. corona, lilia infracta : Qui pugnant, 
mar cent Campana luxuria. Liv. Torpere, being without 
sensation, immovable, inactive, torpid : Corpora rigentia gelu 
torpebant. Liv. — Languor, exhaustion : Me deambula- 
tio ad languor em dedit. Ter. Vetemus, sc. morbus, 
the irresistible disposition to fall asleep, as it appears with 
aged people ; hence sleepiness, the sleepy, drowsy disposi- 
tion and state of mind, dreaming disposition: Vetemus 
civitatem occupavit. Cic. Torpor, the state of being with- 
out feeling, the state when one has been made torpid ; it is 
the effect of Torpedo, the stiffening, the torpidness which 
befalls one, the natural inclination to inactivity and want of 
feeling, hence the name for the cramp-fish (torpedo), which 
causes torpedo : Torpor gravis alligat artus. Ovid. Tor- 
pedo animas oppressit. Sail. Tutantur se tor pore tor- 
pe dines. Plin. 

612. Lanius, Macellarius. Lanius, rarer Lanio, the 
butcher who sells but meat of larger cattle ; Macellarius, 
the butcher, with the idea of the killing, the meat-dealer, who 
sold all sorts of meat, even birds, fish, &c. : Lanii ad cul- 
trum bovem emunt. Varr. Ornithonem fructus causa ma- 
cellar ii habent. Id. 

613. Lapis, Saxum, Silex, Cautes s. Cos, Calculus. 
Lapis, the stone, according to its nature, as an earthlike, 
heavy, inanimate mass ; the stone, inasmuch as it is distin- 
guished as such from other things : Me lapidem, non Jiomi- 
nem putas. Ter. Saxum, a stone with sharp point, a piece 
of rock, that which the farmer often calls "a rock," differs 

24* 



282 614. Laqueus. 616. Lascivus. 

from lapis by greater density, its capacity of wounding, and 
as a body of a certain form : Ex spelunca saxum in crura 
Icadii incidit. Cic. Est viridis silex, igni resistens, et 
ubi invenitur, lapis, non saxum est. Plin., not so rough 
and hard as saxum. Silex (hence silere, 193.), a pebble, 
quartz, especially of flints : Vias sterner e silice. Liv. 
C antes, contract. Co s, Gen. Cotis, a hard mass of. rocks 
with pointed corners, cliff: Naves nihil sax a et cautes 
timebant. Cass., al. cotes. Generally Cos is hone: Cotes 
ad ferri aciem deter endam. Plin. Calculus, a small round 
pebble, a little stone, also used for reckoning, making calcu- 
lation, and a stone in the game at checkers : Demosthenes, 
conjectis in os calculis, summa voce versus pronuntiabat. 
Cic. 

614. Laqueus, Tendicula. Laqueus (lacere, 604.), 
a rope, a noose : Laqueis capture feras. Virg. Collum in 
laqueum inserere. Cic. Tendicula, a gin, springe, only 
tropical: Aucupia verborum et liter arum tendiculas in 
invidiam vocant. Cic. 

615. Larva, Persona. Larva, a mask of frightful, 
horrid, or caricature-like form ; Persona, a. mask represent- 
ing a character, with a wide, funnel-like opening for the 
mouth, to strengthen the voice of the actor in the theatre ; 
this mask covered the whole head of the actor : At illi fceda 
cicatrix setosam Icevi frontem turpaverat oris : nil erat lar- 
va aut tragicis opus cothurnis. Hor. Personam tragicam 
Vulpes viderat : O quanta species, inquit, cerebrum non ha- 
bet! Phasdr. 

616. Lascivus, Petulans, Procax, Protervus; Disso- 
lutus. Lascivus, loose, full of fun, disposed to dally: 
Vellunt tibi barbam I as civ i pueri. Hor. Petulans, 
wanton, who from light-heartedness or wantonness teazes 
others and becomes offensive, especially with words : lllis 
liberos suos- integros ab istius petulantia conservare non 
licitum est. Cic. Procax (procare, asking intrusively), in- 
trusive in demands and in speaking : Vernce procaces. Hor. 
Tertiadecimanos, ut sunt procacia urbance plebis ingenia, 
petulantibus jurgiis illuserant. Tac. Protervus (pro- 
terere), disregarding every thing, shameless in words and 
deeds: Homo honestas non audet cuiquam aut dicto pro- 
tervo aut facto nocere. Cic. — Lascivus, gay without 
bounds, with the feeling of perfect physical and mental 
health : Florentem cytisum sequitur las civ a capella. Virg. 



617. Later. 620. Laus. 283 

Dissolutus, he who does not restrict himself by decorum 
and order, negligent as to care and attention, and dissolute, 
rakish, who in his unbridled appetites does not observe the 
laws of decency and respectability : Cupio in tantis rei pub- 
Uccb periculis non dissolution videri. Cic. Negligere, 
quid de se quisque sentiat, non solum arrogantis est, sed om- 
nino dissoluti. Id. 

617. Later, Tegula, Imbrex; Cjementum. Later, the 
flat brick: Macerice fiunt e lateribus coctilibus. Varr. 
Tegula, the tile (of the roof, hence the name); Imbrex 
(imber), the hollow or curved tile, that the rain may run 
down: Dissipatis imbricum fragminibus ac testes tegu- 
I arum. SisennaL.—Ccementum (belongs to ccedere), a stone- 
mass hewn off; plural, quarries, the particles of hewn stones 
which were used for mortar (mortarium) : Mortario cce men- 
turn addatur. Vitruv. Lapicidince, de quibus et quadrata 
saxa et ccementorum ad cedijicia eximuntur copice. Id. 

618. Latere, Delitescere ; Latet, Fugit, Preterit. 
Latere, being or lying hidden; Delitescere, hiding, con- 
cealing one's self somewhere : Inclusum atque abditum late- 
re in occulto. Cic. Mulier constitui locum jussit, ut eo 
mitteret amicos, qui delitescerent, deinde repente prosi- 
lirent. Id. Latet, it is hidden, it is a secret, with Cicero 
without case governed by it. Id qua ratione consecutus sit, 
latet. Nep. Fugit, it escapes my attention, I cannot re- 
member it; Praterit, it escapes my observation, I do not 
perceive it, I do not see it: De Dionysio, fugit me ad te 
antea scribere. Cic. Te non prceterit, quam hoc sit dif- 
ficile. Id. 

619. Latine, Romano more loqui. Both are more em- 
phatic expressions for simpliciter, haud dissimulanter, aperte 
loqui, yet with this difference, La tine loqui, is speaking 
so that every one can understand it, intelligibly, so as the 
words are commonly taken, without exaggeration, plain; 
Romano more loqui, speaking earnestly, sincerely, 
straightforwardly, plainly, and openly, without dissimulation 
or reserve : Gladiatorem ita appellavi, ut appellant ii, qui 
plane et Latine loquuntur. Cic. De hoc tibi homine 
haze spondeo more Romano, quomodo homines non inepti 
loquuntur : probiorem hominem esse neminem. Id. 

620. Laus, Gloria, PRiEcoNiuM, Elogium ; Laudare, 
Pr^dicare, Celebrare. Laus, praise as expression of the 
good opinion of another on account of his excellences, 



284 621. Laxare. 622. Lectus. 

especially those which have their foundation in morality ; 
Gloria (connected with glowing, i. e. shining, brightness), 
glory, widely extending opinion of great and uncommon 
talents and powers, and their effects : Trahimur omnes I au- 
di s studio, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. Id. 
Prceconium, properly, the office of a public crier; the 
making known with glory, the lauding: Prceconium ab 
Homer o Achilli tributum est. Cic. Elogium, the words of 
a passage of a testament, of a witness, of a dictum, of an in- 
scription : Solonis sapientis elogium est, quo "se" negat 
"velle suam mortem dolore arnicorum et lamentis vacareP 
Cic. — Laudare, praising, expressing a favorable opinion 
of a person, his good qualities and actions, especially in a 
moral point of view : Quis vituperare improbos, quis lau- 
dare bonos ornatius potest! Cic. Prcedicare, saying 
loud and publicly, with particular force as to the subject ; 
praising, making known the praise of some one by public 
declaration among other persons : Deforme est de se ipsum 
prcedicare, falsa prcesertim. Cic. Celebrare, 194. 210, 
making known something by repeated praise, rendering some- 
thing famous : Tribuni plebis legem omnibus concionibus suis 
celebrabant. Liv., they extolled it. 

621. Laxare, Solvere ; Laxus, Prolixus. Laxare, 
making loose, widening, making more spacious : Argilius 
vincula epistolce laxavit. Nep. So Iv ere (solus), freeing, 
making free, dissolving : Omne colligatum solvi potest. Cic, 
hence, freeing one's self from a debt, dissolving the obliga- 
tion, i. e. paying. — Laxus (lacere, 604.), loose, e. g. arcus, 
opp. tensus, wide, spacious, opp. tight, narrow : Male laxus 
in pede calceus hceret. Hor. Domus laxior. Plin. Pro- 
lixus, loose, hanging down, e. g. capillus. Ter., hence 
willing (not stiff and resisting), yielding, obliging : Interest 
nostra Plancum hoc animo libenti prolixoque facer e. Cic. 

622. Lectus, Cubile, Thalamus, Stratum, Torus, Gra- 
batus, Sponda. Lectus, the place destined and arranged 
for lying (laying down), as the frame, and with the couches 
on it, as the sofa, dinner-sofa, and bier of the dead : Lectus 
ad quietem datus. Cic. Cubile, the place of resting, as a 
remaining place, of laying down : Terra cubile erat Scythce 
Anacharsidi. Cic. Thalamus (d^ala^og), the bed-room, 
poetical, the marriage bed: Thai ami que diu consorte care- 
bat. Ovid. Stratu?n, every thing which is spread on a sur- 
face in order to lie on it, e. g. mattress, bolster : Collapsa 



623. Legare. 624. Legio. 285 

membra referunt th alamo, stratisque reponunt. Virg. 
Torus (torquere), a soft pillow, every soft, downy place to 
sit or lie, also a seat of turf: In medio torus est de molli- 
bus ulvis impositus lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
Ovid. Grabatus (xQafjaiog), a small, low sofa, with feet, 
generally with poor people : lbat tripes grabatus et bipes 
mensa. Martial. Sponda, bedposts and other frame part 
of a bed. 

623. Legare (Legatum), Allegare, Delegare, Mit- 
tere ; Legatio libera, votiva. Legare, selecting one 
for a particular business, sending one as public ambassador, 
and appointing one as sub-commander, assistant of com- 
mander-in-chief: Legantur in Africam ad Jugurtham 
majores natu, mobiles, amplis honoribus. Sail. Ccesar Cas- 
sium sibi legavit. Cic, and bequeathing part of one's 
property to another, making a legacy : Proca Numitori reg* 
num Silvce gentis leg at. Liv. Hence, Legatum, a be- 
quest, a legacy, which the testator binds his heir to give to a 
certain person : In testamento Augusti leg at a non ultra civ- 
ilem jnodum. Tac. All eg a re, sending one with particular 
charges as mediator to some one : Petit a me Rabonius, et ami- 
cos all eg at : facile impetrat. Cic. Del eg a re, delegating 
some one to something, or something to some one to transact 
instead of myself: Hunc laborem alteri delegavi. Cic. 
Post del eg at am mihi lianc provinciam. Id., especially 
when the debtor directs the creditor to another (per attribu- 
tionem). — Mittere, 520, sending, despatching, in general: 
Helvetii legatos de deditione ad Ccesar em miserunt. 
Cses. — Legatio libera was the permission granted by the 
senate to a senator to undertake a private journey in the 
character of a legate ; votiva, if the object of such a jour- 
ney was the fulfilment of a vow in the province, which, fre- 
quently, was but an ostensible and pretended object : Anicius 
negotiorum suorum causa legatus est in Africam legatione 
libera. Cic. 

624. Legio, Cohors, Manipulus, Vexillum, Caterva, 
Manus militum, Phalanx, Turma. Legio, properly, a 
selection ; a legion, from the times of Romulus, three thou- 
sand men (thirty centuries) on foot, to which belonged three 
hundred (three centuries) cavalry ; under the consuls, four 
thousand two hundred on foot, divided into hastates, princi- 
pes, and triarii ; from the times of Marius, who introduced 
the division into cohortes, five to six thousand men, Cohors, 



286 625. Lenire. 626. Lentus. 

an organized troop of infantry ; from Marius, a tenth of a le- 
gion, or from five to six hundred men; the cohors prce- 
toria, body guard of the commander-in-chief, containing 
generally four turmce (one hundred and sixty horse) and two 
cohortes (six hundred and seventy-two men) on foot. Ma- 
nipulus (properly, a handful), a company of infantry, three 
of which made a cohors : Pertica suspensos portabat longa 
maniplos (fceni), unde maniplaris nomina miles habet. 
Ovid. Vex ilium, a little flag, as each of the three divisions 
of the third order of battle, the triarii, rorarii, and the ac- 
censi had ; hence this species of soldiers, mostly veterans, 
were called Vexillarii, and their divisions Vex ill a Legi- 
onum. Vexillum designated, likewise, a troop of volunteers 
or picked men, who, with such a flag, marched off for some 
particular undertaking. Cdterva,z\ troop of soldiers brought 
together without order: Dum fugiunt equitum turmce pedi- 
tumque catervce. Hor. Manus mi litum, a corps of sol- 
diers, destined for some military undertaking or for defence : 
Octavianus Romam veniet cum manu magna. Cic. Pha- 
lanx (cpixlay*), an army in the Macedonian order of battle, 
an oblong generally of sixteen thousand foot, though the 
number varied. Turin a, a company of horse, of which ten 
(each of thirty men, and divided into three decuries) belonged 
to one legion ; at later periods it contained forty horse. 

625. Lenire, Mitigare, Placare, Sedare. Lenire 
(making lenient), diminishing the violent sensation of any 
thing disagreeable, assuaging, e. g. dolores, miseriam, cegri- 
tudinem. Mitigare (properly, making soft, mild), miti- 
gating, diminishing the external cause of that which is pain- 
ful : Materia igni adhibito ad mitigandum cibum utimur. 
Cic. Dolores mitigantur vetustate. Id. PI a care, mak- 
ing flat, even, of the agitated sea ; calming violent painful 
sensations, especially appeasing excited wild passions and 
their eruptions: Tumida cequora pi a cat. Virg. Impius ne 
audeto placare donis iram Deorum. Cic. Sedare, making 
that something sinks to the bottom, entirely ceases, stilling, 
quieting : At aliquando incenditur populus. — Et quidem 
scepe sedatur. Cic. Sedare bellum maximum, controver- 
siam, pavorem. Liv. 

626. Lentus, Flexilis, Flexibilis ; Tardus, Serus ; 
Lentitudo, Lenitudo. Lentus, tough, flexible, that which 
with ease may be stretched, extended, or bent without tearing 
or breaking, e. g. salix, habena. Flexilis, that which, 



627. Lepos. 287 

already bent, may be bent still further, which may be used 
for twisting, braiding; Flexibilis, that which maybe bent, 
flexible, pliable: TJlmus et fraxinus I en tee, seel facile pan- 
dantur: flexiles tamen. Plin., yet they may be bent straight 
again. Excogitation est vitri temper amentum, ut flexibile 
esset. Id. — Lent us, slow, from want of energy, excitability, 
opp. quick (of temper), hasty: Belus amnis lentus fiuit. 
Plin. Quum publicas injurias lente tulisset, suam non tu- 
lit, Cic. Tardus, indolent, slow from want of zeal, opp. 
active, quick: Tarda et languida pecus. Cic. Stella er- 
r antes turn celerius moventur, turn tardius. Id., they require 
much time for it. Lente gradiens asellus. Ovid., he takes 
a good deal of time for it, walking draggingly. Serus, late, 
happening or being performed after the usual or proper time, 
opp. tempestivus : Tarde, imo jam sero intellexi. Petron., 
too late. — Lentitudo, slowness, especially in effect, long- 
suffering, which bears with calmness and indulgence the 
offences &c. of others ; Lenitudo, kindheartedness, prop- 
erly, soft or mildheartedness, which is not severe with others, 
and passes over many things from goodness of heart : Resis- 
tere iracundiai, est non solum gravitatis, sed nonnunquam 
etiam lentitudinis. Cic. Virum videri negant Peripa- 
tetici, qui irasci nesciat ; quam lenitatem nos dicimus. Id. 
627. Lepos, Sal, Facets, Cavillatio, Dicacitas, Fes- 
tivitas, Urbanitas. Lip os (not Lepor, from Tibet), the 
Zoueableness, amiableness, agreeableness, especially in man- 
ners, politeness, agreeableness in social intercourse, converse, 
where it is the habit to apply at the proper moment, and 
to clothe in a pleasing way, well chosen wit with delicate 
taste: Ludi parum lepor is habuerunt : apparatus enim 
spectatio tollebat omnem hilaritatem. Cic. In utroque genere 
lepor is excellens, et illo, quod in perpetuitate sermonis, et 
hoc, quod in celeritate atque dicto est. Id. Sal, salt, spicy, 
piquant joke, wit, the refined irony : llle delectatur Bioneis 
sermonibus et sale nigro. Hor., in the most biting and 
sharpest satire. Facetiaz (facetus, from fades), fine, droll, 
witty conceits, which manifest themselves in the speech and 
the whole acting and being of a person : Sale et facetiis 
Ccesar vicit omnes. Cic. Facetiis maxime homines delec- 
tantur, si quando risus conjuncte, re verboque, movetur. Id. 
Cavillatio (cavere), that species of wit, if we substitute a 
jocose meaning to words. Liv. 10, 19, 6., especially that 
species of bantering and rallying, if we mean to say the con- 



288 628. Levare. 629. Lex. 

trary of what our words would mean in their direct significa- 
tion. This is shown or expressed by the whole speech ; but 
Dicacitas is the quickness of witty sparks, the readiness 
to surprise by hitting wit, repartees, allusions, and pointed or 
biting sallies: Quum duo genera sint facetiarum, alterum 
cequabiliter in omni sermone fusum, alterum peracutum et 
breve: ilia superior cav ill alio, hcec altera dicacitas 
nominata est. Cic. Salium duo genera sunt, unum face- 
tiarum, alterum dicacitatis : alter o utetur orator in 
narrando aliquid venuste, alter o in jaciendo mittendoque 
ridiculo. Id. Festivitas (festivus, properly, where it is 
feast-like, hence that which disposes to gayety), the serene, 
jocose, happy disposition, good-natured sportiveness : Hilari- 
tatis plenum judicium ac Icetitice fuit : in quo tibi dicendi vis 
egregia, summa festivitate et venustate conjuncta profuit. 
Cic. Urbanitas, 231, well-behaved manners, polished 
demeanor, polished pronunciation, manner of expression, 
and delicate wit, as they are found in a man of careful edu- 
cation, and one who is accustomed to the best society ; In 
liominum fa cetorum urbanitatem incurrere. Cic. 

628. Levare, E — Sublevare, Tollere, Extollere, 
Erigere. Levare, making light by lifting, propping, alle- 
viating the pressure of a thing, lifting, lifting off: membra 
cubito. Ovid. Dies non lev at luctum hunc. Cic, diminish- 
ing that which is oppressive or molesting in mourning. Ele- 
vare, taking away the pressure entirely, depriving a thing 
of its weight (tropically referring to the balance), diminishing 
one's weight, authority, detracting : Facere qua non possunt, 
verbis elevant. Phsedr. Sublev are, aiding up by lifting, 
giving a lift, assisting in supporting : Centurio, a manipula- 
ribus sublev at us, murum adscendit. Eos ipse rursus ex- 
ceptans, in murum extulit. Caes. Nasidius vicinos suos 
facultatibus suis sublev avit. Cic. Tollere, 131, 386, 
lifting up : saxa de terra. Cic. Extollere, lifting out, lift- 
ing entirely from below and to a considerable height : pedem 
domo, porta: For tuna et extollere animos et minuere po- 
test. Liv. Erigere, uprighting, placing in an upright 
position, erecting : seal as ad moenia. Natura solum hominem 
erexit, ad cozlique conspectum excitavit. Cic. 

629. Lex, Institutum ; Conditio ; Rogatio, Populis- 
citum, Plebiscitum. Lex, 596, a law as settled, binding 
prescription of a superior authority for a certain species of 
actions ; Institutum, institute, according to which a certain 



629. Lex. 289 

object is to be obtained by a fixed procedure ; the arranged 
order, observance, according to which a settled procedure is 
observed in certain actions: Ex institute* legati Romce 
loca, lautia accipiebant. Liv. Civitatis leges, ins tit ut a, 
mores, jura nosse. Cic. — Lex, the settled rule, specific pre- 
script, which we have to observe in the performance of an 
affair, the practice of an art, the prescribed rule of action in 
a contract: His le gibus pacem fecerunt. Liv. Homines 
ea lege nati sunt, ut omnibus telis fortunes proposita sit 
vita eorum. Cic, they have their destination from the iime 
of their birth. Conditio (condere), condition, upon the 
fulfilment of which the validity and duration of the contract 
depends: Semjjronius conditiones paces dixit, ut Par- 
tkini Romanorum essent. Liv. — Lex, a law, of itself, with 
reference to its contents; Rogatio, as bill directed to the 
comiticE of the assembled people, whether they approve of it 
or not by the majority of votes : Velitis, jubeatis, Quirites? 
For the bill the vote was expressed by the two letters U. R. 
(uti rogas) on a tablet ; against it, by A. {antiquo s. antiqua 
probo), hence the expressions, Legem rogare, asking the 
people on account of a law ; ferre, laying it before them 
(bringing in a bill) ; abrogare, abrogating a law; Legem 
s. de lege derogare, also exrogare, partially abrogat- 
ing, altering ; obrogare, making a law invalid by a new 
and opposed law; legem perferre, carrying a law (i. e. a 
bill), causing it to be passed, adopted by the people. — Of the 
assembled people it is said, Legem seise ere, approving of 
it by majority of votes ; antiquare, voting that it shall re- 
main with things as it has been, i. e. rejecting the bill; ju- 
bere, ordaining the senate to confirm or approve of the de- 
cree of the people, so that the law may have universally 
binding power. Considered as decree of the people, the law 
was called Populiscitum, if the centuries of the whole 
people approved of it; Plebiscitum, if the tribes of the 
plebs approved of it, see 321. J\L Duilius, tribunus plebis, 
plebem rogavit, plebesque s civ it : Qui plebem sine tribu- 
nis reliquisset, tergo ac capite puniretur. Liv. — Of the sen- 
ate or consults, Legem sane ire, confirming a law, making 
it sacred and inviolable, sanctioning it, on account of which 
they were preserved in the state archives in the temple of 
Saturn; promulgate (promulgating it), making it publicly 
known, which was done before the rogation in the comitice, 
for three market-days (per trinundinum), by placarding it 
25 



290 630. Libare. 632. Liberi. 

publicly somewhere ; fig ere, placarding it by the senate for 
general observance, after it had been approved of. — Legem 
irrogare alicui, asking for a law or resolve against some 
one at the hands of the people; Legem imponere ali- 
cui, imposing a law for observance upon some one. 

630. Libare, Gustare ; Litare, Perlitare, Sacrificare, 
Parentare. Libare (leo, levi, in delere, 330.), wetting 
only the lips on the surface of some liquid, and generally 
touching but slightly, the surface of a thing : Apes fiumina 
lib ant summa. Virg. Gustare, 385, tasting : JJbi immo- 
latur, exta prcegusto Deum, et matronarum casta delibo 
oscula. Phsedr., of the fly. — Libare, pouring off the upper- 
most and first part of a liquid in honor of a deity, and dedi- 
cating it to it The Romans tasted nothing without first con- 
secrating part of it to the gods ; for them a little wine was 
first poured on the table, and at sacrifices, first on the head 
of the victim {libatio prima), and afterwards on the burning 
pieces (libatio secunda) : Et summas carpens media inter 
cornua setas, ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima. Virg. 
Litare, sacrificing successfully; Perlitare, receiving 
happy omina throughout from the sacrifice : Ea omnia sacri- 
Jicia lata fuerunt, primisque hostiis perlitatum est. Liv. 
Sacrificare, sacrificing, celebrating a sacrifice, and offer- 
ing the sacrifice solemnly to the gods : Turn Jupiter faciat 9 
ut semper sacrificem, nee unquam litem. Plaut. Pa- 
rentare, sacrificing to parents and relations on their tombs : 
Hostia maxima parentare, pietati est adjunctum. Cic. 

631. Libertas, Licentia, Immunitas. Libertas, 554, 
the freedom of doing and saying what one likes, without being 
limited from without ; Licentia, the want of restraint, if we 
follow our appetites without bridle, licentiousness : Amo vere- 
cundiam ; tu libertatem loquendi. Cic. Libertas est 
potestas vivendi, ut velis. Id. Deteriores omnes sumus li- 
centia. Ter. Immunitas, freedom from services and 
taxes by law, immunity : Druides militia vacationem omnium- 
que rerum habent immunitatem. Cass. 

632. Liberi, Nati, Filii ; Filius familias. Liberi, 
freemen, children of freemen (the idea of freedom by birth), 
opp. Servi, Vernce; Nati, issue, the children, inasmuch as 
they are issue of their parents; Filii, sons (the daughters 
included), with reference to their nearest descent from their 
parents or family. Hence, Liberi legitimi, illegitimi ; but 
as to talent, Peducaus reliquit effigiem humanitatis et probi- 






633. Libertus. 636. Licere. 291 

talis sua f ilium. Cic. Terrce filius. Id. Caritas, quce 
est inter natos et parentes. Id. Filius familias, a son 
under age, who yet stands under parental authority : Ilium 
j ilium familias, patre parco ac tenaci, habere devinctum 
non potes. Cic. 

633. Libertus, Libertinus. Libertus, a freed man, 
L e. manumitted slave, one with whom the act of manumis- 
sion (manu missio) had been performed; Libertinus, he- 
longing to the kind of the liberti, a freed man, with reference 
to his present condition. Up to the fifth year, the children 
of the manumissi were called Libertini ; their grandchil- 
dren, Ingenui (free-born), 554. Afterwards, the manu- 
mitted man was called Libertus, as such, e. g. Phcedrus, 
Augusti libertus ; but in reference to their present condi- 
tion, Libertinus, and their children Ingenui. Under the 
emperors, however, the Liber ti became perfect freemen or 
Ingenui, see Suet. Claud. 24. Trebonius heredem fecit 
suum liber turn. Equiti Romano libertinus sit homo 
heres? Cic. Me libertino paire natum, Horace calls 
himself, as the son of a manumitted slave. 

634. Libra, Statera, Trutina, Lanx. Libra, the 
pound, and the balance with two scales : Critolaus in alteram 
libra lane em animi bona imponit, in alteram corporis. 
Cic. Stdtira, the balance, inasmuch as by it one body is 
placed in equilibrium with another, generally the steelyard ; 
Trutina, properly the hole in which the tongue of the bal- 
ance plays, and the balance in general, in as far as it indi- 
cates that which is equal or not : Hcec non aurijicis statera, 
sed quadam populari trutina examinantur. Cic. Lanx, 
the scale of the balance. 

635. Libtjm, Placenta. Libum, a small thick cake, in 
form of a loaf, a bun, customary in sacrifices ; Placenta, 
a thin, flat cake: Sacerdotis lib a recuso ; pane egeo, jam 
mellitis potior e placentis. Hor. 

636. Licere, Liceri, Licitari ; Licet, Fas est, Libet. 
Licere, being permitted, and being venal for some price ; 
Liceri, deponens, bidding for something ; Licitari, doing 
the same repeatedly and with zeal : Omnia venibunt, quiqui 
licebunt, prcesenti pecunia. Plaut. Dumnorige licente 
contra liceri audet nemo. Cses. Quum arma habeatis, li- 
cit amini hostium capita. Curt., putting a price upon it. — 
Licet, it is permitted (to our will) ; Fas est, 596, it is le- 
gally permitted: Licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod 






292 637. Ligare. 639. Ligo. 

more majorum institutisque conceditur. Cic. Clodium nihil 
delectabat, quod aut per naturam fas esset, aut per leges 
liceret. Id. Libet, it is the pleasure, used of things to do 
which we feel inclination : Non lubet mihi deplorare vitam. 
Cic, I do not like, do not wish to, &c. 

637. Ligare, Viere, Vincire, Nectere, Nexare ; Nex- 
us, Nexum, Mancipium. Ligare, binding, winding a band 
round that which may be separated, that it may not separate, 
e. g. vulnera, bandaging; vitta ligare crines ; Viere, 
tying tightly, lashing fast : Serunda vimina, ut habeas, unde 
viendo quid facias, ut sirpeas, crates. Varr. Vincire y 
binding, fettering, keeping firm that which resists : Catenis 
vinctum trahere. Cses. Nect ere, knotting, entwining flex- 
ible bodies, and stringing them to one another : fores, coro- 
nam : Deducit aranea filum, quum leve nect it opus. Ovid. 
Nexare, the same, with increased force of expression, 
expressing greater exertion : Serpentem retentat nexan- 
tem nodis, seque in sua membra plicantem. Virg. — Nex- 
us, us, the rightful, legal junction, and Nexum, a pos- 
session, to which, by contract, we have a right, without being 
able to consider it as our property, e. g. a mortgage, pledge ; 
hence the legal obligation of the seller to furnish guaranty ; 
Mancipium, the solemn buying in presence of five wit- 
nesses, and the right of property thus obtained ; a possession 
with perfect right of ownership, fee simple : Attici proprium 
te esse scribis mancipio et nexo, meum autem usu et 
fructu. Cic. 

638. Lignum, Materia, Sarmentum. Lignum, wood, 
according to its nature, the substance, the firm, inanimate 
body called wood : Olim truncus eram, inutile lignum. Hor. 
Materia, wood, as useful substance, and also as fresh, green 
wood: Omnis materia et culta et silvestr is partim ad cale- 
faciendum, partim ad cedificandum. Cic. Sarmentum, 
brushwood, copse : Galli sar mentis virgultisque fossas 
Romanorwn complent. Caes., with stiff branches and thin 
switches. 

639. Ligo, Marra, Rastrum, Bidens, Sarculttm, Pas- 
tinum. Ligo, a long hoe with a curved iron, widening 
toward the edge: Longis purgare ligonibus arva. Ovid, 
Marra, a hoe used for hoeing the vineyard or other fields, 
with a curved iron, ending in a point of a triangle; Ras* 
trum,n mattock with one or several teeth, to sever the glebes, 
or similar work; hence, also, Bidens (the double-tooth) 



640. Limbus. 642. Liquor. 293 

and Sarculum, inasmuch as it is used for breaking the 
ground and weeding : Rastri, quibus dentatis eradunt ter- 
rain atque eruunt. Varr. Rastri quadridentes. Cato. Sine 
hove montance gentes sarculis arant. Plin. P astinum, 
vineyard hoe, with two teeth, distinguished by longer and 
stronger teeth, used by the vigneroles : Pastinum vacant 
ferramentum bifurcum, quo semina panguntur ; unde repasti- 
nari dictce vince, qua refodiebantur. Colum. 

640. Limbus, Fimbria, Lnstita. Limbus, a. stripe woven 
in, around the bottom of a dress ; Fimbria, the fibred seam, 
fringes ; Ins tit a, the full trimming, the flounce sewn on 
women's gowns: Indutus chlamydem Tyriam, quam limbus 
obibat aureus. Ovid. Mappa laticlavia, fimbriis, June 
atque illinc pendentibus. Petron. Qucequa tegis medios, in- 
stita longa, pedes. Ovid. 

641. Linquere, Re — Derelinquere, Deserere, De- 
stituere, Deesse, Prodere. Linquere, leaving: Mari- 
us, linquens earn terram, quam servaveraU Cic. Relin- 
quere, leaving behind, leaving (by testament), leaving (a 
rest of the whole) : testamento heredem. Cic. Multis non 
modo granum nullum, sed ne palai quidem ex annuo labore 
relinquebantur. Id. Derelinquere, going away from 
something and leaving it behind, without taking further notice 
of it, neglecting, disregarding it; Deserere, separating one's 
self from something, which precedes the action of abandon- 
ing : Omnes me amici deserunt. Ter. Accidit, ut per- 
multi aratores agros fertiles desererent totasque arationes 
derelinquerent. Cic, deserting. Destituere, placing 
as destitute, placing bare, i. e. exposed, exposing : Palus 
destitutus est in for o. Gell. Multitudo defensor es suos 
in prcecipitem locum favore tollit, deinde in ipso discrimine 
periculi destituit. Liv. Deesse alicui, 3, not existing 
for some one, i. e. denying one's services to one : Vitupera- 
bor, quod rei publicce defuerim tarn gravi tempore. Cic. 
Prodere (giving forth), giving up, giving up to danger, 
betraying : conscios facinoris. Cic. 

642. LiquoR, Latex, Succus ; Liquidus, Limpidus, Pu- 
rus ; Liquet, Constat, Stat. Liquor, a liquid: Abun- 
dabat fluidus liquor. Virg. Latex {luxa$), that which 
makes wet (the wet, if we could say so) : Latices manare 
perennes. Lucret. Liber liquor is vitigeni laticem mor- 
talibus instituit. Id. Su ecus, also Siccus, juice, the liquid 
in the animal body which promotes its strength and growth : 

25* 



294 643. Litercs. 645. Locare. 

Amisimus omnem sue cum ac sanguinem. Cic. — Liquidus^ 
liquid, undisturbed, pure or clear : Ignis liquidum facit ces 
aurumque resolvit. Lucret. Vox liquid a. Hor., clear and 
soft, without impure and hard tones. Limpidus (lympha), 
limpid, clear and transparent, indicates a higher degree of 
clearness, also of liquids : Limus quum habuerit quo subsidat^ 
limpidior aqua jiet. Vitruv. Purus, pure, without for- 
eign addition, spotless, unsoiled : Puree rivus aqua. Hor. 
Pur a mente atque Integra, nullo scelere imbutus. Cic. — 
Liquet, it is clear ; of things which one understands at once : 
Id, de quo Panatio non liquet, reliquis solis luce videtur 
clarius. Cic. Constat, it is settled, as result of several 
trials or experiments, or according to the equal opinion of the 
experienced: Perspicuum est const at que inter omnes, esse 
deos. Cic. Milii quidem constat, nee meam contumeliam, nee 
meorum ferre. Id., I am settled in my mind, I am resolved. 
Stat, it is firmly resolved, it is the firm purpose : Stat sen- 
tentia. Ter. 

643. Liters, Humanitas, Literatura, Eruditio. Li- 
ter a, 394, the learned, scientific cultivation, as result of 
learned study; Humanitas, the more delicate cultivation, 
which is the result of familiar knowledge of the poets, orators, 
and historians, and the effect of which is taste and cultivated 
sentiment : Communium liter arum et politioris humanita- 
tis expers. Cic. Literatura, elementary knowledge, the 
first instruction in language: Prima ilia literatura, per 
quam pueris elementa traduntur. Senec. Eruditio, 367, 
learnedness, as comprehensive, extensive science : Praclara 
eruditione atque do ctrina instructus. Cic. 

644. Litus, Ora, Acta, Ripa. Lit us, the shore or 
bank, inasmuch as it protects the firm land against the inroads 
of the water, the seashore : Timebam Oceanum, timebam 
litus insula (Britannia). Cic, and the banks of a river: 
Hostias constituit in litore,ut qui trans jlumen essent, vi- 
dere possent. Id. Ora, the seashore, considered from the 
land, as the rim and border to which it extends : Tribuni 
dextrorsus maritimam or am atque Antium pergunt. Liv. 
Acta (axxri), a littoral country extending into the sea, which 
affords a distant view and charming residence, as near Syra- 
cuse, a foreland ; Ripa, the shore, as a rim, border, or edge, 
limiting, elevated and extending longitudinally, as along rivers 
and brooks : Magni Jluminis ripa. Cic. 

645. Locare, Elocare, Conducere. Locare, properly. 



646. Loculi. 648. Longus. 295 

placing a thing at a certain spot ; letting a thing, farming it 
out ; Elocare, letting out a farm, so that the farmer has the 
thing for entire free use, e. g. fundum : Locus est, ubi loca- 
tum quid est. Varr. Virginem locare cuiquam. Plaut. Ver- 
ves majore pecunia quatuor columnas dealbandas, quam Me 
omnes cediftcandas locavit. Cic. Conducere, hiring, farm- 
ing, undertaking to restore something for a price agreed upon, 
by contract: Coelius conduxit in Palatio, non magno, do- 
mum. Cic. Redemtor columnam Mam de Torquato con- 
dux er at faciendam. Id. 

646. Loculi, Marsupium, Crumena, Pera, Mantica. 
Loculi, a little chest for money and ornaments, with divi- 
sions inside: Gemma, loculis quce custoditur eburnis.Jn- 
venal. Marsupium, a leathern money-bag, to put like a 
girdle round the loins ; otherwise, Zona, Cingulum, 202 : 11- 
1(2 piscince potius marsupium domini exinaniunt, quam 
implent. Varr. Zona se aureorum plena circumdedit. Suet. 
Crumena and Crumina, a purse for common expenses, 
worn round the neck: Homo cruminam sibi de collo de- 
traliit, minas viginti mihi dot. Plaut. P era, a leathern 
travelling-bag, which hung down from the shoulders to the 
thighs, or was carried on the neck ; Mantica, a saddle-bag, 
portmanteau: Mantica cui lumbos oner e ulcer et. Hor. 

647. Locus, Loci, Loca; Ordo. Locus, the place, 
which contains something, or where something is placed ; 
plural, Loci, certain places; Loca, place in general, coun- 
tries, regions : Cenomani, ubi nunc Brixia ac Verona urbes 
sunt {locos tenuere Libui) considunt. Liv. Iter per agros 
et loca sola faciebat. Cic. — Locus, the place, standing, 
rank, class, to which one belongs, or which one occupies : 
Summo, haud obscuro, infimo loco natus. Cic. Ordo, or- 
der, a well arranged line according to certain relations ; 
hence, a class of citizens in a state, as in Rome the three 
estates or orders, Ordo senatorius, equester, plebeius. The 
ordo in which a citizen had his place gave him his rank, 
locus: Princeps legationis adeptus est or din em senato- 
rium. Cic. 

648. Longus, Longinquus ; Longe, Procul, Eminus. 
Longus, long, in space and time, e. g. navis, iter, epistola, 
nox ; Longinquus (for longlcus V, 2.), stretching far out 
in length, far distant, and wearisome : Ea, quce in longin- 
quis nationibus geruntur, ignoratis. Cic, remote. Lon- 
gin quam oppugnationem sustinere non posse. Cses. — Lon- 



296 649. Lorica. 651. Luctari. 

ge, long, far, designates the proportion to other shorter ex- 
tents : Domus a foro longe abest. Cic. Procul (pro- 
oculus), distant, the line from the beginning of the line of 
vision to its termination : Perseus in conspectu patris procul 
constitit. Liv. Eminus (mince, see 230.), from a distance, 
the aim or distance of shooting: Utrimque eminus fundis, 
sagittis, reliquisque telis pugnctbatur. Cses. 

649. Lorica, Thorax. Lorica, a cuirass, reaching 
down to the girdle : L o r i c a, quod e lor is de corio crudo 
pectorialia faciebant ; postea ex annulis ferream tunicam. 
Varr., also a bulwark of besieged soldiers : Turres contabu- 
lantur, pinna lorica que ex cratibus attexuntur. Cses. T h o- 
rax, every covering of the breast, especially the plate of 
bronze, which the soldiers wore on the breast, to do the ser- 
vice of a cuirass: Hasta volans thoraca simul cum pectore 
rumpit. Virg. 

650. Lucrum, Qujestus, Commodum, Compendium, Emo- 
lumentum (Emolimentum). Lucrum, the gain, that which 
we obtain by attentive management of favorable opportuni- 
ties, good luck, chances, and savings : Quern sors dierum 
cunque dabit, lucro appone. Hor. Quastus, the gain or 
profit which we have sought for, i. e. meant to make, wages, 
&c, e. g. mercenariorum : In mercatu ludorum alii emendi 
aut vendendi quastu et lucro ducuntur. Cic. Commo- 
dum, 149, the advantage, which one has above others, e. g. 
in an office: Tribunatus commoda, demto labor e militia, 
contemsisti. Cic. Si quid factum dicetur alicujus retinendi, 
augendi, adipiscendive commodi causa. Id. Compendi- 
um, profit, the saving produced by careful management, opp. 
dispendium, loss in weight, loss : Cui homini dii propitii 
sunt, aliquid objiciunt lucri: nam ego hodie compendi 
feci binos panes in dies. Plaut. Emolumentum (molere), 
the advantage, use which we make of a thing in using it : 
Nusquamnec opera sine emolumento, nee emolumentum 
ferme sine impensa of era est. Liv, Emolimentum (mo- 
liri), is something that is connected with much labor and ex- 
ertion, the trouble, difficulty : Neque se exercitum sine magno 
commeatu atque emolimento in unum locum contrahere 
posse. Cses. 

651. Luctari, Contendere. Luctari, ringing with an- 
other, striving to throw another to the ground by clasping the 
arms around him, despite of his resistance : Nondum satis 
virium habes ut ego tecum luctari et congredi debeam. Cic, 



652. Ludere. 654. Lumen. 297 

hence endeavouring to overcome difficulties with great exer- 
tion, struggling against, with : Non luctabor tecum amplius. 
Id. Contendere, 269, endeavouring, measuring one's self 
with another in a struggle : Prcelio equestri inter duas acies 
contendebatur. Cses. Contra vim gravitatemque morbi 
contendit. Cic. 

652. Ludere, Illudere, Ludificari. Ludere, playing: 
par impar. Hor., making game, fun of another : aliquem 
dolis. Ter. Illudere, making play, game of another, and 
making him the subject of one's wanton sport, inasmuch as 
he is the object of the game or sport: Certant illudere 
capto. Virg. Ego te pro istis dictis etfactis ulciscar probe, 
ne impune nos ill-user is. Ter. Ludificare, making 
another the game ; Ludificari, misleading another as to 
myself, if, by cunning, I deceive him as to myself, and thus 
frustrate his intentions or plans : Jugurtha belli modo, modo 
pads mora consulemludif i cab at. Sail., mystifying. Tac- 
farinas irritum fessumque Romanum impune lud ifi cab a- 
tur. Tac. 

653. Luere, Pcenas dare. Luere, washing off the guilt 
of an offence by suffering punishment, suffering for an offence ; 
Pcenas dare, undergoing punishment, as criminal, inas- 
much as the aggrieved individual thus obtains revenge (as if 
we were to say, affording punishment, granting to the other 
his revenge) : Quod piaculum commiserunt, suo sanguine et 
publica clade luunt. Liv. In facinore deprehensus, pcenas 
legibus et judicio dedit. Cic. 

654. Lumen, Lux, Jubar. Lumen, light, as illuminating 
substance, substance of light, as it appears in bodies which 
shed light; Lux, light, as contradistinguished from darkness, 
lightness (if we might say so ; what in German is expressed 
by Helle), the mass of light which emanates from an efful- 
gent body, by which the surrounding objects become visible ; 
hence, daylight: Solis lumine luna collustrari putatur. 
Cic. Nicias pictor lumen et umbras custodivit, ut emine- 
rent e tabulis picturce. Plin. Obscuratur et offunditur luce 
solis lumen lucerna. Cic. Lima lucet luce aliena. Id., 
hence great men and important cities are called Lumina, 
as beaming lights; Luces, inasmuch as they give comfort, 
protection, salvation, similar to joyful and vivifying light of 
the day :• Corinthus, totius Grcecice lumen. Cic. Roma, 
lux orbis terrarum atque arx omnium gentium. Id. Jubar 
(from juba, properly, the morning star), the effulgent bright- 



298 655. Luridus. 658. Mactare. 

ness of the heavenly bodies, poetical : Nitidum juhar extu- 
lit undis Lucifer. Ovid. 

655. Luridus, Lividus, Pallidus. Luridus (lorum), 
pale, like death ; used of the highest degree of paleness 
(properly, like uncurried leather) : Fugit juventas et color 
reliquit ossa pelle amicta lurid a. Hor. Lividus, 579, 
lead-color; hence, jealous: Livid a gestat armis brachia. 
Hor. Pallidus, pale, pallid: Membra sunt cera palli- 
diora nova. Ovid. 

656. Luxus, Luxuria. Luxus (luere, luxum, solving), 
dissipation, immoderate waste in furniture, dress, food, as the 
state of the individual; Luxuria, Luxuries, disposition to 
splendor and delicate sensual enjoyments, voluptuousness, 
dissipation, as the quality of the individual : Domus regali 
splendida luxu instruitur. Virg. Luxu atque desidia ci- 
vitas corrupta est. Sail. Turpe est diffluere luxuria et 
delicate ac molliter vivere. Cic. 

657. Lyra, Cithara, Barbitos. Lyra, the lyre, made 
of a turtle-shell covered with leather, and two arms attached 
to this body, and united by a yoke or saddle, so that its seven 
chords, as those of a harp, were played with the hand : At 
tu, inventor curves jidis, septena putaris, Pleiadum numerum, 
fila dedisse lyra, Ovid., i. e. Mercurius. Cithara, orig- 
inally likewise a turtle-shell covered over with a skin (hence, 
also, Testudo, Chelys), on which there were four chords strung 
over a bridge ; their tone was modified with the left hand, 
while the right hand played the tune, as we do with the guitar. 
Barbitos, the lute, differing from the cithara in its deeper 
tone and more numerous strings ; originally it had but three. 



M. 

658. Mactare, Immolare ; Macte, Euge. Mactare 
(mactus), magnifying a deity by a sacrifice of animals, cele- 
brating, glorifying it: Puerorum extis deos manes mactare 
soles. Cic; hence, Ferunt laudibus, m act ant honoribus. 
Id., and making of something a sacrifice of blood and atone- 
ment, slaughtering : M act ant lectas de more bidentes Ce* 
reri patrique Lyao. Virg. Perjidos et ruptores pads ultioni 
et glorice mactandos. Tac. Immolare, strewing the 
meal of sacrifice on the head of the doomed animal, and thus 



659. Magis. 660. Magnus. 299 

consecrating it to a deity, after which it was slaughtered ; 
the sacred meal (mola salsa) , consisting of far, a sort of 
wheat, and salt, was prepared by the priestesses of Vesta ; 
hence, sacrifices in general, e. g. hostias : Immanis ac lar- 
bara consuetudo hominum immolandorum. Cic. — Ma cte 
(Vocative of mdgere, mactum, inus.), be praised as happy ! 
(be blessed !) an exclamation directed to the deity during 
sacrifices, and a formula of well-wishing in praising a person : 
Jupiter, macte fercto esto ! Cato. Made virtute ! Cic. 
Macti virtute, milites, este ! Liv. Euge! exclamation of 
joy : Euge, jam lepidus vocor. Ter. [Macte, the same root 
with magan, old high German, making more, great.] 

659. Magis, Plus, Amplius ; Maximi ^stimake, Plu- 
rimi ^stimare, facere. Magis, obsolete Mage (ma- 
gere, 658.), more, of intensity, and in the sense of strength- 
ening the meaning, stands with reference to qualities and 
conditions; Plus, more, according to measure, is used of 
quantitative magnitudes, in reference to plurality, mass, in 
short, every thing which can be measured or increased, where 
in the positive multum would be used ; Amplius, more, still 
more, according to space and time, of extensive magnitudes, 
refers to circumference, extension, and duration : Nil videtur 
mundius, nee magis compositum quicquam, nee magis ele- 
gans. Ter. Romce plus triduo fait. Cic. Virtus plus 
proficit ad misericordiam commovendam. Id. Amplius 
sunt sex menses. Id. — Maximi cestimare, esteem the 
highest, very highly, designates the value of itself, incapable 
of still greater increase; Plurimi cestimare, facere, 
esteem the highest, designating the preference of the esteemed 
subject before others : Est hominis magni atque sapientis, 
maximi cestimare conscientiam mentis suai. Cic. He- 
phcestionem unum Alexander plurimi fecer at. Nep. 

660. Magnus, Ingens, Grandis, Amplus, Procerus, 
Vastus, Enormis ; Major, Major natu, Grandis natu ; 
Magnitudo, Amplitudo, Majestas, Magnificentia. Mag- 
nus (magere, 658., XI, 1.), large, great, in general, with 
reference to extension and power, e. g. acervus, ingenium ; 
Ingens (going beyond all of the same gens, that is, of the 
same kind), uncommonly, very, exceedingly large : De ge- 
nere omni maxuma qua vidit quisque, hcec ingentia fingit. 
Lucret. Ingenium ingens. Hor. Grandis, large, ac- 
cording to growth or cubic capacity, that is, bulk : Grandia 
mandavimus hordea sulcis. Virg., large grains. Grandem 



300 661. Malus. 

orationem pro longa dicimus. Cic. Amp lus, wide, spacious, 
large, according to external circumference and capaciousness 
within, e. g. domus ; theatrum magnitudine amplissimum. 
Cic. In amplissima civitate, amplissimo loco natus. 
Id. Procerus, 64, tall, large, as to height, and slender, 
very high, very tall, e. g. alnus, populus ; Vastus, im- 
mensely large, used of largeness which creates fear, horror, 
unpleasant feeling : Belua vast a et immanis. Cic. Vastus 
homo atque fcedus. Id., colossal, clumsily shapen. In vultu 
motuque corporis vastus atque agrestis. Id., clumsy, clown- 
ish. Enormis, irregular, beyond measure large, huge ; 
met with only in later writers, e. g. hasta : Statura fuit emi- 
nenti, corpore en or mi. Suet., i. e. quod justam staturam 
excederet. — Major, the eldest of sons and brothers, in con- 
tradistinction to the later born, e. g. Balbus minor, major. 
Cic. Major natu, he who stands in higher years, older: 
Aliquot annis major natu; Ennius fuit major natu, 
quam Plautus et Ncevius. Cic. Grandis natu, old, of 
advanced age: Grandes natu matres. Cic. — Magni- 
iudo, the magnitude, that is, extent or extension of whatever 
the subject may be, e. g. mundi, airis alieni, animi. Am- 
plitude o, imposing magnitude, by its circumference (vast- 
ness) or elevation (height): Egregia corporis amplitudo 
et species. Suet. Amplitudo est potentice, aut majestatis, 
aut aliquarum copiarum magna abundantia. Cic. Majes- 
tas, elevation, greatness of elevated, dignified subjects, sub- 
jects worthy of our fullest consideration : Majestas est am- 
plitudo ac dignitas civitatis. Cic. Ea amplitudo Jovis 
templi, qua ipsius etiam loci maj estate esset digna. Liv. 
Magnificentia, the greatness and elevation of character 
in our mode of thinking, acting, and arrangements : verborum, 
cedium regiarum, epularum : Magn ifi centia est rerum 
magnarum et excelsarum cum animi ampla quadam et splen- 
dida propositione agitatio atque administratio. Cic. 

661. Malus, Malignus, Malitiosus, Improbus, Pra- 
vus, Nequam ; Malum, Calamitas, Infortunium, Miseria. 
Malus, bad, wicked, physically and morally, e. g. vinum, 
animus, consuetudo ; Malignus, malign, ill-disposed, unfa- 
vorable, grudging, opp. benignus, e. g. oculi, suspicio : Mill- 
turn ira ex malignitate prcedce partitce. Liv. Maliti- 
osus, malicious, disposed to hurt in a crafty manner, taking 
satisfaction in thus hurting : Ma litiosa juris inter pretatio. 
Cic. Improbus, that which does not hold the proof, test, 



662. Mandare. 301 

e. g. merces ; in general that which, according to universal 
opinion, cannot be approved, unjust, flagitious, criminal : Im- 
proborum facta insequitur accusator, turn judex. Cic. 
Minister improbissimce crudelitatis. Id. Pravus, that 
which is mis-bent, crippled, e. g. membrum ; Jumenta prava 
atque deformia. Cass., deviating irregularly from the rule, 
bad as to form: Interest inter rectum et pravum. Cic. 
Prava adolescentium consilia. Cses. Catilina fuit ingenio 
malo pravoque. Sail., of innate vicious character, to which 
he remained faithful in his mode of action. Pravus signi- 
fies what we express in many cases by vicious, when it does 
not designate full of vice, but a high degree of deviation from 
the norma, evil Nequam, one who is fit for nothing, a 
good-for-nothing, opp. frugi, 474. Nequam non malum 
significat, sed inutilem. Vel. Long. — Malum, evil of every 
kind, inasmuch as it is felt or inflicted, evil, misfortune ; Ca- 
I ami t as, 296, properly, injury done by season or weather, 
a misfortune connected with great injury and loss, a calamity : 
Locus ex calamitate populi Romani et internecione exer- 
citus nomen capit. Cass. Infortunium, the misfortune in- 
flicted by fate, hence unavoidable : Ni paret patri films, 
habiturus est infortunium. Liv. Miseria, misery, 
affliction, the effect of great and enduring evil, which makes 
us feel unhappy: In miseria esse. Cic, but in malis 
esse, is being in misfortune, e. g. in poverty, disease, perse- 
cution, &c, by which the miseria is caused. 

662. Mandare, Jubere, Lmperare, Pr^ecipere. Man- 
dare, 385, giving a charge, a commission with the plainest 
possible words (perhaps just as the Germans have the ein- 
kauen, in this sense, chewing the subject into small particles, 
and thus making it plain) ; ordering, commanding something 
to be done : Ccesar Labieno m and at, Belgas adeat atque in 
officio contineat. Cses. Diem memorize mandare. Cic. Ju- 
bere, ordaining lawfully, in virtue of law, because it is right, 
or because we have a right: Lex jubet ea, quce facienda 
sunt. Cic. Legem populus Romanus jus sit de civ it ate tri- 
buenda. Id. Imper are, ordain from authority, the plenitude 
of power, with supreme power and irresistibly, for absolute 
observance of the order or command : Qui bene imper at, 
paruerit aliquando necesse est. Cic. Quod jussus sum, 
eo tempore atque it a feci, ut appareret, invito imper a turn 
esse. Id. Prcecipere, 553, to prescribe, which one may 
do who has neither power nor the right to do it : lllud 
26 



302 663. Manere. 665. Manus. 

prcecipiendum fuit, ut diligentiam adhiberemus in ami* 
citiis comparandis. Cic. 

663. Manere, Remanere, Commorari, Habitare, Co- 
lere, Incolere ; Permanere, Perseverare, Persistere, 
Perstare. Meniere, remaining, not leaving a place, and 
in general not changing the condition : Manere in patria, 
in officio ; Remanere, remaining behind, if others leave the 
place: Qui per causam valetudinis remanseruni. Cses. 
Commorari, tarrying at a place ; remaining, of longer du- 
ration ; Habitare, dwelling, living at a place, having it for 
permanent residence; Commorandi natura deversorium 
nobis, non habit an di dedit. Cic. Col ere, 30, to inhabit 
a place, inasmuch as we cultivate it, or have our calling there : 
Volcce colunt circa utramque ripam Rhodani. Cses. In- 
col ere, 544, having one's customary residence in a place or 
country, being at home there. — Permanere, remaining 
with something, not changing in the least one's condition for 
a certain period ; Perseverare, persevering in a thing with 
firmness in one's purpose, despite of obstacles, difficulties, and 
external resistance ; continuing in a subject without paying 
attention to disturbances : Athenis jam ille mos a Cecrope 
permansit. Cic. Egregie ad ultimum in audaeter com- 
misso certamine per sever avit. Liv. Insipientis est, in 
errore perseverare. Cic. Persistere, persisting in 
something, in passion, obstinacy (Perseverare, from prin- 
ciple, and with conviction) ; Perstare, standing firm, per- 
severing in something, by no means deviating from it, or giv- 
ing it up ; it is the consequence of persistere : Pertinacissi- 
mus fueris, si in eo perstiteris, ad corpus ea, qua dixi, 
referre. Cic. P erst at in sententia Saturius. Id. 

664. Mantele, Mappa. M ant lie, Mantile, M ante- 
Hum, a cloth of linen, and like fustian, as towel and napkin ; 
Mapp a, the proper napkin, shorter than the mantele, which 
the host furnished ; the mappa was brought by the guest : 
Attulerat mapp am nemo, dum furta timentur : mantile e 
mens a surripit Her mo genes. Martial. 

665. Manus, Palma, Pugnus, Vola ; Manus ferrea, 
Harpago. Manus, the hand, inasmuch as it can grasp 
something with the fingers, and can perform something with 
them; manum, manus conserere, to come to strokes, to 
fight man to man; Palma, the palm, the inner surface of 
the hand, if stretched out; Pugnus, the fist: Zeno quum 
compresserat digitos pugnumque fecerat, dialecticam aiebat, 



666. Mare. 668. Margo. 303 

quum autem diduxerat et manum dilatarat, pal tike illius 
similem eloquentiam esse dicebat. Cic. Vol a, the hollow 
hand, also the hollow, vault of the foot, the bending of the 
sole of the foot. — Manus ferrea, an iron hook fastened to 
a chain; Harp a go, a bar or pole with an iron hook fast- 
ened to a chain ; both used for entering vessels: Ferreis 
manibus injectis naves religaver ant. Cses. Asseres ferreo 
unco prcefixi (harp agones vocant) ex Punicis navibus in- 
jici in Romanas cozpti. Liv. 

666. Mare, Oceanus, Pontus, Pelagus, .ZEquor, Salum, 
Fretum. Mare, the sea, in contradistinction to the conti- 
nent or land, terra; Oceanus, the ocean, which, according 
to the ancients, was a vast stream flowing around the earth ; 
Pontus, the open sea, especially some particular part of the 
sea, or some particular sea, e. g. the Mediterranean ; but by- 
way of excellence, the Black Sea was called Pontus, Pon- 
tus Euxinus : Ecce maris magna claudit nos objice pontus: 
deest jam terra fug ce. Virg. Pelagus (nilayoq), the high 
sea, depth of the sea, contradistinguished to the sea near the 
shore: TJt pelagus tenuere rates, nee jam amplius ulla 
occurrit tellus. Virg. Mquor, the plain of the sea, the 
main: Quid tarn planum videtur, quam mare? e quo etiam 
cequor illud poetce vocant. Cic. Salum, the agitated, heav- 
ing sea: Nee tarn cerumnoso navigavissem salo. Cic. Fre- 
tum, the roaring sea, pressed between two approaching 
coasts, the strait ; poetically, also, for a certain sea : Mstus 
maritimi fret o rum que angustia ortu et obitu lunai commo- 
ventur. Cic. 

667. Margarita, Unio. Margarita, rarer Marga- 
ritum (fxaQyaqlxrig), the pearl in general ; Unio, the single 
pearl, as unique on account of size and beauty : Gignit et 
Oceanus mar gar it a, sed subfusca et liventia. Tac. Vitel- 
lius ex aure matris detr actum union em pigneravit ad itine- 
ris impensas. Suet. 

668. Margo, Ora, Crepido. Margo, the rim, margin, 
which limits something, encloses it, e. g. scuti, libri : Flumen 
per villam fluit mar ginibus lapideis. Varr. Ora, 644, 
the end of a long, thin body, the outermost broad border, 
where a surface ends: Galli or am extremce silvce circumse- 
derant. Liv. Crepido, the rim as elevated, firm border, 
enchasing, as protection ; a wall near a river, high road, a 
high shore : Myoparo usque ad forum, et ad omnes urbis 
(Syracusarum) crepidines accessit. Cic, dams against the 
inroads of the sea. 



304 669. Mater. 671. Mederi. 

669. Mater, Genitrix. Mater, the mother, who has 
given birth to children, young ones; Genitrix, antique 
Genetrix, the genitress, the mother, inasmuch as children 
or a race descend from her : Geminos mater ipsa inter' 
nosse non poterat, qua illos pepererat. Plaut. Mater om- 
nium bonarum rerum est sapientia. Cic. Frugum genitrix. 
Ovid., i. e. Ceres. Magna deicm genetrix. Virg. 

670. Maturus, Tempestivus, Coctus ; Pr^ematurus, 
PrjECOx. Maturus (meter e, properly, fit to be mown), 
ripe, of fruits, which have arrived at perfection: Maturis 
albescit messis aristis. Ovid. Progenies matura militice. 
Liv. Te mp estivus, 257, of fruits, when they have attained 
the proper age, time for maturity, untimely, somewhat like 
seasoned: Tempestivos fructus ex bestiis caper e. Cic. 
Nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam adiit. 
Id. Coctus, cooked, brought to perfect maturity by the 
heat of the sun : Poma matura et cocta decidunt. Cic. — 
Prcematurus, premature, ripe before the proper time, un- 
timely, e. g. fructus cucumeris ; Prematura mors, hiems. 
Prcecox, Prcecbquis, and Prcecbquus, ripening before 
the time, of fruits which attain to maturity earlier than others 
of the same species: Pira prcecocia. Colum. 

671. Mederi, Medicare — ri, Sanare, Curare; Medi- 
cina, Medicamen, Medicamentum, Remedium. Mederi, 
helping the suffering, or subduing the evil from which he 
suffers : Fuerunt, qui morbis, alii, qui vulneribus, alii, qui 
oculis mederentur. Cic. Medicare, strengthening the 
natural vital power by artificial means, adding it as condiment 
to something, dying: Semina medicant serentes et nitro 
prius perfundunt. Virg. Medicare tuos desiste capillos. 
Ovid. Medicari, becoming physician to some one, curing 
by the application of healing means : Non Dardanice medu 
cari cuspidis ictum evaluit. Virg. Sa nare, making sound, 
the effect of mederi and medicari : Phercei Jasonis vomicam 

N sanare medici non potuerunt. Cic. Curare, reestablish- 
ing health by care and attention : Vomitione canes, purgatione 
autem alvos ibes Mgyptia cur ant. Cic. — Me die in a, sc. 
ars, the healing art ; sc. res, the healing means, medicine in 
both its adaptations : An medicina ars non putanda est ? 
Cic. Medicinam adhibere rei publicce. Id. Me die a- 
men, a physic, a poison, as medical substance; Me die a- 
mentum, as medical means: Medicamine tacf.ee defiuxere 
coma. Ovid. Si qui medicamentum cuipiam dederit ad 



672. Medius. 674. Meminisse. 305 

aquam inter cutem. Cic. Remedium, a remedy, a physic 
which is effective against a complaint, cures it : Temporibus 
hibernis ad magnitudinem frigorum sibi remedium com- 
pararat. Cic. 

672. Medius, Dimidius, Dimidiatus, Dividuus ; Medio- 
cris, Modicus. Medius, in the middle, at equal distance 
from both ends of opposite sides or two extremes : Versus 
ceque prima, et media, et extrema pars attenditur. Cic. 
Medium erat in Anco ingenium, et Numa, et Romuli me- 
mor. Liv. Medium, the middle, centre : diei, campi. Di- 
midius, half, the one part of a thing divided in the middle, 
i. e. equally divided : Luna est major, quam dimidia pars 
terra. Cic. Dimidium pecuniae. Id. Dimidiatus, di- 
vided by halves, halved: Dimidium est, quod ex dimidi- 
ato pars altera est. Gell. Exemit ex anno unum dimidia- 
t unique mensem. Cic. Dividuus, divided, separated, of 
a permanent state: Candida dividud colla tegente coma. 
Ovid. — Mediocris, that which holds the mean between 
two extremes, with the idea of the common, vulgar ; not un- 
like our mean. Modicus, that which is within the proper 
measure, just right, moderate : Mea pecunia est ad vulgi 
opinionem mediocris ; ad meam mo die a. Cic. 

673. Membrum, Artus, Articulus. Membrum (mo- 
ver e), the limb, as movable and essential part of the body : 
Membrorum, id est, partium corporis, alia propter eorum 
usum sunt donata, ut manus, crura, pedes, ut ea, qua sunt 
intus in corpore. Cic. A rtu s, the joint, the movable con- 
nexion of the bones in animal bodies: Artus dicti, quod 
membra membris artentur. Fest, hence the larger limbs, as 
limbs united by joints : Ambusti multorum artus vi frigo- 
ris. Tac. Articulus, the joint in the narrowest sense, in 
plants the knot, also the single joint between two of these 
joints: Ipso in articulo, quo jungitur capiti cervix. Liv. 
Hominis digiti articulos liabent ternos, pollex binos. 
Plin. 

674. Meminisse, Reminisci, Recordari. Meminisse, 
remembering, having received something into one's memory, 
and not yet having forgotten it : Meminisse est rem com- 
missam memoria custodire : at contra scire, est et sua fa- 
cere quaque, nee ab exemplar i pendere. Senec. Reminisci, 
calling back into the memory, collecting one's mind, thinking 
of something; Recordari, recalling something in one's 
mind, and meditating upon it: Memini, quid mihi turn 

26* 



306 675. Menda. 677. Mensa. 

suaseris, idque scepe ingemiscens sum recordatus, Cic. 
Quum in loca aliqua post tempus reversi sumus, non ipsa ag- 
noscimus tantum, sed etiam, qua in his fecerimus, reminis- 
cimur. Quinctil. 

675. Menda, Mendum, Vitium. Menda, a blemish, 
spot, which diminishes the proper qualities, e. g. a mole, 
wart, a short limb; Mendum, such a blemish in general, 
something faulty : Rara tamen men do fades caret: occule 
mend as. Ovid. Libri sunt effecti : tantum librariorum 
menda tolluntur. Cic. Vitium, 40, a fault, by which 
something becomes defective, spoiled, a deformity or defect : 
Quod vituperabile est per se ipsum, id eo ipso vitium nomi- 
natum puto. Cic. Nihil est in parietibus aut in tecto vi- 
ta. Id. 

676. Mendacium, Falsum, Fictum, Vanum ; Mendacium 
dicere, Mentiri, Ementiri. Mendacium (mendax, of 
lying disposition), a lie, a false statement, invented with the 
intention to deceive: Improbi hominis est, mendacio f oi- 
ler e. Cic. Falsum, 427, the falsity, that which is false, the 
untruth, if something is not that which it appears to be, or if 
words do not agree with the thing itself: Fama, qua veris 
adder e fa Is a gaudet, et a minimo sua per mendacia cres- 
cit. Ovid. Fictum, that which is fictitious; it maybe in- 
vented also by thoughtlessness, sportiveness, &c. : Fama, tarn 
ficti pravique tenax, quam nuntia veri. Virg. Vanum, 
108, that which is empty, vain, without sterling contents, as 
that which the story-teller, the boastful, &c. say, or he who 
makes empty promises: Mcerenti vana quadam atque in- 
ania, falsa spe inductus, pollicebar. Cic. — Mendacium 
dicere, telling a lie, merely pronouncing it; Mentiri, ly- 
ing, with thoughtfulness : Dixeram seni mendacium et 
de hospite et de auro. Plaut. Erat Epaminondas adeo veri- 
tatis diligens, ut ne joco quidem mentiretur. Nep. — 
Mentiri .rem, lying something, pretending falsely, and giv- 
ing a false appearance to a thing; Ementiri, stronger, 
designates boldly lying, asserting with effrontery something 
radically untrue : Pullarius auspicium mentiri ausus est. 
Liv. Mentiris juvenem tinctis capillis. Martial. Vanitas 
ementienda stirpis. Liv. 

677. Mensa, Abacus. Mensa, table in general: Ciba- 
ria apposita in mens am. Cic. Syracusice mensa. Id., 
richly covered tables. Abacus, a smaller table for making 
calculations, for games, drawing mathematical figures ; espe- 



678. Mensura. 681. Merere. 307 

cially a toilet-table, with costly vases, &c. : Ahacos ornavit 
argento auroque ccelato. Cic. 

678. Mensura, Modus, Modulus. Mensura, the meas- 
ure, as definite proportion of magnitude in a body : Mensu- 
ra roboris ulnas quinque ter implebat. Ovid. Mo dus, the 
measure, by which a magnitude is measured : Modi, quibus 
metiuntur rura. Varr. Modulus, the stick, the rod with 
which we measure : Metiri se quemque suo modulo ac pede 
veram est. Hor. 

679. Mercatura, CoMMEfteroM ; Mercatus, Nundin^e. 
Mercatura, trade, traffic, the exchange of commodities, as 
action of the merchant ; Commercium, the business of the 
merchant, commercial intercourse, the commerce, as the 
great branch of industry: Cives mercaturas faciebant. 
Cic. Mare magnum commercia proJiibebat. Sail. — 
Mercatus, the trading with goods as a state, the public sale, 
a fair ; Nu ndi nee, the market-day : Ubi turn comitia habe- 
bant, ibi nunc jit mercatus. Varr. Cremonce magna pars 
Italice, stato in eosdem dies mercatu, congregata. Tac. 
Minucius f arris pretium in trinis nundinis ad assem re- 
degit. Plin. 

6S0. Merces, Pretium, Stipendium, Salarium, Pensio. 
Merces, Gen. cedis (merx, mercari), the agreed wages for 
services performed, the hire ; in general every compensation, 
reward, recompense for good or bad deeds: Mercede di- 
urna conductus. Hor. Operis mercedem negare. Ovid. 
Pretium, price, as value of a commodity, and as a com- 
pensation in conformity to the value of a thing : Ager magno 
pretio coemtus. Cic. Magni pretium certaminis. Ovid. 
Stipendium, the pay of a soldier, and the military service 
itself: Stipendium militibus numerare ; Milites, qui jam 
stipendiis confectis erant, dimisit. Cic. Sdlarium, a 
pay in kind, originally in salt, later in other articles of food, 
and finally in money : Senatorum nobilissimo cuique, sed a 
re familiari destituto, annua sal aria constituit. Suet. 
Pensio, the payment: Carthaginienses stipendium plu- 
ribus pensionibus in multos annos debebant. Liv. 

681. Merere — ri, Dignum esse, De — Promereri. 
Mir Ire, acquiring, earning something: Nee mininum me- 
ruere [Poetce) decus, ausi celebrare domestica facta. Hor., 
hence merere stipendia, doing military service ; merere 
pedibus, equo, serving on foot, on horse ; Mereri, deserving, 
having a title to reward, or being guilty of something, e. g. 



S08 682. Mergere. 685. Merx. 

laudem, pcenam: Mereri de re publico, ; male mereri de 
aliquo. Dignum esse, being worthy of, having a claim of 
reward on account of and proportionate to certain advantages, 
merits, &c, and being proportionate as reward to these mer- 
its or recompense, &c. : Dignum esse hospitio, honoribus, 
exsilio, odio ; and Qui mozror dignus inveniri in calami- 
tate tanta potest 7 Cic. Demereri, obliging another by our 
merit: Demerendi benejlcio tarn potentem civitatem nun- 
quam par em occasionem dabunt dii. Liv. Promereri, re- 
ceiving as proportionate compensation for services performed : 
Levius reus punitus, quam est promeritus. Cic. 

682. Mergere, Demergere, Urinari. Mergere, dip- 
ping into, placing a body into a liquid ; Demergere, letting 
down something into a depth, making it sink so far that it 
becomes invisible to us (German versenken) : Brachia mer- 
sit in aquas. Ovid. Naves demergere, sinking them. 
Urinari, immerging, remaining for a longer period under 
the water: Si quando nos demersimus, ut qui urinan- 
tur, aut nihil superum, out admodum obscure cernimus. Cic. 

683. Meridies, Medius dies. Meridies, noon, as the 
point and time when the sun stands highest, also the south, as 
region, as in many languages the south is called the noon ; 
Medius dies, mid-day, the middle time of the day: A 
mer i die prope ad solis occasum pugnabatur. Cses. Me dio 
die greges ad vallem perducamus. Colum. 

684. Merum, Vinum, Temetum. Ml rum, the unmixed 
wine, i. e. unmixed with water, entire wine [it is not contra- 
distinguished from adulterated wine, or otherwise mixed wine, 
as our "juice of the grape" is, but only from the mixture of 
wine and water] ; Vinum, wine; Temetum, wirie, as in- 
toxicating liquor: Cras genium mero curabis. Hor. ; more 
commonly merum vinum. Mulieres Romce vino semper, 
quod temetum prisca lingua appellatur, abstinuisse di- 
cunt. Gell. 

685. Merx, Mercimonium, Scruta. Merx, generally m 
the plural Merces, ware, commodity, as the movable sub- 
ject of traffic ; Me rcimonium,&$> good , commodity in gen- 
eral, the object of traffic in general ; Scruta, old, half-broken 
ware, somewhat like our trumpery : Prceco, ad merces tur- 
bam qui cogit emendas. Hor. Nisi mancipio accipio, quid eo 
mihi opus mercimonio? Plaut., of a female slave. Scru- 
ta ut vendat scrutarius laudat, prafractam strigilem, soleam 
dimidiatam. Lucil. 



686. Metiri. 689. Ministrare. 309 

686. Metiri, Metari. Metiri, measuring, e. g. mundi, 
magnitudinem, frumentum ; Metari, determining the extent 
of a measured place by marks of limit, marking off a place, 
e. g. agrum : Expositis copiis Romani castra in proximis 
tumults metantur. Liv. 

687. Metuere, Timere, Vereri, Formidare, Trepi- 
dare, Tremere, Pavere. Metuere, apprehending an evil, 
fearing, designates the apprehension of the calculating and 
cautious; Timere, fearing, designates the fear of the dis- 
pirited and coward (timidus) : Ameinsidias metuunt. Cic. 
Timeo Banaos et dona ferentes. Virg. Vere ri, shunning, 
from fear of evil consequences, from esteem or reverence : 
Ccesar quum ipse abesset, motum Gallia verebaiur. Caes. 
Appium metuebant servi, verebantur liberi. Cic. Fo r- 
midare {formido, a scare-crow, an image of horror), feel- 
ing lasting and violent fear, used of fear which has risen to 
horror, with excited imagination, e. g. alicujus iracundiam. 
Trepidare, showing anxiety, running to and fro, is used 
of all manifestations of sudden fear, anxiety, and appre- 
hension : Quum victi mures artos circum trepidarent 
cavos. Phsedr. Tremere, trembling from fear and fright, 
the effect of the violent passion upon the nervous system : 
Totus tremo horreoque, postquam adspexi hanc. Ter. Pa- 
vere (in German beben), differs from tremere by the slower 
yet greater vacillations in the inner organs, and designates 
the anxiety which causes a higher pulsation of the heart, and 
disturbs the proper functions of the soul : Navem horrisono 
freto noctem paventes timidi adnectunt nautce. Cic. 

688. Migrare, Peregrinari, Proficisci, Iter facere. 
Mi g rare (?neare), emigrating, that is, choosing another 
domicile: Lucumonem consilium migrandi ab Tarquiniis 
cepit. Liv. Peregrinari (being a peregrinus, 32, that 
is), sojourning or travelling without the place or country of 
one's home: Peregrinari in aliena civitate, non in tua 
magistratum gerere videris. Cic. Proficisci, travelling, 
designates the continued progress on one's way ; Iter fa- 
cere, 590, designates only the movement, making way : 
Capua profectus sum Formias. Cic. 

689. Ministrare, Apparere, Servire, De — Inservire ; 
Pr^bere, Suggerere, Suppeditare. Ministrare, af- 
fording to some one the necessary aid in obtaining his object, 
serving some one: Fac ut mini sires mihi, quum mihi 
sacrificem. Plaut. Apparere, waiting upon another, appear- 



310 690. Minuere. 691. Mirari. 

ing before one's superior to await his directions and to exe- 
cute them : Quatuor et viginti Motor es apparere consuli- 
bus. Liv. Servire, serving, doing service; properly, being 
a slave (servus) : Huic domino usque serviamus. Catull. 
Servire tempori,famce, paying great attention to it, shaping 
one's course accordingly. Deservire, designates the ob- 
ject of the serving person, being entirely ready to be at the 
disposition of some one : Officia mea, opera, vigilice deser- 
viunt amicis, prcesto sunt omnibus. Cic. In s ervire, using 
one's service for another, designates the direction of the en- 
deavour: A quo plurimum sperant, ei potissimum ins er vi- 
unt. Cic. — Ministrare, waiting upon with something, 
offering something as servant, assistant : Ganymedes pocula 
ministrans. Cic. Prce b ere, holding forth, out, affording, 
to the satisfaction of the receiver, according to his desire or 
want: Corpora prce b emus plagis. Ovid. Locus lautiaque 
legatis prceberi jussa. Liv. Sugger ere, furnishing, more 
than our suggesting: Flamma virgea suggeritur a'eno. 
Virg. Qui causas docent, argumentorum copiam sugge- 
runt. Cic. Suppeditare (pes), properly, footing firmly ; 
keeping one's stand bravely : Si, omissis his rebus omnibus, 
quibus nos suppeditamus, eget ille (Catilina). Cic, by 
which we can stand Catiline, can brave him ; hence, furnish- 
ing something in sufficient plenty, procuring : luxuries sum- 
tus. Lucret. Suppeditabit nobis Atticus testes. Cic. 

690. Minuere, Tenuare, Rarefacere. Minuere, min- 
ishing, lessening, according to extent, number, or intensity : 
Faces ramaliaque minuit, parvoque admovit a'eno. Ovid. 
Minuere labor em, auctoritatem alicui ; opp. auger e. Te- 
nuare, thinning, i.e. making thin : Assiduo vomer tenua- 
tur ab usu. Ovid. Tenuare iram, weakening, the inner 
power and strength; minuere, lessening the violence, the 
eruptions of rage. Rarefa cere, separating the single par- 
ticles of a thing, which lie close together, rarefying, e. g. 
vapors, air': Sol radiis terram dimovit obortis et rarefe- 
cit. Lucret., making it loose. 

691. Mirari, Ad — Demirari, Suspicere, Stupere. 
Mirari, wondering, being in a state of wonderment, and 
admiring; A d mirari, gazing at something, showing one's 
wonder at something uncommon ; Demirari, occupying 
one's self entirely with a subject of wonder or admiration, and 
remaining thus for a time: Cervus ramosa mirans laudat 
cornua, Phsedr, Admirantur omnia, quce magna et prater 



692. Miser. 694. Moderari. 311 

opinionem suam animadverterunt. Cic. Me, propter quern 
ceteri liberi sunt, tibi liberum non visum, d emir or. Id. 
Suspicere, looking from below up to something great, with 
admiration, esteeming highly, opp. despicere : Eos viros 
suspiciunt, in quibus existimant se excellentes quasdam et 
singulares perspicere virtutes. Cic. St up ere, properly, 
being dull, i. e. being stupefied by sudden fright, wondering, 
so that we have lost our senses for the time : Pavida puella 
stupet. Liv. Hunc versum ita agit Roscius, ut proximos 
adspiciat, admiretur, stupescat. Cic. 

692. Miser, Infelix, Laboriosus ; Misereri, Miserari, 
Miserescere. Miser, one w T ho suffers from an evil so 
much that he creates interest and compassion, wretched (as 
to situation) : Miser is et labor antibus nihil negare possu- 
mus. Cic. Infelix, incapable of production, sterile ; and 
unlucky, one who does not succeed in any thing : Salsa tel- 
lus, frugibus infelix. Virg. Crux infelici et cerumnoso 
parabatur. Cic. Laboriosus, full of toil and misery, 
worried down, plagued (not tormented, for torment may ex- 
cite the energy of resistance) : Magnos ille cruciatus perfe- 
rebat : nee tamen miser esse, quia summum id malum non 
erat,tantummodo laboriosus videbatur. Cic. — Misereri, 
feeling compassion at the misfortune and misery of another ; 
Mis ere t me, I feel the deepest pity, I pity sincerely ; Mi- 
serari, showing one's compassion, deploring, commiserat- 
ing; Miserescere, becoming compassionate, being moved, 
expresses the gradual growth of this state of compassion : 
llli etiam quum misereri mei debent, non desinunt invi- 
dere. Cic, passive: Commune est, ut supplicum mi sere a- 
tur. Id. Tumi sort em miser antur iniquam. Virg. Ar- 
cadii, quaso, miser escite regis. Id. 

693. Missio, Exauctoratio. Missio, the mission, the 
sending away or despatching, discharge of soldiers : honesta 
s. justa, after the lawful time of service, with foot soldiers 
twenty years, with cavalry ten ; causaria, on account of age 
or physical unfitness ; gratiosa, by peculiar favor ; ignomini- 
osa, with disgrace. Exauctoratio, the absolution of a 
soldier from his oath, and his discharge, entire or partial, by 
the authority of the commander : Exercitum purgare mis- 
sionibus turbulentorum hominum. Liv. Delectus omissus 
est; exauctor at i, qui sacramento dixer ant. Id. 

694. Moderari, Regere, Dirigere, Gubernare. Mo- 
derari, moderating, giving the right measure to power, 



312 695. Modificari. 697. Mola. 

violence, rapidity ; Reg ere, righting, giving the right direc- 
tion to some activity, and keeping it therein; Dirigere, 
directing entirely right, e. g. cursum navis, steering directly 
for a point ; res ad rationem civitatis. Cic, hence rectus, 
straight, not crooked, right: Recta perge. Cic, sc. via. 
A recta conscientia non discedere. Id. Directus, placed 
in a straight direction, running, proceeding in it, e. g. acies : 
Ductce et dire eta vice. Cic. Gubernare, properly, guid- 
ing the rudder ; influencing or changing the direction of a 
species of activity, according to circumstances, guiding it : 
Piso naves solvit, moderabaturque cursui, quo propius 
regrederetur. Tac, he sailed slower. Non voluptate, sed 
officio consilia mo der antes; moderari irce. Cic. Se- 
quitur victam, non regit arte, ratem. Ovid. Deus mundi 
modum regit atque tuetur. Cic. Rector et moderator 
mundi. Id., the ruler and guide, who assigns the true course 
to the things, maintains them in it, and who assigns the proper 
sphere to every thing, thus bringing all things into their just 
relation and proportion. Aura dabit cursum: ipse guber- 
nab it (ratem) residens in puppe. Ovid. Fortunce motum 
ratione quadam gubernabimus. Cic. Consilio ac sapi- 
entia r eg ere ac gubernare rem publicam. Id. 

695. Modificari, Temper are. Modificari, measur- 
ing something according to a certain measure, in order to 
bring into harmony with the whole; Temperare, moderat- 
ing, mitigating that which is too large, too much in a thing : 
Pythagoras, quanta longinquitas corporis mensurce pedis 
conveniret, modificatus est. Gell., passive: Membra 
orationis modificata esse debebant. Cic. Solis turn ac- 
cessus modici, turn recessus et frigoris et caloris modum 
temper ant. Cic. Temperare manibus, a lacrimis, ab- 
stain. 

696. Modo, Nuper. Mo do, 379, only, just now, L e. 
past, near or close to the point of (actual or already men- 
tioned) present time; Nuper (novus -per), lately, not dis- 
tant from the present time: Nuper homines nobiles ejus- 
modi; et quid dico nuper 7 immo vero modo, ac plane 
paulo ante vidimus. Cic. 

697. Mola, Pistrinum. Mola, the mill for grinding, 
which in ancient times consisted of a firm cone (meta), and a 
movable funnel (catinus) of lava; Pistrinum, the place 
where the grain was beaten in mortars, but after the inven- 
tion of hand mills, was ground : Plautus ob queer endum victum 



698. Mollis. 701. Mori. 313 

ad circumagendas molas, qua trusatiles appellants, 
operam pistori locavit. Gell. 

698. Mollis, Tener; Effeminatus. Molli s, soft, pli- 
able, that which easily yields to pressure, without breaking or 
cracking: cera caseus : Gallorum mens mollis ac minime 
resistens ad calamitates perferendas. Cses. Tener, tender, 
that which can be easily injured on account of its thin, weak 
component parts: Segetum tener a herba. Virg. Tener a 
cetas. Ovid. Effeminatus, effeminate, having become too 
tender, spoiled, e. g. homo, vox : In actione fugiendum est, 
ne quid effeminatum aut mo lie, et ne quid durum aut 
rusticum sit. Cic. 

699. Momentum, Punctum. Momentum (movere), the 
small particle or division of time within which something 
moves, happens: Horce moment o cita mors venit. Hor. 
Punctum (pungere), point, the smallest particle of time, as 
limit : Puncto temporis eodem mihi reique publicce pernicies 
rogata est. Cic. 

700. Monumentttm, Sepulcrum, Tumulus. Monumen- 
tum, a monument, a tomb, inasmuch as it reminds of a de- 
parted one ; Sepulcrum, a vessel to preserve the ashes and 
tones of the same, a grave : Tumulus, a grave of elevated 
earth, a hill over a grave : Placet mihi eis, qui una pugnan- 
tes occiderunt, monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. Cic. 
Me quoque conde sepulcro. Ovid. 

701. Mori, Exspirare, Ob — Inter — Perire, Occi- 
dere, Cadere, Oppetere, Occumbere ; Mors, Letum, 
Nex ; Mortalis, Letalis, Mortiferus. Mori, dying, 
ceasing to live; Exspi rare, expiring, ceasing to breathe, 
breathing the last : In balneis, fervore atque astu anima in- 
ter clusa, exspirarunt. Liv. Animam exspiravit. Ovid. 
Ob ire, appearing somewhere and at something in order to 
attend to it ; for instance, at a fixed place or time, in conse- 
quence of judgment ; hence, going to attend to the last day 
fixed by fate, — a solemn and mitigating expression ; mortem, 
diem suum: Dionysius ager, ut somno sopitus, diem obiit 
supremum. Nep. Inter ire, ceasing to exist, of entire 
annihilation; Perire, perishing, only of the ceasing of the 
external conditions of existence, e. g. igni, fame, naufragio : 
Vel te interisse, vel perisse prcedicent. Plaut. O c ci- 
der e, visibly falling, perishing before the eyes of others: 
Sunt, qui censeant, una animum et corpus occidere. Cic. 
Eudemus prazlians occidit. Id. Cadere, 150, falling, 

27 



314 702. Mortarium. 705. Mundus. 

only of the wounded: Cadit in prozlio adolescens. Nep. 
Oppetere mortem, meeting death, going to meet it, seek- 
ing it : Ajax millies oppetere mortem, quam ilia perpeti 
maluisset. Cic. Occumbere mortem, morti, and mor- 
t e, succumb to death, sinking into the arms of death : Pro 
patria mortem occumbere. Cic. Cacus, ictus clava, 
morte occubuit. Liv. Other expressions are, Dece de- 
re, Discedere, Excedere, Befungi, Exstingui. — 
Mors (the same root with the German Mord, English mur- 
der), death, as destroyer, the severer of the soul from the 
body : Bissolutione, id est morte, sensus omnis exstinguitur. 
Cic. Letum (de-lere), death, as annihilator: Eodem sibi 
leto, quo ipse interisset, esse pereundum. Cic. Nex, death, 
as murderer, the violent death : Latroni quce potest inferri 
injusta nex? Cic. — Mor talis, mortal, subject to death, 
e. g. animal', Letalis, mortal, so constituted that it causes 
death (German tbdtlich) : Vulnus let ale in pectore accepe* 
rat. Suet. Mortiferus and Mortifer, mortal, so con- 
stituted that it brings death : Accepit Sulla vehemens vulnus 
et mortiferum. Cic. 

702. Mortarium, Pila. Mortarium, the mortar, in 
which something is crushed ; Pila, in which it is pounded. 

703. Mucus, Pituita. Mucus, the thick slime in the 
nose; Pituita and Pituita (with three syllables), the con- 
sistent yet more liquid slime, also in other parts of the body : 
Abest saliva, mucus que et mala pituita nasi. Catull. 

704. Multi, Complures ; Multitudo, Vis, Copia. Mul- 
ti (moles), many, in the sense of accumulation ; Comp lures, 
more than many, several in the sense of multiplication : Non 
fuit orator unus e multi s. Cic. Sunt alii complures, 
qui idem fecerint. Id. Terentius still uses the obsolete com- 
parative meaning. — Multitudo, multitude, as a large num- 
ber ; Vis, as mass, referring to circumference and space 
which it occupies ; Copia, as store and provender for use : 
Nationes numero hominum ac multitudine in nostras pro- 
vincias redundant. Cic. Vim lacrimarum profudi. Id. 
Pabuli copia non suppetebat. Cses. 

705. Mundus, Nitidus, Lautus, Splendidus. Mun- 
dus, 297, cleanly, neat, of surfaces on which no dirt or spot 
can be perceived: Splendet focus et munda supellex. Hor. 
Nitidus, 478, shining, polished, neat, with a pure yet feeble 
reflexion of light, e. g. ebur. Lautus, washed, for which 
lotus is generally used ; neat, exquisite, e. g. supellex : 



706. Munus. 708. Mutare. 315 

Mensa lauta, dapibusque instructa. Martial. L an turn et 
copiosum patrimonium. Cic. Splendidus, splendid, orig- 
inally, shining so that it blinds ; hence, shining, that is, dis- 
tinguishing one's self by magnificence, expense, talent : In 
Curii villa ac domo nihil splendidum, nihil ornatum fuit, 
prceter ipsos. Cic. 

706. Munus, Officiu3i, Munia, Pensum, Ministerial 
Munus, office, as the aggregate of ordained and dutiful per- 
formance of services : Pr&tor urbanos, quod consults abe- 
rant, consular e munus sustinebat. Cic. Officium, the 
obligation imposed upon us by our peculiar relations, and the 
performance of duty : Ab religione officii declinare. Cic. 
Masinissa omnia exsequitur regis officia et munera. Id. 
Munia (only in the Nominat. and Accusat.), the perform- 
ances and affairs which an office, requires, with the idea of 
the laborious, and requiring exertion, by which it differs from 
Munera: Patres arguebat, quod publica munia desere- 
rent. Tac. Pensum, the quantity of wool daily weighed 
out to the female slaves for spinning, the performance as 
task: Ad reliqua progrediar, meque ad meum munus pen- 
sum que revocabo. Cic. Ministerium, the office of a min- 
ister, the performance of service by way of office, or in order 
to aid some one, e. g. scribarum: Verna ministeriis ad 
nutus aptus heriles. Hor. 

707. MUR3IURARE, MuTIRE, MlJSSARE, MlJSSITARE, SlJ- 

surrare. Murmur are, murmuring, of human voices and 
all similar low tones : Fremitus murmur ant is maris. Cic. 
Mutire, Mutt ire {muttering), uttering a weak, inarticu- 
lated, yet immediately again suppressed sound : Etiam mut- 
tis? — Jamtacebo. Plaut. [in German ?nuchsen.] Muss a- 
re, speaking softly, murmuring so low that hardly any one but 
the utterer can hear it: JEtoli id decretum clam muss antes 
carpebant. Liv. Mussitare, murmuring something half 
loud, checking it at the same time: Ego hac mecum mus- 
sito: Bona mea inhiant. Plaut. Sus ur rare, whispering : 
Nutu pars mihi significat ; pars, quid velit, aure s u sur- 
ra t. Ovid. 

708. Mutare, Variare. Mutare, causing that two 
things change for one another, or that the state of a thing 
passes into another, exchanging, altering : Prcedus mutare 
cum mercatoribus vino advecticio. Sail. Mutare testamen- 
turn. Cic. Variare, making varied, varied colored, vary- 
ing : Variabant tempora cani. Ovid. Variari voluptas 
distinguique potest. Cic, varying the pleasures. 



316 709. Mysterium. 713. Nasus. 

709. Mysterium, Arcanum. Mysterium (^vot^qiov), 
a secret, as something sacred, as matter of conscience ; Ar- 
canum, something secret, which nobody else shall know, a 
thing kept secret: Epistolce tantum habent mysteriorum, 
ut eas ne librariis quidem committamus. Cic. Arcanum 
commissum tegere. Hor, 



N. 

710. Nam, Namque, Enim, Etenim. Nam, for, also 
namely, justifies the antecedent assertion by a more definite 
exposition and a statement of its reason or cause; Enim, 
for, stands with emphasis after the word upon which the true 
point of reason rests, of the cause upon which the possibility 
or reality of the antecedent assertion is founded. Such sen- 
tences, which by their contents do not stand in direct connex- 
ion with the antecedent, are joined in the first case by Nam- 
que, in the second by Etenim, 

711. Narrare, Memorare, Commemorare. Narrare, 
narrating, telling, representing an event circumstantially by 
words, in order to inform another of it: Tu isti narra omne 
or dine, ut factum sit. Ter. Mem or are, making something 
by narration memorable to another, that is, so that he may 
remember it: Honoratorum virorum laudes in condone me- 
morentur. Cic. Commemorare, calling back into our 
memory, reminding ourselves or others at the same time ; 
mentioning something boastfully : Quid quoque die egerim, 
commemoro vesperi. Cic. Beneficia non debet commemo- 
rare is, qui contulit. Id. 

712. Nasci, Oriri ; Nativus, Natalis. Nasci, orig- 
inating by procreation, being born, designates the beginning 
of animal existence ; Oriri, properly, rising, of stars ; orig- 
inating, having its origin, designates the ground : Ipsum amare 
a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur. Cic. — Nativus, orig- 
inated by birth and continuing as such : Belucc ad saxa na- 
tivis testis inhcerentes. Cic. Na tivi coloris pannus. Plin., 
not dyed by art. Natalis, standing in connexion with the 
born (natus), according to condition, e. g. dies, solum, birth- 
day, land of birth. 

713. Nasus, Naris. Nasus, nose, as prominent part 
of the face; Naris^ the nostril, and the nose as olfactory 



714. Navicularius. 716. Ne. 317 

organ: Lucilius facetus , emuncia naris. Hor., of sharp and 
fine observation. 

714. Navicularius, Nauarchus, Magister, Gtjberna- 
tor. Navicularius, sc. vir, the ship-owner, he who car- 
ries on shipping as a trade : Nauarchus, the captain of a 
ship ; Magister, the person to whom the superintendence 
of the vessel, procuring of provisions, and freighting were in- 
trusted : Magi strum navis accipere debemus, cui totius 
navis cur a mandata est. Ulpian. Gubernator, he who 
holds the helm, guides the vessel: Gubernator clavum te- 
nens sedet in puppi. Cic. 

715. Navis, Navigium, Alveus, Eatis, Carina, Puppis ; 
Lifter, Scapha, Cyxba ; Celox, Le3ibus. Navis (nare), 
a vessel, as swimming, floating body, generally a larger ves- 
sel, as we use ship for the largest class; Navigium (navi- 
gare), a ship, as provided with oars and sails, a vessel : Quid 
tarn in navigio necessarium, quam later a, quam antenna, 
quam vela, quam mali I Cic. Poetical for the same, Alveus, 
a hollowed trunk, the hold of a vessel : Alveos navium in- 
versos pro tuguriis habuere. Sail. R a t i s, a raft, also a frail 
bark: Navibus ab Hannibale incensis, rates ad trajici- 
endum exercitum in magna inopia material agre comparat. 
Liv. Carina, keel, on which the fabric of the vessel rests : 
Na v i u m longarum carina positai. Liv. P upp i s, poop, 
see Gubernator, 714. — Smaller vessels: Linter, a small 
bark or boat, craft without deck, of boards or a hollow trunk : 
Idflumen Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus transibant. Caes. 
Scapha, a boat, larger than Linter: Funiculus a puppi 
religatus scapham annexam trahebat. Cic. Cymba, a 
small bark: Cymbarum ante oculos multitudo. Cic, fish- 
ing barks. Celox, a small hunting bark, with two or three 
oars only on one side (?) ; L embus, a small, low vessel, 
pointed at the prow, with many oars, for swift sailing, a sort 
of cutter: Apparuit, piraticas celoces et lembos esse. 
Liv. The other specific terms for vessels are Greek. 

716. Xe, Quo minus, Quin ; Ne non, Ut ; Ut ne, Ut 
NON, a. After negative sentences which express a prevent- 
ing, a standing in the way, Ne signifies that not, so that not, 
the intention that the action be entirely omitted ; Quo mi- 
nus, that not, that the action be stopped in its progress ; 
Quin, that not, that the action nevertheless has happened : 
Imperatores erant impediti, ne triumph arent. Sail. 2Etas 
non impedit, quo minus liter arum studia teneamus. Cic. 

27* 



318 717. Nebuh. 719. Negare. 

Hanno prohiberi non poterat, quirt erumperet. Liv. 

b. After the expressions of apprehending, fearing, Ne signi- 
fies that, that it may or might, the expression of a desire of 
avoiding a threatening evil. Ne non, it might, may not, 
lest, the desire not to 'lose an endangered good ; Ut, that not, 
the desire to obtain an endangered good : Verendum est, ne 
brevi tempore fames in urbe sit. Cic. Veremur, ne beatus 
esse non possit. Id. Vereor, ut Dolabella satis nobis pro- 
desse possit. Id. ■ — c. Ne, that not, so that not, is used only 
to designate an object, and in an averting sense ; Ut, that, 
used as well to designate an object, an end, as also a cause 
and effect ; in both cases follows Ne, not, before a single 
part of such a sentence, which is to be taken as negative in 
an averting sense ; non, not, in a negativing sense. Qua 
ne spes eum fallat, vehementer te rogo. Cic. Non peto,ut 
decernatur aliquid novi, sed ut ne quid novi decernatur. Id. 
Opera datur, u t judicia n e Jiant. Id. Veteres milites di- 
mitti placuit, ita ut in singulas Romanas legiones ne plus 
sena millia peditum, treceni equites essent. Liv. Spatium 
relinquatur, ut gemma libera vinculo non urgeatur. Colum. r 
speaking of the engrafted tree. 

717. Nebulo, Vappa, Verbero. Nebulo, he who envel- 
opes in fog, i. e. who carries on his deeds in the dark, a cheat r 
rogue, scoundrel : Nos ab isto neb ul one facetius eludimur, 
quam putamus. Cic. Vapp a, properly turned wine ; a de- 
generate man : Vapp a nomen probrosum etiam, quum de~ 
generaverit animus. Plin. Verbero, one that cannot get 
blows enough, an abusive name applied to slaves. 

718. Necessitas, Necessitudo. Neees sit as, necessity, 
if something cannot be different according to the laws of na- 
ture or urgency of circumstances; Necessitudo, the con- 
dition, the state of coercion, which originates from the neces- 
sity : Tempori cedere, id est, necessitati parere. Cic. Puto 
esse hanc necessitudinem, cui nulla vi resisti potest, quo 
ea secius id, quod facere potest, perjiciat ; quce neque mutari, 
neque leniri potest. Id. Just a causa conjungendce necessi- 
tudinis. Id., the close connexion between relations and 
friends. See 48. 

719. Negare, Abnegare, Denegare, Abnuere, Renu- 
ere, Recusare, Infitiari, Infitias ire, Diffiteri. Ne- 
gare, negativing, 561 ; hence, denying a request : Titus non 
negavit quidquam petentibus. Suet. Abnegare, declin- 
ing, denying briefly ; Denegare, denying a request entirely, 



720. Negotium. 319 

depriving the petitioner of hopes of grant : Rex tibi conjugium 
abnegat. Virg. Datum denegant, quod datum est. Plaut. , 
denying, that is, asserting that it is not so. Expetita collo- 
quia et denegata commemorat. Cses., cf. C. Phil. 11, 8, 19. 
A b nu ere, opp. adnuere, manifesting our disinclination by 
signs, and Renuere, our decided opposition against consent ; 
both refer rather to our disposition and will : Manu abnuit^ 
quidquam in se opis esse. Liv. Quum intelligas, quid quis- 
que concedat, quid abnuat. Cic. Haud equidem abnuo, 
egregium ducem fuisse Alexandrum. Liv. Credere me tamen 
hoc oculo renuente negavi. Ovid., of opposite opinion. 
Nullum convivium renuit. Cic. Recusare, declining 
something expected of us, from counter-reasons (causa), de- 
nying : Timoris causa pro se quisque id munus legationis 
recusabat. Cses. Infitiari (fateri), not confessing the 
truth, denying something by words, in our own interest : 
Multi in tormentis mori maluerunt falsum fatendo, quam 
infitiando dolere. Cic. Infitias ire, intending, desir- 
ing to deny something, not to confess it ; refers to the begin- 
ning of the action: Si infitias ibit, testis mecum est an- 
nulus. Ter., in prose with a negation : Nos plebis commodis 
adversatos esse neque nego, neque infitias eo. Liv., nor 
do I wish to deny. Diffiteri, (mis -confessing, that is,) 
making a false confession, contrary to truth : Pudor obsccenum 
diffiteatur opus. Ovid. 

720. Negotium, Res. Negotium, occupation, opp. 
otium: In otio esse potius, quam in negotio. Ter., the 
occupation or affair as the task for a free activity to obtain an 
object, especially used of an official, professional, and in gen- 
eral of a dutiful business: Negotium magistratibus est 
datum, ut currarent, ut sine vi mihi ccdificare liceret. Cic. 
Res, 190, every subject of which we can rei, that is, every 
thing which can be supposed to exist (reor is connected with 
the German reden, to speak, for speaking and thinking or 
judging coincide originally) ; the thing, as generic term for 
something, the more definite determination of which is to be 
known from its accompaniments, e. g. divina, militaris : Non 
re ductus es, sed opinione. Cic. Rem agere, transacting, 
attending to an affair, which touches the interest of some one ; 
Negotium agere, attending to an affair, business, which 
claims our attention on account of some duty or obligation. 
Res est mihi tecum, I have to do with you, to fight it out 
with you ; Negotium, I have something to settle with you. 



320 721. Nemo. 724. Nomen. 

[The deficiency in the English language, that we have but 
one word, thing, for the German Ding and Sache, renders it 
always difficult for one who has not entered entirely into the 
spirit of Latin to comprehend the whole and full meaning of 
res ; because, though the Latin has, like the English, but one 
word, res signifies infinitely more than the English term 
thing.] 

721. Nemo, Nullus. Nemo, nobody, no one, opp. some- 
body, some one, excludes every person ; Nullus, none, opp. 
one, excludes every individual of a certain kind : Hominem 
n eminent pluris facio. Cic. Elephanto beluarum nulla 
prudentior. Id. 

722. Neque s. Nec, Et non, Ac non. Neque, or Nee, 
and not, connects, with the antecedent, an entire sentence 
taken negatively; Et non, Ac non, and not, connects a 
sentence in which a single notion is contradistinguished to the 
antecedent : Papiriumferunt cibi vinique capacissimum, nec 
cum ullo asperiorem fuisse militiam. Liv. Ea scripsi ad te, 
qua et saluti tuce conducere arbitrarer, et non aliena esse 
ducerem a dignitate. Cic. 

723. Nihil, Nihilum ; Nihilo secius, segnius, minus. 
Nihil, nothing, is the abbreviated Nihilum, a nothing, the 
nothing (if the expression be allowed) : Nihil agis. — Erit 
aliquid, quod aut ex nihilo oriatur, out in nihilum su- 
bito occidat. Cic. — Nihilo secius, differing nothing, just 
so, designates equality of mode of action : Hcec dicta nihilo 
mihi esse videntur secius, quam somnia. Plaut. Nihilo 
segnius, nothing slower, as lively as : Oppidani, insolita re 
perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum par are. Sail. Nihilo 
minus, notwithstanding, nevertheless, refers to equality of 
enduring force or action: Legati projiciscantur : bellum ni- 
hilominus paretur. Cic. 

724. Nomen, Vocabulum, Verbum, Vox; Prjenomen, 
Cognoiyien, Agnomen. Nomen, the name, by which we 
make a subject recognisable and distinguishable from others, 
the name of a person : Rebus novis nova ponenda sunt no- 
mina. Cic. Vocabulum, the appellation of an object 
according to its marks of distinction, which it has in common 
with others of the kind, the generic name or noun : Non idem 
Oppidum et Roma, quum Oppidum sit vocabulum, Roma 
nomen. Varr. Verbum, a word, a whole consisting of 
articulated sounds, which designates something thought, every 
part of speech; otherwise, Verbum designates a verb, a 



725. Non. 726. Notio. 321 

word which is conjugated; Verba, in the plural, designates 
words in connexion, as we use, likewise, words: Verbum 
non amplius addam. Hor. Vox, the voice, the sound, which 
is breathed forth from the mouth ; a word as sound, single 
and in connexion : Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire 
dolorem possis. Hor. Hcec una vox omnium est. Cic. — 
The Koman had generally three names, see 489. No- 
men, the name of the gens, e. g. Cornelius; Prcenomen, 
the individual name, by which the different members of the 
family were distinguished, e. g. Caius, Marcus; Cogno- 
men, the surname, or family name, e. g. Scipio, Lentulus ; 
Agnomen, a surname given for some distinguished action, 
or by adoption, e. g. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, 
Mmilianus, the second agnomen of which came from his 
adopted father, L. JEmilius Paullus. 

725. Non, Ne, Haud. Non, no, not, negation of that 
which is really, contradistinguishes existence from nonexist- 
ence ; Ne, not, that not, for the purpose that not, 716, nega- 
tion of that which is thought, intended, contradistinguishes 
that which ought to be from that which ought not to be ; 
Haud, more correctly Haut, perhaps not, probably not, 
better not, entirely not, is a condition of negation, which 
leaves it to option in which sense it may be taken ; hence its 
ironical use, and before negative compounds, e. g. haud 
ignotce belli artes : Necesse est, id aut esse, aut non esse, 
Cic. Agesilaum, quod met non habebant, cera circumfude' 
runt. Nep., no honey; not meZ nullum. Impius ne audeto 
placare donis tram deorum. Cic. Eo projiciscentem haud 
sane quis facile retraxerit. Id. Tuum esse periclum non 
vis : haud stulte sapis. Ter. 

726. Notio, Notitia, Cognitio, Perceptio. Notio, 
the making one's self acquainted with something ; the com- 
prehending of the marks perceived in an object, into one 
representation in the mind, the notion, e. g. veri et falsi ; 
Notitia, the clear and distinct presentation of a thing, which 
originates out of the notio, the knowledge, e. g. antiquitatis, 
sui corporis ; the acquaintance with a subject. No tio Dei, 
is the notion we form, the idea of God; Notitia Dei, the 
knowledge of God, that which we know of him, to distinguish 
him from other beings. Cognitio, the obtaining knowledge 
of a thing, as art, by which we arrive at a clear and distinct 
notion of a thing, and also the knowledge thus obtained : Tot 
rerum no ti ones non haberemus, nisi animus in rerum 



322 727. Novus. 729. Nubes. 

cognitione viguisset. Cic. Perceptio, the receiving, the 
reception of the distinctions requisite for a clear notion, the 
perceiving as act of the understanding, the conception of an 
idea or a thought: Ars ex multis animi perceptionibus 
constat. Cic. Out of the cognitio and perceptio originates 
the scientia. 

121. Novus, Recens; Novicius, Tiro. Novus, new, 
according to time, that which has begun only a short time ago 
to exist, opp. antiquus : In epistola nihil erat novi. Cic. 
Genus pcence novum decernere. Sail., unheard of. Recens, 
fresh, according to condition, that which retains its perfect 
quality, is unimpaired: In prcelio integri et re cent es fati- 
gatis succedebant. Cses. Recentes injuries. Id., yet fresh 
in memory. Homines recentes, newly (freshly) created; 
n o v i, newly nobilitated : Recentissimce liter ce. Cic, the 
just written ones; novissima, with reference to several 
earlier ones. — Novicius, belonging to new things of a cer- 
tain kind or genus, generally used of slaves : Novicii servi 
emti in magna familia. Varr. Tiro, a young soldier, who 
is now only learning the service, a recruit : Veteribus militi- 
bus tirones immisceantur. Liv. Orator nulla in re tiro 
ac rudis esse debet. Cic, novice [freshman^ in its original 
meaning]. 

728. NuBERE, UXOREM DUCERE, In MATRIMONIUM DUCERE. 

Nub ere, marrying a man ; because the Roman bride, at her 
wedding, covered her face with a flame-colored veil (fiam- 
meum) : Venerem Syriam Adonidi nupsisse proditum est. 
Cic Octavianus Juliam filiam Mar cello n up turn dedit. 
Suet., he married her to him. Uxor em due ere, wedding 
a wife, taking a wife ; used of the husband who, on the day 
of marriage, led his bride to his home: Sextius duxit uxo- 
rem C. Scipionis filiam. Cic; also, Qua ratione inopem 
potius ducebat do mum ? Ter. In matrimonium du- 
cere, taking in matrimony, equally of the man, see 260. 
Dumnbrix' Mduus Or getbrigis filiam in matrimonium 
duxerat. Caes. 

729. Nubes, Nimbus, Nebula- Nubes, cloud, as a 
hiding mass of vapor: Aer concretus in nubes cogitur, hu- 
mor emque colligens terram auget imbribus. Cic Nubes 
pulveris, locustarum. Liv. Nimbus, the thicker, lower, 
dark cloud, bringing storm or rain : Subito coorta tempestas 
tarn denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum ejus concioni 
abstulerit. Liv. Nebula, fog, the thick vapor rising from 



730. Nudare. 733. Nuntius. 323 

the ground : Fluviis ex omnibus et simul ipso, surgere de terra 
nebulas videmus. Lucret. 

730. Nudare, Exuere, Detegere, Retegere, Deve- 
lare, Revelare. Nudare, making naked, uncovering, 
exposing, by taking away the covering, clothes : Hominem in 
medio foro nudari ac deligari jubet. Cic. Nudare gla- 
dium. Exuere, undressing, stripping, taking off the neces- 
sary clothes : tunicam, jugum, mores antiquos ; hostem castris. 
Detegere, taking off, withdrawing the cover which hides 
something from the eyes of others; Retegere, pushing it 
aside, and thus making visible : Detegant conditas insidias. 
Liv. Ret eg it sacros, scisso velamine, vultus. Lucan. De- 
vil are, taking down that which veils ; Revelare, lifting it, 
taking it away, unveiling : Capite involuto atque ibidem re- 
velato. Suet. 

731. Numerare, Recexsere. Numer ar e, counting the 
units contained in a multitude: Per digitos numerare so- 
lemus. Ovid. Quastor pecuniam numeravit a mens a pub- 
lico. Cic, paying. Recensere, examining a number of in- 
dividuals piece by piece, mustering them, e. g. exercitum; also, 
accounting according to the whole series : Equites et pedites 
coacti recensebantur numer usque inibatur. Cses. Tolle 
animos et fortia facta re cense. Ovid. [ Telling and counting 
are ideas so nearly related (because telling is mentioning the 
single facts in their proper order), that the words designating 
these ideas are nearly related in all the original languages ; 
in German, zahlen, counting ; erzdhlen, relating, telling. So 
does our word teller express the counter ; the same we find 
in the two different meanings of our word account.] 

732. .Nummus, Numisma, Moneta. Nummus and Nu- 
mus, a piece of money of a fixed value, for use in traffic : 
Nescis, quo valeat nummus, quern prcebeat usum? Panis 
ematur, olus. Hor. Numisma (votxiotia), the coin, as coined 
and passing money in the abstract : Retulit acceptos, regale 
no mis ma, Philippos. Hor. Moneta, coin, as the coined 
metal, and the place where the metal is coined : Mr a dabant 
olim, melius nunc omen in auro est, victaque concedit prisca 
moneta nova. Ovid. Mdes atque officina Moneta. Liv. 

733. Nuntius, Tabellarius ; Nuntiare, Ixdicere, Pro- 
3IULGARE. Nuntius (jiovus), the news orally delivered, in- 
formation, and the messenger who brings it; Tabellarius, 
the letter-messenger, carrier: Nuntii de Ccesaris victoria 
per dispositos equites sunt allati. Coes. Mercurius, deorum 



324 734. Ob. 735. Obedire. 

nuntius. Hor. Epistolam attulerat Phileros tabellarius. 
Cic. — Nuntiare, communicating news, making known: 
Equites ex statione nuntiant, magna auxilia equitum pedi- 
tumque Uticam venire. Cses., and informing, that is, pronounc- 
ing a command for future observance : Tiberius deligit cen- 
turionem, qui nuntiaret regibus, ne armis disceptarent. 
Tac. In die ere, notifying, declaring, proclaiming some- 
thing fixed for execution at a certain time, so that the persons 
concerned are prepared for it ; ferias, bellum : In diem cer- 
tarn ut ad lucum Ferentince conveniant Latinorum pro ceres, 
indicit. Liv. Pr omul g are, proclaiming, by placarding, 
legem, 629. Pr omul gar i leges dicuntur, quum primum in 
vulgus eduntur. Fest. 



o. 

734. Ob, Per, Propter, De, Causa, Gratia, Ergo. 
Ob, on account of, 85, designates something as the object : 
b rem publicam suscepti labor es. Cic. Per, 570, on ac- 
count of, in the sense of dependence on something : Aliquid 
per avaritiam appetere. Cic, from avarice. Per cetatem 
ad pugnam inutilis. Cses. Per me id fieri licet. Id. 
Propter, 598, on account of, in the sense of lying near, i. e. 
of a cause, motive, reason : Propter f rigor a frumenta in 
agris matura non erant. Cses. Copies propter exiguitatem 
non facile diducebantur ; ob earn causam minus commode 
frumentum supportabatur. Id. De, 1. on account, in consid- 
eration of, respecting something : Mettuntur d e his rebus ad 
Ccesarem legati. Cses. Causa, on account, indicates some- 
thing intentional as the cause of some action : Legatos pads 
petendce causa mittunt. Cses. Gratia, on account of, 
i. e. in favor of, in consideration: JEtatis atque honoris 
gratia ho.c fiet tui. Plaut. E rgo, in fact, 588, on account 
of, in consideration of a fact: (Pausaniam) ejus victoria 
ergo Apollini donum dedisse. 

735. Obedire, Dicto audientem esse, Obtemperare, 
Obsequi, Parere, Morem gerere, Morigerari, Obsecun- 
dare. Obedire (audir.e), listening to some one's counsel 
or will, in order to do what he demands ; lending an ear, e. g. 
legi, imperio : Quibus rex maxime obedit, eos habet inimi- 
cissimos. Nep. [The German for obeying is gehorchen, 



736. Obligare. 737. Obsidere. 325 

which is listening with great attention ; and belonging to, is 
gehoren, to listen to, i. e. obey, over which I have free dis- 
posal.] Dicto audientem esse, 128. Obtemperare, 
shaping one's mode of action so according to the will of an- 
other, that we do not act contrary to it, strictly complying : 
unius hominis voluntati. Caes. Ad verba nobis obediunt 
servi, non ad id, quod ex verbis intelligi possit, obtempe- 
rant. Cic. Obsequi, obeying with self-denial, especially 
the irregular, whimsical, imperious, severe will of another, 
yielding: Mquum est senibus obsequi. Ter. Par ere, be- 
ing ready to obey superior commands, obeying in the con' 
sciousness of necessity : Etiam leges latronum esse dicuntur, 
quibus pare ant, quas observent. Cic. Morem gerere 
manifesting by behaviour that we yield to the wish of another, 
acting according to his wish, or permitting him to act accord 
ing to his desire : Ut homo est, ita morem geras. Nam 
quid tu hie agas, ubi, si quid bene prcecipias, nemo ob tem- 
per etl Ter. Morigerari, proving one's readiness by 
deed, accommodating one's self to another : Si nunc de patris 
jure concessisses paululum atque adolescenti esses mori- 
geratus. Ter. Obsecundare, favoring and seconding 
the intentions and plans of another, from voluntary resolution : 
Pompeii voluntatibus etiam venti temp est atesque obsecun- 
darunt. Cic. Respecting the declared will of another, 
Ob e dire refers to the attentive and willing person ; b- 
temper are, to the punctually willing and ready person; 
Obsequi, to the patient and obliging person; Par ere, to 
the obedient; Morem gerere and Morigerari, to the 
ready person, who is willing to let our will be done. 

736. Obligare, Obstringere, Devincire. Obligare, 
tying up from above, dressing and bandaging, e. g. vulnus ; 
and obliging another : Orfium tua liber alitate tibi- obliges. 
Cic. Obstringere, tying tightly, stringing, pinioning; 
also, obliging much, e. g. laqueo collum ; civitatem jureju- 
rando, legibus : Existimes, quibuscunque qfficiis Atticum o b- 
strinxeris, iisdem me tibi obligatum fore. Cic. De- 
vincire, fettering, so that it cannot be torn, indissolubly : 
Hunc tollant et domi devinciant. Plaut. Sanguinis con- 
junct™ benevolentia devincit homines et caritate. Cic. 

737. Obsidere, Oppugnare; Occupare. Obsidere, be- 
sieging, surrounding with a camp ; Oppugnare, assaulting, 
attempting to conquer by attacks from without : Curio Uticam 
obsidere etv alio circummunire instituit. Cses. Id oppidum 

28 



326 738. Obsonium. 741. Odium. 

oppugnare conoius, propter latitudinem fossce murique al- 
titudinem, paucis defendentibus, expugnare non potuit. Id. 
Obsidio per paucos dies magis, quam oppugnatio fuit, 
dim vulnus ducis curaretur. Id. — Obsidere, keeping 
garrisoned, occupied, holding: Omnes aditus armati ob si- 
deb ant. Cic. Decemviri totam Italiam suis opibus ob si- 
deb unt. Id. Oc cup are, anticipating: Occupat Tullus 
in agrum Sabinum transire. Liv., and in seizing a thing, an- 
ticipating another, taking a place : Tiberius Gracchus regnum 
oc cup are conatus est. Cic. In theatro ejus est locus, quern 
quisque occupavit. Id, 

738. Obsonium, Pulmentum, Pulmentarium, Panis. 
Obsonium (oywviov), 311, culinary articles except bread: 
Themistocli rex Myuntem donarat, ex qua urbe obsonium ha- 
beret. Nep., i. e. fishes. Pulmentum, food prepared to 
be eaten; Pulmentarium, something belonging thereto : 
Quod edebant cum pulte, ab eo Pulmentum. Varr. Mul- 
lum in singula minuas pulmenta necesse est. Hor., in single 
pieces. Tu pulmentaria quaere sudando. Hor. Panis, 
bread, as mass and as body: Fici panis simul et obsonii 
vicem siccatce explent. Plin. Bini panes in dies. Plaut. 

739. Obtutus, Adspectus. Ob tutus, the firm direction 
of the eyes to one point, the fixed look; Adspectus, the 
looking at ; the glance, passing, in order to see what is there : 
Obtutus oculorum in cogitando ; obtutum in aliqua re 
figere. Cic. Natura oculos fecit mobiles, ut adspectum, 
quo vellent, facile converter ent. Id., passive, the look of a 
figure, i. e. that which we see : Britanni horridiore sunt in 
pugna adspectu. Cses. 

740. Occasio, Opportunitas, Ansa. The execution of 
an enterprise and realization of a plan are facilitated by c- 
casio (failing together), coincidence of favorable circum- 
stances, opportunity which offers itself: Ut primum occasio 
data est, rem publicam defendi. Cic. By Opportunitas, 
the convenience of locality, time, and other circumstances : 
Fluminum opportunitates. Cic. By Ansa, 175, the oc- 
casioning, the motive, which we take or receive from some- 
thing for an action : Optandum est, ut quam scepissime peccet 
amicus, quo plures det tamquam ansas ad reprehendendum. 
Cic. 

741. Odium, Simultas, Inimicitije; Odiosus, Invisus, 
Offensus. Odium, hatred, strong dislike against a person 
on account of his' displeasing moral qualities, opp. amor: In 



742. Odor. 327 

odium alicujus adducemur, si quod ejus spurce, superbe, ma- 
litiose factum prof eretur. Cic. Simultas, the reserve be- 
tween two persons who, with the appearance of friendship, dis- 
agree, without being precisely enemies ; also, grudge, deep, 
but secret, hostile disposition : Hi perpetuas controversias inter 
se habebant et de loco summis simultatibus contendebant. 
Cses. Inimicitice, enmity, disposition to injure another, 
from hatred, opp. amicitia: Inimicitia est ira ulciscendi 
tempus observans. Cic. Thus in the singular in this place 
only. Inimicitias per annos multos vobis ipsis graves et 
atroces geritis. — Has uthodiefiniatis simultates (ill-will), 
qucesumus vos universi. Liv. — Odiosus, hated, odious, that 
which is the object of violent dislike: Odiosum genus ho- 
minum, qfficia exprobrantium. Cic. Invisus, that which we 
dislike to see, displeasing: Lepidus adeo est invisus mihi, 
ut nihil non acerbum putem, quod commune cum illo sit. Cic. 
Offensus (offensive), he who has offended against others, 
and is consequently disliked: O invidiosum off en sum que 
paucorum culpa atque indignitate ordinem senatorium ! Cic. 
742. Odor, Nidor, Suffimentum, Fcetor, Odoratus, 
Olfactus ; Odorari, Olfacere, Olere, Fragrare. Odor, 
the scent, which is smelled : Odor teterrimus oris. Cic. ; in 
the plural, Od ores, fine scents, fragrant scents: Incendere 
odores. Id. Nidor, the smoke and smell of roasted, 
burnt, especially fat substances : Recens exstinctum lumen 
acres nidor e offendit nares. Lucret. Suffimentum, 
frankincense, by which pleasing scents are produced : Lau- 
rus suffimentum est cadis hostium et purgatio. Plin. 
Feet or, stench, the smell which creates disgust, e. g. oris. 
Odoratus, the smelling, if we draw the scent of a body in, 
and the organ of smell, the smell : Pomorum jucundus gusta- 
tus et odoratus. Cic. Insecta habent odoratum. Plin. 
Olfactus, the scent by which a body affects the olfactory 
nerves: Ccepe olfactu ipso et delacrimatione oculorum ca-. 
ligini medentur. Plin. Piscibus foramina tantum ad o If a c- 
tus, sine naribus. Id. — Odorari, perceiving something by 
smelling, the short inhalation, in rapid succession, suspecting : 
Odor or, quam sagacissime possum, quid existiment judi- 
ces. Cic. Olfacere, smelling, perceiving a smell: Res 
sensibus percipiuntur ; eas gustamus, olfacimus. Cic. 
Olere, issuing, sending forth a scent: Male olet omne 
ccenum. Cic. Fragrari, exhaling a strong, agreeable scent : 
Redolent que thymo fragr an ti a mella. Virg. 



328 743. Ofendere. 746. Omnis. 

743. Offendere, Violare. Offendere, 577, offend- 
ing, causing, by a wrong or fault, the feeling of unmerited 
injury in another, e.g. contumelid aliquem ; Violare, ill- 
treating, with violence: Justitice partes sunt, non violare 
homines; verecundia, non offendere. Cic. Virtutem sus- 
picione violare. Liv. 

744. Officium, Studium ; Officia, Merita, Beneficia. 
Officium, 706 (properly, the doing toward one, the coming 
forward to one in acting), the return of kindness ; in general, 
every thing to which we feel bound, to correspond to our re- 
lations to another ; Studium, the interest we take in a sub- 
ject, zeal and endeavour of obliging another, and favoring his 
wishes in every manner: Nullum officium referenda gra- 
tia magis necessarium est. Cic. Ccesar facer e pontem insti- 
tuit : magno militum studio paucis diebus opus efficitur, 
Cses. — Officia, kind turns, services ; services from a feel- 
ing of duty, friendship, &c. Merita, services, the value of 
which is acknowledged, acts of importance done for another : 
Magna sunt Lamia in me, non dico officia, sed merit a. 
Cic. Beneficia, benefices, free actions, from pure good- 
will, for the benefit of another : Magno beneficio Lamice 
magnoque merito sum obligatus. Cic. 

745. Omen, Ostentum, Mon strum, Portentum, Pro- 
digium. Omen, 134, an indication, sign, to which we may 
or may not pay attention : Nee omen abnuit JEneas. Virg. 
Express signs, as extraordinary phenomena, are, Ostentum, 
something premonitory, as a hint of the deity : Multa osten- 
tis admonemur. Cic. M on strum, something unnatural, 
exciting horror, indicating evil ; hence, a monster : Polyphe- 
mus, monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen 
ademtum. Virg. Portentum, something exciting fright: 
Horribili visu portent a. Virg. Prbdigium, something 
miraculous and indicating a great event, which may also re- 
fer to happy occurrences: Multa sape prodigia vim, Ce- 
reris numenque declarant. Cic. 

746. Obinis (Unusquisque), Totus, Cunctus, Univer- 
sus. Omnis, everyone; plural, Omnes, all, inasmuch as 
all separate and separately thought as units, taken together, 
form a whole : Non omnem arbor em in omni agro repe- 
rire possis. Cic. ; hence, entire, separately from all others, 
existing for itself: Quod omne est, id non cernitur ex alio 
extrinsecus. Id. Gallia omnis in partes divisa tres. Cses. 
(But Unusquisque, is every one, i. e, each one of a certain 



747. Opinio. 748. Orare. 329 

kind, e. g. unusquisque regum. Cic.) Tbtus, entire in 
respect to its parts, complete : Casar, equitatu pramisso, sub- 
sequebatur omnibus copiis : post eas totius exercitus im- 
pedimenta collocarat. Cses. Cunctus, altogether; plural, 
Cuncti, all taken together; of assembled, actually united, 
or thought as such, opp. sejuncti ; hence, in the singular it is 
only used with collectives : Senatus cunctus consurgit. Cic. 
Datamem unum pluris, quam se omnes fieri videbant aulici: 
quo facto cuncti ad. cum opprimendum consenserunt. Nep. 
Universus (properly, turned toward one), all, without ex- 
ception ; of equal participation in the same subject, opp. sin- 
guli: Hcec loquor de universis ; nihil excipio. Cic. Nee 
pars, nee universi postea tentaverunt tale pugnce genus. 
Liv. 

747. Opinio, Sententia. Op in io, 94, opinion, the judg- 
ment of something according to reasons of probability : Opi- 
nio nib us vulgi rapimur in error em. Cic. Bellovacorum 
clviias maximum habet opinionem virtutis. Cses., he stands 
in the reputation, see Judicium, 93. Sent en tia, the opin- 
ion which we happen to have, our view of the matter, the 
opinion we give upon a subject : Aperte odisse magis ingenui 
est, quam occultare sententiam. Cic. De amicitia tres 
video sententias ferri. Id. 

748. Orare, Verba facere ; Rogare, Qu^so, Obse- 
crare, Obtestari, Supplicare, Precari ; Oratio, Lingua, 
Sermo, Contentio ; Orator, Rhetor. Orare (os), speak- 
ing solemnly, in an oratorical delivery : capitis causam. Cic. 
Verba facere, speaking at large, in detail, on something : 
Verba apud senatum fecit ; docuit, ad se nihil pertinere. 
Cic. — Orare, begging loudly and earnestly: Id parentes 
suos liberi drab ant, ut levaretur cruciatus suus. Cic. Ro- 
gare, 576, begging in asking, leaving the accomplishment 
of our request to the favor of the other, requesting : Te rogo, 
si opus erit, ad Casarem meam causam agas. Cic. ; hence 
only, Rogo atqueoro;rogatoratquete. Id. Qu al- 
so, \ beg, expresses an urgent request, with claims upon the 
kind fulfilment : Has ut hodie, ut in isto templo finiatis si- 
multates, quasumus vos universi. Liv. Obsecrare, beg- 
ging by all that is sacred, conjuring : Obsecravit per fra- 
tris sui cinerem, per nomen propinquitatis. Cic. Or at at que 
ob seer at. Id. Obtestari, begging, conjuring, in calling 
on God as a witness, by every thing that is dear to us : Per 
omnes deos te obtestor; Vos ob seer at obtest atur que 

28* 



330 749. Orbare. 750. Ordo. 

per senectntem ac solitudinem suam. Cic. Supplicare, 
519, begging with bent knees, humbly begging, in the con- 
sciousness of the great power of him to whom we beg, and 
our own great misery : Ut pro sterner ent se et populo Romano 
fracto animo atque humili supplicarent. Cic. Pre ca- 
rt, begging, praying, as we pray to God : Perseum sororem 
dedisse Prusice precanti ac or ant i. Liv. - — Oratio^ 
speech, as gift of speaking, distinction of man : Perce sunt 
rationis et orationis expertes. Cic. L ingu a, the tongue ; 
the language peculiar to an individual or a tribe or nation : 
Lingua Latina locupletior est, quam Grceca. Cic. Sermo, 
the simple, calm language, as that of common life, of daily 
intercourse : Sermo non potest in uno homine esse solo, sed 
ubi o ratio cum altero conjuncta. Varr. Contentio, 62, 
the language of an orator, full of effect : Sermo est oratio 
remissa, et finitima quotidiance locutioni : contentio est 
oratio acris, et, ad confirmandum et ad confutandum accom- 
modate. Ad Herenn. — Orator, the orator, speaker, who 
delivers publicly a speech ; Rhetor, a teacher of rhetoric : 
Quid, si rhetor ille te disertum facere potuisset ? Cic. 

749. Orbare, Privare, Viduare ; Orbus, Pupillus. 
Orb are (the root of this word, orb, is the same with rob) y 
depriving another of his nearest and most natural aids, making 
one lonely and helpless: Orbatus filio, patre, luce, spe 
salutis. Privare, properly, making single, placing out of 
connexion with something; emptying of, depriving of: Pri- 
vare dolor e, vita. Ea philosophia spoliat nos judicio, p ri- 
val approbatione, orb at sensibus. Cic. Vid uare, making 
a widow, lonely and forlorn: Servilia, marito in exsilium 
pulso viduata desolataque. Tac. — Or bus (belongs to or- 
bis), the parentless orphan : Censa sunt civium capita prater 
or bos orbasque. Liv. Pupillus, the orphan under age: 
Pupillus relictus sub tutorum cur a. Senec. 

750. Ordo, Series, Tenor. Or do, the order, the agree- 
ment of the parts of a whole in their local relations according 
to some rule ; hence the whole series arranged according to 
a common rule : Ordo est compositio rerum aptis et accom- 
modatis locis. Cic. Terno consurgunt or dine remi. Virg. 
Series, a row, the sequence of several things of the same 
kind, e. g. laborum : Fatum appello or din em serie mque 
causarum. Cic; or din em, because they take their proper 
place one by another; seriem, because they form a consec- 
utive series, row. Tenor, the equal, even drift, tenor, in 



751. Ornare. 754. Pactum. 331 

which something proceeds consecutively: Interrumpi teno- 
rem rerum, in quibus peragendis continuatio ipsa efficacissi- 
ma esset. Liv. 

751. Ornare, Cohere, Concinnare. Ornare, prop- 
erly, making light, i. e. bright, shining ; ornamenting and 
equipping, furnishing with something, which serves for orna- 
ment, support, or completion : sepulcrum floribus ; rem laudi- 
bus; classem ornare atque armare. Cic. Co mere (coma) 
combing, ornamenting the hair: Secto comentem dente ca- 
pillos. Martial. Concinnare, 245, laying, placing right, 
so that all parts fit properly : Concinnavi tibi munuscu- 
lum. Cic. 

752. Osculum, Basium, Suavitjm. O senium, kiss, in 
general ; derived from the contraction of the mouth (little os 9 
mouth), in kissing: Oscula figere. Virg. Basium, kiss 
of tenderness : Jactat basia tibicen, gratulari fautores pu- 
tat. Phsedr., throwing kisses at one another. Suavium, kiss 
of love, producing sweet sensations : Attica, quoniam hilarula 
est, meis verbis su avium des. Cic. 



p. 

753. Pacare, Pacificare; Pacatus, Placatus. Paca- 
re, reestablishing peace and quiet, bringing, reducing to 
peace : His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata. Cses. P a~ 
cificare, making peace, concluding it; P acificatum 
legati a Volscis venerunt. Liv. — P dcatus, peaceable, 
where no war or civil commotions exist : Eloquentia in p a- 
catis tranquillisque civitatibus prcecipue floruit. Cic. P I a- 
catus, calmed, respecting violent passions: Ilium scepe in- 
censum ira vidi, scepe placatum. Cic. 

754. Pactum, Conventum, Induci^e, Pax, Sponsio, Pac- 
tio, Fcedus. Pactum, that which is settled and mutually 
promised by several persons after previous agreement, to the 
performance of which they bind themselves according to law ; 
the formally concluded contract, which has become legal : 
Pactum est, quod inter aliquos convenit, quod jam ita jus- 
turn putatur, ut jure prcestare dicatur. Cic. Conventum, 
that on which people agree for the present, without having 
settled and fixed it unalterably ; an agreement, an under- 
standing : Fides est dictorum conventorum que constantia 



332 755. Pagus. 756. Palam. 

et Veritas. Cic. Pactum conventum, a stipulation, ac- 
commodation, settlement agreed upon. Inductee (inducere) 
sc. ferice, armistice, when, according to agreement, the open 
war is suspended for a fixed time: In duel a sunt belli fe- 
rice. Varr. Pax, peace, as well the settled agreement 
that henceforth war between the respective parties shall cease, 
as that state of quiet in which we are protected against hos- 
tilities : Consules pacem cum Samnitibus fecerunt. Cic. 
Pace tua dixerim. . Id., with thy permission. Sponsio, the 
wager, a compact, alliance concluded by mutual agreement 
of the commanders of armies, without approbation or confir- 
mation of superior authorities; P actio, the formally con- 
cluded and legal contract, on which litigating parties have 
agreed ; F aid us, a public alliance of two or more nations 
for social purposes, confirmed by the authority of the state 
and people : Consules, quum de j aid ere victor agitaret, ne- 
garunt injussu populi fee dus fieri posse, nee sine fetialibus 
ccerimoniaque alia sollemni. Itaque non f aider e pax Cau- 
dina, sed per sponsionem facta est. Liv. Si res ad p ac- 
tionem non venit, longius bellum puto fore. Cic. 

755. Pagus, Vicus, Plate a. Pagus (pangere), a num- 
ber of dwellings built closely together, a village, borough, 
with their inhabitants; and a number of farmed districts 
contiguous to one another, with villages and towns, a district, 
canton: Pagus agatfestum: pa gum lustrate coloni. Ovid. 
Omnis civitas Helvetia in quatuor pagos divisa est. Cses. 
Vicus, a part, ward of a town, separated by a street from 
the rest: Nullum in urbe vicum esse, in quo Miloni non 
esset conducta domus. Cic, and a village, as smaller commu- 
nity, contradistinguished from pagus : Reliqui omissis p agis 
vicisque in silvas disperguntur. Tac. PI ate a, a wide 
road between two rows of houses, a street: Si te in pi ate a 
offender o, quod dicas, iter hac habui, periisti. Ter. 

756. Palam, Aperte, Publice, Vulgo. Pal am, pub- 
licly, before all the people, so that every one can perceive it, 
opp. clam: Luce, palam in deorum hominumque conspectu 
est occisus. Cic. Aperte, open, openly, known by every 
one, and without reserve or dissimulation, opp. occulte : 
Aperte falsum. Cic. Turn palam pugnare poteratis, 
quum liostem aperte videretis. Id. Publice, under pub- 
lic authority, caused by or with the knowledge of the state 
or some authority, opp. privatim : Navis cedificata est pub- 
lids operis, publice coactis, eique cedificanda publics 



757. Palumbes. 761. Pander e. 333 

senator prarfuit. Cic. Vulgo, general, by every one: Vul- 
go loquebantur , Antonium mansurum esse Casilini. Cic. 

757. Palumbes, Columba. Palumbes, a large species 
of ring-dove, which travels from one country to another, fol- 
lowing the crop; Columb a, the smaller, domesticated one, 
or pigeon. 

758. Palpebr^:, Cilium, Supercilium. Palpebral, 
eyelids ; Cilium, eyelashes ; Supercilium, eyebrows, 
also used for dark graveness, pride, overbearing: Palpe- 
bral sunt tegmenta o culor um, munitaque sunt tamquam vallo 
pilorum. Cic. Ira contractis super ciliis, tristitia deduc- 
tis, hilar it as remissis ostenditur. Quinctil. 

759. Palus, Sudes, Stipes, Sublica, Ridica, Vallus. 
Pal us, the straight, thin pole or post, to hold firm that which 
is tied to it : Servi ad palum alligantur. Cic. Sudes, a 
post to stick in the ground : Ripa erat acutis sudibus prce- 
fixa. Cces. Stipes, a post as thick as a tree, rough, driven 
firmly and deep into the ground: In fossis sudes stipi- 
tesque prceacutos dejigit. Cses. ; hence, stupid, like a stick, 
a stick (in stupidity) : Consul tamquam truncus atque stipes. 
Cic. Sublica (sublevare, making lighter, easing), a prop- 
ping post, which supports a weight, a pile of a bridge : Pons 
sublicius. Liv. Ridica, a stick in the vineyard, split and 
cornered, while the palus is round : Vinea stabilienda melior 
est ridica palo ; pracipua est cuneis fissa olea, quercus et 
suber. Colum. Vallus, the camp or fortification post, with 
branches, 51 : Romanus bifurcos et trium out quatuor ramo- 
rum v alios c&dit. Liv. 

760. Pampl\us, Palmes, Flagellum, Sarmentum. P am- 
pinus, the young sprout of leaves of the vine, the foliage of 
a vine : TJva vestita pampinis. Cic. Palmes, vine, and 
a sprout of a vine : P al mi turn duo genera sunt : alterum, 
quod ex duro provenit, alterum, quod ex anniculo palmite 
procreatur. Colum. Flagellum, the thin, fragile points of 
a vine, the creepers: Vitem vocant minorem flagellum; 
major em, unde uva nascuntur, palmam, Yarr. Sarmentum, 
the part of the vine which bears leaves alone : Vitem ferro 
amputat, ne silvescat sar mentis. Cic. 

761. Pandere, Aperire, Reserare, Recludere, Pate- 
facere. P and ere, opening, by expanding, unfolding, e. g. 
brachia ; Aper ire, opening something covered, hidden, so 
that it may be seen, uncovering, discovering, opp. operire : 
caput involution, ostium, cerarimn, res latentes ; Reserare, 



334 762. Pangere. 765. Parens. 

pulling back the bolt, unbolting : TJrbem alii reserare ju- 
bent et p and ere portas Dardanidis. Virg. Recliidere, 
unlocking, and thus making that which is well kept and pre- 
served accessible, e. g. portas: Ebrietas operta recludit. 
Hor. Pat If a cere, opening wide, leaving ajar : Transfosso 
parieteiter in urbem patefacere. Liv. Viam aperire, 
opening, breaking a way, removing that which impedes; pa- 
tefacere, making it practicable. 

762. Pangere, Figere, Configere, Defigere. Pan- 
gere, packing, inserting firmly, and attaching firmly : Pan- 
gi ramulum placuit. Suet., planting. Figere, fixing, affix- 
ing, attaching: mucrones in hoste. Cic. Clavum pangere, 
beating firmly in ; figere, beating in, so that it remains in; 
Legem, tabulam figere. Cic, fixing it to something, like a 
handbill, placarding. C onfig ere, piercing : capras sagit- 
tis ; Defig ere, thrusting into something: sicam in corpore 
consulis. Cic. 

763. Papyrus, Charta, Membrana. Papyrus (rarely 
papyrum), the Egyptian papyrus plant; Charta, paper 
made of the fine inner layers of the same, glued together 
with the thick Nile water : Papyrum nascitur in palustribus 
Mgypti. Praparantur ex eo chart ce, diviso acu in prate- 
nues philuras. Plin. Membrana, 309, skin prepared and 
smoothed for writing, parchment : Homeri carmen in mem- 
brana scriptum. Cic. 

764. Parare, Adparare, Comparare, Acquirere. Pa- 
rare, making ready, placing in readiness: Nervii turres, 
f dices tesludinesque par are ac facer e cceperunt. Cses. Ju- 
mentis Gallia delectatur, eaque impenso par ant pretio. 
Cses., procuring. Adparare, obtaining all that is necessary 
in order to effect and execute a certain thing, making prepa- 
rations for something : Agesilaus qfficinis, armorum institutis, 
magna industria bellum adparavit. Nep. Comparare, 
getting something ready, by bringing together all requisites : 
Principes senatus suadendo sex tribunos ad inter cessionem 
comparavere. Liv. Ornare et apparare convivium. 
Cic, preparing the viands beforehand. Acquirere, obtain- 
ing by the application of pains, exertion, gaining with labor : 
Sibi, quod ad usum vitce pertinet, acquirere. Cic 

765. Parens, Pater, Genitor ; Patres, Senatores, 
Majores; Patricius, Nobilis, Novus homo. Parens, is 
the father, inasmuch as the son derives his existence from 
him; hence, Pare ntes, parents. Pater, is the father, as 



766. Pardus. 768. Pars. 335 

the procreator, nourisher, and provider, hence used in the 
civil sense ; Ge nit or, as procreator, in the physical sense 
alone, see 669. Romulus, parens arbis. Liv. Ingenuo 
pat re natus. Hor. Homine nihil ah optimo et pr&stantis- 
simo genitore melius pro creatum. Cic. — Patres, ances- 
tors, from whom we descend, up to the founder of the race 
or family; Major es, ancestors, inasmuch as they have 
lived before us (German Vorfahren) ; the English forefathers 
is often used for majores ; frequently majores designates the 
earlier ancestors, contradistinguished from the later ones ; 
hence, apud patres nostros, pat rum memorid, at the time 
of our fathers; more majorum concessum est, according to 
old usage, custom. — Patres, the title of the assembled 
Roman senators, in contradistinction to populus and plebs ; 
Senator es, as old and experienced people: In agris erant 
turn senatores, id est, senes. Cic. Patricius, one of 
the hereditary nobility, i. e. a descendant from an old sena- 
torial family ; N oh His, one whose ancestors had been vested 
with high offices ; what in modern Europe would be called 
nobility of merit, contradistinguished from hereditary nobility. 
As since the year 346, A. U. C. plebeians could obtain high 
places, they could likewise become nobiles ; but they did not 
obtain thereby the privileges of the patrician and the patron- 
age connected with it. If a plebeian obtained a high political 
dignity, and w T as the first of his family who did so, he was 
called Homo novus: Romulus centum creat senatores. 
Patres ab honor e, pair icii que progenies eorum appellati. 
Liv. Videmus, quanta sit in invidia apud quosdum homines 
nobiles novo rum hominum virtus et industria. Cic. 

766. Pardus, Panthera. Pardus, leopard, panther; 
P anther a, the female of the same. 

767. Paries, Maceria, Murus, Moznia. Paries, the 
wall, which separates (sepdrare, from which the word) a room 
or house from the other space : Nam tua res agitur, paries 
quum proximus ardet. Hor. Maceria (mdcer), a garden 
or vineyard wall : Debent horti esse clausi ; quibus copia 
suppetit, macerias luto et lapide excitant. Pallad. Mu- 
rus, a wall for protection, with the idea of height, firmness ; 
Mcenia, city wall, especially the highest part of it, as bul- 
wark, fortification : Circumjecta multitudine hominum totis 
mcenibus, undique lapides in murum jaci capti sunt, mu- 
rus que defensoribus nudatus est. Cses. 

768. Pars, Portio. Pars, part, refers to the whole to 



336 769. Varum. 770. Parvus. 

which it belongs : bonorum, corporis ; hence, partes, parts 
of a drama, which fall to an actor, his part, e. g. primas par- 
tes agere ; and the obligation we have taken upon ourselves : 
Tuum est hoc munus, tuce partes. Cic. Portio, part, in- 
asmuch as he that divides means to bring it in a certain pro- 
portion to the whole : Mamertinis frumentum pro porti- 
one imperabatur. Cic, their proportionate part; but Aliquid 
opis fortasse ego pro mea, tu pro tua, pro sua quisque parte 
ferre potuisset. Id., every one for his part, what every one 
was able to do, according to his ability. Only with later 
writers is Portio used for portion, or share which belongs 
to some one, or is destined for him : Festinat decurrere bre- 
vissima vitce portio. Juvenal. 

769. Parum, Paulum, Modice ; Parumper, Paulisper. 
P arum (belongs to par cere), little, too little, not enough; 
designates lack of sufficiency, opp. nimium : Satis eloquentice, 
sapientice parum. Sail. Paulum (naveiv), little, not much, 
and Paululum, a very little, in the sense of yielding, opp. 
multum: Paulum abfuit, quin Varum inter fceret Fabius. 
Cses. ; also, haud multum abfuit. Hcec paulum immutata 
cohcerere non possunt. Cic. Modice, 672, a little, not par- 
ticular, in a little degree : Mince Clodii modice me tangunt. 
Cic. — Parumper, for a short time, in the sense of short- 
ening, abbreviating; Paulisper, during a short period, in 
the sense of quietly persevering: Discedo parumper a 
somniis, ad quce mox revertar. Cic. Paulisper mane. 
Ter. 

770. Parvus, Exiguus, Brevis, Minutus, Pusillus. 
Parvus (parcere), sparingly, small, in the sense of not full, 
entire; hence, parvi, the little ones: Ex par vis scepe 
magnarum momenta rerum pendent. Liv. Exiguus (exi- 
gere, that which must first be searched out from among oth- 
ers), inconsiderable, puny, e. g. mus : Agesilaus statura fuit 
humili et corpore exiguo. Nep., unimportant appearance. 
Exiguum, sed plus quam nihil illud erit. Ovid. Brevis, 
short, small as to circumference, length, and width : Previa 
vada. Virg., shallow fords. Rus breve. Ovid. Statura 
brevis. Suet. Minutus, most puny, hardly observable, 
in the sense of detracting: Myrmecides, minutorum opus- 
culorum fabricator. Cic. Pusillus, very small, dwarf-like, 
in the sense of the crippled : Pusillus testis processit. Hie 
Granius : Perpusillum rogabo. Ridicule. Sedebat ju- 
dex, brevior ipse, quam testis. Cic. 



771. Passim. 774. Patronus. 337 

771. Passim, Hue illuc, Ultro citro. Passim (pan- 
dere), here and there, far and wide, strewn about: Milites, 
alii agmine, alii palati passim per agros, Canusium per- 
fugerunt. Liv. Hue illuc, hither and thither, now in this 
direction, now in that direction, refers to a movement opposite 
in direction to the speaking person: Ne cur sera hue illuc 
via deterrima* Cic. Vitro citro, the other side and this 
side, i. e. to and fro, hither and thither, refers to the change 
of a locality remote from the speaker, and the opposite point 
near him: Internuntii ultro citro que missi. Cic. Bene- 
jicia ultro citro data accepta. 

772. Patere, Porrigi ; Patens, Patulus, Propatulus. 
P at ere, standing open, being opened : Apud Germanos lios- 
pitibus omnium domus patent. Cses. ; of a country lying 
open before one, so that it may be viewed, and extending : 
Planities circiter millia passuum III in latitudinem pate- 
hat. Id. Ars ea late patet et ad multos pertinet. Cic. 
Porrigi, 406, extending, of countries which draw along, as 
it were, far out before the eye of the observer : Pars Suevo- 
rum in secretiora Germanice porrigitur. Tac. — Patens, 
standing open, as an accidental thing : Cozlum ex omni 'parte 
patens atque apertum. Cic. Patulus, wide open, extend- 
ed, wide asunder, as enduring circumstance or quality, e. g. 
aures : Patulis iniit tectum fenestris. Ovid., always open ; 
patens fenestra, on the other hand, that which happens to 
be open. Platanus ad opacandum hunc locum patulis est 
diffusa ramis. Cic. Propatulus, open into the wide dis- 
tance, so that everybody may see or go thither ; of free, 
open places of considerable length and breadth: In pro pa- 
tulis epulati sunt. Liv., in the open street. 

773. Patina, Lanx, Magis, Catinus, Patella, Scutula. 
The larger dishes on the tables of the Romans were : Pati- 
na, wide and deep, also with a cover ; Lanx, deeper, sweep- 
ing out; Magis, idis, and Magida, a, similar to the 
Lanx; Catinus and Catinum, a basin or similar vessel 
for semi-liquids, gravies, &c. Smaller were the Patella, 
and the four-cornered Scutula or Scut ell a. 

774. Patronus (Cliens), Advocatus, Causidicus, Cog- 
nitor, Procurator ; Patrocinium, Clientela, Tutela. 
Patronus, in the early times, a patrician, who, as protector, 
had received a plebeian, in order to defend him in every legal 
case, for which the latter, as Cliens, honored him as father, 
served him with his fortune and even life ; neither was per- 

29 



338 775. Patruus. 

mitted to act in any way hostilely against the other. At later 
periods, a similar relation existed in Rome between the mas- 
ter, as P atronus, and his manumitted slave, as Cliens; 
in the Jus applicationis, if a foreigner attached himself to 
one of the Roman magnates as client, or entire places or 
countries placed themselves under the patronship of a power- 
ful family, as the Sicilians had the Marcelli for patrons, 
through whom their affairs were carried on. We have seen 
something not quite unlike, though but passing, with reference 
to Canada and some members of Parliament. Hence, in gen- 
eral, a protector, and the legal assistant who spoke in court 
for the client : Clarissimi viri nostra civitatis hoc sibi am- 
plissimum ducebant, ab hospitibus clientibus que suis inju- 
Has propulsare eor unique for tunas defender e. Cic. Tanto 
opere apud nostros justitia culta est, ut, qui civitates aut na- 
tiones devictas bello in fidem recepissent, earum patroni 
essent more majorum. Id. Ego huic causes p atronus ex- 
stiti, uti ne omnino desertus esset Sex. Roscius. Id. Adv o- 
catus, a legal assistant, counsel, who made himself useful to 
a party in an action, by his presence and advice in court. 
The Advocati sat by the accused while the accuser spoke, 
until one of them rose to speak (P atronus) : Or at reus, 
urgent advocati, ut invehamur. Cic, Causidicus, a 
common lawyer, who is no good speaker, a talker : Inutilem 
litium advocatum, quern causidicum vulgo vocamus. 
Quinctil. In judiciis privatis, the Cognitor was the agent, 
mandatarius, who managed in court the case of a party pres- 
ent; Procurator, 303, of a party not present. — Patro- 
cinium, the business, the paternal protection of a pair onus ; 
in general, protection, if we interest ourselves for an affair, 
e. g. cequitatis. Client el a, the relation of a cliens to his 
protector ; in the plural also for the clients themselves : Se 
in fidem et client el am alicujus conferre. Cic. Scis, quam 
diligam Siculos, et quam illam client el am honestam judi- 
cem. Id. Tut el a, the protection, as care and watching over 
the protected : In alicujus fide et client el a esse. Cic, be- 
ing some one's client. Sit in ejus tut el a Gallia, cujus vir- 
tuti commendata est. Id., standing under the superintendence 
and protection ; hence, the guardianship, the legal authority 
to take the person and property of a minor under protection 
and superintendence: Tut el a ad eorum utilitatem, qui com- 
missi sunt, gerenda est. Cic. 

775. Patruus, Avunculus ; Fuater patruelis, ger- 



776. Paucus. 778. Peculatus. 339 

manus. Pat runs, brother of the father, uncle; Avuncu- 
lu s, brother of the mother, uncle; Avunculus magnus, 
major, brother of the grandmother : Ne sis patruus mihi. 
Hor., meaning a moralizer, on account of the severity of the 
uncles compared to the indulgence at the hands of the fathers. 
Octavianus Ccesaris cognomen assumsit testamento major is 
avunculi. Suet. — Prater (soror) patruelis, son of the 
patruus, used of the children of two brothers; F rater ger- 
manus (soror germana), the brother, if children have the 
same parents, or at least have the same father or mother : 
Una nobiscum erat L. Cicero, f rater noster cognatione pa- 
lm el is, amore germanus. Cic. Marcus, the father of the 
orator M. Cicero, and Lucius, father of L. Cicero, were 
brothers, sons of the elder M. Cicero. 

776. Paucus, Rarus. Paucus, generally in the plural 
Pauci (belongs to paulum, 769), few, in no considerable 
number, opp. multi ; Rdrus, standing singly and far apart, 
opp. densus,frequens ; rare, not frequently occurring : Pau- 
cis temeritas est bono, multis malo. Phsedr. Britanni nun- 
quam conferti, sed rari magnisque intervallis prozliabantur. 
Cass. Raros colligis hinc et hinc capillos. Martial. 

777. Pauper, Indigus, Egenus, Inops, Mendicus. Pau- 
per (for pauber, belongs to paulum, properly, he who has 
been reduced to the very ceasing), the poor, who has not 
much for his support, and has to limit his expenses, opp. di- 
ves : 2Equa lege pauperi cum divite non licet. Plaut. In- 
digus, 177, in great want, one who has a distinct, specific, 
urgent want, for which, in prose, indigens : Canes Colo- 
phoniis erant Jidelissima auxilia, nee stipendiorum in dig a. 
Plin. E genus, 177, indigent, he who suffers want in the 
necessary, or at least in the indispensable, things of life ; more 
common eg ens, opp. abundans : Eg en a aquarum regio. 
Tac. Inops, helpless, one who stands in need of help and 
assistance: Inops auxilii humani. Liv. Samnites, coacti 
in opes ad opulentiorum auxilium confugere. Id. Mendi- 
cus (menda), poor, like a beggar, a beggar, of the highest 
degree of destitution: Mquo mendicus atque ille opulen- 
tissimus censetur mortuus. Plaut. 

778. Peculatus, RepetundjE. Peculatus (peculari, 
embezzling or otherwise unlawfully appropriating common 
property), a theft of state property, originally of cattle (be- 
longing to the community), later also of money; hence, 
Peculator and Bepeculator, who embezzles public, 



340 779. Pejerare. 782. Penetrare. 

and also private money, one who keeps it faithlessly : Sester- 
tium septies millies avertisse Antonium pecunice publicce judi- 
cavistis. Num fraude poterit car ere p ecu! at us? Cic. 
Peculator Veientance prcedce reus /actus. Liv. Repe- 
tundce, sc. res, pecunice, extortions by Roman magistrates in 
the provinces ; when they had levied unlawful taxes, accepted 
presents, arrogated precious articles and other things of value ; 
if they were convicted of this offence, they were obliged to 
refund : Silius et uxor Sosia repetundarum criminibus 
hcerebant. Tac. L. Pisv Frugi legem de pecuniis repe- 
tundis primus tulit. Liv. 

779. Pejerare, Falsum jurare. Pejerare, also Per- 
jurare, being perjured, or becoming so, knowingly taking 
a false oath, or breaking an oath ; Falsum jurare, swear- 
ing something false without intention or knowledge, affirming 
with an oath an untruth which we consider true : Qui mentiri 
solet, pejerare consuev it. Cic. Non enim fa I sum j u r a- 
re per jurare est; sed, quod ex animi tui sententia 
juraris, id non facere perjurium est. Id. 

780. Pellere, Fugare. Pell ere, pushing, thrusting, or. 
driving away, e. g. possessores suis sedibus : Hostium acies 
puis a atque infugam conversa est. Cses. Fug a re, putting 
to flight, chasing away: Hostes fusi et fugati. Cic. Si 
mihi defendendum sit, eum, qui pulsus fu gatusque sit, 
non esse dejectum. Id. 

781. Pendere, Pensare, Pensitare, Trutinari. Pen- 
dere (dis-pennere, tentering), keeping in a pending posi- 
tion, weighing, weighing out, see 706 ; paying (which con- 
sisted originally in weighing out) : Tributum populo Romano 
pendere. Liv., and intransitive weighing, having a certain 
weight : Talentum ne minus pondo octoginta Romanis pon- 
deribus p end at. Tropical, estimating, judging : Te ex vir- 
tute tua pendimus ; Res spectatur, non verba p en dun- 
tur. Cic. Pensare, Pensitare, weighing out and off, 
with greater accuracy and care : Centurionem, pensantem, 
aurum, occiderent. Liv. Monent, ut ex factis, non ex dictis, 
amicos pen sent. Id. Concilia, pen sit a n da magnis ani- 
mis atque ingeniis. Id., weighing (in the sense of the German 
envagen). Trutinari, 634, weighing a subject with the 
finest observation : Exporrecto trutinantur verba labello. 
Pers. 

782. Penetrare, Permanare, Pervadere. Penetrare, 
entering with exertion, arriving at the inner space of a thing-, 



783. Per. 341 

by exertion against the resistance offered by the sides of a 
thing, penetrating : Ostium Ponti viderunt, et eas angustias, 
per quas penetravit Argo. Cic. Res penetrat in ani- 
mos. Id. Per man are, flowing through a passage, arriving 
at a place, as far as that place ; is used of gradual, progressive 
motion in a certain course : Ex alvo succus is, quo alimur, 
per man at ad jecur per quasdam vias. Cic. Pervadere, 
penetrating through and as far as a place, working through 
difficulties : Arminio Gallicce cohortes signa objecerunt ; nisu 
tamen corporis et impetu equi pervasit. .Tac. Fama urbem 
pervasit. Liv., diffusing. 

783. Per, Trans. Per, through, of a motion along the 
inner space of a thing, from one end to another, refers espe- 
cially to the centre of the space to be penetrated, the passage, 
transit ; Trans, on the other side, beyond, of a motion as far 
as, and to the end of a thing on the other side, the obtaining 
of this final point, and the beginning of that which is beyond, 
the getting over, beyond : Erat iter unum per Sequanos, vix 
qua singuli carri ducerentur. Cses. ; also over, if we speak 
of surfaces, on which much space remains on both sides of 
the course of him who passes over them ; otherwise the mere 
Ablative is used: Iter per Alpes patefacere. Cees. Hostes 
circumventi se per munitiones dejicere et fuga salutem pe- 
tere intenderunt. Id. In foro pompa constitit, inde vico 
Tusco Velabroque, per Boarium forum in cedem Junonis 
perrectum. Liv. Servium elatum e curia in inferiorem par- 
tem per gradus dejicit. Id., down the stairs. Veliterni sunt 
jussi trans Tiberim habitare. Id. Nuntii trans mare 
missi. Cic. Multas aves frigidus annus trans pontum fa- 
got. Virg. 

In compounds, per signifies sometimes the continuation of 
an action up to its completion, e. g. peragere, perorare ; some- 
times the highest degree of perfection, as our through and 
through, throughout, e. g. pervelle, pernegare ; sometimes to 
the carrying out of an action until the entire destruction of its 
object, e. g. perdere, perimere, perfidus. Trans retains its 
meaning unchanged, and shows it by orthography ; but, if its 
own meaning unites with the radical signification of the verb 
in such a manner that a new idea is produced, the sounds of 
this particle likewise are fused with the verb ; hence we have 
only transcurro, transgredior, generally also, transmitto, 
transveho ; but trado, trano, trajicio, and, with Cicero now 
and then, tramitto, traveho, tr aver to. 
29* 



342 783. Per. 

1. Perfuga, deserter, from faithlessness and bad inten- 
tion ; Transfuga, from dissatisfaction with his party, or 
thoughtlessness: P erfuga, qui societatem cum ipsis adver- 
sariis coiit. Cic. Numidce specie transfugarum in cas- 
tra venerunt, ut inde, tempore capto, abirent. Liv. — 2. Per- 
fidus, perfidious, faithless, who intentionally acts contrary 
to his obligation voluntarily entered upon, and thus injures the 
rights of another ; Infidus, unfaithful, who abandons or de- 
viates from a voluntary obligation, in general not to be de- 
pended upon in words or deeds : Perfidos amicos ulciscar 
nihil credendo atque omnia cavendo. Cic. Tarquinium exsu- 
lantern ferunt intellexisse, quos jidos amicos habuisset, quos 
i nfi dos, quum jam neutris gratiam referre posset. Id. — 
3. Per mat are, changing throughout, exchanging in barter- 
ing; Commutare, changing for another thing; by Per- 
mutare, the places of two things are changed; by Commu- 
tare, the one thing is placed on the spot of the other; 
Immutare, altering, designates the passing over into another 
state : Numidce appellati Nomades a per mutandis pabu- 
lis. Plin. India ces et plumbum gemmis suis ac margaritis 
permutat. Id. Fures earum rerum, quas ceperunt, signa 
commutant. Gic. Adjuncti verbi primam liter am prcepo- 
sitio commutavit,ut suffugit, summutavit. Cic. Regu- 
lus de captivis commutandis Romam missus est. Id. Non 
exspectata a Fabio senatus auctoritas est in per mutandis 
captivis. Liv., there they should be exchanged, here they 
were ransomed. Plato negat mutari posse ?nusicas leges 
sine immutatione legum publicarum. Cic, giving a differ- 
ent form befitting to that which has been changed. Vestes 
mutare, putting on different, generally mourning dress; 
commutare or vestem cum aliquo mutare, exchanging 
dress with one another: lllico Amphitruo fio et vestitum im- 
muto meum. Plaut., changing them. — 4. Perspicere, see- 
ing through a thing, to the ground of it; Prospicere, see- 
ing out into a distance, foreseeing a thing : Sepes efecerant, 
quononmodo intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset. Cses. 
Ex vultu meum erga te amor em perspicere potuisses. Cic. 
Ex superioribus locis prospicere in urbem. Cses. Pro- 
spicere futura. Ter. Consulite vobis, prospicite pa- 
trice. Cic, watching over. — 5. Pervertere, reversing, so 
that something perpendicular is placed in an oblique, wrong 
position, upsetting : Coqui aulas pervertunt, ignem restin- 
guunt aqua. Plaut. Ccesar omnia jura pervert it propter 



784. Percellere. 786. Perdere. 343 

principatum. Cic. Pervertere aliquem, throwing down, 
ruining. Evertere, 339. Sub vert ere, subverting, up- 
setting, by exertion from below upward : Galbce imagines 
discordia temporum subv ersas, in omnibus municipiis re- 
coil jussit. Tac. 

784. Percellere, Percutere. Percellere, throwing 
to the ground by a severe, violent blow, thrust : Ventus plaus- 
trum oneratum percellit. Cato. Duodecim adolescentu- 
lorum paucitate perculsa est Lacedce?noniorum potentia. 
Nep. ; hence, P erculsus, surprised, stupefied, embarrassed 
and stupefied by sudden and violent impressions, e. g. pavo- 
re, metu, clade, deorum ira : Grcecia jam diu suis conciliis 
perculsa et afflicta est. Cic. Percutere, 523, shaking 
through and through by one blow or thrust; Percussus, 
hit, of a more transitory, acute impression : Percussus vir- 
ga ; turres de ccelo percusses. Cic. Fortunce gravissimo 
perculsus vulnere. Id., al. percussus. Non dubito, quin 
tales viri, suspicione aliqua percussi repentina, de statu 
suo declinarint. Id., al. perculsi. 

785. Percussor, Interfector, Sicarius, Homicida, Par- 
ricida. Percussor, murderer, who kills by thrusts, pon- 
iard : Per cuss or, ab isto missus, depreliensus cum sica. Cic. 
In t e rfe dor, one who kills violently : Cum inte rfe cto- 
r is gloria interfici. Cic. Sicarius, an assassin, bandit, 
who only used the dirk, stiletto: Vetus sicarius, homo 
audax et scepe in cade versatus. Cic. Homicida, a man- 
slayer, a homicide (as person) ; Parricida,a. father-slayer, 
parent-slayer, and in general, every malefactor who commits 
crimes as black as parricide : Fateor Brutos et Cassios, nisi 
liber atores populi Romani sint, plus quam sicarios, plus 
quam ho mi ci das, plus etiam quam parricidas esse: 
siquidem est atrocius patrice parentem, quam suum occide- 
re. Cic. 

786. Perdere, Pessum dare ; Perire, Pessum ire ; Per- 
ditus, Profligatus. Perdere, spoiling, ruining: Jupiter 
fruges perdidit. Cic. Rem paternam luxuria perdere. 
Plaut., wasting, squandering. Pessum {foot-ward, \. e. 
downward, to the bottom) dare, allowing a thing to go to the 
ground, destroying it: Ita pessum dare alterum vult, ut 
etiam navem perforet, in qua ipse navigat. Cic. Animus ad 
inertiam et voluptates corporis pessumdatus est. Sail. 
Perire, 701, perishing ; Pessum ire, going to destruction : 
Pompeius, Scipio fozde perierunt ; at Cato prceclare. Cic. 






344 787. Peristroma. 790. Peroratio, 

In quibusdam stagnis ne lapides quidem pes sum eunt. Se- 
nee. Pes sum ituros fecundissimos Italia campos, si am- 
nis Nar super stagnavisset. Tac. — Perditus, ruined, lost 
without hope, respecting fortune or morality: Plane perdi- 
tus are alieno egensque. Cic. Adolescens perditus ac 
dissolutus. Id. Profligatus, 479, thrown to the ground, 
ruined to exhaustion, abandoned: Mazrore afflictus et pro- 
fligatus. Cic. Nemo est inventus tarn profligatus, tarn 
perditus, tarn ah ojnni non modo honestate, sed etiam simu- 
latione honestatis relictus. Id. 

787. Peristroma, Stragulum, Tapes 5. Tapetum, Pe- 
ripetasma, AuljEum, Siparium. Peristroma (nsgioTQw- 
pa), and Stragulum, Stragula vestis, a cover, which 
was spread over the bed, generally costly : Lecti conchyliatis 
peristromatis strati. Cic. Tapes, Tapetum, a car- 
pet, generally woolly, with colored figures woven in, to cover 
tables, walls, floors, &c. Est et hirtce lance pilo crasso in 
tapetis antiquissima gratia. Aliter hcec Galli pingunt, 
aliter Parthorum gentes. Plin. Peripetasma, an orna- 
mental carpet for walls and floors : Ilia Attalica tota Sicilia 
nominata peripetasmata. Cic. Aulceum, the curtain or 
drop in the theatre: Mimi est jam exitus, non fabulce : au- 
lceum tollitur. Cic, rises; at the beginning of the piece it 
was let down. Sip a rium, the curtain in the comedy : Si- 
parium, quo in scenis mimi utuntur. Fest. 

788. Perna, Petaso. P em a, the ham, as hind-quarter ; 
Petdso, as fore-quarter, down to the knee: Olus fumoscs 
cum pede per nee. Hor. 

789. Pernicies, Exitium, Ruina. Pernicies (nex), 
the violently destroying, that is, ruining of a living being, the 
making it perishing, opp. salus ; Exitium, the end and exit, 
the tragical end, destruction, also of inanimate bodies; Ru- 
in a, the breaking together, downfall, fall which is accompa- 
nied with the destruction of the thing falling, e. g. conclavis ; 
Verres, labes atque pernicies provincice Sicilice. Cic. Len- 
tulus de pernicie populi Romani et exitio hujus urbis 
acerbe crudeliterque cogitavit. Id . Ruin as fortunarum tua- 
rum impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Id. 

790. Peroratio, Conclusio, Epilogus, Clausula. The 
last, especially elaborate part of a speech, according to the 
rules of art, is Peroratio, inasmuch as the oration is now 
carried through; Conclusio, as conclusion, which compre- 
hends the chief points and moments; Epilogus, as addi- 



791. Perversus. 794. Peter e. 345 

tion, after-speech: Conclusio (et quasi per or at i o) est 
exitus et determinatio totius orationis. Cic. Orator in e pi- 
logo miser icordiam movet. Id. Clausula, the concluding 
formula, e. g. of a letter ; also a short passage in a document, 
which is peculiarly excepted, or receives a peculiar destina- 
tion, e. g. edicti : Utar ea clausula, qua soleo. Cic. 

791. Perversus, Pr^eposterus. Perversus, 783, 5, 
reversed, not as it should be ; oculi, unnaturally turned ; per- 
verso more. Cic, perverse, wicked. Prceposterus, that 
which ought to be behind, or at the end, if it is not there, out 
of order, in a perverse manner, said or done at a wrong time, 
preposterous, e. g. gratulatio : Prceposteris utimur con- 
siliis et acta agimus. Cic. 

792. Pervigil, Pernox. Perv igil, very, always watch- 
ful : Custos opaci pervigil regni canis. Senec. Pernox^ 
lasting through the whole night: Luna pernox erat. Liv. 

793. Pestis, Pestilentia, Lues, Contagio, Contagium. 
Pestis (belongs to pejor, bestia), every pernicious, disastrous 
evil, bringing ruin ; in concreto, imagined as fiend, angel of 
death ; Pestilentia, pest, and every similar malignant and 
devastating malady in the abstract, also as a quality of places, 
atmosphere, and weather, which creates such maladies, pesti- 
lence : Alii alia peste absumti. Liv., i. e. clade. Ilia fu- 
ria dc pestis patrice. Cic, i. e. Clodius. Pestilentia 
eo anno aliarum rerum otium prcebuit. Multa duumviri 
avertendcB a populo pestis causa fecere. Liv. Lues, the 
widely diffused, impure, and slowly destroying substance of 
malady, infection : Gravem populis luem sparsura pestis. 
Martial. Contagio, poetical Contagium (tangere), the 
contagious substance: Nee mala vicini pecoris contagia 
ladent. Virg. 

794. Petere, Postulare, Flagitare, Poscere. Pete- 
re, desiring, striving to reach, obtain something, and, in this 
sense, begging, e. g. consulatum, honores, asking for a thing ; 
A te opem petimus. Cic. Per liter as ille precibus a 
Sulla petit, ut. Id. Reliquum est, ut te hoc rogem et a te 
petam,ne temere naviges. Id. Postulare (poscere), de- 
manding with reasons of right and equity, making claims, 
postulating: Quwn tempus necessitasque postulat, decertan- 
dum manu est. Cic. Darius postulabat magis, quam pe- 
tebat, ut, accepta pecunia, suos sibi restitueret. Curt. Fla- 
gitare, demanding urgently, impetuously, admonishing: 
Postulatur a te jam diu, vel flagitatur potius Ms* 






346 795. Piare. 796. Pigel. 

toria. Cic. Qui metuo ne te forte flag it ent: ego autem 
mandavi, ut rogarent. Id. Poscere, demanding something 
absolutely, in the expectation that it must be granted, fur- 
nished, &c. : Nemo inventus est tarn audax, qui illud argen- 
turn tarn nobile posceret ; nemo tarn impudens, qui postu- 
laret, ut venderet. Cic. Iste unus inventus est, qui parentes 
pretium pro sepultura liberiim posceret. Id. Ex strength- 
ens these meanings: Expetuntur divitice ad usus vitce 
necessarios. Cic, desiring strongly, 301. Vix tu ab aliquo 
hoc expostulare auderes, et impetr are posses. Id., earnest- 
ly, urgently asking. Vester honos pet it us, nee diuturnis 
precious efflagitatus esse videtur. Id., assaulting with 
demands, forced out by begging. Admetus, quum Themis- 
lodes ab Atheniensibus exposceretur publice, supplicem 
non prodidit. Nep., urgently asking for delivery. 

795. Piare (Piaculum), Expiare, Procurare, Lustra- 
re. Piare, showing one's self as pious, religious, and thus 
endeavouring to avert the wrath of the gods : Principes ful- 
gura pi ant o. Cic. Silvanum lacte piabant. Hor., recon- 
ciling ; hence Piaculum, a sacrifice of atonement : Pyrrhus 
cum magno piaculo sacrilegii sui manubias retulit. Liv. 
Expiare, reconciling by a sacrifice, freeing from sin : Mart 
omnia, quce violata sunt, expiari putantur. Cic. Procu- 
rare, taking care that the evil consequences of a bad omen 
be averted : Prodigia parum credita, quia, per quos ea pro- 
cur ar ent, aruspices non erant. Liv. Lustrare (lucere), 
properly, shedding light upon a thing, viewing ; purifying 
something by a sacrifice of purification, which sacrifice was 
led around the object to be purified : Rex instructum exercitum 
omnem suovetaurilibus lustravit. Liv. 

796. Piget, Pcenitet, T^det, Pudet. Pi get (belongs 
to pangere), it is mortifying, causes displeasure, distaste: 
Referre piget, quid crediderint homines. Liv. JVe quid 
faxit, quod nos post pig eat. Ter. Pcenitet, it is painful, 
it makes us regret, repent: Sapientis est, nihil, quod pceni- 
tere possit, facer e. Cic. ( Milites) pcenitet in posterum 
diem dilatum certamen. Liv., they felt pain from, impatience 
and desire to fight. Tadet, it disgusts, effect of surfeit, dis- 
taste at uniformity: Tadet quotidianarum harum forma- 
rum. Ter. Tcedet audire eadem millies. Id. Pud ere, 
being ashamed, used of the feeling of displeasure at our ex- 
posure, in whatever way : Me non solum piget stultitice mem 
sed etiam pudet. Orat. p. Domo. 



797. Pila. 801. Placet 347 

797. Pila, Follis, Globus, Spilera. Pila, a ball in 
general, especially for game: Pila ludere. Cic. Follis, 
properly, bellows ; the balloon or ball filled with air, which 
was propelled by the arm or the fist: Ego te foil em pugi- 
latorium faciam. Plaut. Globus, a ball, as firm, round 
body, globe : Globus terra jixus in medio mundi loco. Cic. 
Splicer a, a perfectly round globe, especially an artificial 
globe of the earth or heaven. 

798. Pileus, Petasus, Galerus, Apex, Tutulus, Cu- 
cullus. Pileus, a cap of felt, similar to the half of an egg y 
used as general name: Servi ad pileum vocati. Liv., the 
sign of manumission. Petasus (nhaoog), a travelling hat, 
with a wide rim: Petasati veniunt tabellarii. Cic. Ga- 
lerus, a cap of fur: Lupi de pelle galeros tegmen habent 
capiti. Virg. Apex, 89 (apere, apisci), a high, conical hat, 
provided with a small stick at the top : Apex sacerdotum in- 
signe. Fest. Tutulus, a. woollen cap, similar to a pyramid 
(meta), as the flamines and pontifices wore; Cucullus, a 
cowl, pointed, and fastened to the dress : Tempora Santonico 
velas adoperta cucullo. Juvenal. 

799. Pingere, Adumbrare, Delineare. Ping ere (be- 
longs to pangere), putting colors on, painting: Britanniam 
ping am coloribus tuis. Cic. Pingere acu. Ovid., em- 
broidering. A dumb rare, throwing shade upon something, 
taking the shade of something, that is, making a hasty draw- 
ing, sketching, as to the chief traits : Consectatur non eminen- 
tem effigiem, sed adumbratam imaginem. Cic. Deline- 
are, making a sketch : Apelles, arrepto carbone, imaginem 
in pariete delineavit. Plin. 

800. Pinguis, Opimus, Obesus. Pinguis {pangere), 
fat, of thick, solid mass of flesh, opp. macer, e. g. agnus : 
Ager pinguis ac Icetus. Colum. ; hence heavy, clumsy: 
Cordubce nati poetce, pingue quiddam sonantes ac perigri- 
num. Cic. Agamus pingui Minerva. Id., not taking it too 
nicely. Opimus, of healthy fulness, plump, e. g. boves : 
Non tarn habitus corporis oplmos, quam gracilitates consec- 
tantur. Cic. Opimum et tamquam adipale dictionis genus. 
Id., very clumsy. Spolia o pirn a, arms which a general 
had taken from his enemy. Obesus, corpulent, well-fed, 
thick and round: In equo generoso brevis alvus obesaque 
terga. Virg. 

801. Placet, Libet. Placet, it pleases, it is found 
good, designates pleasure in something which we recognise as 



348 802. Plaga. 803. Plaga. 

right; Libet, designates pleasure in something which we 
desire : Placet milii, monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. 
Cic., I am for. Placitum, ut epistolce nomine Principis 
scriberentur. Tac., it was found well, it was resolved. Non 
libet plura scribere. Cic. I do not like, have no disposition. 
Libitum est vobis ad hcec impellere. Id., it has been 
pleased. 

802. Plaglk, Retia, Casses ; Verriculum, Everriculum. 
PI a gee, a smaller, strong hunter's net, to catch larger ani- 
mals, in hollow roads, passages ; properly, the ropes with 
which the Retia was put up ; Retia (Rete, obsolete Retis, 
a net of gridiron form in general), is a larger net with wider 
meshes, for game of all kinds, birds, &c. ; Casses, a net, so 
arranged that larger animals would entangle their head : Aut 
trudit cane apros in obstantes pi a gas ; aut amite levi vara 
tendit retia,turdis edacibus dolos. Hor. Decidit in cas- 
ses prceda petita meos. Ovid. — Verriculum, generally 
Everriculum, a net, seine, a net surrounding a large part 
when the ends are drawn together or out on shore, to catch 
fish ; Rete and Rete j aculum, a throwing net, also called 
Fun da, of the form of a funnel, with leaden balls at the 
wider end, which in pulling out could be drawn together by a 
string : Everriculo in litus educere pisces. Varr. In pis- 
cinam rete qui j aculum par at, quando abiit rete pessum, 
turn adducit sinum. Plaut. 

803. Plaga, Vulnus, Cicatrix, Ulcus ; Plag^:, Ictus, 
Verbera. Plaga, the blow, stroke, stripe, thrust of him 
who gives them, and the wound caused thereby; Vulnus, 
ancient Volnus (vellere), the open wound (in the wounded 
person) : Ccedebatur virgis, quum inter ea nullus gemitus inter 
dolor em crepitumque pi a g arum audiebatur. Cic. Vulnus 
obligare. Id. ; hence, an acute injury, disgrace, loss, and 
grief about it, as we use the word in the same way : Flami- 
nius cecidit apud Trasimenum cum magno rei publican vul- 
nere. Cic Cicatrix, the wound grown over, scar, seam, 
cicatrice : Luculentam mirmillo pi a gam accepit, ut declarat 
cicatrix. Cic. Ulcus, an ulcer hid under the skin, a 
wound, the matter of which extends deeper and further : Si 
parum medicamenta proficiunt, totum ulcus usque ad sanam 
carnem excidi oportet. Cels. — Plaga, are the blows, inas- 
much as they injure, wound : Ictus, inasmuch as they hit 
(tell); Verber a, stripes, with reference to the instrument, 
which is swung: Aliquot plagis Eumenes vulneratur. Nep. 



804. Plaudere. 807. Pluma. 349 

Ab ictu telorum tuti remiges. Cass. Hos non Centaurus 
ictus corpori injiixit meo. Cic. Nudari juvenem jubet, 
verb era que adferri. Liv. 

804 Plaudere, Plangere, Explodere, Supplodere. 
The beating together of two surfaces, producing a sound, is 
called Plaudere, clapping, if it indicates joy; Plangere 
(pi ago), beating, if it indicates mourning : Manus in plau* 
den do consumere. Cic, manifesting approval or satisfaction 
by the clapping of hands. Morientes adspicit Alphenor, 
pectora plan gens. Ovid. Explodere, driving away by 
clapping, stamping ; hence, showing dissatisfaction in the 
theatre, &c, what we call hissing. Explosa sententia, 
thrown aside ; Supp lodere, stamping strongly. 

805. Plenus, Refertus ; hi — Com — Opplere. Pie* 
nus, full; Refertus (farcire), crammed full, entirely full: 
Aquam ingere, fac plenum aenum sit. Plaut. Numerus 
plenus; adolescens ingenii plenus. Cic. Cupce tada ac 
pice r efe rtcz. Cses. Insula r efe rta divitiis. Cic. — Im* 
plere, filling something that is empty, hollow: mero pate- 
ram. Virg. C o mp I ere, filling completely : cavernas armato 
milite. Virg. Omnia clamor e ac jietu. Cses. Opplere, to 
the very brim, overfilling, and covering some surface by fill- 
ing something: Nives omnia oppleverant. Liv. Vetus 
opinio Grceciam opplevit. Cic. 

806. Plerique, Plurimi ; Plerumque, Plurimum, Pie* 
rique (as quisque, uterque), most of them, the largest num- 
ber, or very many, in the meaning of insulation; see Com* 
plures, 704. Plurimi, most of them, taken together, as 
the largest number referring to smaller ones ; it is the super- 
lative of multus : Multi nihil prodesse philosopliiam, pleri- 
que etiam obesse arbitrantur. Cic, imagined separately; 
hence, Quod plerique omnes faciunt adolescentuli, ut 
animum ad aliquod studium adjungant. Ter., inasmuch as to 
all constituting the largest number, the same can be ascribed, 
but not plurimi omnes. Anseribus supponuntur ova paucis* 
sima septem, plurima quindecim. Colum. Deum ipsum 
multi perhibent Msculapium; quidam Osirim, plerique 
Jovem, plurimi Ditem patrem conjectant. Tac> Accord- 
ingly, Plerumq ue, generally, very often : Fit plerumque 
casu, scepe natura. Cic. Hcec ipsa for tuita sunt: plerum- 
que enim^ non semper eveniunt. Id. Plurimum, mostly: 
Purpura vivunt annis plurimum septenis. Plin. 

807. Pluma, Penna, Pinna. P lit ma, the down-feather : 

30 

/ 



350 808. Pluvia. 811. Polliceri. 

Plum a versicolor 'es columbis datce sunt. Cic. Penna, the 
larger wing-feather, also the wing itself: Pulverem pennis 
detergere. Plin. Gallina pullos pennis fovent. Cic. Pin- 
na, a thick, stiff, and longer feather: Galli caudis magnis, 
frequentibus pinnis. Varr. Pinna, data piscibus. Plin., 
fins. 

808. Pluvia, Imber, Nimbus. Pluvia, sc. aqua, rain- 
water, the rain, inasmuch as it is moistening, irrigating : 
Aquas pluvias or cere. Cic. Tenues pluvia. Virg. Im- 
ber, the heavy, pouring shower, which is violent, but does 
not last long : Vehemens imber Jit impete venti : at pluvia 
longum morari consuerunt. Lucret. Nimbus, 729, the 
gushing rain from dark clouds, with storm : Densi funduntur 
ab athere nimbi. Ovid. 

809. Poeta, Vates. Poet a (noislv), the poet, who 
makes, produces, creates poems; Vates, properly, a proph- 
et ; the poet, as inspired person : Hac conficta arbitror a 
poet is esse. Cic. Sic honor et nomen divinis vatibus 
atque carminibus venit. Hor. 

810. PoLIRE, LlMARA, DoLARE, liEVIGARE. Polite, 

making smooth, polishing, making bright by rubbing and pol- 
ishing, e.g. arma; Orationem polire. Cic, polishing, by 
the removal of every thing defective and objectionable. Lz- 
mare, filing: gemmas. Plin., grinding. Homo urbanitate 
limatus. Cic. [The Germans use, in this case, precisely 
their word for ground.] D 61 are, hewing, lopping, with an 
axe or similar large instrument, or similar exertion : robur. 
Cic, of a less degree of smoothness than is indicated by poli- 
re : C alius non tractu orationis leni et aquabili perpolivit 
illud opus, sed ut homo neque doctus neque maxime aptus ad 
dicendum, sicut potuit, dolavit. Id. Lev are and Levi- 
gare, smoothing, removing roughness and unevenness : Le- 
vi gat ur f alee truncus. Plin. 

811. Polliceri, Promittere (Condicere), Sponbere, 
Despondere, Stipulari, Eecipere. Polliceri, promis- 
ing, in the sense of offering one's self to something from a 
free action of the mind : Operam suam alicui polliceri, is 
the offer with words; offer re, the offer of prompt services 
in deed. Promittere, promising for the future, and 
obliging one's self to some performance, in contradistinction 
to the prompt performance : Atticus, quidquid rogabatur, 
religiose promittebat; quod levis arbitratur, pollice- 
ri, quod prastare non posset. Nep. Polliceri desig- 



812. Pomum. 813. Pondus. 351 

nates only willingness; promittere, the realization of the 
promise, but delayed for some future period. Promittere 
alicui ad coznam, accepting an invitation for the coena ; con- 
die ere, inviting one's self, without invitation on the part of 
the other, sending word that we will take our dinner with a 
friend. Spondere, vowing, solemnly promising or engag- 
ing, with guaranty and legally binding power ; pro aliquo, 
becoming bail for another, guaranty, e. g. in money matters. 
Stipulari, asking another, in a legal form, whether he is 
willing to promise something legally and formally, making 
another solemnly promise : Phcedromus. Spondesne, 
miles , milii heme uxor em ? Mi les. Spondeo. Plaut., by this 
the contract was legally binding. Fenoris tui, quod stipu- 
lanti spoponderam tibi, reliquam pensiunculam percipe. 
Colum. Despondere (properly, giving away from one: 
Cives desponderant animos. Liv., giving up, away, the 
courage), giving a formal, solemn promise, used in matrimo- 
nial vows, when, after proper asking (stipulatio) , the father 
of the bride promised (spondebat) the hand of his daughter, 
and thus gave her away {despondebat) ; and when the per- 
son who wished to marry accepted {despondebat) the promise 
of the father; hence it can never be said despondere ado- 
lescenlem: Tulliolam Pisoni despondimus. Cic. Corni- 
Jlcius adolescens res till ce Jiliam sibi despondit. Id. Re- 
cipere alicui, taking something upon one's self for another, 
giving the assurance that we will stand guaranty for the ful- 
filment of the promise or engagement of another, guaranty- 
ing : Pr omit to in meque recipio, fore Varronem tibi et 
voluptaii et usui. Cic. 

812. Pomum, Malum, Bacca. Pomum, every edible 
tree fruit: Pom a mensis non inierdicta secundis. Ovid., 
nuts. Malum, larger fruits with kernels, apples, pomegran- 
ates, peaches, lemons, with the exception of pears (pirum) : 
Puero aurea mala decern misi. Virg., quinces. Bacca, 
ancient Baca, berry, every smaller sort of round berry of 
trees and shrubs, olives, fruit of cedars, juniper, &c. : Lauri 
bacca. Virg. 

813. Pondus, Pondo, Momentum, Onus. Pondus, a 
body which has weight, gravity, as weight to measure, and 
the weight or measure of heaviness of a body : In terram fe- 
runtur omnia nutu suo pond era. Cic. Pondo (indeclina- 
ble), pound, and as Ablative, in weight; it is only measure 
of weight : Auri quinque pondo abstulit. Cic. Mo men- 



352 814. Pone. 816. Popina. 

turn, 699, the body which, placed in one of the balanced 
scales, gives the preponderance to the latter : Chrysippus 
omnia v erborum mo mentis, non rerum ponderibus cx- 
aminat. Cic. Onus, burden, the weight, inasmuch as it 
weighs upon the supporter, offering resistance to it : Asellius 
gravius dor so subiit onus. Hor. 

814. Pone, Post, A. Pone, behind, only of locality, in 
the back, rear of a subject, obsolete ; Post, after, behind, 
local of order and rank, and of time ; A, after, from behind, 
only in the sense of distance : Animal et ante et pone pro- 
cedebat. Cic, backward. Pone castra pabulatum ibant. 
Liv. Post tergum adorire hostem. Cses., in the rear, in 
the back, designates the position of the attacking behind the 
enemy; a tergo adoriri, Id., the situation of the enemy 
endangered in the direction of his rear. Quartus a vic- 
toria mensis. Tac, after, since, from the victory. 

815. Ponere, Deponere, Reponere, Collocare, Sta- 
tuere. Ponere, putting, placing, assigning a place, per- 
manent for some time, to a thing, e. g. mensam, pedem, arma, 
laying down arms ; the expression deponere arma is stronger. 
Deponere, placing, depositing at a certain place for safe 
keeping, e. g. pecuniam apud aliquemi : Tabula testamenti 
quum in cerario poni non potuissent, apud Pompeium sunt 
depositee. Cses. Reponere, replacing something in its 
proper place, and depositing, placing something in a certain 
place, that it may rest there : Grues in tergo prcevolantium 
capita reponunt. Cic. Collocare, 645, placing a thing 
on a selected spot, proportionate to the things around it, 
making it take its proper, respective place : suo quidque in 
loco ; Ponere castra, establishing a camp; locare, select- 
ing a fit place for it, locating it. Propugnatores in portis 
ponere. Liv., placing; milites in acie locare, drawing up 
the lines; in summo jugo duas legiones c olio cat. Caes., 
posting them by each other. Spem ponere in aliquo, firm 
hope, with confidence; collocare in incerto temporis 
eventu, calculated on circumstances; St a t uere, giving the 
stand to a thing : Captivos vinctos in medio statuit. Liv. 

816. Popina, Caupone, Taberna. Popina, a cooking 
and eating shop, in the neighbourhood of a bath, where cooked 
victuals and delicacies were sold; Caupona, properly a 
wine-house; a tavern on the road; Taberna, a drinking- 
booth, where, however, a person might likewise find meals 
and lodging. 



817. Populus. 819. Posse. 353 

817. Populus, Plebs, Yulgus ; Populari, Vastare, Vex- 
are. Populus, the whole people of a city, a capital with 
its territory, of a whole country, as state, that is, political so- 
ciety, 489, in contradistinction to their magistrates (princeps, 
senatus) ; and as commons, the aggregate of the citizens, in 
contradistinction to the commonalty (plebs) : Populum 
Campanum in vestram, P aires Conscripti, populique Ro- 
mani ditionem dedimus. Liv. Plebs, ancient Plebes, Gen. 
plebei, the common people, opp. populus and patricii, 765 ; 
also, the rabble, in the sense of contempt : Tribunum non 
popul i, sed plebis magistratum esse. Liv. Vulgus, the 
large, rude multitude, in contradistinction to the educated and 
nobly born : Sapientis judicium a judicio vulgi discrepat. 
Cic. — Populari, devastating a place, fields, e. g. agros ; 
Vast are, laying waste, making it unfit for man to dwell 
there: Omnia ferro ignique vastantur. Liv. Vex are, 
ill-treating, causing injury and misery: P opulaiam, vex- 
atamque provinciam. Cic. sc. a Verre. 

818. Porta, Janua, Fores, Valv^;, Ostium, Limen ; 
Janitor, Ostiarius. Porta, the gate, the entrance or gate 
to a city, camp: Ante port as est helium. Liv. Janua, 
entrance to the house, house door; For is, the door which 
turns on hinges, and opens toward within, e. g. cubiculi ; 
plural Fores, a folding door, e. g. port arum : Fores in 
liminibus profanarum cedium j anuce nominantur. Cic. Va l- 
v ce, a door consisting of two parts, which could be placed one 
over the other : Bifores valva. Ovid. Ostium (for ositi- 
urn, from os), the opening, mouth, e. g. fluminis ; the door, 
as opening of an inner room : Aperto ostio dormire. Cic. 
him en, the threshold, also the door, the entrance: Extra 
ostium limen que career is. Cic. — Janit or, door-keeper, 
who was chained by his legs to the door : Heus ! ecquis hie 
est janitor J Aperite. Plaut. Ostiarius, the servant who 
opened the door, waiting at the door. 

819. Posse, Quire, Pollere, Valere ; Potius, Satius. 
Posse (infinitive of I can), designates the possibility of ef- 
fecting something, which possibility is founded in the speaker 
himself; Quire, the possibility offered to him from without, 
if it is not prevented from thence ; something that is possible 
according to circumstances ; finding one's self in the position 
and situation to do a certain thing: Non queo reliqua scri- 
here, tanta vis lacrymarum est. Cic. Maritimus hostis ante 
adesse potest, quam quisquam venturum esse suspicari 

30* 



354 820. Potestas. 82L PrcEceps. 

que at Id. Poll ere, being able to do much, effect a great 
deal, of superiority, of power and means compared to others: 
Plus pallet potiorque est patre. Cic. Vale re, 129, des- 
ignates the existence of the full measure of strength for feel- 
ing well, or in order to effect something: Nos hie valemus 
recte. Cic, feeling well. Pecunia, armis, gratia poll ere, 
being superior to others; Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte 
valet. Ovid., proving efficient. — Potius, rather, better, des- 
ignates choice ; Saiius^ better, more satisfactory, designates 
satisfaction, used only as adjective : Depugna potius, quam 
servias. Cic. Mori satius fuit, quam ejusmodi necessity 
dini obtemperare. Id. 

820. Potestas, Potentia ; Magistratus- ; Imperium, 
Ditio. Potestas (potis), power for, over something, as a 
subjective quality, according to which we have the capacity 
and right to act: Petis a me, quod in tua potestate est. 
Cic, i. e. quod potes. Interrogandi tibi potestatem fa- 
ciam. Id. Potentia (potens), power, as state and circum- 
stance, the capacity of effecting something : Phbis opes im- 
minutce, paucorum potentia crevit. Sail. — P o test as, the 
power (authority) through which a person is authorized to do 
certain acts; hence, the power of the state, a power of the 
state which exercises legally certain rights, e. g. patria ; tri- 
bunicia; Magistratus, 535, a public office, the aggregate 
of lawful performances, duties and privileges of an officer : 
Magi stratum petere, caper e, gerere. Cic. — Potestas^ 
the power with which a magistrate is invested ; Imperium, 
535, the power which a commander-in-chief exercises as 
such: Erit consul Hortensius cum summo imperio et po* 
testate. Cic. The consuls, dictators, and praetors had both ; 
the cediles, qucestores, tribuni plebis, had only potestas. Di- 
tio (more correctly Dicio, from dicere, command, like 
legio), the territory subject to the same authority (as the 
Germans use in the same sense the word Gebiet, from 
gebieten, to command), the power and authority of a master 
over others under him ; the territorial extent of the authority 
of a court: Sub populi alicujus ditione atque imperio 
esse. Cses. 

821. Pr^ceps, Declivis, Devexus, Pr^eruptus, Abrup- 
tus, Abscisus (Abscissus). Prceceps (see 326), head- 
foremost, dashing down, precipitating: se prcecipitem da- 
re. Hor. ; and where one may be precipitated from, steep : 
Viam prcecipitem et lubricam plance et stabili prceponere^. 



822. Pracipuus. 823. Prcedictio. 355 

Cic. Decllvis, sloping : In declivi ac pracipiti loco 
incitatos equos sustinere. Caes. Devexus (see 244) , sloping, 
with less inclination, perhaps, downward, coming down : Am- 
nis devexus ab Indis. Virg. A steep surface is designated 
by Praruptus, if there are rough protuberances and eleva- 
tions on it : Bifficilis et praruptus descensus. Cses. Ab- 
rupt us, properly, torn off, more perpendicular: Locus, jam 
ante praceps, lapsu terra, in pedum M altitudinem abrup- 
tus erai. Liv. Abscisus, properly, cut off; if the surface 
is almost as if produced by a cut : Petra in altitudinem emi- 
net, undique abscisa et abrupt a. Curt. (Abscissus, 
violently severed, torn off, with a maiming, lacerating instru- 
ment, e. g. caput.) 

822. Pracipuus, Princeps, Primarius ; Prjecipue, Pr^:- 
sertim, Inprimis, Cumprimis, Apprime, Cum maxime. 
Pracipuus, that which we have in advance of others, ex- 
cellent : Propriam fortunam et pracipuam postulare, 
communem recusare. Cic. Princeps (pri- caper e), he 
who occupies a forward place, or makes the beginning in a 
thing, especially as to rank: Principibus placuisse viris 
non ultima laus est. Hor. Exordium princeps omnium 
esse debet. Cic. Primarius, belonging to the kind or 
species of the first, of the first rank and dignity : Plotius sena- 
tor, vir primarius. Cic. — Pracipue, particularly, sep- 
arately from and before others: Nihil s-ibi appetit praci- 
pue. Cic. Prasertim, especially, distinguishes more 
accurately, and heightens the effect : Non me sapientia fama 
delectat, falsa prasertim. Cic. Imprimis, Cumpri- 
mis, among the first, with the first, chiefly, in preference of 
all others : Omnes hoc cupimus, ego in primis. Cic. Homo 
domi sua cum primis locuples. Id. Cum maxime, as 
much as it possibly can be: Cum maxime volo te dare 
operam ut fiat. Cic. 

823. Pradictio, Vaticinatio, Vaticinium, Oraculum, Re- 
sponsum. Pradictio, prediction ; Va ticin a tio, proph- 
esying, as action: Habet fidem nostra pradictio. Cic. 
Va ticinationes Sibyllina. Id. Va ticinium, the proph- 
ecy according to its contents : Plena vita est his v aticiniis. 
Plin. Oraculum, something spoken by the gods, is called 
Responsum, when the oracle was given by the priests as 
answer to the person who asked the advice, permission, &c. 
of the gods (consulentibus) : Scitatum bracula Phozbi mit- 
timus. Virg. Testimonia divina, ut oracula, ut responsa 
sacerdotum, haruspicum. Cic. 



356 824. Prceditus. 827. Prcejudicium. 

824. Pr^ditus, Instructus, Ornatus. Prceditus, 
gifted, by nature or good fortune, e. g. opibus, virtute, auda- 
cia, auctoritate, magistrate, ; Instructus, furnished with 
something for use, and generally for any object : doctrinis, 
a philosophia, a jure civili ; instructus ad ccedem. Cic. 
Ornatus (see 389, 751), provided with things which serve 
for greater beauty, dignity, or perfection : Domicilia or n at a 
signis atque picturis, in struct a que rebus Us omnibus, qui' 
bus abundant ii, qui beati putantur. Cic. 

825. Pr^esse, Pr^esidere ; Pr^eficere, Prjeponere ; 
Prjefectus, Prjetor, Legatus. Prceesse, being the head 
of an institution, with superintendence; Prasldere, with 
judicial authority and protecting superintendence : Quum huic 
qucestioni judex prceesses. Cic, as prastor, who superin- 
tended the trial; Vobis armatis et huic judicio prcesiden- 
tibus hcec tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelleturl Id. Centu- 
rions and soldiers, who have placed themselves around the 
court, shall prove their authority. — Prceficere, appointing 
as superior, superintendent, commander, designates the activ- 
ity ; Prceponere, the rank of the place for which a person 
is appointed: Sacerdos prceposita oraculo. Cic. Deme- 
trius sepulcrorum procurationi cerium magistratum prcefe- 
cerat. Id. Prcefectus, a superior, in general: moribus 
or morum ; cerarii, classis, equitum. Prcetor, was origin- 
ally the name of the consul ; from the year 387, A. TJ. C, 
the chief judge or justice ; with the Greeks, the Romans called 
the oiQarriyog praetor: Prcetor Atheniensium et Dioxippus, 
prcefectus cohortis auxiliorum. Liv. Legatus, 623, a 
public ambassador, deputy ; the highest assistant and repre- 
sentative of a commander-in-chief or governor of a province, 
a general second in command : Pompeius Hispaniam provin- 
dam per legatos administravit. Cic. 

826. Prjeferre, Prceponere. Praferre, carrying be- 
fore one, preferring, used of the selection according to rea- 
sons ; Prcepon ere, of the actual execution, 825. Se p ree- 
fer re aliis propter abundantiam fortunce. Cic. Sulpicius 
salutem rei publicce vitce suae prceposuit. Id. 

827. Frje judicium, Opinio prjsjudicata. Prcejudici- 
um, a preliminary opinion, one we have made up preceding 
another yet to be formed more accurately, impression : Be 
Verre non prcejudicium, sed plane judicium jam factum 
videtur. Cic. Op inio prcejudicata, having a prejudiced 
opinion of a thing before proper inquiry into it, a prejudice : 



828. Prcesepe. 832. Prisons. 357 

Tantum opinio prcejudicata poterat, ut etiam sine ra- 
tione valeret auctoritas. Cic. 

828. Pr^sepe, Stabulum. Prcesepe, Prcesepes, a 
fold, pen, a place fenced in, to keep cattle within : Pasti re- 
petent prcesepia tauri. Virg., especially the manger, rack. 
Stdbulum, a place where cattle stand, whether it be cov- 
ered and shut up or not: Ardua tecta petit stabuli. Virg., 
of the hut of the shepherd. 

829. Prater, Trans. Prater, past, of a motion by or 
past the front side of a thing and away from it ; and Trans, 
783, over, from a point this side over a thing, to a point on 
the other side, in compounds: Prceterire terrain, passing 
a country, leaving it to the side ; transire, passing through 
it, beyond its frontier on the other side. Rem silentio prce- 
terire, leaving it aside, not mentioning it, neglecting it; 
transire, passing over in silence, passing over, in order to 
arrive at something else. Tempus prceteriit, the time is 
past as to fit opportunity as well as to its existence ; trans- 
it t, it is past, as to its duration, beyond which we are now ; 
hence, transire modum, going beyond the measure, not 
prceterire. 

830. Pr^termittere, Omittere, Relinquere. Prce- 
ter mitt ere, leaving aside, with consciousness neglecting, 
e. g. occasionem ; Omittere (allowing something to pass 
above), giving up, considering not any further, e. g. tristitiam: 
Libo discessit a Brundisio, obsessionemque o mi sit. Cses. 
Omitto, quid ille tribunus fecerit. Cic, not mentioning. 
Relinquere, 641, Ccedes relinquo. Cic, not mentioning, 
in the sense of letting them alone. 

831. Primores, Proceres, Optimates. Primores, the 
first, who among the highest or foremost occupy the first 
place ; the noblest, most distinguished, and most esteemed or 
honored : Brutus Patrum numerum, primoribus equestris 
gradus lectis, explevit. Liv. Proceres (procus), the no- 
bles, who, by their rank, occupy places above others, top 
above them : Proceres Latinorum, cum quibus Servius rex 
hospitia junxerat. Liv. Optimates, the patriots ; in Rome, 
those of the party for the senate : Qui ita se gerebant, ut sua 
consilia optimo cuique probarent, optimates habebantur. 
Cic 

832. Priscus, Pristinus, Antiquus, Vetus, Vetustus. 
Priscus (pris, see Pridem, 360), belonging to the early 
age : Credendum est veteribus et priscis,ut aiunt, viris, 



358 833. Privatus. 834. Prius. 

qui se progeniem deorum esse dicebant. Cic Pristinus, 
former, that which existed earlier than that which now exists : 
Fac ut tuam prist in am dignitatem consequare. Cic. An- 
tiquus, old, belonging and conformable to a period preceding 
the present one: Tres epistolas tuas accepi. Itaque anii- 
quissimcB cuique primum respondebo. Cic, everyone, ac- 
cording to its arrival before the succeeding one, Civitates 
in antiquam imperii formulam redigere. Liv., not pristi- 
nam, which excludes quality and only relates to time. Cotus, 
antiquissima familia natus. Cses., not prisca, which 
would exclude continuance to the present day. Vitus (cetas), 
old, respecting the length of time, existing long since, e. g. 
vinum: Vet us est maceria, later es si veteres ruunt. Plaut. 
Senator es veteres et moris ant i qui memores. Liv. Ve- 
iustus, that which, despite of its long duration, still continues 
to exist, e. g. templum ; Hospitium vet us, founded long since ; 
vetustum, existing long since, and maintained, supported, 
preserved. 

833. Privatus, Peculiaris, Proprius, Suus. Privatus, 
confined to a single individual, belonging to it, distinguishes 
that which belongs to the individual from public things: Pe- 
culiar is, peculiar, distinguished in its kind, selected and 
separated from the common; Proprius, own, exclusively 
belonging to a person, separate from what may be possessed 
in common with others; Suus, his, that which is his, that 
which is due and belongs to an individual of right, distinguishes 
from others or individuals that have nothing to do with it : 
Privatus illis census erat brevis, commune magnum. Hor. 
Servum dedit gnato suo peculiar em. Plaut. Exoritur 
peculiar e edictum repentinum. Cic, quite a particular, relat- 
ing to this subject alone. Redeas ad consuetudinem tuam 
solius ac propriam. Id. Prcedia Capitoni propria tra- 
duntur, quce hodie possidet. Id. In suam rem aliena con- 
verters Id.. Sua cuique virtuti laus propria debe- 
tur. Id. 

834. Prius, Potius, Antiquius ; Citius, Ocius. Prius, 
prior, according to time and rank ; Potius, preferable, with 
regard to choice : Nihil prius, nee potius, visum est. Liv. 
Antiquius, that which in my opinion is preferable to all 
others, lies nearest to my heart, more urgent: Nihil ei an- 
tiquius amisitia nostra fuit. Cic. — Prius, ere, sooner, 
previous: Prius tua opinione adero. Plaut. Citius, 
quicker, according to willingness and exertion: Vicinum ci- 



835. Pro. 836. Probare. 359 

tins adjuveris, quam fratrem. Cic. Ocius, soon, with the 
least possible delay: Serius ocius. Hor., later or earlier. 
Ocius omnes surgimus. Ovid., quickly, speedily. 

835. Pro, Loco, Vice, Numero, Nomine ; Pro, in com- 
pounds. For instead stands Pro, 85, referring to a relation ; 
Loco, 64:7, in the place of, refers to representation, taking 
the place of something else; Vice, to exchange, when one 
thing is substituted for another ; Numero, under the number, 
refers to rank, relative place; Nomine, under the name, 
title, exchange of denomination : Liberum appellare pro 
vino. Cic, intentional; loco, by mistake. Pro pramio 
accipere, to view it as reward; in pramii loco, as real re- 
ward. Esse pro cive, being considered ; pro hoste habere, 
considering as an enemy, and treating as such ; patris loco 
habere, having in the place of a father. Stipulis ligni vice 
uti, using instead of wood, letting it take the place of wood ; 
more common in vicem, e. g. Defatigatis in vie em inte- 
gri succedunt. Cses. Tibi parentis loco fait, he took the 
place of your father ; parentis numero, he stood with you 
in the rank of a father; thus, In hostium numero habere, 
in hostium numero loco que ducere. Cic. Omnia, qua 
mulieris fuerunt, virijiunt dotis nomine. Id. , as dowry. — 
Pro, in compounds, see 85, fore (as in forefather) : Proa- 
vus (fore-grandfather, i. e.) great-grandfather, his father and 
grandfather Abdvus, and his father At a vus. — Instead of, 
of the representative of an officer, what we express by acting : 
Promagister societatis, the vice-director of a society of 
farmers general. Pro consules, P r oprcetores, Pro qucesto- 
res, were the respective magistrates, when, after their one 
year's official term as consul, &c, they became governors of 
provinces; but pro consule, pro prcetore, is used when the 
preposition is connected with the predicate, and has an em- 
phatic meaning: Nee legionem proconsul ejus anni P. 
Dolabella retinere ausus erat. Tac. L. Volumnium pro 
consule ducem consulibus adjiciunt. Liv. 

836. Probare, Adprobare, Comprobare ; Probatus, 
Spectatus. Probare, making a thing proof, so that it 
gives satisfaction, proving, and declaring a thing to be such, 
approving of: Libros meos tibi probabo. Cic. Judicibus 
probabo, Verr em contra leges pecuniam cepisse. Id. Cen- 
sores villam publicam probaverunt. Id., declaring free of 
blame. Video meliora pro bo que. Ovid. Adprobare, 
making something worthy of approval with others, making 



360 837. Proclivis. 840. Proms. 

another satisfied with it: officium suum alicui. Cic, and pay- 
ing one's approval to something: Approbata laudataque 
Cotta sententia. Id, Comprob a re, giving entire approba- 
tion, used of several, and confirming something by one's ap- 
probation : Omnium assensu comprobata est oratio. Liv. 
Honorem meum sententia tua comprob abis. Cic. — Pro- 
bat us, that which has stood the proof and received approba* 
tion, of proved value ; Spectatus, accurately viewed , exam- 
ined, without the idea of approving opinion : Ceterarum 
homines artium spectati et probati. Cic. 

837. Proclivis, Propensus, Pronus. Proclivis, lean- 
ing forward and down ; descending, of the walker (declivis, 
821, refers to the mountain itself). Dictu est proclive. 
Cic, easy. Tropical, procli vis, favorable, natural inclina- 
tion, susceptibility for something; Propensus, properly, 
hanging forward, used of a stronger degree of inclination, 
disposition of the faculty of desiring, of the appetite ; Pro- 
nus, 840, the decided, still stronger inclination and disposition 
for something : TJt aliquis natura ad aliquem morbum pro- 
clivior, sic animus alius ad alia vitia propensior. Cic. 
In obsequium plus cequo pronus. Hor. 

838. Prcelium, Pugna, Acies, Certamen, Dimicatio. 
Pr allium, engagement, battle, designates the fighting of the 
many, the animated battle, to and fro; Pugna, the fight of 
two armies, considered as the two great bodies; Acies } 19^ 
the order of battle, inasmuch as both the armies are drawn 
up ; Certamen, 62, as contest, struggle for victory ; D i mi- 
cat io, 355, as contest, the end of which is yet undecided. 
Pr allium committer e,conser ere. Liv. In pr allium ruunt, 
priusque pugna ccepit, quam signum ab ducibus daretur. Id. 
Triplici instructa acie. Cses. Co?isul cum Hannibale acie 
conjlixit. Obscura ejus pugna fama est. Liv. Fit pr al- 
lium acri certamine. Hirt. Nos jam in aciem dimi- 
cationemque descendamus. Cic. 

839. Progenies, Proles, Suboles. Progenies, the 
race or house, as the series of descendants from one founder 
and forefather : Memoriter progeniem ab avo atque atavo 
proferens. Ter. Proles (the sprout: olivce), as branch, 
successors: Brutorum. Sail. Proles ilia futurorum homi- 
num. Cic. Suboles, more correctly than Soboles (a sprout 
from the root : Suboles ex imo stirpe nata. Colum.), as in- 
crease: Expulsa omnis suboles juventutis. Cic. 

840. Pronus, Supinus, Cernuus. Pronus, leaning 



841. Prop ago. 845. Prov erbium. 361 

forward to fall, inclined to sink : Importer e equo puerum pro- 
num in ventrem. Varr. ; the contrary is Supinus, bent 
backward, or lying so : Ebrius cubat in faciem, mox deinde 
supinus. Juvenal. Cernuus, turned with the face toward 
the ground : Equus incumbit cernuus armo. Virg. 

841. Propago, Malleolus, Viviradix, Talea, Stolo. 
Propago, properly, the propagator; a shoot of a vine, any 
layer ; Malleolus, a sprig without roots, used for planting ; 
Viviradix, a seedling with roots; Talea, a little sprig 
from a branch, used for planting ; Stolo, a, sucker, a scion, 
torn off with the radical fibres, and used for planting. 

842. Prope, Propemodum, Pene, Fere, Ferme, Tan- 
tum non. Prope, near, nearly, and Prop e mo dum, near- 
ly wholly, designates an approach to completion; Pene, al- 
most, to the completeness of a state ; Fere (ferre), about, 
generally, almost, pretty nearly, to the full meaning of an 
expression, if the same is not taken quite accurately ; Ferme, 
generalizes this meaning; Tan turn non, I will not say so 
much, that is, almost : Prope annos XG natus. Cic. Quid 
est sors ? Idem propemodum, quod micare. Id. Flumen 
pene totum oppidum cingit. Cses. In orator e verba pr ope 
poetarum, gestus pene summorum actorum est requirendus. 
Cic. Eodem fere tempore. Cses. Vulgus quid absit a per- 
fecto, non fere intelligit. Cic. Haud fere quisquam in- 
teritum talem effugit. Id. Ab externis ferme bellis otium 
fuit. Liv., pretty generally. Tan turn non jam capta La- 
cedcemon est. Liv. 

843. Prorsus, Omnino, Penitus. Prorsus, Pror- 
sum, forward, straight forward, throughout : Pror sum ob- 
litus sum mei. Ter. Omnino,m every thing, so that nothing 
is wanting, entirely ; in general, through and through: Labo- 
ribus aut omnino, aut magna ex parte, eram liber atus. Cic. 
Penitus, to the innermost, from within and without, out and 
out: Res penitus perspecta planeque cognitce. Cic. 

844. Proturbare, Propellere, Protrudere. Protur- 
bare, 255, driving away before one, with impetuosity and 
disorder; Propellere, pushing and beating; Protrudere, 
by pushing and forcibly pressing the hesitating : Telis missi- 
libusque saxis proturbare Jwstes. Liv. Propellere na- 
vem remis. Cic. Protrudere cylindrum; aliquem for as. 
Phcedr. 

845. Proverbium, Adagium. Prov erbium, a proverb, 
as a maxim well proved by experience in the mouth of every- 

31 



362 846. Provocare. 849. Pulcher. 

body; Addgium, as a rule of life, or containing a useful 
principle : Tritum sermone proverbium. Cic. Vetus ada- 
gium est, Nihil cum jidibus graculo. Gell. 

846. Provocare, Apellare. Provocare, calling forth, 
making application, that a case be adjudged before a higher 
court, with reference to the opponent, who is called before a 
superior court : Lex est, ut de vi et de majestate damnati ad 
populum prov ocent. Cic. A pp ell are, asking protective 
aid from a superior person, with reference to the judge 
who was appealed to, that is, petitioned for help or revision 
of judgment: Tribunos plebis appello et provoco ad 
populum. Liv. 

847. Prudens, Sapiens, Cordatus. Prudens, prudent, 
intelligent, and consequently acting with circumspection and 
considerately: Yir natur a per acutus et prudens. Cic. Vir 
ad usum ac disciplinam belli peritus, ad consilia prudens. 
Id. Juris prudens, the theoretic lawyer ; juris peritus, 
367, the practical, well-practised lawyer. Sapiens (prop- 
erly, he who has taste, sense), wise, he who has discovered 
the reasons of truth and moral actions, and therefore subor- 
dinates the dictates of prudence to the higher objects of mo- 
rality : Sapientis est proprium, nihil, quod pcenitere pos- 
sit, facer e, nihil invitum. Cic. Sapiens, is the practical 
sage ; Philosophus, the speculative thinker. Cordatus, 
sensible, honest, man of probity, both of worldly prudence and 
morality : Egregie cordatus homo. Enn. 

848. PUBLICARE, VULGARE, DlVULGARE ; PrOSCRIBERE. 

Public are, communicating something to the public (the 
community), for its use or benefit: De Aventino publican- 
do latalex est. Liv. Publicare librum. Plin. Vulgare^ 
bringing something among the common people, making it 
common to ail: Cereris ritus profanis. Ovid. Vulgatur 
rumor. Liv. Divulgare, diffusing into all directions. — 
Publicare, making a thing state property, confiscating: 
Sunt multi agri lege Cornelia public ati. Cic. Proscri- 
bere, making known by public handbill, placard, especially 
that the goods of a person condemned to confiscation are to 
be sold publicly: Mancipium venale proscribere. Cic. 

849. Pulcher, Formosus, Venustus, Speciosus, Bel- 
lus ; Venustas, Dignitas. Pulcher, beautiful, exciting 
pleasure to admiration by its perfections and advantages : ar- 
gentum, domus, vastis, dies ; Formosus, 448, well-formed, 
by its external form and formation, especially causing pleasure 



850. Plus. 852, Pyra. 363 

by its soft transitions and regular proportions of undulating 
lines; hence, not formosa or alio, vestis : Formosus homo, 
an deformis. Cic. Nihil est virtute formosius, nihil pul- 
chrius. Id. Venustus, pleasurable in a high degree, full 
of charm, of attracting beauty, also in works of art : Fuit in 
Sulpicio geslus et motus corporis it a v enustus. Cic. Ado- 
lescentula vultu modesto et venusto. Ter. Speciosus, as 
extremely beautiful, striking the eyes, looking ; it designates 
a higher degree of beauty than formosus : Se quo que det 
populo mulier speciosa videndam. Ovid. Dictu sped- 
osa. Liv. Bellas, fine, handsome, of the agreeableness 
which borders closely on the beautiful (pulchrum) : Vasa 
Jigurd hell a. Varr. Puella hellissima. Cic. — Venus- 
tus, charming beauty, attractive by grace, especially in the 
features and movements of female beauty : Ex Venere v e- 
nustas dicta est. Cic. Dignitas, dignified beauty, which 
lends appearance to a thing, proper to its character and that 
pleases, especially the beauty of man: Pulchritudinis 
duo sunt genera : venustatem muliebrem ducere dehemus, 
dignitatem virilem. Cic. 

850. Puls, Polexta, Puis, a. thick pap, which in early 
times took the place of bread (as we find to this day with 
many Indian tribes of North America) : Pulte, non pane, 
vixisselongo tempore Romano s manifesium. Piin. Polenta, 
a dish made of roasted barley, pounded and then moistened, 
with the Greeks (entirely different from what is now called 
polenta in Italy). 

851. Purpura, Murex, Ostrum. Purpura, the purple 
snail, with rounded opening and an elongated beak ; Miirex, 
with wider opening, and without elongated mouth, near Tyre ; 
Ostrum, the juice or blood of these animals; generally used 
of the purple dye and substances dyed therein : Affers pur- 
pur am Syriam. Cic. Murice tinctce lance. Hor. Ostro 
perfusce vestes. Virg. 

852. Pyra, Rogus, Bustum. Pyra, a pile of wood put 
together to be lighted, a funeral pile, pyre, poetical ; in prose, 
Rogus: Inscendere in rogum ardentem. Cic. Bustum 
(urere), the place where the dead body was burned and 
buried: Bust or urn Gallicorum nomine insignem locum fe- 
cere. Liv. If the dead body was buried in another place, the 
spot of combustion was called Ustrina. Fest. 



364 853. Quando. 854. Quercus. 



Q. 

853. Quando, Quum ; Quandoque, Quandocunque. 
Quando, when once, designates an indefinite point of time 
in the past or future, and is used interrogatively, indefinite, 
and relative as a particle indicative of time as well as cause : 
Quaii do me ista cogitasse arbitramini? Cic. Num quan- 
do vides aliquem de Catone gloriari'l Id., perhaps, perhaps 
upon a time. Non intelligitur, quando obrepat senectus. 
Id., when. Quando non potest fieri, quod vis, id velis, 
quod possit. Ter., i. e. since, as cause originating from casual 
circumstances. Quum, ancient Quom, when, designates 
with its predicate a real fact as secondary circumstance of a 
definite time, which may be simple (when, at the time that), 
or repeated (so often as), and is only used relative as indica- 
tion of the time of another occurrence, or as causative parti- 
cle for then: Zenonem, quum Athenis ess em, audiebam 
frequenter. Cic. Verres quum rosam viderat, tunc in- 
cipere ver arbitral atur. Id., as often as. Quid verba audiam, 
quum facta videam? Id., since. — Quandoque, stands in 
distributive sense relative for whenever, and indefinite for each 
time ivhenever ; Quandocunque, is used in a generalizing 
sense, relative for whenever, may that be at any time, and in- 
definite, sometime, whenever, be this ivhenever it may ; in 
Quandoque, we leave to the accident, to casual occurrence, 
each imagined point of time separate ; in Quandocunque, 
all points of time are taken together, and we leave to casualty 
the selection of one of these : Indignor, quandoque bonus 
dormitat Homerus. Hor. Ego ibi commorabor, quoad ille 
quandoque veniat. Cic, whenever, some time or other. 
Hostibus, quandocunque se moverint, ab ter go erimus. 
Liv. 

854. Quercus, Ilex, iEscuLus, Robur. Quercus, the 
common European forest oak, with the largest acorns : glan- 
difera. Cic. Ilex, evergreen, with oval, edible acorns, and 
oval leaves: Civica corona fit e fronde quern a, quoniam 
cibus victusque antiquissimus quernus capi solitus sit: 
etiam ex ilice, quod genus superiori proximum est. Gell. 
^Es cuius, the winter-oak, prospering in the mountains, with 
acorns with short pedicles, and broad leaves with long pedi- 
cles ; according to others, the oak with narrower leaves and 



855. Questus. 856. Qui. 365 

sweet acorns attached close to the branch : Civica iligna pri- 
mo fuit, postea magis placuit ex cesculo Jovi sacra. Plin. 
Robur, the stone-oak, with small acorns and very firm 
wood, indestructible in water: Innata rupibus altis rob or a. 
Ovid. 

855. Questus (Querela, Queremonia), Lamentl t 3i, 
Plangor, Planctus, Gemitus. Questus, complaint, ex- 
pression of dissatisfaction and suffering, stating grievance at 
pain, external pressure and oppression, injustice, and the like, 
as state of things : Qui questus, qui mar or dignus inveniri 
in calamitate tanta potest J Cic. (Querela, complaint, ac- 
cording to its external condition, inasmuch as words, tone, and 
expression have a peculiar character in proffering it : Cycni 
quum tollani lugubri voce querelam. Lucret. Quid intuis 
Uteris fuit prceter querelam teraporum J Cic. Queri- 
monia, the complaint of itself (in abstracto), as utterance of 
words of a certain meaning : Versibus impariter junctis que- 
rimonia primum inclusa est. Hor. Multce querimonice 
ultro citroque jactata. Liv.) L amentum, expression of 
painful sensations and affliction by sounds of complaint and 
words ; it is the expression considered of itself ; the act of 
lamenting, L anient atio, lamentation : Solon se negat velle 
suam. mortem dolore amicorum et I anient is vacare. Cic. 
Plangor, 804, the beating of the breast and other parts, as 
sign of affliction, inasmuch as it is something perceived by 
others through hearing; Planctus, the same, as continued 
state of the afflicted : Plangor e et lamentatione imple- 
vimus forum. Cic. Iter 'asti pectore planctus. Stat. Ge- 
mitus, sighing, the natural vent of a heart oppressed by pain, 
secret grief: Quid faciam infelixJ Gemitus dolor edere 
cogit. Ovid. 

856. Qui, Quis ; Quida3I, Qcjisquam, Quispiam, Ali- 

QUIS ; QuiLIBET, QUIVIS, QuiCUNQUE,- QuiSQUE, UnUSQUIS- 

Que, Quisquis. Qui, qua, quod, who, which, designates 
one undetermined subject of the number of a kind, or adjec- 
tively, indefinite, one, some one ; interrogative, which ? and 
relative, who, that ; Quis (qua.), quid, who, designates one 
indeterminate, in general and without reference to the kind, 
only indefinite, some one, something, and interrogative, who ? 
what? Quis, in the Nominative, hence it is generis com- 
munis, and qua is only used in this case when the sex is dis- 
tinctly to be understood ; as likewise the indefinitum, qua, in 
the Nom. sin. as feminine, and Nom. Ace. plural, as neuter^ 
31* 



366 857. Qui. 

points more distinctly at the kind : Si qui rex, si qua natio 
fecisset aliquid ejus modi. Cic. Acies, quails qua insiruc- 
tissima esse potest. Liv. Si quod est admissum f acinus. 
Cses. Si qua in membris prava sunt, occultant homines. 
Cic. Danda opera est, ne qua amicorum discidia jiant. Id. 
Qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? 
Id. Si cui naviganti deus quis dixerit. Id., i. e. one who 
is a god. Quis rex unquam fuit, quis populus, qui non 
uteretur pradictione divina? Id. Quis tu es mulier, qua 
me nuncupasti? Varr. Relinquesne amicum? qua ista ami- 
citia est? — Quid am, a certain (neuter quod dam, a cer- 
tain, quid dam, something certain, some certain thing) one 
of a certain kind or species, whose characteristic distinctions 
as individual are of no importance to the matter. Without 
reference to the kind, is Quisquam, one, if he exist any- 
where, relative and in the negative sense ; Quispiam, in a 
positive sense, one who exists somewhere, opp. nemo, nihil; 
AH quis, another than quis, i. e. one who has more or less 
of the distinctions, considered in general only, of a multitude, 
some one, many a one i.Accurit quid am, notus mihi nomi- 
ne tantum. Hor. Estne quisquam omnium, de quo melius 
existimes tu? Cic. Hereditas est pecunia, qua morte all- 
cujus ad quempiam pervenit jure. Id. Aude aliquid 
carcere dignum, si vis esse aliquis. Juvenal., one of con- 
sideration. Est aliquis, qui se astimare fastidiat. Liv., 
many a one. — Quilibet, anyone you choose, if the choice 
is left to mere inclination; Qui vis, every one you choose, 
if the choice is determined by will ; Quicumque, any one, 
no matter who, expresses indifference at the choice of the in- 
dividual from among its kind; Quis que, each one, refers 
to each individual as unit of a multitude; Unusquisque y 
746, every single one in the whole number, every single one 
taken singly; Quisquis, any one, is used if no distinction 
is made between the individuals of the number : Apud majo- 
res nostros adhibebatur peritus, nunc quilibet. Cic. Ves- 
trum quivis formidat malum. Plaut. Spe tu, quicunque 
casus est futurus, car ere non debes. Cic. Sibi quis que 
ruri metit. Plaut. Signiferi orbis unaquaque pars alia 
alio movet immutatque cozlum, perinde ut qua que Stella in 
lis jinitimis que par tibus sunt quo que tempore. Cic. O ado- 
lescens, salve, qui me servasti, quisquis es. Plaut., as an 
address to utterly unknown persons. 

857. Qui, Quomodo, Quemadmodum, Ut, Sicut, Velut ; 



858. Quies. 859. Quin. 367 

Quasi, Sicuti, Veluti, Tamquam, Ceu. a. To designate 
comparisons absolutely expressed, there are used : Qui (an- 
cient Ablative of quis), as, taken entirely general, interrogat- 
ing; Quomodo, as, compares with the mode of an existing 
state the mode of something already formed; Quemadmo- 
dum, as, the mode of a thing yet to be formed or to be 
taken into consideration; Ut, Uti, as, compares condition in 
general ; Sicuti, such as, the relation of the condition of a 
state to that of another already existing, at which the speaker 
points ; Velut, Veluti, as, for example, compares the dif- 
ference of the condition, i. e. the similitude of the present 
case with one arbitrarily taken for example's sake from real 
existence : Qui fit, ut ego nesciam, sciant omnes 7 Cic. Me 
consulem ita fecistis, quo mo do pauci facti sunt. Id. 
Quemadmodum sunt in se ipsos animati, eodem modo sunt 
erga amicos. Id. Ut res gesta est, narrabo ordine. Ter. Me 
si cut alt er urn parent em dili git. Cic. Bestice aquatiles, quce 
gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili. Id. — b. For compar- 
isons expressed conditionally, are used : Quasi (quam-si, as 
if, i. e. about), about as, as if, compares a state of things with 
another, according to a merely seeming similitude ; Sicuti, 
as, like, refers to a fact ; Veluti, similar to, such as, gives an 
instance ; Tamquam, as much, as well as, according to de- 
gree, by pointing at an equal effect in something similar; 
Ceu, as, as if, compares similar things in general, but it is 
used only with poets and later writers : Quasi decern fisci. 
Cic, about. Fuit oli?n, quasi ego sum, senex. Plaut. Tu, 
quasi concessum sit, ita deliberas. Cic, as if. Gloria vir- 
tutem tamq u a m umbra sequitur. Cic. Ta mqua m de regno 
dimicaretur, ita concurrerunt. Li v. Situs picece in excelso 
montium, ceu maria fugeret. Plin. 

858. Quies, Requies; Quietus, Tranquillus. Quies, 
the rest before labor, rest of itself ; Requies, rest as recrea- 
tion, with reference to previous exertion : Mors laborum ac 
miseriarum quies est. Cic. Animus defatigatus nunc re- 
quiet em quarit ex magnis occupationibus. Id. — Quietus, 
quiet, calm, being at rest, in contradistinction to exertion; 
Tranquillus, still, tranquil, without violent motion: Otiosa 
cetas et qui eta sine ullo labore et contentione. Cic. Gentes 
agitare qui etas. Virg. Maris tranquillitas. Cic 
Tranquillus ad quiet em locus. Id. 

859. Quin, Qui — Ut — Cur non? Quin, who not 
(qui-ne), and, that not (qui-ne), annihilates again the effect 



860. Quippe. 863. Quotus. 

of an antecedent negative sentence upon the following subor- 
dinate ; the same effect has Qui non, who not, only with 
stronger negation, and TJt non, that not, indicating an effect 
or consequence: In condone adest nemo, quin vitia in di- 
cente videat. Cic. Nihil abest, quin sim miserrimus. Id. 
Nullns annus est, quo non acie dimicetur. Liv. Non potu- 
isti facer e, ut mihi epistolam non mitteres. Cic. — In sen- 
tences which do not depend upon others, Quin (qui ne), 
expresses an urgent, impatient desire, with the apprehension 
that the addressed person be unfavorably disposed, interroga- 
tive and indefinite for why! eh! Quin igitur expergisci- 
mini? Sail., how not? i. e. well, don't you wake? Quid hie 
conterimus operam frustra ? quin abeo ? Ter., well, don't I 
go? P amphilus. Jam hoc opus est (argento). Davus. 
Quin jam habeo. Id., why, I have it already. Cur non? 
302. 

860. Quippe, Utpote. Quippe, of course, certainly, 
confirms in ceding; Utpote (with qui and quum), as, since, 
explains the possibility of an antecedent assertion in giving a 
reason : Sol Democrito magnus videtur, quippe homini eru- 
dito. Cic. Pater mens puerulo me, utpote non amplius no- 
vem annos nato, in Hispaniam profectus est. Nep. 

861. Quod, Quia, Quoniam. Quod, that, because, gives, 
with reference to an expressed or implied demonstrative, the 
real cause of an effect, or the nearest ground of a consequence 
arising directly out of it ; Quia, because, gives the more re- 
mote reason, which causes the consequence; Quoniam 
(quom-jam), because, a reason taken from circumstances of 
the present time : Non ea res me deterruit, quo minus literas 
ad temitterem, quod tu ad me nullos miser as, sed quia ni- 
hil, quod scriberem, reperiebam. Cic. Quoniam jam nox 
est, in vestra tecta discedite. Cic. 

862. Quotidie, Singulis diebus, In dies singulos. 
Quotidie, daily, when something is omitted or interrupted 
on no day, quotidian ; Singulis diebus, on every day of 
a certain number of days, each one taken singly ; In singu- 
los dies, for every single day, distributed for every day of 
a certain number: Quotidie, vel potius in dies singu- 
los breviores literas ad te mitto. Cic. Flavius singulis 
diebus ediscendos fastos populo proposuit. Id. 

863. Quotus, Quotusquisque. Quotus, which in num- 
ber of rank and order? (in German, der line vielste.) Quo- 
tusquisque, of how many one, if you divide a number into 



864. Radere. 867. Ratio. 369 

several equal parts ? or, of how many one in this whole num- 
ber? (in German, der je wie vielste?) distributive, i. e. how 
few! Hora quota est J Hor. Quotusquisque disertus 
est 1 Cic. To each man in a company the question quotus 
would apply ; if, after a mutiny, it had been decreed that 
each tenth man should be executed, the question quotusquis- 
que would apply. 



R. 

864. Radere, Scabere, Rodere. Radere, scratching, 
scraping, e. g. genas : Margine in extremo liter a rasa. Ovid. 
Modo tondere (with the pincers) modo radere barbam. 
Suet., with the razor. Scabere, shaving (not of the beard), 
shearing, grating : Laminas scab en do pur gar e. Plin. Ea- 
d ere makes a surface rough ; Sc a b ere, smooth. Rodere, 
gnawing, grating off, as it were, with the teeth, something of 
a solid body: Caput scaberet vivos et roderet ungues. 
Hor. 

865. Ramus, Surculus, Termes. Ramus, the larger, 
stronger branch; Surculus, the tender sprig, an engrafting 
twig; Termes, the fruit-branch: Avulsus e palma termes 
cum fructu. Gell. 

866. Rapina, Pr^da, Furtum, Latrocinium. Rap in a, 
the robbery, as the act of robbing, and poetical for that which 
is robbed, i. e. goods hastily, violently, and unlawfully taken 
from the possessor; Trad a, booty, the gain of the hunter 
and the plundering warrior: Spem prcedcB et rapinarum 
sequi. Cic. Furtum, theft, clandestine removal of foreign 
property, and the stolen property, without violence : Fur to 
ob sides sub duxistis. Liv. Cogi a magistratu furtum red- 
dere. Cic. Latrocinium, highway robbery, robbing in 
the open street or on the highway with violence : Fines suos 
ab excursionibus hostium et latrociniis tueri. Cic. 

867. Ratio, Modus ; Rationem habere, Respicere. 
Ratio, 190, properly, the calculation; the rational proce- 
dure in an affair, calculated, that is, reasoned according to 
sufficient grounds; Modus, 450, the proper measure, the 
way and manner of proceeding : Existima,modo et ratione 
omnia Romce Ncevium fecisse, si hoc recte atque ordine fac- 
tum videtur. Cic, where the last sentence explains the first. 



370 868. Re. 871. Reddere. 

Pictoris rati one et modo, formarum varietate locos dis- 
tinguentis. Id. — Rationem habere, counting over, making 
account ; hence, having regard, paying attention to something, 
taking it into calculation, e. g. fames sucb : Haberi ratio- 
nem oportet hominum, rei temporis ne quid jocus de gravitate 
decerpat. Cic. Respicere, looking back, retrospectively ; 
considering something in the calculation of a thing (precisely 
as the Germans have Rucksicht, literally translated,' back- 
sight), taking care of some one, e. g. commoda alicujus : 
Nisi qui deus nos respexerit. Cic. In consilio capiendo 
omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium 
concitavimus. Cses. 

868. Re, Retro. Re, back, backward, in compounds 
designates a direction opposite to that of forward, as in pror- 
sum rursum, forward, backward; in verbs which in them- 
selves express a going forward, or indicate this direction, re 
indicates a repetition of the action, because repetition is the 
coming back once more to the same thing, as in repetere, re- 
quirere, reverti ; Retro, backward or returning motion or 
situation toward a point, from which the motion started ; hence 
we find retro respicere: Pergeret protinus : quid retro 
atque a tergo fieret, ne labor aret. Cic, behind, behind him. 
Marcellus retro, unde venerat, Nolam redit. Liv. 

869. Recidivus, Redivivus. R e c t d i v u s, one that falls 
back, returns, e. g. febris ; that which after its fall is rees- 
tablished, which rises out of its own ruins: Recidiva 
posuissem Pergama victis. Virg. Redivivus (re-vivus, 
as redhibeo), that which, as old and worn out, is used anew, 
e. g. old building-materials : Columnam efficere ab integro 
novam nullo lapide rediviv o. Cic. 

870. Recte, Bene, Rite. Recte, 694, right, in straight 
line: Atomi suo nutu recte ferentur. Cic, perpendicular, 
opp. oblique. Recte atque or dine exque re publica facere. 
Id. Bene, well, good, to satisfaction: Bene facis, quod 
me adjuv as. Cic. Rite, in proper manner, according to ob- 
servance, custom, usage: Sacrijicio rite perpetrato. Liv. 

871. Reddere, Restituere. Reddere, returning what 
we have received, giving back: depositum, mutuum; Resti- 
tuere, replacing something in its former place, reestablishing 
something in its former state : Si cedes corruerunt, heres re- 
stituere non debet, nee reficere. Cic Ccesar hospitem^ 
ereplum e manibus hostium, sibi restitutum videbat. Caes. 
Reddere, is merely giving back; restituere, returning it 
in the former state. 



872. Redemptor. 874. Regio. 371 

872. Redemtor, Manceps, Publicanus. Redemtor, 
the undertaker, in its primitive sense (French, entrepeneur), 
one who undertakes, for a sum stipulated by contract, to raise 
a building, to procure provisions, or any thing, a contractor : 
Redemtor ; qui columnam de Torquato conduxerat facien- 
dam. Cic. Manceps, 637, the person who buys articles, 
&c, at auction, obtains by the highest bidding, the farming 
out of things, with a view to make profit upon these things : 
Coepit cogitare, si res abiret ab eo mancipe, quern ipse ap- 
posuisset, sibi nullam prcedam esse. Cic. Publicanus, a 
farmer-general of state revenues ; they were Roman knights, 
who, joined in a societas, partly as mancipes, partly as con- 
tractors, partly as prcedes, who became guarantees for the 
former, obtained the farming out of duties and imposts of a 
province. There were other members still of these societies, 
called socii, connected with the others as partners for com- 
mon gain and loss. When any sort of revenue is farmed out, 
the farmer pays a fixed sum to government, for which the 
revenue is signed over to him. It is still done in some Euro- 
pean countries ; nowhere, however, where the finances are 
regulated and organized as they ought to be : Flos equitum 
Romanorum, publicanorum or do. Cic. 

873. Redire, Reverti ; Rediens, Redux ; Reditus, 
Proventus. Redire, going back, to the place from which 
we started ; Reverti, returning, from the place away toward 
which we had moved, e. g. ex itinere. Ccesar eodem, unde 
redierat, revertitur. Cses. Ad interregnum res rediit. 
Liv., came back to it. Brutus reditu vel potius rever- 
sione mea Icetatus est. *Cic. Reditus supposes the reach- 
ing of the object; reversio, change of intention. Mecum 
rediit in gratiam, reconciling ; reverti t, changing one's 
hostile intention or disposition. — Rediens, the returning 
one, coming back; Redux, the fortunately returned one, 
from a distant journey, danger, captivity : Video rure rede- 
untem. Ter. Tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 
nuntio. Virg. — Reditus, revenue which the owner enjoys 
(the idea of returning, i. e. from the outlay, is likewise ex- 
pressed in our revenue); Proventus, produce of landed 
property, &c, that which comes forth: Re di turn hominibus 
coiifice. Cic, obtain for them an income. Annus proventu 
oner at sulcos. Virg. 

874. Regio, Provincia, Plaga, Tractus. Regio, re- 
gion, a country according to its direction, situation, limits, 



372 875. Relaxatio. 878. Reparare. 

before the eyes of the observer: Cazpi regiones circum* 
circa prospicere. Cic. Provincial a country without Italy 
proper, as Roman conquest : Sicilia primo omnium pro v in' 
cia est appellata. Cic. Pldga, the zone, as a band defined 
in the heavens or on the earth, as a stripe, e. g. septemtriona- 
lis: Colli scrutantur plagas. Cic. Tr actus, a tract, a 
space extended longitudinally, of indefinite magnitude : Totus 
ille tr actus Venafranus, tota ilia aspera et montuosa re- 
gio. Cic. 

875. Relaxatio, Remissio. Relaxatio, the making 
loose that which is fastly tied ; Remissio, the making 
yield, or slackening that which is drawn tight, e. g. the 
cord of a bow: Animi relaxatio, is recreation by leisure; 
remissio animi, is recreation by a cheerful occupation, 
game, &c. 

876. Religio, Superstitio. Religio, properly the 
scruple of conscience ; the awe and fear of that which is 
sacred, holy ; religion, externally as well as internally ; Cum 
pietate simul et sanctitatem et religionem toller e* Su- 
per s tit io (superstes, that which has remained of olden 
times), ancient usage, traditional custom in sacred rites ; an- 
tiquated belief, ancient superstition: In super stitione in- 
est timor inanis deorum, religio deorum cultu pio conti- 
netur. Cic. 

877. Remus, Remulcus, Contus. Remus, the oar; 
Remulcus, or Remulcum, a tow-barge, the contrivance 
by which one vessel was pulled along by other vessels with 
oars: Navem remulco quadriremis train jussit. Liv. Con- 
tus, a pole, for poling a vessel : Aciita cuspide contos ex- 
pediunt. Virg. 

878. Reparare, Recuperare ; Reficere, Recreare. 
Reparare, reprocuring something we have possessed be- 
fore: res amiss as ; Recuperare, ancient Reciperare, 
receiving again what was lost, obtaining again something in 
the same number and measure : erepta, lioertatem. Cic. — 
Reparare, repairing, replacing in the former state, reestab- 
lishing entirely : collisum vas. S nee. R efi cere, re-making, 
repairing of dresses, &c, effecting reestablishment gradually, 
repairing, strengthening : naves, cedes lalentes. Hor. Vires 
reparare, renovating for new, fresh exertions, when the 
strength had sunk entirely : cibo reficere, re-strengthening, 
refreshing after exhaustion. Recrearo, causing that one 
comes to strength again, reviving, refreshing: Ego re ere- 



879. Rependere. 883. Residere. 373 

avi affiictos animos bonorum, unumquemque confirmans, ex- 
citans. Cic. Me reficit et re ere at tuus in me amor. Id. 

879. Rependere, Compensate. Rependere, weighing 
out with equal weight, requiting, retaliating ; Compensare, 
weighing one thing with another, counting one against the 
other, restoring, compensating: Ingenio forma damna re- 
pen do mece. Ovid. C o mp ens ab atur cum summis dolo- 
ribus latitia. Cic. 

880. Repere, Serpere. Rep ere, creeping, moving 
along on the belly: Per angustam vulpecula rimam repse- 
rat in cumeram frumenti. Hor. Murcence in sicco repunt. 
Plin. Serpere, glide, of animals without feet, and more 
slow, noiseless, and imperceptible movement: Videmus ser- 
pere anguiculos. Cic, Simulatio serpebat indies. Id. 

881. Repeobare, Repudiare, Respuere, Rejicere. Re- 
pro bare, rejecting as being insufficient, unjust, or by w T ay 
of disapprobation: Ipsa natura reprobat dolorem. Cic. 
Repudiare, thrusting away as worthless, hateful; disdain- 
ing : uxor em, repudiating. Non repudiabis in lionore, 
quern in periculo recepistL Cic. Respuere, thrusting away 
with contempt, dislike, disgust : Cibi reliquice, quas natura 
respuit. Cic. Respuere defensionem et pro nihilo pu- 
tare. Id. Rejicere, declining, not allowing something to 
take place : Judices reus rejecit. Cic. 

882. Resciscere, Comperire, Certiorem fieri. Re- 
sciscere, learning again, receiving information of something 
disagreeable, which was not expected : Primus sentio mala 
nostra : primus rescisco omnia. Ter. Comperire, re- 
ceiving information upon undeniable evidence: Comperi 
ex Us, qui fuere conscii. Ter.; hence, Compertus, known 
from proof, certain : Facinus manifesto c o mp ertum atque 
deprehensum. Cic. Certiorem fieri, becoming more cer- 
tain than we were before, receiving certain intelligence : 
Ccesar ab exploratoribus certior f actus est, Ariovisti 
copias non longe abesse. Caes. 

883. Residere, Residere ; Residuus, Reliquits, Super- 
stes ; Restare, Superesse. Residere, sitting downlink- 
ing down: Mediis residunt cedibus. Virg. Si monies 
residissent. Cic. Residere, sitting firmly, remaining 
sitting : Ut, quum in mentem veniret, resideret, deinde spa- 
tiaretur. Cic. Rcsidet spes in virtute tua. Id. — Resi- 
duus, that which remains sitting, settled, that which remains, 
arrears: Residua pecunice exactce. Liv. Reliquus, re- 

32 



374 884. Respondere. 887. Ridere. 

maining, that which has been left, which has not yet been 
taken up: Reliqua disputationis cur sum teneamus. Cic. 
Reliquas pecunias exigere, getting, exacting the rest or 
arrears of a sum. Sup erst es, surviving : Vita, et dignita- 
tis suce super s tit e?n relinquere. Cic. — Re st a re, remain- 
ing behind at a certain place : Reliqua conjuratorum turba, 
qui restiterunt. Cic, who remained behind, and did not 
follow the commander-in-chief. Longa sunt, qua rest ant. 
Id., what yet remains to be treated. Super esse, being over 
and above, of abundance ; hence, also, of that which we have 
yet in readiness, opp. deesse : Qui tanta erat res, et super- 
erat. Ter. Partes, qucemihi super sunt, illustrandce or a- 
tionis. Cic. 

884. Respondere, Responsare, Referre. Respon- 
dere, answering a question, giving explanation, information : 
Ad ea, qua quasita erant, respondebat. Cic. ; hence, cor- 
responding, answering, in the sense of satisfying certain given 
conditions: Paribus paria respondent. Id. Respon- 
sare, answering spitefully: Ancilla responsant. Plaut., 
being saucy; hence, opposing, defying: For tuna superb a. 
Hor. Referre, replying, meeting or refuting an objection : 
Anna refert, etc. Virg. 

885. Restis, Funis, Rudens, Retinaculum. Restis, 
a cord, a thin rope, line : Restim cape ac suspende te. Plaut. 
Funis, stronger, hence funambuli : Demissum lapsi per f li- 
ne m. Virg. Rudens, a ship's rope, sail ropes : Conscen- 
dcre antemnas, prensoque rudente relabi. Ovid. Retina- 
culum, a rope by which something is held fast, back (halter) : 
Ut pelago suadente retinacula solvas. Ovid. 

886. Reus, Nocens, Sons. Reus, a person accused 
before a court; Nocens, 557, he who injures, guilty of an 
evil deed, offence: Reis, tarn innoxiis, quam nocentibus, 
absolutiones venditare. Suet. Sons, the punishable person : 
Punire sontes. Cic. Quid Jiet sonti, quum rea laudis 
agar ? Ovid. ' 

887. Ridere, Renidere, Cachinnari. Ridere, laugh- 
ing, laughing at (aliquem) : Crassus semel in vita risit. 
Cic. Apollonius ir risit phihsophiam atque contemsit. Id. 
Omnes istos deridete atque contemnite. Id., deriding, scoff- 
ing. Subridens hominum sator atque deorum vultu. Virg., 
smiling. Ren id ere, smiling forcibly and maliciously : Eg- 
natius, quod candidos habet dentes, renidet. Catull. Tor- 
vus out falsum renidens vultu. Tac. Cachinnari* 



888. Rima. 893. Rusticus. 375 

laughing loud, right out, so that the laugher is shaken : Ri- 
der e conviv ce : cachinnari ipse Apronius. Cic. 

888. Rima, Hiatus, Rictus. Rima, crag, fissure of a 
solid body lengthwise and into the depth of it : Fissus erat 
tenui rima paries. Ovid. Hiatus, the cleft, wide open 
and deep : Repentini terrarum hiatus. Cic. Cibus oris 
Jiiatu capere. Id. Rictus, mazard, wide-open jaws : Ric- 
tus ad aures dehiscens. Plin. 

889. Rostrum, Proboscis. Rostrum, beak and snout 
or trunk to dig up, uproot: Rostro vultur obunco. Virg. 
Sus rostro si humi A liter am impresserit. Cic. Probos- 
cis, the trunk of the elephant : Proboscidem elephantorum 
amputare. Plin. 

890. ROTARE, ROTUNDARE, ToRNARE ; RoTUNDUS, TE- 
RES. Rot are, wheeling, turning like a wheel: Learchum 
rapit et per auras more rotat funda. Ovid. Rotundare, 
rounding, i. e. giving the form of a ball, making it spherical : 
Deus mundum ad volubilitatem rotundavit. Cic. Tor- 
nare, making round with the turning tool (tornus), turning, 
e. g. versus: Mundum ita tornavit, ut nihil effici possit 
rotundius. Cic. Rotundus (wheel-like), round, globular: 
Mutat quadrata rotundis. Hor. Teres, rounded off and 
smooth, of thick and long bodies, opp. angular, rough : Te- 
retes stipites, feminis crassitudine. Coes. 

891. Ruber, Rufus, Russus, Purpureus. Ruber, red, 
blood-red, e. g. sanguis ; Rufus, light-red, fox-red, both of 
natural color : Aurora rubra. Prop. Rufam illam virgi- 
nem. Ter. Russus, red, of artificial color: Lutea russa- 
que vela. Lucret. Purpureus, purple-colored, brilliant 
and shining ; hence, in general, of beautiful, splendid colors : 
Pallium purpureum ; Purpurei o lores. Hor. 

892. Rupes, Scopulus, Petra. Riipes, the steep rock, 
appearing like torn off or broken off: Ex magnis rwpibus 
nactus planitiem. Cses. Scopulus, cliff in the sea, from 
which we may see far: Remigum pars ad scopulos allisa. 
Caes. Petra, rock, as rocky mass, and as the hard stone; 
only with later writers : Alga in petris nascitur. Plin. 

893. Rusticus, Agrestis, Vicanus. Rusticus, rural, 
being in the country and conformable to it, e. g. pradium ; 
hence, one who cultivates the country and inhabits it, and 
who has manners accordingly simple ; also, by way of blame, 
clownish: Homo imperitus morum, agricola et rusticus. 
Cic. Agrestis, that which is in the field, growing wild, 



376 894. Sacer. 895. Sacerdos. 

e. g. palma; hence, morally wild, boorish, immoral, unciv- 
ilized : Sollicitant homines imperitos ipsi rustici alque 
agrestes. Cic. ; rustici, of intellectual rudeness; agres- 
tes, of moral. Rustica vox et agrestis quosdam delec- 
tat. Id., the strong, coarse language of the boor, rustic. Vi- 
c anus , a villager, inhabitant of a village : Lacedcemonii vicum 
maritimum improviso occupavere. Vicani primo territi 
sunt. Liv. 



s. 

894. Sacek, Sanctus, Sacrosanctus, Augustus, Reli- 
g-iosus ; Sacrum, Sacrificium. Sacer, sacred, as the prop- 
erty of the gods, acknowledged as such by public authority, 
opp. prof anus, not sacred, that which is destined for common 
use, without reference to a deity: JEdes sacra; Sacra 
profanaque omnia polluere. Sail., and consecrated to the gods 
below, i. e. to death, accursed: Intestabilis et sacer esto. 
Hor. Sanctus, holy, of moral perfection, pure, spotless, 
virtuous, and inviolable, as placed under the protection of a 
deity : Sanctissimus et justissintus judex. Cic. Legato- 
rum nomen ad omnes nationes -sanctum inviolatumque sem- 
per fuit. Cses. Sacrosanctus, that which must not be 
violated by high penalty, most holy : Sacrosanct a potestas 
Tribunorum. Liv. Augustus, inspiring admiration and 
reverence by superhuman external perfection, venerable, 
magnificent: Ornatus habitusque humano augustior. Liv. 
Templum august is simum. Id. Religiosus, he who 
conscientiously avoids touching sacred things, religious, e. g. 
testis ; senator es sancti et religiosi. Cic, and of objects 
which we consider with religious veneration : Signa sacra 
et religiosa. Cic. — Sa crum, something holy, a sacrifice 
as something' sacred : Sacrum piaculare ; Romulus sacra 
Diis aliis facit. Liv. Sacrificium, a sacrifice, as sacred 
action: Sacrificium lustrale in posterum diem par at. 
Liv. 

895. Sacerdos, Pontifex, Antistes. Sacerdos, a 
priest or priestess of superior rank, inasmuch as they perform 
holy rites, as a general signification; Pontifex, a high- 
priest, who had the superintendence over the service and the 
other orders of priests. The college of the pontiffs consisted 



896. Satire. 899. Sancire. 377 

originally of four patricians, later of eight, half plebeians, by- 
Sulla of fifteen, under a Pont if ex maximus : Numa Pom- 
pilius sacris e principium numero pont ifi ces quinque prce- 
fecit. Cic. Antistes, fem. Antistita, superintendent of 
a temple and its holy rites, which he assists in celebrating : 
Sacerdotes Cereris atque illius fani antistitce. Cic. 

896. Salire, Saltare, Tripudiare. S alive, hopping, 
leaping: demuro; but Des Hire ex equis. Liv. Saltare, 
making leaps, jumping, dancing: Salire alacritatis est; 
saltare elegantice. Cic. Tripudi are, stamping the ground 
in dancing : In funeribus rei publicce exsultans ac tripud i- 
ans. Cic. 

897. Salus, Valetudo, Sanitas. Stilus, the desired 
condition and state, uninjured, state of well-being, in contra- 
distinction to that which is not agreeable ; hence, the preser- 
vation and salvation from perils, the weal : rei publicce. Me- 
dicis non ad salutem, sed ad necem uti. Cic. Va letudo, 
health, i. e. state of health as continued condition, and as 
which it may be good or bad: bona, adversa, mala. Sani- 
tas, health, which is undisturbedness of the natural and desir- 
able state of body and soul, uncorruptedness of either : Sani- 
tas incorrupta. Cic. 

898. Salutare, Persalutare, Salvere. Sdluiare, 
greeting, manifesting our esteem, &c, by the expression of 
our wishes for the welfare of another ; Persalutare, greet- 
ing all, one by one: Bomus te nostra salutat. Cic. Om- 
nes vos nosque quotidie per salutat. Id. Salve re, being 
in health, feeling well ; wishing this to some one : Salvebis 
a meo Cicerone. Cic, Cicero wishes to be remembered. 

899. Sancire, Sciscere, Cavere. Sancire, placing 
something under the protection of the gods, and thus securing 
it against all violations of its perfections, as sacred, inviolate, 
irrevocable, decreeing as absolute, e. g. leges : Lege natures, 
communi jure gentium sancitum est. Cic. Solon capite 
sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterius utrius partis fuis- 
set, Id., he ordained by penalty of death. Sciscere, ac- 
knowledging something, and confirming by one's vote ; 
decreeing by majority of votes, legem, 629. Athenienses 
sciverunt, ut JEginetis, qui classe valebant, pollices prceci- 
derentur. Cic. Cavere, ordering, providing, in so doing, 
for the future, that something be done or not be done : Epi- 
curus testamento cdvit, ut dies ejus natalis post mortem age* 
retur* Cic. 

32* 



378 900. Sanguis. 902. Satiare. 

900. Sanguis, Cruor, Sanies, Pus, Tabum, Tabes. 
Sanguis, blood, as vital principle and component part of 
the body, inasmuch as it gives spirits and strength, and flows 
in the body : Sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur. 
Cic. Cruor, the blood which flows from a wound, which 
came originally from some hurt: Cruor em inimici quam 
recentissimum telumque e corpore extracium ostendere. Cic. 
& a nie s, spoiled blood, bloody juice or water; Pus, Gen. 
puris, matter in an ulcer; Tabum, dissolved and putrefying 
blood, and every similar liquid: Exit sanguis ex vulnere 
recenti aut jam sanescente ; sanies est inter utrumque tern- 
pus ; pus ex ulcere jam ad sanitatem spectante. Cels. Di- 
lapsa cadavera tabo. Virg. Tabes, the sharp, corrosive 
liquid into which a body gradually dissolves and corrodes (as 
it appears), the gradual vanishing of a body by melting, pu- 
trefaction, disease: Lentaque miserrima tabe liquitur, ut 
glacies incerto saucia sole. Ovid., by a slow poison. 

901. Satelles, Stipator, Apparitor, Lictor, Accen- 
sus. Satelles, satellite, is a soldier of a prince, always at 
his side, to execute his orders; Stipator, commander of a 
body-guard, to protect the person of another; Apparitor, 
an official servant, a person who is always present with his su- 
perior, to execute his orders; hence, also, St at or ; both are 
general designations. Lictores, the persons who, as a 
guard of honor, carry the fasces before a dictator, consul, and 
prsetor, and execute the punishment of death ; Accensus, a 
supernumerary, who is added to the regular number of ser- 
vants or persons in waiting, e. g. to the lictors ; it is used also 
of young, newly-enlisted soldiers : Vides tyranni satel- 
lites in imperils. Cic. Stipator es corporis constituit, 
eosdem ministros et satellites potestatis. Id. Sit lictor 
non suce, sed tuce lenitatis apparitor. Id. 

902. Satiare, Saturare ; Satias, Satietas, Fastidium, 
Nausea. Sdiiare, satisfy, so that one has taken enough 
of nourishment ; Sd t u r ar e (satur, satisfied and full), satis- 
fying to such a degree that no further food can be received ; 
what in coarse language we would express by crammed full : 
Cibus satiat. Curt. Exsatiati cibo vinoque. Liv. Nee 
cytiso saturantur apes, nee fronde capellce. Virg. — Sa- 
tias, Gen. satidtis, ancient, and Satietas, satiety, the be- 
ing satisfied ; surfeit, when a thing has no longer charm for 
attraction, has no longer any interest for us : Satias amoris 
eum cepit. Liv. Omnibus in rebus similitudo est satietatis 



903. Satisdare. 905. Scire. 379 

mater. Cic. Fastidium, disgust, dislike, as consequence 
of satiety: Cibi sail etas et fastidium subamara aliqua re 
relevatur. Cic. Nausea, nauseousness, the feeling sick, 
inclination to vomiting, sea-sickness : Navigavimus sine nau- 
sea. Cic. 

903. Satisdare, Satisfacere, Pr^estare. Satisdare, 
giving bail, guaranty, opp. Cavere sibi, causing that sufficient 
bail or guaranty be given to us, and Satis accipere, re- 
ceiving bail: Postulabatut procurator judication solvi satis- 
daret. Cic; the mand at arius was asked to bring guaranty 
for the payment of the sum which the convicted person would 
eventually be obliged to pay. Satisfacere, procuring sat- 
isfaction, satisfying, e. g. by paying damages, bail, making 
payment : Heraclides pecuniam Hermippi fide sumsit a Fu- 
fiis : Hermippus Fufiis sati sfa cit et fidem suam liber at. 
Cic. Prcestare, standing good for something, performing 
something, which we have taken upon ourselves, to which we 
have obliged ourselves : Istam culpam, quam vereris, ego 
prcBstabo. Cic, I will take the responsibility upon myself. 
Prcestitimus, quod debuimus. Id. 

904. SCAMNUM, SCABELLUM, SEDILE, SELLA, SuBSELLIUM, 

Cathedra. Scamnum, a bench, a coarse chair; Scab el- 
I urn, Scab ilium, a low bench, a footstool : Ante fo cos olim 
longis consider e scamnis mos erat. Ovid. Sedlle, every 
seat fit to sit upon: Vivo que sedilia saxo. Virg. Sella 
(for sedela), a chair : curulis. Subs ell ium, a lower bench 
near an elevated seat, as those of the senators in the curia, 
in front of the tribune of the prastor, before the rostra : Se- 
der e in accusatorum subselliis. Cic Cathedra (%d&- 
sdga), every chair, also a sedan chair, as Sella; generally 
an arm-chair : Poznituit multos vance sterilisque cathedr ce. 
Juvenal. 

905. Scire, Noscere, Callere ; Sciens, Scitus. Scire, 
knowing (in German ivissen), having a clear perception of 
something and having this ready in the memory : Non sciunt 
(pueri) ipsi viam, domum qua redeant? Plaut. Noscere, 
becoming acquainted with (in German kennen lernen), obtain- 
ing knowledge of something; nosse, knowing (in German 
kennen), being acquainted with the marks of distinction of some- 
thing : Apollo quum monet, ut se quisque no scat, non id prce- 
cipit,ut membra nostra aut staturam figuramque noscamus. 
Cic. No s s e, is the knowledge as result of external or internal 
perception; Scire, as of memory or understanding, which 



380 906. Scribere. 908. Scurra. 

makes application of it. Call ere, being full of calluses 
(callum, see Callis, 590), having a thick, hard skin, from 
working or walking ; hence, having gained an accurate 
knowledge or perfect skill in something, by dint of applica- 
tion and practice ; being perfectly versed in something : Pce- 
norum jura non calles. Cic. — Sciens, knowing: Quis 
hoc liomine scientior (rei militaris) unquam fait ? Cic, 
who did understand better military matters? Scitus, wise, 
clever, he who applies and practises well what he knows, 
skilful ; and that which is made, contrived, with intelligence, 
fine, nice: Scita Thalia lyrcB. Hor. Scitce interroga- 
Hones. Quinctil. 

906. Scribere, Perscrtbere, Conscribere, Componere ; 
Scriba, Notarius, AcTUARius, Librarius. Scribere, 
writing, drawing up in writing ; P er scribere, writing down 
punctually and minutely, informing in writing: Scribere 
epistola?n ; Indicum dicta, responsa, senatus consultum per- 
scribere. Cic. Conscribere, writing together, respect- 
ing the local relation, e. g. volumen ; milites, upon a list, i. e. 
enlisting; Componere, placing together, with reference to 
order and art: res gestas. Hor. Scriba, a, scribe, secre- 
tary ; generally, manumitted slaves, who received public ap- 
pointments with salary from the senate and high magistrates : 
Scribarum or do est honestus, quod eorum hominum jidei 
tabula publicce periculaque magistratuum committuntur. Cic. 
Notarius, a stenographer, short-hand writer, who, with ab- 
breviations (notce), writes speeches and transactions while 
proceeding, reporter; also A ctuarius (agere), a stenogra- 
pher: Or alio ab actuariis excepta, male subsequentibus 
verba dicentis. Suet. Librarius, one who copies and sells 
books. 

907. Scriptura, Portorium, Decumje. Scriptura, the 
tax on pastures in Roman provinces, for the use of which the 
graziers had themselves with the amount of their cattle 
entered at the -publican's ; Portorium, port-duty on import 
and export : Syracusanorum portum et scripturam eadem 
societas habebat. Cic. Decumce, tithe of the grain, which 
was paid by the farmers of Roman lands in the provinces : 
Pro singulis decumis ternas decumas dare. Cic. 

908. Scurra, Sannio, Parrasitus. Scurra, a merry- 
andrew : facetus ; Sannio, buffoon: Ridiculus sannio 
vultu, imitandis moribus, voce, denique corpore ridetur ipso. 
Cic. P dr a situs (naqdonog), properly, a co-eater ; a par- 



909. Scutica. 912. Securis. 381 

asite, one who flatters others, and allows every thing to be 
done with him, in order to a free table : Parasitorum in 
comcediis as sent alio facet a. Gie. 

909. Scutica, Flagrum, Flagellum, Verber, Lorum. 
Sciitzca, a whip of thongs ; Fldgrum and Flagellum, 
a whip to chastise slaves and criminals, often furnished with 
pricks (scorpiones) : Ne scutica dignum horribili sectere 
flagello. Hor. Verber, a scourge, as flexible and to be 
swung, rare : Gradivus ictu verber is increpuit. Ovid. 
Lorum, a thong, cowhide : Mdilem servi publici lor is ce- 
ciderunt. Cic. 

910. Secessus, B-ecessus, Secretum, Solitudo ; Secre- 
tus, Sejunctus, Seclusus. Secessus, a place remote 
from noise, solitary : Carmina secessum scribentis et otia 
quarunt. Ovid. Recessus, a receding, remote corner: 
Mini solitudo et recessus provincia est. Cic. Secre~ 
turn, a secluded, hidden place, where we are secure against 
intruders: Seer eta SidyllcB, antrum immane. Virg. Soli- 
tudo, solitude, place where we are quite alone. — Secretus, 
secluded, remote and hidden: Seer eta voiles. Tac. Se- 
ju?ictus, placed out of connexion with other things, separ- 
ate : Bonum ab honestate non sejunctum. Cic. Seclusus, 
secluded, separated as if by a partition : Videt in valle re- 
ducta seclusum nemus. Virg. 

911. Secundus, Proximus. Secundus, the second, the 
one who follows after the first, according to number and 
rank; Proximus, the nearest among others, near to an ob- 
ject: Id secundum erat de tribus. Cic. Hcec fuit altera 
persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda, ita ut proxima esset 
Epaminondce. Nep. 

912. Securis, Bipennis, Ascia, Dolabra. Securis, 
an axe, hatchet: Ida securibus ilex. Virg. Bipennis, 
a double axe, with two icings, as it were, used by the wood- 
man, and in war: Ilex tonsa bipennibus. Hor. Ascia, 
the instrument used by carpenters to lop and square the wood, 
the broad surface of which intersects perpendicularly the 
plain of the helm, as used at present: Rogum ascia ne po- 
lito. XII Tabb. Dolabra, a similar instinament, with a 
long helm, the iron of which, however, which is opposite to 
the edge, is pointed, to clear away trees, tear down walls, 
and also used as a weapon: Miles correptis securibus et 
dolabris, ut si murum perrumperet, caidere tegmina et cor- 
pora. Tac. 






382 913. Sed. 916. Semen. 

913. Sed, Verum, Vero, At, Atqui, Autem. The an- 
tecedent sentence is connected with another position opposed 
to its meaning, by Sed, but, separating the positive from the 
negation, that which is more definite from the indefinite ; 
Verum (the truth is), but, correcting by the statement of the 
still more accurate truth; Vero (as adverb, in truth, verily, 
even), but, and in particular, adding still more by an addition, 
expressed confirmingly, of something still more important and 
weighty; At, ancient Ast, but, on the other hand, opposing 
something different or the entire contrary ; hence, when we 
make objections, resolutions, or call upon a person to do a 
thing; Atqui (at -qui), yet, nevertheless, against this, con- 
firming the contrary ; hence, in conclusions, if a specific minor 
position is opposed to the general major; Autem, the but 
which continues, distinguishes only the antecedent from the 
opposite, which, as continuation, stands in connexion with it: 
Non numero hcec judicantur, sed pondere. Cic. Non cesti- 
matione census, verum victu at que cultu terminatur pecuniae 
modus. Id. In vita plena Italicarum mensarum sapiens nemo 
efficietur unquam, moderatus vero multo minus. Id. Tu ere- 
bras a nobis literas exspecta : ast plures etiam mittito. Id. 
O rem, inquis, difficilem atque inexplicabilem ! Atqui expli- 
canda est. Id. Croesus hostium vim sese perversurum putavit, 
pervertit autem suam. Id. 

914. Seditiosus, Turbulentus, Tumultitosus. Sedi- 
tiosus, seditious, inclined to sedition, making, causing it; 
Turbulentus, stormy, turbulent, exciting disorder and con- 
fusion, e. g. condones: Seditiosus civis et turbulentus. 
Cic, a citizen who causes riots and disturbances everywhere. 
Tumultuosus, riotous, full of riot and noisy disorder: In 
otio tumultuosi, in bello segnes. Liv., noisy and riotous. 

915. Seges, Messis. Seges, the field with corn sown, 
and the corn from the time of germination to the maturity of 
the grain: Seges dicitur quod aratum satum est. Varr. 
Luxuriem segetum depascit. Virg. Messis, the mown 
grain, and the crop ready to be mown : Gravidis onerati 
me s sib us agri. Ovid. 

916. Semen, Sementis. Semen, seed, the seed-grain: 
Sulcis committer e semina. Virg. Sementis t the sown 
seed, when it is strewing out on the field, and when it has 
been sown; and the season of sowing: Tit sementem fece- 
ris, ita metes. Cic. Turn semente prohibita, fructus an» 
nuns interibat. Id. 



v 917. Semianimus. 919. Sententiam dicer e. 383 

917. Semianimus — is, Seminex, Semivivtts. Semia- 
nimus and Semianimis, half-dead, almost without life : 
Semianimes volvuntur equi. Virg. Seminex, half-dead 
from external injury, half- killed : Seminecem in acervo 
ccBsorum corporum inventum, Liv. Semivivus, almost 
without life, and without power or strength of life : Ibi homi- 
nem, fumo excruciatum, semivivum reliquit. Cic. 

918. Senex, Senior, Annosus, Long.zevus, Vetulus ; 
Senescere, Vetustiscere, Inveterascere. Senex, an age 
above sixty years, an old man, with the conditions peculiar to 
this age. Senior, the elder one, is used only in reference 
to junior: Vetus proverbium monet, mature fieri sen em, si 
diu velis esse senex. Cic. Centurice seniorum ac junio- 
rum. Liv., i. e. to the seventieth year. Annosus (in Ger- 
man bejahrt, literally translated, be-y eared), burdened with 
years; it is more than senex: Pontificum libros, anno s a 
volumina vatum. Hor. Longcevus, of very high age (in 
German hochbetagt, literally translated, high-be-dayed), poet- 
ical, as is likewise grandcevus, with the idea of venerable- 
ness : Conjux longcev a Dorycli. Virg. Vetulus, pretty 
old, oldish ; as substantive, also, in a detractive sense : Sero 
sapiunt. Tu tamen, mi vetule, non sero. Cic. — Senes- 
cere, growing old in age, and according to quality : Tacitis 
senescimus annis. Ovid.; hence, growing too old, that is, 
gradually losing powers and good qualities (the first, in Ger- 
man, altern ; the second, veraltern) : Oratorum laus jam 
senescit. Cic. Vetustiscere, growing old, according to 
existence, and thus growing in strength: Vina vetustis- 
cunt. Colum. Inveterascere, growing old in something, 
according to duration, settling firmly, taking root firmly, root- 
ing in : Macula penitus jam insedit atque inveter avit in 
populi Romani nomine. Cic. Inveter aver ant milites 
bellis. Cses. (the German ergrauen, growing gray in, during 
some state of things.) 

919. Sententiam dicere, ferre, pronuntiare ; Suf- 
fragium, Suffragia ferre. Sententiam dicere, say- 
ing, stating one's opinion, judgment, distinguishes the judging 
person from others : Sententiam ferre, giving one's judg- 
ment, vote ; Votum, voting, distinguishes the opinion or judg- 
ment of others; Pronuntiare, pronouncing the opinion, 
judgment, distinguishes the mode and manner of publication 
or utterance : Senatui placet, C. Ccesarem senatorem esse, 
sententiamque loco prcetorio dicere. Cic. In senatu 



384 920. Separatim. 923. Servare. 

sine ulla cupiditate de hello, de pace sententiam ferat* 
Id. Prcetor pala?n de sella ac tribunali pronuntiat (sen* 
tentiam). Id. — Suffragium (suffrage*, properly, the 
striving up for something), and Suffragia ferre, giving a 
vote for or against something, voting, and obtaining votes 
from others; Suffragium refers to the result of voting; 
Suffragia, to the voters : Suffragii ferundi causa con- 
veniunt. Cic. Ego te suffragium tulisse in ilia lege, non 
credidi. Id. Qucesitum est, suffragia magistratu man* 
dando clam, an palam ferre melius esset. Id. Indie as, te 
ne gratuita quidem eorum suffragia tulisse. Id. 

920. Separatim, Seorsum, Singulatim. Separatim, 
separate, removed or separated from the rest, opp. conjunc- 
tim ; Seorsum, Seorsus (se- versus) , on a place situate 
to the side, removed from the neighbourhood of others, opp. 
una, simul ; Singulatim, singly, each one for itself : Medio- 
cribus i?itei~vallis separatim copias collocaverat. Cses. 
Seorsum arma ac tela seponebantur. Cic. Ad ea, quce 
dixerunt, singulatim unicuique respondeo. Id. 

921. Seqtjt, Insequi, Insectarl Sequi (connected with 
the root of seeking), following, going behind : Hos tot a ar- 
menta sequuntur atergo. Virg. Insequi, following close 
behind, upon the heel, pursuing sharply : fugientem, aliquem 
gladio siricto. Cic. Insectari, pursuing hotly, pressing : 
Impios agitant insectanturque Furice. Cic. 

922. Serere, Seminare, Plantare, Spargere. Sere- 
re, sowing, planting, placing seed, seedlings, or shoots in the 
ground, for the purpose of propagating the plant : hordea cam- 
pis. Virg.; arboris. Cic; hence, Con si tio, the sowing or 
planting a field, bed, &c. (in German besden, bepflanzen) ; 
In si tio, engrafting, inoculation of trees : Venerit insitio ; 
f ac ramum ramus adoptet. Ovid. Semi nare, sowing, cov- 
ering with seed: agrum. Colum. Hordeum seminari de- 
bet post aquinoctium. Id. Plant are, planting a vegetable, 
plant, in the ground : Hoc modo plantantur Punicce, co- 
ryli, vites. Plin. Spargere, strewing out, about, manu 
semen. Cic. — Liter ce humanitatis spar see sale. Id. 

923. Servare, Ad — Conservare, Custodire. Ser- 
vare, paying attention to something, taking care of it, that it 
may not suffer injury, saving, preserving : Or turn Canieulce 
diligenter quotannis servare, conjecturamque caper e, salu- 
brisne an pestilens annus futurus sit. Cic. Hunc ordinem 
laboris quietisque milites servarunt. Liv. Servare 



924. Servas. 925. Sestertius. 385 

Jldem, keeping faith, keeping one's promise, being attentive 
that we do not act against it ; Stare in fide, being constant 
in one's faith. Adservare, watching something, preserv- 
ing something with one's self: tabulas, aliquem privatis cus- 
todiis. Cic. Co n s erv are, keeping something together and 
protecting it against injury, diminution, or ruin : rem famili* 
arem diligentia et parsimonia. Cic. ; hence, Servator, the 
saver, preserver : rei publicce ; Conservator, the protector 
and supporter: imperii. Custodire, watching over, pro- 
tecting against injury, and watching that something do no in- 
jury, or withdraw from superintendence or watch : corpus, 
domumque ; aliquem ut parricidam. Cic. 

924. Servits, Mancipium, Verna, Puer, Famulus, Mi- 
nister ; Serva, Ancilla, Famula ; Servus a manu, ad 
manum. Servus, slave, serf, as belonging with his body to 
a master; Mancipium, as property by captivity of war or 
sale ; Verna, as property by birth, born in the house of the 
master of his parents; Puer, as a young fellow, lad (as the 
word boy is frequently used in English where slavery exists) ; 
Famulus, as waiter, servant who belongs to the house-people 
(familia) ; Minister, as servant, assistant officially, on ac- 
count of his office : Servorum jus,fortuna, conditio infima 
est. Cic. Mancipia sunt dominorum facta nexu, aut ali- 
quo jure civili. Id. Hie, qui verna natus est. Plaut. Mi- 
hi venit obviam tuus puer. Cic. Heris adhibenda saivitia 
in f amnios. Id.; but also Famulus sacrorum. Id. Mi- 
nis tri dapibus mensas onerant et pocula ponunt. Virg. — 
Serva, the female slave, as bodily belonging to her owner; 
Ancilla, the house-maid, the servant who performs domes- 
tic labor; Famula, the servant, as serving, waiting female : 
Inter an c ill as seder e jubeas, lanam carrere. Plaut. — Ser- 
vus a manu, a pedibus, designates the peculiar service of 
the servant, a scribe, a messenger, or boy for errands; ad 
manum, ad pedes, the casual position in which a slave hap- 
pens to be locally: Servum a pedibus meum Romam 
misi. Cic. Potes audire ex cliente tuo, quern servum sibi 
ille habuit ad manum. Cic; otherwise, the destination of a 
slave, or for what he is employed : Servos ad remum daba- 
mus. Liv., i. e. remiges. 

925. Sestertius, — a, um. Sestertius, the small ses- 
tertius, worth originally two and a half asses, and hence 
marked LLS, IIS (2 libra et semis), afterwards HS, a silver 
coin, according to which a sum below and above one thousand 

33 



386 926. Si. 927. Sibilare. 

was expressed: Sestertia sc. pondo, counted only the en* 
tire thousands of smaller sestertii, from two to nine hundred 
and ninety-nine ; Sestertium sc. pondus, was an entire one 
hundred thousand of small sestertii, which from ten were 
counted with numeral adverbs : Sexcenta sestertia, that is, 
six hundred thousand; decies sestertium, or only de- 
cies, was said instead of decies centum millia sestertium s. 
nummum =■ one million. Superficium (zdium cestimarunt HS 
vicies ; Formianum HS ducentis quinquaginta millibus. Cic. 

926. Si, Quum ; Si non, Si minus, Sin, Nisi. Si, if, 
is used with an antecedent position, which indicates the con- 
dition, the supposed existence of a state as ground of the con- 
sequence contained in the succeeding position ; Quum, when, 
so often as, states an occurrence as actual case, with refer- 
ence to a contemporary consequence : Si valebis, quum 
recte navigari poterit, turn naviges. Cic. — By Si non, if 
not, we distinctly negative the reality of a single notion in 
opposition to the affirmation, in such a conditional position ; a 
less positive negation is expressed by Si minus, if not en- 
tirely, at least if not ; Sin, if however, provided however, in- 
dicates the contrary to the antecedent condition, Si express- 
ing apprehension of the contrary ; Ni, Nisi, if not, provided 
not, except if, expresses that condition without which that 
which is stated would not take place ; hence, the if not can 
only be taken in the sense of apprehension : Dolor em si non 
p otero fr anger e, occultabo. Cic. Si feceris id, magnam 
liabebo gratiam ; si non feceris, ignoscam. Id. Si pos- 
sent, castellum expugnarent : si minus potuissent, agros 
Remorum popular entur. Caes. Equidem ego vobis regnum 
trado firmum, si boni eritis ; sin mali, imbecillum. Sail. 
Meus hie est homo, ni omnes di atque homines deserunt. 
Plaut Memoria minuitur, nisi earn exerceas. Cic, if thou 
dost not practise it ; si earn non exerces, would designate 
an actually not practising, in opposition to si exerces, as 
appears from the following sentences : Fuit apertum, si Co- 
non non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam regi fuisse erepturum. 
Nep. Habuisset tanto impetu ccepta res fortunam, nisi unus 
homo Syracusis ea tempestate fuisset. Archimedes is erat. 
Liv. 

927. Sibilare, Stridere, Fremere, Frendere. Sibi- 
lare, hissing, whizzing, of a tone which proceeds from a 
narrow opening, or is produced by a small body cutting the 
air rapidly : serpens, aura ; Populus me sib Hat. Hor. 



928. Signare. 930. Signum. 387 

Stridere, screaming, loud and pipingly, disagreeable: Bel- 
lua Lernce horrendum sir id ens. Virg. Foribus car do 
stridebat cents. Id. Fremere, gnarling, snarling, growl- 
ing: leo, currus : Arrius consulatum sibi ereptum /remit. 
Cic. Frendere, gnashing, grating : dentibus. 

928. Signare, Notare. Signare, signing, that is, pro- 
viding with a sign, a sign-manual, seal, stamp : Ms, argentum 
publice sign ant o. XII Tabb. Notare, signing, i. e. 
making marks of distinction on or in an object, in order to 
know it again, or to remember certain things by it : Digitis 
charta notata meis. Ovid. Diem mihi notaveram. Cic, 
hence, Censoria notatio, disgrace, and notio, the inquiry, 
by the censor. 

929. Significare, Declarare, Indicare ; Indicium, Ves- 
tigium. Significare, giving to understand by signs: 
Galli, ubi major atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per 
agros significant. Cses. Declar are, making that some- 
thing be seen clearly, demonstrating with clearness and per- 
spicuity : Luculentam plagam accepit, ut declar at cicatrix. 
Cic. Monstrare, showing to the senses, pointing out, to 
make something discernible and known: Monstra, quod 
bibam. Plaut. Indicare, indicating, informing of, against : 
Puer rem omnem domince indicavit. Cic. Quemadmodum 
animo affecti sumus, vultus in die at. Id. — Indicium, in- 
dication, by which we arrive at the knowledge of something 
unknown, hidden ; Vestigium, footstep, trace, track, trail : 
Indicia et vestigia veneni. Cic. 

930. Signum, Insigne, Specimen ; Vexillum. Signum, 
a sign, mark, by which we know a thing, or from which we 
conclude upon something: morbi, doloris ; Insigne, the 
prominent sign, which is known by its prominence, and 
through which something distinguishes itself: Bulla, indici- 
um atque insigne fortunes. Cic; hence, the sign or em- 
blem of honor, of an office or of merit : Rex sedebat cum 
purpurea et illis insignibus regiis. Cic. Specimen, 
that by which we judge the quality of a thing, proof, pattern : 
popularis judicii. Cic — Signum, the field-sign, ensign of 
the foot ; with the legions, a golden eagle on a hasta ; with 
the manipulus, it was a hand stretched out, on a pole, under 
which were the name of the cohors and medallions with the 
images of the gods; Vexillum, a standard for a smaller 
body of infantry, 624 ; with the cavalry and allies, a square 
piece of cloth hanging down from a spear: Signa in hostes 



388 931. Silva. 934. Singuli. 

inferre. Cses. Cornelius manu monstrabat, v exil I a se suo- 
rum center e equitum. Liv. Vitellius urbem introiit inter 
signa atque vexilla. Tac. 

931. Silva, Saltus, Nemus, Lucus. Silva (ylt], and 
the German Hoh), wood, forest, with a thick growth of trees: 
Me in silvam abstrudo densam et asperam. Cic, Saltus, 
the leap, and a mountainous country, where many leaps are 
to be made, in order to proceed ; mountain wood with pas- 
tures, a mountain-chain covered with forests : Pyrencei, 
Thermopylarum ; Furculce Caudince s alius duo alii, angusti 
silvosique sunt, montibus circa per p etuis inter sejuncti* Liv., 
mountain-chains with passes. Nemus, a low pasture wood, 
opp. silvce ; also, a pleasure-grove, nursery: Est nemus 
Hcemonice, prcerupta quod undique claudit silva: vocant 
Tempe. Ovid. Liicus, a grove or forest sacred to a deity, 
a sacred grove: Templum erat Lacinice Junonis. Lucus 
ibi, frequenti silva et proceris abjetis arboribus septus, in 
medio pascua habuit. Liv. 

932. Simplicitas, Candor, Sinceritas. Simplicitas y 
simplicity, naturalness, naivete, frankness; Candor, bright 
whiteness, faithfulness, true-heartedness, is without dissimula- 
tion and confiding, while simplicitas is open and without 
reserve; Sinceritas, the purity, probity, without falseness 
or malice : Convivalium fabularum simplicitatem in cri- 
men ducere. Tac. Animi candor in caris amicis cognitus, 
Ovid. TJtilius homini nihil est quam recte loqui : sed ad per- 
niciem agi solet sinceritas. Pheedr. 

933. Simula re, Dissimulare, Adslmulare. Szmulare, 
making similar, pretending that something be as it is not in 
reality : cegrum, playing the patient, pretending to be ill ; see 
449, and prce se ferre, 85. Dissimulare, making dissim- 
ilar, doing as if a thing were as it is not, not allowing some- 
thing to be perceived: metum : Res diutius tegi dissimu- 
larique non potuit. Cses., concealing. Quce non sunt, 
simulo ; quce sunt, ea dissimulantur. Assimulare, 
A ssimil are, comparing, imitating: grandia parvis. Ovid., 
giving the appearance to a thing, as if it were so, pretending, 
of the endeavour to produce an imitation so perfect that it 
deceives : Assimulata familiaritas. Cic. 

934. Singuli, Universi. Singuli, all taken singly, 
every one, each in particular ; Universi, 746, all, without 
exception, all together : Dum singuli pugnant, universi 
vincuntur. Tac. 



935. Sinus. 940. Solus. 389 

935. Sinus, Gremium. Sinus, every sinking, half-round 
hollow, or deepening of a surface ; the bosom, the folded part 
of a garment, which covers the breast, the deep fold of the 
toga, which originated from the grasping and holding of the 
same with the left arm ; a gulf: Algentis manus est calfaci- 
enda sinu. Ovid. Gremium, the lap, the curvature of a 
sitting person, produced by the abdomen and the upper thighs : 
Puerum in gremio patris ponere. Ter. Mtolia in sinu 
pacis posita medio fere Grcecice gremio continetur. Cic. 

936. Sitire, Ardere. Si tire rem, thirsting, designates 
violent desire; Ardere rem and re, burning, indicates the 
violence of an appetite, of a passion: Nee sitio honores, 
nee desidero gloriam. Cic. Ardere studio historice, invi- 
dia, dolore, ira. Id. 

937. Situla, Sitella, Urna. Si tula, Sit ell a, & bucket 
to draw water, the vessel to receive the votes at election : 
Sit ell am afferio cum aqua. Plaut. Urna, a water-pot, a 
vessel to keep the ashes of the dead, and for the vote-tablets 
at elections: Amnem fundens Inachus urna. Virg. Ossa 
refer antur in urna. Ovid.« 

938. Solere, Suevisse, Consuevisse. S 61 ere, being 
wont to do, repeating the same action under the same circum- 
stances ; Suescere, becoming accustomed ; Suevisse, be- 
ing accustomed, wont, repeating something regularly, because 
it gives us pleasure : Fieri solet ; Has Grceci Stellas Hya- 
das vocitare suerunt. Cic. Co nsuev is se, being familiar 
with a custom: Qui mentiri solet, pejerare consuevit. 
Cic. 

939. Solium, Tribunal, Thronus. Solium, an ele- 
vated place, throne: regale Jovis. Ovid. Tribunal, an 
elevated staging, bent out arch-like in front, in the open mar- 
ket, where the magistrates, who administered justice, were 
sitting in their sella curulis : Prcetor de sella ac tribunali 
pronuntiat. Cic. Thronus, for solium, not used before 
Pliny. 

940. Solus, Unus, Unicus. Solu s, sole, alone, without 
company or companion: Solus errabat in litore Pompeius. 
Cic. Unus, one, not several or many : Pompeius plus po- 
test unus, quam ceteri omnes. Cic. Si tu solus, aut quivis 
unus cum gladio impetum in me fecisset. Id. Unicus, the 
only one as to number and kind, that is, excellent : Qua 
tanta vitia fuerunt in unico filio 7 Cic. Archimedes, uni- 
cus spectator cceli siderumque. Liv. 

33* 



390 941. Somnus. 944. Spectare. 

941. Somnus, Sopor; Somnium, Insomnium, Visum. 
Somnus (sopire), natural, sound sleep; Sopor, the fast, 
deep sleep, as that of the intoxicated, ill, exhausted : Junci 
semine somnum allici, sed modum servandum, ne sopor 
fiat. Plin. — Somnium, the dream, the vivid but confused 
representations in the sleep: S omnia fallaci ludunt teme- 
raria node. Tibull. Insomnium, the image or phantom 
of the dream, as vapid, unreal appearance ; more common is 
Visum, a sight in the dream : Atlantes insomnia non vi- 
sunt. Plin. Visa somniantium, somniorum. Cic. 

942. Sonus, Sonor, Sonitus, Fragor. Sonus, the 
sound of the voice, of a musical instrument; Sonor, the 
tone or sounding, inasmuch as- the ear is affected thereby ; 
Sonitus (sonare), the noise, the continued state of a strong 
sounding: Nervorum ac tibiarum sonos elicere. Cic. Suo 
quisque periculo intentus sonor em alterius proilii non ac- 
cipiebat. Tac. Sonitus imitatur Olympi. Virg. Fra- 
gor, the cracking noise of breaking bodies: Propulsa fra- 
gor em- silva dat. Ovid. Cozlum tonat frag ore. Virg.,. 
thunder-clap. 

943. Sors, Caput ; Pecunia. S or s, 183, capital invested 
and bearing interest; Caput, as capital, in contradistinction 
to interest; Pecunia, as money in general; hence it is 
always used with more definite distinctions, e. g. creditce 
pecunia: Cures, ut salva sit non sors modo, sed etiam 
usura plurium annorum. Plin. Quinas hie capiti mercedes 
exsecat. Hor., he deducts at once five per cent from the cap- 
ital, i. e. per month ; annually, therefore, sixty per cent. 

944. Spectare, Speculari, Conspicere, Conspicari, 
tueri, contemplari, considerare ; spectaculum, mu- 
nus, Ludi. Spectare (specere, in German spdhen, in Con- 
spicere), continuedly, repeatedly looking at, being spectator 
of, from desire of information and interest: Spectatum ve- 
niunt ; veniunt spectentur ut ipsa. Ovid. Speculari, 
repeatedly and intently, sharply looking toward, at something, 
in order to discover something, to espy it, waiting and look- 
ing intently until it be seen (German erlauern) ; Spectare, 
is the open, frank viewing ; Speculari, by stealth, cunning: 
Speculabor, ne quis consilio venator adsit. Plaut. Con- 
spicere, seeing something which suddenly appears to the 
eye, beholding suddenly, at last (in German erblicken) ; Con- 
spicari, distinguishing clearly in the distance, perceiving : 
Trans vallem et rivum multitudinem hostium conspica* 



945. Sperare. 947. Stamen. 391 

tur. Cees. Tueri, gazing at, staring at, in order to see it 
rightly, beholding: Tuens oculis immitem Pliinea torvis. 
Ovid. Cozlum tueri. Id. Contemplari, dwelling on an 
object in looking at it, beholding with interest, pleasure, ad- 
miration ; the beholding, connected with mental action or 
sensations, contemplating : Oculis contemplari pulchritu- 
dinem rerum ccelestium. Cic. Consider are, beholding, 
viewing considerately and with reflection : Pictores et poetai 
suum quisque opus a vulgo consider ari vult. Cic. — Spec- 
taculum, something which is arranged to be beheld, and for 
beholders, a seat in the theatre, and a spectacle, inasmuch as 
it interests the beholder: Lunce siderumque. Munus, a 
public spectacle, especially the gladiatorial games, as present 
to the people: Antiochus rex gladiatorum munus majore 
cum terrore hominum, insuetorum ad tale spectaculum, 
quam voluptate, dedit. Liv. Ludi, public and solemn games, 
inasmuch as they were brought about and performed : Romu- 
lus ludos par at, Consualia: indici deinde Jinitimis spec- 
taculum jubet. Liv. 

945. Sperare, Confidere, Suspicari ; Spes, Exspec- 
tatio. Sperare, hoping, looking forward to something de- 
sirable, with reasons of probability ; Confidere, hoping for, 
expecting something with certainty, with confidence : De 
Miltiade non solum bene sperare, sed etiam confidere 
cives poterant sui, talem futurum, qualem cognitum judica- 
rant. Nep. Suspic ari, expecting something desirable se- 
cretly, supposing : Me consolatur spes, quod valde suspicor 
fore, ut infringatur hominum improbitas. Cic. ; more fre- 
quently, suspecting. — Spes, expectation of; properly, view 
at something desired, with interest, hope; Exspectatio, 
expectation of something which is to happen (properly, view 
at it) : Si spes est exspectatio boni, mali exspectatio- 
nem esse necesse est metum. Cic. 

946. Spina (Spinus), Acus, Aculeus. Spina, thorn, 
prick of plants and of the hedgehog, and the like, e. g. rosa- 
rum; animantes spin is hirsutce. Cic. (Spinus, a thorny 
bush, tree : Spini prunaferentes. Virg., hawthorn.) Acus, 
a needle, sewing-needle, or for embroidery: Pingere dcu. 
Ovid. Aculeus, the sting of insects, point of an arrow, 
e. g. vespa, sagittal : Aculei contumeliarum. Cic. 

947. Stamen, Subtemen, Trama, Tela. Stamen, the 
warp, the longitudinal threads inwoven cloth; Subtemen, 
the woof or weft, the cross-thread ; Trama, the throwing in 



392 948. Statio. 950. Stomachari. 

or drawing through of the weft (?) ; Tela, the whole tissue, 
cloth, which was woven perpendicularly before the weaver, 
from befow upward (in Egypt, from above down): Tela 
jugo vincta est : stamen secernit arundo. Inseritur medi- 
um radiis suit em en acutis. Ovid. 

948. Statio (Presidium), Vigilia, Excubije ; Portus, 
Navale. Statio, a post, place where soldiers are quar- 
tered, in order to watch or defend it ; also, the watching sol- 
diers themselves, a piquet ; (as outpost, this was called Pre- 
sidium, 139.) Ii, qui pro portis castrorum in statione 
erant. Coes. Marcellus stationes prcesidiaque dispo- 
suit, ne quis impetus in castra fieri posset. Liv. Vigilia, 
night-watch, watch, the keeping watch in the night for secu- 
rity's sake, especially in the camp, on account of which the 
night was divided into four equal parts {prima — quarta vi- 
gilia) ; in the plural, the watching soldiers, soldiers on guard, 
contradistinguished from St a tiones, day- watches, guards: 
Fore,ut minus intentcein custodiam urbis diurnce stationes 
ac nocturne vigilia essent. Liv. Excubice, the watch- 
ing without doors, the camp, generally during night ; also 
those who are on guard : Vigilum excubiis obsidere por- 
tas. Virg. Vino madentes excubice. Claudian. — Statio, 
an anchorage, place where vessels may ride at anchor ; Por- 
tus, haven, port, for the reception and protection of vessels: 
Appius naves ad ostium por tus in statione habere cce- 
pit. Liv., ride at anchor. Navale, a wharf where vessels 
are built, docks, where repaired, and a naval port, naval ar- 
senal : Naves Antiatium in navalia Rome subductce. Liv. 

949. Sterilis, Infecundus. St e rilis, sterile, that which 
does not bear fruit, designates the effect ; Infecundus, des- 
ignates the cause, the want of productive power, energy: 
Sterilis vacca, arena; Princeps infecunditati terra- 
rum obviam iit. Tac. 

950. Stomachari, Indignari, Irasci, Succensere. Sto- 
machari, being angry, is the displeasure (stomachus) at in- 
justice, wrong ; In dig n a ri, 540, becoming indignant, dis- 
pleased, a less internal displeasure at unworthy treatment ; 
Irasci, enraging, being enraged, the effect, the breaking 
out, as violent effect of that displeasure, risen to a high de- 
gree ; Succensere, being agitated and in great rage, desig- 
nates the continuation of the state of mind excited by wrong : 
Amariorem me senectus facit : stomachor omnia. Cic. Et 
casum insontis mecum indignabar amid. Virg. Iras- 



951. Sir amentum. 953. Sub. 393 

cimur intempestive accedentibus aut impudenter roganti- 
bus. Cic. Ex perjidia et malitia dii hominibus irasci et 
succensere consuerunt. Id. 

951. Stramentum, Palea, Gltj3ia, Acus. St r amen- 
tum, poet. Stramen, straw of blades; Stramentis incu- 
bat u?ideoctogi?ita aniios natus. Hor. P ale a, chaff, threshed 
husks and straw leaves : Palece jactantur inanes. Virg. 
Glum a, the husk around the grain, in its natural state; 
Acus, Gen. Aceris, the pointed, hair-like prolongation of the 
ears: Ghana, folliculus grani. Varr. Argillamixto dcere 
e f rumen'. o. Id. 

952. Studere, Operam dare, Vacare literis, Discere. 
Stud ere literis, arti, 433, studying a science, art, desig- 
nates the zealous endeavour of becoming master of it ; Ope- 
ram dare, taking pains, designates the exertion in doing so ; 
Vacare, having leisure for sciences, the time which we 
employ for the study; Discere, learning: Studium est 
animi assidua et vehemens ad aJiquam rem applicata magna 
cum voluptate occupatio, ut philosophies, poetical, literarum. 
Cic. Qui eloquential vera dat oyer am, dot prudential. Id. 
Athenis domicilium remanet studiorum, quibus vacant 
dues. Id. 

953. Sub, Subter, Infra, Sus, Susum, Sursu^i, Super, 
Supra. Sub, under, in the direction toward the lower part 
of a thing, with the Accusative ; with the Ablative, under, of 
the situation of a higher object above or close by : Sub mon- 
tem succedere; sub muro consistere. Cses. Sub vespe- 
rum port as claudere. Id., toward, close to evening. Sub 
liter as Lepidi statim recitata sunt tuce. Cic, immediately 
after. In compounds, Sub signifies under, e. g. subcenturio ; 
upward, from below up, e. g. subvehere, sub ire ; close by, 
approaching, e. g. succedere; and from below up toward us, up- 
ward, e. g. subnasci; hence, imperceptibly, under the hand, 
secretly, a little, in sub dolus, subviridis, subtristis. Sub- 
ter, under, below, opp. supra; in a region below, moving 
along in the direction under the lower surface of a higher 
object : Grues dormiunt capite subter alam condito. Plin. 
Omnes ferre subter dens a testudine casus. Virg. In- 
fra, below downward, in the direction to, toward the lower 
side of a higher object: Infra Saturni stellam Jovis stella 
fertur. Cic. Infra scriptum est. Id., as postscript. Sus, in 
compounds, otherwise Susum, generally Sursiun, up, up- 
wards : Sus que deque ferre, not caring for it; Sus pen* 



394 954. Subinde. 956. Sufficere. 

dere, hanging up, hanging, i. e. suspending : Tignis nidum 
suspendit hirundo. Virg. Suspensus, suspended, anx- 
ious, irresolute : Civitas suspensa metu, between fear and 
hope. Nares, eo quod omnis odor ad supera fertur, recte 
sursum sunt. Cic, going upward. Super, over, there- 
over, beyond : Super terrce tumulum statuere columellam. 
Cic. Requiescere frond e super viridi. Virg. Supra, 
over, above, situate toward the upper side of a thing, opp. in- 
fra: Mare supra terrain est. Cic. Murus supra cete- 
ra modum altitudinis emunitus erat. Liv. Tibi ea polli- 
ceor, qua supra scripsi. Cic, above, locally. 

954. Subinde, Interdum, Identidebi. Subinde, imme- 
diately after, the case may happen once or repeatedly : Hac 
sedata contentions alia subinde exorta est. Liv. Trans- 
fugce dimissi cum donis,ut subinde, ut qucequeres nova 
deer eta esset, exploratam perferrent. Id., every time immedi- 
ately after. Interdum, sometimes, now and then: Inter- 
dum fio Jupiter, quando lubet. Plaut. Identidem, at 
repeated times, one time upon the other : Animadvertit so- 
rorem sponsi nomen appellantem identidem. Cic. 

955. SuBSTITUERE, SUFFICERE, SuBROGARE ; SuPPONERE, 

Subjicere, Subdere. Substituere, placing instead of 
another; Sufficere, 286; Subrogare, proposing a per- 
son to the people for election, in the place of another (asking, 
begging the people): Nunc pro te Verrem substituisti 
alterum civitati. Cic, a second Verres, worse, perhaps, than 
thou art. Valerius nee collegam subrogaverat in locum 
Bruti. Liv. — Supp one re, laying under : anatum ova gal- 
linis. Cic. Dece Paridis arbitrio formam corporum suorum 
supposuerunt. Cic, subjecting. Testamenta amicorum ne 
exspectas quidem, atque ipse supponis. Id., falsely substi- 
tuting. Subjicere, throwing under, signifies the same, 
only with less care : gallinis ova. Plin. ; cervices suas securi ; 
bona civium voci praconis. Cic. Testamenta subjiciunt. 
Id. But, Subjiciunt se homines imperio alicujus et potes- 
tati. Cic, not supponunt. Subdere, putting under, below, 
to the lower part, in the sense of adding: Jugo subdidit 
leones. Plin. Si cui honor es subdere spiritus potuerunt. 
Liv., animating, inspiring. Majestatis crimina sub deb an- 
tur. Tac, charging falsely with it. 

956. Sufficere, Suppetere, Suppeditare. Sufficere 
(putting under close to it), giving assistance, furnishing help, 
comfort, e. g. umbras pastoiHbus. Virg., is also used as intran- 



957. Suffrago. 960. Supplicatio. 395 

sitive for being in a condition to serve us in what we want, 
sufficing: Nee jam vires sufficere cuiquam, nee ferre 
operis labor em posse. Cses., they are not sufficient. Scriba 
sufficere non potuerunt. Cic., they could not write enough. 
Suppetere, coming close up to it, being there for use, ready 
for want : Pauper non est, cui rerum s upp etit usus. Hor. 
Nee jam arma nostris, nee vires suppetunt. Cses., they 
have none left. Suppeditare (see 690), of things, being 
in sufficient quantity: Par are ea, quce suppeditent ad 
cultum et ad victum. Cic. Manubice vix in fundamenta fani 
suppeditavere. Liv. 

957. Suffrago, Poples. Suffrago, the bend or curve 
of the hind-quarters, also of birds : Aves, ut quadrupedes, alas 
in prior a curvant, suffragines in posterior a. Plin. Po- 
ples, knee-hollow, the part of the leg behind and opposite to 
the knee, with men and animals: Elephas poplites intus 
flectit, hominis modo. Plin. 

958. Sulcus, Lira, Porca, Elix, Collicle. Sulcus, 
furrow, as impression, deepening; Lira, the side of the 
furrow, made by the board of the plough; Porca, the ele- 
vation made by ploughing, and its surface ; Elix, a. water- 
furrow, gully; Colli cice, a gutter, or the ditch into which 
the gullies empty, also the gutter of the roof, which otherwise 
is called Deli qui ai. 

959. Sumtus, Impensa, Impendium. Sum t us, expense, 
by which our own fortune is diminished ; Impensa, ex- 
penses, incurred to obtain something, or to effect it ; Impen- 
dium, the expenses, costs, which are paid, inasmuch as they 
are considered as loss ; hence, also, the interests we have to 
pay upon borrowed capital: Sum turn in rem militar em fa- 
cere. Cic. Servi, qui opere rustico faciundo facile sum turn 
exercent suum. Ter., gaining back the expenses. Arationes 
magna impensa, magno instrumento tuebatur. Cic. Quais- 
turn sibi instituit sine impendio. Id. 

960. Supplicatio, Gratulatio, Obsecratio. Suppli- 
cat io, 748, a public, extraordinary feast of prayer and 
thanksgiving, when all the temples were open, processions 
and prayers were held, games exhibited, and lectisternia were 
prepared for the gods ; as feast of joy and thanks especially, 
it was called Gratulatio (properly, wishing joy, gratula- 
tion : Sera gratulatio reprehendi non solet. Cic), gener- 
ally in honor of an absent general, on account of great victo- 
ries ; Obsecratio (properly, a solemn prayer for mercy 



396 961. Suprernus. 964. Suspicio. 

and grace of the gods), as public feast of prayer to divert 
impending evil, which, for instance, was feared on account 
of bad signs : Quoniam ad omnia pulvinaria supplicatio 
deer eta est, celebratote illos dies cum conjugibus ae liberis 
vestris. Cic. Gratulationem tuo nomine ad omnia deo- 
rum templa fecimus. Id. Civitas religiosa, in principiis 
maxime novorum bellorum, supplicatio nib us habitis jam, 
et obsecratione circa omnia pulvinaria facta, ludos Jovi 
donumque vovere consulem jussit. Liv. 

961. Supremus, Summits, Maximus. Suprernus, the 
highest, supreme in relation to lower ones : Suprernus vitce 
dies, the day of death as the last, highest end of life, as we 
say a high age; Summus, the highest, greatest, most per- 
fect, with relation to high and superior ones : Summum, quo 
nihil sit superius. Cic. Gracchus omnia injima summis 
paria fecit. Id. ; not suprernus, which designates the highest 
point. Vixit ad sum mam senectutem. Id. Summa salus 
reipublicce; Summa res publica. Id. (not summa rei pub- 
licce.) Suprernus and Summus designate only the third 
dimension from the base to the vertex; Maximus, the 
greatest, largest, extension in all directions or dimensions, 
and intensively the highest degree and superiority of strength : 
Rescripsi epistolce maxim ce. Audi nunc de minuscula. Cic. 
Maximus dolor brevis est; sum?nus dolor plures dies 
manere non potest. Id. 

962. SuRGERE, EXSURGERE, ExORIRI, ExSISTERE. Sur- 

gere, rising, giving one's self a direction upward, rising from 
a lying or sitting posture: e lecto, a mens a ; Exsurgere, 
rising from the place where we were lying or sitting : Manus 
mihi date, exsurgite a genibus ambce. Plaut. ; hence, rising 
again, as to condition, rising, as to the career of a person or 
thing : Auctoritate vestra res publica exsurget et in aliquo 
statu tolerabili consist et. Cic. Exo riri, originating out of, 
coming forth, making one's or its appearance: Exoriare 
aliquis no'stris ex ossibus ultor. Virg. Sol exoriens. Id. 
Exsistere, 414, stepping forth. 

963. Sus, Porcus, Verres, Aper. Sus, hog, name of 
the genus, of wild and domestic swine : Immundi sues. Virg. 
Porcus, fern. Pore a, a young, or at least not old, tame 
hog: Porco bimestri. Hor. Verres, a boar, uncut; 
Aper, the wild hog, wild boar: Erymanthius. 

964. Suspicio, Conjectura, Conjectio. Suspicio, the 
suspicion, that behind the external appearance of a thing 



965. Tabula. 966. Talus. 397 

there is something concealed which is not clearly percepti- 
ble ; active, suspicion which we have ; passive, suspicion 
created by a thing: Suspicio artificii apud eos, qui res 
judicant, oratori adversaria est. Cic. Infidelitatis suspici- 
on em sustinere. Cses. Conjectura, conjecture, a suppo- 
sition on grounds of probability upon facts, a conjectured 
opinion, judgment: Ex ipsa re conj ecturam fecimus. 
Ter, Conjectio, the guessing, the interpretation: somni- 
orum. Cic. 



T. 

965. Tabula, Pictura ; Tabtjlatum, Tabulatio, Con- 
tignatio. Tabula, a picture, as body, substance, i. e. the 
tablet, &c. on which something is painted: Tabulas bene 
pictas collocare in bono lumine. Cic. Pictura, painting, 
as process, the picture, as product of art: Pictura in ta- 
bula, textilis. Cic. — Tabula, a board ; Ta bid a turn, a 
story of a building, because the stories are divided by boards : 
Turris tabulatorum quatuor. Cses. Tabulatio, the 
flooring, the boarding of a story : Ne tela missa tabulatio- 
nem per f ringer ent. Cses. Contignatio, the juncture or 
joining of the beams for a floor or roof; also the beams thus 
joined themselves : Ea contignatio, qua turri tegimento 
esset futura. Cass. 

966. Talus, Calx ; Tessera, Alea ; Tessera, Testa. 
Talus (ocGTQuya).og), the ankle-bone ; Calx, the ankle (with 
the idea of tightness, hardness ; hence, Calculus, a little stone, 
and Callis) : Amictus atque usque ad talos demissa purpu- 
ra. Cic Nudis calcibus anguem premere. Juvenal. — 
Talus, the ankle-bone of the hind-feet of quadrupeds with 
cloven hoofs, which unites the shin with the foot, and, used 
as dice, had marks on the four flat sides only ; one was 
marked with 1, Unio s. As, the opposite with 6, Senio, the 
two others with 3 and 4, ternio, quaternio ; Tessera (tsg- 
osqoc, neut.), a die (of cubic form), with all six sides marked. 
The ancients played with four tali, and with three tessera ; 
the luckiest throw with the tali, was, if each one showed a 
different number ; with the tessera, if they presented three 
sixes ; these best throws were called Venus ;. Canis was the 
worst throw, when each talus showed the same number, or 

34 



398 967. Tangere. 969. Tegere. 

each tessera presented an As : Nobis ex lusionibus multis ta- 
los relinquunt et tesseras. Cic. TJt quisque Can em aut 
Senionem miserat, in singulos talos singulos denarios in 
medium conferebat: quos tollebat universos, qui Venerem 
jecerat. Suet. A le a, game at dice, in general : J act a ale a 
esto. Suet., let the die be thrown ! let 's dare the throw ! — Tes- 
sera, a small tablet, mark, marked among soldiers with the 
watchword, by which those on guard knew their party; with 
those who stood in the relation of hospitality, to know again 
their friends: Tesseram confer re si vis hospitalem, eccam 
attuli. Plaut. Testa, an earthen vessel, a fragment of it, 
especially as verification, proof (testis) of voters and persons 
in the relation of hospitality : Test arum suffragia. Nep. 

967. Tangere, Tractare, Palpare ; Tangit, Spectat, 
Pertinet, Attinet. Tangere, touching, used of a light 
collision of two bodies : aliquem digito ; Non omnia dicam et 
leviter unumquodque tan gam. Cic. Tractare, touching 
repeatedly and on several sides, with more surface of the 
fingers or hand (in German betasten ; in English we have no 
single word to express the sense of tractare, but it is in part 
in the words fingering, handling, grabbing, fumbling, though 
each of these has an additional and specific meaning) : Seu 
puerunctis tract av it calicemmanibus. Hor. ; hence, treat- 
ing of a subject : artem musicam. Ter. ; gubernacula rei pub- 
lico. Cic. Palpare, patting, caressing by stroking with the 
palm : Taurus pectora prcebet palp and a manu. Ovid. — 
Tangit me res, cura, it touches me, designates a very near, 
sensible, and personal interest ; Spectat me, it has reference 
to me, I am interested in it, the object for which the thing is 
intended; Pertinet ad me, it belongs to my province, has 
reference to me, a nearer relation of the thing to me : Bene- 
ficia, quce ad singulos sped ant ; quce ad universos perti- 
nent. Cic. Attinet ad me, it relates to me, a relation to 
me only in a certain respect : Incensus studio, quod ad agrum 
colendum attinet. Cic. Ego, quod ad me attinet, ta- 
ceo. Id. 

968. Tantisper, Tamdiu. Tantisper, so long as, so 
long until, designates the idea while, during ; Tamdiu, so 
long as, designates the wearisome duration: Latendum tan- 
tisper ibidem, dum defervescat hcec gratulatio. Cic. Totos 
dies scribo ; tantisper impedior. Id. Ego te abfuisse 
tamdiu a nobis dolui. Id. 

969. Tegere, Operire, Cooperire ; Tegumentum, Oper- 



970. Telum. 399 

culum, Tectorium. Teg ere, covering, with a cover, for 
protection and safety ; Operire (ob-perire), covering over, 
covering entirely, with the cover of a vessel, for instance, 
opp. aperire ; Cooperire, covering all over: Ferce latibulis 
se tegunt. Cic. Cui pellis humeros o per it. Virg. Ubi 
dbiere intro, operuere ostium. Ter. Opertus dedecore 
et infamia. Cic. Cooperire aliquem lapidibus. Liv. — 
Tegumentum, the cover serving to cover over: Tegu- 
ment a corporum vel texta vel suta. Cic. Operculum, a 
cover, with which a vessel is covered, or which is placed over 
some article : Cadus cereo obturatas operculo. Plin. Tec- 
torium, a coat of liquid with which a body is covered, 
painted over: Ex columna tectoriam vetus delitum est, et 
novum inductum. Cic. 

970. Telum, Tormentum, Hasta, Sarissa, Lancea, 
G^sum, Sparus, Tragula, Framea, Pilum, Spiculum, 
Sagitta, Jaculum, Falarica, Ver[jtum. Telum, 104, an 
offensive arm in general, arms which wound ; Tormentum, 
a projectile thrown from a machine for projection : Tantum 
prima acies aberat, uti ne in earn telum tormentumve 
adigi posset. Caes. Has t a (originally a pole, branch ; Teu- 
tonic Asi), a pike, of the Roman hastati, with the iron, four- 
teen feet long; Sarissa, the long, Macedonian spear; 
Lancea, the lance, which was also thrown ; Gee sum, the 
light and short hunting-javelin of the Gallic mountaineers ; it 
was thrown: Jere pastor all liabitu, agrestibus telis, falci- 
bus gees is que armati. Liv. Sparus and Sparum, a 
spear with a long thin point; similar is Tragula, a short 
javelin: Galli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas 
subjiciebant, nostrosque vulnerabant. Cses. Frame a, the 
short spear of the Germanic tribes : Rari gladiis ant majori- 
bus lanceis utuntur hast as, vel ipsorum vocabulo fra- 
me as, gerunt, angusto et brevi ferro, sed ita acri et ad usum 
nabili, ut eodem telo vel cominus vel eminus pugnent. Tac. 
Pilum, the spear of the Roman foot, the wood five feet and 
a half, of wild cherry (cornus), and the point three quarters 
of a foot, of the thickness of a finger, which Marius, however, 
ordered to be made shorter and somewhat like an angle, so 
that it could not be taken out of the wounded body without 
lacerating it. Every heavily -armed man had two pila, with 
the throwing of which the battle began. Cses. 1,52. Spi- 
culum, every point, the iron point of the spear or arrow, and 
the spear or arrow itself ; Sagitta, arrow : Alexander sa- 



400 971. Temeritas. 975. Testis. 

gitta ictus est, qua in medio crure jixa retiquerat spicu- 
lum. Curt. J a culum, a javelin, as general name; Fdla- 
rica, a larger throwing spear, which was thrown by ma- 
chines, sometimes also by the hand; Veriitum, a spear 
similar to the veru (spit), which penetrated deeply: Pilis 
plerisque in scuta, verutis in corpora ipsa Jixis. Liv. 

971. Temeritas, Inconsiderantia. Temeritas, thought- 
lessness, which acts without reflection, with haste and boldness 
or temerity, opp. sapientia: Multifaciunt multa temerita- 
ie quadam, sine judicio vel modo, vel repentino quodam im- 
petu animi concitati. Cic. In consider an ti a, want of 
reflection and thought, of proper consideration, inconsiderate- 
ness : Milonis in hoc uno inconsiderantiam ego sustine- 
ho, ut potero. Cic. 

972. Tempestas, Procella. Tempestas, the time, as 
quality, the season, and the weather, bad weather, storm, 
tempest: Fceda tempestas, cum grandine ac tonitribus 
ccelo dejecta. Liv. Procella, the storm, which pushes 
along, makes quake, the high gale of wind at sea : Temp es- 
tates sunt imbres, nimbi, procella, turbines. Cic. 

973. Tentorium, Tabernaculum. Tentorium, the 
tent of extended cloth, skins, as in a Roman camp {sub pelli- 
bus durare. Liv.). Tiberius scepe sine tentorio pernocta- 
bat. Suet. Tabernaculum, every lightly built hut or tent 
erected only for a passing purpose, for protection against rain 
or sunbeams ; also of the camp tents and camp huts : Han- 
nibal profectus est node, tabernaculis paucis in speciem 
relictis. Liv. 

974. Terere, Fricare, Tergere, Verrere. Terere, 
rubbing, rubbing off; lapidem lapide, lignum ligno ; in 
area f rug es, threshing; viam, stepping on the way. Fri- 
care, rubbing, in producing a feeling on an animate body, 
and in making smooth: caput, corpus oleo ; Sus fricat ar- 
bor e costas. Virg. Tergere, wiping, drying or cleaning 
by wiping: Hie leve argentum, vasa aspera t erg eat al- 
ter. Juvenal. Verrere, sweeping with a broom, brush : 
Verre pavimentum, nitidas ostende columnas. Juvenal. 

975. Testis, Arbiter, Conscius ; Testari, Testificari, 
Antestari ; Testamentum, Codicilli. Testi s, 125 (prop- 
erly, one who himself is a proof, testa, 966, of the truth of a 
thing), the witness, as confirming: Mearum ineptiarum tes- 
tis et spectator. Cic. Arbiter, the observing witness, 
listener, 93. Conscius, one who knows of something, a 



976. Texere. 978. Tignum. 401 

person privy to a thing, a fellow-criminal : Accusator ejus 
facinoris multos dixerit testes et conscios esse. Ad He- 
renn. — Testari, becoming a witness, giving evidence, and 
testifying to one's last will, directing by testament : Campus 
sepulcris prcelia testatur. Hor. Test or omnes deos. Cic., 
calling upon all the gods as witnesses : Be filii pupilli re 
testari. Id. Testxficari, calling upon one as witness, 
and proving by one's own assertion, by efficient proofs : Deos 
hominesque testificor, me till prcedixisse. Cic. Feci hoc 
testificandi amoris mei causa. Id. Antestari, calling 
upon one to be witness, in doing which, the person who called 
upon the other, touched him by the ear-lap : Inclamat : Licet 
antestari? Ego vero oppono auriculam. Hor. — Testa- 
mentum, the testament, as legal written direction, by which 
a person pronounces his last will respecting his property, and 
the actions he imposes upon his heirs: Mulier test am en to 
heredem fecit filiam. Cic. Co dicilli, a direction in form 
of a letter, in which the testator requested the heir, already 
appointed by the testament, to do one or another thing after 
the testator's death, to pay a legacy, &c. ; an addition to the 
testament : Seneca sine ullo funeris solemni crematur. ita 
codicillis prcescripserat. Tac. 

976. Texere, Nere. Texere, weaving, making a tissue, 
designates the alternating covering of the thread, and, in gen- 
eral, the connexion, juncture of parts braided and entwined 
with one another : telam ; fiscinam virgis ; carinam ; Paullus 
basilicam texuit iisdem antiquis columnis. Cic. Nere, 
spinning, and weaving (connected with the Teutonic nah, 
near, ndhen, bringing near together, keeping it so, see Nee- 
tere, 637): Nerunt fatales fortia fila Bece. Ovid. Tuni- 
cam, molli mater quam never at auro. Virg. 

977. Tibia, Fistula. Tibia, the flute, a straight reed 
with holes bored in it, into which the air was blown at the 
upper end in a straight direction, not as is the case with our 
common flute : Tibia dextra unum habet foramen, sinistra 
duo : quorum unum acutum sonum habet, alterum gravem. 
Varr. The tibicen played two flutes at the same time. Fis~ 
tula, the shepherd's or Pan's flute, consisting of from three 
to seven reeds, one by the other, and successively shortened : 
Dispar septenis fistula cannis. Ovid. 

978. Tignum, Trabs. Tignum, the hewn beam, a piece 
of building material; Trabs, old Trabes, the beam before 
it has been under the hands of the carpenter, also as tree : 

34* 



402 979. Tirocinium. 981. Toga. 

Sordida terga suis, nigro pendentia tigno. Ovid. Itinera 
duo, qua ad portum ferebant, maximis prafixis trabibus r 
atque eis prceacutis, prcesepit. Cses. Securibus ccesa accides* 
set abiegna ad terram trabes. Cic. 

979. Tirocinium, /Rudimentum, Elementum. Tiroci- 
nium, the occupation of an apprentice, apprenticeship, the 
years of this period, the proof-piece to be made by an ap- 
prentice : Tirocinium ponere et documentum eloquentice 
dare. Liv. Ru dim en turn, the first principles, first instruc- 
tion in an art, as means of un-ruding, removing rudeness, 
524: Imbutus rudimentis militia. Veil. Elementum, 
the original substance, first elements of a science or branch 
of knowledge: Aqua valentissimum elementum est. hoc 
fuisse primum pulat Tholes. Senec. Hcec forsitan puerorum 
element a videantur. Cic. 

980. TiTULUS, Index. Titulus, inscription, by which 
we know what a thing is or contains : libri legis, imaginis ; 
the name of one's office, also an assumed name of something 
high, pretext : Consulem requirebam, qui tamquam truncus 
atque stipes, posset sustinere tamen titulum consulatus. Cic-. 
Titulum belli prcetendere. Liv. Index, indicator, index, 
that which betrays something: Vultus indices oculi. Cic, 
the book-title, which indicates the contents. 

981. Toga, Stola, Palla, Trabea, Pallium, Sagum, 

PALUDAMENTUM, ChLAMYS, L^NA, LACERNA, PiENULA. 

Over-garments are : Toga, the solemn dress, or full dress 
article of the Romans in times of peace, a white, round man- 
tle, which was thrown over the head, and covered the whole 
body from the shoulders down to the knees, for men and 
women: Pads est insigne et otii toga. Cic. Toga prce- 
texta, with a purple stripe around the lower end, for free cit- 
izens' children, priests, and superior magistrates ; virilis, 
pura, recta, communis, the simple white toga, from the seven- 
teenth year; Candida, colored with chalk, worn by those who 
electioneered' for high offices (candidati), and at festivals ; 
pulla, 119, sordida, the unwashed and worn off toga, used by 
accused persons. Stola, the wide, folded gown, down to 
the ankles, with pointed sleeves, worn by married ladies of 
distinction, a tunica, below with a wide, full flounce (instita) ; 
Pa 11 a, the equally long lady's mantle, open in front, and 
kept together by hooks, worn over the stola : Ad talos stola 
demissa et circumdata pall a. Hor. Trabea, a mantle 
round the body, open in front, and kept together above by a 



982. Torquere. 983. Torris. 403 

hook and a noose, white, with wide purple stripes, a dress of 
honor of the knights, of scarlet for augurs and images of 
gods : Trabeati equites. Tac. Pallium, the Greek 
mantle, wide and comfortable, peculiar to philosophers; Sd- 
gum, the short, soldier's mantle, of a square piece of coarse 
cloth, and hooked together on the breast, also for farmers, 
&c. : Sagulo gregali amictus. Liv. Consular es to gati so- 
lent esse, quum est in sagis civitas. Cic. P alud amen- 
tum, the warrior's, especially the general's, mantle, differing 
from the sagum in length, substance, and color : Coccum im- 
peratoriis dicatum paludamentis. Plin. Chi amy s, the 
Greek sagum, shorter and closer. Cloaks against rain and 
for travelling, of closer texture, are : Lcena, long and wide, 
was also worn over the toga ; L deem a, lined with fringes, 
and provided with a cap (cucullus) to cover the head; Pce- 
nula, also Penula, very similar to the toga, only closer and 
shorter, sometimes also of leather (scortea), and at the upper 
end with a cover for the head. 

982. Torquere, Angere, Cruciare, Fatigare. Tor- 
quere, turning, bending, twisting, throwing with a sling, be- 
cause this is turned or wheeled around before the missile is 
thrown, e. g.funem, capillos, jaculum ; and racking, plaguing, 
tormenting: In dolor e est, qui torquetur. Cic. An g ere, 
narrowing the throat, throttling : guttur ; causing anguish : 
Angor animo, non consilii armis egere rem publicam. Cic. 
Cruciare (crucifying), cruelly tormenting: vigiliis et fame. 
Cic. Tuce libidines te torquent; tu dies noctesque cru- 
eiaris. Id. Torquere, designates the excruciating pain, 
continually rising; Anger e, the same, oppressing, as if 
strangling; Cruciare, the same, as subjecting to torture, 
changing degrees of violence. Fatigare (fdtis, 10), driv- 
ing down, occupying to fatigue, exhaustion, worrying : Mi- 
lites magno cestu fat i gati. Cses. Sicarii, fur es, pecula- 
tor es sunt vinclis et verberibus fatigandi. Cic. 

983. Torris, Titio. Torris, a firebrand, as a dry body 
easily ignitable, a burning piece of wood ; Titio (belongs to 
tazda), as a body which contains and gives fire : Funereum 
tor rem conjecit in ignis. Ovid. Rapit mediis flag ran- 
tern ab aris prunicium tor rem. Id. Quum e foco in 
tit ion e ex felici arbore ignis allatus esset. Varr. Ar- 
dent em titionem gerens. Appul. Fomenta calida sunt 
exstincti titiones, involuti panniculis, et sic circumdati. 
Cels. 



404 984. Trans. 987. Trepidatio. 

984. Trans, Ultra. Trans, 783, 829, on the other 
side, along above that which is this side to that which is on 
the other side; Ultra, the other side, beyond that which is 
on the other side: Trans Tiberim hortos par are. Cic. 
Ariovistus prater castra Casaris suas copias transduxit, et 
tnillibus passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit. Cses., first 
he had the camp of Caesar on this side ; now he encamped 
far beyond it, on the other side. 

985. Transgredi, Transire, Transmittere, Trajicere ; 
Transitus, Trajectus. With reference to seas and rivers, 
Transgredi signifies passing, a slow, considerate motion; 
Transire, the common or also quicker movement: Cum 
quibus copiis pr&tor in Corsicam transgressus bellum 
gereret. Liv. Crassus, nisi eguisset, nunquam Euphratem, 
nulla belli causa, transire voluisset. Cic. Transmittere, 
sending over, causing to be carried over; and passing, sailing 
over, referring to our own activity, and the final object on the 
other side : Ad fiumen quum esset ventum, exercitus celeriter 
transmittitur. Caes. Cur Pythagoras tot maria trans- 
mi sit? Cic. Satis constabat fama, jam Iberum Poznos 
transmisisse. Liv. Tr ajicere, throwing over, carrying 
over, getting over ; and, if se is supposed to have been left 
out, passing over ; it is used rather of the passive state of the 
passing person : Dum eleplianti trajiciuntur. Liv. Si 
quo casu Isaram se trajecerint. Cic. Hannibal Tagum 
amnem vado trajecit. Liv., that is, with much trouble. — 
Transitus, the passage: Clauso transitu Jluminis. Liv. 
Trajectus, the passing over: Inde erat brevissimus in 
Britanniam transj ectus. Cses. 

986. Transversus, Obliquus, Limus. Transversus, 
cross, lying across, passing across through, when one line in- 
tersects the other in a right angle : Urbis partes una lata via 
perpetua, multisque transversis divisce sunt. Cic. Ob- 
liquus, oblique, when the line across the other does not in- 
tersect it in a right-angle, going sideways : Montem obliquo 
itinere petebant. Caes. Limus, crooked, that which has 
another direction than that which it ought to have : Adspicito 
limis oculis, ne ille nos se videre sentiat. Plaut., squinting. 

987. Trepidatio, Terror. Trepidatio, trepidation, 
shaking, anxiety, which manifests itself by movements and 
actions which have no object (properly, the trippling) ; Ter- 
ror, fright, the involuntary affection of our whole system, 
produced by sudden perception of great danger, and of which 



988. Tribus. 405 

Trepidatio maybe a consequence : Mqux tanto cum tu» 
multu invasere fines Romanos, ut ad urbem quoque terro» 
rem pertulerint, necopinata etiam res plus trepidationis 
fecit, quod nihil minus timeri poterat. Liv. 

988. Tribus, Curia, Classis ; Tributum, Vectigal ; 
Tributarius, Vectigalis, Stipendiarius. Tribus, a tribe, 
national tribe, or branch of a nation, of which Rome had 
originally three, each in a different quarter of the city ; at 
later periods, the number of divisions called tribes amounted 
to thirty-five : Ager Romanus primum divisus in partes tres ; 
a quo tribus appellate^ Ramnensium, Titiensium, Lucerum. 
Varr. Curia, a number of ten noble gentes ; also the tem- 
ple of a curia, where they met. Rome originally contained 
three hundred of these gentes (which see), therefore thirty 
curice, of which there were in each tribus ten : Romulus quum 
populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina curiis im- 
posuit. Liv. Curia Saliorum in Palatio. Cic. Classis, 
a division of Roman citizens according to property. After 
King Servius had ordained the census, according to which 
each citizen should accurately state the amount of his prop- 
erty, his age, and family, he placed the knights at the head, 
as the richest ; the other citizens, who served on foot in the 
field, were, according to their property, divided into five 
classes, these again into centuries, so that the whole people, 
including those who had no property at all, and who formed 
but one century, consisted of one hundred and ninety-three 
centuries, each one with one vote in elections of magistrates, 
the adoption of proposals for laws, and other chief political 
measures ; but the knights with the first class were stronger 
than the rest together, because they were divided into a ma- 
jority of centuries. Thus the richest citizens had to pay 
most taxes, but had likewise the greatest influence in govern- 
ment. Cic. Rep. 2,22., Liv. 1,43. — Tributum, the con- 
tribution which each citizen paid toward the expenses of gov- 
ernment ; at the beginning, one hundred asses annually ; 
from the times of Servius, according to proportion of his 
property (census) : TJnius imperatoris (Paulli JEmilii) prceda 
finem altulit tributorum. Cic. Vectigal, duty, or all 
other taxes besides the tributum, which the state took as rev- 
enue, e. g. Ex metallis, Ex salinis, see 907. Neque ex por- 
tu, neque ex decumis, neque ex scriptura vectigal conser- 
vari potest. Cic. — Tributarii populi, were those provin- 
cials who as subjects paid to their masters, i. e. the Romans, 



406 989. Triumphus. 992. Tubus. 

taxes of the landed property, of the produce of their fields, 
according to the crop; Vectigales, those who as inhabit- 
ants paid various and changing taxes to the Romans as their 
sovereigns; Stipendiarii, those who paid settled taxes 
one year as the other. 

989. Triumphus, Ovatio. Triumphus, the solemn 
entrance and procession of a peculiarly victorious general 
into Rome, during which he drove in a magnificent triumphal 
car, himself crowned with laurel; Ovatio, the lesser tri- 
umph, during which the victor, crowned with a myrtle crown, 
went on foot or on horseback into the city, which was granted 
for a less important or also for an inglorious war, e. g. against 
slaves: Me ovantem et prope triumph ant em populus 
Romanus in Capitolium domo tulit. Cic. 

990. Trudere, Pellere. Trudere, driving, pushing 
with violence forward, on ; supposes a continued resistance 
against the power; Pellere, pushing away, giving such an 
impulse to a body by repeated blows, that it moves, though 
not any longer in contact with the impelling power : Socrates 
non ad mortem trudi videbatur. Cic. Adlapsa sagitta est, 
incertum, qua puis a manu. Virg. 

991. Tub.a, Lituus, Cornu, Buccina. Tuba, trumpet, 
a blown instrument, consisting of a straight tube with funnel- 
like opening, producing deep yet thrilling sounds, used with 
the foot: Milites legionum, non exaudito tuba sono,tamen 
retinebantur. Cses. Lituus, smaller, curved, and of higher, 
sharper sound, used with the horse : Inde lituus sonitus 
effudit acutos. Enn. Cornu, the horn, with which signals 
{classicwn) near the ensigns were given : Cornu a quce nunc 
sunt ex are, tunc Jiebant bibulo e cornu. Varr. Buccina, 
a horn, wound snail-like, as our cornets, with which the signal 
(classicum) for attack, beginning of the march, change of 
guards, &c. was given in the neighbourhood of the general : 
Equitibus denuntiatum, ut ad tertiam buccinam prasto 
essent. Liv.,at the beginning of the third night-watch. 

992. Tubus, Canalis, Fistula, Sipho. Tubus, tube, 
hollow cylindrical body : Picece ad aquarum ductus in tubos 
cavantur. Plin. Canalis, canal, the conduit for the recep- 
tion and leading on of a passing liquid ; Fistula, a narrower 
tube, through which a liquid is forcibly carried along and ex- 
pelled by the pressure of the air ; Sipho, a siphon, or tube 
to draw the liquid out of a vessel by lifting it in the tube, also 
a spout through which water rises to some height after having 



993. Tueri. 995. Turba. 407 

left it: Ductus aquce fiunt rivis per can ales structiles, ant 
fistulis plumbeis, seu tubulis fictilibus. Vitruv. Aqua 
in summis jugis interiore spiritu acta et terra pondere ex- 
pressa, siphonum modo emicat. Plin. 

993. Tueri, Tutari, Protegere, Defenders, Propug- 
nare ; Munire; Tutus, Securus. Tueri, 944, keeping 
under superintendence and protection, guarding against pos- 
sible dangers: concordiam ; Mdem Castoris habuit tu en- 
dam, Cic. Tutari, protecting against real, threatening 
dangers: TJt potui, accuratissime te tuamque causam tutatus 
sum, Cic. Protegere, protecting, defending: Africanus 
in aci Allienum scuto protexit. Cic. Locus naves prote- 
git a ventis. Cass. Defender e, pushing off, parrying, de- 
fending; presupposes a real attack: Hunc defendefuro- 
rem. Virg. Ab hoc periculo defendite civem. Cic. Pro- 
pugnare, fighting for something to protect it, taking up 
arms for something : Bestice pro suo partu ita propugnant, 
ut vulnera excipiant. Cic. — Munire, protecting by firm- 
ness, and by fortification, surrounding with protection : Ccesar 
ad flumen Axonam castra posuit : quce res latus unum castro- 
rum ripis fluminis muniebat. Cses. Gppidum natura loci 
muniebatur. Id. — Tutus, secured against danger and 
injury, protected: Testudo ubi collecta in suum tegumen est, 
tut a ad omnes ictus est. Liv. Secitrus, he who believes 
himself safe, without fear, care : Tut a scelera esse possunt ; 
secura non possunt. Senec. 

994. Tumere, Turgere ; Tumor, Tuber. Turner e, 
being puffed up, swelled, by vapors, watery parts, generally 
by disease : Corpus tumet omne veneno. Ovid. Turgere, 
protuberating with fulness, being swelled with juice : Jam 
Iceto tier gent in palmite gemma. Virg. — Tumor, the 
swelling, e. g. oculorum, crurum ; Tuber, properly, a truffle ; 
a protuberating excrescence on an animal body, a hunch, a 
boil: Colaphis tuber est to turn caput. Ter. 

995. Turba, Multitudo ; Tumultus. Tur b a, a swarm, 
especially of men, with the idea of disorder: Fugiens deci- 
dit pradonum in tur bam. Hor. Multitudo, the multi- 
tude, great number, merely as number : Quanta multitudo, 
quanta vis hominum convenisse dicebatur ! Cic. — Turba, 
noise, confusion, when every thing is in wild disorder : Quid 
tur bee apud forum est ? quid litigant ? Ter. Tumult u s, 
145, a tumult, a mob, the impetuous running to and fro, and 
irregular noise of a concourse of people : Tur bee ac tumul- 
tus concitatores. Liv. 



408 996. Turibulam. 1000. Vallis. 

996. Turibulum, Acerra. Tier i b ulum, incensory, cen- 
ser; Ac err a, a box for frankincense: Turibulis ante 
januas positis, atque accenso ture. Liv. Ac err a turis 
plena. Hor. 



u, v. 

997. Valens, Validus, Vegetus, Vigens. Valens^ 
819, efficient, strong, as state, opp. imbecillus : Lictores cir* 
cumsistunt v alentissimi. Cic, strong, powerful lictors. 
Vd lidu s, powerful, very strong, as quality, opp. inftrmus : 
Mente minus validus, quam corpore toto. Hor. Nondum 
ex morbo satis validus. Liv., who is not yet entirely recov- 
ered ; valens est, is manifestation of power, he who may 
get along again* Vegetus, awake, lively in body and 
mind : mens ; Vegetus prcescripta ad munia surgit. Hor., of 
the person who just awoke. Exactce cetatis Camillus erat ; sed 
vegetum ingenium in vivido pectore vigebat. Liv. Vi- 
gens, alive, he in whom the active spirits of life show them- 
selves in body and mind : Homines rationem habent a natura 
datam, mentemque et acrem et vi gent em celerrimeque multa 
simul agitantem. Cic. Arborem dicimus et novellam et vetu* 
lam, et vigere, et senescere. Id. 

998. Valgus, Varus, Scaurus. Valgus, one who has 
misplaced calves, and legs which are bent out below, and in- 
cline to each other above; Vd rus, he who has outwardly 
turned legs, so that both form the figure of the signs of a pa- 
renthesis () ; Scaur us, who has large and disproportionate 
ankles, large bony protuberances on the feet: Hunc Varum 
distortis cruribus, ilium balbutit Scaurum pravis fultum 
male 'talis. Hor. 

999. Vallare, Sepire. Vail are, fortifying with palli- 
sadoes ; Sepire, Scepire, hedging in, fencing in, and used 
of every sort of marking off and separating . from others, a 
piece of ground : Vallare castr a ; vail at us sicariis. Cic. 
Muris scepire templa. Nep. Natura oculos membranis 
vestivit et seep sit. Id. 

1000. Vallis, Con vallis. Vallis, the valley, a low 
situation between two mountains; Convallis, surrounded 
with mountains, a place where many valleys like branches 
join, a valley right between a number of mountains, basin : 



1001. Vapor. 1002. Vas. 409 

Roma in montibus posita et convallibus. Cic. Also, Vi~ 
cus positus in valle, non magna adjecta planitie, altissimis 
montibus undique continetur. Cses., where no attention is had 
to the junction of several valleys. 

1001. Vapor, Exhalatio, Fitmus, Fuligo. Vapor, 
vapor, visible steam of warmed liquids: Vapor es, qui a 
sole ex agris tepefactis et ex aquis excitantur. Cic. Exli ab- 
latio, exhalation, evaporation, which, more or less visibly, 
rises from humid bodies, e. g. of spirituous liquids : Ccelum 
caliginosum est propter exhalationes terrce. Cic. Fu- 
mus, the smoke; Fuligo (for fumiligo), soot, deposit of 
the smoke on the walls along which it rises : Fumi incendi- 
orum procul videbantur. Cses. Adsidua postes fuligine 
nigri. Virg. 

1002. Vas, Vindex, Pr^s, Sponsor, Obses ; Vadimo- 
nium promittere, facere, Vadari. Va s, Gen. Vddis, 
bail in a criminal case {causa capitis), who personally an- 
swers for the appearance of the accused at the proper period 
for trial : Quum is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies 
commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas /actus est 
alter ejus sistendi, ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum esset 
ipsi. Cic. Vindex, one who frees an illegally accused per- 
son from the obligation to appear before court: Prazs, Gen. 
Prcedis, surety, one who guaranties with his own fortune 
the payment of a person sentenced to fine, or of a farmer; 
Sponsor, 125, 811, one who guaranties something, who 
gives surety, guaranty, for the action of others or his own ; 
used for cases of common life ; one who answers for it : 
Pompeius idem mihi testis de voluntate Ccesaris, et sponsor 
est illi de mea. Cic. Obses, a hostage, a person given to 
the hostile party, in war, as a pledge for the fulfilment of 
contracted obligations, while the vas has to do with legal 
affairs at home only: Ob sides ut inter sese dent, perficit 
(Dumnorix) : Sequani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant ; 
Helvetii, ut sine malejicio et injuria transeant. Cses. — Va- 
dimonium, the assurance, guarantied by proper persons, 
bails, to appear at the fixed time before the court ; and the 
appearance, as well as the appointed time ; hence, Va~ 
dimonium promittere, promising to appear; obire, 
sister e, to appear at the proper and fixed time; deserere, 
staying away, not appearing at the proper time, as bad payers 
did; Vadimonium facere, appointing a term, when a 
person has to appear before court : Quasivit a te Quintius, 

35 



410 1003. Vastus. 1006. Vehiculum. 

quo die vadimonium istuc factum esse diceres. Re* 
spondisti, Nonis Februariis. Cic. Vadari, obliging one 
to give bail and bring guaranties for the appearance before 
court at a certain term ; calling another before court, and 
upon him to give bail: Decern vadibus accusator v ad at us 
est reum. Liv. 

1003. Vastus, Desertus. Va stu s, desolate, waste ; the 
English has no single word which expresses all that vastus in 
Latin or ode in German means ; vastus is that place where 
we see no human being far and wide, and no object which 
might attract us: Mons vastus ab natura et humano cultu. 
Sail. Desertus, desert, i. e. abandoned by living beings, 
by man, lonely, whither no one goes, where no one any 
longer dwells : solitudo, domus : Genus agrorum propter pes- 
tilentiam v as turn atque desertum. Cic. 

1004. Ubique, Ubivis, Ubiubi, Ubicunque. Ubique, 
everywhere, in all places, each place imagined singly : Om- 
nes cives Romani, qui adsunt et qui ubique' sunt. Cic. 
Ubivis, wherever you choose, in every place you may 
choose or think of: Nemo est, quin ubivis, quam ibi, ubi 
est, esse malit. Cic. Ubi ubi, wherever, abandoning any 
more accurate determination of locality : Ego illam requiram 
jam, ubiubi est. Plaut. Ubicunque, everywhere, in all 
and every places which there may be : Virtutem qui adeptus 
erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Cic. 

1005. Vectis, Pertica, Longurius, Contus. Vectis, 
the pole to carry or lift, lever: Saxa vectibus promovent. 
Cses. ; hence, also, the bolt: Portas cerei claudunt vectes. 
Virg. Per tic a, a pole, a thin, bending body: Pertica 
suspensos portabal longa maniplos. Ovid. Olivas perticis 
decutiunt. Plin. Longurius, a long pole: Falces adfixce 
longuriis. Cses. Contus, 877, a long pole, for the pur- 
pose of thrusting, pike: Prcefixa contis capita gestabantur 
inter signa cohortium. Tac. 

1006. Vehiculum, Plaustrum, Carrus; Currus, Esse- 
dum ; Cisium, Eheda, Carruca, Petorritum ; Carpentum, 
Pilentum, Tensa. Vehiculum, a vehicle, i. e. any con- 
trivance whatever to drive or sail : Juncto vehiculo vehi ; 
vehiculum Argonautarum ; vehiculo portari. Nep., se- 
dan-chair, instead of Sella gestatoria, on which the person 
was carried sitting ; hectic a, on which the person is carried 
in a lying posture (palanquin). Vehiculum is every machine 
for conveying burden, be this human or not. Wagons, that 



1007. Velum. 411 

is, vehicles (in the English sense) for burdens alone, are : 
Plaustrum, for burdens of all sorts, wide and uncovered, 
with two and four wheels ; Carru s, at a later period Car- 
rum, the Gallic four-wheeled wagon, for baggage of war : 
Helvetii ad impedimenta el carros suos se contulerunt. 
Cses. ; hence, carrago, the fortification of wagons and cars, 
so often erected by the Gallic and Teutonic tribes. — For 
races and battle, we have the following: Currus, every 
vehicle contrived for quick movement, with two wheels, and 
with two or four horses (bigce, quadriga,) : Curru quadri- 
garum vehi. Cic. Ruunt effusi car cere cur r us. Virg. 
Currus falcati. Liv., sickle-cars in battle. Curru aurato 
per urbem vectus. Id., the triumphal car. Essedum, the 
light battle-car of the Gauls and Britons, in which they darted 
among their enemies, and which, as occasion might require, 
they left to fight on foot. Cses. 4, 33 ; afterward also in Rome 
as state carriage. — Travelling vehicles : Cisium, light, with 
two wheels, and basket-work (capsus) : Decern horis LVI 
millia passuum cisiis pervolavit. Cic. Rheda, larger, 
with four wheels, on which there was room for several per- 
sons and baggage : Tola domus rheda componiiur una. Ju- 
venal. Carruca, a covered and embellished rheda for 
persons of quality: Nero nunquam minus mille carrucis 
fecisse iter traditur. Suet. Petoritum and Petorri- 
tum, an open Gallic travelling and baggage wagon, with four 
wheels : Esseda festinant, pilenta, petorrita, naves. 
Hor. — Vehicles destined for festival use: Carpentum, 
two wheels, for women and some orders of priests (with the 
Flamines, covered : currus arcuatus. Liv.) ; later used as a 
state equipage; Pilentum, four-wheeled, hanging high in 
springs, and with a flat roof, which left the sides open, for 
matrons : Honor em ferunt matronis habitum, ut p Hen to ad 
sacra ludosque, carpentis festo profestoque uterentur. Liv. 
Tens a, T hens a, a vehicle with four wheels and four horses, 
ornamented with ivory and silver, on which, when the Circen- 
sian games were performed, the statues of the gods were sol- 
emnly brought into the circus ; after which they were depos- 
ited in a certain place, pulvinar : Dii omnes, qui vehiculis 
tensarum sollemnes ccetus ludorum initia. Cic. 

1007. Velum, Velamentum ; Velum (Lintea, Carbasa), 
Dolon, Supparum. Velum, a cover, which hides, a cover- 
ing, a curtain, as a larger piece of cloth : Tabernacula, car- 
laseis intenta velis. Cic. Velamentum, poetical Vela- 



412 1008. Venerium. 1010. Venter. 

men, the cover, inasmuch as it covers over : Rami olece ac 
v el amenta alia supplicum. Liv. — Velum, the sail in gen- 
eral, especially the main-sheet, generally of linen substance ; 
hence, poetically, in the plural, Lint e a, Car has a (prop- 
erly, fine linen): Malum erigi, vela fieri imperat. Cic. 
Prcebebis card as a ventis. Ovid. Dolon (ddlwv), the small 
foresail, only used in favorable wind : Postquam prcetoriam 
vela dantem videre, sublatis raptim dolonibus (et erat 
secundus ventus), capessunt fugam. Liv. Suppdrum, top- 
sail. 

1008. Venenum, Virus, Toxicum, Aconitum. Vene> 
num, every artificial liquid which produces physical effects 
generally prepared poison ; hence with the jurists : Qui v e 
nenum malum fecit fecerit. XII Tabb., and Veneficus 
a poisoner, one who makes, administers poison : Locusta 
veneficii damnata. Tac, on account of poisoning. Virus 
the natural, consistent liquid, of corrosive, dying, and offensive 
animal or vegetable juices, natural poison, or poison as sub 
stance : Malum virus serpentibus addidit atris. Virg. De 
coquitur virus cognitis antea venenis rapidum. Tac. ; ve 
nenis, of the poisonous ingredients; virus, the liquid impreg 
nated therewith. Toxicum, poison with which arrows were 
poisoned; Aconitum (dxovirog), a poisonous plant growing 
on high rocks, a violent poison, quickly affecting: Aconi- 
tum Medea. Ovid. 

1009. Venire, Venum ire ; Venum dare, Vendere, Ven- 
ditare, Mancipare. Venire, being sold, when the prop- 
erty goes from the former owner, for money, to another; 
Venum ire, standing for sale, being offered for sale : Fe- 
nit vilissima rerum hie aqua. Hor. Pileati servi venum 
soliti ire. Gell. — Venumdare, exposing for sale, having 
for sale ; Vendere, selling; Venditare, praising up the 
merchandise for sale, offering for sale by word of mouth ; 
Mancipare, giving something to another, henceforth to be 
his property; which has been formally sold in presence of 
five witnesses of age : Pileus impositus demonstrabat, ejus* 
modi servos venum dari, quorum nomine emtori vendi* 
tor nihil prcestaret. Gell. Quintus f rater Tusculanum v en* 
ditat, ut emat Pacilianam domum. Cic. Venditis hortis 
statuam Augusti simul manciparat. Tac. 

1010. Venter, Pantices, Ventriculus, Stomachus, Al- 
vus, Abdomen. Venter, belly, as vessel or cavern which 
contains the stomach and entrails, also used of the stomach ; 



1011. Vernaculus. 1012. Vertere. 413 

Pant ex, plur. Pant ices, the hanging belly, pot-belly, used 
in a derogatory sense : Faba venter infiatur. Cic. Quid- 
quid qu&sierat, ventri donabat avaro. Hor., to the stomach. 
Vestros pantices usque madefacitis, quum ego sim hie sic- 
cus. Plant. Ventriculus, stomach: Ventriculus, qui 
receptaculum cibi est. Cels. Stomachus (utouccxoq), the 
gullet or throat, the opening of the stomach, and the stomach 
itself, as means of digestion, by its warmth ; hence, as the 
seat of irritability, irascibility, of rage and anger. 585. Con- 
chas stomachi calore concoquere. Cic. Alvus (alere), 
the lower cavity of the belly, where the nutritious particles 
of the food are separated from the excrements, and the chief 
channel through which the latter are led off : Alvi natura, 
subjecta stomacho. Cic. Alvi purgatio. Id. Abdomen, 
the soft, fat, abdominal coverings around the navel. 

1011. Vernaculus, Domesticus. Vernaculus, inland- 
ish, domestic, if it is contradistinguished from foreign, as to 
the country, home-bred, native : Vernaculi artifices. Lie. 
Domesticus, relating to our house, family, or home, opp. 
externus : Domestici parietes, tabellarii. Cic. 

1012. Vertere, Versare ; Convertere, Transferre, 
Reddere, Interpretari. Vertere, turning: terga ; Fer- 
ro vertere terram. Virg. In crimen vertere. Liv. Ver- 
sare, turning frequently, turning about: turbinem; Orator 
verset scepe multis modis eandem et unam rem. Cic. — Ver- 
tere, translating from one language into another, the general 
expression : Ex Grceco in Latinum sermonem. Liv. Con- 
vertere, translating, with reference to connexion and style : 
Converti orationes 2EscMnis,nec converti ut inter pres, 
sed ut orator. Cic. Transferre, carrying over, trans- 
ferring, from one language into another (from which our 
translating) : Istum ego locum totidem verbis a Diccearcho 
transtuli. Cic, otherwise, generally, using a word tropic- 
ally : Quod declarari vix verbo proprio potest, id translato 
quum est dictum, illustrat ejus rei, quam alieno verbo posui- 
mus, similitudo. Cic. Red d ere, translating literally : Quum 
ea, qua legerem Grace, Latine redder em. Cic. ; also, 
Verbum de verbo expressum extulit. Ter. Quce ex- 
pressa ad verbum dixi. Cic. Interpretari, making 
the meaning of an expression in an unknown language clear 
by words in a known one. interpreting, in which the only ob- 
ject is giving the sense : Epicuri epistolam modo totidem 
fere v erbis interpretatus sum. Cic. The English word 

35* 



414 1013. Verus. 1016. Videlicet 

translation must be circumscribed in Latin, e. g. Hcec ubi 
ex Grceco carmine interpret at a recitavit. Liv. 

1013. Verus, Verax; Vere, Vero. Verus, true, agree- 
ing with reality, contradistinguished from that which is only 
apparent, or that which is false ; Verax, true, truth-loving: 
JDe vera et perfect a amicitia loquor. Cic. Tiresias verax 
vates. Ovid. — Vere, verily, conformably to truth, confirms 
the truth or reality of a condition; Vero, in truth, in fact y 
confirms the reality of a state of things : Honestum, quod pro- 
prie ve re que dicitur. Cic. Est vero, inquam, notum sig- 
?ium, imago avi tui. Id. 

1014. Vetare, Interdicere. Vet are, implicitly and 
lawfully prohibiting ; Interdicere, 65, directing, ordering 
that something be not done, by the person who has power : 
Lex peregrinum vet at in murum adscendere. Cic. Magna 
arrogantia usus Ariovistus omni Gallia Romanis inter- 
dixit. Ca?s. 

1015. Veteranus, Emeritus, Evocatus, Exauctora- 
tus, Mile dirutus. Veteranus, one who has grown old 
in a certain occupation, and has acquired practice and expe- 
rience in the same ; an old, well-tried soldier, in Rome, from 
the forty -fifth year; Emeritus, one who has served out his 
period of service : Firmissimum exercitum ex invicto genere 
veteranorum militum comparavit. Cic. Rusticus emeri- 
turn palo suspendat aratrum. Ovid. The miles emeritus 
had served twenty years on foot, or ten on horse : if such a 
one enlisted for further service, he was called Evocatus ; 
but Exauctoratus was the dismissed soldier; Mre di- 
rutus, a soldier whose pay was stopped by way of punish- 
ment : Milites exauctoratos dimisit. Liv. 

1016. Videlicet, Scilicet, Nimirum, Nempe. Vide- 
licet, clearly, refers to something which is evident of itself; 
Scilicet, know, points at something which had not been 
considered or known, to wit, both endeavouring to prevent a 
mistake, error : Caste jubet lex adire ad deos : animo vide- 
licet, in quo sunt omnia. Cic. Quamquam quid tu in eo 
potes? Nihil scilicet. Id. Nimirum, doubtless, ques- 
tionless, if the person addressed is expected to find something 
quite natural, right, and not place any doubt in our assertion : 
titer melior dicetur orator? Nimirum, qui homo quoque 
melior. Quinctil. Nempe, half-asking, in which, sure of the 
thing we believe, we expect the other to agree with us ; must 
be translated in a variety of ways : Penes quos igitur sunt 
auspicia more majorum? nempe penes Pair es. Liv. 



1017. Videre. 1020. Vindicare. 415 

1017. Videre, Cernere ; Visere, Invisere, Visitare. 
Videre, seeing, perceiving by the sense of sight: Ut (Han- 
nibal) eum quoque oculum, quo bene videret, amitteret. Cic. 
Cernere, distinguished by the sense of sight, seeing dis- 
tinctly: Quum agmen Pompeii procul cerneretur. Cses. 
Nos ne nunc quidem oculis cernimus ea, quce videmus. 
Cic. — Videre, seeing, simply refers to the organs; Vi se- 
re, looking, from curiosity; Invisere, looking into, atten- 
tively, inquiringly, and visiting, as we use even the simple 
word seeing a friend for visiting ; Visitare, frequently vis- 
iting, and also visiting, without further determinative to express 
a greater degree of interest : Constitui ad te venire, ut et 
viderem te,et viserem et coenarem etiam. Cic. Licet fun- 
dos nostros obire out invisere tamen. Id. Mihi quidem tu 
jam eras mortuus, quia te non visitavi. Plaut 

1018. Vigilare, Excubare. Vigil are, watching, i. e. 
not sleeping, being awake, and being watchful, keeping one's 
self watchful : ad multam noctem ; Vigilare pro re alteri- 
us. Cic, being uninterruptedly attentive to the preservation 
of a thing. Excubare, keeping watch without doors, espe- 
cially outside of a camp, and during night : Node cives in 
muris ex cub ab ant. Liv. 

1019. Villicus, Actor, Procurator, Magister. Vil- 
li cus, the manager of a farm, a manumitted slave, who, as 
A ct or, overseer, with his wife, Villi c a, had the direction 
of a Roman farm, and assigned the proper work to each 
slave ; he himself was under the Procurator, the account- 
ant, steward, who presided over the whole farming business, 
interest of a landowner, kept the books, and had the money 
under his care ; from this superior Procurator villa we 
have to distinguish inferior ones, e. g. procurator apum, 
the bee-manager. Magister, a special superintendent over 
the hands engaged in one of the branches of the farm, e. g. 
over the vigneroles, the common field slaves ; the most im- 
portant or highest of these was the magister pecoris, or 
superintendent over the herdsmen, shepherds, &c, and all 
that appertained to the cattle. 

1020. Vindicare, Adserere ; Ulcisci, Vindicta, Vin- 
DIC.2E. Vindicare {vis-dicare), insisting upon one's own, 
of which another has wrongfully possessed himself; claiming 
something as one's property, vindicating one's rights against 
aggression: Vindicatur Virginia, spondentibus propin- 
quis. Liv., she whom Appius intended to make a slave, was 



416 1021. Vinea. 

saved by the guaranty of her relations. Adserere, taking 
to one's self ; aliquern manu, appropriating, claiming one le- 
gally and formally as one's property, by laying hand on him : 
Appius clienti negotium dedit, ut virginem in servitutem ad- 
sereret. Liv., he should lay hold of her, and thus appropri- 
ate her as his slave. The lawful owner of a slave grants him 
liberty from his own free choice, in libertatem asserit; 
he restores liberty to one who has been brought into slavery 
against law, in libertatem vindicat. — Vindicare, re- 
venging, punishing, making satisfaction to the law : Bolus 
malus legibus erat vindicatus ; Judices quam acerrime 
maleficia vindicant. Cic. Ulcisci {ulcere, a lost verb), 
pursuing, i. e. persecuting an injury, disgrace ; revenging, 
punishing it, if the offended party procures satisfaction : Ego 
te pro istis dictis et factis ulciscar. Ter. Statuerunt is- 
tius injurias per vos ulcisci et persequi. Cic. —Vin dic- 
ta, the staff with which the praetor touched the head of the 
slave when he was freed ; revenge, punishment, executed in 
order to revenge the law : Tibi suscepta est vin diet a legis 
sever a. Ovid. Vindicia, every object the lawful posses- 
sion of which is the subject of litigation : Secundum libertatem 
postulare vindicias. Liv. 

1021. Vinea, Vitis, Vinetum ; Crates, Pltjteus, Tes- 
tudo, Musculus. Vinea, sc. arbor, the vine, as wine-pro- 
ducing plant, and as generic term, rather poetical, and with 
later writers ; Vitis, the vine, respecting its physical quality 
as plant : Antequam vinea jlor ere incipiat. Plin. Religatio 
et propagatio vitium. Cic. Vinea, sc. terra, the vineyard, 
as landed property of the owner ; Vinetum, a vine-nursery, 
the place where vines stand together : Pratis et vineis et 
arbustis res rusticce lata sunt. Cic. Vin eta, oliveta* Id. 
Tit vin eta egomet cadammea. Hor., injuring one's self. — 
Vinea, sc. porticus, a bower of vines; hence, a light roof 
for protection of besiegers, resting on pointed poles : Vites 
hominis altitudine adminiculate^ sudibus vin earn faciunt. 
Plin. Contextce viminibus vinea. Cses. Crates, a hurdle, 
fold, of willow branches, also of protective wall and shelter ; 
Pluteus, a perpendicular shelter of boards and branches, 
half-round, upon three wheels, behind which the soldiers ad- 
vanced toward a wall, to dislodge its defenders : Vitelliani 
pluteos, crates que et vine as suffodiendis muris prote- 
gendisque oppugnatoribus expediunt. Tac. Testudo, the 
shelter of soldiers, when they placed their shields above their: 



1022. Vinosus. 1026. Vis. 417 

heads close together, and a machine employed in sieges, with 
an arched, solid roof, projecting sides, and wheeled along, 
under which the aries (the wall-breaker) was used ; Mus- 
culus, a similar contrivance for the same purpose, only with 
a triangular roof, and upon rollers. Cses. C. 2, 2. 10. 

1022. Vinosus, Vinolentus, Potus, Temtjlentus. Vi- 
nosus, loving wine: convivium. Ovid. Vinolentus, full 
of wine, drunk : Inter sobrios bacchatur vinolentus. Cic. 
Potus, he who has drunk well, fully: Domum bene potus 
redieram. Cic. Temulentus, intoxicated, excited with wine : 
Thais temulenta. Curt., where ebrius and mero oneratus 
are used for the same. 

1023. Virere, Virescere, Viridari, Vernare. Virere 
(vis), being green, being in its full vigor and action of the 
principles of life : Perpetuo virens bums ; Virent genua. 
Hor. Vir escer e, becoming green : gramina; Viridari, 
taking, getting a green color: Vada subnatis imo vir id an- 
tur ab herbis. Ovid. Vernare, making spring, rejuvenat- 
ing: Vernat humus, fioresque et mollia pabula surgunt. 
Ovid. 

1024. Virgo, Puella, Virago. Virgo, the maiden in 
her full vigor; Puella, a girl, refers to the early youthful 
age of the female : Virgo adult a, incorrupt a. Cic. Verba 
puellarum, foliis leviora caducis. Ovid.; both words are 
used likewise of young married women : Ah, vir go infelix, 
tu nunc in montibus err as. Virg., of Pasiphae, wife of Minos. 
Poppcea, puella vicesimo cetatis anno. Tac. Virago, a 
masculine woman, a heroine : Belli metuenda virago. Ovid., 
i. e. Minerva. 

1025. Virtus, Fortitudo. Vir tu s, manliness, signifies 
the energy of action, which with firmness is directed to every 
thing great and good, in-order to undertake and perseveringly 
execute it ; hence, courage, valor, talents, virtue, merit, &c. 
Omnes recta animi affectiones virtu tes appellantur. Ap- 
pellata est autem ex viro virtus. Cic. Fortitudo, firm- 
ness of soul, fortitude, which prevents us from losing courage 
in undertakings of great difficulty, exertion, and danger ; 
valor, which perseveres bravely : Fortitudo animi affec- 
tio, turn in adeundo periculo et in labore ac dolore patiens, 
turn procul ab omni metu. Cic. 

1026. Vis, Vires, Robur; Significatio, — tus, Potes- 
tas. Vis, power, force, which operates as active principle, 
and with superior effect, power: Nostra omnis vis in animo 



418 1027. Viscera. 1029. Vix. 

et in corpore sita est. Sail. Vis ingenii, animi. Id. Vi 
vis illata defenditur. Cic. Vires, powers: animi atque 
ingenii ; corporis; Urbis vires. Liv., forces. Robur, 
854, strength, which has risen to a superior degree, and firm- 
ness, solidity, with reference to the resistance to be made : 
TJt in veteribus castris major pars et omne robur virium 
esset. Liv. — Vis, the essence of a thing, which depends 
upon the aggregate of its powers : Justitia semper allicit v i 
sua atque natura. Cic. ; hence, the force, power, meaning, 
true sense, which lies in a word, expression : Diligenter 
oportet exprimi, qum vis subjecta sit vocibus. Cic. Signi- 
fication Significatus, the signification, in which the 
speaker uses a word : Licet eo trahere signification em 
scripti, quo expediat. Cic. Ve particula duplicem signi- 
ficatum capit. Gell. Potestas, the signification which 
a word may have, used only by later writers : Atque parti- 
cula quasdam potestates habet non satis notas. Gell. 

1027. Viscera, Intestina, Ilia, Exta, Pr^scordia. 
Viscera, intestines, in the most comprehensive sense; in 
general, every thing in the body between skin and bone : Ita 
verberibus excipiuntur, ut multus e visceribus sanguis ex- 
eat. Cic. In tes tl na, the entrails : Reliquice cibi depellun- 
tur turn adstringentibus se intestinis, turn relaxantibus. 
Cic. Ilia, thighs and loins, flanks: Ilia inter coxas et pu- 
bem imo ventre posita sunt. Cels. ; poetically, also, for the 
viscera. Exta, the entrails, taken out of the animal and 
spread out, especially of sacrificed animals ; the heart, lungs, 
liver, and kidneys belonged to it : Lancibus fumantia reddi- 
mus exta. Virg. Prcecordia, the diaphragm; also used 
for the breast. 

1028. Vita, Victus; Vivere, Vitam degere. Vita, 
life, the state in which a being manifests activity; Victus, 
297, way of living, by which we support life, sustenance, and 
the requisites of life : Fuit quoddam tempus, quum homines 
sibi victu fero vitam propagabant. Cic. — Vivere, liv- 
ing, performing the functions of life ; Vitam degere, pass- 
ing the life, with reference to time, residence, mode of living, 
and relations in which we live: Et vivere vitem, et mori 
dicimus. Cic. Vitam in egestate degere. Id. 

1029. Vix, Vixdum, ^Egre. Vix, hardly, almost not, 
when something is on the point not to be brought about : Ga- 
binius collegit ipse se, vix, sed collegit tamen. Cic. Vix- 
dum, hardly still, hardly yet; it refers the hardly to a point 



1030. Vitro. 1033. Ungere. 419 

of time immediately antecedent : Postero die, vixdum luce 
certa, deditio fieri ccepta. Liv. Mgre, hardly hardly, but 
just, with much trouble and difficulty : Mgre me tenui. 
Cic. 

1030. Ultro, Sponte. Ultra (see 984), in addition, 
above expectation, even, used of free actions which go beyond 
the natural limit of their relations : Mithridatem Asia non 
modo recipiebat suis urbibus, verum etiam ultro vocabat. 
Cic. Sponte, spontaneously, from free impulse, with the 
consent and assent of some one, by itself, of itself, without 
cause: Sua sponte et voluntate quidpiam facer e. Cic» Sua 
sponte, nulla adhibita vi, consumtus ignis exstinguitur. Id. 

1031. Umbrae, Manes, Lemures, Larvje, Spectrum, 
Simulacra. Umbra, shades, the souls of the departed in 
an airy body, similar to the person when living ; Manes, the 
good, the name of the shades so long as it was yet undecided 
whether they belonged to the peaceful or evil spirits ; Le- 
mures, departed spirits, as soon as they had left the body, 
when they either received the office of a Lar, 488, or be- 
came Larvce, haunting spirits, represented as skeletons. 
Spectrum, a phantasma, appearing as visible form ; Simu- 
lacra, 530, such images of the imagination, if they resemble 
certain objects, and appear to the waking person ; hence, 
also used of shades in the lower regions : Umbra ibant te- 
nues, simula era que luce carentum. Virg. Manes elicere, 
animas responsa daturas. Id. Nocturnos lemures rides. 
Hor. Larva agitant senem. Plaut. 

1032. Undique, Undecunque. Undique, from all sides, 
all points, from every one ; Un decunque, from everywhere, 
be it from whencesoever, generalizing: Totis castris undi- 
que ad consules curritur. Liv. Rupem fiuctus non desinunt, 
undecunque moti sunt, verberare. Senec. 

1033. Ungere, Linere ; Unctus, Delibutus, Oblitus ; 
Unguentum, Nardus. Ungere, anointing, covering and 
rubbing with a greasy substance, especially scenting oil : 
olivo. Hor. Liner e, covering with an adhesive, sticking sub- 
stance : pice, luto, cera. — Unctus, anointed, only of the ap- 
plication of the substance : Capilli uncti. Hor. Delibu- 
tus, well anointed, when the substance has well entered : 
unguento. Phoedr. Multis medicamentis propter dolorem 
artuum delibutus. Cic. Ipse composito et delibuto ca- 
pillo per forum volitat. Id., streaming, dripping with unctu- 
ous matter. Oblitus (oblinere), besmeared with something 



420 1034. Unguis. 1037. Vortex. 

adhesive, soiled : Non cera, sed cceno obliti. Cic. Inertes 
homines, sertis redimiti, unguentis ooliti. Id., in a sense of 
disgust, contempt. — Unguentum, salve, a scented oil or 
fat, serving for an ointment; Nardus, the well-scenting 
Nard-oil, balm of Nardus, which was used for anointing : 
Assyria nardo uncti. Hor. 

1034. Unguis, Ungula. Unguis (uncus), nail of the 
fingers and toes ; with animals, the single claw, the single 
part of the hoof : Cultello purgare ungues. Hor. Pradam 
rapuisti unguibus. Phsedr., of the eagle. Carmen casti- 
gare ad unguem. Hor., with the utmost accuracy, Un- 
gula, hoof entire, claw: Solido graviter sonat ungula 
cornu. Virg. Ungula que in quinos dilapsa absumitur un- 
gues. Ovid., of Io, as cow. Coquus milvinis aut aquilinis 
ungulis. Plaut., claws. 

1035. Vocare, Apellare, Nominare, Citare, Compel- 
lare. Vocare, calling, naming, referring to the sound of 
the name: Septem qui sapientes vocarentur. Cic. Ap- 
pellor e, 846, addressing. Calling something by the right 
name, so that thereby it becomes entirely distinguishable : 
suo quamque rem nomine. Cic. Id ex similitudine Jloris lili- 
um appellabant. Cass. Nominare, giving a name, 
naming, that is, mentioning by name : Romulus urbem e suo 
nomine jussit nominari. Cic. Ad Jlumen Sabim, quod 
supra nominavimus. Cses. Cit are, calling byname to 
appear, citing before some one, as witness, surety : reum, 
senatum ; testem, auctorem. Compellare, addressing some 
one personally, talking to a person : Blande hominem com- 
pellabo. Plaut. 

1036. Volare, Volitare, Subvolare. Vol are, flying: 
Vol at per > aere remigio alarum. Virg. Volitare, flying 
to and fro, fluttering about : Volucres videmus passim ac 
liber e solutas opere volitare. Cic. Subvolare, flying 
heavenward, and flying a little, beginning to fly, flapping, see 
953: Partes ignece sursum rectis lineis subvolant. Cic. 
Pulli columbarum prius quam subvolent, paucas detrahas 
pinnas. Colum. 

1037. Vortex, Turbo. Vortex (also Vertex), a whirl 
in the water as well as the air, by which things caught in it 
are drawn from the circumference in a spiral line to the cen- 
tre, where they are ingulfed or destroyed ; hence, a whirlpool 
and whirlwind : Navem torquet agens circum, et rapidus 
vorat cequore vertex. Virg. Turbo, whirlwind, which 



1038. Votafacere. 1040. Uti. 421 

carries things away, or tears them down, tornado : Interdum 
vortice torto (yenti res) corripiunt, rapidique rotanti tur- 
bine portant. Lucret. 

1038. VOTA FACERE, SUSCIPERE, NUNCUPARE ; VoTI COM- 
POS, reus, damnatus. Vo i a fa cere, making vows, vowing, 
declaring, that something has been promised to a deity, if it 
fulfil a desire ; also merely pronouncing wishes to a deity : 
Vos vota faciebatis, ut Miloni uti virtute sua liberet. 

Cic. Vota suscipere, taking vows upon one's self, oblig- 
ing one's self to them; nun cup are, making solemn vows 
in the forms adopted for that purpose, e. g. for blessing upon 
important undertakings ; these were written down : Quum 
prcEtor paludatus exisset, vota que pro imperio suo communi- 
que re publica nuncupasset. Cic. — Voti compos, one 
who has obtained his desire : Ejus me co mp otem voti vos, 
dii, facer e potestis. Liv. Voti reus, one bound by a vow, 
after having made it; Voti damnatus, having obtained 
what one desired, and therefore bound to pay one's vow : 
Precabantur, ut Fabiis felix pugna esset, damnarenturque 
ipsi votorum, quce pro its suscepissent. Liv. 

1039. Usque, Semper; Tenus, Fine. Usque (properly, 
at every spot or place of a long series or row), always, con- 
tinually, in one train within certain limits : Ne abeas, prius- 
quam ego ad te venero. — Usque opperiar. Plaut., namely, 
until you come back. Semper, always, without reference 
to the limits of the period: Cito rumpes arcum, semper si 
tensum habueris. Phsedr. — Usque, throughout in one train, 
from one point to another, locally ; and with reference to the 
final point, to, as far as : Profectus est Tar sum usque La- 
odicea ; Dona usque ad Numantiam misit ex Asia; Ami- 
citia usque ad extremum vita permanet. Cic. Tenus, as 
far as, up to, from the other side, only locally ; Fine, as far 
as, from this side, both referring to the object or aim to which : 
Milites per aquam, ferme genu tenus alt am, sequebantur. 
Liv. Per mare umbilici fine ingressi. Hirt. in Afr. 

1040. Uti, Abuti, Deuti, Frui, Potiri ; Usurpare, 
Usu capere ; Usucapio, Ususfructus, Possessio. Uti, 
26, using, using something and deriving advantage or pleas- 
ure from it: Istoc ego oculo utor minus. Plaut. Abuti, 
wearing off, out ; using in a manner as it ought not to be, 
abusing: Abutendum errore hostium. Liv. Libertate ille 
in acerbissimo supplicio abusus est. Cic. Deuti, using 
badly, ill-treating : victo. Nep. Frui, enjoying a thing, 

36 



422 1041. Utrobique. 1042. Uva. 

using with pleasure, interest, advantage : Commoda, quibus 
utimur, lucemque, qua fruimur, a deo nobis darividemus. 
Cic. Pbtiri (potis), becoming master of a thing, making 
one's self master of it, and having in one's power : Macedo- 
nian gaza potitus est Paullus. Cie. Voluptatibus bona 
cetas fruitur, quibus senectus, si non abunde potitur, non 
omnino caret. Id. — Uti re, using, inasmuch as the article is 
useful to the using person; Usurpare rem (usura), making 
use of something, using it as means for an object : Hoc genus 
pamce scepe in improbos cives usurp a turn est. Cic; espe- 
cially making unlawful use, arrogating a thing : Possessionem 
honoris, usurp at i modo a plebe per paucos annos, recupe- 
rasse in perpetuum P aires. Liv. Us u cap ere, obtaining the 
right of property over a thing by a long and uninterrupted 
use, becoming owner by prescription : Nihil mortales a diis 
immortalibus usucapere possunt. Cic. — TJsucapio, the 
right of property, ownership, obtained by uninterrupted pos- 
session of a thing during a period fixed by law : Finium usu- 
capionem XII tabula intra quinque pedes esse noluerunt. 
Cic, the limit of five feet between two pieces of property 
could not be claimed. Ususfructus, the use of something 
without being the owner or having hired it, usufruct : Fulci- 
nius us urn fructum bonorum suorum Ccesennice legat, ut 
frueretur una cum filio. Cic. P osse s sio, possession, and 
the thing possessed, without ownership : Quid hereditatum 
possessiones datas, quid ereptas proferam? Cic Pos- 
ses sio est usus agri aut cedificii. Fest. But that which be- 
longs as property to the possessor, is called, with reference to 
him, his ager. 

1041. Utrobique, Utrimqtje, Utroque. Utrobique, 
on each of the two sides : Utrobique magnos inimicos ha- 
bebam. Cic. Utrimque, from both sides: Paucis utrim- 
que procurrentibus contendebatur. Hirt. B. G. Utroque, 
toward both sides: Hinc Scyrum, inde Delum, utroque 
citius i quam vellemus, cursum confecimus. Cic. 

1042. Uva, Corymbus, Racemus, Acinus. Uv a, grape ; 
Corymbus, grape of ivy, and other similar ones: Hederce 
gravidis distringunt vela corymbis. Ovid. Racemus, 
the part of the grape to which the berries are attached : Va- 
riat liventibus uva race mis. Prop. Acinus and Aci- 
num, the single berry and its grain ; wine-berry (different 
from bacca, 812) : Mago prcecipit, uvam bene maturam le- 
gere, a etna decerpere, mucida aut vitiosa rejicere. Colum. 



1043. Vulgaris. 1044. Maleficium. 423 

1043. Vulgaris, Yilis, Solitus. Vulgaris, appear- 
ing, being the case with everybody, characteristic of the 
common people, common, vulgar: Mitto artes vulgar es, 
co quo s, pist ores. Cic. Vulgare amid nomen, sed rara est 
fides. Phsedr. Vilis, 268, cheap, that which may be had 
for a low price, without value, worthless : Villa poma. Virg. 
Solitus, commonly, usually, that which for a long period 
has repeatedly been done, without any important exception : 
Verba excusandce valetudini solita. Liv. 

1044. Maleficium, Facinus, Flagitium, Scelus, Ne- 
fas. Maleficium, the evil deed, with reference to its 
character as effect of wicked intention, opp. beneficium ; Fa- 
cinus, the deed according to its genus, that is, its prominent 
feature, a great deed, an awful deed ; different from malef ac- 
tum, evil deed, evil act. Factum, the deed as done, as 
something that has happened : Temper are ab injuria et m a- 
leficio. Cses., of doing, causing injury. Accipite aliud 
Verris facinus nobile, et ejusmodi, ut in uno omnia male- 
ficia inesse videantur. Cic. Flagitium (fldgitare, sup- 
plicating; properly, slavishly bending and turning), an act 
connected with great disgrace, by which the actor dishonors 
himself, a shameful act, an infamy: Factum f la gitii ple- 
num et dedecoris. Cic. Quod facinus a manibus unquam 
tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit 1 Cic. Scelus, 
an impious, horrid, awful deed, maliciously performed, with 
disregard of religion and laws ;. also, the malice and wicked- 
ness which produced the deed: Scelus legatorum contra 
jus gentium interfectorum. Liv., perpetrated against ambas- 
sadors. Inaudita facinora sceleris, audacice, perfidia. 
Cic. Vice, wickedness, inasmuch as they injure ; flagitium, 
inasmuch as it disgraces. Nefas, a crime against the law 
of nature, and against that which is sacred : Patrice irasci 
nefas esse ducebat. Nep. Mer curium Mgyptii nefas ha- 
bent nominare. Cic. 



INDEX, 



A, ab, 1. 36. 814. 
ab integro 333. 
abacus 677. 
abavus 835. 
abdere 2. 

abdomen XV, 1. 1010. 
abesse 3. 
abhorrere 5. 
abire 4. 

abjectus 268. 519. 
ablegare 65. 
abligurire 320. 
abnegare 719. 
abnuere 719. 
abolere 330. 
abominari 5. 
abruptus 821. 
abscedere 4. 
abscisus, abscissus, 821. 
absolvere 6. 
absonus 7. 
absque 8. 
abstinens 9. 
abstrudere 2. 
absurdus 7. 143. 
abundanter, abunde, 10. 
abundantia 276. 
abundare, abunde, 10. 
abuti 1040. 
ac 397. 

ac non, et non, 722. 
accedere 11. 
accendere 12. 
accensus 901. 
accidit 13. 
accipere 172. 
acclinis, acclivis, 543. 
accommodare 14. 
accubare, accumbere, 15. 
36* 



accusare, accusator, 16. 

acer, acerbus, 17. 

acerra 996. 

acervus 18. 

acies 19. 838. 

acinaces 492. 

acinus 1042. 

aconitum 1008. 

acquirere 764. 

acrinionia XV, 3. 

acta, Subst. 644. 

acta, Partic. 422. 431. 

actio, actionem dare, intendere, 

422. 
actor 16. 20. 1019. 
actitare XIX, 10. c. 
actuarius 906. 
actus 422. 590. 
actutum 271. 
acuere XVI, 6. 
aculeus 946. 
acumen 19. 
acus 946. 
acus, aceris, 951. 
acutus 21. 
ad 22. 

adsequare 41. 
adagium 845. 
adeo 23. 
adeps 24. 
adesse 25. 
adgravescere 22. 
adhaerere, adhserescere, XVI, 8. 
adhibere, 26. 
adhuc 27. 
adimere 131. 
adipisci 115. 
adire 11. 
adjumentum 139. 



426 



Index. 



adjuvare 139. 
administrare 481. 
admirari 691. 
admittere 22. 
admodum 28. 
admonere 514. 
adnuere 22. 
adolescens 29. 
adolescere 132. 
adorare 30. 
adoriri 31. 
adparare 764, 
adprobare 836. 
adscendere 22. 586. 
adsciscere 172. 
adserere 1020. 
adservare 923. 
adsidere, — ere, XVII. 
adsimulare 933. 
adspectus 739. 
adspergo, II, 1. 
advena 32. 
adventicius V, 3. 
adventorius, adventicius, 

3.6. 
jsidversari 33. 
adversaria 34. 
adversarius 35. 
adversus, adversum, 36. 
adulari 37. 
adulterare 575. 
adultus 29. 
adumbrare 799. 
aduncus 307. 
advocatus 774. 
sedes 38. 
sedificare 39. 
eadificium 38. 
sedituus, eeditimus, XI, 3. 
seger 40. 
segre 1029. 

SBgritudo, aBgrimonia, 40. 
aagrotatio a? grot us, 40. 
semulatio 532. 
semulus 579. 
aaquabilis, aaqualis,41. 
sequare, sequiparare, 41. 
aequitas 596. 
aaquor 666. 



VIII, 



sequus 4]. 

aer 42. 

aerarii 174. 

aararium 43. 

sere dirutus 1015. 

serugo 44. 

aBrumna 602. 

sesculus 854. 

asstimare 45. 

aestimatio 45. 

aBstivus IV, 4. 

sestuare 442. 

asstus 164. 

aBtas 46. 

seternus 47. 

aBther 42. 

sevum 46. 

afFatim 10. 

afficere 453. 

affinis 48. 

affirmare 49. 

affluere 10. 

ager 50. 

agere 422. 

agere bellum 422. 

agere concilium, conventum, 423. 

agere diem festum 194. 

agere fabulam 422. 

agere gratias 495. 

agger 51. 

aggredi 31. 

agilis 195. 

agitare XIX, 10. a. diem festum, 

194. 
agmen 19. 
agnatus 52. 
agnomen 724. 
agnoscere 224. 
agrestis 893. 
agricola 53. 
ait 561. 
ala 54. 
alacer 195. 
alapa 226. 
alatus XII, 2. 

albedo, albugo, albor, III, 1. 
albere, albescere,albicace,XIX,2. 
albus, album 55. 
alea 966. 



Index. 



427 



aleator, aleo, III, 2. 

alere 56. 

ales, alites, 133. 

algor, algu, 473. 

alias 57. 

alicubi, alicunde, XXIII, 4. 

alienigena 32. 

alii 61. 

alimentum, alimonia, alimonium, 

XV, 3. 
alio qui, — in, 57. 
aliquamdiu 58. 
aliquando XXIII, 4. 59. 
aliquantisper 58. 
aliqui, aliquot, 60. 
aliquis XXIII, 4. 856. 
aliter 56. 
alites 133. 
aliunde XXIII, 4. 
alius 61. 
allegare 623. 
almus XI, 3. 
altar e 91. 
alter VIII, 1. 61. 
altercatio 62. 
alternus 63. 
altus 64. 

alucinari XIX, 8. 
alveus 715. 
alumnus XV, 1. 
aluta 309. 
alvus 1010. 
amandare 65. 
amare 66 
amaror, amaritas, amaritudo, III, 

1. 
amarus 17. 
amb 67. 
ambigere 68. 
ambiguus 68. 
ambire 202. 
ambitio, ambitus, 69. 
ambo 70. 

ambulacrum, ambulatio, IX, 2. b. 
ambulare 71. 
amburere 12. 
amens 72. 
amentum 501. 
amicire 548. 



amictus 503. 

amiculum 548. 

amicus 66. 

amittere 73. 

amnis 456. 

amcenus 377. 

amor 66. 

amphora 368. 

ampliare, amplificare, 74. 

amplitudo, amplus,660. 

amplius 659. 

amputare 75. 

an? 76. 

anatocismus 437. 

anceps 68. 

ancile 216. 

ancilla 924. 

angere 982. 

angiportus 590. 

anguis 77. 

angustiag 78. 

angustus 78. 

anima 79. 

animadvertere, animum adver- 

tere, 80. 
animadvertere in aliquem 181. 
animal, animans, X, 3. a. 
animi, animis pendere, 68. 
animosus 81. 
animus 79. 
annales 431. 
anne? 76. 
anniversarius 83. 
an non ? 76. 
annona 82. 
annosus 918. 
annotinus, annuus, XI, 1. 
annuus 83. 
anquirere 84. 
ansa 175. 740. 
antae 229. 
ante 85. 
antequam 86. 
antestari 975. 
anticus, antiquus, V, 2. 
antique, antiquitus, XX, 3. 
antiquius 834. 
antiquus 832. 
antistes 895. 



428 



Index. 



antrum 188. 

annus, podex, 87. 

anus, vetula, 88. 

anxius 560. 

aper 963. 

aperire 761. 

aperte 756. 

apex 89. 798. 

apologus 421. 

apparare 764. 

apparere 90. 689. 

apparitor 901. 

appellare 846. 1035. 

appetentia, appetere, appetitus. 

301. 
apprime 822. 
appropinquare 11. 
apricus V, 2. 
aptare, aptus, 14. 
apud 22. 
ara 91. 
arare 92. 
arator 53. 
arbiter 93. 975. 
arbitrari 94. 
arbitrium 93. 
area 95. 
arcanum 709. 
arcere 96. 
ardere 97. 
ardere re 936. 
ardor 164. 525. 
arduus 64. 
area 98. 
arena 99. 
argentarius 100. 
argillaceus V. 3. 
arguere 16. 
argumentatio 101. 
argumentum 405. 
argutus 21. 
aridus 102. 
ariolus 132. 
arista 103. 
arma 104. 
armarium 95. 
armentum 105. 
armus 106. 
aroma 251. 



arra, arrabo, 107. 

arrogans 108. 

arrogare sibi 172. 

ars, artes, 109. 

arteria 110. 

articulus 673. 

artifex 111. 

artificium 109. 

artus, Subst. 673. 

artus, Adj. 78. 

arvina 24. 

arundo 296. 

aruspex 132. 

arvum IV, 4, c. 50. 

arx 112. 

ascia 912. 

asotus 484. 

asper 17. 113. 

asperitas, aspredo, asperitudo, II, 

5. 
aspernari 338. 
aspis 77. 

assecla, assectator, 114. 
assentari 37. 
assequi 115. 
asserere 1020. 
asseverare 49. 
assiduitas 549. 
assiduus 116. 

assimulare (assimilare) 933. 
assumere 172. 
assus 277. 
astrum 117. 

astus, astutia, astutus, 166. 
asylum 118. 
at 913. 
atavus 835. 
ater 119. 
athleta 120. 
atque 397. 
atqui 913. 
atrium 121. 
atrox 122. 
attendere 80. 
attentus 304. 
attinet 967. 
avarus 123. 
auctio 124. 
auctor 125. 



Index, 



429 



auctoritas 126. 

audax, audens, 127. 

audere 127. 

audientem esse 128. 

audientia, auditio, XIV, 1. a. 

auditus VII, 2. c. 

audire 128. 

auditorem esse 128. 

ave 129. 

avere 301. 

averruncare 130. 

aversari 5. 

avertere 130. 131. 

auferre 131. 

augere 74. 

augescere 134. 288. 

augmen, augmentum, XV, 2. 

augur, augurium, 132. 



august us 894. 

aviditas 301. 

avidus 123. 

avis 133. 

avius 135. 

aula 121. 

aulaeum 787. 

aura 136. 

auscultare 128. 

auspex, auspicium, 132. 

austerus 17. 137. 

aut 138. 

autem XXIV, 8.913. 

autumare XIX. 

avunculus magnus, major, 775. 

auxiliari 139. 

auxiliaris, auxiliaries, VIII, 3. b. 

auxilium X, 1. B. c. 139. 



B. 



Bacca 812. 

baculum, baculus, 140. 

bajulare 440. 

balbus, balbutire, XVII, 3. 

balinea?, balineum, balnese, bal- 
neum, 141. 

ballista 184. 

barathrum 498. 

barbarismus 142. 

barbarus 122. 

barbitos 657. 

bardus 143. 

basium 752. 

beatus 144. 

bellaria311. 

bellua 147. 

bellum 145. 

bellum componere, conficere, du- 
cere, patrare, profligare, 145. 

bellum agere, facere, gerere, 145. 

bellus, 849. 

bene 870. 

beneficia 744. 

beneficus 146. 

benignus 146. 



bestia 147. 

bibax, bibosus, V, 2. 

bibere 148. 

bidens 639. 

bifariam XX, 10. 13. 

bilis 585. 

bini 70. 

bipartito XX, 13. 

bipennis 912. 

blandiri 37. 

bonum. bonus, 149. 

bos 150. 

brachium 106. 

bractea 151. 

brevi, breviter, 152. 

brevia 770. 

brevis 770. 

bruma 153. 

brutus 143. 

bubulcus V, 1. a. 

bubulus, buculus, X, 1. A. a, 

bucca 154. 

buccina 991. 

bustum 852. 



430 



Index. 



C. 



Caballus 395. 

cachinnari 887. 

cacumen 89. 

cadaver 155. 

cadere 156. 701. 

cadivus IV, 4. 

caduceator 444. 

caducus 455. 

cadus 368. 

csecus, ceecutire, 157. 

caedere, caedes, 158. 

caeduus IV, 3. 

caelare 159. 

caelebs 559. 

caelum 159. 

ceementiim 617. 

cserimonia 160. 

cseruleus 161. 

caesaries 173. 

csesius 161. 

calamitas 661. 

calamus 296. 

calathus 278. 

calcar 162. 

calceamentum, calceus, 163. 

calcitrare XIX, 4. 

calculus 613. 

calefacere 470. 

calendarium 431. 

calere 164. 

caliga 163. 

caligare 157. 

caligo 165. 

calix 285. 

call ere 905. 

calliditas 166. 

callidus 166. 

callis 590. 

calo 167. 

calor 164. 

calvities, calvitium, XII, 1. c. 

calumniari 168. 

calx 966. 

camera 466. 

caminus 169. 

campester XIII, 2. 



campus 50. 98. 

canalis 992. 

cancelli 436. 

candela 435. 

candelabrum IX, 1. c. 

candere 55. 

canere 170. 

candidus 55. 

candor 932. 

canere 55. 

cani 55. 

canis 966. 

canistrum 278. 

canna 296. 

canor 170. 

cantamen, cantare, 170. 

canterius 395. 

cantharus 285. 

canticum, cantilena, 170. 

cantillare XIX, 6. 

cantio, cantus, 170. 

canus 55. 

capax 502. 

caper 171. 

capere 172.286. 

capere fructum 440. 

capessere, capere, XVI, 7. 

capillitium XII, 1. c. 

capillus 173. 

capis VII, *] 

capistrum 472. 

capite censi 174. 

caprea IV, 3. b. 

capsa 95. 

captare XIX, 10. b. 

captiosus 166. 

captivus, captus, IV, 4. 

captura, captus, VIII, 2. # ] 

capulus 175. 

caput 206. 943. 

carbasa 1007. 

carbo 176. 

career, carceres, 308. 

carere 177. 

carina 715. 

caritas 66. 177- 



Index, 



431 



carmen 170. 

carnificina 290. 

carpentum 1006. 

carpere 178. 

carmca 1006. 

carrus 1006. 

casa 179. 

casses 802. . 

cassis, cassida, 180. 

cassus 475. 

castellum 112. 

castigare 181. 

castimonia, castitas, XV, 3. 

castra, castrum, 112. 

castus 182. 

casus 183. 

catapulta 184. 

catellus 445. 

catena 185. 

caterva 624. 

cathedra 904. 

catinus 773. 

catulus 445. 

cavare 460. 

cavea 186. 

cavere 187. 899. 903. 

caverna 188. 

cavillari XIX, 6. 

cavillatio 627. 

caula 189. 

caupo 516. 

caupona 816. 

causa, causari, 190. 

causa 734. 

causidicus 774 

cautes 613. 

cautio, cautionem habere, 187. 

cautus 191. 

cavus, Subst. cavum, IV, 3. b. 

ce, enclit. XXIV, 4. 

cedere 192. 

cedo 429. 

celare 19.3. 

celeber, bris, 194. 210. 

celebrare 194 620. 

celer, celerare, 195. 

celox 715. 

celsus 64. 

censere 94. 



cento 196. 

cereus, Subst. 435. 

cernere 1017. 

cernuus 840. 

certamen 62. 838. 

certare 269. 

certe, certo, certus, 197. 

certiorem fieri, 882. 

cespes XII, 1, *] 

cessare 198. 

ceteri 61. 

ceteroqui, — in, 57. 

cetra 216. 

ceu 857. 

charta 763. 

chlamys 981. 

cibaria 199. 

cibus 199. 

cicatrix 803. 

cicur VIII, 1. 200. 

ciere 201. 

cilium 758. 

cinchmus 173. 

cinctutus, cinctus, XII, 2. 

cingere, cingulum, — lus, - 

202. 
cinis 203. 
circa 67. 
circiter 67. 
circulus 204. 
circum, circumcirca, 67. 
circumcidere 75. 
circumdare 202. 
circumfluus IV, 3. 
circumscribere 318. 
circumspectus 191. 
circumvenire 318. 
circus 204. 
cirrus 173. 
cis 205. 
cisium 1006. 
cista 95. 

cisterna XI, 1. b. 
citare 1035. 
cithara 657. 
citius 834. 
citra 8. 205. 
citus 195. 
civicus, civilis, V, 1. 



432 



Index. 



civis 206. 

civitas 206. 

clades 158. 

clam XX, 7. 207. 

clamare, clamator, 208. 

clamor III, 1. 

clanculum 207. 

clandestinus XI, 2. 

clangor 209. 

clarus 210. 

classiarius, classicus - , 211. 

classis 988. 

claudere 212. 

claudere, claudicare, 213. 

claudus 306. 

clavis 214. 

claustrum 214. 

clausula 790. 

clavus 497. 

clemens 215. 

cliens, clientela, 774. 

clipeus 216. 

clivus 227. 

cloaca V, 2. b. 

clunes 87. 

coactus 581. 

coagulari 250. 

cochlea 217. 

codes 157. 

coctilis X, I. 

coctus 670. 

codex 218. 

codicilli 218. 394. 975. 

coeles, ccelitis, XII, 1. 

coslestis XIII, 1. 

coelum 42. 

coemere 392. 

ccena 219, 

ccenaculum, coenatio, 219. 

ccenum 220.. 

coepisse 221. 

coercere. 225. 

coetus 233. 

cogere 222. 

cogi 250. 

cogitare 223. 

cogitate, cogitato, XX, 13. 

cognatus 52. 

cognitio 726. 



cognitor 774. 

cognomen 724. 

cognoscere 224. 

cohibere 225. 

cohors 624. 

coinquere, coinquire, coinqui- 

nare, XIX, 7. 
coire 259. 
colaphus 226. 
colere 30. 663. 
colere agrum 92. 
collegium 114. 
collicise 958. 
colligare 258. 
colligere 222. 
collimare, collineare, 520. 
collis 227. 
collocare 815. 
colluvies, colluvio, II, 2. 
colonia 206. 
colonus 53. 
color 228. 
coluber 77. 
columba 757. 
columen 89. 229. 
columna 229. 
colurnus XI, 1. 
coma 173. 
combibo 148. 
comburere 12. 
comedere 385. 
comere 751. 
comes 114. 
cominus 230. 
comis 231. 
comitari 232. 
comitia 233. 
commeatus 82. 
commemorare 711. 
commemoratio 234. 
commendare 235. 
commentari, 236. 
commentaria, — rii, 34. 431. 
commenticius 449. 
commercium 679. 
commissura 237. 
committere 22. 235. 
commodare 238. 
commodum 149. 650. 



Index. 



433 



commodus 14. 239. 
commorari 663, 
communicare 240. 
communio, communitas, IT, 2. 
communis 240. 
commutare 783, 3. 
comcedus 20. 
compages, compago, 237. 
comparare 241. 764. 
comparere 90. 
compellare 1035. 
compellere 222. 
compendium 650. 
compensare 879. 
comperendinare 74. 
comperire, compertus, 882. 
compes 185. 
compescere 225. 
compitum 242, 
complere 805. 
complures 704. 
componere 241. 906. 
compos 243. 
compos voti 1038. 
composite, composite, ex compo- 
site, XX, 13. 
comprehendere 569. 
comprimere 225. 
comprobare 836. 
con, in Compos. XXIV, 10. 
conari 127. 
concavus, 244. 
concedere 192. 
concertatio 62. 
concha 217. 
concidere 156. 
conciliabulum 468. 
concilium X, 1, B, c. 233. 
concinere 249. 
concinnare 751. 
concinnus 245. 
concio 233. 246. 
concionari XIX, 7 
concipere 569. 
concitare 247. 
conclave 248. 
conclusio 790. 
concordare 249. 
concrescere 250. 

37 



concubia nox 287. 

concupiscere 301. 

concutere 599. 

condere 2. 39. 

condicere 811. 

condimentum 251. 

conditio 252. 629. 

conditor 125. 

condocefacere 370. 

condonare 312. 

conducere 645. 

conductus, conducticius, V, 3. 

conferre 241. 

confestim 271. 

conficere 6. 222. 573. 

confidentia 446. 

confidere 945. 

configere 762. 

confingere 449. 

confinis, confinium, 270. 

confirmare 49. 

confiteri 432. 

conflare 449. 

eonfligere 253. 

conformare 448. 

conformatio 553. 

confragosus 113. 

confugere 254. 

confundere 255. 

confutare 256. 

congelari 250. 

congiarium 257. 

congruere 249. 

conjectio, conjectura, 964. 

conjicere 520. 

conjugare 258. 

conjugium 260. 

conjuncte, conjunctim, 298. 

conjungere 258. 

conjurare 259. 

conjux 260. 

connectere 258. 

connivere 192. 

connubium 260. 

consanguineus 48. 

conscendere 22. 586. 

conscius 975. 

conscribere 906. 

conscribere milites 329. 



434 



Index, 



consecrare 261. 

consentaneus, consentiens, 273. 
consentire 249. 
consequi 115. 

conservare, conservator, 923. 
considerare 944. 
consideratus 191. 
consiliarius 125. 
consilio 549. 
consilium 233. 262. 
consitio 922. 
consobrinus 263. 
consors 264. 

conspicere, conspicari, 944. 
conspirare 259. 
conspurcare 267. 
constans 265. 
constat 642. 

consternare, consternere, XIX. 
constringere 258. 
construere 39. 
consuetudo 266. 
consuevisse 938. 
consul IV, 1. 

consulere, consultare, 262. 
consulte, consulto, XX, 13. 549. 
consultum 126. 321. 
consummare XIX, 9. 
contagio, contagium, 793. 
contaminare 267. 
contemnere 338. 
contemplari 944. 
contemtus 268. 
contendere 241. 269. 651. 
contentio 62. 748. 
conterminus 270. 
contignatio 965. 
contiguus 270. 
continens 9. 270. 
continenter 116» 
continere 225. 
contingit 13. 
continuo 271. 

continuo, e, continuus, 116. 
contra 36. 
contrahere 222. 
contrarie, e contrario, XX, 13. 
contremere, contremiscere, XVI, 
8. 



controversia 62. 

contubernium 260. 

contumacia 272. 

contumelia 557. 

contus 877. 3005. 

convallis 1000. 

convellere 599. 

conveniens 273. 

convenire 249. 

convenit 316. 

conventum 754. 

conventus 233. 

convertere 1012. 

convexus 244. 

conviciari 168. 

convicium 557. 

convictor 275. 

convincere 274. 

conviva; 'convivator, convivium, 

275. 
convivium, tempestivum, intem- 

pestivum, 275. 
cooperire 969. 
cooptare 286. 
copia 276. 704. 
copiee 149. 
copulare 258. 
coquere 277. 
coram 85. 
corbis 278. 
cordatus 847. 
Corinthiacus, Corinthiensis^XIV, 

4. 
corium 309. 
cornu54. 991. 
corona 279. 
corpus 155. 
corrigere 280. 
corrigia 501. 
corruere 156. 
corrumpere 281. 575. 
corruptela, corruptio, X, 3. b. 
cortex 282. 
coruscare 478. 
corymbus 1042. 
cos 613. 
cothurnus 163. 
coxa, coxendix, 283. 
crapula 383. 



Index. 



435 



eras XX, 6. 
crassus 284. 

crater 285. 

crates 1021. 

craticius V, 3. 

creare 286. 

creber 194. 

crebrescere 288. 

crebro 194. 

credere 94. 235. 

credibilis, credulus, X, 2. 

cremare 12. 

crepida 163. 

crepido 668. 

crepitus 209. 

crepusculum 287. 

crescere 134. 288. 

cribrum IX, 1. c. 

crimen 289. 

criminari, crimini dare, 289. 

crinis 173. 

crista 591. 

cruciamentura, cruciatus, 290. 

eruciare 982. 

crudelis 122. 

crudus VII. 

cruentus XIV, 1. 

crumena 646. 

cruor 900. 

crusta, crustum, 282. 

crux 291. 

crystallinus XI, 1. 

cubare 292. 

cubiculum 248. 

cubile 622. 

cubitus 293. 

cucullus 798. 

cudo 180. 

cujas, cujatis, cujus, XII, 2. 

culcita 294. 



culeus 295. 

culmen 89. 

culmus 296. 

culpa, culpare, 289. 

cultura, cultus, cultio, VIII, 2. 

*] 
cultus 297. 

cum, Prsepos. XXIV, 10. 298. 

cumera 513. 

cum maxime, cum primis, 822. 

cumulus 18. 

cunabula 299. 

cunse 299. 

cunctari 300. 

cunctus 746. 

cumque, cunque, enclit. XXIV, 

6. 
cunei 186. 
cupa 368. 
cupedia 311. 
cupere 301. 
cupiditas, cupido, 301. 
cur, cur non? 302.859. 
cura 303. 
curare 671. 
curator 303. 
curia, 988. 
curiosus 304. 
currere, curriculum, 305. 
currus 1006. 
curtus 306. 

curvamen, curvatura, XVI, 1. 
curulis X, 3. 
curvus 307. 
cuspis 19. 
custodia 308. 
custodire 923. 
cutis 309. 
cyathus 285. 
cymba 715. 



D. 



Da 429. 

damnatus voti 1038. 
damnum 310. 
danista XIII, 1. *] 
daps, dapes, 311. 



dare 312. 
dare fidem 423. 
data, dedita opera, 549. 
de 1. 313. 540. 734. enclit 
XXIV, 12. 



436 



Index. 



tie, ex industria, 549. 

de integro 333. 

de sententia 399* 

deal bare 540. 

deauratus 540. 

debellare 413. 

debere 314. 

debilis 315/ 

decedere 4. 

decentia 316. 

decernere 269. 317. 

decertare 269. 

decet 316. 

decidere 317. 

deciduus IV, 4. 

decipere 172. 318. 

declamare 319. 

declarare 286. 929. 

declivis 821. 

decolor 313. 

decoquere 320. 

decor, decorum, 316. 

decretum 126. 321. 

decretum senatus 126. 

decumse 907. 

decumbere 15. 

decus 316. 

dedecere, dedecorare, 540. 

dedecus 526. 

dedere 312. 

dedicare 261. 

dedignari 540. 

dediscere 322. 

dedita opera 549. 

dediticius, deditus, V, 3. 

deducere 313. 323. 

deese 3. 641. 

defectio 324. 

defendere 993. 

deferre rem ad aliquem 440. 

deficere 3. 324.' 

defigere 762. 

definire 335* 450. 

deflagrare 97. 

deflectere 540. 

deformis 325. 

defungi 481. 

dehinc 327.. 

dehiscere 508. 



dejerare 594. 

dejicere 326. 

dein, deinceps, deinde, 327. 

delabi 313. 

delectamentum, delectare, 328. 

delectum habere 329. 

delegare 623. 

delenire 580. 

delere 330. 339. 

deliberare 223. 262. 

delibutus 1033. 

delicise 328. 

delictum 289. 

deligere 286. 

delineare 799. 

deliquise 958. 

delirare 331. 

delirus 72. 

delitescere 618. 

delubrum 38. 

deludere 318. 

dem in idem XXIV, 8. 

demens 72. 

demereri 681. 

demergere 682. 

deminuere 313. 

deminutus 540. 

demirari 691. 

demissus 519. 

demittere 313. 

demoliri 339. 

demonstrare 406. 

demovere 313. 

demum 332. 

denegare 719. 

denique 332. 

densus 284. 

denuo333. 

depacisci 317. 

depeculari 334. 

deperdere 73. 

deponere 815. 

deportatus 416. 

depravare 281. 

deprehendere 577. 

deprimere 563. 

depugnare 269. 

derelinquere 641. 

deridere 887. 



Index, 



437 



derivare 323. 

desciscere 324. 

describere 335. 

deserere 641. 

desertus 1003. 

deservire 689. 

deses 336. 

desiderare, desiderium, 301. 

desidia 336. 

designare 286. 335. 

desinere 198. 

desipere 331. 

desipiens 540. 

desistere 198. 

desperare 337. 

despicere 338. 

despondere 811. 

destinare XIX, 7. 

destituere 641. 

destruere 339, 

desuetus 540. 

detegere 730. 

deterior 340. 

determinare 450. 

detestari 5. 

detinere 341. 

detrectare 342. 

detrimentum 310. 

deturbare 326. 

develare 730. 

deversorium, deverticulum, 343. 

devertere, deversari, 343. 

deversor 516. 

devexus 821. 

devincire 736. 

devius 135. 

devortium 343. 

devovere 312, 

Deus 344. 

deuti 1040. 

diadema 345. 

die 429. 

dicacitas 627. 

dicare 312. 

dicere 286. 429. 

dicit 561. 

dictio 346. 

dicto audientem esse 128. 735. 

diducere 313. 

37* 



dies fasti, festi, nefasti, profesti, 

comitiales, intercensi, 347. 
dies fern. 46. 
diffarreatio 364. 
differentia 355. 
differre 348. 572. 
difficilis 349. 
difficult as 537. 
diffidere 337. 
diffindere 348. 
diffiteri 719. 
digerere 350. 
digladiari 253. 
dignatio II, 3. 
dignitas 351. 849. 
dignoscere 224. 
dignum esse 681. 
digredi 4. 
dijudicare 592. 
dilabi 313. 
dilacerare 603. 
dilaniare 603. 
dilapidare 352. 
diligens 304. 
diligentia 549. 
diligere 66. 
diluculum 287. 
dimicare 253. 
dimicatio 355. 838. 
dimidiatus, dimidius, 672. 
diminuere 313. 
dimovere 313. 
Diree 483. 
directus 694. 

diribere, diribitor, 335. 363. 
dirigere 694. 
dirimere 363. 
diripere 131. 482. 
diruere 339. 
dirus 122. 
dis 313. 
discedere 4. 
disceptatio 62. 
discere 569. 952. 
discernere 353. 
discerpere 603. 
discidium 358. 
disciplina 354. 
discolor 313. 



438 



Index. 



discordia 358. 

discrepant! a, discrimen, 355. 

discumbere 15. 

disertus 356. 

dispar, disparilis, 357. 

dispensare 335. 

dispertire 335. 

dispone re 350. 

disputatio 62. 

dissensio 358. 

dissertatio 62. 

dissidium 358. 

dissimilis 357. 

dissimulare 933., 

dissipare 352. 

dissolutus 616. 

distantia 359. 

distare 3. 572. 

distinere 341. 

distinguere 353. 

distribuere 335. 

distringere 341. 

ditio 820. 

diu 360. 

diversitas 355. 

diversus 361. 

divertere, diverti, diverticulum, 

343. 
dives 362. 
divide re 363. 
dividuus 672. 
divinatio 132. 
divine, divinitus, XX, 3. 
divitise 149. 
divortium 343. 364. 
diurnus 365. 
diutinus, diuturnus, 366» 
divulgare 848. 
divus 344. 
do-cere 367. 
doctor 125. 367. 
doctrina 354. 



doctus 367. 

documentum 405. 

dolabra 912. 

dolare 810. 

dolium 368. 

dolon 1007. 

dolor 369. 602. 

dolus 166. 289. 

domare 370. 

domesticus 1011. 

domi, in domo, XX, 5. 

domicilium X, 1. B. c. 37& 

dominatus 535. 

dominus 371. 

domus 38. 372. 

donare 312. 

donarium 373. 

donativum 257. 

donee 378. 

donum 373. 

dormire, dormitare, 374. 

dorsum 375. 

dotes 109. 

draco 77. 

dubitare 68. 

dubius 68. 

ducere, ductare, 376. 

due ere in matrimonium 728. 

dudum 360. 

dulcedo, dulcitudo, II, 5. 

dulcis 377. 

dum 378. enclit. XXIV, 10. 

dumtaxat 379. 

dumus 380. 

duo 70. 

duplex, duplus, 381. 

dupliciter, bifariam, XX, 13. 

dure, duriter, XX, 1. 

duritas, duritia, durities, 382* 

durus 122. 

dynastaXIII, 1, *] 



E. 



E, ex, L 

e in equidem, ecastor, edepol, 
XXIII, 2. 



ex industria 549. 
ex integro 333. 
e regione 36. 



Index. 



439 



ex sententia 399. 

ex tempore 271. 

eboreus, eburneus, XI, 1. 

ebrietas, ebriositas, 383. 

ebullire 442. 

ecce 384. 

ecquis, ecquando, ecquo ? XXIII, 

o. 
edax 385. 
edere 385. 
edicere 429. 
edictum 321. 
edictus 64. 

educare, educere, 386. 
edulia 199, 
edulis X, 3. 
effari 429 
effeminatus 698. 
effervescere 442. 
efficere 6. 
effigies 530. 
effingere 449. 
efflagitare 794. 
effugere 402. 
egens, egenus, 777. 
egere 177. 
egregius 387. 
ejulare 388. 
elaborare 602. 
elegans 245. 389. 
elementura, a. 394. 979. 
elevare 628. 
elidere 390. 
eligere 286. 
elinguis 550. 
elix 958. 
elixus 277. 
elocare 645. 
elogium 620. 
eloquens 356. 
elucubrare 602. 
emancipare 391. 
emax, emtor, V, 2. 
emendare 280. 
ementiri 676. 
emere 392. 
emergere 414. 
emeritus 1015. 
eminere 414. 



eminus 648. 
emissarius 412. 
emolumentum, emolimentum, 

650. 
emporium 468. 
emturire XVII, 1. 
en XXIV, 8. 384. 
enecare 573. 
enervis 315. 
enimXXIV,8. 710. 
enodare 393. 
enormis 660. 
ensis 492. 
enucleare 393. 
eo 588. 
ephebus 29. 
epilogus 790. 
epistola 394. 
epulse, epulum, 275. 
equester XIII, 2. 
equidem XXIII, 2. 
equus 395. 
erga 36. 

ergastulum, 308. 
ergo 588. 734. 
erigere 628. 
erogare 567. 

erraticus, errare, erro, 396. 
erroneus XI, 2, 
erudire 367. 
eruditio 643. 
eruditus 367. 
erumpere 402. 
esca 199. 

escendere 22. 586. 
esculentus XIV, 3. 
esse 414. 
esse alicui 502. 
essem, forem, 461. 
essedum 1006. 
est mihi 502. 
esurire XVII, 1. 
et 397. 

et non, neque, 722. 
etenim 710. 
etiam 27. 397. 
etiam nunc 522. 
etiam si 398. 
etiam turn XXIV, 10. 



440 



Index. 



etsi 398. 

evadere 402. 447. 
eve nit 13. 
eventus 183. 
everriculum 802. 
evertere 339. 783. 5. 
euge 658. 
evidens 210. 
Eumenides 483. 
evocatus 1015. 
examinare 400. 
exanimis, — mus, 401. 
exauctoratio 693. 
exauctoratus 1015. 
exaudire 128. 
excandescentia 585. 
excedere 402. 
excidere 339. 
excire, excitare, 201, 
excors 72. 
excubare 1018. 
excubias 948. 
excudere 403. 
excursor 412. 
excusare 404. 
excutere 403. 
exemplar 405. 
exemplum X, 1. B. c. 405. 
exercitatio, exercitium, XII, 

I.e. 
exercitus, Subst. 19. 
exhalatio 1001. 
exhibere 406, 
exigere 400. 
exiguus 770. 
exilis 407. 
eximius 387. 
exin 327. 
exinde 327. 
existimare 45. 94. 
existimatio 45. 93. 351. 
exitium 789. 
exitus 183. 
exordium 556. 
exoriri 962. 
expedire 408. 
expergefacere, expergefactus, 

409. 
experiri 410. 



experrectus 409. 

expers 264. 

expetere 301. 794. 

expiare 795. 

expiscari 546. 

explanare 411. 

explicare 411. 

explodere 804. 

explorare, explorator, 412. . 

exponere 411. 

exposcere, expostulare, 794. 

exprimere 335. 

exprobrare 289. 

expugnare 413. 

exquirere 412. 

excensionem facere 586. 

exsecrari 5. 

exsequi 6. 

exsequiae 480. 

exsilire 490. 

exsilium 476. 

exsistere 414. 962. 

exsomnis 562. 

exsors 264. 

exspectare 415. 

exspectatio 945. 

exspirare 701. 

exstare 414. 

exstimulare 247. 

exstinguere 330. 417. 

exstruere 39. 

exsul IV, 1. 416. 

exsultare 490. 

exsurgere 962. 

extaXII, 1. a. 1027. 

extemplo 271. 

exterus, externus, VIII, 1. XI, 2. 

extimus 419. 

extispex 132. 

extollere 628. 

extorris 416. 

extra 418. 

extraneus, extrarius, XI, 2. 

extremus 419. 

extricare 408. 

extrinsecus 418. 

extundere 403. 

exuere 730. 

exuviae 866. 



Index. 



441 



F. 



Faber 111. 

fabrica, V, 1. b. fabricator, 420. 

fabula421. 

facere 286. 422. 

facere, agere fabulam, 422. 

, bellum 145. 422. 

— habere fidem, concilium, 423. 

— fugam 476. 

— gratiam 495. 
facessere 4. 
facetiae 627. 
facies 424. 
facilis 239. 
facilitas 425. 

facinus, factum, XI, 1. 1044. 

factio 324. 

facultas 425. 

facultates 149. 

facundus 356. 

fsex 426. 

fageus, faginus, XI, 1. 

falarica 970. 

falcatus 307. 

fallacia 166. 

fallax 427. 

fallere 318. 

falso 427. 

falsum 676. 

falsum jurare 779. 

falsus 427. 

fama 428. 

famelicus V, 1. 

familia372. 489. 

familiaris VIII, 3. 66. 

famosus 428. 

famula, famulus, 924. 

fanum 38. 

fari 429. 

fas 596. 

fas est 636. 

fascia 430. 

fasti 431. 

fastidiosus 108. 

fastidire 338. 

fastidium 108.902. 

fastigium 89. 



fastus 108. 

fateri 432. 

fatigare 982. 

fatigatus 443. 

fatiscere 508. 

fatum 183. 

fatuus 143. 

fauces 78. 

favere 433. 

favilla 203. 

favor 126. 

favorabilis, faustus, 433. 

faux 78. 434. 

fax 435. 

fecundus 438. 

felix 144. 

femina 260. 

femur 283. 

fenebris, feneratorius, 437. 

fenestra 436. 

fenus 437. 

fera 147. 

feralia, feralis, 480. 

ferax 438. 

furculum 311. 

fere, ferme, 842. 

feriae, feriatus, 439. 

ferire 523. 

ferocia, ferocitas, IV, 3. b. 

ferox 17. 

ferramentum XV, 2. 

ferre 440. 441. 

ferre fructum, rem ad aliquem, 

440. 
ferri 156. 
ferrugo 44. 
ferruminare XIX, 7. 
fertilis 438. 
fervere 442. 
fervor 164. 
ferula 140. 
ferus 122. 
fessus 443. 

festinare, festinus, 195. 
festivitas 627. 
festuca V, 2. b. 



442 



Index. 



festus 347. 

fetialis 444. 

fetus, Subst. 445. 474. 

fetus, Adject. 496. 

fictilis, fictor, fictus, 449. 

fictum 676. 

fidei commissum 623. 

fidelis, fidus, 446. 

fidelitas, fides, 446. 

fidentia, fiducia, 446. 

fieri 447. 

figere 762. 

figularis 449. 

figura, figurare, 448. 

filii, filius familias, 632. 

fimbria 640. 

fimus 220. 

findere 158. 

fine 1039. 

fingere 449. 

finire, finis, 450. 

finitimus 270. 

firme, firmiter, XX, 1. 

firmus 265. 

fiscella, fiscina, 278. 

fiscus 43. 

fistuca V, 2. b. 

fistula 977. 992. 

flabrum 136. 

flaccescere, flaccidus, 451. 

flagellum 760. 909. 

flagitare 794. 

flagitium 1044. 

flagrare 97. 

flagrum 909. 

flamen 136. 

flamma 525. 

flare 452. 

flatus 136. 

flectere 453. 

flere 605. 

flexibilis, flexilis, 626. 

florere 454. 

floreus, floridus, VII. 

fluctus, fluentum, 455. 

flu ere 455. 

fluidus 455. 

fluitare XIX, 10. a. 

flumen, fluvius, 456. 



fluxus 455. 

focillare XIX, 6. 

focus V, 1. a. 

fodere, fodicare, XIX, 2. 

fosdus, Adj. 325. 

f(Edus, Subst. 754. 

fcenisex V, 1. 

fcenum 494. 

fcetidus 457. 

fiEtor 742. 

folium 458. 

follis 797. 

fons 459. 

forare 460. 

foras 464. 

forceps 462. 

for da 150. 

fore, forem, 461. 

fores 818. 

forfex 462. 

fori 186. 463. 

foris 464. 

forma 424. 448. 

formare 448. 

formidare 687. 

formido II, 4. 

formosus 849. 

formula 465. 

fornax 169. 

fornix 466. 

forpex 462. 

fors, fors fortuna, 183. 

fors, forsan, forsit, forsitan, for- 

tasse, fortassis, forte, 467. 
fortis 81. 
fortitudo 1025. 
fortuito, fortuitu, 467. 
fortuitus XII, 3. 
fortuna 183. 
fortunse 149. 
fortunatus 362. 
forum 468. 
fossa 469. 
fossilis X, 1. 
fovea 469. 
fovere 433. 470. 
fragmentum 471. 
fragor 942. 
fragrare 742. 



Index. 



443 



framea 970. 

frangere 471. 

frater germanus, frater patruelis, 
775. 

fraud are 318. 

fraus 166. 

fremere 927. 

frenare 225. 

frendere 927. 

frenum 472. 

frequens, frequentare, frequen- 
ter, 194. 

fretum 666. 

fretus 477. 

fricare 974. 

frigerare XIX, 3. 

frigere 277. 

frigus 473. 

frivolus X, 1. 

frons, — dis, 458. 

frons, — tis, 424. 

fructus, fruges, 474. 

frugalis, frugi, 474. 

frui 1040. 

frumentum 474. 

frustra475. 

frustrari 318. 

frustum 471. 

fruticetum, frutectum, XII, 2. b. 

fucus 228. 

fuga 476. 

fugare 780. 

fugax, fugitivus, 476. 

fugere 476. 

fugit 618. 

fulcire 477. 



fulcrum 229. 

fulgere, fulgere, 478. 

fulgetrum 478. 

fulgor, fulgur, fulguratio, fulmen, 

478. 
fulgurare 478. 
fuligo 1001. 
fultura VIII, 2, *] 
fultus, 477. 
fumare, fumificare, fumigare, 

XIX, 1. 
fumus XI, 3, *] 1001. 
funale 435. 
funda 802. 
fundare 39. 
fundere 479. 
funditor III, 2. 
funditus XX, 3. 
fundus 479. 
funebris, funereus, funestus, 

480. 
fungi 481. 
funis 885. 
funus 155. 480. 
fur, furari, 482. 
furca 291. 
furere 331. 
furia3 483. 
furnace us V, 3. 
furnus 169. 
furor 331. 
furtim 207. 
furtum 866. 
fuscina XI, 1. b. 
fuscus 119. 
futurum esse 461. 



G. 



Gsesum 970. 

galea 180. 

galerus 798. 

Gallicanus, Gallicus, Gallus, V, 1. 

gallinaceus V, 3. 

ganeo 484. 

garrulus 485. 

gaudere 486. 

gelare, gelascere, XVI, 8. 



gelu 473. 

gemellus, geminus, 381. 

gemitus 855. 

gena 154. 

generalis 487. 

generare 491. 

genialis, genitalis, genitivus, 488. 

genitor 765. 

genitrix 669. 



444 



Index. 



genius 488. 

gens 489. 

genticus, gentilis, gentilicius, 

489. 
gentilis 52. 
genus 489. 
gerere 422. 440. 
gerere bellum 422. 
germanus frater 775. 
gesta, gestae res 422. 
gesticulari XIX, 5. b. . 
gestio 422. 
gestire 301. 490. 
gestus 422. 
gignere 491. 
glaber IX, 1. 
gladiator 120. 
gladius 492. 
glare a 99. 
glaucus 161. 
gliscere 288. 
globus 797. 
gloria 620. 
glum a 951. 

gluten, glus, glutinum, XI, 1. c. 
gnarus 367. 
gnavus 549. 
grabatus 622. 

gracilens, gracilentus, XIV, 3. 
gracilis 407. 
gradatim 493. 
gradior, gradi, 586. 
gradus 186. 493. 
Greecanicus, Grsecus, V, 1. 



grsecissare XIX, 12. 

gramen 494. 

granarium 513. 

grandis, grandis natu, 660. 

grassari 586. 

grates agere 495. 

gratia 126. 

gratia i. e. propter 734* 

gratiam habere, referre, reddere, 

facere ; gratias agere 595. 
gratificari 312. 
gratis, gratuito, 475. 
gratulatio 960. 
gratus 377. 495. 
gratuitus XII, 3. 
gravare, gravari, 496. 
gravate, gravatim, XX, 7. 
gravidus, gravis, 496. 
gregalis, gregarius, VIII, 3. &. 
gremium 935. 
gressus 493. 
grex 105. 

gubernaculum 497. 
gubernare 694. 
gubernator 714. 
gula 434. 
gulosus 385. 
gurges 498. 
gustare 385. 630. 
gustatus, gustus, 499. 
gutta 500. 
guttur 434. 
gyrus 204. 



H. 



Habena 472. 
habere 376. 502. 
habere concilium, conventum, 
423. 

fldem 423. 

gratiam 495. 

habilis 14. 502. 

habitare 663. 

habitatio 372. 

habitatio, habitaculum, X, 1. B. c. 

habitus 503. 



hactenus 27. 
hsedus 171. 
hserere 504. 
haesitare 300. 
halare 452. 
haiucinari XIX, 8. 
hariolus 132. 
harpago 665. 
haruspex 132. 
hasta 970. 
haud 725. 



Index. 



445 



have 12a 

haurire 505. 

hebes 143. 

heluari 320. 

hem XXIV, 8. 

herba 494. 

herbaceus, herbeus, V, 3. 

herbidus, herbosus, VII. 

hereditas 506. 

hereditatem adire, cernere, 506* 

herus 371. 

heu, heus, 507. 

hiare 508. 

hiatus 888. 

hiberna, hibernaculum, X, 1. B. c. 

hibernus XI, 1. 

hie 509. 

hie, illic, 509. 

hiems 153. 

hilare, bilariter, XX, 1. 

hilaris VIII, 1. 486. 

hinnus, hinnuleus, 445. 

hircus 171. 

hirsutus, hirtus, 510. 

hiseere 508. 

Hispaniensis, Hispanus, XIV, 4. 

hispidus 510. 

historia 431. 

histrio 20. 

hiulcus V, 1. 

homicida 785. 

homo 511. 



honestare 512. 

honestas 351. 

honestas, honestum, 316. 

honestus, honoratus, XIII, 1. 

honorare, honos, honores, 512. 

hornus, homotinus, XI, 1. 

horreum 513. 

horribilis, horridus, horrendus, X, 

2. 
hortari 51 4. 
horti, hortus, 515. 
hospes32.516. 
hospitalis 516. 
hospitium 343. 
hospitus 516. 
hostia 517. 

hosticus, hostilis, X, 3. 
hostis 35. 
hue illuc 771. 
hucusque 27. 
humane, humaniter, humanitus, 

XX, 3. 
humanitas 643. 
humanus 231. 
humare 519. 
humatio 480. 
humectare 518. 
humerus 106. 
humidus 518* 
humilis 519. 
humor 518. 
humus 519. 



1, j. 



Jacere 520. 

jacere 292. 

jactantia 521. 

jactare, jactitare, XIX, 10. c. 

jactatio 521. 

jactura 310. 

jaculari 520. 

jaculum 970. 

jam, jamjam, jam nunc, 522. 

janitor, janua, 818. 

ibi, ibidem, 509. 

icere 523. 

ictus 803. 

idcirco 588. 

38 



idem 397. 

identidem 954. 

ideo 588. 

idiota 524. 

idoneus 14. 

jejunus XI, 2. 

jentaculum 219. 

igitur 588. 

ignarus 527. 

ignavia 336. 

ignis 525. 

ignominia 526. 

ignorantia, ignorare, 527. 

ignosGere 528. 



446 



Index. 



ignotus 527. 

ilex 854. 

ilia 1027. 

ille 509. 

illic 509. 

illicere 580. 

illico 271. 

illudere 652. 

illuminare, illustrare, 529. 

illustris 210. 

illuvies 220. 

imago 530. 

imbecillis, imbecillus, 315. 

imbellis 315. 

imber 808. 

imbrex 617. 

imbuere 367. 531. 

imitatio 532. 

immanis 122. 

imminere 533. 

imminutus, deminutus, 540. 

immolare 658. 

immundus 534. 

immunis 264. 

immunitas 631. 

immutabilis, immutatus, XII, 2. 

immutare 783. 3. 

impar 357. 

impedimenta,impedimentum,537. 

impedire 537. 

impendere 567. 

impendere 533. 

impensa, impendium, 959. 

impense 28. 

imperare 662. 

imperium, imperia, 535. 820. 

impertire 240. 

impetrare 115. 

impiger 549. 

impius 536. 

implere 805. 

implicare 537. 

implorare 583. 

imponere ilicui 318. 

importunus 538. 

imprsesentiarum 541. 

imprimis 822. 

improbus 661. 

impudens, impudicus, 539. 



impunitus, 582. 

impurus 534. 

mus 552. 

n 22. 36. 540. 

n preesens, in prsesenti, in prse- 

sentia, 541. 
n sententiam 399. 
n singulos dies 862. 
naccessus 135. 
nalbare, dealbare, 540. 
nanimus 401. 
nanis XI, 2. 542. 
naudire 128. 
naudire, inauditus, 540. 
naugurare 261. 
nauratus 540. 
ncanus 540. 
ncassum 475. 
ncedere 586. 
ncendere 12. 

ncendium, incensio, IV, 3. c. 
ncertus 68. 
ncessus 493. 
ncestus, Adject. 539. 
nchoare, incipere,221. 
ncitare 247. 
nclinare 543. 
nclitus 210. 
ncogitare, incogitans, incogita- 

tus, 540. 
ncognitus 527. 
ncola 206. 544. 
ncolere 663. 
ncolumis XI, 3. 568. 
ncommodum 310. 
nconsiderantia 971. 
ncoquere, incoctus, 540« 
ncorruptus 545. 
ncrepare 289. 
ncunabula 299. 
ncurvus 307. 
ncusare 16. 
ndagare 546. 
ndecere 540. 

ndemnatus, non damnatus, 540. 
ndex 980. 
ndicare 929. 
ndicere 733. 
indicium 929, 



Index. 



447 



indidem XXIV, 8. 

indigena 544. 

indigere 177. 

indignari, dedignari, 540. 950. 

indignatio, indignitas, 585. 

indigus 777. 

indoles 547. 

inducere 330. 

inducise 754. 

induere 548. 

indulgens 215. 

indulgentia 528. 

indulgere 528. 

indusium 548. 

industria, industrius, i>49. 

ineptus 143. 

inertia 336. 

inescare 580. 

infamia 526. 

infamis 428. 

infandus 540. 

infans 29. 550. 

infecundus 949. 

infelix 692. 

infensus 551. 

inferi 552. 

inferiae 480. 

infernus, inferus, XI, 1. 

inferus 552. 

infestus 551. 

inficere 531. 

infidus 783. 2. 

infimus 552. 

infirmus 315. 

infit 221. 

infitiari, infitias ire, 719. 

inflammare 12. 

infiectere, deflectere, 540. 

informare, informatio, 553. 

infortunium 661. 

infra 953. 

infringere, infractus, 540. 

infula 345. 

infuscare 531. 

ingeniosus 21. 

ingenium 547. 

ingens 660. 

ingenuus 554. 633. 

ingredi 535. 



ingravescere 22. 

inhibere 225. 

inhonestus, non honestus, 540. 

inibi 509. 

inimicitiae 741. 

inimicus 35. 

initium, initia, 556. 

injuria, injuriam facere, 557. 

innoceus, non nocens, 540. 

innocens, innocuus, innoxius, 

558. 
innubus 559. 
innuere 22. 

innumerus, innumerabilis, X, 2. 
innuptus 559. 
inopia 177. 

inopinans, inopinatus, 540. 
inops 777. 

inquies, inquietus, 560. 
inquilinus 544. 
inquinare 267. 
inquirere 84. 
inquit 561. 

insania, insanire, 331. 
insanus 72. 
inscendere 22. 586. 
inscientia, inscitia, 527. 
inscius 527. 
insectari, insequi, 921. 
inservire 689. 
insigne 930. 
insignis 210. 
insimulare 16. 
insipiens 143. 540. 
insitio 922. 

insiticius, insitivus, V, 3. 
insolens 108. 
insomnis 562. 
insomnium 941. 
insons 558. 
instar 598. 
instare 563, 
instaurare 564. 
instigare 247. 
instita 640. 
institor 565. 
instituere 553. 
institutum 629. 
instructus 824. 



448 



Index. 



instruere 553. 

instrumentum 566. 

insuetus 540, 

insula 372. 

insulsus 143. 

insumere 567. 

integer, integer dies, 558. 568. 

integrare 564. 

intelligere 569. 

intempesta nox 287. 

intempestivus 538. 

inter, inter ccenam, 57Q. 

inter manus 570. 

intercapedo 198. 

intercedere 571. 

interdicere 1014. 

inter die ere aqua et igni 65. 

interdum 954. 

interesse, interest, 25. 572 

interfector 785. 

interficere 573. 

interimere 573. 

interire 701. 

interlinere 575. 

intermissio, intermittere, 198. 

internecio 158. 

internoscere 353. 

internuntius 574. 

interpolare 575. 

interpres 574. 

interpretari 411. 1012. 

interrogare 576. 

intertrimentum 310. 

intervallum 359. 

intervenire 571. 

intestina 1027. 

intra 570. 

intrare 555. 

intrinsecus 570. 

intro 570. 

introire 555. 

introrsum 570. 

intus 570. 

invadere 31. 

invalidus 315. 

invenire 577. 

inverecundus 539. 

investigare 546. 

inveterascere 918. 



jnvicem 578. 

invidentia, invidia, 579. 

invidiosus, invidus, 579. 

invisere 1017. 

invisus 741. 

invitare 580. 

invitus 581. 

invius 135. 

inultus 582. 

invocare 583. 

jocosus, jocularis, 584. 

jocus, joci, joca, 584. 

ira, iracundia, iracundus, 585. 

irasci 950. 

ire 586. 

irrequietus 560. 

irridere 887. 

irrigare 518. 

irritare 604. 

irritus 475. 

is, iste XXIV, 3. 509. 

istic 509. 

ita 587. 

itaque 588. 

item, itidem, XXIV, 8. 589. 

iter, iter facere, 590. 688. 

iterum 333. 

juba 591. 

jubar 654. 

jubere 662. 

jucundus 377. 

judex 93. 

judicare, judicatio, 592. 

judicialis, judiciarius, X, 3. 

judicium 93. 

judicium dare, reddere, exercere, 

facere, 592. 
juga 463. 
jugis 47. 
jugulare 573. 
jugulum 434. 
jugum227. 
jumentum 105. 
jungere 593. 
juramentum 597. 
jurare 594. 
jurgium 62. 
jurisconsultus 595. 
jurisdictio 592. 



Index. 



449 



jurisperitus 595. 

jus 596. 

jus dicere, jus,de jure respondere, 

596. 
jusjurandum 597. 
jussum321. 
justa 480. 



justitia 596. 

justitium^439. 

Justus 41. 

juvencus, juvenca, 150. 

juvenis 29. 

juventa, juventas, juventus, I, 2. 

juxta 598. 



K. 



Kalendarium 431. 



Labefacere, labefactare, 599. 
labes 600. 
labi 156. 455. 
labium, labellum, 601. 
labor 549. 602. 
laborare 602. 
laboriosus 349. 692. 
labrum 601. 

labrusca, labruscum, V, 1. c. 
lac er are 603. 
laceraa 981. 
lacertus 106. 
lacessere 604. 
lacinia 196. 
lacrimare 605. 
lactans, lactens, XIV,]. 
lacuna 606. 
lacunar 466. 
lacus 606. 
lsedere 607. 
laBna 981. 
laetari, laetus, 486. 
lsevus 608. 
lagena 368. 
lamb ere 609. 

lamentatio, lamentum, 855. 
lamina, lamna, 151. 
lampas 610. 
lancea 970. 
languere 611. 
languidus 443. 
languor 611. 
laniare 603. 
laniena XI, 2. b. 
lanistaXIII,!.*] 120. 
38* 



lanius 612. 

lanugo II, 6. 

lanx 773. 

lapis 613. 

laquear 466. 

laqueus 614. 

Lar, Lares, 488. 

lardum 24. 

large, largiter, XX, 1. 

Iargiri312. _ 

largitio, largitas, II, 3. 

largus 146. 

laridum 24. 

larva 615. 

larvae 1031. 

lascivus 616. 

lassus 443. 

latebra, latibulum, X, 2. c. 

later 617. 

latere 618. 

laterna 610. 

latet 618. 

latex 642. 

latibulum, latebra, X, 2. c. 

latine loqui 619. 

latorlegis 125. 

latro 482. 

latrocinari XIX, 8. 

latrocinium 866. 

latus, teris, VIII, 1. b. 

lavatio, lavacrum, 141. 

laudare 620. 

laurea, laurus, IV, 3. b. 

laureus, laurus, XI, 1. 

laus 620. 



450 



Indear. 



lautus 705. 

laxare, laxus, 621. 

lectica 1006. 

lectio II, 3. 

lectus 622. 

legare 623. 

legatio libera, votiva,623. 

legatum 623. 

legatus 825. 

legem ab — de — ex — ir — ob- 
rogare, antiquare, ferre, per- 
ferre, figere, imponere, jubere, 
promulgare, rogare, sancire, 
sciscere, 629. 

legere 178. 286. 

]egere milites 329.. 

legio II, 3. 624. 

leguleius 595. 

legumen XV, 1., 

lembus 715. 

lemniscus 430. 

Lemures 1031. 

lenire 625. 

lenis 200. 

lenitudo 626. 

lenocinari 37. 

lente, lentus, 626. 

lentitudo 626. 

lepos 627. 

letalis, letum, 701.. 

levare 628. 

levigare 810. 

levis 195. 

lex 596. 629. 

libare 630. 

libelli 394. 

liber 218. 

liber 282. 

liber, Adj. 554. 

liberalis 146. 554. 

liberi 632. 

libertas 631. 

libertinus, libertus, 633. 

libet 636. 801. 

libido, libidines, 301. 

libra 634. 

librare 400. 

librarius 906. 

libum 635. 



licentia 631. 

licere, liceri, licitari, 636. 

licet 636* 

licet (obschon) 398. 

licitatio 124. 

lictor 901. 

ligamen, ligatura, XV, L 

ligare 637. 

lignum 638* 

ligo639. 

ligurire 609* 

limare 810. 

limbus 640. 

limen 818. 

limes 450. 

limpidus 642. 

limus 220. 

limus, Adj. 986* 

linere 1033. 

lingere 609. 

lingua 748. 

linguere 641. 

lintea 1007. 

linter 715. 

liquet, liquidus, liquor, 642.. 

lira 958. 

lis 62. 190. 

litare 630. 

litera, literse, 394. 

literse 643. 

literator, literatus, 367* 

literatura 643. 

litigium 62. 

litus 644. 

lituus 991. 

lividus 655* 

livor 579. 

Iixal67. 

lixivium IV, 4. c* 

locare 645. 

loco 835. 

loculi 646. 

locuples 362. 

locus, loci, loca, 647. 

longsevus 918. 

longe 648. 

longinquus 648. 

longurius 1005. 

longus 648. 



Index. 



451 



loquax 485. 

loquela, ]ocutio,X,3. b* 

loqui 429. 

lorica 649. 

lorum 501. 909. 

lubido 301. 

lubricus V, 1. 

lucere 478. 

lucerna 610. 

luci XX, 5. 

lucrum 650. 

luctari 651. 

luctus 369. 

lucubrare 602. 

lucus 931. 

ludere 652. 

ludibrium IX, 1. c. 

ludicrum, ludicrus, 584. 

ludificare, ludificari, 652. 

ludi 944. 



tudio, ludius, 20. 

Iudus584. 

luere 653. 

lues 793. 

lugere 605. 

lumbricus V, 2. a. 

lumen 654. 

lupata, lupi, 472. 

luridus 655. 

luscus 157. 

lustralis, lustricus, X, 3. 

lustrare XIX, 11. 795. 

lustrum, lustrum, XIII, 2. c. 

lusus 584. 

lutum 220. 

lux 654. 

luxareXIX,10.6. 

luxuria, luxus, 656. 

lychnus, lychnuchus, 610. 

lyra 657. 



M. 



Macellarius 612. 

macellum 468. 

macer 407. 

maceria 767. 

machina XI, 1. b. 

machinator 420. 

mactare, macte, 658. 

macula 600. 

madere, madescere, madefied, 

XVI, 8. 
madidus 518. 
magis 659. 
magis, ma^ida, 773. 
magister 125. 367. 714. 1019. 
magistratus 535. 820. 
magni facere, mngnificare, XIX. 
magnificentia 660. 
magnitudo 660. 
magnopere 28. 
magnus 660. 
majestas 660. 
major, major natu, 660. 
majores 765. 
mala 154. 
maledictum 557. 



maleficium 1044. 

malignus, malitiosus, 661. 

malleolus 841. 

malum, malus, 661. 

malum ( Obst) 812. 

manare 455. 

manceps 872. 

mane ip are 1009. 

mancipium 637. 924. 

mancus 306. 

mandare 662. 

mandere, manducare, 385. 

mane 287. 

man ere 663. 

Manes 1031. 

manica V, 1. 6. 185. 

manifestus 210. 

manipulus 624. 

mannus 395. 

mansio 372. 

mansuetus 200. 

mantele, mantelium, mantile, 

664. 
mantica 646. 
manubise 866. 



452 



Index, 



manubrium 175. 

manumittere 391. 

manus, manus ferrea, 665. 

manus militum 624. 

mapale 179. 

mappa 664. 

marcere 611. 

marcidus 451. 

mare 666. 

margarita 667. 

margo 668. 

marinus, maritimus, XI, 3. 

marita, maritus, 260. 

marra 639. 

marsupium 646. 

mas 260. 

mater 669. 

materfamilias 260. 

materia 638. 

matrimonium 260. in matrimoni- 

um ducere 728. 
matrimus XI, 3. 
matrona 260. 
maturare 195. 
maturus 670. 
maxilla 154. 
maximi sestimare 659. 
maximus 961. 
meare 586. 
meatus 590. 
medela X, 3. b. 
mederi 671. 

medicamen, medicamentum, 671. 
medicare, medicari, medicina, 

671. 
mediocris 672. 
meditari 236. 
medium, medius, 672. 
medius dies 683. 
membrana 309. 763. 
membrum 673. 
meminisse 674. 
memor 495. 
memorare 711. 
menda, mendum, 675. 
mendacium, mendacium dicere, 

676. 
mendicus 777. 



mens 79. 

mensa 677. 

mensarius 100. 

menstrualis, menstruus, XIII, 2. 

mensura 678. 

mente captus 72. 

mentio 234. 

mentiri 676. 

meracus V, 2. 

mecari 392. 

mere at or 565. 

mercatura, mercatus, 679. 

mercenarius 111. 

merces 680. 

mercimonium 685. 

merda 220. 

merenda 219. 

merere, mereri, 681. 

mergere 682. 

meridies 683, 

merita 744. 

merum 684. 

merx 685. 

messis 915. 

met, enclit. XXIV, 1. 

meta 450. 

metari 686. 

metere 178. 

metiri 686. 

metuere 687. 

micare 478. 

migrare 688. 

miles XII, 1.*] 

mimus 20. 

minime, minimum, XX, 9. 

minister XIII, 2. 924. 

ministerium 706. 

ministrare 689. 

minuere 690. 

minutus 770. 

mirabilis, mirandus, mirus, XIV, 

2. a. 
mirari 691. 

mirum quantum XX, 9. 
mirus, mirabilis, mirandus, XIV, 

2. a. 
miscere 255. 
miser VIII, 1. 692. 



Index, 



453 



miseran, miseren, miserescere, 

692. 
miseria 661. 
misericors 215. 
missiculare XIX, 5. b, 
missio 693. 
mitigare 625. 
mitis 200. 
mitra 345. 
mittere 520. 623. 
mitulus 217. 

moderari, moderator, 694. 
modestus 9. 
modice 769. 
modicus 672. 
modificari 695. 
modo 379. 696. 
modulari 170. 
modulus 678. 
modus 450. 678. 867. 
moenia 767. 
mceror, moestitia, 369. 
mola 697. 

molaris, molarius, VIII, 3. 
moles 51. 
molestia 602. 
molestus 538. 
moliri 127. 
mollis 698. 

mollitia, mollities, XII, 1. b. 
momentum 699. 813. 
monere 514. 
moneta 732. 
monile 185. 
mons 227. 

monstrare XIX, 11. 406, 929. 
monstrum 745. 
montanus, montosus, montuosus, 

XIV, 4. 
monumentum 700. 
morari 300. 341. 
morbus 40. 
mordicus XX, 3. 
morem gerere 735. 
mori 701. 



moriens, monbundus, moriturus, 

XIV, 2. b. 
morigerari 735. 
morosus 349. 
mors, mortalis, 701. 
mortarium 702. 
mortiferus 701. 
mos, mores, 266. 
motus, motio, II, 3. 
movere 453. 

mox 522. 

mucro 19. 

mucus 703. 

mulcare 181. 

Mulciber IX, 1. a. 

mulctra, mulctrum, mulctrale, X, 

3. a. 
mulier 260. 
multa, multare, 181. 
multi 704. 
multitudo 704. 995. 
munditia, mundities, 297. 
mundus, Adj. 705. 
munia 706. 
municipium 206. 
munificus 146. 
munimen, munimentum, munitio, 

XV, 2. 112. 
munire 993. 

munus 373. 512. 706. 944. 

murex 851. 

murmurare 707. 

murus 767. 

musculus 217. J 021. 

mussare, mussitare, XIX, 10. a. 

707. 
mutare 708.783.3. 
mutilare 75. 
mutilus 306. 
mutire 707, 
mutuo 578. 
mutus 550. 
mutuum dare 238. 
mutuus 63. 
mysterium 709. 



454 



Index. 



N. 



Njbvus 600. 

nam, namque, 710. enclit, XXIV, 

9. 
nancisci 577. 
nardus 1033. 
naris 713. 
narrare 711. 
narratio 421. 
nasci 712. 
nasus 713. 
nasutus XII, 2. 
natalis 712. 
nates 87. 
nati 632. 
natio 489. 
nativus 712. 
natura 547. 
navale 948. 
navarchus 714. 
navare operam 602. 
navicularius 714. 
navigium, navis, 715. 
nausea 902. 
nautae, nautici, 211. 
navus 549. 
ne ? 76. 

ne 398. 540. 716. 725. 
ne non 716. 
nebula 729. 
nebulo 717. 
nee 722. 
necare 573. 
necessarius 48. 66. 
necesse est 314. 
necessitas, necessitudo, 718. 
nee ne ? 76. 

necopinans, necopinatus, 540. 
nectere 637. 
nefarius 536. 
nefandus 540. 
nefas 540. 1044. 
negare 561. 719. 
negligere 338. 
negotiator 565. 
negotium 720. 
nemo 721. 



nempe 1016. 

nemus 931. 

nepos 484. 

nequam 661. 

nequaquam XXIV, 9. 

neque 722. 

nequidquam 475. 

nequire, non quire, 540. 

nere 976. 

nervus 185. 

nescire, non scire, 527. 

nescius 527. 

neve, neu, 138. 

neutiquam XXIV, 9. 

nex 701. 

nexare, nexum, nexus, 637. 

nidor 742. 

niger 119. 

nigrare, nigricare, XIX, 2. 

nigredo II, 4. 

nihil, nihilum, 723. 

nihilominus, nihilo secius, nihilo 

segnius, 723. 
nimbus 729. 808. 
nimirum 1016. 
nimis, nimium, XX, 4. 
nisi 926. 
nitere 478. 
niti 127. 
nitidus 705. 
nixus, Adject. 477. 
nobilis 210. 765. 
nocens 886. 
nocere 557. 

nocivus, nocuus, noxius, IV, 4. 
nomen 724. 
nomine 835. 
nominare 1035. 
non 540.725. 
non fas, non honestus, non queo, 

540. 
nonne ? 76. 
nonnisi 379. 

non nosse, non scire, 527. 
nonnulli 60. 
norma 465. 



Index. 



455 



noscere, nosse, 905. 

nota 600. 

notare 928. 

notarius 906. 

notatio, notio, 928. 

notio, notitia, 726. 

novicius, novus, 727. 

novus homo 765. 

nox 165. 

noxa, noxia, 289. 557. 

noxius IV, 4. 

nub ere 728. 

nubes 729. 

nudare 730. 

nullus 721. 

num? 76. si nunc XXIV, 10. 



numen 344. 
numerare 731. 
numero 835. 
numerus VIII, 1. c. 
numisma 732. 
nummularius 100. 
nummus 732. 
numne? 76. 
nunc, nunc jam, 522. 
nuncupare 286. 
nundinas 679. 
nundinari 392. 
nuntiare, nuntius, 733. 
nuper 696. 
nuptias XII, 1. b. 
nutrire 56. 



o. 



Ob 85. 734. 

obedire 735. 

obesse 557. 

obesus 800. 

obex 214. 

obire 481. 701. 

objurgare 289. 

oblectare 328. 

obligare 736. 

obliquus 986. 

obliterare 330. 

oblitus 1033. 

oblivisci 322. 

obluctari 33. 

obniti 33. 

obnubere 548. 

obsccenitas, obsccenus, 534. 

obscuritas 165. 

ob seer are 748. 

obsecratio 960. 

obsecundare 735. 

obsequi 735 

obsequium 528. 

obserare 212. 

observantia, observatio,XI V, l.a. 

observare 30. 80. 

obses 1002. 

obsessio, obsidio, obsidium, II, 2. 

obsidere 737. 



obsistere 33. 

obsonium 311. 

obstaculum 537. 

ob stare 537. 

obstinatio 272. 

obstringere 736. 

obstruere 212. 

obtemperare 735. 

obtestari 748. 

oblinere 115. 

obtingit 13. 

obtrectare 168. 342. 

obtruncare 573. 

obturare 212. 

obtutus 739. 

obvenit 13. 

occasio 740. 

occidens, occidentalis, occiduus, 

IV, 3. 
occldere 573. 
occldere 156. 701. 
occidio 158. 
occulere, occultare, 2. 
occumbere 701. 
occupare 341.737. 
oceanus 666. 
ocius 834. 
ocrea 163. 
odiosus 741. 



456 



Index. 



odium 741. 

odor, odores, odorari, 742. 

odoratus, 742. 

odoratus, Adject, odorus, XII, 2. 

offendere 577. 743. 

offensa, offensio*. II, 3. 

offensus 741. ■ 

offerre 406. 

officere 537. 

officia 744. 

officina 420. 

officiosus 304. 

officium 706. 744. 

olea, oleum, oliva, IV, 4. b. c. 

olere 742. 

olfacere, olfactus, 742. 

olim 59. 

olitor III, 2, 

oliva, olivum, IV, 4. b. c. 

omen 134. 745. 

omittere 830. 

omnifarium XX, 10. 

omnino 843. 

omnis 746. 

onager 184. 

onerosus 496. 

oneratus, onustus, XIII, 1 . 

onus 813. 

opacus 165. 

opera 602. 

opera? 111. 

operam dare, navare, 602. 952. 

operari 422. 

operarius 111. 

operculum, operire, 969. 

operosus 349. 

opes 149. 

opifix 111. 

opimus 800. 

opinariXIX,7.*94. 

opinio 747. 

opitulari 139. 

oportere 314. 

opperiri 415. 

oppetere 701. 

oppido 28. 

oppidum 206. 

oppilare 212. 



opplere 805. 

opportunitas 740. 

opportunus 239. 

opprimere 31. 417. 

opprobrare 289. 

opprobrium 526. 

oppugn are 737. 

ops 139. 

optare 301. 

optimates 831. 

opulentus 362. 

opus 109. 602. 

opus esse 314. 

ora 644. 668. 

oraculum 823. 

orare 748« 

oratio 246. 748. 

orator 748. 

orbare 749. 

orbis 204. 

orbita XII, 1. a. 

orbus 749. 

ore a 368. 

orcus 552. 

ordinare 350. 

ordiri 221. 

ordo647. 750. 

origo 556. 

oriri 712. 

oriundus, ortus, XIV, 2. a. 

ornare 751. 

ornatus 297. 

ornatus, Adject. 389.824. 

ortus, Subst. 556. 

ortus, oriundus, XIV, 2. a. 

os, oris, 78. 424. 

oscines 133. 

oscuium 752. 

ostendere, ostentare, 406. 

ostentatio 520. 

ostentum 745. 

ostiarius, ostium, 818. 

ostrum 851. 

otiosus 439. 

otium 336. 

ovatio 989. 

ovile 189. 



Index. 



457 



P. 



Pabulari 385. 
pacare, pacatus, 753. 
pacificare 753. 
pacisci 317. 
pactio, pactum, 754. 
psedagogus 367. 
peedor 220. 
pssnula 981. 
psetus 157. 
pagus 755. 
palam XX, 10. 756. 
palari 396. 
pale a 951. 
palla 981. 
pallidus 655. 
pallium 981. 
palma XI, 3. *] 665. 
palmes 760. 
palpare XXI, 2. 967. 
palpebra 758. 
paludamentum 981. 
palumbes 757. 
palus, i 759. 
palus , — udis 606. 
pampinus 760. 
pandere 761. 
pandus 307. 
pangere 762. 
panis XI, 2. 738, 
pannus 196. 
panthera 766. 
pantices 1010. 
pantomimus 20. 
papyrus 763. 
par 41. 70. 
parare 764. 
parasitus 908. 
pare ere rei 528. 
parcus 123. 
pardus 766. 
parens 765. 
parentare 630. 
parere 491. 
parere 735. 
paries 767. 
pariter 298. 

39 



parma 216. 

parricida 785. 

pars 768. 

partes 324. 

particeps 264. 

participare 240. 

partiri 363. 

parturire XVII, 1. 

parum, parumper, 769. 

parvus 770. 

pascere, pasci, 56. 385. 

pascua, pascuum, IV, 3. c. 

passim 771. 

passus 493. 

pastinum 639. 

pastio, pastus, IV, 3. c. 

pastorius, pastoralis, pastoncius, 

V,3. 
patefacere 761. 
patella 773. 
patens 772. 
pater 765. 
paterfamilias 260. 
pater patratus 444. 
patera VIII, I.e. 285. 
patere 772. 

paternus, patrius, XI, 1. 
pati 441. 
patibulum 291. 
patina 773» 
patrare 6. 
patres 765. 
patricius 765. 
patrimonium 506. 
patrimus XI, 3. 
patrissare XIX, 12. 
patrocinium 774. 
patronus 774. 
patruelis, patruus, 775. 
patulus 772. 
paucus 776. 
pavere 687. 
pavira 523. 
paulatim 493. 

paulisper, paulum, paululum, 769. 
pauper 777. 



458 Index. 

pax 754. 

pe, enclit. XXIV, 7. 

peccatum 289. 

peculator, peculatus, 778. 

peculiaris 833. 

peculium 506. 

pecunia 943. 

pecus 105. 

pedester XIII, 2. 

pedetentim 493. 

pedica 185. 

pejerare 779. 

pejor 340. 

pelagus 666. 

pellax 427. 

pellere 780. 990. 

pellis 309. 

pelta 216. 

penas, penates, XII, 2. 488. 

pendere 504. 

pendere 706. 781. 

pene s. peene 842. 

penes 22. 

penetrare 782. 

penitus 843. 

penna 807. 

pensare, pensitare, 781. 

pensio 680. 

pensum 706. 

penula 981. 

penuria 177. 

penus 82. 

per 570.734. 783.enclitXXIV,12. 

per manus 570. 

pera 646. 

peragere 6. 

percellere 784. 

perceptio 726. 

percipere 569. 

percontari, pereunctari, 576. 

perculsus, percussus, 784. 

percussor 785. 

percutere 523. 784. 

perdere 73. 786. 

perditus 786. 

perdu ellis 35. 

peregrinari 688. 

peregrinus 32. 

perennis 47. 



perferre 441. 
perficere 6. 
perfidus 783. 2. 
perforare 460. 
perfuga 783. 1. 
perfugere 254. 
perfugium 118. 
perfungi 481. 
pergere 586. 
perhibere 376. 429. 
periclitari 410. 
periculum 218. 355. 
perimere 573. 
peripetasma 787. 
perire 701.786. 
peristroma 787. 
peritus 367. 
perjurare 779. 
perlitare 630. 
permanare 782. 
permanere 663. 
permittere 235. 441. 
permutare 783. 3. 
perna 788. 
pernicies 789. 
pernix 195. 
pernox 792. 
pero 163. 
peroratio 790. 
perpendere 223. 
perperam 427. 
perpetrare 6. 
perpeti 441. 
perpetuus 47. 116. 
perquam 28. 
persalutare 898. 
perscribere 906. 
perseverare, persistere, 663» 
persona 615. 
perspicax 21. 
perspicere 783. 4. 
perspicuus 210. 
perstare 663. 
persuadere 274. 
pertica 1005. 
pertinacia 272. 
pertinet 967. 
perturb are 255. 
pervadere 782. 



Index. 



459 



perversus 791. 

pervertere 783. 5. 

pervicacia 272. 

pervigil 792. 

pessulus 214. . 

pessum dare, pessum ire, 786. 

pestilentia, pestis, 793, 

petaso 788. 

petasus 798. 

petere 794. 

petessere, petissere, XVI, 7. 

petitor 16. 

petorritum 1006. 

petra 892. 

petulans 616. 

petulcus V, 1. 

phalanx 624. 

philosophus 847. 

piaculum, piare, 795. 

pictura 965. 

pietas 66. 

piget 796. 

pigmentum 228. 

pignerare, pignerari, XIX, 3. 

pi gnus 107. 

pigritia 336. 

pila (Ball) 797. 

plla229.702. 

pilentum 1006. 

pileus 798. 

pilosus '510. 

pilum 970» 

pilus 173. 

pingere 799. 

pingue 24. 

pinguis 800. 

pinna 807. 

pirata 482. 

piscosus, pisculentus, XIV, 4. 

pistrina, pistrinum, XI, 2. c. 697. 

pituita XII,.3. 703. 

placare 625. 

placatus 753. 

placenta 635. 

placet 801. 

placidus 215. 

plaga 874. 

plagse 802. 

plaga, plagse, 803. 



planctus, plangor, 855. 

plangere 804. 

planities 98. 

plantare 922. 

planus 41. 

plastes 449. 

platea 755. 

plaudere 804. 

plaustrum 1006. 

plebiscitum 321. 629. 

plebs 817. 

plectere 181. 453. 

plenus 805. 

plerique, plerumque, 806. 

plicare 453. 

plorare 605, 

p]uma 807. 

plurimi, plurimum, 806. 

plurimi aestimare, facere, 659. 

plus 659. 

pluteus 1021. 

pluvia 808. 

poculum 285. 

podex 87. 

poema 170. 

poena 181. 

poenas dare 653. 

poenas petere, repetere, sumere, 

181. 
poenitet 796. 
poeta 809. 
polenta 850. 
polire 810. 
pollere 819. 
polliceri 811. 
pollubrum IX, 1. c. 
polluere 267. 
pomarium 515. 
pompa 480. 
pomum 812. 
ponderare 400. 
pondus, pondo, 813. 
pone 814. 
ponere 815. 
pontifex 895. 
pontus 666. 
popina 816. 
poples 957. 
populari 817. 



460 



Index. 



popularis 206. 264. 

populiscitum 321. 629. 

populus 489. 817. 

por 85. 

porca 958. 

porca, porcus, 963. 

porrigere 406. 

porrigi 772. 

porta 818. 

porta re 440. 

portendere 406. 

porter) turn 745. 

portio 768. 

portorium 907. 

portus 948. 

poscere 794. 

posse 819. 

possessio 1040. 

possidere 502. 

post, postea, 327. 814. 

posticus V, 2. 

postremum, ultimum, XX, 9. 

postremo 332. 

postremus 419. 

postridie XX, 5. 

postulare 794. 

postumus 419. 

potare, potator, 148. 

potens 243. 

potentia, potestas, 820. 1026. 

potiri 1040. 

potius 819. 834. 

potor 148. 

potulentus XIV, 3. 

potus, Adj. 1022. 

prae 85. 

prsabere 312. 689. 

prseceps 821. 

preceptor 367. 

prseceptum 262. 354. 

praBcidere 75. 

praecipere 553. 662. 

praBcipitare 326. 

prgecipue, praBcipuus, 822. 

praBConium 620. 

praBCordia 1027. 

prascox, praBCoquis, prsecoquus, 

670. 
praBda 866. 



praBdari 334. 

pr as die are 620. 

praBdictio 823. 

prasditus 824. 

praBdium 479. 

praBdo 482. 

prseesse 825. 

praBfectura 206. 

praBfectus 825. 

praBferre 826. 

prseficere 825. 

praegnans 496. 

praBJudicata opinio, praBJudicium, 

827. 
praBmaturus 670. 
praBmium 373. 
praBnomen 724. 
praBpedire 537. 
praBpes IV, L 
praB petes 133« 
praBponere 825. 826. 
praBposterus 791. 
prasruptus 821. 
praBS 1002. 
praBsagium 132. 
praBsentem esse 25. 
praesepe 828, 
praBsertim 822. 
praBsidere 825. 
presidium 139. 948. 
praBstare 903. 
praBsto esse 25. 
praBstolari 415. 
praesul IV, 1. 
prastendere 190. 
praBter 418. 829. 
praBterire 829. 
prseterit 618, 
praBtermittere 830. 
praBterquam 418. 
praBtexere 190. 
praBtor 825. 
prandium 219. 
pratensis XIV, 4. 
pravus 661. 
praBcari 748. 
prehendere, prendere, prensare, 

prehensare, XIX, 10. b. 



premere 563. 



Index. 



461 



pretium 680. 

pridem 360. 

primarius 822. 

primo, primum, XX, 13. 9. 

primordium 556. 

primores 831. 

primus, prior, XI, 3. 

princeps 125. 822. 

principatus 535. 

principium, principia, 556. 

priscus, pristinus, 832, 

privare 749. 

privatus 833. 

prius 834. 

priusquum 86. 

pro 85. 435. 

pro concione, pro rostris, 85. 

pro magistrOj pro consule, 835. 

proavus 835. 

probare, probatus, 836. 

proboscis 889. 

probrum 526. 

probus 149. 

procax 616. 

procella 972. 

proceres 831. 

procerus 64. 660. 

proclivis 837. 

proconsul 835. 

procrastinare 348. 

procreare 491. 

procul 648. 

procumbere 156. 

procurare 795. 

procurator 303. 774. 1019. 

prodere 286. 641. 

prodigialis, prodigiosus, XIV, 4. 

prodigium 745. 

prodigus 146. 

producere 74. 

prcelium 838. 

profecto 197. 

proferre 348. 

professor 367. 

proficisci 688. 

profiteri 432. 

profligare 479. 

profligatus 786. 

profugus 476. 

39* 



profundus 64. 
profusus 146. 
progenies 839. 
prohibere 96. 
proinde 588. 
prolatare 348. 
prolectare 580. 
proles 839. 
prole tarii 174. 
prolixus 621. 
promereri 681. 
prominere 414. 
promittere 811. 
promontorium VIII, 3. b. 
promtus 195. 
promulgare 733. 
pronuntiare 319. 
pronus 837. 840. 
procemium 556. 
propagare 74. 
propago 841. 
propatulus 772. 
prope 230. 842. 
propediem 152. 
propellere 844. 
propemodum 842. 
propensus 837. 
properare, properus, 195. 
propinquus 48. 
propitius 433. 
proprius 833. 
propter 598. 734 
propterea 588. 
propugnare 993. 
propulsare 96. 
prorogare 74. 
prorsus 843. 
prosapia 489. 
proscribere 848. 
prosequi 232. 
prosper 433. 
prospicere 783. 4. 
prosternere 479. 
protegere 993. 
protervus 616. 
protinus 271. 

protrudere, proturbare, 844 
proventus 873. 
proverbium 845. 



462 



Index. 



providus 191. 

provincia 874. 

provocare 604. 846. 

proximus 911. 

prudens 847. 

prima 176. 

pse, pte, enclit. XXIV, 2. 

pubes 29. 

publicanus 872. 

public are 848. 

publice 756. 

public us 240. 

pudens, pudibundus, XIV, 2. 6. 

pudet 796. 

pudicus 182. 

pudor, pudicitia, XII, 1. b. 

puella 1024. 

puer 29. 924. 

puerulus, puellus, X, 1. A. a. 

pugil X, 1. 120. 

pugio 492. 

pugna 838. 

pugnus 665. 

pulcher, pulchritudo, 849. 

pullulare XIX, 5. a. 

pullus 445. 



, 1. A. b 



pullus, Adj. 119. 
pulmentarium, pulmentum, XV, 

2. 738. 
puis 850. 

pulsare, pultare, 523. 
pulvereus, pulverulentus, XIV, 

3. 
pulvinar, pulvinus, 294. 
punctum 699. 
pungere 162. 
punire 181. 
pupilla, pupula, X, ! 
pupillus 749. 
puppis 715. 
pupus XXI, 1. 
purgare 404. 
purpura 851. 
purpureus 891. 
purus 642. 
pus 900. 
pusillus 770. 
putare 94. 
puteus 459. 
putidus 457. 
putridus, putris, VII. 
pyra 852. 



a. 



Quadrare 249. 

quadrupes, quadrupedans, XIV, 

1. 
quserere 546. 576. 
qugesitor 93. 
quseso 748. 
qusestus 650. 
qualis X, 3. 
qualus 278. 
quam 28. 
quam ob rem 588. 
quamvis, quamquam, 398. 
quando, quandoque, quandocun- 

que,XXIV, 11. 853. 
quantillus X, 1. 
quapropter 588. 
quare 588. 
quare? 302. 
quasi 857. 



quasillus 278. 

quassare 599. 

quatere 599. 

que, enclit. XXIV, 5. 

que, Conjunct. 397. 

quemadmodum 857. 

que reus 854. 

querela, querimonia, 855. 

questus 855. 

qui 856. 

qui 857. 

quia 861. 

quicunque, quidam, 856. 

quidam, Plur. 60. 

quiddam, quoddam, XXIV, 9. 

quidem XXIV, 8. 

quidni? 302. 

quies, quietus, 858. 

quilibet 856. 



Index. 



463 



quin 716. 

quin, qui non, 859. 

quinquennalis, quinquennis, X, 3. 

quippe 860. 

quire 819. 

quiritare 388. 

quis, quispiam, quisquam, XXIV, 

9. 856. 
quisque, quisquis, quivis, 856. 
quisquilise 220. 
quoad 378. 
quocirca 588. 



quod 861. 

quominus 716. 

quomodo 857. 

quondam 59. 

quoniam 861. 

quoque 397. 

quotcunque, quotquot, XXIV, 6. 

quotidianus 365. 

quotidie 862. 

quotus, quotusquisque, 863. 

quum XXIV, 10. 853. 926. 



R. 



Rabies 331. 

rabula208. 

racemus 1042. 

radere 864 

radiare 478. 

radicitus XX, 3. 

radix V, 2. 

ramus 865. 

rap ax V, 2. 

rapere 172. 482, 

rapina 866. 

rarefacere 690. 

rarus 776. 

rastrum 639. 

ratio 190. 867. 

ratiocinari XIX, 8. 

ratiocinatio 101. 

rationem habere, respicere 867. 

ratis 715. 

ratus 197. 

re in Compos. 868, 

rebellare 324. 

re c ens 727. 

recensere 731. 

recessus 910. 

recidere 158. 

recidivus 869. 

recipere 811. 

reciprocus 63. 

recitare 319. 

recludere 761. 

recordari 674. 

recreare 878. 



recte 870. 

rector, rectus, 694. 

recuperare 878. 

recuperator 93. 

recurvus 307. 

recusare 719. 

redargue re 256. 

reddere 422. 871. 1012. 

reddere gratiam 495. 

redemtor 872. 

rediens 873. 

redimiculum, redimire, 202. 

redintegrare 564. 

redire, reditus, 873. 

redivivus 869. 

reduncus 307. 

redundare 10. 

redux 873. 

refellere 256. 

referre 884. 

referre rem, ad aliquem, de re, 

440. 
referre gratiam 495. 
refert 572. 
refertus 805. 
reficere 878. 
refragari 33. 
refugium 118. 
refutare 256. 
regalis, regius, X, 3. 
regere 694. 
regimen XV, 1. 
regio 874. 



464 



Index. 



regius, regalis, X, 3, 

regnum 535. 

regula 465. 

rejicere 881. 

relaxatio 875. 

relegare 65. 

relegatus 416. 

religio 876. 

religiosus 894. 

relinquere 641. 830. 

reliqui 61. 

reliquise, reliqua, IV, 3. b. 

reliquus 883. 

reluctari 33. 

remanere 663. 

remedium 671. 

remigatio, remigium, IV, 3. c. 

remiges 211. 

reminisci 674. 

remissio 875, 

remulcus V, 1. a. 877. 

remus 877. 

renidere 887. 

reniti 33. 

renovare 564. 

renuere 719. 

repagulum 214. 

repandus 307. 

reparare 878. 

rependere 879. 

repente 271. 

repere 880. 

reperire 577. 

repetundse 778. 

reponere 815. 

reprehendere 289. 

reprobare 881. 

repudiare 881. 

repudium 364. 

repugnare 33. 

repulsa, repulsus, XII, 1. d. 

reputare 223. 

requies 858. 

require re 412. 

reri 94. 

res 190. 720. 

res, res familiaris, 149. 

rescindere 158. 

resciscere 882. 



resecare 75. 

reserare 761. 

reses 336. 

resex V, 1. 

residere, residere, 883. 

residuus 883. 

resistere 33. 

respicere 867. 

respondere, responsare, 884. 

responsum 823. 

respuere 881. 

restare 883, 

restaurare 564. 

restis 885. 

restituere 871. 

restrictus 123. 

rete 802. 

retegere 730. 

retia 802. 

retinaculum 885. 

retro 868. 

retrudere 2. 

revelare 730. 

revereri 30. 

reverti 873. 

revincere 274. 

reum agere, facere, 16. 

reus 886. 

reus voti 1038. 

rheda 1006. 

rhetor 748. 

rictus 888. 

ridere 887. 

ridica 759. 

ridiculus 584. 

rigare 518. 

rigidus 137. 

rigor 382. 473. 

rima 888. 

rimari 546. 

ripa 644. 

rite 870. 

ritus 160. 

rivalitas 532. 

rivus 456. 

rixa 62. 

robigo 44. 

robur 854. 1026. 

rodere 864. 



Index. 



465 



rogare 576. 748. 

rogatio 629. 

rogus 852. 

Romano more loqui 619. 

roseus, rosaceus, V, 3. 

rostrum 889. 

rotare, rotundare, 890. 

rotundus 890. 

ruber 891. 

rub eta, rube turn, XII, 2. a. b. 

rubicundus, rubidus, XIV, 2. c. 

rubigo 44 

rubus 380. 

ructare XIX, 10. a. 



rudens 885. 
rudimentum 979. 
rudis 524. 
ruere 156. 305. 
rufus 891. 
ruina 789. 
rumor 428. 
rumpere 471. 
rupes 892. 
rursum, rursus, 333. 
rus 50. 479. 
russus 891. 
rustic us 893. 



S. 



Sabulum, saburra, 99. 

saccus 295. 

sacer 894. 

sacerdos 895. 

sacramentum 597. 

sacrificare 630. 

sacrificium 894. 

sacrilegus 536. 

sacrosanctus 894. 

sacrum 894. 

ssepe 194. 

saevus 122. 

sagax 21. 

sagitta 970. 

sagum 981. 

sal 627. 

salarium 680. 

salebrosus 113. 

salina, salinum, XI, 2. c. 

salire, saltare, 896. 

salsamentum XV, 2. 

salsilago, salsugo, salsedo, salsi- 

tudo, II, 6. 
saltus 931. 

saluber, salutaris, IX, 1. 
salve 129. 
salvere 898. 
salum 666. 
salus 897. 
salutare 898. 
salvus 568. 



sanare 671. 

sancire 899. 

sanctimonia, sanctitas, XV, 3. 

sanctus 894. 

sandalium 163. 

sane 197. 

sanguis 900. 

sanies 900«, 

sanitas 897. 

sannio 908. 

sanus 568. 

sapiens 847. 

sapor 499. 

sarcina 537. 

sarcire 564. 

sarculum 639. 

sarissa 970. 

sarmentum 760. 

sat, satis XX, 4. 

satelles 901. 

satiare, satias, satietas, 902. 

satis accipere, dare, facere, 903. 

satisdatio 187. 

satius 819. 

sativus IV, 4. 

saturare 902. 

sauciare, saucius, 607. 

saxum 613. 

scabellum 904. 

scabere 864. 

scsevus 608. 



466 



Index. 



scalpere, scalprum, 159. 

scamnum 904. 

scandere 586. 

scapha 715. 

scatebra 459. 

scatere, scaturias, XVII, 2. 

scaturigo 459. 

scaurus 998. 

sceleratus, scelerosus, scelestus, 

XIII, 1. 
scelus 1044. 
sceptrum 140. 
sciens 905. 
scientia 109. 
scilicet 1016. 
scindere 158. 
scintilla 203. 
scipio 140. 
scire 905. 
sciscere 899. 
sciscitare, scitari, 576. 
scitum 321. 
scorpio 184. 
scitus 905. 
scopulus 892. 
scriba, scribere, 906. 
scrinium 95. 
scriptor 125. 
scriptura 907. 
scrops 469. 
scruta 685. 
scrutari 546. 
sculpere 159. 
scurra 908. 
scutica 909. 
scutula 773. 
scutum 216. 
scyphus 285. 
se, in Compos. 313. 
sebum 24. 
secare 158. 
secernere 353. 
secessio 324. 
secessus 910. 
seclusus 910. 
secreto 207. 
secretum, secretus, 910. 
sectari XIX, 10. a. 
sectilis, sectivus, X, 1. 



sectio, sector, 124. 
secundare 433. 
secundum 598. 
secundus 61. 433. 911. 
secundus, sequens, sequendus, 

XIV, 2. 10. 
securis 912. 
securus 993. 
secus 57. 
sed 913. 
sedare 625. 
sedes 372. 
sedile 904. 
seditio 324. 
seditiosus 914. 
seducere 313. 
sedulitas, sedulo, 549. 
sedulus 304. 
seges 915. 
segmentum 471. 
segnitia, segnities, 336. 
sejunctus 910. 
sella 904. 1006. 
semen, sementis, 916. 
semianimus — is 917. 
seminare 922. 
seminex, semivivus, 917. 
semita 590. ' 
semper 1039. 
sempiternus 47. 
senaculum X, 1. B. c. 
senatores 765. 
senatus auctoritas, senatus con- 

sultum, senatus decretum, 126. 

321. 

senecta, senectus, 1. 2. 
senectus, Adject. XII, 1. 
senescere, senex, senior, 918. 
senium 1. 2. 
sensim 493. 

sensum, sensus, XII, 1. d. 
sententia 747. 
sententiam dicere, ferre, pronun- 

tiare, 919. 
sentes 380. 
sentina 426. 
sentire 94. 223. 
seorsum 920. 
separare 363. 



Index. 



467 



separatim 920. 

sepelire 519. 

sepire 999. 

sepulcruru 700. 

sepultura 480. 

sequens, sequendus, secundus, 

XIV, 2. 6. 
sequester XIII, 2. 574 
sequi 921. 
sera 214. 
serenus XI, 2. 
serere 922. 
seria 368. 
series 750. 
serius 137. 
sermo 428. 748. 
sermocinari XIX, 8. 
sero 626. 
serotinus XI, 1. 
serpens 77. 
serpere 880. 
sertum 279. 
serva 924. 

servare, servator, 923. 
servire 689. 

servitium,servitus, servitude), 11,5. 
serus 626. 
servus, servus a manu, ad manum, 

924. 
sestertius, sestertia, sestertium, 

925. 
seta 173. 
setosus 510. 
seu 138. 
severitas 382. 
severus 137. 
si, si non, si minus, 926. 
sibilare 927. 
sibilus, sibilura, IV, 2. c. 
sic 587. 
sic a 492. 
sicarius 785. 
siccus 102. 

Siciliensis, Siculus, XIV, 4. 
sicut, sicuti, 857. 
sidere, sedere, XVII. 
sidus 117. 
sigillum 530. 
signare 928. 



significare 929. 

significatio, significatus, 1026. 

signum 530. 930. 

silentium XIV, 1. b. 

silere 193. 

silex 613. 

silva93J. 

similis 41. 

simplicitas 932. 

simul 298. 

simulacra 1031. 

simulacrum 530. 

simulare 932. 

simulatus 449. 

simultas 741. 

simus 307. 

sin 926. 

sinceritas 932. 

sincerus VIII, 2. 545. 

sine 8. 

sinere 441. 

singulatim 920. 

singuli 934. 

singulis diebus 862. 

sinister 608. 

sinuatus 307. 

sinus 935. 

siparium 787. 

sipho 992. 

sitire aliquid 936. 

situla, sitella, 937. 

situm esse 292. 

situs, squalor, 220. 

sive, seu, 138. 

soboles 839. 

sobrinus 263. 

sobrius 102. 

soccus 163. 

sociare 593. 

societas 114. 

socii navales 211. 

socius 114. 264. 

socordia 336. 

sodalis 114. 

sodalitium 114. 

solatium, solamen, XV, 1. 

solea 163. 

solere 938. 

solidus 265. 



468 



Index. 



solidus dies 568. 

solitudo 910. 

stfitus 1043. 

solium 939. 

sollemnis 83. 

sollers 21. 

sollicitare 247. 

so.llicitudo 303. 

sollicitus 560. 

soloecismus 142. 

solstitium 153. 

solvere 621. 

solum 519. 

solum, solummodo, 379. 

solum vertere 476. 

solus, 940. 

somniculosus, somnolentus, XVI, 

3. 
somnium, somnus, 941. 
sonitus, sonor, 942. 
sonorus VIII, 2. 
sons 886. 
sonus 942. 
sopire 374. 
sopor 941. 
sorbere 505. 
sordes 220. 

sordidatus, sordidus, XII, 2. 
sordidus 123. 

soror patruelis, germana, 775. 
sors 183. 943. 
sospes 568. 
spargere 922. 
sparus 970. 
spatiari 71. 
spatium 46. 359. 
species 424. 448. 
specimen XV, 1. 930. 
speciosus 849. 
spectaculum 944. 
spectare 944. ' 
spectat 967. 
spectatus 836. 
spectrum 1031. 
specula X, 1. B b. 
speculari 944. 
speculator 412. 

speculum, specillum, X, 1. B. c. 
specus, spelunca, 188. 



sperre 945. 

spernere 338. 

spes 945. 

sphsera 797. 

spica 103. 

spiculum 970. 

spina, spinus, 946. 

spirare 452. 

spiritus 79. 136. 

spissus 284. 

splendere 478. 

splendidus 705. 

spolium 866. 

spoliare 334. 

sponda 622. 

spondere 811. 

sponsio 754. 

sponsor 125. 1002. 

sponte 1030. 

sporta 278. 

spurcare 267. 

spurcus 534* 

squalor 220. 

stabilis 265. 

stabulum 828. 

stadium 305. 

stagnum 606. 

stamen 947. 

stare in fide 923. 

stat 642. 

statarius, stativus, IV, 4. 

statera 634. 

statim 271. 

statio 948. 

stator 901. 

statua 530. 

statuere 317. 815. 

statura, status, VIII, 2.*] 

status 252. 

stella 117. 

stercus 220. 

sterilis 949. 

sternere 479. 

stertere 374. 

stilla 500. 

stilus 346. 

stimulare, stimulus, 162. 

stipare 232. 

stipator 901. 



Index. 



469 



stipendiarius 988. 
stipendium 680. 
stipes 759. 
stipula 296. 

stipulari, stipulatio, 811. 
stiria 500. 
stirps 489. 
stola 981. 
stolidus 143. 
stolo 841. 
stomachari 950. 
stomachosus 585. 
stomachus 1010. 
strabo 157. 
strages 158. 
stragulum 787. 
stramentum 951. 
strangulare 390. 
stratum 622. 
strena 373. 
strenuus 81. 
strepitus 209, 
stribligo 142. 
strictim 152. 
stridere 927. 
stridor 209. 
struere 39. 
studere 433. 952. 
studiosus 304. 
studium 744. 952. 
stultus 143. 
stupere 691. 
stupiditas, stupor, III, 1. 
stupidus 143. 
suadere 514. 
suasor 125. 
suavis 377. 
suavium 752. 
sub 953. 
subdere 955. 
subdolus 166* 
subigere 370. 
subjicere 955. 
subinde 954. 
subitaneus XI, 2. 
subito 271. 
sublevare 139. 628. 
sublica 759. 
sublimis 64. 

40 



suboles 839. 

subripere 131. 

subrogare 955. 

subsellium 904. 

subsidium 139. 

substituere 955. 

subtemen 947. 

subter 953. 

subterfugere 476. 

subtilis 21. 245. 

subtus XX, 3. 

subucula X, 1. B. 6. 548. 

subvenire 139. 

subvertere 783. 5. 

subulcus V, 1. a. 

subvolare 1036. 

succendere, succensere, XVIII, 

950. 
succurrere 139. 
succus 642. 
sudes 759. 
sudor 518. 

suescere, suevisse, 938. 
suffarcinare XIX, 7. 
sufficere 286. 955. 956. 
suffimentum 742. 
suffocare 390. 

suffragia, suffragium ferre, 919. 
suffrago 957. 
suggerere 689. 
sulcus 958. 
sumere 172. 

sumere supplicium, poenas, 181. 
summatim, summum, XX, 7. 
summissus 519. 
summus, supremus, 961. 
sumtuarius, sumtuosus, XIV, 4. 
sumtus, sumtum facere, exer- 

cere, 959. 
supellex 566. 
super 953. 
super ccenam 570. 
superare 413. 
superbus, superbia, 108. 
supercilium 758. 
superesse 883. 
supernus, superus, XI, 1. 
superstes 883. 
superstitio 876. 



470 



Index. 



supervacaneus, supervacuus, XI, 
2. 

supinus 840. 
supparum 1007. 
suppeditare 689. 956. 
suppetere 956. 
suppetiae 139. 
supplex 519. 
supplicare 748. 
supplicatio 960. 
supplicium 290. 
supplicium sumere, 181.. 
supplodere 804. 
supponere 955. 
supra 953. 
supremus 961. 
surculus 865. 



surdus, surdaster, XIII, 2. 

surge re 962. 

sursum 953. 

sus, suis, 963. 

sus in Compos. 953. 

suscitare 409. 

suspectus, suspicax, suspiciosus. 

XIX, 4. 
suspicari 945. 
suspicere 691, 
suspicio 964. 

sustentare, sustinere, 477« 
sustinere 441. 
susum 953. 
susurrare 707. 
suus 833. 



T. 



Tabellarius 933. 

taberna 420. 816. 

tabernaculum 973. 

tabes, tabum, 900. 

tabescere 451. 

tabula, tabulatio, tabulatum, 

1. B. b. 965. 
tabulae 34. 
tacere 193. 

taciturn us, tacitus, 193. 
tactus XII, 1. d. 
taeda 435. 
teedet 796. 
taenia 430. 

talaris, talarius, VIII, 3. &. 
talea 841. 
talis X, 3. 
talus 966. 
tarn XXIV, 9. 23. 
tamdiu 968. 
tametsi 398. 

tamquam, tanquam, 857. 
tandem 332. 
tangere, tangit, 967. 
tantillus, tantulus, X, 1. 
tantisper 968. 
tantum, tantummodo, 379. 
tantum non 842. 



X, 



tantundem XXIV, 8. 

tapes, tapetum, 787» 

tar dare 341. 

tarde, tardus, 626. 

taurus 150. 

te enclit. XXIV, 3. 

tectorium 969. 

tectum 372. 

tegere, tegumentum, 969. 

tegula 617. 

tegimen,tegumen, tegmen, teges,. 

tegulum, XV, 1. 
tela 947. 
tellus 519. 
telum, tela, 104. 970. 
temerarius 127. 
temeritas 971. 
temetum 684. 
temnere 338. 
temperans 9. 
temperamentum, temperatura, 

XV, 2. 
temperare 695. 
temperatio, temperies, II, 3. 
tempestas 972. 
tempestivus 670. 
templum 38. 
tempori, temperi, XX, 5. 



Index. 



471 



tempus, in tempore, 46. 

temulentia 383. 

temulentus 1022. 

tenax 1 23. 

tendere XVI, 1. 

tendicula 614. 

tenebree 165. 

tenebrosus, tenebricus, tenebri- 

cosus, XIV, 4. 
tenellus X, 1. 
tener 698. 
tenere 502. 
tenor 750. 
tensa 1006. 
tentare 410. 
tentorium 973. 
tenuare 690. 
tenuis 407. 
tenus 1039. 
tepere, tepor, 164. 
terebra IX, 1. &. 
terebrare 460. 
terere 974. 
teres 890. 

tergere, tergere, 974. 
tergum, tergus, 375. 
tergum vertere 476. 
tergus 309. 
termes 865. 

terminare, terminus, 450. 
ternio II, 1. 
terra 519. 

terrenus, terreus, XI, 2. 
terrestris XIII, 2. 
territorium VIII, 3. b. y. 
terror 987. 

tertio, tertium, XX, 13. 9. 
tessera 966. 
testa 966. 
testamentum, testari, testificari, 

975. 
testimonium dare, dicere, pro tes- 

timonio dicere, XV, 3. 
testis 125. 975. 
testudo II, 4. 466. 1021. 
teter 122. 
tetricus 137. 
texere 976. 
thalamus 622. 



thermae 141. 

tholus 466. 

thorax 649. 

thronus 939. 

tibia 977. 

tignum 978. 

timere 687. 

tinnire, tintinnire, XXI, 1. 

tiro 727. 

tirocinium 979. 

titillare XX, 1. 

titio 983. 

titubare XXI. 1. 

titulus 980. 

toga, Candida, pura, pulla, sordi- 

da, virilis, prsetexta, 981. 
tolerare 441. 
toUere 131. 386. 628. 
tondere 75. 
torcular VIII, 3. a. 
toreuma 530. 
tormentum 290. 970. 
tornare 890. 
tornus 159. 
torpedo, torpor, 611. 
torpere 611. 
torquere 982. 
torques 185. 
torrens 456. 
torrere 277. 
torris 983. 
torus 622. 
torvus 122. 
totidem XXIV, 8. 
totus 746. 
totus dies 568. 
toxicum 1008. 
trabea981. 
trabes, trabs, 978. 
tractare 967. 
tractus 874. 
tradere 312, 
tragoedus 20. 
tragula 970. 
trahere 376. 
trajicere, trajectus, 985. 
trama 947. 
trames 590. 
tranquillus 858. 



472 



Index. 



trans 783. 829. 984. 

transenna 436. 

transferee 1012. 

transfurga 783. 1. 

transgredi 985. 

transigere 317. 

transire 829. 985. 

transitus 985. 

transmittere 985. 

transscribere 575. 

transtra 463. 

trans versus 986. 

tremere 687. 

trepidare 687. 

trepidatio 987. 

tribuere 312. 

tribunal 939. 

tribus, tributum, tributarius, 988. 

triclinium 219. 

tripudiare 896. 

tristis 137. 

tristitia 369. 

trivium 242. 

triumphus 989. 

tropus 448. 

trucidare 573. 

truculentus 122. 

trudere 990. 

trullissare XIX, 12. 

truncare 75. 

truneus 306. 



trutina 634. 
trutinari 781. 
trux 122. 
tuba 991. 
tuber 994. 
tubus 992. 
tueri 944. 993. 
tugurium 179, 
turn 327. 522. 
tumere, tumor, 994. 
tumulare 519. 
tumultuosus 914. 
tumultus 145. 995. 
tumulus 227. 700. 
tunc 522. 
tundere 525. 
tunica 548. 
turba 995. 
turbare 255. 
turbo 1037 
turbulentus 914. 
turgere 994. 
turibulum 996. 
turma 624. 
turpis 325. 
turpitudo 534. 
tutari 993. 
tutela 774. 
tutor 303. 
tutulus 798. 
tutus 993. 



u,v. 



Vacare 177. 

vacare Uteris 952. 

yacca 150. 

vacillare XIX, 6. 

vacuus 542. - 

vadari 1002. 

vadere 586. 

vadimonium promittere, dese- 

rere, obire, sistere, facere, 

1002. 
vadum, IV, 2. c. 
vafer 166. 
vagari 396. 
vagire 388. 



vagus 396. 

valde 28. 

vale 129. 

valens, validus, 997. 

valere 819. 

valetudo 897. 

valgus 998. 

vallare 999. 

vallis 1000. 

vallum, vallus, 51. 759. 

valvar 818. 

vanum 676. 

vanus 108. 

vapor 1001. 



Index. 



473 



vappa 717. 

vapulare 523. 

variare 708. 

varius 361. 

varus 998. 

vas, vadis, 1002. 

vasa 566. 

vastare 817. 

vastus 660. 1003. 

vates 809. 

vaticinari XIX, 8. 

vaticinatio, vaticinium, 823. 

uber, Adject. 438. 

ubertas 276. 

ubique, ubicunque, ubiubi, ubi- 

vis, 1004. 
udus 518. 
ve 138. 
vecors 72. 

vectigal, vectigalis, 988. 
vectis 1005. 
vector 211. 
vegetus 997. 
vehemens 17. 
vehementer 28. 
vehens 440. 
vehere 440. 
vehiculum 1006. 
vel, ve, 138. 
velabrum 468. 

velamen, velamentum, 1007. 
velare 548. 
velle 301. 
vellicare 178. 
velox 195. 
velum 1007. 
velut, veluti, 857. 
vena 110. 

vendere, venditare, 1009. 
venditatio 520. 
venenum XI, 2. c. 1008. 
venerari 30. 
venia 528. 
venire (ventare,) ventitare, XIX, 

10. c. 
venire 1009. 
venter 1010. 
ventilabrum IX, 1. c. 
41 



ventilare XIX, 5. a. 

ventriculus 1010. 

ventus 136. 

venum ire, venum dare, 1009. 

Venus 966. 

venustas, venustus, 849. 

vepres 380. 

verax 1013. 

verba dare 318. 

verba facere 748. 

verber 909. 

verbera 803. 

verberare 523. 

verbero 717. 

verbum 724. 

vere 1013. 

verecundus 182. 

veredus 395. 

vereri 687. 

vergere 543. 

Veritas, verum, I, 2. 

verna 924. 

vernare 1023. 

vernaculus 1011. 

vemus XI, 1. 

vero 913. 1013. 

verrere 974. 

verres 963. 

verriculum 802. 

veruncare XIX, 2. 

versare 1012. 

versatilis X, 1. 

versura, versuram facere, vesu- 

ra solvere, 437. 
versus 36. 
versutus 166. 
vertere 1012. 

vertere solum, tergum, 476. 
vertex 89. 1037. 
vertigo II, 6. 
verum 913. 
verus 1013. 
verutum 970. 
vesanus 72. 
vesci 385. 
vescus 407. 
vesper, vesperum, vespere, — i. 

287. 



474 



Index. 



vestibulum 121. 

vestigare XIX, 1. 546. 

vestigium 929. 

vestire 548. 

vestimentum, vestis, 548. 

vestitus 503. 

vetare 1014. 

veteranus 1015. 

veterator 166. 

veternus 611. 

vetula 88. 

vetulus 918. 

vetus, vetustus, 832. 

vetustiscere 918. 

vexare 817. 

vexillum, vexillarii, 624. 930. 

via 590. 

viam facere, munire, 590. 

vicanus XI, 2. 893. 

vice 835. 

vicinia, vicinus, 270. 

vicissim 578. 

victima 517. 

victus 297. 1028. 

vicus 755. 

videlicet 1016. 

videre 1017. 

videri 94. 

viduare 749. 

viere 637. 

vigens 997. 

vigere 454. 

vigil X, 1. 562. 

vigilare 1018. 

vigilia 948. 

vilis 268. 1043. 

villa 479. 

villaticus V, 1. 

villicus 1019. 

villosus 510. 

villus 173. ' 

vincere 413. 

vincire 637. 

vinculum 185. 

vindex 1002. 

vindicare 1020. 

vindicise, vindicta, 1020. 

vinea, vinese, 1021. 

vinetum 1021. 



vinolentia 383. 

vinolentus, vinosus, XIV, 4. 

1022. 
vinum 684. 
violare 743. 

violens, violentus, XIV, 3. 
vipera 77. 
vir511. 
virago 1024. 
virere, virescere, 1023. 
viretum 515. 
virgo 1024. 
viridari 1023. 
viridarium 515. 
viridis VII. 
virtus 1025. 
virus 1008. 
vis 704. 1026. 
vires 1026. 
viscera 1027. 
visere, visitare, 1017. 
visio, visus, visum, II, 3. 941. 
vita 1028. 
vitam degere 1028. 
vitare 476. 
vitiare 281. 575. 
vitio dare 289. 
vitium 40. 674. 
vitis 1021. 
vitium 40. 674, 
vitta 430. 
vituperare 289. 
vivere 1028. 
viviradix 841. 
vix, vixdum, 1029. 
ulcisci 1020. 
ulcus 803. 
uligo 518. 
ulna 293. 

ultimum, postremum, XX, 9. 
ultimo XX, 13. 
ultimus 419. 
ultra 984. 
ultro 1030. 
ultro, citro, 771. 
ultroneus XI, 2. 
ululare 388. 
umbilicus V, 2. a. 
umbrse 1031. 



Index. 



475 



umbrosus 165. 

una 298. 

unctus 1033. 

uncus 307. 

unda 455. 

undique, undecunque, 1032, 

ungere, unguentum, 1033. 

unguis, ungula, 1034. 

unio 667. 

universalis 487. 

universi 934. 

universus 746. 

unquam XXIV, 10. 59. 

unus, unicus, 940. 

unusquisque 746. 856. 

vocabulum 724. 

vocare 1035. 

vociferari 208. 

vola 665. 

volare 305. 1036. 

volaticus V, 1. 

volemus XI, 3. 

volitare 1036. 

volsella 462. 

volucris 133. 

volvere XVI, 6. 

volumen 218. 

volupis VI. 

voluptas 328. 

vorago 498. 

vorare, vorax, 385. 

vortex 1037. 

vota facere,nuncupare,suscipere, 

1038. 
vovere 312. 
vox 724. 
urbanitas 627. 
urbanus XI, 2. 231. 
urbs 206. 
urceus 368. 
urere 12. 



urgere 563. 

urinari 682. 

urna 937. 

uspiam, usquam, XXIV, 9. 

usque 1039. 

ustrina 852. 

ustulare XIX, 5. a. 

usucapere, usucapio, 1040. 

usura VIII, 2, *]. 437. 

usurpare 1040. 

usu venit 13. 

usus 266. 

usus est. 314. 

usus fructus 1040. 

ut 716. 

ut, utut, 398. 

ut, sicut, 857. 

ut, ut ne, ut non, 716. 

ut non, quin, 959. 

utensilia X, 1. 566. 

uter, Adj. VIII, 1. 

uter, Subst. 295. 

uterque 70. 

uti 26. 1040. 

utilis 239. 

utioue XXIV, 6. 

utpote XXIV, 2. 860. 

utrum? 76. 

utrinque, utroque, utrobique, 

1041. 
uva 1042. 
uvidus 518. 
vulgare 848. 
vulgaris 1043. 
vulgo 756. 
vulgus 817. 

vulnerare, vulneratus, 607. 
vulnus 803. 
vultus 424. 
uxor 260. 
uxorem ducere 728. 



Zona 202. 646. 



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