^#. 
 
 ^.^, 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 St*^ i 
 
 I.I 
 
 2.5 
 
 lis mil 2.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 i.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 -^ 6" — 
 
 
 ► 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 /. 
 
 
 • X 
 
 ^^%' 
 
 y 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 Tl 
 to 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 
 Covers damaged/ 
 Couverture endommagde 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes gdographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with Oiiher material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge intdrieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas dtd filmdes. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppldmentaires; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilmd le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 Q 
 D 
 D 
 □ 
 
 Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages ddtachdes 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies/ 
 Qualitd indgale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule ddition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6x6 filmdes d nouveau de faqon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 P< 
 
 o 
 
 fi 
 
 O 
 bi 
 th 
 si 
 ol 
 fii 
 si 
 or 
 
 Tl 
 si 
 
 Tl 
 w 
 
 IVI 
 di 
 er 
 b< 
 
 "1 
 re 
 m 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 
 
 
 10X 
 
 
 
 
 14X 
 
 
 
 
 18X 
 
 
 
 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 SOX 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 
 
 
 16X 
 
 
 
 
 20X 
 
 
 
 
 24X 
 
 
 
 
 28X 
 
 
 
 
 32X 
 
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 D.B. Weldon Library 
 University of Western Ontario 
 
 L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grSce i la 
 g6ndrosit6 de: 
 
 D.B. Weldon Library 
 University of Western Ontario 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmape. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimde sont rilmds en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux r>ont filmds en commengant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole -^^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tabio .x, etc., peuvent dtre 
 film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre 
 reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir 
 de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mdthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
mS^ 
 
 w 
 
 m 
 
 
 1003147550 
 
 1 1 - '' 
 
 DATE DUE 
 
 
 LJI-jiVlk' IIV ("F 
 W[ I.kN CMJ'AMO 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 5 
 
 MAY J 
 
 i>j,> I 
 
 r\ 
 
 I . 
 
 1%^ 
 
 
 
 ', 3^' J- ^.-r*^^'-'"'^"- •^*yJtt.* \*/''r,i w,,'nC --.lo^^ i 
 

 g^^l^^^^^ 
 
 
 MMoMMlii 
 
 j:^'fl, :^^-* "■■■■■ 
 
 , -¥.,.• -^■- 
 
 
 =t;. 
 
 J / '■■:.' 
 
 
 '4W - 
 
 ' r **' "' ;"J. ->- '^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 H. 
 
 :^>' 
 
 « ^' 
 
 / -v ^ 
 
 THE BIRD-STONE CEREMONIAL 
 
 ...by... 
 
 WARREN KING MOOREHEAD. 
 
S^S^^^gl 
 
 
 
 
 >i.-H; 
 
 ■..-■ '-W 
 
 
 
 :„ -tjr:«s^is;v- J' 
 
 
 
 
 -->".•:■■■ • 
 
 
 
 ;.■■■, ■.;<^.'- - • . 
 
 
 , 3 ,- . ^v. 
 
 ...v ; 
 
 
 
 ^■:,*;'"- - 
 
 
 
 .-■••:§■■•-. . ---y^- - :. ■ 
 - v-t .;-.■■ ■ *..V ■■ y 
 
 .-j:; 
 
 „-tr 
 
 
 
 
 1- *- -^f '-v " 
 
 '■ ,. 'W^' ..." 
 
 
 
 ■7-'.;"3fc. 
 
 
 "'■ M !•■'• -^ ;•*■,.;>'■''■ '! ';' --fv 
 
 ■tr. \ 
 
 •tr 
 
 
 «■ 
 
 ..- \,.; .• 
 
 ■^^■r 
 
 ■^■:,^>::^^:i 
 
 •-'.;,■■ v%''' 
 
 '.^:m-^-'. 
 
 
 
 •-.-'.^jji^v; 
 
 
 
 ■'l^''^H:^S'-~--': 
 
 . .^^/'.'r^-:; 
 
 ■i ■a'*- 
 
 :.:.;■ 
 
 
 -c^'>:: •'>. 
 
 ■.'"^''■ -.,■ 
 
 ,; 
 
 -" , 
 
 ^«)'^ 
 
 
 i/ 
 
 ■ .*■ 
 
 -'<\; ■ 
 
 ;;■>';*:: 
 
 :^'^>-v 
 
 ' ■'?■.!•- "'ij'/ 
 
 7- ■'■ '.f '. -' 
 
 :< : . 
 
 'W- 'KVHVvs;,- ',-.,. r.;. ;;■.• 
 
 
 •,.:j« ,-, 
 
 
 
 
 '-l- -^ 
 
 ■C^'ri-i 
 
 
 ..^■. 
 
 '.■if . ' '■ ■ r. 
 
 
 
 .>-*s' 
 
 
 '^i* 
 
 ■ "* - ■ . . , 
 
 V^>' 
 
 V '.y^' .1 
 
 
 ^•1' 
 
 I 
 
 
 "■' 
 
 '.■i 
 
 
 
 '?'j 
 
 * .*■' 
 
 ..? 
 
 -y 
 
 *V J Ji^ ^t* 
 
 >*«■ 
 
 .••^*»»fe 
 
 '>«.v 
 
 ,->.^f ^ 
 
 .. I 
 
\ ^^:mmirm 
 
 
 
 - - -^ - -^— ''laMMMtoMMMMMM^rfliri-littiiBiiiiii iirti« 
 
 A;-,r« 
 
 THE BIRD-STONE CEREMONIAL 
 
 J ^' <> 
 
 '^. i" 
 
 ...by. 
 
 
 WARREN KING MOOREHEAD. 
 
 
 9 
 
 I ' 
 
 BEING AN ACCOUNT OF SOME 
 SINGULAR PREHISTORIC ARTI 
 FACTS FOUND IN THE UNITED 
 STATES AND CANADA. 
 
 
 FIFTY THREE ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 
 
 SAkAXAC LAKl' 
 
 .\l,l.i;\ 1. VOSHlKi',!! 
 
 ISit'.l 
 
 ' ♦ 
 
-m^^^mw'i^'W 
 
 Cdl'YKIC.MT IS'.til 
 
 WAKKEN KINC. MOOUlilllCAIt 
 
^:mmm?mi^mm^m:^^m! 
 
 I'RlvI'ACl-:. 
 
 Arcliacolojiists should devote more time to tlie study ;iud deseriptiou 
 of the singular and interestinij eeremoiiial or ornamental ohjeets wliieh till 
 our museums and private eolleetious. Perhaps (uie does uot exagj^erate in 
 sayinj^ that the larger museums are jxerting every elTort to aeeumulate vast 
 stores ofmateri.'d and that the efforts of the seientist^^ in eharge are direeted 
 towards exploration and ae(|uisition. Two of the leading uiuseums in the 
 eountry are aetpiiring mateiial faster than it ean he eatalogued, and eertainly 
 n') puhlieations have been issued by the two institutiotis I have in miud, 
 whieh more than hint at what is being done. Should two men, eaeh oi 
 whom IS now >vell along in years, die tomorrow, the seientilie value ot the 
 major portion of the eoUeetions would be greatly impaired. 
 
 It is not possible for a single individual to do more than urge the 
 serious and detailed study of eertain frjrms and types of preliistorie artifaets. 
 Therefore 1 shall feel repaid if this Bulletin eneouragesinvestigation, although 
 mv conelusions and theories be u])set. There is suffieieiit matericd at hand, 
 and in mosf- eases, authentie data as to loeality and eireumstanees of di-«- 
 eovery. While there has been little sail regarding the "eeremonial" or 
 "unknown" objeets, the more numerous forms oi ehipped, polished, or 
 • n-ound implements and tools have been most fuUv deseribed in theexhaustive 
 reports of Dr. Wilson, Professor Holmes, Trolessor Lushing, Mr. Mermire, 
 Mr. Fowke and others. 
 
 I am espeeially indebted to Dr. Thomas Wilson, Curator of I'rehistorie 
 Anthropology of the vSmithsonian In:^ titution; Rev. Wm. Heauehani]); Mr. A. 
 F. Berlin, Professor W. O. Ii;mery, of Wabash College, Professor F. II. Cush- 
 ing, and many others. 
 
 WAKRIv.N K M()()RI-:iii:ad. 
 
 Saranae Lake, X. V. 
 November 10, 1 S<)<). 
 
 Copies of the Bulletin may be had from the author. 
 
^^^■■H.*^'v?^$?^" 
 
 .i,^^ 
 
 'W^^%^y 
 
 I-IC.. 1. 
 
 XoKTiiKKN Indiana. 
 
 (iKllILKK C()l.l.i:CTl()N. S. 
 
 M.'iU'rial, li^^lit him.' slate. 
 
 i-k;. 2. 
 
 \Vi:sti:rn \'i-;\v York. 
 
 S.\II IIISONIAN C()I,I.I-:CTI<)N. vS. v 
 
 Material, diorilc with feldspar crv.stals. 
 
•?^-y':';fr^'5:^'}rM»F'•;*f???;!?^r^:3r,3^'^«-^ 
 
■m^^iW'''!mmm¥m^r-^m''W^M^mmmma 
 
 The !Blrd-5lonc CcrcnionlaL 
 
 It is with some apprcliciision that I hi-.uin the dcseriptioii of a chass of ob- 
 jects rejianliii^^ whieh most arehaeohi.uists are silent. lUit some one must 
 assume the initiative. Reeently, while readin.ti- the exeellent reports pre- 
 pared for the State of New York hy my friend Rev. William Heauchamp, I 
 noted with i)leasure that he devoted some jjaj^es to the " hird-stone" eere- 
 monial I investi.nateil the suhjeet and aside from a somewhat lengthy 
 account hy I'rofc.'.sor David lioyle of the Canadian Museum and shorter ref- 
 erences on the i-arl of Messrs. Wilson, Douglas, I'owke, .\l)l)otl, (lilman, 
 CushinJ,^ Jones and a few others; found that the suhjeet has been i^iiuorcd. 
 
 The undetined class of ])rehistoric ornaments or charms which we have 
 been callin^i "ceremonials." re])resents stone at'e art of no mean de^n-cc. 
 Not only are these slate and j^ranite objects of siich iinish and i)olisn as to 
 stamp them as something beyond the ordinary, bui their .nr.iceful forms com- 
 mend them alike to the museum and the collector. 
 
 r M I 
 
 Wi;s'ri:NN N'i;w \()RK. 
 Xi;w York Siati-: .\lrsi;rM Coi.i.i-:ctu).\. 
 
r^m!^^m^^^mf^'WWM^"&WM''y ■'■■"'^^10^^ 
 
 Ivven pcrs(Mis luiviiij^ no ardiacologic inclinations are able to a])])rcciate 
 tlic'ir beauty and worUnianshii). Acbniration of tine ])aintin<is is not eon- 
 tined to art critics, for any ])crson witli an eye to the beautiful or to color ef- 
 ilct can enjoy and understand tlieni. So it is with bird-stones, and the i)er- 
 son of education or culture who may see nothiii,ii- attractive in the ruder Hint 
 or stone tools — and to whom they mean simplv "relics" of sava.i^ery — need 
 but examine a tew of the tiuures herein set t'orlh to hnd somethin,<i well worth 
 his consideration. To such I recommend the study of ])rehistoric American 
 art. 
 
 i-k;. 4-. 
 
 Cl'MKAl. OnTAKK). 
 
 Canadian Misi:r.\i Coi,i,i:ction. S. 1. 
 
 The study of these objects must be coiilied to tho specimens themselves. 
 There is scant information as t(» their having been worn by the tribes and I 
 am unal)le to find a record ot their discovery at the heads of skeletons or in 
 any of the tunndi or graves. There is this exception, that a somewdiat difter- 
 ent torm w.'.s tound in the altar of the I-^tlii^y Monuvl. Hopewell (iroup, b; 
 tile World's C()liind)ian Ivxposilion Survey. I'ut tliis .sheds no li^^lit upon 
 the bird or "sadidc" form iji^opcr. .Many hundreds ot the choicest posses- 
 sions ot the llopewell people were cast into the altars upon the sacrilieial 
 tire. Ivven iiad we tound the true l)irdstoiic cercuionial alon.n- with ilie copper, 
 oltsidans and elli.uies. il C'.uld have but one iiiteriiretation: that this form 
 was made and used by the Iloittwell people."' 
 
 * II is I.ul; -U I)v riM-<iiiii;u ,iii 1 <(.in|iaris(iii lli;U we Icini rc;.i;n(liiii.: tlu- use (il llioc iirti Lifts. ;iiul rt-Mil- 
 iTs 111 list lic.-ir wil li nil- IT i hi' ni.i 1 1( r litvuiiu's .-i lit tic- Itilimis. 
 
\ •«^.£-^^3#?#^^p»'^lf?«^?pi^ 
 
 PBff 
 
 '.it '^;^fe>-'S 
 
 Wc will tirst consider the tour or live variations: I'iLiurc 1 stands I'or a 
 tvpc which I select as representative or distinctive. It is my "t'oundation", ii 
 1 tnav use such a term, and while I-'^iiiure 2 is an elaboration and represents a 
 hijiher ;ir<, yet I'i.yiire 1 is ihe more common. Common is used as a com- 
 parative lerni. Xone of the bird-stones are common in the sense that stone 
 axes are connnoii. They bear the same relation to the art of ])rehistoric 
 tin 's that real jjfcms do to the common or chea]) jew^ 
 .') represents a very small form and I'iuure 4-, beiny short and 
 
 •clrv ot to-da v. 
 
 I- 
 
 1 nil re 
 
 tl 
 
 nci 
 
 would 
 
 I'ko1'1;ssok li^Minn's Co;.i,i:c iion. 
 
 re observe that but few 
 
 lere 
 
 doubtless survive lon.uer than the others. Let us lu 
 
 of ihisc stones are found dama.ucd or broken. They may be roiii^h, or line, 
 
 vet St) per cent, of them are perfect, or nearlv perfect; whereas the banner, or 
 
 bulterllv, and the tablet of unusual size, or the i).-ifor.'ited ceremonial of i)ick 
 
 or crescent shape, is frccpiently broken or dama.Licd 
 
 such specimens are entire. Im,l:s. 1 and L', which ;i 
 
 other ceremonials, seems to me to mean more tli.'i 
 
 stood free/.in,u-, the plow, i)assin,u of h.avy arim; 
 
 Less than one-hrdt ot 
 
 ;ire nearlr as delicate as 
 
 ••m thai tlie\- have witli- 
 
 ils and other distiuctive 
 
 I 
 
"'^^j^'mmmvmm^m ■■■■ 
 
 i- 
 
 a.yc'iK'iL's wliicli lirivc .-on spired to dcsLroy the pick, hanncr, crcseciit and tab- 
 let lil<e lonus. Possibly in wars, or raids, the vietors purposely broke cer- 
 tain objects and spnrcd others. Why? I know not. He this as it may the 
 tact remains that bird-stones are usually ]M-eserved, and is testified to by 
 manr collections whether laryc or small. 
 
 iM.yure 1 is from 1 )e K.dl) County, Indiana, and is in Mr. (iruhlke's col- 
 lection. I'^iyurc L* is froin the Smithsonian collectiou and was found in Xew 
 York I)r. Thomas Wilson savs of it:" 
 
 I'K;. (k 
 
 Sol riii:k\ Ohio. S, 
 
 •• 1-i.uure 2 is iroiii Western .\ew York. Ii is m:ule in the form of a bird, 
 which from the number of similar specimens have -iven the name to this 
 class. The eyes arc reprcsciilcd by -rcat protuberances which must have 
 -really increased the dilliculty of manulacture. It is made Irom a boulder or 
 lar-e piece, and while the material is hard, it is not tou-li but rather fra,<,Hle. 
 Il could not be chipped like Hint nor whittled like soajjstone, but must have 
 been hammered or p-ckcd into ^hape and afterwards -round to its present 
 iorm, then poli.lKd untd it isassm.)otli as -lass, .\ consideration of the 
 conditions demonstrates the dillicnlly ol makin- this object and the dexter- 
 ity and the experienced workin- rcpdred. The I'nitcd Slates National 
 
 Siui! li-dui.ui K'f|ii.i i 1(11 1 s;m1 I' |.."il. 
 
 4 
 
f^'MM 
 
 mmm^m^^M 
 
 M 
 
 usc'tini posses 
 
 ;cs luany of llicsc s])C'ciiiU'ns. While lIicv he.-ir ,'i urcaU'v rc- 
 scnihlauec to hinls than auyLliin.u' else, yel seareely any two of ihein are alike 
 1 thev ehaiiye in form tliron.uli the whole urinuit nntil it is ditlienit to (|e- 
 
 an( 
 
 tennine whetiier it is a bird, a lizard or <a turtle, and finally the si'nes ends in 
 a strai.nht bar withont pretense of presentin,^ an; ininial." 
 
 iM^^iire 2 is more like a bird than i-i,iiiire 1 but is not treipiently found. 
 Moreover, there is a dil'ferenee in the distribution of I'iuures 1 and 2. I'ii^iire 
 1 is found in the Iv.astern and Central States north of the Ohio River. It is 
 verv rare in the Totomae, Conneetieut and Iludj-oii X'alleys and the eastern 
 (northern) .Mleuhany region. But it is o 
 
 ten foimd in Western New \'ork, the 
 
 Ohio Vallev. the C.reai L:d<es re.Liion and Central Canada. 
 
 i'lO. 7. 
 SoiriiicN.N: Miciii(..\\. S. !. 
 
 hupiiries sent to areliaeolo,uisl> in lown, Illinois, Missouri, Keutuekv, 
 ete., fail to establish its habitat as south or west ol' 1 udian.-i. Mr. J. V. Sny- 
 der, the well known authority, reported thai he e.)nsiders it as eoniiued to 
 the Northern and Ivaslern I'niled States. I tail to lind an> thin.u- like it in 
 form in the arehaeolo.iiie rep<uts on I-airoi)e, Central and South Ameriea or 
 the I'aeifie Coast. 
 
 4 
 
Imuihv 1! is less iVciiiR'nt ly louud iliau I'i.i^urc 1. In Western New York 
 
 Ceiilral Ciiiinda, Xonhcni ()lii.);iii(l Indi 
 
 i.'iii.'i, Alieliii^aii ;iii(l W i^eousui, it o^ 
 
 W 
 
 eurs oeeasioiially. In the Xew lui.ulaiid States and the I'oloniae and Dela- 
 ware regions hnl one or two have been lonnd. I, est t! 
 
 le word eoninion he mis 
 
 nnderstood. after talmhi tin,u all I he speeiinens of hird or saddle-stone class 
 which I ean lind mentioned as in eolleetions, there is a total ol 'JiM- of I-'iLTurc 
 1, !'() I'i,L;nre L', ()2 iM^ure ,'!, and .'iT I'iunre J- and " seatterin.u." As I nave 
 not seen t he Smiths; Miian. Peahody, l-ields, Ameriean or the Ohio Sta<e collec- 
 tions for sonij time, the totals here yiwn aredonlitless helow the actual num- 
 hers on hand. Mr A. Iv. hon.ulas, of tlie Ameriean Mn^eniii of Xatural llis- 
 
 i()r\-. lias a 
 
 hoiit liii; Mr. Xorinan Span-. 10 to 12; Mr. A. C. (iruhrKc 1 
 
 Ci;n'i km. ( ).N'r.\Ki(). 
 C.\.\.\i)i.\.\ Misi:r.M Coi.Liccno.N. S. 
 
 I 
 
 role'-soi' raner\- 
 
 1 1 
 
 in Ins t'olk'elion: 
 
 .Mr. R. S I' 
 
 las 1 'J or 1 .'1, and douht- 
 
 'ess there are -ever, d pri va te e.xliihi t s which wonld s .veil the totals to KM) or 
 
 more. 
 
 he St nd \- ol di--; ril)n I 
 
 ion show 
 
 hat I'i.L; _ is less common than the 
 
 others. It is c mliiied to a smaller area. The (list ril)nti<ni al 
 
 so l)nn<>s alxuit 
 
 i 
 
'mmi»f^' 
 
 n'lollicT impnrlanL I'.-iel; lliriL these ohjeeLs can not be seL down as l)el()r:,i,nii,u- 
 to the mi)un(l-i)nil(lin,i;- p.'ople eyelns!vel\-. If so, we wouhl liiid them in the 
 South. West and Southeast and ah)n,Li- the I'pper Missouri River. The.yreat 
 mound areas -save Soutlien! Oliio— do not eontain them. Illinois, Temiessee 
 and Missouri with their thousands of tmnuli and graves, have not inrnished 
 bird-stones. In Canada, w here they oeeur in eonsiderable numbers, aeeord- 
 inii' to Professor David l')oyle. Curator of the Museum of Arehaeolo.uy of the 
 Dominion of Canada, there are mounds, but neither as larucnor as numerous 
 as in the Ohio \'allev. Southern ( )hi() _\ields a number of these bird-stones. 
 
 I'IC.. 10. S. 
 
 I'K;. 11. S. ',. 
 
 I'lC-. IL'. S. ;. 
 Ai. I. I'KoM Ci'MKAi. Ontario, Ca.nada. Dominion Misium 
 
 but not so many ;is Xorlhern Ohio where mounds are few and small. West- 
 ern .\ew York Stale possesses mai.y villa-es and few mounds, vet thi^ type is 
 more eommon there than elsewhere in a -iven sp;iee C.ravel knolls i)r kame 
 l)urials eontain a elass of objeets somewhat different Irom those found in the 
 mounds, vet no bird stones are reported from them. .Ml these faets must be 
 taken into eonsidera tion as we study the eeremomal. 
 
 hiLiure (') is Irom Southern Ohio and of the banded slate so freiiuentlv em- 
 ployed in ihe mauufaeture of these speeimrns. It is rather unusual in form 
 haviuu the square (or sli^lidy rouiiiled I bill i or mouth) and dises suld^ to 
 represent the eyes. The objeet was in my eoUeetion in 'M>, but just what dis- 
 position I made i>i"i' I do not now i-eeall. 
 
I-'ifiurc 7 is rciu;irk.'il)lt in that it is so lar^e. It is iVoiii Miclii^c'Ui and is 
 shown full size. This spt'cnncn may rot be a "Ijird" hnt as to tliat let other 
 and more eoni])elenl o'jsei'vers deeide. As will he seen hy the j-hadin^, it is ot 
 l),'inded slate and well worked. ( )i)vionsly it is too lar^e and heavy for a 
 head ornament. The perloration is lorward and at the ,s-;V/t'. This is ver_\ 
 nnnsual, and marks a (le])ai tnre from tiie prevailin.n' eustoni ot plaein^ij^ the 
 holes at the ends and in the base. 
 
 iMLinres S to 1 L* inehisive are I'rom the Dominion Museum collecti( 
 
 )n. 
 
 I 
 
 have eopied the illnstrritions from I'roi'essor Boyle's reports and shall (piote 
 his remarks presently. I-'i^nre 1> is seldom found south of Canada or outside 
 of New York Stale. 1 do not know of more than out or two from Ohio or 
 Indiana. I-'iyure S is of the short and heavy type and is a " e'MHieetini;- link " 
 between my types as illustrated in I-'is^ures 1 and 2. I'i^ure 12 may have 
 
 I'K; i:5. 
 
 .XoK- rill'.KN ( )lllO, 
 
 I\. S. 1'. Coi.i.i:cTio,\. s. ;. 
 
 been restored from a broken state to uselnhuss. It has the body ol'the ty])e 
 shown in I'i-ure M. Po-sibly the head was destroyed. \-:i\[ maybe in its 
 original state of fniish, and if so, is a liiik between the strai,<.;ht bar-amulet 
 and the bird-slonc-. 
 
 Students sliouhlfirsi observe the eare and skill with whieh these objeets 
 are made. Tiui-e are uufnushed speeimens of most of the several elasses of 
 eeremonials. I)ut of the bird-stone I never saw but ii ve or six w hieh uave a elue 
 
^m^^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 h'l^iiu and is 
 lat let other 
 ulinn^, it is of 
 heavy for a 
 "his is verx 
 pladnnr tile 
 
 llcction. I 
 shall (|iiotc 
 I or outside 
 '111 Ohio or 
 'ctiiio- link- " 
 - may have 
 
 to the HK'Lliod of niamifaeture. Two of these, iMjiures KJ and 1-1-, are here- 
 with ^^iven, hotli l)eiii,L;' in Mr. R. S. P.'s eolleelioii. 
 
 The ranj^je of material is not broad. It is almost eiitirely eonfmed to 
 hr.nded slate or harder shales. Professor Ivmery's 1 1 specimens eover a wide 
 territory, yet they are rdl of Iluronian slate or shale. Objects like I-'igu'-e 2 
 are usually of porphyry or tiranite,'' and occasionallN porphyritie feldsi)ar; in 
 short, they are of stones of moUled or showy colors, jjreferably red, K'"'iyi 
 white or brown. The illustrations in this Hulletin of ty])es like Fiij^ure 2 
 slu)w the blotches or shades of the stone. Fi,!.:;ure 1 is sometimes found of 
 1/Iain black slate or dark blue with very minute bands, or bands so small 
 
 •I' the type 
 
 l)e in its 
 
 fir-amulet 
 
 <t' ol)jects 
 •lasses of 
 ive a clue 
 
 I'K^,. Ik 
 
 SolTIIIvRN Omo. 
 
 R. S. P. Coi.I.I'X'TIO.N. S. j. 
 
 that the specimen appears very compact and without variation in color, but 
 as I have said, bits of skate and shale were selected which showed variegated 
 eolf>rs, and as the specimen approached conii)letion these shades or bands 
 weie l)rou,L!ht out consi)icuouslv by careful and persistent polish. 
 
 The makin<; of any one of these ceremonial ornaments was no boy's 
 plav and recpiired a i::reat deal of time. I take exceptions to the remarks of 
 some observers, that most stone ol)jects could be brought to jjcrfeetion in a 
 few hours. 
 
 Having selected a suitable stone, it was held in the left hand and peeked 
 ar.d iiammered with a small hammer stone such as are common all over the 
 
 * 'riiov have ln'c'ii 1(11111,1 made i>\ iVlilspatic lir.aiiitc or ilioriU'. 
 
1(1 
 
 I'liiU'il Stale's ami usually ol'a liai-tk-r uiau-i-ial Lliau iIr' ohji'ct Lo he worked.* 
 Ilaviu.ij: hccu <i;ivcu a rou.uii outlini.' ot llic (k'siivd shape ( st;' I''i_yurc' l.'>) it 
 iV.'is rurllicr liauinii-ivd or jx-'ekt'd with a smaller hand hammer stone and 
 somewhat more reduced. I Ik re was now danger ol hreakim^- l)y hammer- 
 ing and tlie speeimeii was L^round, or ru')l)ed and scraped with hits of sand- 
 stone, Hint, or very rou,L;h pehhles until it assumed more nearly the desired 
 iorm ( see iM^yure 14 ). We have no positive iniormatioii as to how it was 
 completed, I)ut .guided hy our knowledge oi the manulaeture oi other imple- 
 ments it is sate lo assume that this was, the process. The ndjhinj^, euttinf>\ 
 
 I-K;. IT) 
 l)i;xri:K, X. V. 
 \'i:w \di-;K Stati-; Misi-im Coi.i,i;ciioN. S. 
 
 and scraping must needs he very eareiully a])plied loward the comi)letion of 
 the ohject. Doubtless the tinal ruhhiny and polishin.ii' and fmishin.u- toueiies 
 were .uiven with wood and lastly willi huckskin. This latter would ,uive 
 .Liloss and finish to the speeimeii. I'erforalioiis at each end of the ohject mav 
 have been drilled jusl helore it was eomjileted or reser\ed until the last. 
 Thai we do not know. Siiiieiiines these perforalioiiS broke durin.Li' the pro- 
 
 In tin- AiiUTuaii Aiuhn]|Mil.>L;i,i. S:iiii liMiiii.iii .iiil Hiiii'.iii ol lii liiiDlu.yv i-i|i(irts. ;iii(l .Vrrlicoloyisl, an- 
 iiinncidiis p.iiiiTs hy I'ldUssur lliiliiu-,-., .\Ir. MiCiiiiv, 1 'nik^-,,,- Ciisliiim. 'ir. Wilson, aiid others, on slonc 
 vVorkiuL: 'I'llc list ol' titles is i.oo loni; to lie i;iviii lii-ri'. 
 
^%,Jg*^'' ,v.i** 
 
 m^> 
 
 m 
 
 )e worked.* 
 lire 1:5 ) it 
 stone and 
 V Iianmicr- 
 s of sand- 
 Iic desired 
 >\v it was 
 lier iniple- 
 .y, eiittin^. 
 
 11 
 
 eess ol'niakin.u-, or ihev may have l)r()ken while in use suhse(|uenlly. Oiiite a 
 number ol'hird-stones sliow a si-eond perforalion iVoni the eon'er or end. 
 
 Materials of whieh they are made need not have been earried auv .yreat 
 distanee and we usually lind them made of stone oeeurrin.n' in the locality. 
 However, finished objeets may have been transported to the tribes who did 
 not live in the reiiion where shale or slate eould be obtrnned. This was only 
 
 IK;. IC). 
 
 1)ki:si)i:n. .\. \'. 
 
 Xi:w Y(»RK StaiI': .\Irsi-:r.M Coi-mxtion. S. |. 
 
 Iction of 
 touelies 
 uld o-ivc 
 ieet may 
 the last, 
 the pro- 
 
 oloj^ist, art- 
 i, on ^^()Iu• 
 
 m rare instanees. as I am informed that shales ;ind slates are very wideh' 
 distributed. 
 
 .\ow as to the lliiek or short speeimeiis, sueh as I'i.yures o. 4, S and sev- 
 eral in Professor Mmery's exhibit, some of these are unfmished speeimens and 
 ready to be worked and perforated. Others are doubtless eompleted. Some 
 were lefL in this form for eonvenienee in trade (tliere bein.LT less dan.uer ol 
 breakat^e) or, ])()ssil)ly, made l)y less skilled artisans in imitation of the more 
 beautiful si)eeimens and were worn by beinn' tied by thouLiS over ihe baek oi 
 the objeets rather than through the perforations; lor in many short and 
 thiek bird-stones there are no perlorations. 
 
 Sometimes these si)ecimens show restoration to usefulness by being re- 
 drilled. 
 
 In manv the baek is vers sharj) ')r angidar, others are rounded, The ob- 
 jeet is ilat under the head and neek and down the breast in types like Figure 
 
 
1 . llowc-vcT, in I'itiurcs 
 
 IK'Mlll. ■ 
 
 IL' 
 
 H ,'iu(l I 1 llic neck is cnrvcd .'ind nol ll.'il iindcT- 
 
 Tlir shorli'sl (well Inrnud I hiid-sloiR' 1 liavc oliservi'd i^ two in -lies lonjj; 
 The rivcr.i.iiv is llnvc ;in 1 oiie-li.'ili to four int'lies ( )Mesc.\cTC(lin.ii- seven inelies 
 
 rare. The lieiuht is Irnni two- 
 
 ;ive rare <'m>l r.nie nielus or more are \.r\ 
 
 thirds to one and a half inelies, with an avera.ue ol one ineii. W lule a ;,a'iK'ral 
 larit\ of I'onn is seen, the projioi timis vary, in one the head is longer, 
 the l)odv than in another. Short, thiek heads and heavy short bodies 
 Hn-allv .l;o to.uether. While the pi-oportions nia\- not he trne yet the spee- 
 
 snni 
 
 or 
 
 n.'i 
 
 iniens L:enerall\- appear ^raeeini and and pleasin.y lo the eye 
 
 Ii:iii;iv'so.\ Coi.Ni'w Xi;w \'ouk. 
 .\i:w \'i)\<\\ Siw'ii'; Mrsi:rM. S. |. 
 Whik' a series niav he arran.L'.ed in anv larLie innsenin neninnin,^ with the 
 most prononneed hird-stones and endinu in a straight bar, yet the line ol 
 dtni'irka.lioii is not dillieult of eslahlishnienl. 1 wonld not inelnde in the 
 l)ii(l-stone elass specimens in w hieh the "iiead" is nol clearly delined. It" the 
 ends he alike ( sli,L:ht riil^jes I and the body ony' and slender, ihe specimen 
 shoidd be classed as a "bar ani'det"''. An occasional speeimcp. is fonnd as 
 neai' tin "har ;imnletV type as I'l^nix' IL', yet it ai)pcars to me that I'i.Linro 
 1 L* is a bird-slone. 1 he slia!i;ht bar and the bar with enlarged ends are not 
 lo be considered bird->-toues, allhonLih they are in the ceremonial elass. It 
 will be obser\ed that JM^iire .'>," in Mr. (iriddke's roHecli )n is ])ecnliar. It 
 
 ■ I- I.U uniiiL; 111 till' ikhI; (ii iiii/i-i (in lidin i pn v.iiU. 
 
 : Thi^ H 1111 i> iiH;iiiiiiL:k-ss .iinl iiii|plKisiz(> llic luid nl ini .-iri'li.-unldiLiic ri(iMKiul;i I tin-. 
 
7.dWm%'''i.-it'' 
 
 "ot il.'il uikIct- 
 
 <> ill •lies lonjir 
 'fi seven inches 
 is Ironi two- 
 iiilc a general 
 •'"I is l()n;j;-er, 
 siiort hodics 
 yci the- spcr- 
 
 1:5 
 
 may nol he a fmished specimen, hciny nnpcrtorated, yel I am of tlial opinion 
 becansc ot the lii,uli i)oIish and thcsli^ht evidences oT nse t'onnd on the Ixitlom. 
 
 In l)ird-sl()nes tlie perfofations vary in size, nsnally hein;^ I'rom one-lhird 
 to one-fourth ofan inch in diameter, wider at the opening (or exterior) and 
 narrow (or smaller) at tlieir ])oint of nnion. They seem to have been made 
 with Hint pointed ilrills. 1 he reed or wooden perforators made a more even 
 hole. 
 
 I-i;,;nres 10 aiid 2(», and I'"'i;j:ure .' in Professor I'mery's ollcetion. are the 
 usual "short hut hi^j^h" tyjje of hird-stoiics and are hoth heautiful specimens. 
 The heads are abruptly curved downward as in most of the shorter speei- 
 
 14 with the 
 Uic line of 
 i(I<-' in the 
 'I. If the 
 specimen 
 lound as 
 <ir riyure 
 fs arc not 
 fl.iss. It 
 ■idiar. It 
 
 V\V,. IS 
 
 Clinton Cointv, .\i:\v \'oi<i<. 
 
 \i;\v \'oKK SiATiv Mrsi;rM. S. ]. 
 
 mens, I'sually the Ioul;', Ioa', slender ones have heads straiiiht and pointed, 
 or at least hut slitihtly curved. Their tails are very broad, and .lljen- 
 erally an inch to an inch r.nd a half hi.iih, with a strai.yht perpendicular at 
 the ix'ar. 
 
 The r'^iyiircs 1() and ID really rc])resent birds more than the saddle shai)ed 
 ones presented in many lij^urcs, and it must be remend)ere(l that there is a 
 marked difiference between the bird and saddle forms. 
 
 Two remarkable bird-stones, somewhat like Fijiure2. arein the Smithson- 
 ian collection. One, Xo. oS,;",")!', has a head like Fiyur-j 2 or b'i^ure 2'?, only 
 that the lycs ( or ears) are smaller. The tail is not elevated and there are 
 two sets of perforations. The 1)ack is hi,iih and sharj). It was found in 
 
Hi-()itnu' Ci) , N. \'. Il i> al)!)!!! L'-;i iiu'lics Idii;^ ;iii(l 1 ' ii i ii^lu's lii.uli. MauT 
 
 iai, (lioriu-. 
 
 No. i;'.".),.":'!.' of llio Smidis )nian i-olK'ftion i-< sli ).v;ii:i iiiv iMLrnro .".".) fn!l 
 >\/\'. l-oniid ill Mii'liiLian, 'ty Mr. C. A . TIk iiipson. Matirial, didiili' with 
 larm' Ic'ldspar ('lystals. 
 
 'Phis is a t vpc- (.'oiiiiiii; in hi't wi'i-ii I'iLtniTs 1 and 'J It lia:> llu' hird ht'ad 
 and sniah l'M's, l»nt its body is h)\\ and the tail is not (.'kvalcd. It is hroad, 
 
 '.». S. 
 
 SI hi: vii:\v imc. nt. 
 
 I'lC. L'O 
 
 A 1,1, i-u'o.M \Vi:s ii;!<.\ ,\i:\v N'oi-ik, 
 .\i:\v \(»UK Sr.\ii-; Misi-im Coi.. S ] 
 
 d()nl)l\ perl orated and somewhat turtle like in lonn. I elass it as a eonnect- 
 \u{X link between the types for whieh I'i^nres 1 and L' stand; however, read- 
 ers may eonelude that other liuures stand lor the "eont'eetinn- link." I will 
 thank arehaeoio^isls lor their views as to where the saddle lorni ends 
 and the real i)ird ellij^y he.yins. 
 
 f'*^*jfi!3i^:si!X--'. 
 
..Tf *^WiW!*f "vrnt 
 
 1 1 id lit I' will, 
 'I is Im-o.-kI. 
 
 1" 
 
 All 'K-t;isi()ii;il l)ii(| > tniii' li;is I ml oiK' M.L ol pirlci-ritions .'iiul ilu'\- .-irc in 
 tlif iorw aid fi'.d. 'I l-csc. .-is w 1 11 as ^ll()l lir and lu^aviir oiu's, (.•diild not lie 
 si'iMirch- tasU'iK'd w iilioni sonn' liMidiU-. Wvw i liry inU'iidc 1 |,,r wrai inu on 
 l''<^' l'^''!'!'' H'iIk-iv is HK-ril ill till' tlu'or\ that hird-st oiu's wnv Kept \>v the 
 slianiaii in In- "sacivd iod.ui-", oul'Iu not it to !»,■ (.'oiiliiu'd to tlu- sliorl ones 
 snt-li as I'iL;iii-ts 'JL' and L'7? 
 
 TJR' Wisi-oiisin spcciiiKiis arc ratli r pccnii.ar. Mi-. II, I'. Ilaniilton sriids 
 inc drau-in.^s olthivc ( I-ins. IT,, L>(; ;,,,(| 1.'7) which I ivprodiuv lull size, ihciv 
 is not intu-li to rciiiark in I-i-niv LMJ save that it is "heavv" and not so -raec- 
 fnl r:s the soiuheni ones. Imo-mivs LJ'i and L'7 have bars or elevali(.ns arouixl 
 
 1!». 
 
 ' <-<)iineet- 
 ver, read- 
 " I will 
 '"■III ends 
 
 I'K;. 11! 
 
 C.\\[(,.\ Co,, .\i;w \(»!v'K. 
 
 .\i:\v NoK'K Si'ATi'; Mrsi;rM L'oi.. S. |. 
 
 the ])eriorat.ions. Dr. I'eanelianip and I'fofessor I'.ovle note this in some 
 New York ar.d Canadian l\pi.'s. There is no elevated tail in either. iMyin-e 
 2.' has the enlari;ed tyes, a Hal (not ronnded) Inea-t. and a peenliar ronnded 
 tail. It may he an animal rather than a bird ellii^ v. 
 
 In these two tlii' eleva lions in u liieh the perforaticnis are made, seem to 
 interfere with iheir nse as head oniameiils. I do not believe th.at I'ii^nres 2.") 
 and L'7 were worn as siieh. 
 
 Dr. Deanehani]! in the I'.nllelin ol" the New \'()rk Stale Mnsenm," uives a 
 very ,i4()o(| deseri])tion ofsome lilteen bird stones. Ihav< rei)rodueed the il- 
 
 ■■ruli-ilu' I Sliiiic .\iti(.'ii's 11^,(1 by tlu' Xcvv \'<m !< .\liiiri-iiics. p. f.d. .\!l);uiy. ls;»7. 
 
1() 
 
 lustraLioiis ho tiivcs, and a< his text, is liiiK-ly, I (|ni)lc at lc!i-;lh tVoin his 
 
 paper. 
 
 "TIr- theories about tlieir use see;n fuieitul, as some eertaiiily arc. Two 
 writers assert that ihev were worn by married or ijre^nant women only, 
 and nianv have aeeei)ted this statement. Others tiiinlv tliey were worn by 
 eoniurers, or lixed on the prows ofeanoes. It is enon.iih to say that some of 
 
 I-IC. 22. S. 1. 
 
 I'K; 2:'., 
 
 Si:m:c.v Rivi;iv'. .\. \'. 
 .\i;w \'()UK Sr.vii-; Misium Coi.. S. \. 
 
 the perforations are not adapted to any of tliese uses. It seems l)etttr to 
 eh'iss them with I lie war and prey or hnr.iiny Ljods of the Zunis, someol w hiel. 
 they resemble. In that ease ihe holes, of whatever kind, would have j^iven a 
 lirm hold on ihc thoni^s whieh bound ihe arrows to the amulet, a matter ol 
 i'uportanee in an ii're^^ular liLiure. 
 
•# 
 
 ':^mmm 
 
 i.y-t.11 from his 
 
 ly are. Two 
 
 women onlx-, 
 
 I'lX" worn I)y 
 
 llic'it some of 
 
 17 
 
 "These perforations form the 'nost important feature. The amulet m.'iv 
 he hut a sim])le har, hut at eaeii cud of the Ijase is a sh)pin,u hole, hored iVom 
 the end and hase and meeting. To this neeessary feature may he added a 
 sim])]e head or tail, aiul there also may he ])rojeetin,y ears. None of these are 
 essenti.'d. They are hut appropriate or tasteful aeeessories. 
 
 " Two notahle eolleetions eontain a larji'e uuiuher of amulets. In the 
 Canadian eolleetion at r()rout() there are ahout oO hird amulets. 
 
 (He mentions Mr. I)ou<j^lass' 70 s])eeimens and also refers to the rarity of 
 l)ar-amulets in Western New York). 
 
 "They were variahle in material as well as form, althou;j;h most eoni- 
 mouly made of striped sla*^e. Ferha])s full half have projeetinti' ears, when of 
 the hir 1 form. In the wider forms, usually of harder materials, there are of- 
 ten eross hars on the under side, in whieli the ])erforati()ns are made, Oeea- 
 sionrdh' these are not entirely enelosed, yet are without siyns of hreakai^e. 
 This seems to prove that these were not intended as means of attaehinjj; 
 them to any lar<.ier ohji-et, on w hieh they would rest, hut rather for fastenin_!j;- 
 artieles upon them, as in the Zuni amulets already uu'ntioued, and whieh 
 were illustrateil hy Mr. rratd< II. CushiuLj', ii^ the seeond Re])ort of the Bu- 
 reau of litKnolo.iiv On eomparison a , general resemhlanee to these will he 
 seen, and in a few eases it is (piite strikin<i^. That they were used in this way, 
 rather than in those suti\yested hy others, is a reasonahle eouelusion whieh 
 ^ains strength witn fuller study. As a class they helonj.^ to the vSt. Law- 
 rence has-in. 
 
 i)etttr to 
 icol \\ hiel. 
 ve ^.^iven a 
 matter of 
 
 "I-'iiiure 1.") is a rcmarkahly line hird amulet of ureen striped slate, '■' the 
 lonL;est we have seen from New York, hut reduced in the illustration. It is 
 9"s inches from tip to tip, and of moderate hei,ii"ht and tlnekuess. It was 
 found at De.xter, near the mouth of the r.iack River, and althou,i.ih in three 
 ])icces, was not otherwise detaced. The hack is sharj), and it has projecting 
 ears and a lon,L!: neck. TIh" head ends s(|uarely. Another, from the same 
 
 *I li.ivf <.liaii,u:c(i In. Ho;iiRli,iiii|rs imiiilicrs of hyuris lo i.'i)nvs|i(iiiil \villi tii> scries. 
 
 
IS 
 
 c'ouiilv, is also lar.uv, l)cin.Li S"'s inches Ioiil; by 2 lii.iili. It iins no projecting 
 cars. 
 
 "I'i,tiitrc 1<) is iVoui Dresden, on vSeneea Lake, and is ol'j^reen striped slate. 
 The ears are usually sni.all. Ii is a line article, and is :\^ -j \in\}x hy 1 ' l> hijih. 
 I''i,trurc 1 7 is of" the same niaterird, hut is much depressed. The slopinj^ tail 
 expands to ;> inches in widih. This i> iVoni jefierson County, and the length 
 is ()^ s inches. 
 
 "I'i_yure (i is also of^rcen striped slate, troni the Seneca River, and is .'JVi- 
 niches in length. There are no ears, hut alon,;.: the ed.ues au' i)l notches. 
 
 i-k;. LM. 
 
 \\'i:sri;K.\ .\i;\\ \'oIv'K. 
 .\i:\v \'oK'K SiATi-: Misi'iM Coi.. S. ]. 
 
 This feature often a])pears, luit not to this extent. I"ii.;ure IS is ot trap rock 
 and comes Irom Clinton County. It is rude, depressed, and has small ears. 
 The i.ieneral form is <|uite straiiihl. hut the laii is slightly raised. It is more 
 suy^estive of the Zuni amulets than most forms. The dimensions are (iVs 
 \()\]<X by 1 ' L' inches liiL,h. 
 
 'TM.iznre 1*.> is a hroad form ot'mollled stone, ;'>''s 1(»ii,l; by l''i inches hijj^h. 
 it comes from . Newark X'alley, Tio,ua Count\. 'i'here are smrdl projeetin.!:,^ 
 ears and the tail comes to a point, as in some others )t this <.ieneral form and 
 materic'd. Two view s are uiven of' it. Vhis form is hi.uh'y polished, and the 
 basal i)erforations are noi always complet'.'Iy cue] !sed. They have also as a 
 rule, a slight transverse ri(l<;e, in w hieh the perforations are made. 
 
^^^SW^^TM^^S^^ 
 
 iH^^Ps^PiPt^^'-^--^^' '"^ 
 
 I'.i 
 
 ripc'd slate. 
 
 1'-' Iii«li. 
 
 <>l'iii.ii tail 
 
 the length 
 
 and is .'{14 
 notclics. 
 
 trap rock 
 
 lall cars. 
 
 is 111 ore 
 
 i arc ()~s 
 
 les luVh. 
 ■oicctiiiy 
 ')nii and 
 and the 
 ilso as a 
 
 i-k;. 2.-). S. 
 
 FKi. 2(;. S. 
 
 I-K;. 27. S. I. 
 
 W'iSCo.XSIN. 
 
 H. P. IIa.mii.tox C()i.i.i;cri().\. 
 
 msmMmmimm^mfm^mmmmmmm 
 
IM) 
 
 "I-i,mii\' 21' ■joiiK's from nc'i I- the vSciK'ca River. ''' * 
 
 lM,Uurc 'Jl is iVoni Hivwcrtoii, wIktc many have been found. It is (|uite 
 thiek and lieavv. niakin,;..; a slrony eontrast willi the last. The material is a 
 Lirey striped slate and the ears are small. 
 
 "I'i.i.iui-e 2."> is a very eurious and line bird amulet from theSeneea Kiver, 
 4-'l> inelies lonu by TVj wide, made of a mottled dark scone, ,urey and vellow, 
 hard and highly polishul The ears projeet to an unusual e.\tent, and the 
 forward perforation is not entirely eloscd. It elosely resend)les one from 
 (Trand Ra])ids, Michigan, in form and material, but has a more expanded tail. 
 In taet it may be eonsidered the fmest exam])le of this elass of amulets vet 
 found." 
 
 Hr. P>eauehanip has had unusual ad vanta,!j:es ior the studv of bird 
 stones, lie observes in one speeimen of brown slate; " whieh is broken, has 
 a lateral ])erloratioii, a fre(|ucnt leature for a seeon.darx use of ornamental 
 stones, allowing;- them to be suspended as deeoiations. The edyes are also 
 notehed; a frecpient feature of amulets, perhaps as a reeord." He notes 
 notehtd ears, also grooved eai's or eyes in some of them. One water \vt)rn 
 bn-d-stone from the beaeh of Cayu.t^a Lake had a .yroove aeross the base. 
 Me thiidvs bar-amulets were all used the same way. While not espeeiallv 
 ornamental they have been "used as the Zuni amulets were," he savs. 
 
 .Mr. (k'rard I'owke and Professor Davi.l Hoyle siiould be (|uoted upon 
 thissnbjeet. Mr. I'ow ke sa vs r'^ 
 
 "Stone relies of bird form are (pnte eonimon north of the Ohio Kiver, 
 but are exeeedin.yly rare south of that stream. (lie illustrates the same 
 spLvimen fi .Loured by Dr. Wilson.) 
 
 ".\eeordin_o to (uhnan, v the bird shape s<ones were worn on the head 
 by the Indian women, but only after marria.ue. Abbot:!: (piotes Col. Charles 
 Whiltlessey to the effeet tli.'t they were worn by Indian women to denote 
 I)re«iiianey, and from William IVnn that when the scpiaws were read\ to 
 marry thev wore something on their heads to indieate the faet. 
 
 ' SUiiH- An. HiirtMii dl i:t liiKil-i-.v R(|ic)it |,,v ''.tl-l'. Ta^jr IL'.'i. 
 ■ I'.illill.iii. (',, 111 SniuliS(j|ii.-Mi K(|i(,il lor 1s;;i, i';iL.rc ,'{71. 
 ■: I'riiiiilivr Iiidiislrv , \':\iii- :{71 
 
f^ 
 
 21 
 
 It is (|uite 
 niateri.'il is a 
 
 Sc 
 
 IK'C 
 
 ri I' 
 
 \ivcr 
 
 11( 
 
 and yellow, 
 ent, and the 
 les one from 
 x])an(le(] tail. 
 
 amulets vet 
 
 ndy of hinl 
 . broken, has 
 ornamental 
 lu:cs are also 
 He notes 
 water w<)rii 
 is the base. 
 )t espeeially 
 
 a vs. 
 
 juoled upon 
 
 Ol 
 
 no River 
 
 s the same 
 
 )n the head 
 Col. Cliarks 
 1 to denote 
 re read\ to 
 
 'Jones* ([notes Irom 
 
 DeHrv that the eoninrers anion;.i th-' X'ir^inia In- 
 
 dians wore a smal 
 
 blaek bn-d ai)ove one o 
 
 f tllL" 
 
 ir ears as a hadye o 
 
 f offi 
 
 ee. 
 
 I'rol 
 
 ess or 
 
 H 
 
 ovle savs: 
 
 Altl 
 
 louirli tor eonvenienee known as 
 
 DH-o 
 
 anuileis — mos 
 
 -nmv a 
 
 t of them being- apparently hi.yhly eouventionalized bird forms 
 nd a.n'ain one sees speeimens thai are not sni^Liestive of birds, what- 
 
 th 
 
 ever else tucv may have been intended to synd)olize. In soni< instances there 
 has not been any att^-nipt to imiiace eyes even by means o[' a depression, but 
 in the majority of eases the eyes are enormously exai»-j4erated, and stand out 
 like buttons on a short stoek, fully half an inch beyond the side ot the head. 
 In evcrv liiiislud specimen t!ie hole is bored diaiionally throu.uh the middle of 
 each end of the base, ujjwards and downwards. If merely for suspension 
 
 .St.\kk Co., Ohio. 
 
 I'.V.VTZ Coi.I.I'X'TIO.V. S. -;t. 
 
 1. one hole would be sufheient, but the probability is that 
 tended for fasteuin,u- the 'amulets' to some other object, but 
 what, or for what pnri)()se is not known. It has been su<jgcsted that these 
 
 were employed in playint; a game; that they 
 
 while l)ein,L; carnct 
 
 these were ni 
 
 -lid 
 
 are totems ol trd)cs o 
 
 r clans; and that thev were talismans in some way 
 
 connected with the hunt for water fowl. They are. at all events, amonii^ the 
 most curious and hi.uhly hnishcd specimens of Indian handicraft in stone 
 found m this part of .V'uerica, and the collection ol them in the Provincial 
 
 Museum is sai( 
 
 1 to be the best that has been made, 
 
 Professor Boyle si)eaks ol 
 
 the bar-amulet after treating' of bird-stones 
 
 but lie docs no 
 
 t class them as the same kind of ceremonials. 
 
 r llic Sdiilluvii Indians. I'.-ijif H(l, 
 
 * Anli(|iiitiis o( llic Sonl 
 ■1 Ndlcs on I'linialivo .\I; 
 IluniiniDii <it C;m;i(l.i. Tinciiilc). IS'.l,'), I' 
 
 Ont.ifio, hv D.ivid Hdyk'. Ciir.-itor of the- 
 (iT. 
 
 Arc! 
 
 lacdKiiiU'al 
 
 Mns-ciini tor tlii' 
 
 t^i 
 
(uMural riuirsl >n. the ^;)u la-ni ;intli(.rity. reports har-.'iniulcls .'is otva- 
 sioiirilh- fonihl south, hnl ho il ).'s not spoak of hird-stoncs. "■ 
 
 Dr. A. L. Prase, of MasiHon, Ohio, s'.'uds (lnuvir.,us of three binl-stoms 
 
 t.iuiul within twenty miles of his resiilenee an( 
 
 1 one from a mound in West 
 
 N'iryiiiia. 'Phis is the oid\ mound s])eeinien hrou.ylit to my notiee of which 
 
 tilers, and ii' so. I shall he .^'ad 
 melhinu similar to that found 
 
 there is positive record. '1 here maybe o 
 
 to learn ol them. 
 
 lis si)eennen is so 
 
 m the 
 
 Itar ol tlu 
 
 lonowel 
 
 Ivtiiuv mound. He includes outlines troni 
 
 Mr. I'aatz's e 
 
 rotessor 
 
 hcMtale l( 
 
 lie, ;;(). 
 
 .\1o.\I(,o.mi;k\ . Co., ( )iii(i 
 
 l)l.\Kl.i:\ CoLI.l'.CIION. S. 
 
 )llection. ()ne has an unusually Ioult neck and short hodv. 
 A. I-. 1 
 
 >erliii, under date of Dec-emher .")th, write'> me his views: 
 
 In lieve thai they were worn 1)\- certain Indian women. Not 
 
 all ol them are perforat.'d. nor of ill )se that 1 
 
 d 1 
 
 own ami nave seen do tlic per 
 
 th 
 
 lorations si 
 
 low siL;ns of we; 
 
 ml ,ai)oriL;inal women worn tiieiii as staled 
 
 ahiasion would he evident in nt least some of their apertures. This would 
 als(, he true oflhe canoe theory. 1 cannot accept ciMier of the above state- 
 ments. Wli.at. then, was their use. will he asked? 
 
 Aiiliiiuitiis ,,r Tiniu^v 
 
 C. I' 11 
 
 nnstdii. I ;il;i- '.".i.' 
 
"'riiL'al) )i-iLil;rj wMs ;i s'.ip.Tsiilious croit:n\' and as superslilioii bezels 
 imicli ccTcn.oiiv soniftliin^ liad to he roMlrivcd to hv ol 1k1|) in their rcliuioiis 
 
 or otlicr riti's. 
 
 lis l)ird or saddlc-sioiK- tlit'i' had atlrihutcd to it a certain 
 
 occuit power aiid heeaiiie a eerenioiiial weapni, and iii nistaiiees ot this 
 kind had its position iii ihe eerenioiiy. 
 
 vSo als ) do I thin! 
 
 were nsed in the various rites the hannerstone, iror 
 
 ;4et and other nieely wroni^ht olijeets. 1 he a(hhtion ot perlorations |)erhaps 
 
 made the ineanini; ol the iinpii'inenls in the rites in w liieh they were nsed 
 
 more sn;^,L;estive.'" 
 
 While the lirst half ol this lUilletin was hein,^ printed, I reeeived from 
 
 ;l 
 
 \oiMiii;i^N Inimana. 
 liii.i.'s t.Oi.i.i.e ritiN. S. 
 
 Professor CiishinL; sever 
 to he ])nhlislK'd I up )ii 
 
 prints of i»lates he is 
 
 I \\j Lahii 
 
 iK't, ele., ete, 
 
 eove 
 
 r the har-.'iinnlel and hird stone tvpe; 
 
 to use in a memoir (shortly 
 The ilhistrations reeeived 
 Cushin^i has kindlv 
 
 'rotes-sor 
 
 l)ermitted me to reprodnee two ol 
 
 the limires. 
 
 it is interesting: to note 
 
 that we liave reae 
 
 pen leiitly. Neither of ns 
 snhjeet of hird-stones, am 
 
 was aware 
 
 lied similar eoiielnsions inde- 
 ihat the other was at work npon the 
 1v one of the many forms 
 
 1, indeed, that elass is on 
 
 of ornaments eons 
 
 idered h\- Trofessor 
 
 Cnsl 
 
 linu in his memoir 
 
 1 1 
 
 lave no 
 
 1 ihon-hl that the Hat slate ornaments ipertora 
 
 ted) or tahlets 
 
 we 
 
 re exehisivelv worn sns|»en( 
 
 led, hnt on tne eoiitrary De 
 
 helieve that manv ot 
 
 them servec 
 
 1 as 1 
 
 )ascs 
 
 for little elli.^ies or eerenionii 
 
 d ohjeets. Professor Cusji- 
 
21- 
 
 iiiLi's I'imuTS .".<■) Mild '>' clear up imu-li nf lIic iiiystcvx .'is lo tlu' iiioiintiii.L: of 
 hird-stoiR'S. Still, it nmsl iii)t l)c i)iVNiniK'il that all hinl-st oni's wtTi- 
 niouiilfd in this maiiiKT. .\<m- is it apt aiviit h 'w tahk'is or ornanic-iils 
 I tint I haviii'-; I't't one p'.Tloratioii wen fonvmient lor this purpose. To me 
 the douhle perforated (two holes elose to-tther. r.ear the ends of the tablet) 
 ornaments would ite better suited to seive as bases. 
 
 Ilowevu-, this is a matter of pi'rforatiohs nurely and need not al'leel 
 rrot'e>sor Cushini^'s theory. 1 ent rely a.Liree w ith him. 
 
 
 t I 
 I I 
 
 i-i<; :'.i. s. ;. 
 
 S.\.NitrsK\- Co.. ( )iiio. Ai.i.i:.\ Co., Mk'iii<;.\.\. 
 
 ( tkimi.ki-; t."oi.i.i:c'rii i.n. 
 
 Now ;iiid then we ol)sei-\e a bird stDiie ni w hieh the holes ai'e A'orn as by 
 a striiiL;- and, ai)p;ireiitly, the objeet has seen loivj; serviee. The wearini,;' is in 
 the ed^es t:>wards the held <a:id tail of the bird , ( newr at the sid si as if the 
 eord were tightly drawn .ami the sp.'eimen permitl.'d t > but sliniitly niDve I'or- 
 w;irds and baelc w ards. M;iii\- bird-st )iies show no m.i rks ot wear and in 
 others the lower rims of the hole'^ are but shiditly worn. 
 
 Let us now theorize a littU'. ( )iie authority, I 1 te lb-\- >, sa\s that the sha- 
 men wore blaek birds over the e.ar, bat he iIdc-; not sa\- bird-stones The ct- 
 ti.uies may ha V(.- Iccii of W(!(id or the skins of .'-mall birds. Medicine nitii of 
 
 I ,Mii iii'KliUil III Ml'. (',1 nil Hi, 1(11 1 1 1.1 nil 11^ nil- ( i( veil m i'jin.-ii liini i-tdiiis In st iiiU . 
 
wcstc'i-n ti-il)i'>^ won.' tlusc laltcr in liisloric tiiiifs, Wc (.•rin iccoiK-ili- llic sl.-itc- 
 iiK'Kls lliiil " woiiKMi w iMV liird-sioiR's .'ilUT marriri^^v" with '•women woic 
 tlifin to (k-noic niriiTi;iu;riiI)lr ;i,l;i'." IWiL (.'.-mi it he ilinl llie same lype ol' el- 
 liyv was n>e(l hy lioili sliamen and women? May not llie staUanent mean, 
 rather, lliat eiTtain tril)es nseil tliem lor one jjarpose and another Irihe nsed 
 them tor a totally dillerent pin^pose? Vhere ai'e exeeplions to every rule, 
 hut 1 lia\e al\\a\s inidir^t >od t'nat larger ohjeets than these hird eerenioni.als 
 were UK'luded in the "niake-u])" ol a priest's headiiear. Certainly skins, 
 
 leather: 
 
 )r nonis lornu'.l most o 
 
 t ol'il. and tl 
 
 lese were al 
 
 hjeet^ 
 
 s, oones, wood or noriis loi 
 ofsome size and when i^^rouped together m;ide a eonsiderahle mass. 1 should 
 
 l-IC. L'S. 
 
 W.\K'Ki;x Co.. ( Miio. 
 
 MooNi:iii;.\i) Coi.i.ix' no.N. ( )iiio Siati-; Inivkksitv Mrsi-;r.M. S, ]. 
 
 think th;il a hird-stone would not he notieed anion- these, or thai it niusl 
 needs he mounted separate ly or sia-rounded hy smaller ihinLis; otherwise it 
 
 woidd not he seen. 
 
 Reasouin,!.: Iroin the i'aet^ presented, ar. ohserver would estahlisli as liis 
 first proposition that these ohjeets were lied in upri-hl positions. He 
 would iud.ize that the ohjeets were to he in relief and prominent; not eoneealed 
 in anv wav; otherwise perlorations were not necessary, as eords eould he 
 passed around the hody iK'ar the head and tail and the hird-stone thus se- 
 en red. 
 
As ;i Sv'CiJiid i»r()i)i)siliiMi tlic (li)^c'i \(.r iniLilit (.'oiU'lniU' lliMl lif coiisi'lcrs 
 some l)inl->lt)iics ris mo^l iR-arly .'ipiuoarliiii^: il.e lir xnliii.L; hinl. .'iiul wcic 
 worn 1>\- woiiu'ii ;iii(l iii(lic;i t iiii^ cilliiT nirin-i;iL:(.' or i)iX',uii;iiu-\'. l'>iit oilu-rs — 
 iiol.'ihly lIk' sliorl OIK'S, nil. 1 t hose w il li siii,i,:'i<.' |)ri-t'or;ilion- only— lie iiii^^lit 
 elassilV as iiiedivMiie or elianii stones liavii'.L; a eerlain relation to the sliainen; 
 as lied to arrows or oilier p^'i'soaal possessions lor "Inek," ete. "Medieine" 
 and "eliarnr" are very indelinite leriiis and, as previously staled, they enijiiia- 
 size llie need ol'aii arehaeolo.Liie iionieiieia Hire. That we nitist i-esml to siieh 
 expressions ill the diseri]ilioii of a \-ery iinportanl elass ol priMisloiie arli- 
 taels is indeed piliahle. These thousands of sloiie relies ol every kind eover- 
 iiiLi, as ihi'y do, a greater raii.i;e in loriii and sizi', palterii and purpose lliaii 
 ornanieiilal or eereinoiiial stones ot preliislorie lairope- — eerlainly deserve a 
 heller elassiliealioii al onr hands than is possible al preseiil. 
 
 Fii;.;ii!, Fit;.;!o. 
 
 1 )!•: KaI.I! (i).. I XniANA. 
 
 (iNriii.Ki-; Coi.i.i;e I'loN. S. |, 
 
 Al some fiilnre nieetinu- of SL'etion II I Aiithropo|oL;y ) ol'the Anieriean As- 
 soeialion for the Ad vaneemeiit ol Seieiiee, I trust that a eominittee will he 
 a])])oinle(l to devise a sehenie of iioiiienelalure. II we are to retain thai wliieli 
 seems most plansihie from the seani evideiiee at hand we ninsl iiiehiu- lo- 
 wards ihe "woman head ornament" and the "Zniii fetieli" theories. \'ery 
 lew 1)ir l-slones are lotind near lar^ie hodies ol water, and theories like the 
 "eaiioe ])row ornameiil'" are only laneiliil. 
 
 As has been said, the Ioiil: slender Mies, the moiv hird like forms and all 
 
 r 
 
r 
 
 li.'ivinjj; two scls ol' i»cTlnr;itl(nis iii;iy h.'ivi- hern worn l»v wonu-n. The short 
 ones, the sin.i^lc |)(.ilor;it(.'(l. or ihosi.' witli lr;insverse ridj^cs, arc nianilestlv 
 eli.'inns or (lictics. To sni-li w ere . -it Inehed ihe arrows or other property— 
 tlien they Iteeame saeivd, or assiuvd 1 hi- owner of sneeess, etc. If the hird- 
 stone is a woman's ornament, wonhl it also he nseil h\- the shanu-ii? I tliiid< 
 
 I-IC. :!s. 
 
 Xi ilMlI I;K'.N I NDIANA, 
 
 < iixMii ii; i: (."( n.i.i:c'no.\. S. !. 
 
 noi . Perhaps, as has heen suLiui sled ol' the two types (iiUe h'iyiires 1 and 
 'J). the hist was worn hy women and the second nscd hv the ])ricstlv chiss. 
 
 CONCM'SIOXS, 
 
 The (Hstrihntion of hird-stones is to he eon.-idered when, at sonic future 
 (h'lte arehaioh),L;isls will hetler understand lor what this peculiar tvjie 
 stands. As previously slated, i ha ve accepted Vi'fZs. 1 and 2 as indicative of 
 two dislincl torms ol hird stones. In my conclusions I am not deal- 
 ing; ])rimarilly with those specimens which form "connecting" links" 
 hetween I'i.us 1 and L', hul treat of the types themselves. Af- 
 
 ter the first half of this huUeiin had heeii printed, I received a 
 
L'.s 
 
 mnnhiT ol" coinimi'iicatDus in ;iiis\\i.'r to (|tii'Nti(iiis w liii-li lind 
 hcc'U propounded two or tliin.' iiioiitlis nyo I i-;iii oid\- iiuiuion 
 a lew of tlii'Sf, Tlic L'iin.'inii;iti AiM Miiseiiiti siiil plioloLir.'iplis of several 
 more or less liUe I'iu 1 , I'roni Sontlierii ( )liio .nul 'iidiaiia. The Stale I'lii- 
 versity and Slate ilistorieal Soeiety Mnscniii, al Colinnlms, lurnislied nie 
 with di-awin.ys of s|)eeiniens ill tliiir I'olU'eiions ■ li'lonnalion I'roni other 
 eoUeetions streii,L;lheiis me in my eoiieliisions. In ease additional I'aels are 
 hron.u'ht out in the invesli-alions wliieli 1 trust this I'Millelin will stimulate. I 
 will publish a seeoud edition, lor I am aware that the suhjeet is a new one 
 and all the (piestions eannot he settled lor some lime. 
 
 J^JV^X 
 
 ^nv'n. 
 
 i-k;. i() 
 
 Ivi'i'icv Moi \i) Ai.TAK, Iloi'i:wi;i.i., 
 1mi:i.i> .Misi;im Coi.mxtion. ^.. !. 
 
 All ohiainahleinrormalion points to Im,-. ] ;,s iIr. eomnion and more 
 widely distrlhuted tvpe. Whether it is the earlier, and I'i,-. 2 of later oii-in 
 is an open (|Uestion. I think so, yd that is I. ,,1 an individual opinion. i-i-. 
 L'isdisiinetively iioriherii. 1 do not know of its oeeiirrenee in southern Ohio 
 or Indiana. I- i,i^. 1 is imuli more numerous in soutlu'ni Ohio and Indiana 
 than in western .\ew \'ork, Wiseonsiu and Can 
 
 iiad.a 1 hat is llie nia)ority ol 
 
 * I wish to thank l'n.k>Mir ,\I,IU. ,,| Uu- l.tlUr „i„sc-„,n. ;mi,1 Mr. (n-M. ol iju- Cinonna 
 thfir (.'(i-<j|iiTaii<)ii. 
 
 nali .Mnscimi. lor 
 
 
 
 ^mm»m 
 
L'l) 
 
 .'v^-'-mkKfmip^^ 
 
 Im<(>.m IMv'.wvincs !(v I'nm)i-i;s<()k Crsiiixc. 
 
 I-IC. ■][). 
 
 MlCIlKiAN. 
 
 Smithsonian Colmxtion. S. 
 
 '<|\#^*^;isf!efi^ft|. 
 
 
 ^iga^fr^ 
 
the s])L'cinR'iis ;nv ol pure i-'ii^urc 1 lypcniid iiol varin • ions. Spuinu'iis like 
 I'i.us. 1 ."> aiul I'll, ;iii(l I'iL;s. 10 .-Mid L' 1- scliu lo iiu' 'moic like Imi;. 2 In ccr- 
 tniii (ktnils ihcy riiv like I'iuiiiT 1, liul llic ,L;ciier;il shapes, llir concepts oi' 
 ideas evinced in llieir tornis, to iii\- mind, woiiid place litem nearef iMmirt' 'J. 
 i he bodies ot loni; ones, like I'i^is. 'lait 1 lo, .are sonicw ha t like Im.u. 1 I'nL 
 thei'c is the cMildition ol eyes. Most ol" the noinheiii specitifiis, vxhelhef 
 llicy l)e lon,u- of short, have eyes, .\eaily all soiithefn specimens afe 
 saddle-stones simply and have no eyes. 
 
 r..\Sl-; ()[• I-iC, M. 
 
 T\I'K\I. \\.\K .\.\H l.l'.T. 
 
 L .\.N.M)i.\.\ .Misi;r.M Coi.i.icction. S. {. 
 
 Im.l;. -J cannot he onnected with the "Mound epoch". I'i,^-. 1 is jnst as 
 common in central Ohio, whcfe monnds afc less nnmerons than in the sonth- 
 cni paft ol the stale wlici'e thousands of them exist. Hence, it seems, we 
 cannot consider it an estahlished proposition that hird-slones were known 
 to monnd-hnildinL; trihes 
 
 Students mnst not consider these dislli.vlions and matters ordislrihniion 
 as ol' small im])ortance. .\t iirst. ( as to me I it may seem like hair splillim.:. 
 Hut altjr carelnl slndy. I am sure that archaeoloLiists will au'rec that a know 
 led.ue ofdistrihtition will i^o a lony way towards solvinu the prohlcms. 
 
 I'rolessor I'mery's collection is c!iell\ Irom sotithern and central ( )hio 
 and Indiana. !t i)est illustrates my ])()sition. His specimeris are mostl\- like 
 Im.u:. 1, or at least hnt sliuiht modilications of that form. 
 
 I-ii^iirv 11 i> IK, I ,-1 liiid^toiu The l.riii " li.ir .■iniiili 1 " ,i|i|ilitil Ki il decs iicil ( xpl.-iiii il- list-. 
 

 
 W'li.'iU'vcT \\ c- iii;iy (.'oiiehuk-, is il not |);iU'iil ilial ;ii\'h;ic'i)|()L;isls should 
 spare a liLllc tunc iioiii the- licM and invcsti,uaU' llic spfcinicns now Ivinu nc- 
 .L,dct'U'd in the exhibition cases or stored in the |)aekin,L;' rooms? liird-stoiK'S 
 are l)nt one class or type ol'niany thousands oi" ht-'autilul and uni(|ue ohjeets. 
 
 I-K;. I- 'J. 
 Sor iiii'UN Mich. 
 ( iKMIl I.KIC C(»i.i.i:ciio.\. S. |. 
 
 \'et ot the entire "hi^h art" class''' wt have much less literature than upon 
 the simple and common "scra])er"', an oUJect oi neither heauty mu- value and 
 one w hich iJerlormed a vcr\ menial oirice in the hands of the tanner, the 
 shaft maker, the iishennan, or tlu' cook. 
 
 I'll !(.■■-, II ri'iiiiini.il-^. ili>riiiii.ils, clli^ic-, oi naiiniHal stdiu"^ iind all 1 he i(~t , 
 l-'iL;in "f (<' is ail rlliyy , lull 1 (In iHil iiuliiilr it in llif liiid-sloin- t'lassirnalinn. What it upriMUt- and 
 wliv il was ma ill' in this I'lirni — let tlu' .nchafiiloyii-al wise nioi answer. 1 1 it atnl I'iu;nn' ID an' liinl sIoik's, 
 tlirn llu' wlicik' class (it slciiK' i-tliL;ii's iil i Ik- inonnd ana must lit sin h, Thiv an nut . ah Ikhil:!! tiu\ arc stnni 
 cMiyics oliiniisnal and intcicstiim Imni. 
 
 L 
 
 
 jMi-^fkM