IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 I.I ■^ lU 1122 Photographic Sciences Corporation la. 11.25 ill 1.4 i 1.6 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 '^. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Instltut Canadian de microreproductions historlques 6^ Technical and Bibtiographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I — ] Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculie n D D Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior marnin/ La re liure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6x6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6thode normale de filmage sont indiquAs cidessous. I — I Colou'ed pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endcmmagdes □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes I I Pages detached/ r^ages discoloured, stained or foxed/ D Pages d^color^es, tachetdes ou piqudes D Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule ddition disponible I I Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I — I Includes supplementary material/ [~~| Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totaiement ou partieliement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6X6 film^es 6 nouveau de facon it obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est i\\m6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 12X 16X 20X 26X 30X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in Iceeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ♦• (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grSce A la g^n^rositd de: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service Les images suivantes ont 6x6 reproduites avoc le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole -^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre filmds 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 AW INQUIRY lATO THE CAUSE OF THE INCREASE oy PAUPERISM AND POOR RATES; WITU A HBMEDY FOR THE SAME, -ItT AMP A P»OPQ»rnOII FOB EOWAWaHO TH» »ATO THWWOHOOT BNGLAMD AMD YAI'IS. / BY IKIL €LAaKfiON, ESQ. « tm^ ■:i X'li!'> LOMDOll* ifiid, by parishes adjoin- ing each other coalescing in the maintenance of th. ir poor, and by giving profitable employment to those who -apply for relief, and are able to work, the rates mieht be much reduced, the aged and infirm be made more coihfortable, and both rich and poor benefited by the arrangement. ^ . . Under the idea that it will in some wa^ or ether prove beneficial to the country, the Author recommends it to the impartial perusal and consideration of the community t at the same time soliciting the forbearance of the critic regarding the diction, as plain bn- guage, accompanied with truth and common sense, are more his province and desire, than any attempt to produce a literary com- position. . . iW.^?m"'.!.i'>s.^ ' i^^^^^ , ' . i I i AN INQUIRY im THE INCREASE OF PAUPERISM. i s Iy hM bwa ftofwenlid bjr «n«, that ptovUiing for ihkpoot by MiMlfd krwa U as erU, Ml4 ■ prmntivc (o th« gtfl«tftl ituluvtry pii4 walfara of the community. B»» however t«*p«c<«ble the «adion of wch KMonhig mtv W. I cwmoi xliKJcatt it, nor con- it soniUtent tidwr witk tht ItWt of Ood of lialttK t mither of which wai, in my «pioi«, juidfy wch • doctrine i hM^ it •ppean etident, both fromiM one Mid die other, that we oiigM to aaust our diitreased feUoW-oreaturw» and particularly such a* through natural infirmities uufoMMfn misfortunei, or old «ge, •te tendered incapable of proftding for thenuelvei the necemry food and raiment, during their existence in this world. Theewe of the poor ought, therefoit, to be a great legal object | for with- WflMMltbionon the opulent it U «> be feared that manr would £ipeSi»a greater degree of want and rataery than they ^omdet tfae^MMt eSsting laws : bestites. finng iiittsf to our leanT dls- ttcssed feUow^reatures U confenuble to^M Qmatim rdigbn, •nd shows the exceUency of it| Iw btfon^ its wiroductwo* no II i' -!r.r- " » ' « f9-- ISM. ' th* twor by M»ttl ihduotry k^ceuble thr I it| not CCHt" :ttwt ntidier I bcctnie it : we otti^ to irljr , audi u or otd ige, :he neoeiMrjr d. TlMcare :t| forwikh- manr would Eheydoimder ir raaUrdb- itianrd^pon, oducdon* ao > Chrkfion's Inquiiy, i<^r. 3H.9 poblic chtritiifi were known. That great impoaitiona are practiied for want of proper management andattttition in the fulfilment of the lawi, ther« cannot be any doubt : and it it to bt* prcsumedf that great improvemrnta may be made in the mo«le of employing the poor ) for that many capable of work are maintained witnout it, ia certain i and that there ia an inequality in tlie charge to thoae wlio ought to contribute in a proportionate dfgree, ia alao • fact which cannot be doubted, 'rhat a diflerence ahuuld be made between the really diatreated object and the lazy profligate, muit ala« appear reaaonable i bccauae, by giving to eacn equal relief, » great evil will oatiirallv ariae, inaamucn ao it acta aa an encourag«» ment to othcra to fallow the example of the latter, which muat have a tendency not only to increaae the ratea, but alao to en- eourage vice, iaieneaa, and extravagance. If evila, therefore, do cxiat, which cannot, I prcaume, b< doabted, it behovca every person, who haa thought at all upon the aubjcct, and to whom any idea of improvement may occur in economiiing the vast auma paid, to make the aame known. Moat peraona are capable of adding something to the common atock i and no oiie'a contribution anould be rejected, if it appeara to be thrown in with a view of benefiting the community \ for in 9 multitude of couniellora there must oe aome wisdom, ^o indi- vidual, therefore, ahould bo diacouraged from making hia ideal known, because it ia probable they may not prove quite efficacious ) Coar ta one shower of rain in t!ie vfar Miflicient to moisten and fer- tilize the land, or one gleam of the sun's raya to ripen the corn and fruits of the earth, or to exhale the over dampa and vapoura w^uch are depoiited in the aame period of ti«ie ? ](t haa been aaid^ •ad, it muat be allowed, with truth, that wbaterer a person doei with » good intent, ouglit to be looked upon >vith a charitablt eye ) for intentions are at leaat the aeed of good action*, and every man ought to sow them, and leave it to the aoil and the acasons, whether they come up or no, and whether he or any other gather the fruit. An eminent writer has also observed, " that whoever applies himself to collect obaervationa upon the atate and operation of the Poor Laws, and to contrive remediea for th«r imperfectiona and abuiies, and communicatee hia ideaa to thoae who are likely to carry them into efiect, desenrea well of a dasa of the community, so numerous dkat their happiness makes no iiv considerable part of the whole." It is true, in all new inatitu- tions or regulatione diflknlttea may at first ariae, it being no easy matter to fay a petfSfct foundation at once t but that ought not to diacourage jperaev^nce | Stt the arta of life advance but gn- diM^y, every tKii^ppein|; {>f^gieasiv« and few thin^ brought to Z t l ■ J. ' ". ' -k with praiie or wonder, an ln«t«ncM of the reVutle.* force of perseverance i it l« by thU tnj auarry become* • pyramid, and that distant countr.e. are united by caiulM imull oper.tioin, ince^antly continued, m "n^* •"'- mount the greaion difRcuhirtv mountain, are levelled, and oceani bounded, by the .lender fo.ce of human being.. j**;*;' ^^T!; fore, who wi.h to gain any pirticular object, .hould add to the^r rtaion and .pirit the power of per.i.tln^ m their purpo.e.. Em- bracing thl. Idea, I .hall endeavour to give what haa wgg"»«> " me to be both efficaciou. and practicable j and alth< ugh I maxnot reap much advantage .hould tlje harvc.t prove propitlou.. It la m» ■Incere wi.h that other, may. On entennatupon » 'J^J^' «* •»«»» eonaequence and magnitude, .t anpear. to Be eaKntUly "•ej«»rT to aacertain where tiTe defect in tfie pre.ent .y.tem !'"» •'»^ ♦"«" apply a remedy, a. a akilful phy.ician would do In making an at- temot to cure a dijeue of the human body. , It would wem then that the defect, according to the opinion oj K,me, mu.t ariw, fir.t, from a deficiency of *»"P'°y'"'"; f°^ *• bbouring poor, ari.ing from an aunmentat.on of PoP»"»J'°" *° » ■water tfegrce than th? .ource. of employment t .econdly, wage. Cuatf to the price of provi.ion. v thirdly. » corruption of tnorH. and the conwquent lot. of that .pint of lndep«i.a«ne« wWch formerly po..e..ed the heart, of the labouring poor» or. fourttily, bad law., or bad management of the law.. To me the fir.t doc. not appear to be the cauM ofthee^n} under con.lderation, because the population of the country hi. by no mean, kept pace with the augmentation of the rate., a. I .hall AorbrgWing^.tatcment derived from return. madetoParha- ment for five .pecified year.. ■ , Yaw. tMS i7r« iras) 1784$ 17M 1809 Po|Miliitioa, about S,S*)0,(M)0 7,788,000 8,016.000 8,d7».000 9,H0,OIM Amonnt of RatM. «6ft,36« 1,590,804 a,004,f98 t,»4.V5««» 4,S67,W>9 Anioant an- cordiiiii to tli« hicrcuMtl P<)pulMti(in> 970,179 1,006,9.8 1^89,059 l.lM^tO Difffrcnrf iiioiri'. .,i*t. At>0,(>31 997,910 l,S95,4til 9,1I7,01& KilvinB ahown by thia table that th« rate, have increaaed con- .iderably beyond the proportionate inereaied population, being in i Im uii i -iMiii-iii)tM' _. J — Mvmnet perform- ncirr, arv y thU the re united time tur- nd cceani itr, th«r«- dto thtir i«». Em- iKgtited to I ma)[ not •i it it tnj rk of aucn neceMirjr I ind then king tn It- opinion of ent for the jiation to a dly, wage! rruption of dependence ; ifoori or, of the evil ntry h^a hj I, ai I ahall e to Parlia- iffi-ri'iire iiioirc. i60,6S\ 997,910 ,559.461 ),Ur,01A vaaed con- nt being in Pauperism ami Poor Pata* the lait ipecified year nearly treblei it it but reaaoiuble to ttate, that it do«i not altogetlier ariie from the incrr^ted number of poor I for the difference in the value of money ha* naturally ope- rated to enhance the amounti at the aame time the effect of the eitra burthen on tboie who have had no meant of increatini^ their income in tlte iime period mutt be teverely felt, let the caute be what it mav> It may further be proper to remark on reatonable pretumptionf that there it no deficiency of employment, the rctourcet from which having annually increated « ith the wealth of the country^ which naturally Increatet the demand for labor i beaideii there are about one hundred and fitly different modct of employment for malea and femalei already, at particularited by Mr. Coiquhoun | and taking into contidcration the increasing demand for manv manufacturea that we cannot fully tupply, fur we import uiU do^ canvatt, and linen, cordage, tow, and yarn, it ia clear that these aa well at other branchet may be increated both for home consumption and alto for the tupply of our coloniet. From such •ourcei of productive labor there ought not to be an individual ill. the vigor of life and free from ticxnest, whote induttry ihould not contribute to the means of lubsittcnce i for a want of work but seldom occurs : on the contrary, does U not often happen that master workmen are obliged to be slaves to thrlr men through • dread of their departure ? alto htmtixt in busy tiuiet for want of laborers i nav, do not we see recruiting serleants in the time of war officring large bounties for men, and unable to get them i Arc not all these testimonies that work is generally to be had when there is a desire to obtain it i Besides, admitting there is alretdv « deficiency, it should be nicoUect^d that a great part of Englana, Scotland, and Ireland, remain uncultivated, whicn would afford a further source of employment for our increased population. The partial complaints we may hear of the want of work arises in a ge- neral way from those who use it as a cloak for idleness, and not from any real deficiency of work ; — it is true, in large societiea there will always be some bad subjects whom the laws, however perfect they may be, cannot restrain | at the same time the utmost ought to De done that is practicable to make mankind diligenti virtuous, and happy. I shall, in addition to the before-mentioned. table, now give • comparative statement of the actual number of paupen in the yeatt there mentioned, and die number according to the increased population, that it may be seen in what proportion they have di- minUhed or inaeased. iV «W i|i ' ■MP 398 Oarkfoo't Inptiry m i MM § il 1 It I" MM AJMJM irf« r.rtMM t9%ift •Itltftl f*MN WtJtS M4,1M vrft.«#t Itf.lMllMitlimdW ^,^5 pr»p«rtlM. bitddltkm M iIm lait nombtr of panptn, thtrt wtft \0*fiM ngnuM ftthrtd ifi imt m »n tipWM of 19,40AL 4i. miking At wiMtt irombtr 1 J9i,768. By tht fortfoing tabit U kppean, that bi 1776 and 178S, tM ■etvftl irambsr of ptuptn wtr« not equal to th« increased popiU»> clen» bat In mere rteent yeira, vti. 17M and 18US, the number «liieh rectbtd rriWf exceeded coniiderablf the proportion ol KttUlioa ) wMdi ikowt moit unqucationablv a great defect of , which will if aD probabilitf increaM if the ayrtem ia not chMged* or tome Improrement made. I iiudl» aacoadly* nre • itatement of the price of bread, averap money w»g«i of hubandry, and the bread wage*, in each of the aaid perioda, alao for the yean 1811 tnd 1819, with a view of •bowing that the warn ht?t by no meana kept pace with th« fim of dttt Mceanry aiticle. Veer. PriM«r hmdpu \ '^ '9 nut f It II It MeMjp it feMbaedrf, to It ia qMrtarw Ift at II It t In th« latt yeM I have of er-rated the avenge piicc of wagt •» for in WUtddrK Dtvonahirt, and Comwdl, wagn are cooaiderablv lower tiuw la other conntiea in England, and hnve aeldom, I underatand, exceeded nine ahilHnga a wreki it omv therefore bt prtaumed die average haa not exceeded twelve shillinga. It ap- peara from thia, that the price of hoabandry wagea haa hj no nMMwlupt pace with the price of proviaiona, uking bread aa the tl •r« INm llM rapcrtlM. rt I94fi8t' h. making 178S, th* ht numW •portion ot t dtffctof •ttm U not ad, tveniM each of tn* h a view of thtlitpric^ BMMtrablr NUonit I berafara ba g". It ap- na« bf no read u th« I- Pawperfim awl Poor Rittet, 395 Cfktrlon, and it btinn by far lh« principal •rticl* of fiMtd for tha laboarin^ cUa«, and particularly wharc ihrr* «rv chiUr*'*, U i«, ihartfnr*, a pntpa^ atandard by which • tuiiMhlr ^udgmrni may ba formad. In furthar confirmation of th« foraj^otiiK, it apf aara alio from ratuma mada, that tha pauprra in agricultural rounika aa* caad tboaa in manuf>icturin|r, ami that tha rataa in Doravtaliirt ara naariy doubia thoaa in Cumbcrlapd, although ihara ia not much difaranca in the population', thr formvr hiring 115,110, and ilia avaraga ratra in IIMH, 4*. V (d. par ^. whilat iIm population of tha laitar waa I17,fl!l0, and tha rataa onlv Va. Sd. par i.| tb« •mo«m raiaad in Doraatthira baing 7ll,S5hi. and in Cnmbariand, only t4,t94ll. ! thia, howavtr, may ariaa from tha mora fr«fa| habita of tha labouring paopl«f in CunibrrlaiiH, or from thair au. f parior knowladga in tha culinary art i in rithar C4M ihay ai^ wofthy of imitation. Tha induairv of tha huihandman (who at* wta t h ird of tha whola population) bring of n>ura importaact than any othar ao tha atiaianca of tha panpla at larie, rfor withoni iho niaing ol food no aociaty coukl aiiat) it ia tLretora highly pm* par (hay ahould rwaiva wagaa ade(|data to thair labour and nudn- * tananca, to aa to maba iliem in(lep«ndant of chariubk aniiiinoa, '•* and opataia to kaep ap thair numbat. In dM foragoing otatamant of the amonnl «f PortMrataa, It wUl ba aaan I kava only takan in the ratn aa par fatu? n n 4de to ParU*. matt op to tha year 1M)H, baiiif the Um raturo mada i btit cakala- titkg tha number of paupam acc-ording to tha proportionate incraaaa of population on(y (although, judging fromBrevioua year*, the in. ataaia muat ba sraatat'), and tlw price ot bread, it will appear that tha paupara m Itll would amount to i,l89,i;il, cBcluaira nf Tagranta \ the popuUttcm of Fngland and Walaa bring 10,4MI,000, and ifia rataa for the poor, cxcluaive of county rataa, Ac. wottM a w o—t to MM,461i. i and in the year 1819, tha paupera would amount to 1,908,190, the population bring about 1O,0S8,OOO, and tha ratoa aa bcfore^ananttoned wovi J be 8,V4i5,4SSl. which anm I hava no doubt will prova rather undtr than over tha actual amoual. RowtYfr. taklav It at that «aai Miy, via. J'»,ti»4t3 Aai aM la it iW an«Ml f radaa* ti inmU and maui'V hcqiiMiilifii at tundrjT limM f«M> Mii' poor, whidt by rriarnt fo l*iirliHnirnl m 1785 amoiiatH to ffM.roiL wMHi mimi mw In aN i m ^a t iilHy • okort of tha riMlaaai(*B«aBMK nil wall ka«««, hava tiHMllMt period .dvaontd eoatMerabljr t th* wholr, ibtnrfor*, with Iw aoeult nada sioce, nugr nuw ba rallod at lca»i 4V^i»i Aim alw prifaie Mncvot«ini)e, fmtpMh aad dia|ira»artr« Ur tlio I, aia.aia. «Mai oaa t i l — 1 « aoiafaaaiiaa «ay backed S4»a,Ai/ Making a total uf • • • •/ iv/Mv^a^ . „, ,-»-,»^...».«««»<,»-M<^i "•^i*'T"'"Tr'"* ' • / 'K ' 394 Clark8on*8 Inquiry on tzpended annually for the support of the poor and indigent, which is nearly a fourth part of the present rental of the king- dom » besides which, there have been considerable sums raised for the representatives of deceased, and also for maimed, soIp diors and sailors during the war. This evidently shows a defect in the present system of providing for and employing the poor, particularly when it appears by a return made to the Houseof fcoromons in 1804, there were only 168,000 of really impot«t pauper, receiving relief, which was about a «»«;?"* P»"°f*J Jumber who actually received parish support » and if theie 166.000 kad been maintained at an eipence of Uiree shillings per head per «eek.theexpence would have been 1,394.800^ which is liitte more then a finirth part of what was coUected from nanshe. for the maintenance of the poor, exclusive of private and public charities as already specified. If therefore thoM who «• capa- ble of work were employed, and paid by their resoective empk»y«» wwea equivalent to the price of provisioiis. which w but just Inf reas^ble, for the labourer is intitled to a suittbk remu- ncration for hU work, then certain persons, auch at the tmaU rtoekJioldert. annuitants, inferior clergy, officers in *« m]7 »»«» army, inferior tradesmen, &e. &c. would be rebered from an «^t impost, and it would fall equaUy on aU deaoription. : Swme 5^ the before-mentioned have had no mean, of mcreaa- ing their incomes whilst the «te. hav? «««j;«J ^n A«n aj wdl MtLe price of aU neceswrie. of hfe^lo a great dwree, and the knded proprietors or occupiers hare been benefited for th« hit twent? year* beyond any preTioua tune, by th« great mcreaw JSaTWtlken iSce in ti%ent^ «id al«> ui the mwiuctwn, rfAe M>il I hencfit U incompatible with justice and unrea«ma- Me^ the extreme to fequire the first description of pmon. to •Lt those who are so capable of bearing the burden which is w ^"^g A« fi«t Aown that the «*- ^T« H««*'«LST?1 the>c*Srtionate increase of population, and also presumed that theiTia M deficiency of employment i and secondly, made >t ap- Pon the »o« aithentic evidence. 4at i^S^\^i^^ EcM siveni it become. neces«tfy, thirdly, to Aow that tf»el»4 iti^ S moral, and, the natural conwquence, the los. of ^w Ssel and operited to enhance the Mnoont of the Boor- ***To determine that the prewntage U an age of -degineraCT, k « oi^^^ry to lo5 at the great increase of cnmmaia "^r« Pauperism and Poor Rates, 595 Indisenty le fing- raited Iked, toU J a defect |ht poor, louse of which it far beyond the proportion of the extended popubtion i for in 1808 the number of criminals in London were 1,110, out of a population of 909,483, which is in proportion to one in 849 ( whilst in Scotland there were only 87 out of a popula- tion of 1,74 1,81 8,^which is one in 80,0^1. "What can cau* so serious a difference ? It may in part arise from the riches and luxury enjoyed by the former in a greater degree than by the latter i for idleness, want, and misery will increase in propor- tion ' to the increase of riches and luxury ) but I should be m- cltned to attribute it in a principal degree to the difference be- tween resident and non-resident clergy and parochial schools, which •le and have been prevalent in Scotland, whilst in England thera has been a sreat want of both } for in the year 1793 there were 194,914 chddren from 5 to 14 years of age permanently relieved in Ensbnd and Wales by parochial rates, and only 21,600 were in feehoob of industry receiving but a very indifferent education | to tliere were 173,000 growing up without any education at all) be- sidet 180,236 under five years old. Since tnat period a change hat happily taken place, whicn, If persevered in, will, it is to be hoped, have a favourable effect) for it cannot be doubted that education to a certaia extent, aecompanied with religious instruction and vir* tuooa impressions constantly-instilled, will Ws-^ the human mind towards useful pursuits, and enable it the More readily, v ten at • proper age, to form such prudent ideas of a nfktrimonial connection at ar^ the most likely to enable them to provide for themselves without the assistance of the parish to which they happen to belong.. It may not be improper toremcrk here, m c(Mitraventiotf to tl writer of abili^ on the Poor Laws (Mr. Malthu8),but who it may be presumMl nas committed an error, in considering marringe amongst the lower class of society an evil, because it tends to in- crease the pppulation j for the decay of population has been thought one of the greatest evils a state can suffer, (particalnrly vrhere there are so many additional sources of employment,) and the improvement of population is the object which ought to chin tho attention of the legislator ) besides, the laws of God require ** man* kind to be^fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the eaith." Ag^n« "marriage arid the bed undetiled, is.honourable amongst all men |" and matiy eminent writers have likewise spoken highly of, and !»>, commanded, milage. Hufeland considered marriage as ind^liL pensably necessary for the moral perfection of matakind, for it pmk dttees to the stale wtll educated citizens, accustomed from auii yotiith to regularity and an obsemuice of the duties they have to perform % hence tney are most* likely tobecome orderly and useful members of society. Dr. Paley too says, in substance, that«bymarriage,theprivatecom. fort of individuals, especially the female sex, is much increased. The 3i)6 Clnrkson's Ltquiry on ■ • greateil number of healthy children aro obtained, and the peact of society it iucrtfatcd by preventing contentions in assigning to each man and wonun an exclusive right. It *ko encourages industry i an4 we have the authority of ancient nations for it. The Spartans and Romans thought it ot so much consequence, that the former inflicted penalties on thvir citizens for not marrying, and the latter encouraged marriage by dfprivina a man who had no cliildrenof onC'half of any legacy left him." •< The constitution of the sexes is also the foun- dation for marriage ) and should it be prevented, fornication would MCundly follow i for all natural passions must be griittfi«i« and foT' Bication (which is prostitution), brings thtt victima of it ahnoct to ccruin misery. It also produces habiu. of ungovernable lewdneM» (fior irregularuies of this kind have no limits) which introduce th« more aggravated crimes of seduction, adulterv, violation, &c. The (ffiminal commerce of the sexea corrupts and depiavea the mind bo4 . moral characur more than any single apecies of vim whatsoever i In low life it is usually the first st^e in men'* progress to the most desperate villanies } it also perpetuates » disease, which may he accounted one of the sorest nuiladies of human oattire, and the cfiecta of it are said to visit the constitution of even 4istant geae- lations. The Scriptures likewise condemn fornication t * Out of the heart,' aaya our Savipur, < proceed evil thoughts, murder*) ^idt^tvTies, fornication, &c. inc. tlwse are the thioM vhich defiile a man ;' and St. Paul to the iiubrew* says, * Wltoremongerei $M. <;odwiU judge.'" The great Wd Bacon recommends nunriage : he says, «Wivef V in youth our mieires&cs, in middle ag/t our companion^ and. in old age our nurses .-" indeed in participating in each etben eor* rowa, they aUeviate the pain, and make misfortune or deprivati so, it9ugm» instead of being cheated, tobeencours^edt (of the ha|»ia(Bas of a people is made iib of the happiness of mMm fiduah^ and the quantity of it can oalf be augmented by increaaiiig the mimher of the percipients, ^ the pleasure of their perceptiona. At tlie same time matrimony ia recommended, it must be acknow* Cadged that those who are the moat igaoraot enter into that state in a general way, Without the leaat cakulattoa mt the prospect they have of muntauOi^g themselves and ^hm offiipriog, but are stimu* laied to it uiiacar th9 expectation of parish relief without worJs, which consequantiy makes them lc«a considmam iban they otheiw wise would be « lar it ia no vamfomtm ci rc w msm n oe to hear auch say, tf I don't caae* the pwrieh muit do he me." Itplinot, I pae» aume, be disputed, that the cultivated mind mutt he jnore ^ee (4 '■■ peactof ig to etch Mrjr ( aii4 |arun> ntd r inflicted [ncouraged I4lf of wj the foun- '•on would It aqd for- alinoatto lewdneaa, cduct ch« &c. The mind and . hatioever t rM to th* rhidi majr aodtli* itaiitg«iio. : *Out,IpMe* « Pauperhm and Poor Hates, :i97 conviction and mora capable of eradicating mistaken principlti than that which ia uncultivuted ; conaequentiy the present almost ge- neral system of giving religious education will in the course of time have, It is to be hoped, a favorable effect. It is also worthy of observation, that a country flourishes or de- Ciiys according to the quantum of virtue and industry, or vice and iiiiV:w«s, which exist in the body politic. How necessary, there- fore, it is for the higher orders to set a good example i for it is a Welt established maxim, that the state of moruls depends more o« the influence of example than on the enforcement of the law : the one conveys lasting conviction, and produces permanent practice } the other, only temporary terror. Virtuous emanations from the head of > nation would, therefore, it is to be presumed, carry reformation and virtue from thence to the lowest orders, in the same manner as from the head of a pure spring we may expect pure water- to flow into all the inferior uncomaminated channels t for it is too certain that vicious practice* in the higher classes contribute in a great measure to fill our streets with harlots, our gaols with felons, and our aiaembliea with depravity, and aleo to that contempt of relisioA and moral probity so necessary for the well-being of society : for it ia in vain to look (or improvement of the lower orders, unless rite example proceed from the higher i for whilst the latter remain corrupt, the former will continue depraved { »nd the consequence will be an increase in the number of paupers, and the evila of poverty. Another great evil to be mentioned is the practice of our Church Government, as far ah regards the mode o[ ap- pointing proper men as minibters: for although an establtshetl religion and mode of worship is no doubt proper, yet it oQf^t to be recollected it is no part of Christianity, but only tbe ffleana of inculcating it} and religion beins of more conaequenee to the preservation of a Country than its political constitution, and »ho intended for our well-being in this world, mnd our eternal ha|i« ]rineaa hi that which is to come, it ought to be conducted on pure prindpkai free fimn any mixtare of partiality or self-intereat, ex- cepting witat arises from virtue and ability. It ought to be qiite .ttneomccted with Government influence, or influence to Gevetn- eiMnti Jbr to aae the langange of an eminent church divine (Or. Paky) « every other idee, and every other effd, than the pveaerva- lion and communieation of tdigionk knowledge being mixed uritk it i «a of making of llie chnrch an eMfne» or^ven anoll^ of dke aotte % •converting k into tl» meiuia M atrengthening it aa a aeppoitef feMi) in oMNMntion to populaf fonna of Goveinnient, haci% Mrved mriy M drtnae the IniuitttiMk) ftfid to intioduee foto it -nnawrbdi vMtv^tiMMi Md nbuaes." SruA pciaona only, timiefore, m have 1 '^ :: ^ -•T3SS''a;i»«jnw5K«!C«sejs ■'*>*' 398 Clurkson's Inquiry on competent abilitie*, and are of good life, and rw/fy called by the Spirit of God, as they at present declare to be when ordained, sl.ould be appointed to such a sacred office j for as all the members of the body receive spirits from the same head, and are useful and •erriceable one to another, thus these brethren receiving the same spirits from tiieir head, Christ, would bo more strongly bent to do good one to another j for as the love of God dilates the heart, pu- rifies love, and extends it to all men, it is therefore highly neces- •arr in ministers for the preaching of the gospel, as our Saviour said to St. peter, " Peter, lovest thou me ?" «« then feed niy lambs. It u absurd to argue, as some persons do. « It matters "»* what the life of a minister is, provided he gives good advice to his flock j for what is the use of superior knowledge, unless it is productive ot superior actions ? Do not ministers of bad life bring an evil report on God'a ordinances, as if no good, no grace, attended them j be- sides, precept without example is, if I may be allowed thecompan- •on, like mustard without meat, or like meat swallowed down for pleasure or greediness, which only overcharges the stomach, or fumes into the brain \ the former, therefore, is in a general way *% inefficacious to spiritual nourishment as the latter would be to the bodv I and it is known that if the stomach takes in more than it is capable of digesting, the superfluity does no good to the body wliich it is inte*»ded to preserve } and although the ministcrwl pfts of the preachers of the gospel are for the use of others, yet they ouKht themselves to lay hold of that salvation they recommend j the same as boxes where perfumes are kept for garments are themselves perfumed by keeping them : for, as Bishop Wilson has said, "The dutv of pastors is to convert sinners to God by their example zi well as by their sermons." We know bad example frona equals wUl debase the human character : how much more, therefore, must it, if it comes from those who by superior education and consequence in life attract our attention as guides and directors. The basis of all civU society ought to be laid in good faith, which cannot subsist without a conformity of actions with words, without morals and religion, and without ?ua habitual reverence of both. « A good namei" says the wise man, « is better than precious ointment j it is a perfume that recommends the person it accompanies, that prot» curcshun every where an easy acceptance, and facUitates the suc- cess of aU his enterprises. The majority of mankind being doomed to the Is^our of the body, and not of the mind i to lives of acti that prOK !S the sue- ig doomed I of action, ■IS an ez- 1 to be of a lecessity of ible Litany th by their ■ i \ Pauperism mid Poor Eatrs. 399 prmching and living set forth God's holy word, and that they may erermore serve Gud in holiness and pureness of living." Besides, have we not the authority of our Saviour himcelf for the necessity of good and faithful ministers, when he says, *' Let your light so shine before men that they may sec your good worh and glorify your Father which is in heaven." Again : <* Ye are the salt of the earth ^ but if the salt have lost its savour, whrrcwithal shall it be salted i It is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out and trodden under foot of men." It is scarcely necessary to remark, that from this, as well as from our own reason, it appears that the clergy who do not set a good example, and live agreeably to, as well as preach, the gospel, arc of no good effect, but should be cast off". It may be asked. How such excellences are to be met with ? I would answer. As far as it is po-sible it sliould be trii?d for } and if set about in good earnest it mav be accomplished, if not to the utmost extent, m a great degree, from the multiplicity of percipients^ for do we not sow many seeds to procure one superior flower ? In making these observations, I am not at all apprehensive of giving umbrage to good ministers of the church, of whom there are no doubt many of most exemplary character and conduct | and should the remarks I have made cause reformation in the li- centious and libertine part, or in the future mode of admitting men to so sacred an office, the purpose intended will be accomplished, and' we may then look forward with confidence Jo a diminution of sin, which causeth so large a portion of human misery, being the forerunner of poverty and disease, which swells the amount of the rates collected under the name of Poor Rates. In these remarks, it is not expected to make all mankind perfect, which I believe to be morally impracticable ) at the same time there can be no reason suggested why they should not be made as good as is possible { and the way to accomplish so desirable a thing is to do away bad customs and introduce good ones. I would, therefore, that church ministers should be appointed for their virtue and ability, and have a suitable and more equitable provision, that their respectability may be maintained amongst their respective flocks, and not, as is too often die case, have a subsistence inferior to common mecha- nics and small agriculturists, and in consequence thereof are very often looked upon by the latter with disdain, instead of respect, whilst others of the same profession are enjoying, through interest, (without, in many instances, any regard to aoility or inclination to mend mankind)) uieir ten thousands a-year for doing little or no- thing, whilst tM other description have little more than their tens, or at any rate a bare subsistence for much required duty i some too partake of a plurality of livings on which it is impossible for 'i« -m' ■' I , »> 0M ,W| .^ || •4lMMi«>a ■■f 4U0 Onrkron's Itiqmrynn tiicm to reiiiU, do the duty, and set a good •xampl*, howtrer < pettiit thejr may be for each of these dutiei | this is an evil of di« greatest magnitude and must be corrected Ibefore any real benefit can be loolced for. It may not be in applicable to ouote the opU nion of Bishop Latimer, which, howerer eccentric it may appear At the present day, must nevertheless be allowed to contain uncon* trovertible truths. Speaking of patrons to livin|8, he says, « They hate a great charge and a great burthen before Cod, if they do not diligently endeavour to \\»ctgpod and godly ntetr in their benefices, but are slothful and careth not what manner of men they appoint, or else arc cowtous and will hare it themselves, and hire a Sir John Luclc-Latrii who sliall say service, so that the people shall b* nothing edified, no doubt such a patron sliall make answer befoM Cod for not doing his duty." He also speaks of preachers and theilr keeping residence, by asking and telling who is the most di- ligent, vis. tho devil \ he is never out of his diocese, never from hta cure, always in his parish, he keepcth residence at all times, he is ready and always at Kis plough^ he causeth patrons to sell their bt^nefices, yea more, he gets himself to the university, and catises great men and esqoiree to send their sons there, and put out poor scholars, that should be divines \ for their parents intend not tiurt chey should be preachers, but that they may have a show of lear- ning. Therefore, he says, «- 40'i Clai'kson'^i Imjuii 1/ on tlcm«iit« must be well known, to thonc wlio liavc t^tkcn jiiy pnrt in carrying into execution the present laws tor the Hupoort of ttw* Indigent, to occiHion the expemiiture of l.tr;{c Num'« in litigation (n defermine to which p..ri'ih certain po>>r porsotit belong i so much •o, tlut th>* law expcMrtci and ri'movaU coH in the year IMdJ nv.r 900,000/. U t!)creforc it it taken into coti«ideratiun that ilie luim- ber of pauptM'H arc vi-ry nuiclt increas 'd, and the amount of the charge at least double, it will not be unreasonable to calculate t!u; law expenses and ri'inovals at thi.t time at 'i.'>0,000/. ( which, with lalarieii to vestry dorks in more thni 14,000 pariihoH aiul place** would incrcane tne amount to 3.)0,0(n)/. and upwurdit, the saving of which will hereafter appear practicable. All paupers born in this country have a ri^ht, by th<7 existing Uws, to be maintained at the expense of the pariHli to which they belong I and it in pretty certain they arc so maintained in idleness, with the exception of uerhans one in forty or fiftjy ahhqugh there •re so many sources of cmpioyment, which I have endeavoured to •how in an8>^er to the firHt proposition. Not«vithstanding thii privilege, it must be allowed that common beggars are very pre* valcnt m this country, although there ought not t to be relieved it should en- 1 scout and dU- ich should suf- imulus to driv« nst the existing rewith, it may e disproportion particularly on es annexed in ituiny parts flf the country, occupied by the owners, worth 100/. a year and upwjnit, which are not rated in the piriih books at more thm f or SO/. \ nuy, I have Ijeard of some of the value of lOOi buiiig rated at «»iily 10/. wliiist others in the same parish which nrc rcntt'd by persons Ichs abL' to pay arc rntcd at uck rent. I have in the foiiiicr part of ihii work stated, that if there is row a deficiency of work for tho labouring part of the community, f" ■ ■ " ut the whole of our nngland, Scothnd, to which I very much doubt, if we were nKMrts into action, the uncultivated p.Jrt8 an«l iri'l.inil, would afford further employment for our increased population, and that our colonies abroad might also assist us. I woulil furtlu-r remark, that an a large proportion of India U aUo the pn>perty of the people of (Jreat Urit.iin, it is worth while to t\ikv? into consideration how far it would be proper to send out landholder* and labourers for the purpose of cultivating land, &c. in so extenVivi' a country. If such a plan is practicable and con- sistem, we miglit reap from its adoption a double advantage \ as in addition to our getting rid of a superfluous population (if such exists), which must impoverish the state, wo should add to our wealth by increasing the tr.iJe of the country : for a British popu- lation in India would draw from this country our manufactures to a much greater extent than at present ( an the wants of the Hin- doos are so limited, the consumption of European goods is ex* tremely small compared to so extensive a country. Having endeavoured to show in as brief a manner as possible, first, that the increased population does not exceed the sourcM of employment i and if it did, other means are at hand i secondly, that inadequate wages have on an average been given for labour | thirdly, that there exists a corruption of morals beyond former times, and Uiat there is a romedy for the same ; and fourthly, that the laws in b/mg are defective i tliat the management is in improper hands } and that there is an in:.'qu ility of cnarge on the contribu- tors to the rates } it now becomes necessary I should point out » remedy for the second and fourth proposition \ and in doing so, it will be proper to consider, first, the best and most eificiiciout plan to be adopted } secondly, the advantage or benefit to the community attending it) and thirdly, the comfort and melio- ration of the deserving poov arising therefrom. I must endet ▼our to show, that the various regulations I am about to pro- pose are likely to embrace these three essential things i in which if I succeed, I shall have gained the object in view i the whole conK munity, both rich and poor, will be benefited by their being put into practice } and it will be a fit subject to recommend to the conaiatration of the legislature of the countrv. That pbn I ap- prehend must be the best which, by an tqual levying of the rates, i 404 Clurkitoir* Inquiry on mil % frugal appropriation of the luma niiieil, aflonli th« moiit con^fort to the object rtquiriuK relief \ that givvi employmmt tt» those whose aircngth will eiublc tlifiii to pjrt.ikc of it \ tlut givrs rquil.ibl« w.ige« to the iiiduttrioun ( Jiiil lliut which \\a% * lriuioiir)f to improve the riiiiig genvriitioii in rnor<«lii Jiul imiuttry. I liopeth« various regiibiions I hrfve to pronoie, with the adoption of wlut I have alrtatly rccontmrmlcd, will b« conxidrred aulFicicnt to attain all thracpointt. I shall, :igrec;il)ti' to my pruposition, lirni lukr intu considtntion a remedy for inadequate wagtM, so as to alTord relief to th« industrious husbandman without the necessity of applyitiK ■o frequently to magiitrittes, who sometimes order it (for want of proper information) when there is no re^l necrisity \ at the same timt it will be prnner to consider the interest of their eniployera •lid the community at large, hi-ing convinced that, without a riciprocal advantage, ihr plan wouItT bo bad. I would therefore propoaei that the wau;cs should be fixed by the magistrates at the auarter sessions, or four specified times m the year ^i. e. every tree months), according to the average price of bread the prc- ccdiixg three months, in the district where the parties reside and labour, allowing three shillings a week in addition to the value of ten quartern loaves, |vhich ten loaves I should consider equi« ▼■lent to all the food of five in a family, per week) and five to Mch family of productive labourers is aa near the general aye- nge as can be calculated according to Mr. Colquhoun's treatise, which is allowing two quartern loaves to each as an equivalent for foodi and the extra tliree shillings as sufficient for cloth- ing, beer, itc. \ the further earnings ol the wife and children to \m appropriated to pay the rent, medical assistance, and for any Other reasonable gratification, in addition to the necessary culinary mid Other work o? tlie house, or to enable them to save a trifle for future exigencies i so that when bread is one shilling per ouarttm on the average in three preceding months, the wages of tlic bui- bandman thould be thirteen shillings for the three following iQonths, or any shorter perioil. It may be said that some have nvore in family, and some less, which is true \ but where there U* more, some of the children are in all probability grown up to 1^1 9gc to enable them to add to the stock of their parents \ and where the bbourer has a smaller family, or perhaps none at all, \ vould in such cases propose, tliat a Bank anould be formed by tlw Governor and Directors of the poor (whom I shall hereafter iQcntion), who should employ the deposits in purchasing exche- rit bills or other government security, and no other, and who' ul4 not only allow those who place money ^the tavinga of theif i«d)U^rj) tbevein, four per cent, per annum, W also a premium in, g^pottioQ to their wages and yearly Mvingt. Thit would act • the rnoKt oymtMii iti tlut givvA A irndoiicjf 1 hope the ion of wlijl >nt to acrjiii rti t^lr intu Auril rtllef of applyiiiK (for want of ,tt the um« r eniployert t, without * uUl therefors itratet at th« r (\. «. ettry eati th« pre- f s rcsiilf and I tu the value oniider equU and five to general iTe- >un'8 treatiae, an equifalent rnt for rloth- id children to , and for any •Mary culinary ave a trifle for g per quartern !8 of tne bus- ree following hat tome have t where there r grown up to ■ parents \ and II none at aU» be fornted by •haU hereafter basing exche- ber, atid who' avtngs of their lao a premium 'hit would act Vtiuptiiim mill the P'>or Halrn, 401 Man earttemenl fn rriig4lify, arul vnahti* ihos* who are In 4 itJte of crlibacy, whvii liny iiuiryi to ounoirrtct' thi-irnow kitualion in life with comfort tu ibcmnvUet ami .iilvjiU4ge to ilic public i aa it frequently \'>\i fur parinh uii*iitjnco in 4 kliort timw .ificr nvirriage \ tot if tlh'rc It ill »ume iii«t4nci' u s» l l i i S!S i i i .« wi t. ^ t. 'W Bft^ >"'>* M CUrkion'i Inquiry nn uiM r«iiril lh« heedful M«i»i.iiirr, »• thi> rxprnic would gu to tht gentrul fund I ami cuntfrjuvnily x\\» rnonnou* iMimt I luv* utiicd •• b*in|g •tpcndrd ill litig4tton tind rf ninv^ii, would b« %*sfA \ .md it lurely muat b« admitted, lhrndin^ it in Uw-auiut for by thtf formvr we txe performing one of the chrUliaii virtue* \ vvhrreaa hf th« Utter wc arc encouraging cuitlviition and bruili, noiuciimrt b«twe«n n^g'nbour* .ind frteiidi. It waa n-marlird hy an ennntnl Chief Juitice, •• that arniica of couiiael were frcqui-'ily uirayed, to contend about which of two pari^hca «liould provide .1 •C4nty Attbatiltncc to a miaerjble pau|)er, with ai much leal ai if a title to the lirtt ettatc in the kingdom were 4t ataket and at an es« ptnae which would prob.ibly lupport fifty luch pjupera during their Uvea." I would alto remark, that by congregating a number of peraoni in one houie, (a nyitem I thall heriMflvr nropa«e) in preference to •uppoiting them in their reipectivc p.iriihe«, even were they em« ployed, wnich la but *eidum tlie cuse, a conaidcr^ble tavitig would ntlurally ariae (indt pendent of the expeniet of law-iuit« and rt- iDOvala) I for it cannot, I preaumr, be di«puted that a number of ptraona kept in one habitation may be pruportionably maintained at • much feat cxpenae than a few, and particularly when a well- diftated organised plan i» fixed upon for a good, cheap* and natTttioua iood and clothing, and alto tuiiable employment fur* nUhcd fur auch aa are able to work \ for although tne earningi of •ome may be imull, yet little <>arningt of a urge number will amount to something consiilcrable ) to will tmall cavingt made in varioua articlea contumed by a number of pertoni 1 betidea which, FMuiring every peraon admitted into tht liouie to work, if able, will tend to prevent a number of lazy people from applying for rtlitf who are indifFerent about getting their own living \ aa it ii the facility afforded to the idle in procuring relief without work that occaaiunii so many appiicantt, it being cuttomary to apply for • pcnaion of a few shitlingt a week, which it tpent in itsineta aiM rags, without any regard to economy, by which the aged, orderly, and infirm, are aometimet .deprived of a part of tntir oomfoi't, or the chaise on the contributor it of necettity increaied | ■o that what it given to the undetetving may be conaidered a neciea of robbery on the really dUtreattd indigent. I would tMrtfora hate aii DCggart, except in tome peculiar inttancea, at well M all idle md diiorderly penona who Ihre by dericea inju- l\nfJieri%tH nmf ihf Pi>tir Iluie^, 4c»r b« avotdH I n on* pjriih loulil 4(t*>rit > lK« grntritl iril i» iKiiig itii it iur«ly i'<>r appli«A luii* \ tot by ion ( wlicrtat I, *(tiiic(imet y »n pnitncnt • «tly arrayfd, rill* .1 iC4nfy I ill if • titlt nd *t an ck- upcti during Mr of peraoni pref)( Inrii out .i« a tlupt who iniU ii» e^rn a living mui'h inlrrior in wlut ik^di liy iinlin^ .inl«|iiliotin, a« jii jr^umont Rgainat Mitrkiiou«««, or nmrr prupt'ity ipf.ikinK, pnor-lioiur*, •(■cording to ill* |i| III on winch liny ur<' .ti pik>«>*iii iDiiducird, tlut in iN03 llicro wet«UM,U\H |>«rioii>i rt'luvcd oui ul hnuM 4, at an txpenM of HI. :i». 7^d, per lie-wl per 4iimim, wlivrcad K:l,4^N wvro main- taiiird in liuu*i'< at .tii k'vpnue of \'2l. ;U. Uj, |<>r hi>jd per annum. At lirit m^lii iln« m.iy ^iippejr 4 good objection to thv ki'cpuig of poor in hotiien \ but I appnht'iul iIip opinion will b« clianged, when it i» ijktMi into .-DiMiilitaiiun that the Lticr number w^ro prtmamntli^ rrlu'V<*tl in .1 griMt iiunibrr of Koum*)!, without luila- ble rniploynicnii for their cjriiinK^ iir<* tnily calcuUled at S*. Vd. Iier hrid per annum \ whcrciK li.ul thi*y Invh con^rrgaird into ewer Iiouh. n, at I kIiiII propot**, uml brm cmployrti in tomv prolitabltf w.iy, the cxpi ntc would h4Vf been nuirli reduced by • ohe.ip«'r motle of livin){i in con»e«|Ucnce of number* and belter m^ nai^t-nient, nt alio by conkidcrablo .iildilion4l eurnin^i | or it iiMiy reuHoiM^ly be pr«-«unir«i tlut the above>i(ali.'d N3,4(;m arc pert oif the Uifi.UOU of really impotent, aa atatrd in p. SUi. If 10, that may account for the additional proportionate rapenae: whereat about one-third part of the former number were only parlialljf re- lieved | for out of I,()i0,7l(i who rcceivrd relifin IHOS, thert were 303,89!) who receivvd only lurnshmat relief i aitd alio 104,059 v.iur4nl«, wIiohi* relief wan only uniporary, having coit but Qt. per liead per annum, a« will be leen by refemng :o p. 3911 % aiul amongit those who received permanent relief were 3I5,1M children, the expenie of whoae iceep cannot be eoual to adults. With a view of further proving the efiicncy of my iiltended pro- posal, I will state the advantages arining from similar local institn- tioiM, beginning with that of the Isle of Wight, which wis est»> blished a few year* ago, and where they burrowed a large sum of money to erect a buildiiiB, and put the poor to work in one house* by which they reduced tne eipense of the poor from Ss. Sd. per head pt?r week to Ss. benides paying the interest of the sum bor- rowed, ami iilno diitcharging part of the principal annually. Christ-Church nnd hpitalfields workliouses in London un on the plan of sfttiiig the paupers to work, who hsve earned 9/SO/. a-year, although tliey consisted principally of children and aged persons, to the number of about SSO. I will men- tion further the savings in other well regulated houses of in- dustry, to show the practicability, as well as utility, even were the regulations I shall mention confined to iocai titimttoiu only. At > WttlKttlffffS^' I 408 Clnrksoii's Jmjuiry on Shiewsbury, for iiutance, they reduced the expense after opening the house of induitty, 16,000/. At Ualcamp, in Suffolk, a debt of 12,000/. was paid off, and 1,000/. remained in hand for future contingencies. At Somer a debt of 8,000/. was reduced :o 180/. These screral «dvantages have arisen by setting the poor to work, and good management { and if such savings are practicable in these instances, it is reasonable to suppose that immense sums might be aaved to the public by a general adoption ; for at present, I believe, out of 14,318 parishes there are only 774 who maintain their poor by special Acts, viz. 215 in Norfolk, 253 in Suffolk, 32 in Middlesex, 2.'j9 in 2 1 other counties, and 1 5 in WaKs. Some persons may be of opinion that by equalizing the rates the pro- perty in certaiii places would be diminished in value, under the idea of an augmentation of the rates in those places. If this should happen at all, it would only be in a very small degree and limited extent ) for by returns madie to Parliament up to the year 1803, it appears that the wholo average of rates was 4f . 6id, inchiding county rates, &c. which amounted to a trifle under lOd. in the fipundi which reduces the sum paid for the maintenance of the poor to Ss. 7ia. per pound on the sum of 24,129,134/. being the lental on which Uie poor rates were collected. in 1803 ; and I will Hippose a saving of U. per pound only, on the average, by the proposed regulations, which would on the above sum amount to 1,206,456/. i and it would rtduce the amount of the average, as in 1803, to 2i. 7|(/. } and there were in the same year only two (;ountie,8, and part of Yorkshire, where the rates averaged less, viz. Korthuipberland, which were I5. 8|(/. { Durham 2s. 4^i/. { North of Yorkshire 2«. 6 j culated as useful for the present proposed utnlertaking, and apply the produce towards purchasing land, and erecting other suitable ouiU dings,in districts not exceeding 15 or 20 miles from the centre,choo- sing such situations as are the most htccly to atford employment, and other nealful conveniences, on such a plan as to be capable of furnishing employment, and oblige such as are able, to earn their own livin^r, as far as their strength and ability will allow them, to prevent dissipation and vice, and to provide a comforiable abode for the aged and inlirm when unable to work, and be the means of training up the infant poor to habits of industry, religion, and virtue, and making them useful members of society ; which iiouses should receive, Jirstt children whose parents are unable lo support them { second^ adults capable of work, but who have not the meant of procuring it; thirds the really impotent. For the first and second description, the requisite materials should be provided to set them on work, and have the children educate ation, should be built in a plain and economical mimneri represent- ing the objects they are intended to give shelter to, more than thut national grandeur which is too often aimed at in erecting houses for charitable uses } which liouses should contain one room large enough to dine in, &c. ; and each bed-room to hold nix beds and twelve persons, with recesses in the bed-rooms of about 1 8 inches to take the heads of the beds : this will save the use of curtains, which are both expensive and dangerous. The receptacles for the beds to be of cast-iron, which are to be had at Colebrook-dale at about 30s. each ; they have holes in the bottom like a cullender, and thos; with iron feet are the best ; they are not only cheap and durable, but aho a preventive against vermin. The houses to be well ventilated, and washed with quick-lime once a-ycar, which will destroy insects, and add to the health and cpmfort of the occupiers { ftir dwellings suffered to become foul generate malignant diseases, and weaken the springs of life. There should be also a room for the sick, work-rooms, &c. Seventhly : To each house appoint (according to the population) a Governor, Directors, Guardians, besides Overseers : the Over- seers to collect the rates and pay the same immediately into the hands of the Treasurer of the district, who should be appointed by the Directors and Guardians. The Guardians and Overseers to be chosen annually at vestry-m'eetings, or at a general meeting of every parish to be held yearljr on a specified day. The Directors to be chosen "by ballot out ot the Guardians, and the Governor* from the Directors. The Directors and Guardians to hold meet- ing every three months, with fines for non-attendance, — say one to five pounds. The Directors and Guardians chosen and refus- ing to serve, to fine, — say twenty pounds for Directors, and fifteen pounds for Guardians : all fines to go in aid of the rates. It must appear obvious, that Directors and Guardians should be compelled to act, or fine largely, and that one fine should only excuse them one year, and that rhey should be persons of some consideration in life ; for it is well known, that without compulsion, persons will seldom continue to do their duty } for what they at first attend to through novelty or atftbition, they in a short time give up for want of some interested view or outer stimulus. A proportionate number of Directors and Guardians to act monthly in rotation) or . > 412 Clurkson 8 Imntirif on fine five pounds for non-attendancei unless prcvcntrd bjr illness, or tome other cause satisfactory to the Directors and Guardians at the quarterly meeting. Qualifications for Directors and Guard- itns, sixty pouods a year, real or funded property, or one hnndrfd and twenty pouods rental. One Director, Guardiiin, or Over* •eer, to visit the house in rotation once a week, or once a fortnight if the distance exceeds six miles, to inspect every part of the premises, the stores, provisions, iic. and re^^ort the state of their; ) and how many persons are in the house, number out of work, aid the cause, which outer in a book w itii remarks, ideatt of improve, ment, or any mismanaj^ement, to be produced and connidercd on at every quarterly niccthig. Eighthly : A 'I're.i lurer to be appointed by the Directors, and Guardians, on whom orders are to be given by four Directors or Guardians for the payment of money ; lie (the Treasurer) to give ■ecurity if required. Ninthly : A Muster and Mistress to be appointed by the Di« rectors, &c.' to whom allow in lieu of salary, or in part of ir, a certain profit on the nett earnings, which wdl make them more diligent to procure work, as they will have an interest as well as a duty to perform \ an order may be introduced \ tlie master sl-.ould likewise take an ac- count of what trade oi employment they have been accustomed to, which will be the means of employing them to greater advantage. Eleventlily : A Schoolmaster and Mistress to be appointed from •mdhgst the poor, if any are competent, to instruct the children who are too young for work, daily, on Dr. Bell's plan 'of education, with improvements, if practicable : and those who are capable of work, to be instructed one hour in each day alternately, so as not to have too many from their work at one time, and the b'.-st scho- lars to read a chapter in turn every Sunday evening to the rest, or to a select number, so that each may distinctly hear •, .ilso dintri- bttte occasional rewards, which will stir up emulation in them : Vy this and suitable correction for faults, and inculcating habits of industry, they will be made fit to go into the world when at a pro- per age, and be able to maintain themselves, it is to be hoped, without further assistance. May we not expect by sn doing to' prevent the corruption of vice and its natural companions, poverty and disease, and create a reformation in the morals of the rising Bcneratiou by such treatment, in addition to the observance of what has been already recommended } and furthermore) to instil into Pauperism and I lie Poor Pa 'ct. 413 by illnefltt or juardiana at and Guard- one hundred n, or Over. ce r\ fortnight p.irt of tJie it.itc of them i f work, ai'd of improvc- connidercd on Directors nnd r Directors or ksurcr) to give eA by the Dl- in part of it, a ke them more !8t as weil as a «p a booic for conduct of any he house, they uiiig their own infectious dis- I'isf take un ac- accu&tomed to, ater advantage, appointed from ' iCt the children m 'of educiition, > are capable of itely, so as not the b'.'st scho- ; to tlie rest, or ear; .ilso distri- ation in them : Icating hiibits of when at a pro- is to be hoped, by 8fj doing to" lanions, poverty Is of the rising ervance of what t, to instil into the mindti of the young, piety to God, benevt)l"iice to men, juntice, charity, temperance and sobriety, in preference to ullnwing them to run abuut the fttreets in r.igs ,\\v\ nnstiness, ass >ciating with their ft'llows in iniquity, and imbibing every thing that is bad ( for it is well known the human character is soon dt based by asisocia- tiou with the wickid. TweKthiy : All who are in the house in health, and capable, »hviij|d bL- required to attend »livine service twice every Sunday, and those whose heaiih will not allow of such attendance, to be read to by the Master, Mistr^ sn, Schoolmast'T, or some other fit person j for there h no tloulit but ninety out of one hundred be- come poor through the contempt of religion, and the abuse of the good things of this life. Thirtcenthly : Appoint rewards or superior indulgences to the orderly and industrious, and punishment for the lazy, filthy, or those who talk obscenely, or swear. Fourteenthly : Neither the Master, Mistress, or any other per- son but those appointed by the Directors and Guardians, to b* allowed to sell any thing made or manufactured in thcliousc } nor allow any wines, liquors, or ale, to be brought into the house or premises, unless ordered by the medical attendant. Fifteenthly : Persons requiring relief, to be recommended by the Directors or Guardians, (if imy) Clergyman, or Overneers of the parish tliey are in, they being mere competent to judge of the wants of individuals or families who reside near them than any ctliers. Sixtccnthly : No singi*' persons or married ones without fami- lies to be relieved out ol tiie house; by any pension, because con- siderably less will keep thetrt in the house than out, they being in general bad managers ; excepting persons requiring temporary hn- medi.»»" relief i in those instances the Overseers, Guorrdians, or Directors, to order tli^* same for one week. Scventeenthly : Those with families who require relief out of the house should be visited by one of the Overseers to prevent im- position, or be allowed to send part of their family to the work- house in proportion to the relief required. It may be proper to remark on this proposition, in answer to Sir F. Eden, who has said that « Houses of Industry remove the young from their parents, and destroy that domestic social con- nexion which should subsist between parents and children," that the same reasoning would apply also with respect to parents putting their children apprentices, to servitude, or any other em- ployment from home : if parents are unable to maintain their own. offitpring, they should surely be thankful that a provision is made for them by others, when there is no other alternative than that, I 4t4 Clarktfoirti Injuhy fin or teeing them in a iitutc of want and mitery % bf sidet» do not th« middle tUites of tocicty, and alio the opulent, send their children from home, and Honictimes to distant parts, where there is but a poor chance of ever seeing them again r Eightecntlily : Tlic Guardians to see to putting out the children to tradfs or i>tnployn)ont when at a suitable age. Ninetcenthly : All perrons who arc cMnabte of work to be cm- ployed ewry day, Sundays, CliriHtniiis i)ay, and Good Friday, excepted ; fur so many hours as the day light in the difTercnt sca< sons will allow, nut exceeding ton or twelve hours, or less, accord* ing to the af{e and strength of tlic parties, allowing them half an hour to breakfast, one hour to dinner, and half an hour to supper | a bell to be rung when they go to meals, and return to work. Twcntictlily : Every one to wash their hands before they eat their meals, and tojiut on a clean shirt or shift every Sunday mom« ing, and thi.' men to be shaved at least once a wet-k. ' Twenty-Krstly : The beds or mattresses to be put in order erery day, and the rooms swept and dusted twice a week by young . girls in the 4iouse, wlit) should be alternately employed in house-- hold work to prepare thorn for servitude. . Twenty-scconttly : Two men or two women, or a man and wife, to occupy one bed, and to be so paired, that if one is de* priyed of sight or any other faculty, he should associate with another whu is possessed of tliat faculty, in order to render hinv assistance. Twenty-third I y : Ma!;:H aiul femiilcs to be kept separate, as far at the nature uf emjiloyniCDt will allow. Twenty-fourthly : If any person bhall refuse to obey the just commands of the Master or Mistress, or be guilty of swearing, indecent behaviour, or any immoral action, or be quarrelsome, he shall receive some suitable punishment. Twenty-fifthly : If any persons shall wilfully waste or spoil any goods or work under their care, or on which they are employed, they are to be punished for so doing. Twenty-sixthly and lastly : The rules and regulations to be printed large, and hung up in the house and work-rouniit, and read out at least once a month, or oftcner, if any fresh person is ad- mitted. EMPLOYMENT. The work on which the poor are to be employed must depend on the situation in which each house is placed : some articles and work are in greater demand in one place tlian another. Such persons as have been brought up to trades, viz. taylors, 6hocmakert» , do not th« heir childTCit ' icre U but a the childreM >rk to be em- Jood Friday, diflercnt sca- • less, accord- ihtfin half an ur to supper \ ;o work, •fore they e.it iunday mom- in order every eek by young yed in nou8«:- or a man and it if one is dc- asROciate with to render hira eparate, as far ■>• .iff<« rttttpensm (md (lie Poor Rufr.f. 415 Lbd-ksmiths, rarivntors, weavers, 8iC. to he employed In their rcspoctivo tradis ; .\ f»»rgo sl'..:ul,'. U in «om«; j).>it of the premises where the Hmilhs might fill ud thi-ir time in making tiaih iind Pthi-r artiih's fur sal..-. A number mij^ht aJHO b" employed in \ni\- niakiiij,', ill iirawinp the wir.', polishinj;, niitiiig into kiigths, puintiii^;, h«a«l-m.ikiiig, putting on the heads, papering, &c. &c,: others in piiiin^; oakum, npiiinlpg twine, cardinij; and spinninjj voi>l, makiii;; hai.kets, hasiotks, «••»(!..., &c. h'-'aiiiii;, hacklirjjr, ami »|Mniiing hemp. The Momen anil girls in some pLccs spin it by a wheel, »ii I outlived as to dnw a tln\ ad with each hand j by which methotl two can earn e(|ual to throe with one hand only. Old women, uiris, and little boys, m ly spin thread 4iid yarn { al«o knit yarn iitockin^H and {;love«. Ir is known ihiu most olil women can spin, even if their eye-sight is bad ; tor it ib by the touch more than sight they do it \ others may sew, so that every thing they wear may be mude in th'- house, besides what may be sold and aftbrd profit ; and moderate employment, as I have already observed, will add much to their comfort and happiness, requiring no mor« from the agc . .M«. ^r."^'~~»- »^ -^ ^ " '•'■'" "■" " • ■ ■" ''wm w.Mwa. no' Clurksoii's Inijuiry on I thoulil recommend the whole contumption of the house to b« produced ou the premiteii, at tar as ii pomible \ and oien, iheep» Ice. to bo purchawd at (iritt hand, and •Uughtond fur the houar, diapnting a( Huch m in not wanted, by which it han bren proved great tavingi luve 'jten nude where «imiliir methoda have been wdopted. Let our the poor to persona in the neighbourhood w.inting anjr ainiat nice tor KaTdeniii);, wurkiiig on the ronds, going on errand», weeding, washing, ironing, or any other work, on reasonable ternit. AIm) keep a rcgiHtcr of all persona or children in the house capa- ble of work, for the inspection of such as are in want of senrants and apprentices. The following in Ruggrsted as proper diet. F(>r Braikfttit. — Milk pottage ; barley broth : rice milk : bread and cheese occisionally : also gruel or burgou, which is something thicket than gruel. It may he boiled in Targe coppers, and not made so thick as hatty pudding. It is eaten with molasses ^ and the expense about three h.ilf-p»nce a meal. For Dinner. — Butcher's meat, with plenty of vegetables} ox cheek* nnil shins of bi'ef stewed, with vegetables } pork stewed, with peis.pudding ( rice puddings boiled, or dumplings ( oiiv pound for grown pcrKons ( half to three-quarters of a pound for children \s considered sufficient : bread and cheese, witti onions, mice a veck. Meat broth made as follows, has been found to b« cheap and good, viz : S'b. meat, 'Jib. barley, lOlb. potatoes, 41b. bread, 401b. water, is together f>\) lb., to be boiled away to 48 lb., which will be sntjicient for 32 persons, allowing \\m. to each. A few onions or leeks boiled with it will much improve it. The expen:«c for ench person per meal will be about five farthings to three half pence. Again, pens broth made as follows is also a good and a cheap article of food : 4 lb. peas, '2,ilb.4)arlcy, 10 lb. potatoes, 4 lb. bread, 40 lb. w.iter, with onions or leeks, is 60 Jib., boiled until reduced to 48 lb., is 1 lb. each for .H'i persons. Couiu Rumfpr(l,who has paid much attention to cookery, has given the following receipt : a tea-cnp full of pearl barley, and one gallon of water, boil gently for half anl>our j then a
    tatoc8 out very small, • oaions, to all of which put 14 quarts of water) let the whole boil gently over a slow fire two hours and a half t thicken it with I lb. of oatmeal ( after it i* put in, boil it a quarter of an hour longer, stirring it all the time, and season it with pepper and salt. III. Four lb. beef, 6 to 8 onions, SO turnips, I lb. rice, a coupb of handfuls parsley, thyme, and savory, some popper and salt, 16 quarts of water ( the beef to be cut in slices, and when it hat boiled some time, cut it still smaller i let the whole boil moderately for two hours, or it may be stewed in an oven and warmed up ai wanted ) oatineal and potatoes may be added to thicken it. 7b Wkake Ox Cheek Soup. — To one cheek put two pecks of Ktatoes, a quarter of a peck of onions, an ounce of black pepper, If a pouncl of salt, boiled altogether in 45 quarts of water till r»> duced to 30, and to whidi may be added any kind of vegetablfS| a pint of this soup with a bit of the meat warmed up, is a dinner for a grown person. For Si^tper.—Votztoet two or three times a week, which may bt varied in dressing, so as to make them more palatable. Mashed potatoes from |lb. to l^lb. for grown persons, and 8 to 10 oz. for children, will prove an excellent substitute for bread and cheese ia dear times, it has been ascertained, by returns made to Parlia- ment, that the paupers in counties where potatoes are in general use are fewer tn proportion than where tney are not : and th« grtzt bcrease in the population of Ireland, which is more than four times what it was 110 years ago, where thev live principally on that root, is a proof of its nutritive quality. Broth or stew left at dinner might be occasionally allowed : also bread and cheese, with or without onions, and sometimes part of a red herring to each. Rice is most excellent food, and furnishes subsistence to perhaps more human beings thaa all other grains put together : it sits easy on the stomach, ami is ^t for invalids. N. B. The sick to have fresh meat, broth, &c. as may be thought necessary by the medical attendant. Bread may be made much cheaper, I am informed, than is ge- nerally done, and equally nutritious, by taking out of the flour only the coarse iake bran ; of which take 101b., or any proportionate quantity, which boil in eight gallons of water : when smooth it will produce 7ii gallons of clear bran water : with it knead 1 12 lb. flour, putting to it salt and yeast, as is usual t divide it into loaves, and bake it. By this method there will be one-fifth more of bread than usual, oecause this quantity of flour will take six quarts more NO. XVI. I'am. VOL. VIII. 2D >*" I 418 Clarkiotifs Inanity on r of bran water than of pUin. Thii brtMl it mU ro b« pwfar n blt for wfltk •toRMcbt : but that mad* of wheat and ryt mlitd it tlw bMt for the generality. Wheat alone, bein|( of a ittrchy nat«r«| ic •pt to occasion conitipation : and all ryt la too ilipptry for tht boweU. I I refer farther to Ediin'a treatise on bread, making ont voluoit octavoi IM05| in which are receipt! for making ptai bread, ftc for Um labouring poor. The following bill of fare it taken from the lilt of Wight i^ork- bouM, to which I hart referred in the former part of thit work. Hrvikhit. lYhinar. Repptr. If' f amlay • • Hrratt nad chMM. Mallon, b«»r. nt iwrh, dump* ling, or pitiidiait. mrmy' Hahtd lual puddimt. Ktcc milk, lama •• Hundajr. Bakid rica padding. Brftd and clwaM). Nama at Nuiiday. Ditto. Brotli tbickcmtd wllk i!ea. Moadajr •• Brotb. Taaiday • • Braad and r hana. WadMtdajr Ultto. TburttbjF , Broth Frida ■at Brotk. Brrad aad c l wHt, IMtta. Brelti. Braad aad ehaeM. DIfte. Ditle. ; Clothing. The refute of flax, which is called backings of tow, would make comfortable clothing of the fustian or cotton kind, which I ihould think might be purchased at a (juartcr of tlie expense of wool. Women and children might spin it^ wearers make it,'and then hart it djed. All the poor should have tome mark of distinction to detect them when out of the house, if found begging, or guilty of any otker fault. Drink. I hare not made any remark on what it proper drink : that I should rather leave to tne Judgment of the managers, or to that of medical men. The use ot liquid food is, I understand, intendad to , dilute the solid, and to presenre the blood in a proper state of fluidity. It is thought that, if 1 4 lb. of solid food is taken in S4 hoursr then it is proper to take Sib. of liquid, which is about threa pints. What the quality should be, I do not mean to determine. I have known old people take a gooil draught of water the last thing f;oing to bed, and first in the morning, who found great comfort rom it. Indeed, I can speak experimentally of its good effect on weak stomachs \ and I also remember having heard it said that a gentleman was advised to try a chalybeate spring, which he did| b* pwftWBw mlitd it tiM chy namrttU pp«ry for tk* tg one voluBM bre»d| Bit* for ' Wight ¥»ofk- thii work. l>Ut«. Br««d m4 cMlM. DttU. UUta. 0W| would nwkc , which I ihottkl ipenie of wool, itf'and thenhatt m to detect them iltyof any other tper drink : that I grers, or to that of sund, intended to a proper state of xkI is taken in S4 hich is about threo lean to determine, irater the last thing tund great comfort f its good effisct on teard it sud that • ingi which he did i Pauperttm and tfrn Poor Ratet. 4ie and after ht left it he drank from his own pump errrjr morning a rummer of culd water, and found equal benefit, which induced Mm to put on his pump (he following distich : ••()! .ircl, llioii «ri • I In 41, |i.'. lilt' w^iir ihti h'tt." After this remark, it may be as well to give the opinion of UoflT* man, who waa a ntost respectable medical autnur i he says, •• Water is the fitte»t driiili fur nil persons of all ages and tem- peraments I of all the productions of nature or art it comes the nearctt to that univerul remedy »o niuch searched after by man- kind, but never discovered. By iti fluidity and mildnoit, it promotes a free jud equable clrcuLttion of the blood and iiumours through all the vetscU of the bo