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CONTAINING NUMEROUS TABLES, Exhibiting the Divisions, Settlement, Population, -Extent, Lakes, Ca- nals, and the various Institutions of tlie United States and Europe the ditrerent forms of Government, Prevailing Religions, the Latitude and Longitude of the Principal Places on the Globe. EMBELLISHED WITH NUMEROUS ACCOMPANIED BY A NEW AND IMPKOVED ATI.AS. e/eyf^^ BY J. OLNEY, A. TENTH EDITION PUBLISHED BY D. Sold by all the principal Bi 15 , 6e*iT REMEMBERED, that oM the sixteenth day of December, "li. S* in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United States of America, D. F. Robinson Can you mention any thing that resembles the earth in shape? What do you mean by the diameter of the earth? If you should take an apple or an orange, and run a wire tljrough the cen- tre or middle of it, would that show its diameter, pr circum- ference ? If you should tie a thread round ^n apple or an orange, would that show the circumference, or diameter? What do you understand by the circumference of the Earth? If a man could travel one thousand miles in a month, and if the surface of the Earth consisted entirely of land, how long would it take him to travel round the Earth ? Why ' If he could travel through the centre of the Earth, how long would It take him to go through it ? Why > Did you ever hear of s GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. a person who had sailed round the earth ? How much of the Earth's surface is covered with water? NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND. Q. How is the Land divided ' A. Into continents, Islands, Peninsulas, Isth- muses, Capes, Promontories, Mountains, Shores, or Coasts, &c. Q. What is a Continent? A. It is a vast extent of land not separated by water ; as America. Can yoa fihow mo America on the map of the World? What is the northern part of it called ? What is the south- ern part called ? Q. What is an Island ? A. It is a portion of land surrounded by water ; as Iceland, Cuba, New Holland, Borneo, &c. Did you ever see an Island ? Q. What is a Peninsula? A. It is a portion of land almost surrounded by water ; as South America, Africa, the Morea in Greece, &c. Can yrou show me South Amei ica ? Is it entirely sur- rounded by water? What is the narrow neck of land called which connects it with North America ? Q. What is an Isthmus ? A. It is a neck of land, which joins a peninsula to a continent, or unites two parts of a continent ; as the Isthmus of Darien, Isthmus of Suez, &c. Can you tell me where the Isthmus of Darien is ? W^hat poPS it unite ? What body of water is north of the Isthmus ef Darien ? What body of water is south of it ^ Q. What is a Cape ? A. It is a point t)f land extending into the sea ; as Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Cod. Can you show me a Cape on the map ? Q. W^hat is a Promontory ? A. It is a high point of land extending into the l^nd sp luch of the as, Isth- , Shores, rated by e World ? the south- >y water ; ), &c. r rounded le Morea ntirely Bur- land called peninsula continent ; uez, &c. I is ? What the Isthmus o the sea ; ^ape Cod. fiEOORAPHICAL DEFINITIONS, 9 sea; as the southern part of South America, Hindoostan, (fee. ' theVndTfT'Vl" '""•""'"* wh.t would you call Q. What is a Mountain ? A ]^* wu' "" ^f ^ elevation of land : as the Andes, Alps, White Mountains. [When the land rises to a small height, it is called a Hill Spaces between mountains, or between hills are called Val- lies. Level portions of land are called Plains.] Did you ey. er see a Mountain ? Did you ever see a Hill > Can there be a Valley on the top of i Mountain ? Why ? Can there be a Plain on the side of a Mountain or HUP Q. What is a Volcano ? A. It is a mountain that sends forth fire and Hecia '^' ^""^ ' ^' ^''""^ ^^"^' Vesuvius, ter^^ Whpn" fi ^ ""^ ?' *°^ l^''^ mountain, is called the cra- tLn Th« m U T'^ r«ke burst forth, it is called an erup- l^cdled w!] ' "'"" "'"' '' ^^^^^" '-' ^' - -!«--' What would you call a burning mountain ? H' What IS a Shore, or Coast ? A. It is the edge of land bordering on a sea. lake or river ; as the coast of Gumea, &c. Did you ever see a Shore, or Coast > Q. What is a Desert ? A. It is a vast sandy plain destitute of vegeta- tion ; as the Sahara, or Great Desert, in the north- ern part of Africa. ofSuX'Thich C^t Desert is applied to an uneven tract TmXreP^' h„f h '^'•?'^^ °^ "^^^^^^ ^"*^ produces a few small trees; but has a soil incapable of bein^ rendered nro- IrTDe^se'r? ^rVT ' -^l^J ^'^^' American^ese .] "^ l4erS:::X^^^^^^ ^^^-^-^ Havithey [an^d'^pHngtoT^a^^n]^^^^ contains a few fertile .pot. ig into the 10 GE06IRAPH1CAL DEFINITIONS. NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. Q. How is the Water divided ? ^r-.^lA. A. Into Oceans, Seas, Archipelagoes,* Gultb or Bays, Lakes, Straits, Channels Sounds, Riv- ers, Firihs or Friths, Harbors, and Koads. Q. What is an Ocean ? ^ ^ . ♦ «r.o A. It is a vast collection of salt water not sepa- rated by land ; as the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian "^ DhTyou eter Bee the Atlantic ocean ? How do people go across In ocean > Can you show me the Atlantic ocean, on themap of the World? The Pacific? Indian ocean? Q. What is a Sea ? « , . ♦u. A. It is a large collection of salt water, mostly surrounded by land ; as the Mediterranean, bal- tic, Black Sea. , Which is the largest, an Ocean or a Sea . 6, What is an Archipelago ? . , A. It is a sea interspersed with numerous isl- ands ; as the Grecian Archipelago, east of Greece, Archipelago of Chonos, west of Patagonia. If a large Sea contain two or three islands would you call it an Archipelago? Why not? If you should find a sea nearly full of islands, what would you call it ? Q. What is a Gulf, or Bay? • * ♦! ^ ior..l • A A part of the sea extending into the land , as the Gulf of Mexico, Baffin's Bay, &c. [Small bays are called Creeks, Coves. Havens, Harbors, ^ Did vou aver see a Bay ? Can youshow mo a Bay or Gulf onlheZpT Is the water of a Gulf or Bay salt or fresh ? Why ? O. What is a Lake? - , , A It is a collection of fresh water surrounded by had ; as Lake Superior, Erie, Ontario, Lado- ga^_ - * Pronounced Ar ke-pel-a-goes. ■^Pl [I. ;s,* Gulfs nds, Riv- is. , not sepa- c, Indian lo people go ic ocean, on cean ? er, mostly nean, Bal- merous isl- of Greece, onia. ould you call d find a sea the land ; tc. 'ens, Harbors, a Bay or Gulf | salt or fresh ? surrounded tario, Lado- GEOORAPHICAL DEFIMTIONS. U [Salt lakes are called Seas, as the Caspian Sea, Aral Sea Small lakes are called Ponds.] ® • Have you ever seen a Lake ? Have you ever .een a Pond > LaTetp^HoVr °* '''' ^'-P- - cliffer fro.Thrsr of Q. What is a Strait .-' A. It is a narrow passage of water leading mo some sea, gulf or bay; as tde Strait of Gib- ralter, Bhenng's Strait, Davis' Strait, &c Can you show me a Strait on the map ? Q. What 18 a Channel ? '^ A. It is a passage of water wider than a Strait • ^^the English Channel, St. George's Channel; Z'^llut !t'Z> '''"'"" ' '"^'' ="" =' Channel .> A. It is a strait so shallow that its depth may be measured with a ead and line • as f nnn. I J '"if t"i\ ^fr^^'^ «-"d' PamlicrSonni'^'- .would you call it ; Why ? ^^ ""'' ''»»• "hal Q. What is a River ? A. It is a large stream of water, formed bv numerous branches, flowing from mountains or high land into an ocean, sea, lake, gulf, or bay- as the Connecticut, Hudson, Volga, &c ^ ' ed brooks, rivulets, rills, creeks, &c 1 ''reams are call- or ™«.r" "" '"' ' "'"" ■ I' "'» ^"t" of a River /„.A Q. What is a Firth or Frith ? A. It is the widening of a rivc mouth into an arm of the sea Forth, Murray Firth, in Scotlam Can you show me a Firth or Frith ? ' 12 GEOGIUAPIIICAL ])KFimT£ON&. O Wuat is a Harbor, or Haven? A If is a small part of the sea almost sur- rounded by land, where sh.ps may he u. safety^ as Boston karbor, New York Harbor, New Lon- '' TiJ^'reTny^ltbor. in the nnddle of the ocean ? Why „of' What would you call a. ..mil Bay, where sh.ps can lie in safety during storms and tempests . ^I'^Ittrpkcewhere ships may lie at anchor at fome distance from the shore ; as Hampton bVrH., at the mouth of James River m -y^irginra. ^ri our\oa^r"the san.e as those Roads w'>er, sh,,^ Ue at anchor' Why not? Can you oxplam to me the dilter enco ? \ "It t mScial channel filled with water, to afford an easy speedy and cheap conveyance nf (roods. &c., in boats ana vessels, troni one part fflconnTrv to another; as the Grand VVestern Canal, Middlesex C a a, p—^^^^^^^ DiL vou ever see a Canal is a vttn^i ,^„j_oi,-p-? er ; What is the differen ce betwe en a Canal and a River . explanation:. Nr.CESSARY TO THE USE O^ MAPS. a Wlii't names arc applied to the cartn. A The Earth, on which we hv3, is called the Globe, the World, the Sphere, &c. •^ATLVaHtKorhalf of the Earth T'^t:[:Xi-tX^r.^, Which is the Eastern to pole, these P^^^^ ^'^^^ ^^* . lonVlng on the map ot the "'•:.:r^„ GEOGKAPUICAL DEFINITIONS. 13 ost sur- L safety^ 3w Lon- m? Why ships can it anchor lampton irginia. jre ships lie the difter- th water, nveyance 1 one part [ Western inal. le as a Riv- l a River ? ? MAPS. called the iarth. )f the World'? cw of? ('an I the Eastern arts from pole iud Wksteun :he map of the F Tl w ! !r'i^' IS divided into /.ro equal parts from East to West at the Equator,— they are called NoRTHERr; and Southern FIewi«piieres, as you will perceive oy cxaminin'jr the map of the World exhibiting the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Will you show me the map of the World " Flow many Hemispheres are there on it? What is a Hemil sphere? Which is the Eastern Hemisphere? Which is the Western Hemisphere ? What do both Hemispheres ex- hibit a view of? Show me the Northern and Southern IIptu- ispheres. Which is the Northern Hemisphere ? Which is the Southern Hemisphere ' What do these Hemispheres ex- hibit a view of? Q. What is the equator or Equinoctial lino? A. It is an imaginary line drawn round the earth, at an equal distance from each pole. Can you show me the Equator on the map of the' WorkP How much farther is it from the Equator to the North Pole than to the South Pole ? Why? i^""nroie, [This line or circle, is ca^Jed the Equator, or Equinoctial line, because when the sun is on it, the days and nights are of equal length, to all the inhabitants of the earth ] Q. What are the Tropics? ^ A. They are circles drawn parallel* to the Equator, at the distance of twenty-three and a half degrees, north and south of it. [The circi. north of the equator is callod the Tropic of Cancer ; the one south of the equator, the tropic of Capri- corn.] '■ Can you show me the tropic of Cancer ? The tropic of Capricorn? Which of the tropics is nearest to the Equator^ Why ? [The word Tropic signifies a return, because when the sun IS on either of these line^, it appears to stop, and retrace its steps. I ho Tropics chow tlio sun's limits north and south of the equator. On the 2kt of March, Lho sun crosses the equator, and arrives at the Tropic of Cancer on the 21st of June, which is called the Sum mer Solstice. It then * Parallel, a line which is equally distant from another line, throuffhcut its whole length. o ,i r" i 'I If f4 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. i-eturns gradually towards the equator, which it crosses on the 21st of September, and arrives at the Tropic of Capri- corn on the 21st of December, which is called the Winter Solstice. When the Sun crosses the equator on the 21st ot March, it is called the rernal Equinox; when it crosses it on the 21st of September, it is called the Autumnal Lqumox. From the 2l8t of March to the 21st of September, you will perceive that the sun is north of the equator, and our days are more than 12 hours long ; and from the 21st of Septem- ber to the 21st of March, the sun is south of the equator, and our days are less than 12 hours long. Is the ':un norlh or south of the equator to-day ? Is the sun commg towards us today, or going from us? Is today more, or less than 12 hours long? Which are the longest now, the days or the nights?] Q. What are the Polar Circles r ' A. They are circles drawn parallel to the trop- ics, at the distance of twenty-three and a half degrees from the poles. Can you show me the Arctic Circle on the map of .he World? Can you show me the Antarctic Circle? Which of these circles is nearest the equator ? . ,. ^i rOn the 21st of June, when the sun is at the tropic ol Can- cer, all of that part of the earth north of the Arctic Circle has constant day, and that part south of the Antarctic Circle has constant night. The reverse of this takes place when the sun is at the tropic of Capricorn, on the 21st of December.] Do the Equator, Tropics, and Polar Circles extend north ^nd south, or eaH and west? Do you see other lines besides these, that extend east and west ? How many are there north of the equator ? How many south of the equator ? 1 hese lines are called Parallels of Latitude. Q. What are Parallels of Latitude ? A. They are circles or lines that pass round the globe parallel to the equator. How many parallels of latitude are between the equator and the tropic of Cancer ? Between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn? Do you see any hues on the Map that extend north and south ? These lines are called Meridi- ans. Q. What are Meridians: 1 A eithe 1 A 1 Q. A 1 a ha 1 [If, ' 'S GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 15 crosses on of Capri- he Winter he 21st of •osses it on Equinox. , you will i our days of Septein- luator, and in north or owards us ss than 12 lays or the the trop- nd a half nap of the e ? Which »pic of Can- c Circle has B Circle has e when the eceinber.] xtend north ines besides 5 there north or ? These ass round the equator Cancer and on the Map lUed Meridi- A. They are circles passing from pole to pole, cutting the equator at right angles. [Meridian is derived from a Latin word, which signifies mid-day, or noon. These lines are called meridians because as the earth turns towards the sun in its diurnal or daily mo- Hon, all places through which the same meridian passes, have noon or mid-day at the same time.] Which hai the greatest number of meridians drawn on it, the Eastern or Wtsiern Hemisphere ? Q. What is the use of the different Lines or Circles on the Map? A. To point out the situation of places, and show the effect of the earth's motions. Q. Why are the Parallels and Meridians curved on the Map? A. To represent circles on the globe. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Q. What is Latitude? A. It is distance from the equator, either wor^^ or south. [Places that are under the equator have no latitude. All places north ot the equator, arc in nnrth latitude; all places south of the equator are in south latitude.] iio you \ivQ north, or south oi the equator? Are w" in north, or south latitude ? Can you point with your hand to- w ,!, fr ^^"?^*'' • ^'^" y°" "h°^ '^ P'ace on the map of the World that IS in south latitude ? W hy is it in south latitude ? Wh noV?^*'^ ^^^ ^ ^'^''^ '^ '" ^"''^ latitude or west latitude ? What is Longitude ? A. It is distance from any given meridian, either east or ivest. Q. How is Latitude and Longitude reckoned ? A. In degrees, minutes, and seconds. Q. How many miles make a degree? A. Sixty geographic miles,— or sixty-nine and a half English m'ile [If you know the number of degrees between any two pla- 16 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. ces,by multiplying ihcm by sixty nine and a half, you wiU Jiave the distance in English miles.] How many degrees is it from the Equator to the first par- allel of latitude north of it ? If it is ten degrees, how many English miles is it? How many geographic miles ? How many English miles in two degrees ? In four degrees ? [At the equator a degree of longitude is as long as a degree of latitude; but as you 'go from the equator, either nor//i or sortth, the degrees of longitude become shorter and shorter, till at the poles they terminate at a point, as you will see by examining the Map of the World. A degree of latitude is as long at the poles as at the equator.] ZONES. ^. What are Zones A. They are divisions of the earth's sin face, ci^<^i^^'' [The word zone signifies a belt or girdle ; and these divi- sions are called zones, because they encompass the earth Uke a girdle.'l Q. How many Zones are there f A. There are five zones — one torrid^ — two tem- perate, — and two frigid zones. Q. What part of the earth's surface does the Torrid Zone A. That part of it which Hes between the Tropic of Caiicer and the Tropic of Capricorn. [This zone is called torrid, or burning zone, because of the great and continual heat of the sun, which passes over it ^prmg, The vegetable productions of the Temperate Zones are not so numerous or luxuriant as those of the Torrid Zone • th« principal are ^ram., of different kinds, cotton, apples, pears peaches, nuts, vines, urasses, and a great variety of plants The animals of the Temperate Zones are less nume;ous and ferocious than those of the Torrid Zone. The most no! !z^/r"^Rnf h' '"'"k ''"■''; ^'^r^' Pf'''^f'''-'^f--^es, bisons, deer, elks, &c. But they abound with animals which arc useful Co- food or labor as the Aor.v., the ox, the sheep, and the mule The inhabitants of the Temperate Zones have fair complex. 2» ^ 18 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. idns and are distinguished for strength, both of body and mind, and for industry, intelligence and enterprise. Can you point out the Temperate Zones on the map ? How many Temperate Zones are there? In what zone are we now ? Is the Northern Temperate Zone north, or south of the equator? Between what two circles is the .Northern Temperate Zone ? In what Zone are all the countries that lie between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic (. ircle . Q. What part of the earth's surface do the Frigid Zones A. Those parts which lie between the polar circles and the poles. „ ^ , .i,„ FThese are called Frigid or Frozen Zones, because the cold is so severe, that nearly the whole of these regions is covered with perpetual snow and ice.] In the Frigid Zones there are but two seasons,— a long cold winter, and a short summer. , , ^ /. „♦„ In the Frigid Zones there are no trees, and but few vegeta- bles of any kind, except moss. , . . 41 The principal animals are the white bear and retn-deer,ihe sable, and the ermine. . . , j r- *t, • The inhabitants of these regions are disimguished for their diminutive size, dark complexions, and for their ignorance ^""clf yoSow me the Frigid Zones ? What is the Zone called that surrounds the North Pole ? Which way from tj. is the North Frigid Zone ? Should you like to live m the North Frigid Zone ? Why ? Do the inhabitants raise corn, wheat, rye, &c. in the North Frigid Zone ? W hy not ? Questions on the different Zone*.— In what Zone do you IWo^' If you were to go to the countries that he in the 1 or- rid Zone, should you find snow and ice ? Which Zone pro- duces the greatest number of animals ? Did you ever see an animal that was brought from the Torrid Zone? Did you ever see an animal that was brought from the Frigid Zones? Yiv wliat are the inhabitants of the Torrid Zone distinguish- ed ? For what are the inhabitants of the Temperate Zones distinguished? Of the Frigid Zones? Which Zones pro- *U* .^i^moiAaf niiiYiVkOf* aF iicaFiiI flntm&IS: CEOGRAPIIICAL DEFINITIONS. 19 body and • the map ? it zone are h, or south le Northern untries that L'ircle? rigid Zones the polar because the 3 regions is —a long cold ; few vcgeta- 'ein-deer^ the bed for their ir ignorance , is the Zone way from us ;o live in the its raise corn, by not ? Zone do you ie in the Tor- ich Zone pro- »u ever see an le? Did you i'ri^nd Zones? e distinguish - iperate Zones ih Zones pro- Q. What Is a Map? MAP «. A. It is a picture, or representation of a part, or of the whole of the earth's surface on a plane. r A .,,,11 „„*:,„-£• !»/r- ^ • II 1 . ., - 1 [A coll Map lection ^ is tiie Map of the \VorId a picture of a part, of of the whole of the earth's surface ? Is the map of North America a picture of a part, or of the whole of the earth's surface ? Q. How is Latitude expressed on Maps? A. By figures wliich are placed on the sides of the map. [If the figures increase from the bottom of the map towards the top, the country which the map represents, lies in north latitude, or is iiorth of the equator. But if the figures in- crease from the top of the map towards the bottom, the coun- try which the map represents, lies in south latitude, or is south of the equator.] Do the figures on the Map of the United States increase from the top of the map towards the bottom, or from the bot- tom towards the top of the map ? Do the United States then he jn North or South latitude? From what do you reckon latitude ? In what direction do lines of latitude extend ? Q. How is longitude expressed on Maps? A. By figures which are placed at the top and bottom of the map. If the figures increase from the right to the left, the lond- tude IS west ; if from left to right, the longitude is east. [Degrees of longitude are found on the Map of the World at the equator; and the degrees of latitude round the sides of the Map.] POINTS OF COMPASS. Q. How many cardinal points of the compass are there > A. Four ; viz. North,— East,-'South,— West. Besides these points, there are four others, viz. North-East,— South^East,~South- West,— North- west. Which way from tw' is /jor/Zi .? Ueast? Is south ? Is west? Point with your hand to the north-easi. Point to the south-east. Point to the south-west. Point to the north-west. In what direction from m did the su» rise to-day ? •Hi 20 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. Q. What does the top of the map represent ? A. The top represents the north; the right hand, east; the bottom, south; the left hand, west. -^^ West Interior Ea^t |-r S 4^ # ^ ^ % % > ^"^ Can you show me the northern part of the map of the Uni- ted States ? The eastern part of it > The southern part of t? The western part of it ? Can you show me the tn/enor, or middle part of it ? Point to the nor/J-eas/crn part of it. ?oint to the ,oulh.mdern part of it. Point to the .ou^/i-tA^*^- ern part of it. Point to the noHh-wezltrn Pff .°*^^^: , ^^ point of the compass lies opposite to'the noW/i .? .^het po nt opposite to msJ Opposite to norih-m^lj Opposite f,o .oulh^ east ? To south-west ? To north west ? POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. Q. What are PoUtical divisions? , ,. , i A They are portions of the earth which usual- ly contain men of one nation, speaking one lan- guage, and subject to the same laws. • ^ Q What are the principal Political DiviSiGns of the earth . A. Empires, kingdoms, duchies, repubhca, &cc. fallm OEOORAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 21 he right ft hand, S ^■ p of the Uni- hern part of 5 the interior^ part of it. le south VBst- of it. What Whpt point osite f o south' rhich usual- g one lan- 3 of the earth ? publici, &c. Q. What is an Empire ? A. It consists of several countries* subject to one man, who is styled emperor ; as the Russian Empire. Can you mention any other Empire, besides the Russian Empire ? Q. What is a Kingdom ? A. It consists of one country, subject to one g man, who is called a king ; as the kingdom of France, of Spain, upil commences tho following cxerciHOH, let him 1)0 reoint to tho Souiii East. Point to tho South. Point to the South- West. Point to the West. Point to the Nortji-Wost. EXERCISES ON THE MAP. Note.— -Tho pupil should, if possible, sit facing the north,- BO that the Map may correspond to the natural situation of the country it is intended to represent. Which part of tlie Map is North ? Point to it. Winch part of the Map is East ? Point to it. Which part of the Map is South ? Point to it. Which part of the Map is West.? Point to it. Which part of the Map is North-East ? Point to it. Which part of the Map is South-East ? Point to it. Which part of the Map is South- West? Point to it. WJuch part of the Map is North- West ? Point to it. JJetween what two points of the compass is North-East > Between what two is South-East ? South- West ? North West r KiTtrotructors ILtmon. NoTE.-^Tho following Lesson is intended only as a gene- ral oni]meo{ the plan of commencing the study, which must be left for the Teacher to fill up, and extend as he may think proper. Ho can ask numerous questions of a local nature • as How many pubUc schools in this town, or cify? What other seminaries of learning ? How many churches ? What Wh .% i f ^wv. .^^^^ manufacturing establishments? What Roads? What mountain ? What River? What the principal occupation of the inhabitants ? How many inhabi- tants in this tosvn, or city ? &c. The scholar should draw a map of the Town on a slate or paper, and if convenient, a map of the county. ' 24 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What is tho name of this Town ? W hat Town is north of this ? What Town is east of this ? What Town is south of this ? What Town is west of this ? Is this Town level, or hilly ? • . . • > Have you ever been in any City or Town besides this ? What is a Tov n ? What is a County ? What is the name of this County ? How many Towns in this County ? Which is the Shire Town* of this County ? Is this County level or hilly ? What River in this County ? Who is the Chief Judge of this County ? Who are the Associate Judges of this County ? Who is the Sheriff! of this County ? Have you ever been in any County besides this? What is the name of this State ? How many counties in this State ? What bounds this State on tho north? What bounds it on the cast ? W^hat bounds it on the south? What bounds it on the west ? What is the capital of this State ? Which is the largest town or city in this State ? Who is the Governor of this State ? Who is the Lieutenant Governor of this State ? Have you ever been in any State besides this ? Under what General Government do you live ? U. S. What is the Capital of the United States? Who is the President of the United States ? Who is tho Vice President of the United States ? In which Grand Division of the globe are tlie U. States ? With what is N. America connected ? A. With S. Amer. What do N. and S. America constitute ? A. A continent. What is a continent? * Shire Town, the town or city in which the courts are| held. , t Sheriff; a man appoir.i,xl a each county to execute the laws. INTRODUCTOIIY LESSONS. MAP OF THE WORLD. 25 How many Continents are tlioro ? How is the Eastern Continent divided 7 How is the Western Continent divided ? In what part of the Eastern Continent is Europe ? n-w. What sea separates Europe from Africa? m. What is a Sea ? What sea separates Africa from Asia ? r. What ocean lies between Asia and America? p. What is an Ocean ? Did } u-i ever see the Atlantic ocean ? Whatocean separates AmorJja from Europeand Africa ' a. What ocean south of Asia ? What ocean surroundj (lio north polo? Whatocean surrounds the south pole? Which is the largest, the Arctic or Antarctic Ocean ? Is there more land north or south of the Equator? Which is the largest, the Eastern, or the Western conti- nent? E. What largo Island south-east of Asia? n-h. WJiat is an Island ? Between what two oceans is New Holland? i. and p. What islands between North and South America ? A. West India Islands. What Islands between Asia and New Holland ? A. East India Islands. Does the eastern or western continent extend farther south ? I Which extends farthest north ? Which extends farther south, Europe or Asia ? a. Does Africa or South A merica extend farther north? a. Which extends farther south, N. America or Europe? n'-a What Isthmus connects North and South America ? What is an Isthmus ? Whot Isthmus connects Africa and Asia? A. Suez. Hov. n . "I rand D Visions of the Globe are there ? W , ; : t:,/ called? Which is the largest Division ? Asia. Which is the second in size ? Africa. Which is the third ? North America. Which is the fourth ? South America. Which is the smallest ? Europe. In which Grand Division of the Globe aie we * h m t INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What Grand Div)8ionB does e EtiUdtor crobs ? W hat Grand Divisions are c, used by the Tropic of Cancer? Whatby the Tropic of Capi wn? . ^ Through what divisions does the Arctic L^ircle pass ? On which side of the Equator does most of fe. America lie . On which side of the Equator does most of Atnoalie . ]s Asia in north or south latitude ? Why in north latitude ? . , , Is Africa in north or south latitude ■ Whv is it in both north and south latitude ? . In what diroction from North America is South America . ""Yu'wlTdSorWAfrica is Asia ?-Europe ?-North AmedcaP^South AmericaP-New ^;lolland ?-GreenW ^^ In what direction from usisEurope?— Africa ?-&. America. What ocean lies between North America and Europe ? Between Africa and South America? WhatOcean between Africa and New Holland ? What Ocean east of Asia and west of America ? What Oceaa south of South America, Africa and New " W hit ocean north of North America, Europe and Asia ? How many Oceans are there ? VVhich is the largest Ocean ? Pacihc. Which is the second in size ? Atlantic. Which is the third ? Indian. (In'-je an.) W hich is the fourth ? Southern or Antarctic. Which is -the smallest Oc ean? Northern or Arctic. How many degrees froriTrhe Equator to each polo ? How many degrees from one polo to the other ? How many degrees is it round the globe ? How many geographic miles make a degree ? How miny English make a degree ? MAP OF N^RTH AMERICA. Does North America lie in north, or south latitude ? Why in north latitude ? What Ocean bounds it on the north ? What Ocean lies east of it ? W hat Gulf on the south ? ^ ^ What Ocean bounds it on th? wes- - l lMu.'W ' W ' f^ ' *' ''- r pic of Cancer? :le pass ? , America lie? frioalie ? uth America ? rope ? — North — Greenland ? ?-S. America ? and Europe ? Hand ? What rica and New e and Asia ? tic. r Arctic. jh polo ? lier ? CA. latitude ? m INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 27 How is North America divided ? In what part is British America ? Northern part. In what part are the. United States ? Middle. Where is Mexico? South-western part. In w^hat part is * Guatimala ? Southern part. Where are the t Russian Possessions? n-w. What is the Capital of British America ? a. What is the Capital of the United States ? w. ^^ What is the Capital of Mexico ? M. What is the Capital of Guatimala? o. In what direciion from N. America is Greenland ? To whom does it belong ? A. To Denmark. What Bay and Straits separate Greenland from N. Amer- ica ? B. and D. What Gulf south of the United States ? m. What Gulf in the western part of Mexico ? c. What Gulf east of Lower Canada ? St, l. What is a Gulf or Bay ? What Bay west of G r eenland ? What Bay in the northern part of British Anjerica ? h. What Bay north of Hudson's Bay ? r. What Bay kyuth of Hudson's Bay? j. What Bay east of Yucatan? ii. What Bay wjst of Yucatan ? c. What is a Mountain ? What Mountains extend from Mexico to the Arctic Ocean ? I R. In what direction do they run ? What mountains extend through the eastern part of the U. States? A. What is their course ? What is a Cape ? What Cape south of Greenland ? f. What Cape south of Nova Scotia ? s. What Cape west of Cuba ? a. Wiiat Cape south of California ? St. l. What Cape east of Bhering's Straits ? p-w. Which is the most southern Cape of the U. States ? s. * Gwah-te-mah'-la. tRu-shian. u i 28 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What Island east, of Greenland ? i. To whom does it beJong ? A. To Denmark. What large island east of the gulf of St. Lawrence ? n. What islands between North and South America? w-i. Which is the largest of these Islands? c. WJiich is the second in size ? h. Which is the third? j. Which is the fourth ? p-r. What cluster of isles east of the U. States ; b. What is a Lake ? What is a Pond ? . What six Lakes lie between the United States and British America? w. s. n. c. e. o. Which is the most eastern ? o. Which is the most western ? w. Which of these lakes is the smallest? St. c. Which is the largest? s. What large lake lies N. W. of L. Superior ? w. What two lakes N. VV. of Lake Winnipeg? h. and s. What lake in Guatimala ? n.* What river runs from Lake Ontario into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? What is its course ? n-e. What two rivers empty into the Arctic Ocean ? m. and c. What large river empties into the Pacific? c. What two into the Gulf of California ? g. and c. Where does the Mississippi empty ? What is a Strait ? What is a Channel ? What Strait leads into Baffin's Bay ? d. What Strait is the entrance to Hudson's Bay ? h. What Strait between Newfoundland and Labrador ? b. What Strait between N. America and Asia ? B. In what direction from us is the Gulf of St. Lalwrenco ? In what direction from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is Hud- son's Bay ? Gulf of California? Baffin's Bay? Which way from Hudson's Bay is the Gulf of Mexico? In what direction from the Gulf of Mexico is the Carib- bean Sea ? Which v/ay from the Caribbean Sea is the Gulf of Cali- fornia ? Pronounced Nic-ar-aw'-gua. INTROmJCTORY LESSONS. 29 wronce ? n. erica? w-i. if P-R. B. es and British st eastern ? o. Which is the w. H. and s. le Gulf of St. n ? M. and c. D. nd c. y? H. brador ? b. ' B. Lawrence ? Tence is Hud- of Mexico ? is the Carib- Gulf ofCali- In what direction from the Gulf of California is Baffin's Bay ? Which way from Baffin's Bay is Bhering's Strait ? In what direction from Bhering's Strait is the Isthmus of Darien ? What is an Isthmus ? What does the Isthmus of Darien connect ? How many Oceans border on North America ? What 3 large Gulfs in North America? m. j. c. Through what part of N.America does the tropic of dan- cer pass? Through what part the Arctic Circle ? In what Zones does North America lie ? In what Zones are the West India Islands ? In what part of North America do you live ? MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. In what State do you live ? What is a State ? How many States are there ? How many Territories are there ? What Division bounds the U. States on the north ? b-a What Ocean lies cast of the United States ? a What Gulf south of the U. States? m. What Ocean west of the U. States Territory ? p. In what direction does the coast of the United States run > N-E. and s-w. What is a Shore or Coast ? Point it out on the map. What SIX Lakes he between the United States and Upper Canada ? w. s. h. c. e. o. What six States and two Territories are bounded north bv these Lakes and Canadas ? ^ What thirteen States bordaf on the Atlantic Ocean ? vrnT^'o"'^^ ^^"^^^^ ''■^'^ Territory lie on t!io Gulfof Mexico* \li: ^^^^«^^n^ Territories lie on the Mississippi river ^ VVIiat State lies entirely west of the Mississippi river? What State lies on both both sides of the Mississippi river? How many Territories west of the Mississippi ? Which IS the most western Territory ? Which is the most north-eastern State ? Which is the most southwestern State ,? soutliT^P'''''*^*^^^"^'^''^*^*''^'^^'^'^^''^ extends firthest 3* 30 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What three States border on Lake Erie ? What State lies on Long Island Sound ? * In what direction from Connecticut is Maine ? Vermont ? New-York? Rhode Island ? Ohio? In what direction from Ohio is New York? Georgia? Louisiana ? t Illinois ? New Jersey ? Vermont ? ^ Indiana ? Maryland ? Tennessee ? In what direction from us is the Gulf of Mexico ? Lake Ontario? Missouri Territory ? Lower Canada? What two Sounds east of North Carolina ? a. and p. What is a Sound ' What Sound south of Connecticut? What two harbors east of New Jersey ? What Bay east of Massachusetts? m. What Bay between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ? f. What Bay on the north west part of Lake Michigan ? (Mish-e-gan.) o. What large river empties into the Gulf of Mexico ? m. Which are the three largest western branches of the Mis- sissippi river 1 iw. a. ii. , , Which is the largest eastern branch of the Mississippi,? o. What two rivers unite and form the Ohio ? a. m. What two unite and form the § Mobile river? A. Tom- bigbee and Alabama. What two rivers unite and form the Appalachicola? A. Chatahuoche and Flint? What river forms the boundary line between South Caro- lina and Georgia? s. , /> ht • What river separates Virginia and Kentucky from Illinois, Indiana and Ohio ? o. What river forms the boundary between Maryland and Virginia? p. What between New Jersey and Pennsylvania? d. What river in the eastern part of New York ? h. What is the principal branch of the Hudson ? m. What is the largest river in the Eastern States? c. "i* In answering the following questions, let the pupil point but the direction with his hand, as he gives the answer, i ll-l«-nov'. t In-je-an'na. § Mo-beel'. Introductory lessons. n ? Vermont ? ? Georgia ? ? :j: Indiana? xico ? Lake . and r. jnswick? F. 3 Michigan ? exico ? M. IS of the Mis- ississippi^? o. k. M. ? A. Tom- Lchicola? A. South Caro- from Illinois, ^laryland and a? D. H. ? M. JS? c. ^le pupil point answer. Mo-beel'. What river empties into Green Bay ? p. What river forms the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick ? St. c. What river forms the boundary between Louisiana and Mexico ? s. What Cape south of Nova Scotia ? s. What three Capes east of Massachusetts? a. c. m. What is the eastern point of Long Island called ? m. What Cape etst of New Jersey ? A. Sandy Hook. What two at the entrance of DeFaware Bay? m. h. What two at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay ? c.and h. What three east of N. Carolina? h. l. f. What two east of Florida ? c. and f. What Cape south of Florida ? s. What Island south of Connecticut? To what State does Long Island belong? A. To New- York. What is the principal range of Mountains in the United btates ? A. What is a mountain ? What seven States are intersected by the parallel of 40" N. latitude ? What State by the parallel of 30o N. latitude? Through what States would you pass in travelling in a straight line from Connecticut to Maine? From iVIaine to New York ? From New York to Virginia? From Virginia to Louisiana ? From Louisiana to Ohio ? From Ohio to Georgia? From Georgia to Louisiana ? From Louisiana to Maine ? Through what States would you pass in travelling on the coast from Louisiana to Maine ? I What is the Capital of the United States? w. I What is the Capital of Maine ? p.— Of New Hampshire ? I c— Of Vermont ? m.— Of Massachusetts ? b.— Of Rhode I * In learning the following questions, the scholar should I extend a rule from the centre of one of the given states to V the centre of the other. I* 32 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. island? p.— Of Connecticut ? ii. andN-ii.— Of Now York? a. •^New Jersey ? t. — Of Pennsylvania ? h. — Of Delaware ? D.— Of Maryland ? A.--Of Virginia ? b.— Of North Caroii. na? R. — Of Soilth Carolina? c. — Of Georgia? m.— Of Ala- bama ? t. — Of Louisiana ? n-o. — Of Mississippi f J. — Of Tennessee? n. — Of Missouri? j. c. — Of Kentucky? f. — Of Illinois ? v.--Of Indiana ? i.— Of Ohio ? a Wliich is the largest State ? v. "Which is the smallest State ? b-i. In what ^one are the United States ? The initials of certain rivers in the United States spell HARTFORD ; what are their names, and where do they empty? In what direction from this place is South America ? What Islands would you pass in sailing from New-York to South America ? w-i. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. What Sea north of South America ? What Ocean bounds it on the east ? What Strait on the south ? What Ocean bounds it on the west ? What Isthmus connects it with North America ? n. What is an Isthmus ? What are the Divisions of South America ? Which is the most northern Division ? c. Which is the most southern Division ? p. Which is the most eastern Division ? p. Which is the most western Division ? p. What Divisions lie on the Atlantic Ocean ? What Divisions lie on the Pacific? What Division on the Carribbean Sea ? c. What two Provinces does Colombia embrace ? A. New Grenada and Venezuela. What name has been given to the interior of S.. Amcr- ica ? A. Which is the largest division of S. America ? b. What tv/o divisions extend from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific ? p. c. What Desert between Chili and Peru ? a. In what Division is the Desert of Aiacama ? b. j ii wiiiMwi ' ii»jii!im.miiiuia INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 33 What is a River ? Which is the largest River in S. America? a. WJuch is the second largest ? p. What two Rivers unite and form the La Plata ' Which is the third River in S. America ? o. ' What River empties into the Caribbean Sea ? m. p. and u. What is an Island ? What Island at the mouth of the Amazon ? j. What Island south of Patagonia? t-d-f. What Strait separates Terra del Fuego from Pataffonia? M.— What IS a Strait ? What Island south of Chili^? c. What Island west of Chili, remarkable for the residence of Alexander Selkirk, or Robinson Crusoe ? j-f. What Cape north of S. America ? v. Which is the most eastern Cape ? r. Which is the most southern Cape ? h. Which is the most western Cape? b. [Imagine yourself standing on the Island of Joannes, and answer the following questions, and point out the direction with your hand.] In what direction from you is Cape Vela ? Cape St. Roque ? Cape Horn? Cape Blanco? Isthmus of Darien? Strait of Magellan ? Bolivia ? Colombia ? Pat- agonia ? Guianat? Peru? Chih? Brazilif:? Through what Divisions does the Equator pass ? Through what does the tropic of Capricorn pass ? In what Zones is South America ? What are Zones ? Plow many are there ? Through what Divisions does the 70th meridian of west longitude pass ? What are meridians ? Which is the principal chain of mountains ? Which is the highest peak of the Andes ? A. Ciiimbora- '"'^iJu ^^ ^^^^ ™*^^^ ^'^^ ^^°^^ ^^® ^®v^* ^^ ^^e sea. Which is the next highest peak ? A. Cotopaxi ; 2h miles high. It IS a Volcano. * Chef^-le. t Gee-an'-na. I Brazeel'. i 34 INTRODUCTOHV LESSONS. What is a volcano ? What isa mountain ? Between what two capes is South America the lonjrest ? Between what two the widest ? St. a. and b. What is the Capital of Colombia ? s-d-b. What is the Capital of Peru ? l. (Le^ma.) What is the Capital of Brazil ? a. j. What is the Capital of the United Provinces ? a. What is the Capital of Chili ? s. W hy are there no towns in Patagonia ? A. Because it is inhabited by Indians in a savage state* To whom does Guiana l?elong ? A. To the English, Dutch, and French. Spanish Guiana is included in Colombia ; and Portuguese Guiana in Brazil. What Ocean must you cross, and in what direction must you sail, in going from S. America to Europe ? MAP OF EUROPE. What Ocean lies north of Europe ? a. What Grand Division of the Globe oast of Europe? a. What Sea south of Europe ? m. What Ocean bounds Europe on the west ? a. Is Europe connected with Asia or Africa ? What sea separates it from Africa ? What large empire in the eastern part of Europe ? r. What is an empire ? What is a Kingdom ? What Kingdom in the south-western part ? p. What four divisions of Europe lie on the Mediterranean ? s. F. I. T. What five Divisions encompass the Baltic Sea ? a. d. s. R. p. Which is the largest Division of Europe ? r. Which is the second largest Division ? a. Which is the third Division ? t. Which is the smallest Division ? s.' What Divisions are intersected by the parallel of 40° N. latitude ? p. s. i. t. What by the parallel of 50^ ? f. n. g. a. r. What by the parallel of 60° ? n. s. r. Through what Divisions does the first meridian of longi- tude pass ? E. F. s. Tjirough what the 10° of E. longitude ? n. d. p. g. s. a.j. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 35 el of 40° N. Through what divisions does the 2(r of E. longitude pads f N. 8. P. P. A. T. * ^ The 30° E. longitude ? r. Which is the largest Island in^urope ? g-b. What large Island west of Groat Britain ? i. What large Island west of Norway ? I. What two large islands west of Italy ? s. c. What small Island between Corsica and Italy ' e For what is Elba remarkable ? • u^; y^^ ^®'"S ^^^® 1^^^^® *® w^^ch Bonaparte was first ban- ished in 1814. What large Island south of Italy ? s. What large Island south of Sicily, on which St. Pan! Was shipwrecked? m. What Island south of the Archipelago? c. What is an Archipelago ? What large Island in the eastern part of the Mediterrane- an ? c. What 3 Islands near Spain ? i. m. m. Whatfour clusters of Islands north and west of Scotl«nd f F. s. o. w. What is an Island ? What three Divisions constitute the Kingdom of Great Britain ? ** A. England, Wales, and Scotland. What does the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland constitute ? A. The British Empire. Whatname has been given to the northern part of Nor- way, Sweden, and Russia ? l. What Sea east of Great Britain ? n. What Sea between Great Britain and Ireland ? i. What Sea between Sweden and Russia ? B. What Sea in the northern part of Russia ? w. What three Seas south of Russia ? c. a. b. What three Seas east of Turkey ? a. m. a. There are ten Seas in and around Europe ; what are their names ? c. a. b. m. a. m. i. n. b. w. What Gulf north of the Baltic ? b. Whjjt two Gulfs east of the Baltic ? f. and r. vVhat guif oast of Italy ? v. i 36 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What Gulf south east of Italy ? t. What Gulf south of France? l. What Bay west of France ? b. What Channel between France and England ? k. What Channel between Wales and Ireland? St. a. What Channel south of Wales? b. What Channel between Ireland and Scotland? n. What Channel between Denmark and Norway ? s. What Channel between Denmark and Sweden? c. What Strait between England and France ? d. What Strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean? What Strait between Corsica and Sardinia? b. What Strait between Sicily and Italy ? m. What Strait at the entrance of the Gulf of Venice? G. 1 * w w w ;| w What Mountains between Norway and Sweden ? d. What Mountains between France and Spain ? p. What Mountains in Switzerland ? a. Which is the highest peak of the Alps ? A. Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Europe. What Mountains in Italy ? a. What Mountains in Austria? c. What Mountains in Tuikey? h. What Mountains between llussia and Siberia ? u. What Mountain in Sicily ? e. What Mountain near Naples? v. What Mountain in Iceland ? ["■>#■ H. What What What What What What What What What What What is a Cape ? What is a Promontory ? Cape north of Norway ? N. Capo south-west of Norway ? n. Cape south-west of England ? jl-e. Capo south of Ireland ? c. Cape north of France? C La Hogue. Cape north-west of Spain ? o. Cape west of Spain ? f. Cape south-west of Portugal ? Cape south of Italy ? s. Cape south of Turk«y i" Rt. St. V INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 37 What large River rises in Russia and emiities into the Cas- plan Sea ? v. What River empties into the Sea of Azof ? d. What River rises in Germany and empties into the Black sea : D. What two Rivers rise in Switzerland ? r. and r. What two Rivers empty into the Bay of Biscay ? g. end l. wu ^ i^'\';' ^""P*'^^ '"^^ ^^'° English Channel ? s. What five Rivers rise in Spain and empty into the Atlan- tic r a. G. T. D. M. Which is the principal River in England ? t. Which IS the largest River in Ireland ? s. Which is the principal River in Norway? o. What is a River ? What is a Lake? •■> ~~~ What two Lakes in Russia ? o. h. What three Lakes in Sweden ? w. What two Lakes in Switzerland ? neva. w. and Ma-la'r. A. Constance and Ge- What is the Capital of England ? l. What is the Capital of Portugal ? L.-Of Spain ? m —Of ^'^th • J;-Of N^tJl^rJ^nds ? A._At what place in Germany does the Federative Diet hold its sessions ? A. At Frankfort on-the-Maine. What is the Capital of Denmark ? c —Of Switzerland? b.— Of Italy? r.— Of Austria? v.— Of Tur- ^^o?'«r^^^T^'*'' »•— of i^«ssia ? St. P.-Of Sweden' s. — OfJNorway? b. In what direction from us is England ? In what direction from England is Norway ? Prussia? Italy? Spain ? Ire- land ? Russia ? Portugal ? ^ r • Does Europe lie in no^h or south latitude ? Why ' In what Zones is Europe ? What are Zones ? What part is in the North Frigid Zone ? In what direction from Europe is Asia ? MAP OF ASIA. What Ocean lies north of Asia? a. What Ocean bounds it on the east ? n. What Ocean onlhe South ? i. What Grand division west of Asia £. 38 INTRODUCTORY LIJSSONS. i '■ ' » .1 What Isthmus connects Africa and Asia ? a. What are the political Divisions of Asia ? What Division embraces the northern part ? s. What extensive Empire south of Siberia? c. What two Divisions south of the Chinese Empire ? u.& f. i. What Division in the south-western part of Asia ? a. What Division north of Arabia ? t. What Division east of Turkey ? p. What two Divisions east of Persia? a. and b. What Division north of Afghanistan ? What What What What What What What What What What What What What I-T. Sea between Asia and Africa ? r. . Sea between Arabia and Hindoostan ? a. Sea or Bay between Hindoostan and F. India ? b. Sea east of Farther India ? c. Sea east of China ? b. Seabctween China and Corea? y. Sea between Corea and Niphon ? c. Sea in the eastern part of Siberia ? o. Sea east of Kamtchatka ? k. Sea in the northern part of Siberia? o. Sea between Nova Zembla and Siberia? k. Sea west of Independent Tartary? c. Sea in Independent Tartary ? a. What Gulf between Arabia and Persia ? p. What Gulf between Malacca and Cambodia? s. What Gulf east of Tonquin ? t. What Gulf in the northern part of New Holland ? [See Map of the World.] What Gulf between Cey-lon' and Hindoostan ? A. Gulf of Ma-naar'. What Gulf at the Northern extremity of the Red Sea ? A. Gulf of Suez. What Mountains between Siberia and the Chinese Em- pire ? What Mountains between the Chinese Empire and Hin- doostan ? Which is the highest peak of the Himmaleh Mountains ? A. Da-wal-agdri. It is five miles high, above the level of the sea ; being the highest mountain on the globe. L. IVTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 39 8. ipiro? ii.&F.i. Asia? A. 3. ' A. F. India ? b. >. a? K. .'' 8. and? a? Red Sea ? Chinese Em- pire and Hin- Mountains ? ve the level of >be. What chain unites the Allay and Ilimmaleh Mountains ? B-T. What Mountains in the southern part of Hindoostan ? o. What Mountains in the western part of Turkey ? t. What Mountains in the northern part of Arabia ? r. What Mountains separate Siberia from Russia in Europe ? u. — What is a Mountain ? What is a Peninsula ? What Peninsula in the southern part of Farther Jndia? m. What Peninsula between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Corea ? c. What Peninsula between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Kamtchatka ? k. What Cape north of Siberia ? t. What Cape south of Kamtchatka ? l. What Capo south of Malacca? r. What Cape south of Hindoostan ? c. What is a Strait ? What is a Channel ? What Strait between Asia and North America ? b. What Strait between Malacca and Sumatra? m. What Strait between Sumatra and Jjiva? s. I See Map of the Wirld.\ What Strait between Borneo and Celebes ? m. What Strait between New Holland and J?ew Guinea ' t. [See Map of the World.] What Strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Ormus ? A. The Strait of Ormus. What Strait is the entrance to the Red Sea ? b. What two Rivers unite, and empty into the Persian Gulf? E. and T. What large River rises in the Chinese Empire, and empties into the Sea of Arabia ? i. What two Rivers unite and empty into the Bay of Ben- gal ? G. b. What River empties into the China Sea ? c. What River passes through the middle of China and emp- ties into the Pacific ? k. What River empties into the Yellow Sea ? h-h. What River empti^ into the Channel of Tartary ? a. i • i I ) it !•■. ; I 40 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What River empties into the sea of Anadir ? a. What three Rivers empty into the Arctic Ocean? l,o. y. What River empties into the sea of Obi ? o. .What River from Europe empties into the Caspian Sea ? What is an Island ? What Island south of Hindoostan ? c. What Island south of Malacca? s. What Island south-east of Sumatra? j [See JSlap of the World.] What large Island east of Malacca ? b. What large Island east of Borneo ? g. * What large Island South east of Asia > n-h. [See Map of the World.] What Island south of New Holland? v. d l. What large Island north of New Holland ? n-g. What cluster of Islancjs east of Farther India ? p. What Island in the gulf of Tonquin ? h.- What large Island east of Corea? n. What two Islands east of the channel of Tartary ? j. 8. What island north west of Siberia? N-z. What Oceans border on Asia? a. p. i. What six Seas cast of Asia ? k. o. c. y. b. c. What six Seas west of Asia ? r. m. a. m. b. a. What is the Capital of Turkey ? c. What is the Capital of Arabia ? m. What is the Capital of Persia ? t. Of Afghanistan? c— Of Beloochistan ? k.— Of Hindoos- tan? c— Of the Birman Empire? u.— Of the Chinese Em- pire ? p.— Of Independent Tartary ? B.~Of Siberia ? A, Tobolsk. Where is the Empire of Japan ? A. In the east of Asia ; including the Islands of Niphon, Kiusiu, Ximo, and Sikoke, besides several smaller ones. Its Capital is Jedo. What three Islands does the Equator cross; S. B. C. J hrough wiiat Divisions does the Tropic of Cancer pass ? A. H. F-I. C. Through what Division the Arctic Circle ? s. What Divisions are intersected by the parallel o^ 10** N latitude ? ii. f i. ■■*i S. A. A. eean ? l^ o. y. !!^aspian Sea ? r-G. L? p. tary ? j. g. -Of Hindoos' Chinese Em- Siberia ? A, 8 of Niphon, ler ones. Its . B. c. Cancer pass ? i\ o^ I0*» N. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 41 I What by the parallel of 20° ? a. h. p-i. What by the parallel of 33° ? a. p. b. a. h. c-e. What by the parallel of 40° ? t. c. i-t. c-e. Through what Divisions does the 80th meridiaYi of east longitude pass ? s. c-e. h. In what Zones does Asia lie? At what place is Asia connected with Africa ? s. What is an isthmus ? In what direction from Asia is Africa ? If you travel out of Asia into Africa, what is the first divi- sion you will enter ? e. MAP OF AFRICA. What Sea liep north of Africa ? m. Whiii Sea and Ocean east of Africa? r, and i, WI Ocean bounds it on the west ? a. On which side of the Equator does most of Africa lie? With which of the other Grand Divisions is Africa con- nected ? Wliat States in the northern part? b-s. What are their names ? m. a. t. t. b. W hich is the most western of the Barbary States ? m. What does Morocco include ? A. The former kingdoms of Tafilel and Fez. Which is the most eastern of the Barbary States? b. What Division in the north eastern part of Africr? e. What Division south of Egypt ? n. What Division south west of Nubia ? d. What Division east of Darfur ? a. What extensive Desert south of the Barbary States? a. What large Division southeast of the Desert ? s, or n. What Division west of Nigritia ? s. What two small Divisions south of Senegambia ? s. l. and L. What name has been given to the coast between Senegam- bia and the Equator ? a. What names have been given to the coast between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn ? l. c. a. b. c. What name has been given to the southern part of Africa ? s. A. What Colony in the southern part of Africa ? c. 4* .1 i V 42 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What spiall Division in the eastern part of S. Africa ? c What is the interior of the southern part of Africa called ? e What do we know respecting Ethiopia? A. Nothin/r ex-" cept Its name, as ithas never been explored by any except by those who inhabit it. •' ^ f" What names have been given to the coast between South Africa and Abyssinia ? m. m. z. a. What Division in the eastern part of the desert ? f. Which is the most northern Cape ? b. Which is the most eastern Cape ? o. ' Which is the most southern Cape ? g-h. Which is the most western Cape ? v. What is a Cape ? What is a n Island ? Which is the most nerthern group of the African Islands f ''•TJu '""l^^,^ direction from Morocco are the Azores" What Islands west of Morocco ? m. What cluster of Islands south-west of Morocco ? c What Islands west of Senegambia? c- v. What Island west of Cimbebas ? St. h.* Q. For what is St. Helena distinguislie'd ? A. For being the place to which Napoleon Bonaparte wn«, banished m 1815 He was detained on this island'^as a pTis oner of war, till his death, in 1821. ^ In what direction from France is St. Helena ? In what direction from us is St. Helena ? What large Island south-east of Africa ? m What Islands iri the northern part of the Channel of Mo zambique.? c.—What is a Channel ? What two Islands east of Madagascar? f b What Island near Cape Guardafui? s. What Isthmus unites Africa and Asia ? s How wide is the Isthmus of Suez? A fin m:i« What Strait at the entrance of the Red Sea^ b What Strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean ? How wide are each of these Straits ? ""^^^^ - A. They are in the narrowest oart nhnnt ic ,«-i What Channel between MadagCkr ^"d MozT^uli^^K What Gulf east of TunisT (^"^ What Gulf north of Tripoli ?' s Mf* INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 43 S. Africa ? t. Lfrica called ? e. A. Nothing' ex- iy any except between South !ert ? f. frican Islands f 5010S ? ceo? c. 'onaparte was land as a pris- annel of Mo tiiles. B. mean ? miles wide, ambique ? m. Red Sea? What Gulf south of Guinea? o. What Bay near the Cape of Good Hope ? t-b. What River rises in the Mountains of the Moon, and runs north through Abyssinia, Nubia, and Egypt, into the Mediter- ranean ? N. What large River in Nigritia ? n. Where does the Niger empty ? A. It is not certainly known ; but it is probable it empties into the Gulf of Guinea. What three Rivers in Scnegambia ? s. a. q. What River separates Sencgambia from Guinea? m. NVhat River separates Loango from Congo ? z. What River in S. Africa runs west into the Atlantic ? o. What River empties into the channel of Mozambique ? z. What Mountains in theBarbary States? a. What Mountains extend through the middle of Africa ? m. What Mountains north of Guinea ? k. C-T. What is the Capital of Egypt ? c. What is the Capital of Barca? d. V\ hat is the Capital of Tripoli ? t. OfTunisPT. OfAlgiers? A. Of Morocco ?m. What is the principal Town in the Cape Colony ? What is the Capital of Congo ? St. s. What is the Capital of Abyssinia ? a. In what direction from us is Tripoli ? In what direction from Tripoli is the Cape Colony ? Abyssinia ? — Senegam bia ? — Egypt ? — Morocco ? — Nubia ? G. of Guinea ? — Fezzan ? Through what divisions of Africa does the Equator pass ? Through what the Tropic of Cancer ? Through what the Tropic of Capricorn ? In what Zones does Africa lie ? Supposing you were at the Cape of Good Hope to-day at 12 o'clock, would the sun be north or south of you ? Why ? Between what two Capes is Africa the longest ? Between what two Capes the widest ? How long is the Sahara, or Great Desert ? How long is the Mediterranean Sea ? How long is the Red Sea ? In what direction from Africa is this place ? if ! 44 AMERICA. PART SJSCOND. ^miBMi^^m. J^iscoveryof America by Columbus in 1492 ^^Q.^ How does America compare with the eastern Conti. A. It is less in size than the eastern continent but surpasses ,t ,n the number and magnitude of Its rivers, its numerous lakes, and its lofty and extended ranges of mountains. ^ Q. What is the extent of America > A. It IS about 9,000 miles in length nnH r.^ 000 square miles. ^ ^^ j^^uu,- Q. For what is America distinguished ? A I^or the variety of its climate,— its valuahip productions,--and for the freedom of k S and rehgious mstitutions. ^*^" Q. What is the probable population of America ? rli; ^*^^"\,^,^.'000^«00,--consisting of three classes : viz. Wh tpc, ivr,., ,»=,.' luree ~ ■ ""^*^"» -^^^iws, ana Indians. AMERICA. 45 n 1492. astern C'onti. I continent, agnitude of 3 lofty and and on an >g 15,000,- ^s valuable 5f its civil la ? of three ians. The whites are the descendants of Europeans, wlio have settled in America since its discovery. The negroes are de- scendants of African Slaves ; and the Indians are the rem- nants of those who occupied the country at the time of its discovery. Q. When, and by whom was America discovered ? A. In 1492, by Christopher Columbus,* under the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. The discovery of America by Columbus, excited a spirit ot enterprise unknown, and unfelt, at any time before ; and drew adventurers from ail parts of Europe. Tn 1497, John Cabot, and his son Sebastian, natives of Venice, in the ser- vice of Henry VII. king of England, discovered North Amer- ica, and explored the coast from Newfoundland to Florida. In 1499, Americus Vespucius, a native of Florence, discov- ered the continent at Paria, near the mouth of the Orinoco. On his return to Europe, he published an account of his voy- age, and acquired the undeserved honor of giving his name to this continent. In a short time the whole continent was dis- covered, and settlements made in various parts of it, by dif- ferent nations of Europe. 6oulh America and the Southern part of North America, were peopled by colonies from Spain and Portugal ; the eastern part of North America by colonies from England, France, and Holland. America, at the time of Its discovery, was inhabited by a rude, barbarous, and war- like people, whom Columbus and his followers named In- dians. They considered the Spaniards as a superior race of beings, and treated them with all the kindness and hospitali- ty of which native innocence. is capable. But their kind- * Columbus was born at Genoa in 1447. From long and close application to t,he study of Geography, he became fully convinced that there \ras a new continent in the west. To determine this point, he resolved on a voyage of discovery. He first applied to the government of Genoa for assistance, but without success ; he next applied to the government of Portugal, but his applications were here rejected ; he next applied to Ferdinand and Isabella, the sovereigns of Castile and Arragon, who furnished him with three small vessels and 90 men. He sailed from Palos in Spain, the 3d of August, 1492, and discovered San Salvador, the most easterly of the Bahama Isles, Oct. 12th, 1492. He made ftnir voyages of dis- covf^ry to this continent, and died ai Valiadolid in 1506, aged ."^9. 46 NORTH AMERICA. '■'' ness was ill re aid. Impelled by a thirst for gold, the Span- iards committed the most horrid cruelties upon them, and in some instances destroyed whole nations. Between what two oceans docs the western continent lie ? How long since America was discovered ? What name is given to the northern part of the continent? What name is given to the southern part? What Isthmus unites these two portions ? What Islands between North and South America ? Which approaches nearest to the eastern continent. North or South America? n-a. On which part of the western conti- nent do you live ? In what zones does the western continent lie ? In what direction from South America is North Amer- ica ? NORTH AMERICA. North American Indians, Q. How does North America compare witlithe other Grand Divisions of the Globe ? ' A. It is the third in extent of the five Grand Divisions of the globe, being 4,500 miles in length, and on an average 2,500 niiles in breadth : con- taining about 8,000,000 square miles. Q. For what is north America distinguished ? I NORTH AMERICA. 47 jold, the Span- tn them, and in I continent lie ? What name is What name is mites these two louth America? inent, North or western conti- )stern continent is North Amer- lie other Grand five Grand les in length, eadth ; con- ned? A. For the number and size of its rivers and lakes, and its extended ranpjes of mountains. Q. What is the climate of North America ? A. It is various ; the part north of 50** is a barren and frozen region ; the country being covered with snow and ice, a great part of the year. The part between 50° and 35°, is subject to extremes of heat and cold, but produces in abundance, in most parts, grass, grain, and vari- ous kinds of fruit. South of 35°, the climate is warm, producing rice, cotton, tobacco, indigo, sugar cane, and tropical fruits, as oranges, lemons, pine apples and figs. Q. Wliat is the probable population of North America ? A. It is supposed to be about 20,000,000 ; con- sisting of Whites, Negroes, and Indians. Q. Who inhabit the northern and western parts of North America ? A. Various Indian tribes, among whom the Whites have erected trading houses for the pur- pose of procuring furs and skins. Q. What is the character of the N. American Indians? A. They are of a copper complexion, tall, straight, and capable of enduring great fatigue. They are faithful and generous to their friends, but cruel and implacable to their enemies. Their principal employment is hunting, fishing, and war. Respecting the northern part of North America, nothing is known with any degree of certainty. During a few 3'ears past, several attempts have been made to sail round the northern part of North America, into the Pacific, or in other words, to find a north west passage ; all of which have been unsuccessful. Capt. Parry, having entered Barrow's strait, sailed to the 106^ W. longitude, where he discovered a large island, which he named Melville, but was unable to^proceed farther, on account of ico. Mackenzie, Hearjio, J^rankiin, and other?, have attempted to explore this region by land, 48 NORTH AMERICA. but none have been able to penetrate those fearful abodcH ol' perpetual ice and snow. MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. How is North America bounded ? British America ? Capital ? U. S. and Territory? Capital ? Mexico ? Capital ? Guatimala ? Capital ? Russian possessions? Chief Towns ? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns ? Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers ? RIVERS. What is a River ? Where does Mackenzie's River rise, in what direction does it run, and where does it empty ? Coppermine ? Peace ? Elk? Slave? *Saschaschawan? Churchill? Nelson Severn ? Albany ? Moose ? Utawas ? St. Lawrence Columbia? Clark's? Lewis'? Multnomah? Colorado tGila? Rio Bravo, or Del Norte ? St. Juan ? Mississippi Missouri ? Yellowstone ? Arkansas ? Red River ? CAPES. What is a Cape ? Where is Capo Farewell? Where is Cape St. Lewis ? Where is Cape Sable ? Where is Icy Cape ? Where is Cape Prince of Wales ? Where is Cape St. Lucas ? Where is Cape St. Antonio ? ISLANDS. What is an Island ? Where is Melville Island? Sabine? Disco? Iceland? Southampton? Mansfield? James? Anticosti ? Cape Breton ? St. John's ? Newfoundland ? Sable ? Bermudas ? Bahamas ? Greater Antilles, viz. Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, Porto Rico ?— Caribbean Islands, viz. Santa Cruz, Antigua, Gaudaloupe, Dominica, Martinico, St. Lu- cas, Barbadoes, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad ? — Little An- * Sas-ka-shaw'-an f Ge-la. NORTH AMERICA. 49 irful abodcH ol" IS? IS? IS? 18? Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers ? it direction does fiine ? Peace ? hill ? Nelson ? St. Lawrence ? \\ ? Colorado ? I? Mississippi? d River ? iland? Sabine? ifield ? James ? Newfoundland ? tilles, viz. Cuba, lands, viz. Santa irtinico, St. Lu- id ?— Little A li- ft. tilles, viz., Curazoa, Buen Aire, Orchilla,Tortu};a, Mar>;arit- la, Oruba? — King George's? Prince of Wales? Queen Charlotte's ? Vancouver's or Nootka Island ? STRAITS. What is a Strait? Where is Davis' Strait? Where is Hudson's Strait? Where is Cumberland's Strait? Where is the Strait of *Uellisle ? Where is Barrows' Strait ? Where is Biiering's Strait ? BAYS. What is a Bay'' Where is Baffin's Bay ? Where is Hudson's Bay? Where is Repulse Bay ? Where is James' Bay ? Where is the Bay of Fundy ? Where is tAmatique Bay? Where is the Bay of Honduras ? Where is the Bay of Cam peachy? GULFS. What is a Gulf? Where is the Gulf of St. Lawrence ? Where is the Gulf of Mexico ? Where is the Gulf of California? SOUNDS. What is a Sound ? Where is Prince William's Sound ? Where is Lancaster Sound ? W here is Smith's Sound ? Where is Whale Sound ? PENINSULAS. What is a Peninsula? Where is the Peninsula of Greenland ? * BeUU. t Am-a-teek . 50 NORTH AMERICA. Where is the Peninsula of Nova Scotia ? Where is the Peninsula of Florida? Where is the Peninsula of Yucatan? Where is tlie Peninsula of California? Where is the Peninsula of Alaska ? MOUNTAINS. What is a Mountain? What is a Volcano ? Where are the Allegany Mountains ? Where are the Cordilleras Mountains? Where are the Rocky Mountains ? Where is Horn Mountain ? Where is Mount Elias >* Where are the Arctic Highlands ? Where is Popocatapetl ? LAKES. What is a Lake? Where is Lake Superior? Where is the Lake of the Woods? Where is Lake Winnipeg? Whore is the Lake of the Hills? Where is Slave Lake ? Where is Lake *Chapala ? Where is Lake tNicaragua ? DIVISIONS. What are the Divisions of North America? W hich is the most northern Division ? Which is the middle Division ? Which is the south-western Division ? Which is the southern Division? Which is the most north-western Division ? What is the length of the Gulf of Mexico ? What is the length of the Gulf of California? What is the length of the Caribbean Sea ? What is the length of Hudson's Bay ? What is the length of the Grand Bank of Nowfoundla»d ? How wide is the Atlantic Ocean ? How wide is the Pacific Ocean ? * Sha.pa-la. t Nia ar-aw'gua. SfJMiSaiM*^ NORTH AMERICA. 51 UNITED STATES. Convention at Philadelphia^ in 17H7. The United States are the most interesting and important division of the western continent; and are distinguished for the excellence of their government, — the rapid increase of the popula- tion, — and for the intelligence, industry, and en- terprise of the iiahabitants. In extent of territory, the United States rank among the first political divisions of the globe. They are 3000 miles in length from east to west, and 1700 miles in breadth, from north to south ; embracing almost every variety of climate, sur- face, soil, and production. The commerce of the United States ranks next to Great Britain. It extends to all nations, and to every clime. The chief articles of export, are cotton, tobacco, wheat, flour, rice, fish, ashes, lumber, and naval stores. The chief articles of Kugai^ spirits, spices and wines. In 1831, the 52 NORTH AMRRICA. foreign and domestic exports amounted to 80,- 372,566 dollars ; the imports to 97,032,858 dol- lars. History. — The United States were settled principally by emigrants from Great-Britain. They were all included with- in the English patent, and claimed by the English crown. Tliey were styled " British colonies in North America," and remained in subjection to the English government till 1775. From the first settlement of this country, the English gov- ernment treated the inhabitants of these colonies as a dis- tinct and subordinate class of subit^cts, and considered their interest entirely subservient to the ag2;randizement and pros- perity of the mother country ; and after the conquest of Can- ada, they began to exercise an undue authority over them, and to interfere in their civil concerns in a manner that ex- cited the most serious alarm. The English government claimed the right of taxing the colonies, although they allowed them no participation in their legislative councils. The colonies denied this right, and contended that "taxation and representation were inse- parable ; and that they could not be safe if their property could be taken from them without their consent." After various oppressive acts on the part of the English government, the colonists resolved to support their rights by force of arms. The first battle was fought at Lexington, on the 19th of April, 1775. In 1776, they declared themselves free and independent, under the name of " The United States of America." In 1783, Jan. 20th, peace was set- tled between the two nations, — when Great-Britain acknow- ledged the United States to be /rce, sovereign and independ- ent. In May, 1787, a Convention of delegates from the several states met at Philadelphia, for the purpose of forming a con- stitution adequate to the exigencies of government, and the preservation of the Union. George Washington was unani- mously elected president of this body of illustrious states- men ; and after four months deliberation, they agreed upon a constitution, which was adopted by the several states in 1789, and has been the source of unexampled prosperity. Government. — The government of the United States is a federal republic ; formed by the union of the several states, " 'ftmmmmmm NORTH AMEllICA. 53 for the purpose of mutual safety and defence, under the gene- ral power of a Congress. [Each state is independent, with distinct laws for itself, and has the exclusive control of all local concerns : but the defence of the country, the regulation of commerce, and all the gener- al interests of the confederacy, are committed by the constitu- tion of the United Stales to a general government.] The laws of the United States are made by a Congress, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, and is termed the legislative power. The laws are executed by a President; who is apsisted by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, of the Navy, and of the 1 reasury, and is called the executive power. The President is chosen for four years, by delegates elected for that purpose by the people, and equal in number for each state, to the members it sends to Congress. The Vice President is chosen in the same manner, and for the same length of time. The Senate consists of two members from each state, cho- sen by the legislatures thereof for six years. The R presentatives are chosen for two years, by the people of each state, according to their population : 40,0u0 inhabit- ants being entitled lo one Representative. The Federal Judiciary is the power which explains and ap- plies the laws, and is independent of the legislature. It con- sists of a supreme court held at Washington, and a ihstrict court in each state. The Judges of the supreme court of the United states, and the inferior officers of government, are ap- pointed by the President, with the approbation of the Senate. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. * George Washington from 1789 to 1797 8 years. 2. tJohn Adams 3. *Thomas Jefferson 4. *James Madison 6. *James Monroe 6. tJohn Q. Adams 7. :|:Andrew Jackson from 1797 to 1801 4 years, from l; 01 to 1809 8 years, from 1809 to 1817 8 years, from 1817 to 1825 8 years, from 1825 to 1829 4 years, from 1829 to years. * A native of Virginia, t A native of Massachusetts. \ A native of S. Carolina. #5 54 NORfll AMERICA. '( ili i ii syi» Religion. — In almost every country, there is some religion established by law, and the people are not only required to pay for the support of it, but to believe it, and if they refuse, they sutFer great inconveniences and persecutions. But in the United States there is no established form of religion ; every individual is left to the free enjoyment of his own re- ligion, and is at liberty to worship God agreeably to the dic- tates of his own conscience. The inhabitants are divided in- to a great variety of sects, the principal of wliich are Con- gregationalists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, Me- thodists, German Lutherans, Unitarians, and Friends. TABLE or RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS, IN 1831. Denominations. Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Associate Presby. Reformed Dutch, Protestant Episcopalian, German Reformed, . Evang. Lutheran, Methodist Episcopal, Calvinistic Eaptist, Freewill Baptist, Christian Baptist, Mennonite Baptist, United Brethren, Friends, Unitarians, Shakers, Swedenborgians, Universalista, Roman Catholics, Infidels, MiniS' ters. 1,000 1,600 72 159 519 130 200 1,817 3,000 360 357 2(J0 23 (1,000) 149 45 Congre- fjations Total, 29 !50 230 10000 1,250 2,070 104 194 (600) 600 000 (3,271) 4,400 370 1,000 (250) 23 Communi. I or memb'rs Population 500 184 16 40 300 (1,250) 150,000 162,816 15,000 23^000 (75,000) (70,000) (60,000) 447,000 380,000 16,000 38,000 30,000 2,000 (15,000) 18000 (15,000) (200,000) 1600000 1,200,000 1,600,000 100,000 125,000 600,000 350^000 450^000 2,500^000 2,800,000 159,000 300,000 120,000 6,000 330,000 200,000 5,000 5,000 150,000 600,(100 1,500,000 13000000 NORTH AMERICA. 55 Internal Improvements. — During a few years past, the people of the United States have made great and spirited ex- ertions to improve their inland water communication by the construction of canals. Several of great extent have already been completed, and others have been projected, and are now in a state of forwardness, designed to connect the remotest parts of the country with each other. Several railroads are likewise in contemplation ; and the spirit with which these improvements have been commenced, is constantly increasing, so that in a few years the north and the south, the east and the west, will be connected by these improved modes of trans- portation in every direction. CANALS. The following Table, collected from official documents, ex- hibits the routes^ lejigth^ breadth^ and dtplh of the principal Canals in the United States. Canals. Middlesex Blackstonc Farnungton* Hudson & Erie Champlain Oswego Senoca Del. Sc Hudson Morris Ches'p'k. &Dcl. Port Dcposrte Chos'k.&Ohio-^ Ohio State* Miami Lehigh Little Schuylk'i (.^oncstoge Schuylkill* Union Pennsylvania* Ohio & Erie* Connecting. I'ngth mnes Boston and Merrimac 29^ Worcester and Providence 45 Northampton &; N. Haven 87 Albany and Buffalo 360 Albany and White Hall | 63 Erie Canal &; Lake Ontario, 38 Sen. Lake and Erie Canal 20 Delaware and Hudson 65 Easton and Newark 86 Del. River& Ches'pke Bay 14 Port D'p'site to the Md. lino 10 Georgetown and Pittsburg 360 Ohio and Lake Erie 306 width feet. Cincinnati and Dayton Stoddard-iville and Easton L. Schuylkill & Coal mines Lanc'r. h Conestogo Creek Philadel. k Mount Carbon 67 46 25 18 108 Reading and Middletowu I 79 Middlotown and Pittsburg 296 Pittsburg and Erie '213 30 36 36 40 40 40 40 36 40 60 36 40 40 40 36 36 36 36 36 36 40 d'pth feet. 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 10 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 * l/nfinishuci. 5G NORTH AMERICA. LAKES. [The following table exhibits the length, average breadth, depth, and the height of the surface above the tide waters, of some of the principal Lakes in the United Stales.] Lakes. Superior Huron Michigan Erie Ontario Green Bay L. of the Woods Champlain St. Clair ss Elevation Sc^ 2^ i's above the If 480 lidewater 109 900 1048/if. 250 100 900 595 400 50 595 270 60 200 565 180 40 500 218 105 20 595 70 40 128 or 90 7 Education.— The United States are not so much distin guished for eminence in literature and science, as for the gen. eral diffusion of knowledge. There are numerous semma ries of learning throughout the country, and the means of ac- quiring a good common education are extended to all classes of society. COLLEGES L\ THE UNITED STATES, j\fames. Where Located. [Jnco.iLibra.f *Bowdoin college Waterville coll. * Dartmouth c ♦Vermont University *Middlcbury c ♦Harvard u William 's c Amherst c Brown u + Yale c Washington c Wesleyan u Union c H«Mii1t«« t Brunswick, Me. Waterville, Mo. Hanover, N. H. Burlington, Ver. Middlebury,Ver. Cambridge, Mass. Williainstown, Mass, Amherst, Mass. Providence, R. 1. New Haven, Ct, Hartford, Ct. Middletown, Ct, Clintos, N. Y. 1795 1818 1769 1791 1800 1638 ,1793 I8i^) 1764 1700 1823 1830 1784' I2OO0 2^250 12800 5>500 4000 34600 4000 5400 15000 15000 8000 15000 NORTH AMERICA. 57 age breadth, de waters, of s.] ion the iter % JVames. Where located. Inco. Lihra.f much distin Lsfor the gen 'I arous semina ) means of ac> to all classes lTES, IJnco.iLibraA 1795 1818 1769 1791 1800 1638 ,1793 18:20 1764 1700 1823 1830 1784' I2OO0 2^250 12800 ^500 4000 34600 4000 5400 15000 15000 8000 15000 Columbia c Geneva c Nassau Hall c Kutgers c Pennsylvania u Dickinson c Jefferson c Washington c Alleghany c Western u Madison c Maryland u St. Mary's c Baltimore c St. John's c 1 Georgetown c Columbian c William and Mary's Hampden Sidney c Washington c Virginia u North Carolina u South Carolina u Charleston c Beaufort c Franklin c Alabama u JefF'.-rson c New Orleans c Greenville c Washington c Knoxville c :t:Cumberland c ^Transylvania u Centre c Augusta c Bardstown o Georgetown c Kenyon c Ohio u ^Cincinnati c New York city, Geneva, N. Y. Princeton, N. J. New Brunswick, N. J. Philadelphia, Penn. Carlisle, Pa. Canonsburg, Pa. Washington, Pa, Meadville, Pa. Pittsburg, Pa. Union Town, Pa. Baltimore, Md. Baltimore, xVid. Baltimore, Md. Annapolis, Md. Georgetown, D. C. Washington city, Williamsburg, Va. Prince Edwards, Va. Lexington, Va. Charlottesville, Va. Chapel Hill, N. C. Columbia, S. C. Charleston, S. C. Beaufort, S. C. Athens, Geo. Tuscaloosa, Al. Washington, Mississippi. New Orleans, Lou. Greenville, Tenn. Washington CO. Tenn. Knoxville, Tenn. Nashville, Tenn. Lexington, Ky. Danville, Ky. Augusta, Ky. Bardstown, Ky. Georgetown, Ky. • Ganibiei', Ohio. Athens, Ohio. Cincinnati, Ohi«. 1754 1824 1738 1770 I75i 1783 1801 I8U2 1817 1820 1829 1812 I8(>4 1807 1784 1784 1821 1691 1774 1801 1817 1789 1801 1785 1795 1785 182( 1802 1805 1794 1794 182i 1825 1798 1819 1822 1828 1830 1823 1801 1819 4000 1000 120D0 2000 90U0 7000 2300 lOOO 7000 1500 1000 10000 7000 4000 4000 1500 2300 8000 5000 1000 3800 3500 2000 5000 2(J00 COi)() 3000 2(100 1000 1(K)0 4000 2800 3000 ' ss J^ames, NORTH AMERICA. Where located. Miami u Western Reserve c Bloornington c Illinois c St. Louis c Oxford, Ohio, Hudson, Ohio, Bloornington, Ind- Jacksonville, II. St. Louis, Missouri, Inco. 1809 1828 1828 1830 1821 Libra.f * Has a Medical School connected with it. t Including those belonging to the students. t Cumberland college was incorporated in 1806, but was not fully organized as u, college till 1825. THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS. The following Table exhibits the principal Theological In- stitutions in the United States. Denomination. Place. Congregational Bangor, Me. Baptist N. Hampton, N. H. Congregational Andover, Mass. Unitarian* Cambridge, Mass. Baptist Newton, Mass. Congregational* New Haven, Conn. Episcopal New York, N. Y. Presbyterian Auburn, N. Y. Baptist Hamilton, N. Y. Lutheran Hartwick, N. Y. Dutch Reformed New Brunswick, N. J. Presbyterian Princeton, N. J. Lutheran Gettysburg, Penn. German Reformed York, Penn. Presbyterian Alleghany, Penn. Episcopal Fairfax co. Va. Presbyterian Prince Edwards, Va. Presbyterian Columbia, S. C. Presbyterian Maryville, Tenn. Presbyterian Cincinnati, Ohio, Baptist Granville, Ohio. Baptist Rock Spring, 111. Presbyterian New Madison, Ind. f'nded Lihr*y. 1816 1200 1829 200 i 1808 6000 1824 1500 1825 500 1822 8O00 1819 3650 1821 3550 1820 1500 1816 900 1810 8()0 1812 6000 1826 6000 18J5 35('0 18iJ8 100 1829 1824 1829 1821 550 1829 1C31 1827 1829 1500 * Connected with the college in that place. NORTH AMERICIA. 59 SETTLEMENTS. The following Table exhibits the settlement of the differ ent States and Territories, the place first settled, and by what nation; likewise the square miles of each State, taken from the best geographical tables. The first thirteen States are those which united in declening their independence ; the re- mainder are placed in the order in which they were admit- ted mto the Union. States. 1806, but was 1816 1200 1829 200 1808 6O00 1824 1500 1825 500 1822 8000 1819 3650 1821 3550 1820 1500 1816 900 1810 am 1812 6OO0 1826 6O00 18J5 35('0 18-28 100 1829 1824 1829 1821 550 1829 1C31 1827 1500 1829 sq.m. 64000 settl. I 1. Virginia 2. New York 46000 3.Massach«setts 7500 4. N. Hampshire 9500 5. New Jersey 8300 6. Delaware 2100 7. Connecticut 4760 8. Maryland 14000 9. Rhode Island 1360 10. N. Carolina* 48000 11. S. Carolina* 24000 12.Pennsylvania 44000 13. Georgia 60000 Vermont 10200 Kentucky 42OOO Tennessee 40000 Ohio 39000 Louisiana 480it0 Indiana 36OOO Mississippi 45000 tllinois 52000 Alabama 44000 Maine 3200 1 Missouri 60000 Michigan 40000 Arkansas 100000 Florida 50000 jyation. 1607 English 1614 Dutch 1620 English 1623 English 1624 Danes 1627 Swedes &F.nns 1633 English 1634 English 1636 R. Williams 1650 English 1650 English 1682 Wm. Penn 1733 English 1749 English 1775 Col. D. Boon J 765 English 1788 English 1699 French 1730 French 1716 French 1749 French 1783 French 1 63(i English 1663 French 167(i French 1685 French 1665 Place. Jamestown Albany Plymouth Dover Bergen C. Henlopen Windsor St. Mary's Providence Albemarle Albemarle Philadelphia Savannah Bennington Lexington Nashville Marietta Ibberville Vincenncs Natchez Kaskaskia Mobile York St. Genevieve Detroit Arkansas 1st. August! n • Sparish * North and South Carolina were united under'oneTo't. emment until 1729, when they were separated ^ 60 NORTH AMERICA. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. MAP OP THE UNITED STATES. How are the United States Iwunded ? Capital 7 Eastern, or New-England States. Maine 7 Capital ? N. Hampsihire? Capital? Vermont 1 Capital 7 Capital ? Caf)ital 7 Capital 7 Middle Stales. Massachusetts 7 Rhode Island 7 Connecticut 7 Chief Towiis7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns I Rivers ? Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 1. 2. 8. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. S. 4. 5. C. 7- 8. 1. 2k 3. 4. 5. a- New- York 7 New Jersey ? Pennsylvania ? Delaware 7 Capital 7 ChiffTownsl Rivers 7 Capital 7 Chief Towns? Rivers? Cujiilal? Chief Towns "J Rivers? Capital 1 Chirf Towns 7 Rivers 7 Southern States. Maryland % Ca|.ital 7 Cliijuf Towns 7 Rivers? Virjrinia? Capital? Chief Towns 7 Rivers? North Carolina 7 Capital 7 Cliief Towns ? Rivers ? South Carolina 7- Capiud 7 Chief Towns 1 Rivers ? Georgia? Capital? Chief Towns? Rivers? Alabama?- Capital? Chief Towns 7 Rivers? Western States. Louisiana ?• Mississippi? Tennessee ? Missouri ? Kentucky 7 Illinois ? Indiana ? Ohio 7 Capital ? Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital? Capital 7 Chief Towns ? Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns ? Chief Towns? Michigan Territory ? Northwest Territory 7 Arkansas Territory 1 Florida Territory ? Missouri Territory 7 Or«goA Territory 1 Territories.^ Capital? Capital 7 Capital 7 Rivers ? Rivers / Riyers ? Rivers? Rivers ? Rivei-s 7 Rivers ? Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers ? Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 NORTH AMERICA. ei tee? lico ? noc? rivkrs it Vr' "^T" '!'' ^^i""»bi^ "ver rise, in what direction docs It ran, and where does it eninfv? ri^.i,' 3 t . Multnomah ? VclIows.o„;.' 'rffie) O^t'' SiMT^, l)o» Moines > Missouri ? Arkansas ? &od ' Sabfn^ ' JVIississippi? Yazoo? I^linir? T> 1 3 Ti "* »3«i.Dine .' Kodnoke? Chowan? James? York? Rnnnnh„ Shenandoah; Potomac? Monongahela ? Tu .: Kanhawa? Great Kanhawa? Tennesseft ? r i.ti T J. fii-ppn ? c;„u ? v- * I , ^""nessee. I omber and ? oi ? ■ ^T , . • Kentucky ? Licking ? Bi.r Sandv ? Ohio? Muskmffum? Sciola^ Miami?" Maumeo^ ^L dusky? Wabash? Kaskaskia? Rock? IHhW C consm? Chippeway? Fox? ^t. Joseph's AlLhani? MeVrima^ck f P^scatr'aa ?"^Saco ^''r^/ ' ^-"-tfcuf ? neboc? Penobscot?XcrolT\st^irrTvr?'' ^^"- see ? YellowstonP ? ni,;.. 9 t ^^r^,^^ f— White ?— Tennes- St. LawTn^f? p!Z^'" V~;t^^*« • ^^^^-^'^ ?-Big Horn ? nomaM-5ame77 Wnh« 1 7^m"^'- ^""'nberland ?^ Mult- Great Pedee?7uZehlnt^r- ®T""^^ * ^'^"^^^^ 5^ne.?-^^L„iH^'C^^^^^^^ Mohawk? And„i;"T' L.ckmg ? Black ? Edisto ? Niagara l-ifoUoVL^'"^ ' '^""''"'''^ '-«'• «"' '" 6 62 NORTH AMERICA. LAKES. * Where is Lake Michigan ? Whore is Lake Champlain ? Whore is Lake George ? Where are Oneida, Seneca, and Cayuga Lakes ? A. In the interior of New York. Where is Lake Memphreina|fog ?f Whore is Moosehead Lako ?t Where is Lake Umbagog ?t Where is *Winnipiseogc Lake ?f SOUNDS. Where is Long Island Sound ? Where ii Albemarle Sound ? Where is Pamlico Sound ? Whore Where Where Wliere Where Where Where Where Wiiere Where Where BAYS. is Mobile Bay ? is Chesapeake Bay ? is Delaware Bay ? is Narragansot Bay ? is Buzzard's Bay ? is IVIassachusetJs Bay ? is Casco Bay ? is Penobscot Bay ? is the Bay of Fundy ? is Georgian Bay ? is Green bay ? CAPES. Whore is Cape Sable ? Where is Cape Ann? Where is Cape Cod ? Where is Cape Malabar ? Where is Montauk Point ? Where is Sandy Hook ? Where are Cape May and Cape lienlopen ? Where are Cape Charles and Cape Henry ? Where are Cape Hatteras, C. Lookout and C. Fear 1 Where are Cape Canaveral and Capo Florida ? Where is Cape Sable ? Winno-pe-so'ge t See Map of New England. NORTH AMERICA. 63 -,-. ^^ ISLANDS. Where are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard » Where js Block Island ? Where is Gardner's Island ? Where is Long ftland ? Where is Sullivan's Island ? IslJ^dsT ^"^^ ^** ^''^''"'"«'«' St- Simou's, and Cumberland Where are Talbot and Amelia Islands ? „,, SHOALS. Where are Muscle Shoals ? Where are Nantucket Shoals? A. 'I'hey are south of Nantucket Island. XXTU 4. • M0UNTAI^•S. Sta^s? 1! ^"'"'^^''^ ""^' ''^ Mountains in the United Wher?ir?h ' n '^'f ^n? '''" Alleghany Mountains extend ' Where are the Ozark Mountains? *^«"u. Where are the Cumberland Mountains ? Where are the Catskill Mountains ? A. In New York Where are the Green Mountains ? A. In Vermont Where are the White Mountains? A. ll n! Hampshire TelTiX!?""'"" '''"''" ^""°"" Territo;y, and aegon np^i!'* A n *^u® '^"^^^ ''"^ ^^'ght of the Rocky Mountains > Of the_ Alleghany Mountains? Of the Green Mounta ns :> How high are the White Mountains ? Mountams . „ , DIVISIONS. How are the United States usually divided ? Which are the Eastern States ? Which are the Middle States ? Which are the Southern States ? Which are the Western States ? In which Division of the United States do you live? How many States does this Division embrace ? Have you ever been in any other Division besides this? Which Division embraces the greatest number of States? W men lllVlHinn amUfnnn^ *K_ 1 a. i ,. ^, . ^ ' W hich Division has the greatest extent of sea coast ? ^^if^!$Pil:fl/«««.BUv m'i C4 NORTH AMERICA. EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. Commerce, Which are the eastern or New England States? Which State extends farthest North ? Which extends farthest south ? Which is the most eastern ? Which is the largest of 'the New England Stales ? Which is the smallest? Which State has no sea coast ? Which three States arc bounded north by Lower Canada? Which three slates are bounded west bv New-York ? New England, embracing the six stales east of the Hudson, is the most thickly peopled and commercial section of the Union. The climate is various, and subject to great ex- tremes of heat and cold, but is remarkably healthy. Except the parts bordering on the coast, the Eastern States have generally an uneven surface. The two principal ranges of mountains are the White mountains, in New Hampshire, and Green mountains, in Vermont. Mount Washington, flip mo«t plovntprl qnmmit nf tlio WKW,a IVfo"'''- NORTH AMERICA. 65 tains, is 6,634 feet high ; being the highest land in the United States. The soil is various ; near the rivers it is general- ly fertile ; but in most parts it is better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The most important productions are grass, Indmn corn, rye, oats, barley, flax, and various kinds of fruit. The principal manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, hats, shoes, iron, and tin ware. The principal exports, in addition to those above mentioned, 'are timber, pot md pedrl-ashes, and Jish. New England is distinguished for its excellent system of education. Common Schools are es- tablished and supported by law, in every town except in the state of Rhode Island ; thus afford- mgthe means of a common education to all class- es of society. The people of New England are intelligent, moral, industrious, and enterprising. MAINE.* How is Maine bounded ? What is its Capital ? Maine is generally a cold, uneven, and healthy state, and is principally distinguished for its ex- tensive coast, and numerous harbors. The population is mostly in the southern part, the northern being yet unsettled, and covered * This State was formerly united with Massachusetts, and was termed the District of Maine, but in 1820 it was erected into nn inHononflont S«o4o nr^A «<]».:ilj :_x. ^n . tt • --„..„,„,„ ....-11^, ttiixi auinifcicu iiitu uiu union. 6* 66 NORTH AMRRICA. with extensive forests, whicli furnish vast quanti- ties of timber for exportation. Agriculture and manufactures have received considerable attention, but commerce is the chief occupation of the inhabitants; and in the amount of its shipping, Maine is the fourth state in the Union. ChUif Towns. — Augusta is a pleasant and flourishing town, Hituatod at the head uf sloop navigation ontiie Kennebec. It is in the midst of a hcautiful and fertile country, and is noted for the elegance of its public buildintrs, and the rapid increase of its population. Portland is a well built and flourishing town, pleasantly situated on a pcninKula in Casco Bay. It has a sale and ca pacious harbor, and is noted for its extensive commerce. Bath is a flourishing town, pleasantly situated on the Ken- nebec, 13 miles from its mouth. Except Portland, it is the largest and most commercial town in the state. ilallowell, beautiiuUy situated at the head of tide water on the Kennebec river, has had a rapid increase, and is now one of the most wealthy, populous, and flourishing towns in the state. Brunswick is pleasantly situated at the falls on the An- droscoggin ; it is a place of considerable trade, and is the seat of Bovvdoin College, a highly valuable and flourishing institution. Waterville is a flourishing town oa the Kennebec, and is the seat of Waterville College, a disti iguished literary insti- tution, under the direction of the Bap ists. Map of the United States. — What seven rivers has Maine -* F. s. A. K. p. St. c. St. J. — What river forms part of the boun- dary between Maine and New Hampshire ? A Piscataqua. What river forms part of the boundary between Maine and N. Brunswick? St. c — What town on Passamaquoddy Bay at the mouth of the river *crt. Croix ? e. — What town on Machias Bay, S. W. of Eastport? m.^ — What is the length * St. Crov. NORTH AMKIIICA, of the nver St Johns? Penobscot? Kennebec? How far '/,r™'^ ^'■°'n I^oston? Hartford? Washington? fSee table of distance on the Map of the United States.] "■ ' * QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF N KW-ENQLAND. What two largo bays on the coast of Maine? c. p. What ten counties has Maine? y. c. o. l. k. s. w. ii. p. and Wash- ington. [Washington county embraces the eastern part of IVIame, extending from the Atlantic to Lower ( anada.l- What SIX counties border on the Atlantic? v. c. l. w. ir w VVhat tour counties border on Lower Canada? o. s. p. w." What county in the interior? k— Which are 1 ho 2 t Shire lowns of York county? v. a.— Which is the Shire I'ownof Cumberland county? p.— Which is the Shire Town of Ox - lord county ? p.—Of Lincoln county ? w.— Of Kennebec county ? A —Of Somerset county ? n— Of Waldo county ? n. Ol Hancock county? c— Of Penobscot county? n -Of Washington county? A. Machias, situated on Machias bay. \Miat 5 towns on lYiiobscot bay? b. c. t. p. c— What 4 towns on Penobscot river? f o. b. d.— In what Lake does the Kennebec river rise ? What i I Towns on the Kennebec - M. A. N. V. w V A. u c. w. B.—What fiv.r empties into the K..nneb..c, 18 miles from its mouth; A.-ln what Lake does the Androsco-yia rise? u.-VVJiat 4 Towns on the Andres- coggiii . H. J. B. T.— What two Towns on a branch of the Androscoirpn ? p. h.— What town N. W. of Rumford, on a branch of the Androscoggin? A._What two lowns on Casco Hay ? F. x-Y -W hat 4 Towns on the Saco r s. n. c. s -What ^ ^""'vf !"p^'" «outh-wcstern part of the state? w. a. k. w. i.VT"? lowns have not been mentioned? v. p. f. j _ ^^ hat capo east of { 'asco bay ? V\ hat Point N. E. of this ? Tv? . 1' .' "".? ^^'"^ ^^"^ principal Lakes in Maine? i. u— U'l ! an ,''^''' ,'" ''^^=''"'- *'"'^ ^^l^^'-e are they located? Uhat Jheological institution in Maine? b.— How many square miles has Maine ? [See page 59.] When, where, and by whom was Elaine settled ? How will you sail from Port- ]Vl!n^*'r''vP' 'i "^r^? ^" '''^^^ *° °™^t the questions on the iVIap of iNew England, until the pupil reviews the work : the teacher can best determine. ' t The town where tiie Courts are held. GS \ NORTH AMERICA. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Dartmouth College, How is New Hampshire bounded? What is ita Capital ? New Hampshire is a mountainous, healthy? and fertile state, and is noted for its numerous rivers and lakes, and for its beautiful and pictu- resque scenery. It has but a small share of commerce, but is distinguished for its agriculture, and flourishing manufactures. Chief Towns. — Concord is a pleasant and flourishing town, and is tlic centre of trade for the northern part of the state. Portsmouth, the only seaport of New Hampshire, is a large, well built, and flourishing town, pleasantly situated on the Piscataqua, 3 miles from its mouth. It has an excellent harbor, and is one of the naval stations of the United States, Dover is situated on the Cocheco river, 4 miles above its junction with the Piscataqua. It is the oldest town in the J^ate, and is noted for its extensive manufuvitures. Hanover is beautifully situated on the Connecticut river. It is the seat of Dartmouth College, one of the most respoct- abie and flourishing institutions in tlie United States. NORTH AMERICA. 09 Exolor IS pleasantly Bituatedon Exetor river, a branch of the Piscataqua. It contains a number of eloffant buildinjis, and isdistniguisl.od for its numerous manufacturinfr cstab- Jishments. Philips Academy, in this town, is one of the oldest and most flourishing institutions of the kind in the United States. Map of the Unite I States.— Which are the three principal rivers in New IJampshire ? c. m. v.~\Vhat river forms part ol' the boundary between N. flampdiire and Vlaine? p —What river lorms the boundary between New liampbhire and Ver- T"V ,^'"~ATu'^^''^P°'"^ ^^'^^ ^^^ Hampshire, and how en uated? What is the length of the Connecticut river ^ IVIerrimac? VV hat mountains in New Hampshire.'' How luirh are the White iMounlains.' [See A*fap of the World.] MAI- OF NEW-ENGLAND. What 8 counties has New Hampshire ? c. s. h. k. m. s. g. a-V\hat 4 border on Vermont? c. s. g. c.~What 3 on Maine? c s u.~\Vhat two in the southern part ? ir. m~ Ih^'^wZ t' S'Hre To vn oroheshire county ? K.-Which is Uie .Shire lowu of flillsborough county .? a— Of Rockinp-- ham county? e. r.-Of Merrimack county;- c -Of Stral ford county? d. u. G.-Of Sullivan county? N.-Grafton county „r.._Of Coos county ? i..- What 9 Towns on Connec icut nvcr ? s. r. n l. ii. o. „. c. w._\V hat 4 Towns in Cheshire county ? w. k. s. w._What 4 Towns in Sullivan r"^^ ^wl- ^-.V-^.''^* ^ '1^°^"« '» Hillsborough couni;" wrT.^P ^ r' \" Rockingham county ? c. d. e. p.L V\hat4 Fowns in fctraliord county.^ n. a. «. ,u What Lake in .-trailord county? w.'^— What 2 Towns in Merrimack county ? 0. s. - U hat 4 Towns in Grafton county fu o u. Mm,n<. '• n''"' '" ^"°' """"'^"- ^- ^- '••s.-What t^Hir b • u"/ Coos en ^^^._^^,^^^^ .^ ^^.^ respecting their height :> What Lake in the northern nart of Coos county.? c.-What river rises in it.? c.-What College n New Hampshire.? [See page 56.] How many square miles has ^ew Hampshire.? When, vvhere, and by whom C ";. V'^'"P«»'-e settled.? How will you sail from 1 ortsmouth to Jiurhngton ? W in ne-pe-so'ge. i » 70 NORTH AMERICA. T .t:ij.t'Xrxv^xi a . 1 L -^ ^^^^^^mM ifaai'rfsfT. :4;^,^..if 1^4 -ate 'iriirnfi^'^^^^T ■■H|3feea"^=sa£r=p i ^ ^^ M ^^ ;-'^:i_iW':fe5Ba KsHi"'] ■mmIijIIiiI ■ ,— ." t '\L"'^^ » :. :^?,&f)li- ■ (H .^R f^^-^*iijyi: liiiiii liiiiij •sr-Tc-- ■■■--''■ -;.* '^ws ==^--^^ — •-- - V»--' -^ -;:,»• *'^< ^"^'^S^ '' "'- - 1 ' '■■''. 5 '-*--:_"V--'^...- " - "^^ ■y ■ ■ -- ~^i^s^^^^^^^*"^ a«i.li-,^^i. ^2»^i-*^ ■ -" "" ' ".■^■:.v- - --^t;. -^^ z:.-^:-— .- " - -■-■ — ■'" , ' ■ ' -^ -^ir.i^-. '. r- -^N--=^- - . ■ - ■ -— _ - - . ■ '- '', \ A View of Montpelier, How is Vermont bounded ? What is its Capital ? Vermont is a beautiful, picturesque, and in- land state ; and derives its name from the Green Mountains, which extend through its whole length, dividing it into eastern and western de- clivities. It is a well watered, healthy, and fertile state, and is noted for its mines of iron, copper, and lead, and for its numerous quarries of marble. Chief Towns. — Montpelier is a beautiful and flourishing town, pleasantly situated on Onion river, 43 miles from its mouth. Bennington is the oldest, and one of the largest towns in the state. It is celebrated for a battle fought here in 1777, in which the Americans, under Gen. Stark, defeated a detach- ment from the army of Burgoyne. Burlington is pleasantly situated on Lake Champlain, and Is the moat comnfercial town in the state. Middlebury, situated on Otter Creek, 20 miles from its mouth, is the greatest manufacturing town in the state. Windflnr is nlpRHnnflv nifimfoH nn i\\£x C^nnnaMXtMyi r!»pr NORTH AMERICA. 71 l1? and in- e Green 3 whole Uern de- lie state, 9er, and I'ble, lourishing 38 from its towns in n 1777, in a (letach- and is distinguished for its beautiful and picturesque scenery It is well built, and has considerable trade. ' Map of the United States.— Wh&t Lake between Vermont and Now York ? c.—What river connects it with the St. Law- rence ? s.— What river forms the boundary between Vermont and New Hampshire? What Mountains in Vermont =" What IS the length of the Green Mountains ? How hieh are they ? [See Map of the World.] " MAP OF NEW ENOLANO. Which are the five principal rivers in Vermont.? c. m. l o. o-c.—What thirteen counties has Vermont.? w. w. o c* E. o. F. o. A. R. B. w. and Grand Isle. [Grand Isle county embraces Grand Island, and the peninsula in the northern part of Lake Champlain.] What five counties border on Connecticut river.? What three counties border on Lower Canada .? What 5 on L. Champlain and N. York ^ What two on Massachusetts ? What one in the interior ? Which IS the Shire Town of Windham county.? n What are the two Shire Towns in Windsor county ? w. w.— Which of Or ange county .? c— Which are the Shire Towns of each of the other counties .? What five towns on the Connecticut river ? G. G. B. w. B.— What town on Lake Champlain .? b.— What three towns on Otter creek.? v. m. r. -What town near Lake Memphremagog.? c.—What Colleges in Vermont, and where are they located .? How many square miles has Ver mont ? Whe.: by whom, and where was Vermont settled ? , • . ^^i'^^ ^®"^^^ ^"^ average breadth of Lake Chaml Pi'V" ; L?^^ P^S® ^^-J ^''^a' sn^a" Lake in New York, S of Lake Champlain.? How is L. Champlain connected with the Hudson.? What is the length of the Champlain and Hudson Canal.? [See page 55.] How will you sail from Brattleborough to Boston .? )lain, and } from its ate. cut river, i 72 NORTH AMERICA. MASSACHUSETTS. ) A Vietv of Boston, How is MassacliuseUs boundud ? What is its Capital ? In agriculture, manulactures, and commerce, Massachusetts is one oi the first states in the Union. It is distinguished for the number of its literary institutions, and for the intelligence, in- dustry, and enterprise of its inhabitants. It is generally an uneven, and healthy state, and has a fertile soil, well adapted to pasturage or tillage. Chief lowns.—BosTOti is a large, wealthy, and beautiful city, pleasantly situated on a small peninsula in Massachu- setts bay. It has an excellent harbor, and an extensive com- merce ; and is noted for the elegance of its public buildings, and for the number of its humane and literary institutions. Salem is a pleasant and flourishing town, 14 miles N. E. of Boston. In commerce, population and wealth, it is the third town in New England. Plymouth, 36 miles S. E. of Boston, is a place of consid- erablo trade, and is noted for being the first settled town in Now England. NORTH AMERICA. T3 Capital ? lommerce, es in the iber of its gence, in- ilthy state, ii pasturage md beautiful n Massachu- clensive com- lie buildings, institutions. : miles N. E. ilth, it is the .cc of consid- led town in Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. [The first English settlement in New Enxrknd was made England on account of religious persecution. The anniver sary of the landingof the Pilgrims is st.ll observed?! a fSrouL't^v -ftf f ""r ^; °' ^°^^-' i" ^- -i''«t of rnknd towns 7^^^^ ^''f '\' ^"^ **"^ °^ the most beautiful inland towns m N. England. It contains many eleirant bui'd ings, and IS a place of great wealth and tradef ^ W of bS ''I'cnT'^^"' ""' flourishing town, 87 miles setffTf ' wS'^'^r^'''¥-^"'^"3^ «^«*«^ Massachu. ands S E Yf M f ''^' ^Massachusetts ? What 2 Isl- What IS the length of the Merrimack ? ^ *"• WV. . c T> '"^^ °^ ^^W ENGLAND. Whirh^L .?T """ '^"^ "^^^'t °^ Massachusetts ? at. c b bTanct hls'thrS 'Tr '^'.— J--tts? What two oneo„theeust7 c W^^^^^ ^^'- ^- What lie on inoeust? c. What River in thoN. E. „a.f ? „ w».„( 'II 74 NORTH AMERICA. considerable branch has the Merrimack ? n. What Canal connects the Merrimack river with Boston harbor ? What is the length, width and depth of the Middlesex Can-^' ? [See p. 55.] What river rises in the we&tern part of the stale, and passes through Connecticut into Long Island sound ? h. What 14 Counties has Massachusetts? b. p. b. n. e. m. w. v. b. I!. H. Suffolk, Duke's and Nantucket. [Suffolk county em- braces the peninsula on which Boston is situated, and the small division N. of Boston harbor ; Duke's county embra- ces Martha's vineyard ; and Nantucket county, the Island of Kantucket.] What 3 Counties in the S. E. part of Massa- chusetts? b. P B. What 5 Counties are bounded N. by N. Hampshire and Vermont? e. m. vv. f. b. What 4 are bound- ed S. by Connecticut and Rhode Island ? b. h. w. n. What County in the interior ? ii. What County embraces the pe- ninsula of Cape Cod ? b. Which is the yiiire Town of Barn- stable county ? B. What 3 other Towns ? p. e. w. Which is the Shire Town of Bristol county? t. What other Town ? N-B. How is New Bedford situated? Mention the ^ hire and other Towns of each of the other counties. What 6 Towns on Massachusetts bay? s. d. b. m. s. g. What two Towns on the Merrimack river ? a. n. What 6 Towns on Connecticut river ? g. d. h. n. s-h. s. What Town in the N. W. corner of the state, on the Hoosack river ? w. What Town in the S. W. part, on the Housatonic river ? s. Which is the most eastern Town in Massachusetts ? e. What Mountains in the western part of Massachusetts ? h. What Mountain near Northampton? t. What literary institutions has Mas- sacliusttts ? When was Harvard University incorporated? How largo is its Library ? How will you sail from Boston to Providence ? k^hat Canal ? What is •? [e-eep. state, and ound P H. , M. w. F. B. ounty em- ;d, and the my enibra- le Island of of iVI assa- il N. by N. are bound- N. What ces the pe- rn of Barn- V. Which her Town ? 1 the ^-hire 3. What 6 What two 1 Towns on n in the N. Vhat Town /"hich is the Mountains ; Mountain s has Mas- jorporated ? rom Boston NORTH AMERICA. RHODE ISLAND. 75 Manufactures and Commerce. How is Rhode Island bounded ? What is its Capital ? Rhode Island is a small, pleasant and healthy state ; and is distinguished for its flourishing man- ufactures, and extensive commerce. It is mostly a level state, and has generally a fertile soil, especially on the islands and shore's of Narraganset Bay. Rhode Island, from which the state takes its name, is in the southern part of Narraganset bay, and contains about 60 square miles. It is celebrated for its delightful and healthy climate, and is a noted resort of invalids from various parts of the United States. Chief Towns. — Providence is situated on Providence rivep, at the head of Narraganset bay, 35 miles from the ocean. Jt is one of the most wealthy and flourishing towns of its size in the United States. It has an extensive commerce, and is dis- tinguished for the extent and variety of its manufactures Pop. 17,000. Newport is finely situated on Pvhode Island, and is distin- giji' bed for its beautiful situation, and the salubrity of its chmate. It has considerable commerce, and one of Ihe best h irbnrs in the United Stales. Fop. 8,00C. 76 NORTH AMERICA. Bristol is a pleasant, wealthy, and commercial town,situa- ulatLn 4 000 ^""^ ^^etween Providence and Newport. Pop- Pavvtucket, situated on Pawtucket Falls, 4 miles N. E. of f rovidence, is one of the most flourishing manufacturinff vil- lages in the U. States. ^ Map of the United Stale.<^.-.W Imt Island S. of Rhode IsL and?B What Bay m Rhode Island ? n. What Island in the southern part of Narraganset bay ? r-i. I„ what direc- tion is rrovidence from Hartford ? Boston? Albany? How far from Providence is Boston ? Hartford? New- York? Philadelphia? Washington? vv iorii. MAP OF NEW ENGLAND. What 5 Count-os in Rhode Island? p. k. w. Newport and Bristol [Newport county embraces Rhode Island and sev- eral other islands m Narraganset bay, and that portion of the s.ate east of the bay. Bristol county embraces the small por- Uon of the state N. of Narraganset bay.] Which is the Shire Town of Providence county ? p.— What 2 other Towns in Provi lence county? s. p.— What is the Shire Town of Kent county ? E-G.— Which is the Shire Town of Washington county? s-K.-Of Newport County? n. -Bristol County? b " •--Between what two points does Narraganset Bay open into Uie Atlantic ? j. and Seakonnet point on the east. What 'iuA f"gt^; of Narraganset Bay? What University in Rhode Island ? When was it incorporated ? How larie is ^inio^^ w,^.^?."' ^^^'^' ^"^ ^y ^'^^"^ ^^« I^^°de Island settled ? What Canal connects Providence and Worcester ? B.— [See page 55.] What is the length, breadth and depth o*f to HarTfordT^ ■ "'''^ '''" >^^" sail from Providence NOnTn AMERItJA. 77 CONNECTfCUT. owns m A partial view of Main Street, Harljord. How is Connecticut bounded ? What are its Capitals? Connecticut is a small, healthy and fertile state, and is noted for the extent and vc^ritty of its manufactures, — for its literary institutions, — and for the intelligence, enterprise, and good morals of the people. Connecticut has an undulating surface, and abounds in beautiful scenery. It is well situated for commerce, and carries on a considerable trade with the West Indies, and with the Northern and Southern States. Chief Towns, — FIartford is pleasantly situated on the Connecticut River, 50 miles from its mouth, in the midst of a be&uliful and fertile country. During a few years past, it has rapidly increased in commerce, population, and wealth. It contains a number of elegant public buildings; among which arc several beautiful churches, a state-house, and mar*^ ket. Pop. 9,617. 7* **»i 78 NORTH AMERICA. [Hartford is the scat of several valuable literary JT^stitutions. 1 he most noted are the following : Wasl; . -t a iU^'deve a new, but flourishing institution : the American .isyluni for the education of the Deaf and Dumb ; a celebrated Gram- mar bchool ; a High School; and a distinguished Female beminary.J V Now Haven is beautifully situated on a bay of the same name, 4 miles from Long Island Sound. It is rcgularlv hu) out, and contains a number of elegant buildings, and is one of the most beautiful towns in the United States. New London is situated on the Thames, Smiles fom its mout.i. It has a considerable amount of shipping, and ono ot the best harbors in New F:ugland. ISorvvich is finely situated at the head of sloop Navigation on the river Thames, 14 miles N. of New London. It is a beautiful and romantic town, and is rapidly increasing in manufactures and population. IVliddletownis pleasantly situated on the Connecticut, 31 mwes from its mouth. It has a considerable share of com- merce, and IS noted for the extent and variety of its manu- Litchfiefd, 30 miles W. of Hartford, is the seat of a celebra- ted Law School, which was established in 1784, by the Hon Tapping Reeve. "^ StafFoid,27 miles N. E. of Hartford, is distinguished for Its iron icorks and mineral ualers. Map of the United 67a/ei.— Which is the largest river in Connecticut? What is its length .? How far is it from Hart ford to Providence? Boston? Portland? St. Louis' Ho«." many square miles has Connecticut? [See page 39 1 Whnf jI the length ofLong Island Sound? ^ "^ ^^^.^^^ MAP OF NEW ENGLAND. Which are the 3 largest Rivers in Connecticut? h. c t What branch has the Housatonic ? n.— What branch has the Connecticut? F.- What 2 rivers unite at Norwich and form the Thames?* A. J'he Shetucket and Yantick. What 8 Counties has Connecticut ? l. ii. t. w. n-l. m. n-h. f — What 4 are bounded N. by Massachusetts ? l. h. t w -What 2 are bounded E. b y Rhode Island ? w. N-L.—What 4 bordei * Tames. NORTH AMERKCA. 79 stitutions. *' -"liege, a ■yluni for ed Gram- (1 Fenialo the same ilarly laid i is one of 8 fom its ', and one avigation . It is a easing in cticut, 31 > of com- ts manu- icelebra- the Hon. ished for nver in om Hart- s.' How What is H. C. T. h has the md form What 8 ^-H. F, — v.-What 4 bordei W ^v New Yoru"^ • ''•"•^L ^'■"- "-^^^* 2 are bounded D s B F M W^ I' "^-^.^^^V^ *°^^« ^" I'^i^fi^Jd county ? T«u ^' ^;"~^l"''^ ^'^ *^^ 2 shire towns ? f. d.- What 5 the s"hir« T '^ V'''" ^f l!"'^- ~-"- «• «• «• w. Wh ih is M . J;r"J • '^-"•-^^' hat 3 Towns in Middlesex county ^ WI at !i7 ^"'^ m'*^' f^'^" 'r^^^ » i" Middlesex county ? m". aleOe 2'sT:«%^''' ^°"^°" ^"""^^ ^ ^- '^-^- ^' «' Which hnmi f ^°'''"'- '*-^- N.~What 3 towns in Wind- 2 To^s in^Ton • °H ^' .^?"^^ ^^ '^' ""^'^'^ Town? b. What T V^Tf Tt "'^^^i'"^^.^ '-''' Whichis I.eShireTown^ is'^jJe Shifo tT^ w.a.E.w.s. Which L s c WhT?TM ":r-^t"' ^ '°™ ^" Litchfield county ? L. s. c. What IS the .^hire Town ? l.— What 9 Towns on the Connecticut river? s. e. w. h. w. m. h l s.-W iat 5 Zd S" oe7 '^''"' ^?"i' ^' - - - «• WhaT arge A T^ ^' °^^<-o»"««ticut ? To what State does it belong A To New York. What 5 Towns on Long Island ? Wha't I op" WW-' What -all Islands S. oVconnectlt wLtlUe7.rv irrf\'"^T"'"^"'- ^' What is its length? and bV whom^ institutions has Connecticut ? When, where, and by whom was Connecticut settled ? How will vou sai from Hartford to Albany ? ^ " TRAVELS ON THE~MAi~dF NEW ENGLAND. How vvill you sail from Hartford to Portland ? What is wnat IS meant by commerce ? A. The exchansinff of the goods or productions of one country for troseTa„other Son onhe^rK-f ^'"^?!f'^^ • ^'^^^ -"- chief oct: tin^uish'Id^' iyVew Hamj^^i^L^ted ? For what is it dis- unguished ? What do you mean by a-r-ricull re ? A Th« noted . What Mountains in Vermont ? Which is the oldest >& 80 NOTlTn AMnmCA. settled Town in Vermont i* For what is Bennington celebra- ted ? Which is tho greatest manufacturing Town in Ver- mont ? Which is the most commercial Town ? How will you sail from Windsor to Boston ? How will you describe iVlassachusotts? For what is Mas. sachusetts distinguished ? Which is the oldest settled Town in Massachusetts ? How many years since Plymouth was settled ? What is tho population of Boston ? When was Boston settled ? A. In 1624. How many years since? For what is Boston noted ? How will you sail from Boston to Providence ? For what is Rhode Island distinguished? What large Island in the southern part of Narraganset Bay ? For what is Rhode Island celebrated ? What large Town is situated on Rhode Island ? For what is Newport distinguished ? In what direction from Newport is Providence ? What is the population of Providence ? For what is Providence distin- guished ? How will you sail from Providence to Hartford ? For what is Connecticut noted ? What is the population of Hartford? When was Hartford settled? A. In 1635. How many years since ? What literary institutions in Hart- ford ? How will you sail from Hartford to New Haven ? Describe New Haven. What College in New Haven? What Canal lu Connecticut? How will you sail from New Haven to Albany ? Who is the present Governor of Maine ? Who is the present Governor of N. Hampshire ? Who is the .present Governor of Vermont ? Lieut. Gov. ? Who is the present Governor of Massachusetts ? Lt. Gov. ? Who is the present Governor of Rh. Island ?. Lieut. Gov. ? Who is the present Governor of Connecticut? Lt. Gov. ? Which is the oldest College in the Eastern States ? How long since it was founded ? How many Colleges are there in the Eastern States at this time ? ;ton celebra- )\vn in Ver- How will i^liat is Mas. Jttled Town irmouth was When was s since? For m Boston to What large For what n is situated ruished ? In What is the ence distin- ) Hartford? population L. In 1635. jnsin Hart- ew Haven ? ( w H aven ? 1 from New t. Gov. ? Lt. Gov.? ieut. Gov. ? ,t. Gov. ? tes ? How 3s are there NORTH AMERICA. MIDDLE STATES. 81 -4 Fiew of the Grand Western Canal. ern'^of the' MSSdle'^sl'l^ ^'^'Zl u^^"^^^ ^^ ^^« ^-^ "-"- Which of these states haT^o se^ctt f Wl fch 1 '^^^^^^ Whi'i '^'n^^f ^'" ^^^^^^^ Which is tr„ext ma le^^^^^^ The middle states are distinguished for a^ii. culture, mamifactures, and commerce, and for their numerous and extensive canals, which open o? rinrfo;'"""""^^^^^^'^ ^^^^"^^ ^" p-^« n ^M^""""'] P^^f ', ^^^^^ ^'^""^ ^ "c*^' fertile soil, and amildandheathychmate. Wheat is the most important production ; but rye, oats, barley In-^ Chan corn buckwheat, beans, flax, and h^p, are extensively cultivated. The climate is adapted to the growth of various kinds of excellent fruit • (ipples, pears, md peaches are produced in abun- 82 NORTH AMERICA. In Iho ptato of New York great attention 1ms boon given to Gducation. (^ommon schools are established and supponed toy law in every town, and ample provision is made for the education of all classes of society. Besides the common sc 100 s, there are about one hundred academics and high schools. All the public literary institutions of New York are iMited m one body, under the name of the University, and are under the superintendence of a body of literary men, called the Regents of the University of New-York." In Pennsyl- vania, considerable has been done for the establishment and support of common schools, and many parts of the state are well supplied with the means of elementary instruction. Jn JNew Jersey and Delaware, public attention has been turned to the subject of common schools, and exertions have recent- ly been made for their establishment in every town. NEW YORK. How Niagara Falls. is New York bounded ? What is its Capital ? In commerce, population and wealth, N. York is the first state in the Union. The eastern part of the state is uneven and hilly; the northern is mountainous ; and the western, level. I m given to suppojied ido for tlio ! common and high V York are [>rsity, and Tien, called 1 Pennsyl- hment and le state are iction. In Ben turned ive recent- North America. 83 tai? N. York tern part rthern is The soil ui many parts is fertile, well fitted for agriculture or grazing. The climate in the north- Z\ir a' '^'"''^ 5 /n other parts of the state it is rnild and generally healthy. 32 mi!e™N '„7 Air''"^ mmm,/ ,^,,.„^,, ^^e those of Saratoga, of ^alatoffa tuA.Z'.T"^ '^^°'' of Ballstown, 7 niiles S. W the UnitpH ^f!« ' ^H l^^ fashionable from varions parts of banv aretf ^'^ ^"^^"°"' ^^ "»^^^« S. E. of AI- ThefaT^ T""^'' "^'""^^ frequented for bathing. glbe Thp r V .l''^' ^"'^'''^' «"^P^«« '^^ others on the Sll perpi dicularlv ^'"' ^""^'^'^ "^ " '"'^^ "' "^'^^'^^ -"d hawr2 m Iprf ^r'' ^ I^^^'I^^^^' ^60 feet. In the Mo- TawL T T""^^' '"'^ ^^^ Coho.s falls. milesTonltftrdtvol-^N^ ";"t' on the Hudson, 160 Champlain and Fr ^ ^ "^ ^^''': ^^ *^*^ i'^^"* ^^^^^re the 26,000. ^"'^ ^"« canals unite with the Hudson. Pop. ishnd?^ \Ti 'Ihi^Ti °" '\^' '°"'.^^^" P°'"^ "^ Manhattan and o le of tL fiv^'^ ^''P^^^"^: "'^^ ^" ^'^^ ^"'^^d States ; 213,000! commercial cities on the globe. Pop. l)a"v"lrthiV'"f ^^'^'r''*^ ^°^ '^^^«' 30 miles south of Al- 3,0" 0. "^ navigation on the Hudson. Pop. Nowburgh, *Poughkcepsie, Troy, Cat^kill and Watrr ford a,e place, of ^^^^^.^^^J^j^j^'^^^^^y. ^ ai.kiii, and Water- Ike tovvns m the interior and western parts of the state utx^mJlXSr^ '^'^ ^""^'^^^^ ^' populationt:^' Utica, 93 miles N. W. of Albany on the Mohawk is a flourish ng and commercial city. Pop. 8,320. ' backets Fl arbor is situated at the mouth of Black rii^er fi *<♦•*. w * Po-koi/ao. 84 NORTH AMERICA. Rochester, situated at the falls in Genessee river, 6 miles from its mouth, at the place where the Erie Canal crosses «ie river, is one of the most flourishing towns in the stale, rhe first house was erected in 18 12 ; the present population is I ^,000. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. What River in the eastern part of New Yorii? h. What IS Its principal branch ? m.— What 3 rivers empty into L. Ontario ? b. o. g.— What 3 Rivers in the southern part of the state ? s. a. d.— What 3 Towns on the east bank of the Hudson ? T. II. p.- Where is the Military Academy of West Point ? What 4 Towns on the West bank of the Hudson? N. K. c. A.— What 3 Towns on the Mohawk? s. u. r.- What 3 towns on L. Champlain ? t. p. c— What 2 Towns on the at. Lawrence? o. m.— What town at the mouth of Black river ? a. h.— What town at the mouth of Oswego river? o. What Town on th? Genessee river ? k. What Town on the Grand Canal went of Rochoater ? l.— What 2 Towns onL. Erie? b. d. — What town on the Alleghany river? h.— What town on the iSusquehannah ? b -What 5 Towns in the interior ? g. a. i. u. s. What 4 Colleges in New York, and where are they located? Where are Saratoga Springs? Whei-e are Niagara Falls ? What Canal connects the Hud- son with Lake Champlain ? A. Champlain and Hudson Canal. What towns at the extremities of the Grand Western Canal ? A. B. What is the length of the G. W. Canal ? How will you sail from Albany to Trenton ? questions on the MAT' OF THE MIDDLE STATES. What Counties border on the Eastern States ? What counties border on Lower Canada ? On the river St. Law- rciice ? On Lake Ontario f On Nigara river ? On Lake Erie ? On Pennsylvania ? On New Jersey ? What Coun- ties in the interior? How many Counties has New York? [Long Island is divided into 3 counties, viz. King's, Queen's, and Suftblk. New York County embraces the island on which the city of New York is situated. Richmond County embraces Statcn Island, south of the city of New York.l In what County is New York ? Albany ? &c. r, 6 miles al crosses the stale. topulation «. What y into L. rn part of nk of the ^ of West Hudson? i.~VVhat 'ns on the of Black river? o. ivn on the wns onL. erj H. — vns in the iTork, and Springs? the Hud- on Canal, ■n Canal ? How will 'ES. ? What St. Law- On Lake lat Coun- w York ? Queen's, island on i County ork.] Jn NORTH AMERICA. NEW JERSEY. 00 Passaic Falls. How is New Jersey bounded .^hat is its Capital ? The commerce of New Jersey is small : but its manufactures in proportion to its population Ix ceed those of half the larger states ^"'^'^^"'•^^- Ihe state is level in the south, uneven and hilly m the middle and mountair ou in the L'"'^^ The middle part of the state is extremely ferti e New Jersey is noted for its excellent cfder anj ,,PJ.'''}''—"^^^'^'^0N, situated at the liead of tide watPr« nn the late. " "'^ ""=' ^'n-nofcial town in guishedfor the rn^nZZrT :KLT::I- ZC''-'"- 8 y,^ 86 NORTH AMERICA. Princeton, 1 1 miles N. E. of Trenton, is wituated on the great road between New York and Philadelphia. It is a pleas- ant town, and contains a number of elegant buildings. It is the seat of Nassau IJall, or New Jersey College, one of the most respectable and flourishing literary institutions in the United States. Burlington is pleasantly situated on the Delaware river, 17 miles N. £. of Philadelphia. It is well built, and has consid- erable manufactures and trade. Elizabethtown is situated on Elizabethtown creek, in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country. It contains s&veral handsome buildings, and has considerable commerce. Patterson is situated on the Passaic river, 15 miles N. W. of New York. It is a flourishing town, aid the seat of very important manufacturing establishments. [The Passaic Falls at this place, arc the greatest curiosity in this state. The river is 40 yards wide, and falls perpen- dicularly 70 feet in one entire sheet ; presenting a scene of singular beauty and grandeur.] aUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. What River eeparates New Jersey from Pennsylvania .-* What River forms part of the eastern boundary of New Jer- sey.'' IT. — What is the southern Cape of New Jersey? jvr. Which is the most northern Cape ? s-h. — What Harbors on the coast? What 2 Towns near New York city ? n. b. — Which is the most northern town ? p. — What falls are there at Patterson .'' What town on Delaware Bay ■* s. — What is the length of Delaware Bay? What literary Institutions has New Jersey ? When was New Jersey settled ? Kow many square miles has New Jersey ? [See page 59] How will you sail from Trenton to Harrisburg ? Quest'ons on the Map of tka Vailed Stales. — ITow many Counties border on the Atlantic? On New York? On Delaware river ? On Delaware Bay : What Counties ir. the interior of New Jersey ? Mow many Counties in New Jer- sey ? In what County is Trenton ? Newark ? &c. ed on the isapleas- igs. It is ne of the )ns in tho e river, 17 as consid- p.k, in the ns G&veral ;e. lies N. W. at of very i curiosity Is perpen- a scene of ATES. isylvania ? New Jer- ersey ? jvr. J arbors on ' ? N. B. — 3 are there —What is iistitutions d ? Kow 9.] How ow inariy ork r On ties ir. the New Jer- c. NORTH AMERICA. PENNSYLVANIA.* 87 . Willi m Penn foyininz a Treaty with the Indian?. How is- Pennsylvania bounded ? Its Capital ? Pennsylvania is a large, healthy, and fertile state, and is distinguished for its agriculture, manu- factures, and commerce,— for its fine roads and bridges, and for its extensive mines of coal. The middle portion of the state is mountainous ; the remainder is generally level. The English inhabitants form about one half the population ; the remainder consists of Germans, Dutch, and Irish. [*ThG colony of Pennsylvania was founded in 1682, by Wil- liam P^-nn a distinguished philanthropist, belonffincr to the '.^ piiiuiiasuu lue lerniory ot ino Indians, wlium he consider- ed the just and lawful owners. Shortly after, he planted his jnlant colony, he met the Indians under "the great elm tree," at Kensington, and entered into a troi ty of peace, which re- mained uninterrupted for the space of TO «ears,] 88 NORTH AMERICA. ! li Towns. — flARRisBuRo is pleasantly situated on the Sus- quohannah, 97 miles N. W. of Philadelphia. It is regularly- laid out, and handsomely built. Philadelphia, in the extent and variety of its manufactures, is the first city in the Union. It is pleasantly situated be- tween the Delaware and Scuylkill, six miles above their con- fluence ; and by the course of the river and bay, 126 miles from the Atlantic. It is distinguished for the neatness and regularity of its streets, and for its literary and scientific in- stitutions. Pittsburg is situated at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela, 300 miles N. VV. of Philadelphia. It is one of tlie greatest manufacturing towns in the United States, and is the centre of an extensive trade. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. What river forms the eastern boundary of Pennsylvania ? What two branches has the Delaware ? [A. The Lehigh and Scuylkill, L. and S. on the map.] What river passes nearly through the middle, of the state ? What two branches has the Susquehannah? [The most southern one is Juniata, marked J.] V\ hat rivers unite and form the Ohio ? W hat town on the Delaware, in the northeastern part of the state ? At the junc- tion of what two rivers is Easton? l. d. At the junction of what two is Philadelphia ? s. d. — What town between Phila- delphia and Harrisburg? What five towns on the Susque- hannah ? H. S.N, w. jvi.— What Town on the West Branch ? w. What Town on the Juniata ? ii. — V\ hat 3 Towns directly W. ofPhiladelphia? v. c. b.— What town S. W. of Harrris- burgPc. — At the junction of what two rivers is Pittsburg? In what direction from Pittsburg is Greensburg? Washington ? What 2 towns on the branches of the Alleghany ? j. m. — What town on Lake Erie ? e. — Which is the most N. E. Town in Pennsylvania ? n.— Which is the most S. E. Town ? p. — Which is the most S. W. Town ? w. — Which is the mostN. W.? E —What is the length of the Susquehannah ?.DeIavvare." Alleghany? Monongahela? What Mounta4ns pass through Pennsylvania ? a.— How tar is it from New York to Phila- delphia ? From Philadelphia to Washington ? What 5 Col- leges has Pennsylvania, and where are they located ? In what direction from Philadelphia is Washington ? Now York ? Detroit ? New Orleans ? How will you sail from Harris- burg lo Dover ? hillv, .\OIlTU AMERICA. m Qu'sUom on the map of the J\Iiddle Sfates.-Wh&t County borders on ake Erie ? What Counties border on New-York^ Oa the Delaware river ? On Delaware ? On Maryland ? OnV.r,nn,a? On Ohio ? What Counties in the Xior 7 Ho A. many Couritics has Pennsylvania ? Mention the Shire iC^bu;:?' ^''""'^- '"^ "'^"' ^■^^'''y - i^hiladelphil? Delaware! riow is Delaware boun ded? W hat is its Capital ? Delaware is the least populous ^ state in the Union ; and the smallest in extent, except Rhode Island. 1 '7^^ northern part of the state is generally hilly, and has a fertile soil ; the southern part is level, and unproductive. The commerce of Delaware is small ; but its manufactures are considerable. Delaware is distinguished for its fine wheat io/6.7i7.-DovER is situated on Jones' Creek, 7 miles from, its entrance into Delaware Bay Wilmington is situated in th^ northern part of the State, between Christiana and Brandy wine creeks, I mile above their confluence, It is the largest and most important town m the state, and IS celebrated for its flour mills, and other inanufacturing establishments. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. How many square miles has Delaware ? Which is f h^ most northern town in Delaware? w.- What Town south of VVilmington ? n-c- What Cape has Delaware? h!!!i„ vvhat direction from Dover is Washington ? New York" Richmond? Harrisburg ? Kxrtford ? What is the Wth of Delaware Bay? What Canal connects Delaware and napolis p"" ^'""^ '"^ ^'""^ ^°^^' ^^ ^»- Q^fions on the map of the Middle Staies.-Hoy, nanv Counties has Delawaro ? What rnnnt,, «^v..„„.. .u- . "^ . . .J. ,,,,,„. „^^^-g j^jj 'iurin 8* 90 NORTH AMERICA. em part? What county embraces the southern part ? What County embraces the niiddlc part? Mention the shire town of each county. TRAVELS ON THE MAP OF THE MIDDLE STATES. How is Albany silvuited ? What is said of the State of New York ■' IIow lonj; since the fust settlement was made in New York? What canals terminate at Albany? What do thoy connect ? What great nalurat curiomlt/ on the west- ern border of New York? Where are the most noted Salt 'Spn7ti;s in New York: [Salina is in Onondaga County. The salt springs arc on the border of Onondaga Lake which iS about 7 miles long, and 3 broad.] VN'hat noted mineral waters in New York? Where is West Point? A. In Orange County, on the Hudson river, 58 miles north of the city of Now York. During the llevolufionary war it was strongly fortified, and deemed one of the most important posts in America, but its works are now in ruins. This place is noted for Arnold's treason, and the execution of Major An- dre. Jn 1802 the general government established a Military Academy at West Point, and in 1812, appropriated 25,000 dollars for erecting buildings, and procuring a library and apparatus. The number of Cadets is limited to 250. How will you sail from Albany to Trenton ? What can you say of New Jersey ? For what is it noted ? In what direction from Trenton is Newark? For what is Newark distinguished ? What noted falls in Now Jersey ? Which part of New Jersey is most fertile? How will you sail from Trenton to Harrisburjr? For what is Pennsylvania distinguished i* Which is the principal city of Pennsylvania ? For what is Philadelphia distinguished? Which is the most important city in the western part of the State? Describe Pittsburg. [The coun- try around Pittsburg including 8 or 9 counties, is one great bed of fossil coal.] In what part of the state v^re the Lehigh and Scuylkill coal mines? How will you sail from Harris- burg to Dover ? What is said of Delaware ? For what is Delaware distin- guished ? Which is the largest town in Delaware ? In what part of the state is Wilmington ? For what is it celebrated ? How will you sail from Dover to Baltimore ? t? What iro town E3. State of /as made ? What tlio wcst- lotcd Salt I County, lio which i mineral A. In rth of the ar it was rnportant his phice lajor An- - Military ed 25,000 rary and 0. How it noted ? r what is Jersey ? will you 3h is the iladclphia ty in the 'he coun- )ne great Q Lehigh 1 Harris- re distin- In what ebrated ? NORTH AMERICA. SOUTHERN STATES. 91 Exports. Which are the Southern States ? How many are there ? VV Inch ,s the most northern ofthe Southern States.^ WhTch .nt " T^'^u-'u"^ . "^^ "^^"y °f'ti^e"^ border on the At- The Southern Stales, in extent of territory, far surpass the Eastern or Middle States; and are distinguished for their valuable productions, nu- merous slaves, and for the amount of their ex- ports. ThQ eastern part of the Southern States, va- rying from 60 to 5>00 miles in breadth, is a low sandy plain, and generally barren, except on the rivers and sounds. The interior is hilly and moun- tainous, and has a rich and fertile soil. The cli- mate, m the eastern part, is warm and unhealthy ; m the interior it is mild and salubrious. Wheat, tobacco, and Indian corn are the princi- pal productions in the northern part ; rice, cotton. m 92 NORTH AMEP.ICM. and sugar in the southern ; vrnd pitchy tar rtitrpen- tine and lumber in the eastern part. The eastern part, or low country, is inhabited principally by planters, who live on large plantations, at a considerable distance from each other, and have many slaves. The in- terior and western parts are inhabited by farmers, who have few slaves and small estates, depending principally on their own labor for support. The higher classes in the Southern States are well inform- ed, polite and hospitable ; but the lower classes are rude and extremely ignorant. The slaves perform most of the labor of the Southern States, and form nearly half the population. MARYLAND. How is Maryland bounded ? What is its Capital? Maryland, considering its extent and popula- tion, is one of the first commercial states in the Union. It is divided into two parts by Chesapeake bay, called the eastern and western shore. The east- em part is generally level ; the western part is hilly and mountainous. The soil is generally fertile. The principal ar- ticles of export arejZowrand tobacco. Towns. — Annapolis is pleasantly situated on the Severn river, 2 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake bay. Pop. about 3,000. Baltimore is situated on the Patapsco river, 14 miles from its entrance into Chesapeake bay. It is well situated for commerce; and in the amount of its shipping, is the third town in the Union. It is divided by a small river into two parts, called the town, and FelPs point. The latter is the principal seat of commercial business. Pop. 81,000. MAP OF THE UNITED PTATElS. What Bay divides Maryland ? What is the length of Chesapeake Bay ? What River empties into the head of Chesapeake bay ? What River separates Maryland from Virginia? How is Annapolis situated ? How is Baltimore situated? What 2 Towns N. W. of Baltimore? r. h — What t Mountt State ? where, connect length, sail fror Quesi border < river ? How m counties county. ^ The lying oi miles fr States I in 1800, ernmen It c Georgei NORTH AMERICA. 93 turperi' •incipally siderable The in- who have on their 1 in form - rude and ,he labor ulation. .1? popula- ! in the ke bay, le east- part is ipa! ar- ! Severn Y- Pop. lies from atcd for -he third :nto two X is the 3ngth of head of ,nd from laltimore ' r. H- — What town in the southern part on the Potomac ? What Moun ams pass through Maryland ? What rdleges in this fetato? How many square miles has Maryland? When where, and by whom was Maryland settled ? What Canal connects the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays ? What is its length, breadth, and depth ? [See page 55.] How will you sail from Annapolis to Washington? vvmyou questions on the map of the Middle ^/a/ey.— What Counties border on Pennsylvania ? On Delaware ? On the Potomac river? How many Counlies east of the Chesapeake bay ? How many counties west of Chesapeake bay ? How manv counties has Maryland ? Mention the shire towns of each county. In wnat county is Baltimore ? Annapolis ? &o. DISTRICTOFCOLUMBIA. A View of the Capitol. The District of Columbia is ten miles square, lying on both sides of the Potomac river, 120 miles from its mouth. It was given to the United States by Maryland and Virginia, in 1790 ; and m 1800, it became the seat of the General Gov- ernment. It contains Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown. s IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ ^^A^ 1.0 t^ ^ I.I 11.25 lU |: 2.2 s 1^ lllio 1.4 1= 1.6 P //, ^ /2 3 'm /: '^i y ? Photographic Ccrporation '■As mw <> ^st beautiful )itol for the , and is the ip. 20,000. Potomac, 6 trade, prin- Ics west of considerable Columbia ? lat cities in from Wash- eans ? Bos- ihington do c Atlantic ? .me the seat * Virginia is the largest, and one of the most powerful and populous states in the Union It is divided by the Blue Ridge into two* parts Ihe western part is hilly and mountainous; the eastern is generally level. The climate near the coast is hot and unhealthy in the summer ; in the interior and western parts It IS cool and salubrious. Wheaty tobacco, and corn are the most valuable productions, and are important articles of com- merce. The Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek, is one of the great- est natural curiosities in the world. It is about IQO feet in length, 60 leet wide, and 250 feet above the surface of the water. ToMWJ.— Richmond is pleasantly situated at the Falls on James river, 150 miles from its mouth. It is well situated tor trade, and has a considerable share of commerce. Pop. 16,00.^. * "* Norfolk is stnated on Elizabeth river, 8 miles from its en- trance into Hampton Roads. Its harbor is good, and it has more foreign commerce than any other town in the state Yorktown, situated on York river, 1 1 miles from its mouth, IS famous for the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his armv i9th of October, 1781. ^' Mount Vernon is situated on the Potomac, 9 miles bnlov/ Alexandria. It is memorable for having been the residence of Gen. Washington. MAP OF THE UMTED STATES. What ^2 Rivers rise in Virginia and empty into Albemarle bound? R. c— What4 Rivers empty into Chesapake bay? J. Y. R. p. — What branch has the Potomac ? p —What i rivers empty into the Ohio? m. l-k. g-k. b-s.— What moun- tains in Virginia? What is the most eastern ridoe called' B.— What two towns on the James river ? r. l.— What Towii on the Appomattox, a branch of the James river ? r.--Wljat Is the principal seaport in Vir«jinia ? \. Flow i^ it situated ? i\> 96 NORTH AMERICA. mere is Yorktown, and for what is it celebrated ? What place near York river ? w.— What town on the Rappahan- noc ? F. — What four Towns among tl)e Mountains ? w. s L. o.—What Town on tho Monongahela ? M.~What Town at the mouth of the Great Kanhawa? p-p.— What two Towns on the Great Kanhawa ? c. a.— What town on a branch of the Roanoke ? m. What two towns on the head branches of tho Tennessee river ? f. a— What town on the peninsula between Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic ? d — What two capes lias Virginia ? What four Colleges has Vir- §Jr"u * V. ^^,'^* '^ ^^® '^"S^*" of James River ? Rappahannoc > What Canal connects Chesapeake bay with Albemarle Sound ' How will you sail from Richmond to Newbern ? NORTH CAROLINA. How is North Carolina bounded ? Its capital ? The eastern part of North Carolina for 70 or 80 miles from the sea, is entirely level, abounding in pine forests, which furnish vast quantities of pitchy tar, turpentine and lumber for exportation. The interior is uneven and hilly ; and the west- ern part mountainous. The coast is lined with sand banks and islands which render access to the bays and sound ex- tremoiy difficult. Its commerce is chiefly carried on through the seaports of the neighboring states. The exports are rice, cotton, tobacco, pitch, tar, turpentine and lumber. Tbwn^.— Raleigh* is pleasantly situated near the central part ot the state, containing about 1,500 inhabitants. Newbern is the largest town in the state, and has a consid- erable share of commerce. Pop. 4,000. Wilmington is the most commercial town in the state. It IS situated on Cape Fear river, 36 miles from its mouth. Pop. about 3,000. ^ The Towns in this State are small, the inhabitants livins mostly on their plantations. * R&w-le. NORTH AMERICA. 97 What 3 Capes has N. Carolina ? h. l. F.-What 2 Sounds ? What IS the length of Albemarle sound ? Pamlico sound ' Wha are the Rivers of N Carolina? g-f. l-p. c-f. n. p. r. c. ,^to fV" nv T '" '^%^: ^' P"* °^ the state and empties into the Ohio ?G-K.~What place in the N. E. part of the «Ar ^J-^'—y"*^ town on Albemarle sound, at the mouth ot the Chowan? e.— What town on the Roanoke ? h.— What town on Pamlico river? w.-What 2 towns on the N.use ? N. H.~What town near Raleiarh ? cii.-What 3 towns on afZ ^% 7^V ^- ^•,^— What 2 town on the branches ot the G. Pedee ? s. s.—What town W. of Fayetteville ? c. What townin the western part of the state? m.— What springs near the borders of Tennessee ? w-s.— What seaport on Core sound, S. E. of Newborn ? B.-What College in N. Carolina? Ho w will you sail from Newborn t o Columbia? „ . „ SOUTH CAROLINA. liow is South Carolina bounded ? Its Capital ? The coast of South Carolina, for about 100 miles from the sea, is low, flat, sandy and un- healthy The rivers are bordered with marshes, m which are produced large crops of rice. I he interior is beautifully diversified with hills and dales ; and has a rich, fertile soil. The western part is mountainous, and has a cool and healthy climate. The chief productions are cotton and rice; be- sides these, pitch, tar, turpentine, and lumber, are exported in large quantities. .^Jrihl'~^!'''''Vt '^ pleasantly situated on the Congaree near the centre of the state. It is regularly laid out, on an elevated p am, and contains about 3,500 inhabitants. C^harleston IS situated at the junction of Ashley and Cooper rivers 7 miles from the ocean. It is regularly ^laid out! a^nd has a large share of commerce^-ealth, Ld refinement. IsI^S^^"VrY^T'. ''^?' ^"'°.^'r ^ «• ^- ^' «• «• ^- What island E. of Charleston ? s.-What seaport in the southern 9 a.' m NORTH A31ERICA. part of the state, on Port Iloyal island ? b— What 4 Towns in tlie western part of the state ? p. a. o. e— How is Charles- Ion situated ? Wliat town on Winyaw bay, at tiie mouth of the G. 1 edee ? c— What town on the Watcree, a branch of ,Uie Santee ? c —What town between Camden and George- town ? K.-What Colleges in S. Carolina, and where are they located ? How will you sail from Columbia to Mil- ledge ville ? GEORGIA How id Georgia bounded What is its Capital ? Georgia is level, barren, and sandy, on the coast, hilly in the interior, and mountainous in the north. The chief productions are cotton, rice, tobacco, coffee, sugar, figs, oranges, olives, pomegranates, lemons, ' ^^^^P^ - ^he w!^S'n\e?near"?r ^' F^'^fl'^^ '''^^''^ »" ^^e Black- vvarrior nyer, near the centre of the stale. It is a handsome and flounshmjj town, roaularlv k;^ ^. f * ■ !"^"*'°o™e 2,000 inhabitants. '^^"'^'^^^ '^^^ «"t ? contammg about GuV^f^MWiL'^'n*'^ °^ ^^"^J^^ river, 33 miles from the r^n AUri ^^^'''''.''' .^' 's a place of considerable trade, and i* rapidly increasmg m commerce and population^. ' east of '^obil? '^f .^^^T" .«"^l«t °f Mobile river, 15 miles ;1dlrlt if eaiyl:;^~ '^^ ^^"^"^^^•-' ^^ ^-« ^ wIS!?''- ^ ^^''''!;- ""^*° and form" the Mobile river? t. a. eJth roarth7''':,"'' '^' Tombigbee ? What Kiver pass- * Mo-beel'. 100 NORTH AMERICA. in the Tennosseo river? What 2 Towns on Mobile river, at the head of Mobile bay ? m. b. — What town on Mobile riv- er near the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee ? f. — What 3 Towns on the Alabama? c. d. c. — What Town on the Tombigbee ? s.—What 2 Towns on the Black Warrior ? T. B. — What Towo on the Tennessee river, in the N. W. part of the state? f. — What Town in the northern part of the state 7 H. — What mountains terminate in Alabama? c. a. — How will you sail from Tuscaloosa to New Orleans ? TRAVELS ON THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. For what are the Southern States distinguished ? How is Maryland divided ? How is Baltimore divided? How will you sail from Baltimore to Washington ? When did Washington become the seat of the General Government ? Who was President of the United States at that time ? [See page 53.] Where did. Congress meet be- fore the seat of the General Government was removed to Washington? A. At Philadelphia. What distinguished edifice in Washington ? Who was the first President of the United States ? Who is President of the United States at this time ? How will you sail from Washington to Rich- mond ? TTow does Virginia compare with the other states ? What great natural curiosity in Virginia ? How many Presidents of the United States have been chosen from Virginia? [See page 53.] For what is Yoiktown famous ? How will you sail from Richmond to Wilmington ? Which is the most commercial town in North Carolina ? Which is the largest Town ? What are the principal exports inN. Carolina? How will you sail from Wilmington to Charleston ? Describe Charleston. How does S. Carolina compare with N. Carolina in extent of territory ? [See page 59.] In what direction from this place is Charleston ? How will you sail from Charleston to Savannah ? Describe Savannah. , How many years since Savannah was settled? [See page 59.] Which produces the best l^ORTII A-MEUICA. at c. A. — 101 fruit, this State or Georgia ? Why ? How will you sail from Savannah to Mobile ? How long since Mobile was settled ? For what is Ala- bama distinguished? How will you sail from Mobile to New Orleans ? WESTERN STATES. AncUi't Fortifications and Mounds. Which arc the Western States ? How many are there • Which is the most northeastern of the Western States? Which is the most southwestern ? Which one extends farth^ est north? Which ^ends farthest south? On what 2 Rivers do the Western States lie ? m. arid o. The Western States are distinguished for their mild climate, fertile soil, extensive *prairies, and for the rapid increase of their population. They are generally level, except in the eastern part of Tennessee and Kentucky. * Prairies are plains covered only with grass. They gen- erally have a rich, fertile soil, and often extend farther than the eye can reach. In Asia these plains are called Steppes^ and in South America, Pampas. 9* 102 NORTH AMERICA. The principal productions are wheat and maize in the northern part ; cotton^ hemp^ and to- bacco in the middle ; and rice, cotton, and sugar in the southern part. Fossil coal is found in various parts ; and there are numerous salt springs, from which salt is manufactured in large quantities. The woods and forests abound in wild f.nimals and the rivers are well stored with fish. These states are not generally supplied with common schools ; but provisions have recently been made for their establishment in almost every town. Numerous remains of fortifications and mounds of earth, are found in various parts of the Western States. The con- stroction of these, shews that they were built by men accus- tomed to labor, and who possessed considerable knowledge in the business of fortifications. They must have been erect- ed at a remote period, as trees several hundred years old are often seen growing upon them. When and by whom they wer^e erected is entirely unknown. LOUISIANA. How is Louisiania bounded ? What is its Capital ? Louisiana is one of the most level and fertile states in the Union. The southern part around the mouth of the Mississippi,#r 30 or 40 miles, is one continued swamp, covered only with a species of coarse reed, 4 or 5 feet high. About one fifth of the state is covered with vast prai- ries. A considerable part of the state is lower than the Mississippi, and to prevent its overflowing the land, levees or artificial embankments of earth, are raised, from five to thirty feet in height, on the banks of the river. NORTH AMERICA. 103 The staple productions of Louisiana are coHon, sugar, and nee. It has an extensive commerce, which IS daily increasing. The climate is warm, and in most parts un- Towns.^NEw Orleans is situated on the Mississippi, 100 u^^ZlT '*' ??"**? ' ^"^ '' ^^'^ ^^^^^ commercial empori- «,?Jl ^•'V'^;°''"^'-y watered by the Mississippi and its numerous branches. Its trade is extensive, and it bids fair to fioISS! °"^ commercial cities in America. Pop. Baton Rouge is situated on the east bank of the Mississip- pi, 1 10 miles above New Orleans. It is a flourishing place. Pop. 2,000 ' '"'''' ^'^^^^^ ''*"'^^°" °" '^''^ "^°'"-- 3 '^wnl nn ^^ ^'Vl' ^T^^^Ua ? s. R. W. M. P.- What 3 To wns on he east bank of the Mississippi ? n. o. b-r. s-f. OrtanTr"„'' wT'^'t'" ^"'^^ Ponchart?ain, north of New- urleans / M^—What Town on an outlet of the Mississippi, W ? ^Tl"^ th'^. ^' '"'• ' "-^^^^ 2 Towns on R^d Whit 4 of'hl;"^ ^Tr""^". ?" *^^ Wachitta river ? m— WKiA • ?K ^°'^"' ^^' °^^^^« Mississippi ? o. St-M. N-I. F. Which IS the most southern Town in Louisiana ? How is 1? sL?[ir' "',ri'i- tT'^^ '^^^"'i °« -^i^^l^ New Oriels IVlf««?«J • • '^''""^ ^"^^e^v OHeans isle. Jl is formed by tho MauTnTfp'''" K°V"' ''i^' ^"^ ^y ^^ '^^^'•^"l^ river, lakes aflThT • J''"n''^« i'''"' •^^'■^"^' ^"^ *^»« Gulf of Mexico on sail trom New Orleans to Jackson ? „ . ,,.. . -. MISSISSIPPI JJow IS Mississippi bounded ? What is its Capital ? IVIississippi is geneT^ilTI level state, and has a fertile soil, well adapted to the ■ cultivation of cotton, Tice and sugar. The climate is temperate, and in the elevated parts, It IS generally healthy. 104 NORTH AMERICA. Tho nortlicrn and northeastern portions of the state arc inhabited by the Chickasaw and Choc- taw Indians, who have made considerable ad- vancement in the arts of civiHzed life. Towns. — Jackson is situated near tlie centre of the state, and is a newly settled and nourishing town. Population ftboiit 1,000. Nalchcz has an elevated situation, and is the largest anil' one of the most nourishing tovv«s in the state. Ft is sur- rounded by a populous, fertile, and highly cultivated coun- try ; and is the great commercial depot for the settlements in the western part of the state. Washington is a flourishing town, 6 miles E. of Natchez. What are the Rivers of Mississippi 7 m. y. b. p. p. t. — What Town on the Mississippi ? n.— What Town near Natchez ? w. — What 2 Towns near the southern boundary ? w. L — What 3 Towns >an the Pearl river ? j. m. c. — What 2 Towns on the Tombigbee ? h. c. — What Missionary sta- tion near the Yazoo river ? e. — What College in Mississippi ? What Indians in the northern part of the state ? What In- dians in the eastern part ? In what direction from Jackson is New Orleans ? Tuscaloosa ? Tallahassee ? Arkopolis ? Philadelphia ? Savannah ? How will you sail from Jack- son to N ashville ? TENNESSEE. How is Tennessee bounded ? What is its Capital ? Tennessee is one of the most healthful, pheas- ant, and beautiful states in \he Union. The Cumberland mountaii^s divide the state into two parts. The eastern part is mountainous ; the icestern is generally level. It has a rich and fertile soil, especially on the rivers ; and a mild and healthy climate. The spring is about six weeks earlier here than in New NORTH AMERICA. 105 of the Clioc- ile ad- 10 state, pulation gost arvd' is sur- (i coun- ments in [atchez. '. p. T. — vsrn near undary ? .—What ary sta- isissippi ? What In- Jackson kopolis ? )m Jack- 1? , pieas- le state linous ; on the . The in New England. The north-easterly winds are never felt in Tennessee, and seldom the noilh-west. The principal productions are cotton, tobacco, wheat, hemp, and maize. Towns. — Nashville is situated on the Cumberland river, in the midst of a populous and fertile country. It is the lar- gest and most flourishing town in the state. Population about 6,000. Knoxville, the principal town in the eastern part of Ten- nessee, is situated on tlie Holston,22 miles above its junction with the Tennessee river. What are the Rivers of Tennessee ? m. t. c. — Wljat moun- tains pass through this state ? c. — What mountains separate Tennessee from North Carolina ? a. What 3 Towns on the Cumberland river? c. n. c. What 3 Towns in the eastern part of the state, on the Tennessee and its branches ? k. g. s. What Missionary station on the Tennessee ? b. What five Towns between the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers? m. m. 8. M. w. What Town in the southwestern '•-orner of the state on the Mississippi ? m. — What 3 Towns between the Ten- nessee and Mississippi ? j, ii. p. — How many miles in length is the Tennessee ? Cumberland? Mississippi? What Col- leges in Tennessee ? How will you sail from Nashville to Frankfort ? KENTUCKY. How is Kentucky bounded ? What is its Capital ? The southeastern part of Kentucky is moun- tainous ; the northern is broken and hilly ; the remainder is mostly level. The climate is mild and healthy, and the soil is rich and fertile. The principal productions are wheat, maize, tobacco, and hemp. Apples and peaches are abundant. There are numerous suit springs in this state, from which are manufactured large quantities of salt* lOG NORTH AMT.RICA. Nearly the whole of Kentucky rssts on a bed of lime-stone, six or eight feet below the surface. Through the apertures in this limestone, streams frequently sink into the earth and entirely disappear. There are many remains of ancient fortifications and mounds in this state ; and in Big Bono valley, 29 miles S. W. of Neivport, hav« been discovered many bones of the Mammoth of an enormous size. There are n- .drous caves in Kentucky ; one called Mon- mouth cave, near Green river, has been explored to the dis tance of 10 miles, jn'rom the earth at the bottom of -these caves, are manvifactured large quantities of saltpetre. To(vns. — Frankfort is situated on the Kentucky river, 60 mills from its mouth. It is a pleasant aud beautiful town. Pop. about 2^000. Lexington is s."*uated on a stliall branch of the Elk-horn river, S;2 miles S. E. of Frankfort, in the most fertile part of the state. It is distinguished for the rapid increase of its population, its extensive manufactures, and for the politene^ and hospitality of its inhabitants. Louisville is situated on the Ohio river, nearly west of Frankfort, marked L. on the map. It i? i,ho most populous and commercial town iii the state. Pop. 12,000. What are the Rivers of Kentucky ? m. o. t. c. g. *s. k. r. B-s. — What Mountains and Kiver separate Kentucky from Virginia ? What 1'own on the Mississippi ? c. — What Town on the Cumberland river ? b. — What Town on a branch of the Cumberland ? c. — What Town near the mouth of the Cumberland river? s.— What 3 T )wns on the Ohio ? l. n. m. What Town on a branch oftije Green river? b-o. What 2 Towns near the Green river ? o h. What Town on Salt river? B. What 3 Towns S. E. of Bardstown? d. Mt-v. m. Wha^: Town on the Kentucky river ? f. What 3 Towns be- tween the Kentucky and Licking rivers ? l. p. v. What is the length of the Ohio river ? Licking.'* What CoUiiygcs in Kenti:eUy, and where are they located? WiietfvanH by whom was JCentucky settled ? How will you sail from Frank- fort to Columbus ? . * The river between Green artd Kentucky rivers is called Salt River. ine-stone, apertures ions and ) miles S. es of the led Mon- the dis of -these ' river, 60 ful town. Elk-horn le part of ase of its jolitene^ west of populous • 0* n« !• cky from lat Town branch of th of the ? L. N. M. What 2 J on Salt Mt-V. M. owns be- What is >U«^e9 in anH by n Frank- is called ^ new of Cincinnati, How is Ohio bounded ? What is its Capital ? About one quarter of the state declines to lake nnT '■ r ^?"^^"^f to the Ohio. The northern part IS level, and frequently marshy ; the south- ern part presents a varied surface, and is ex- tremely rich and productive. Owing to the fertihty of the ^oii, and the mild- ness of the climate, the population of Ohio has increased more rapidly than that of any other of the western states ; and in agriculture, manufac- tures, and commerce, it surpasses several of those lying on the Atlantic. The chief productions are wheat, maize, nm, bare?/, oats, and hemp. In the southeaster^ pfrt ol the state are extensive mines of pit^coaL^nd m the interior are numerous salt springs. n.^'Z'^r^t"^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^"'^^^^ 0° theSciota, A Ti.ecent.-.- «{ div auiic, a has had a rapid arowth' nwas la^dout n: 1012, aud the present populutL S alToul- -3* 0. 108 UORTH AMERICA. Cincinnati is one of the largest, most wealthy and flour- ishing towns, in the western states. It is regularly laid out, and is extensively engaged in commerce and manufactures. Pop. 27,000. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. What three rivers empty into Lake Erie ? m. s. c. [The river which empties into Lake Erie at Cloaveland is the Cuyahoga.] What 4 rivers empty into the Ohio? m. h.* g M -_r*The River between the Muskingum and Sciota is the Hockhocking.] What 4 Town What Cape S. of Florida ? What 2 other Capes? What are the 3 principal Bays on the coast of Florida ? c. a. t. — What stream passes between the Bahama Islands and the coast of Florida ? What is its velocity per hour at Jupiter Inlet? What large river in Florida empties into the Atlantic ? What are the 4 principal rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico? a. p. e. s. — What is the length of the Gulf of Mexico ? What 2 Lakes in the interior ? s. m. — What tribe of Indians in the western part of Florida? s. — Which is the most western Town in Floiida? p. — What 2 Towns on the Appalachicola river? c. c. — What Town on St. Mark's river, at the head of Apalachoe bay ? What Town on the river St. John's ? j.— What town in the interior? m. — What Town on the coast below the mouth of the St. Johrrs? How will you sail from St. Au- gustine to D(4roit ? 10* 114 NORTH AMERICA. * MICHIGAN TERRITORY. How is Michigan Territory bounded ? Its capital ? Michigan is generally a level, and fertile Terri- tory, with a cold, but healthy climate. The principal productions are wheat, maize, oats, barley, peas, apples, pears, and grapes. Towns. — Detroit is pleasantly situated on Detroit river, between lake Erie and lake St. Clair. It is a place of con- siderable trade, and is rapidly increasing in population. t Michilimackinack is an important military post, situated on an island of the same name in the straits of Michilimack- inack, 300 miles N. W. of Detroit. It is the grand :f depot of the Canadian fur traders. WhaC 4 Lakes border on Michigan Territory ? What is the length and breadth of Lake Michigan ? [See page 56.] Lake Huron ? Erie ? What is the circumference of lake St. Clair ? What 2 Bays in Michigan Territory ? s. and o-t. What 2 Towns on Saganaw river ? s. b. — What Town 25 milea west of L. St. Clair? p. — What Town on Detroit river? What 2 Towns on L. Erie? b. f.— -What Town S. W. of Frenchtown? t. — What Town on St. Joseph's river? c. — What Indians in the western part of the Territory ? When, where, and by whom, was Michigan Territory settled ? What is the length of the river St. Clair ? Detroit river ? How will you sail from Detroit to Green Bay settlement ? NORTHWEST TERRITORY. How is Northwest Territory bounded ? Northwest Territory is inhabited principally by Indians. The northern part is hilly and moun- tainous, with a light barren soil ; the remainder is generally level and fertile. JNear lake Superior are numerous mines of inm,, copper, and lead, of the richest quality. * Mtsh-e-gan'. t Mack-o-naw. % Day-po. The the chi settlenc The summe What Mississip What r} near L. i you sail How The and m£ climate prairies and pie has a r rice, CO There 150 mile springs, < cient, at i Wild a Deer, an< prairies. Towns on the Ai mont wa populatit Arkani its moutl are descc NORTH AMERICA*. 115 There arc few settlements in this territory ; the chief are *Prairie du Chien, and Green Bay settlements. The climate is severe in winter, but mild in summer, and in most parts healthy. What Rivor empties into Green Bay ? What 4 into the Mississippi ? r. c. b. w. What Falls in the Mississippi river ? What rj Tribes of Indians in N. W. Territory? What Mines near L. Superior ? What in the southern part ? How will you sail from Prairie du Chien to Arkopolis? ARKANSAS TERRITORY. How is Arkansas Territory bounded ? Its Capital? The eastern part of Arkansas Territory is level and marshy, and has a warm, moist, unhealthy climate. The western consists chiefly of immense prairies. The middle is mountainous, healthful, and pleasant. The land bordering on the rivers has a rich fertile soil, producing wheat, maize, rice, cotton, and tobacco. There are numerous salt springs in this territory ; and about 150 miles N. W. of Arkansas, are a number of medicinal springs, celebrated for the heat of their water, which is suffi- cient, at most times, to boil eggs. Wild animals are numerous. Bvffaloes or Bisons, Elks, Deer, and wild. Horses are seen feeding in vast herds, on the prairies. Towns.— Arkopolis, or Little Rock, is pleasantly situated on the Arkansas river, 300 miles from its mouth. The settle- ment was commenced in 1 820, and is rapidly increasing in population. Arkansas is situated on the Arkansas river, 60 miles from its mouth. It contains about 800 inhabitants, most of whom are descendants of French and Indians. * Pra'-re du Sheen. 116 WORTH AMKRrCA, What Rivor forms tho boundary boUvocn Arkansas Terri- tory and Mexico ? a. What 2 branches has the lied R. ? w. and F-w. What 3 Rivers empty into tho Mississippi ? a. w. and St.-p. What large branch' has the Arkansas river ? c. What 2 branches has the Canadian river ? n. and s-f. What branch has the White rivor? b-b. What Mountains extend through the middle of Arkansas Territory ? o. What 5 Towns on tho Arkansas river? a. s. c. a. m. What Town on tho, Mississippi? v. What Town on VVhito rivor ? n. Wliat Town on Big Black river? d. What Missionary station in the northern part, among the Osage Indians? u. What Desert extends into tho western part of Arkansas Territory ? When, where, and by whom was Arkansas Territory set- tled ? How will you sail from Arkopolis to tho Military station at Council Bluff? MISSOURI TERRITORY. Indians catching Buffaloes. How is Missouri Territory bounded ? Missouri Territory extends from the Mississippi river to the Rocky Mountains, embracing about 800,000 square miles. It is a vast wilderness, and with the exception of a few military posts, is inhabited entirely by Indians. Thes of the 1 remainc waste, c Wild a produces Missouri ; are frequ( vast numl cipice. Which is its leng J. H. o. — on the N. branches Rivers un of each ? branch? souri ? I er rises in —What ] St. Aatho from Ore) stone and souri Tor inhabited Mississip] Mississipi part, onj) R. s.— W the Konz; Arkansas travelling Oreg ]Vfounta NORTH AMERICA.. 117 The soil in the western part, and on the banks of the rivers, is extremely rich and fertile ; the remainder is generally a vast, elevated and barren waste, destitute of timber and vegetation. Wild animals are extremely numerous, and no country produces game in greater abundance than the banks of the Missouri and Arkansas rivers. Several thousand Buffaloes are frequently seen in one drove. The Indians take them in vast numbers, by driving them into enclosures, or over a pre- cipice. Which is the largest River in Missouri Territc^y ? What is its length ? What 3 Rivers unite and form the Missouri? J. H. o. — What are the 5 principal branches of the Missouri on the N. side ? m. j. s. l-p. a. What are the 9 principal branches on the S. side ? y. l-m. s. s. w. q. p. k. o. — What 2 Rivers unite and form the Platte river ? What is the length of each ? What is the length of the Konzas and its longest branch ? What 3 branches has the Mississippi N. of the Mis- souri ? In what Lake does the Mississippi rise ? What riv- er rises in Red Lake and runs north intoLake Winnipeg? r. — What Falls in the Mississippi ? What Fort at the Falls of St. Anthony ? What Mountains separate Missouri Territory from Oregon Territory ? What Hills betvi^een the Yellow- stone and Missouri rivers ? What extensive Desert in Mis- souri Territory ? By what is it traversed, and by what is it inhabited ? What extensive prairie between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers ? What Indians between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers ? 9. i. — What tribe of Indians in the N. W. part, on Maria's river? What 3 Tribes on the Missouri ? m. R. s.-— What Tribe on the Platte river? p.— What Tribe on the Konzas River ? k. — What Tribe between the Osage and Arkansas river? o.— What Mountains must you cross in travelling from Missouri Territory into Oregon Territory ? OREGON TERRITORY. How is Oregon Territory bounded ? Oregon Territory extends from the Rocky TVfr»iintjiin« nn llif» past to thf» Pnr»Jfir» tin iUt» ixrAet • 118 NORTH AMERICA. and from the Russian Possessions on the nortli, to Mexico on the south. The soil is generally fertile, producing various kinds of pines, some of which grow to the height of 300 feet. The climate is healthy, and milder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic. Astoria is an Amorican sottleinont on tho Columbia rivor, 18 milos from its mouth. It is settled principally by fur tra- ders. The number of Indians in this territory is supposed to be 80,000. Which is the principal River in Oregon Territory ? What is tho length of the Columbia River? What are the three principal branches of the Columbia? c. l m. What Gulf in the western part of Oregon Territory ? What Island between the Gulf of Georgia ard the Pacific? What Sound W. of Vancouver's Island ? What Bay N. of the mouth of Colum- bia river ? What 7 Capes on the Pacific ? f. d. l. f. p. o. Ow What names have been given to the highest summits of the Mountains in the western part ? b. ii. J. What 5 Tribes of Indians? s. e e. c. k. What Lake in the eastern part ? w. What Lake extends into the S. E. part ? t. Which extends farthest north, Oregon Territory or this State? In what di- rection from If? is Astoria? Which has the greatest latitude, or which is farthest from the Equator, Astoria or this place ? How will you sail from Astoria to Aoapulco? ABO When vast will warlike fishing, a had neitl mcnts CO traditioui fore respi continent tainty. The * tribes, an country i definite a Since dians ha eases, til mains. Thep United I inhabit t general, tioned fi tinguishi the 1 NORTH AMERICA. 119 ABOIUGINAl. INHABITANTS OF AMtltUCA. The Pipe of Peace, When America was discovered by Europeans, it was a vast wilderness, inhabited by an ignorant, barbarous, and warlike people, whose principal employinent was hunting, fishing, and war. They understood but a f^w of the arts, and had neither books nor manuscripts. Their literary attain- ments consisted only of a few Hyeroglyphics, uor *on^.9, and traditionary tales^ handed down from father to son. There- fore respecting their origin, migrations, or settlements on this continent, nothing could be learned with any degree of cer- tainty. The *aborigines consisted of several different nations, or tribes, and by the Europeans were named Indirms^the whole country at the time of its discovery, having received the in- definite appellation of West Indies. Since the settlement of America by Europeans, the In- dians have gradually been destroyed by wars and new dis- eases, till but a nrxiall portion of their original number re- mains. The present number of Indians in the territories of the United States is estimated at 470,000, a majority of whom inhabit the country west of the Mississippi. They are, in general, of a large size, of a robust frame, and a well propor- tioned figure, free from defects of organization, and are dis- tinguished for bravery and native eloquence. * Ab-o-ridge-e-necs. 120 NORTH AMERICA. E'^'jh t-f the diffe it tribes is under the government of a chief ana council, v o are elected to office on account of their military talents, wisdom and experience. Of all the independent tribes in the territories of the United States, the *Sioux are the most warlike and powerful. They are divided into several tribes, and are the terror of the sav- age hordes, from the river St. Peter's to the mouth of the Mississippi. The principal tribes within the United States are the Cbickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees,' and Creeks. Therie tribes have made considerable progrees in agriculture, and the mechanic arts. They possess cultivated Jields, gardens^ inclosures^ herds of cattle^ and are engaged in different kinds of domestic manujactures. » Missionary schools have been established among these tribes, at which hundreds have received the rudiments of education, and adopted the industrious habits of American citizens. Questi07is on the Map of the United Stales. What is the tribe of Indians, whose territory lies within the chartered limits of Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee ? c. What Missionary station in the N. W. part of Georgia ? e. In the southern part of Tennessee ? b. What Indians in the western part of Florida ? s. What 2 Tribes in Mississippi ? c. c. What Tribe in Michigan Territory ? o. What ti Trih^js in N. W. Territory ? c. m. w. What Tribes in Missouri Ter- ritory .'* B-F. M. R. s. p. K. o. I. s. What 5 Tribes in Oregon Territory ? s. e. e. c. k. What is the probable number of Indians in the United States and Territories ? A. 470,000. Which is the most powerful and warlike of all the indepen- dent tribes ? s. GENERAL QUESTiONS ON THE MAP OF THE U. STATES. What States have no access to the ocean by water ? What State is nearly equally divided by a bay ? What 3 States are nearly equally divided by rivers ? What 2 Territories arc separated by a lake r Through what waters must the Alleghany pass to reach the ocean? Waters of L. George? How d How d Throu: the oceaij What! What What What What ] What S it? What New Orl Which Whicl; What States ? V» ! 1 at 1.1 win W hich Which Which *Whic 1. Mei 2. Mei 3. Mei 4. Mei Which tide wate Which Which * The ulation o most defi been dcvi NORTH AMERICA. 121 nt of a oftheir 1 United I. They the sav- of the are the Therie ire, and ^ardens^ U kinds ig these nents of mericaii ithinthe see ? c. gia ? E. iR in the sissippi ? 3 Trih^s »uri Ter- L Oregon itnber of 470,000. indopen- TES. fS ? to reach How do the watern of L. Superior roach the ocean ' How do tlie waters of the Monongahela ? Through what waters must the Yollowsto ; pass to reach the ocean ? W aters of Fox river ? it? What 8 States take their names from their principal rivers? WItat 2 States take their names from the adjacent bays ? What State takes its name from its mountains ? What State takes its name from its principal island? What River divides 2 States, and passes through 2 others? What State has the greatest number of lakes in and around What Rivers will you cross in travelling on the coast from New Orleans to Eastport ? Which State has the greatest number of rivers in it ? Which Stale has the least number in it? What is the general course of the rivers in the United States ? W licit 6 States have rivers that runs a northerly course ? 1.1 >.v hat Territory do the rivers run a southeasterly course ? ■"/> I'lch is the largest City in the Eastern States? W hich is the largest City in the Middle States ? V'liich is the largest City in the Southern States ? Which is the largest City in the Western States ? * Which is the largest City in the United States ? 1. Mention the next six in the order of their population. 2. Mention the next six in the order of their population. 3. Mention the next six in the order of their population. 4. Mention the next six in the same manner. Which Lake has the greatest elevation above the head of tide water ? [See page 56.] Which State has the greatest number of Colleges? Which State is most distinguished for its Canals ? * The scholar should write them down, and annex the pop- ulation of each. This, I have found by experience, is the most definite, and the most useful classification that has yet been devised. 11 122 NORTH AMERICA. * The Initials of certain towns in the United JStutes flpcll your name ; which arc they, and hovv JJ^.J^oy «'t«ated ^ The Initials of certain towns in the United blates form the sentence, Washington was thf. Fathku of his country ; what are their names, and where are they situated . BRITISH AMERICA. British America extends from Davis's Straits, and the Atlantic on the east, to the Rocky moun- tains on the west ; and from the Arctic ocean on the north, to the United States on the south. It is divided into New Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Sco- tia ; besides Newfoundhmd, and several islands in the gulf of St. La wrence. How is British .\merica bounde"d ? What is its Capital ? UpTeII CANADA. Upper Canada is mostly a level province, and has generally a fertile soil, and a cold but healthy climate. ,, . • i The settlements are principally m the southern part ; the interior and northern part is still a wil- derness, and is inhabited only by Indians. The principal articles of export are wheat, maize, fish, furs, potash, and lumber. Popula- tion about 150,000. Chief 7bMms.— York is Hnely situated on York bay, and has a beautiful and commodious harbor. It is regularly laid out, and contains a number of elegant buildings. Population about 4,000. ^ ^ ,, ^ .... Kingston occupies the site of fort I* rontenac, and is tlic most hnportant and flourishing town of Upper Canada^ It "*^he»e towns should bo written olf by the scholar. NORTH AMERICA. 123 hft« an excellent liarbor, and is the principal station O.r the British shippini^ on lake Ontario. 1 op. J,UUU. Questions on ike Map of the United Slates. What six lakes lie between Upper Canada and the United States? w. s. n. c. e. o. What small Lake between lake auperior and Lake of the Woods ? h. VVha Kiver connects lake Superior with lake Huron? What Islands m L. Huron ? M. What Bay on the eastern part of lake Huron J> «. VV hat t^o Lakes empty into Georgian Bay ? n. s. What R.ver connects L. Iliron with lake St. Clair? St.-c. W hat River emoties into lake St. Clair? t. What Town is situated on the Thames ? l. What River connects L. St. Clair vvith ake Erie ? D. What River empties into the eaMern part ot lake Erie '> a. What River connects L. Erie with lake Ontario ? Niagara river. What Falls in Niagara river? What two Towns on lake Ontario ? K. y. What River forms the boun- dary between Upper and Lower Canada ? u. W hat Indians between lake Ontario and lake Huron? s. What is the Capital of Upper Canada ? y. In what direction from York is the Town in which you reside ? How will you sail from York to Quebec, an d what large city will y ou pass ? m. LOWER CANADA. Lower Canada was settled in 1608 by the French, at Quebec ; in whose possession it re- mained until 1759, when it was taken by the Enf'hsh, in whose power it still continues. Lower Canada is mostly an uneven and moun- tainous province, but has generally a fertile soil, especially in the valleys. A large part of it is still a wilderness, inhabited by Indians. The principal settlements are m the vaie ot the St. Lawrence. The greater part of the French population is confined to the northern bank ot the St. Lawrence, between Montreal and Quebec. The extremes of heat and cold are excessive Winter generally commuiicCs m x^Ovow.. • -, - 124 NORTH AMERICA. '^\ lasts till April. The spring is usimlly thi-ce weeks eaHier at Montreal than at Quebec. The principal articles of export are>/*, furs, potash and lumber. J ^J ^ ,rrI?n«fl"'°^-^°"^T°'°"'=^' ^'""^« ^«'«^ Quebec, are the P el o« t""?h ^ T ^■T''' S"""^^"- ^^^ '^^' Vonis over a E/lf «^ *^%^'!*^">«h.ng depth of 246 feet, exhibiting a scene of womierful beauty and grandeur. ^ rnn^/ IT".*' n?,''.'^?^'' '^ ^^^ ^^^pital, not only of Lower Canada,butof all Bntish America. It is situated on theriv- to fLZrT' ?7^ "^'^^'/'om the ocean. It is divided in- J:nrdXoth\V'^n!:tr:nd'a^t!^^^ ^-^"' ^"^ ^^ «^-"S^^ <^- riv^r°SlT^ " situated on an island of the same name, in the lake Ontir'"?.''^' ^^^ "''^^' ^^°^« Q»^bec, and 200 below furs nn^V ;», ^^' ^" extensive commerce, prmcipally i„ tweVn f h n ' f Jf^'"^'"' °^the trade that is carried on be- tween the United States and Canada. Whnf o^"?*'^^ 0" the Map of the United States. Lowpr Pn ^"^T" ^'''"' the boundary line between Upper and Lower Canada ? a u. What River connects lake Chamnlain with the river St. Lawrence ? s. What River connect lake rlT' sTr ^Vl ' ^'" .f ^^^"'^'^ -'^^ ^'^^ river St. Law! tyhi^ ' inio "the sY I """' ^'^^ two other principal Rivers emp- lying mto the St. Lawrence ? St.-M. and s. What i5 2 weeks /hfurs, 3, are the irs over a ibiting a >f Lower n thcriv- vided in- ongly de- le, in the 00 below jipally in ed on be- pperand lamplain Bcts lake 3t. Law- ers emp- i is the that the miles, as that it is c is Bos- >m Qne- you sail to the 30,000 Is sub- but is d generally healthy. It is mostly a level province, and has a fertile soil, especially on the river*. The orincipal articfes of export are fish and timber. Chief Towns. — Frederickton, the capital of Now Bruns- wick, is situated on the river St. Johns, 80 miles from its mouth, at the head of sloop navigation. It is regularly laid out, and contains a number of elegant buildings. St. J'ohns, situated on the river St. Johns, 3 miles from its mouth, is the largest and most flourishing town in the prov- ince. It has a good harbor and an extensive commerce. — What Bay between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia? f. iVhat is the principal River? St.-j. What River forms part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick? St.-c. How will you sail from St. Johns to Halifax ? NOVA SCOTIA. Nova Scotia is a narrow peninsula, 300 miles in length, containing about 15,000 square miles, and 100,000 inhabitants. • It has a cold, damp climate, and in most parts, a thin and unproductive soil. The principal ex- ports are fish, lumber, and plaster of Paris. Chief Thwns. — Halifax, the capital, is situated on Che- bucto bay, near the centre of the province. It has a spacious and commodious harbor, and is the principal naval station of G. Britain in N. America. Liverpool and Annapolis are places of considerable trade. What Cape south of Nova Scotia? What Island east of Nova Scotia? s. What Bay between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick? f. For what is it remarkable? A. For its tides, which rise from 40 to 60 feet, and are so rapid that an- imals are often overtaken and drowned. What two Islands N. E. of Nova Scotia ? St.-j. and c-b. What Town on Cape ^Breton ? l. * Bre-toon' 11* 126 NORTH AMERICA. NEW BRITAIN. \v I f. Islands of Ice. New Britain is a cold, barren, and desolate re- gion. It includes Labrador, East Main, and New Wales, and is inhabited by various tribes of In- dianst among whom the English have erected foi^ts and trading houses, for the purpose of pro- curing yV/r* and skins. Wild animals abound in these regions ; the principal of which are moose, deer, otters, bears, beavers, martins, foxes, hares, 6f^, During the short summer, the numerous lakes and rivers are covered with sea fowl, which come from the south. The method of travelling in New Britain, is in canoes of birch bark, which are so light that they can easily be conveyed from one stream to an- other. In these, the fur traders travel thousands of miles, with their furs and skins. NORTH AMERICA. 127 The *Esquimaux Indians inhabit the coast, and are small, dull, and extremely filthy, living prin- cipally on seals and whales. The fKnisteneaux inhabit the interior, and are little known. What Bay divides New Britain ? h. What Bay north of Hudson's Bay ? r. What Bay south of it ? J. What 2 Isl ands in Hudson's Bay ? s. m. What 4 Rivers empty into Hudson's Bay? w. c. n. s. What 3 rivers empty into James' Bay ? a. m. e w. What Inlet west of Hudson's Bay ? c. What two straits lead into Hudson's Bay ? What two Rivers empty into the Arctic Ocean ? c. m. Which are the three )»*'-gest lakes in New Britain ? w. a. s. What Indians inhabit the northern part of N. Britain ? e. What Indians inhabit the coast of Labrador ? e. What Indians in the in- terior? k. What three Missionary stations on the coast of Labrador ? o. n. h. What Forts near Hudson's and James' Bays ? c. A. s. m. What Strait west of Baffin's Bay ? b. What Sound at the entrance of Barrow's Strait ? l. What name is applied to the Islands north of Barrow's Strait ? n-g. Which is the most western of these Islands ? m. In what di- rection from us is Melville island ? In what zone is Melville island ? Is the climate warmer or colder in Melville island than in this place ? How should you like to live in New Britain? Why? Do they travel in N. Britain as we do? Why? What kinds of animals inhabit N. Britain that do not inhabit this state ? How will you sail from Melville Isl- and to St. Johns, in Newfoundland ? * Es-ke-mo. t Nis'-te-no. m I .-( V2S NORTH AMERICA. INRWFOUNDf.ANl). Cod Fisheries. Newfoundland is celebrated for the codfisheriea on its coast, which are the most valuable of any on the globe. It is generally a rough and barren island ; with a cold, damp climate, occasioned by perpetual fogs. Towm.—^T. Johns issituated on the south east coast, and contains a.bout 15,000 inhabitants. Placentia and Bonavista are the other principal towns. What Strait separates Newfoundland from Labrador? What Cape south of Newfoundland ? m. What Bank east of Newfoundland ? How long is the Grand Bank ? In what direction from Newfoundland are the Bermuda Islands ' Iceland ? Cuba ? BERMUDA ISLANDS. The Bermudas consist of about 400 small isl- ands, most of which are barren and uninhabited. They have a temperate and healthy climate, but subject to frequent storms. Pop. 10,000. Ill what direction from the Bermudas is Cuba ? Trinidad I Anticosti? Ilayti, or St, Domingo ? Iceland? i «t»:' NORTH AMERICA. 129 fisheries 3 of any J ; with 3rpetual ;oast, and owns. ador ? Bank east In what Islands ? ♦RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS. The Russian Possessions extend from the Ter- ritory of the U. States to the Arctic Ocean, em- bracing the region west of the Rocky mountains and Mackenzie's river. They are inhabited by about 1000 Whites, and 50,000 Indians, who are subject to Russia. The soil produces near the coast a few pines and birch ; in the interior the land rises into hijjh mountams, covered with perpetual snov/. The whole region presents a most gloomy and savage appearance. The principal employment of the inhabitants is hunting and fishing. Questions. — What Straits separate the Russian Possessions from Asia? What Cape east of Bhering's Straits ? What Cape in Asia opposite to Cape Prince of Wales? e. What two Capes N. E. of Bhering's Straits ? l. i. What Peninsu- la in the S. W. partof the Russian Possessions ? What Riv- er east of Alaska ? c. What inlet is the entrance to Cook's river ? What Sound E. of Cook's river ? What Mountain on the coast S. E. of Prince William's Sound ? e. What is the height of Mt. Elias? [See map of the World.] How is the coast divided between mount Elias and the U. S. Terri- tory ? N. N. and N. c. Where is the Russian settlement of Portlock harbor? What settlement on Prince of Wales Isle ? Silka. Which is farthest north, the Russian Possessions or this Stale ? In what direction from ms, are the Russian Pos- ^ Have they schools in the Russian Possessions ? * Ru'-shian. sessions ? nail isl- labited. dim ate, )00. 'rinidad ? 130 rl NORTH AMEHICA. GUFENLAND. White Bear. Greenland is one of the coldest and most barren countries on the globe, exhibiting little except rocks, and mountains of ice and snow. It belongs to Denmark, and is principally valuable for the whale fishery on its coast. Tlie Moravians have established several missionary stations here, arid have converted many of the natives to (-hristianity. Formerly Greenland was supposed to be a part of North America ; but late discoveries render it probable that it is a vast island. The principal animal in Greenland, is the while bear^yihicn attacks indisc minutely both man and beast. The Greenl nders are small in stature, and are a weak, ni- doler.t, and superstitious race. The population is supposed to bo 20,000. What Cape south of Greenland? f. What Missionary station near C. Farewell ? l. What Settlement north-west of Lichtenau ? J. Wiiat 4 Settlements on the western coast of Greenland? o. n. u. v. Which is the most northerly Set- tlement? u. What 3 Sounds at the northern extremity of NORTH AMERICA. 131 Baffin's Bay ? s. w. J. What Island on tlio wwlcrn coast of Greenland ? o. (A vast mine of sea coal has been d.scovcr- Bd in the island of Disco.) What Settlement on l)is<;o Is c^ G. Wliere is Icy Peak ? Where are the Arctic Hi.s?hlands What Island cast of Greenland ? What Town on it :' What MouMl ain ? What Bay and Straits separate Greenland troni North America? MEXICO. Pyramid of Cholula, How is Mexico bounded ? What is its Capital ? Q. To whom did Mexico formerly belong? ^ , ^_ , , \ To Spain. It was conquered in 1.^21, by Fernando Cortez, and remained a Spanish prov- ince till IS^il, when it became independent. Q What is its length and breadth ? A It is about 18^20 miles in length, and on a medium 800 miles in breadth, contaimng 1,U0U,- 000 square miles. O What is the population? . ..^ . . h A. It is computed to be 8,500,000, principally 'M 1 132 WORTH AMERICA. ill the southem part ; the northern beiiiir inhabited rwh"/"^*^ l>y IncJians in a savage ^s ate Q. W hat 18 the face of tho country ? " sight ore or ^ extensive pla..,o uu 1>700 miles in length. Q. What are the climate ? . A. On the coast it is hot and sickly ; in the interior ,t ,s cool and healthy. ^ ' Q. \Vliat is the soil and productions? A. iiie soil m most parts is extremely fertile ^ For what has Mexico been celebrated? A. !• or Its rich and extensive mines of irolH »^uanaxuato, Zacatecas and tCatorco ed with many of the arta aSrf L/°°P ^' "'"' """' '"=q"ainl- oes in civilisation M^V?e Jl!i"''r''.1.°?"^''<'™''''=»''™"- buildings still e;ii6t ffi m ■ f J**^ ""'' monuments and Pyrami^d of cSu TO^^J^Uratf m:^!""'™^ ""="' '" '^ Stones or terraces- and is 1 77 1^ * 1 ?* ^^ consists of 4 broad. ItisbuiuVfuTburntbrUrS^^^^^^ VfP/-' amid, was a temple in which thevnff au^ *°P °^*^^ P^^" thesun. ^ ^"'^^^ "^^J" offered human sacrifices to pofs:7t^rnmVHcruis^"r".V"' °r °^'^- --t »na delightful valterwh;c^r2r^^^^ and elevated more than 7 OOf) fl^ k ^' m circumference, * Gwah-na-kwah'to. ■^ Ca tor'ce. NORTH AMERICA. 133 ig inhabited state. but it rises ior, to the ads out in- ' which are y ; in the ely fertile, 'Of tobaccOf IS kinds of s of gold ut 20 mil- mines are iurds, it was re acquaint- able ad van - unients and r them is the onsists of 4 1,423 feet of the Pyr- sacrifices to >f the most :e Tezeuco, umference, evel of the oceun. It iH regularly built in the form of a square, of four miles on each side. It is distinguished for tJio vvidth and regularity of its streets, the splendor of its public edifices, and for its mint, at which more uioney is coined than at any other in the world. Guanaxuato is a largo and flourishing city, 160 miles N. W. of Mexico. The ground on which the city is built, is about 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is distinguish- ed for its gold and silver mines. *I'uebla is situated on a large plain, 70 miles S. E. of Mexico. The city is regularly laid out, and contains many elegant buildings. The ground on w hich it stands is eleva- ted more than 7,(00 feet above the level of the ocean. It is famous for its manufactures of earthen ware, iron and steel. t Zacatecas is situated in a mountainous country, 240 miles N. W. of Mexico, it is one of the most celebrated mining places in Mexico. Vera Cruz, the principal port on the Gulf of Mexico, is a place of great trade. It is unhealthy, and has a poor harbor. Acapulco is the principal port on the Pacific. It is distin- guished for its excellent harbor, but is a miserable unhealthy town. What are the 4 principal Rivers emptying into the Gulf of California? c. g. h. c. What 1 into the Pacific? g. What are the 4 principal Rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico? B. c. B. T. What 2 Peninsulas in Mexico? c. v. What 2 Towns on the peninsula of Yucatan ? m. c. What 3 Towns on the Bay of Campeachy ? v-c. a. v-h. What Town S. W. of V^era Hermosa ? |c. What Town on the Gulf of Mexico at the mouth of the river Tula? t. What 8 Towns on the Pacific? p-St-F. M. s-B. s-D. X. z. A. T. What Ttfwn N. W. ofTe-hu-an'te-pee? o. What 6 Towns around Mexico in different directions G. T. v-c. L-p. A. V. What Town N. of Guanaxuato ? s-l-p. What 4 Towns near the Tropic of Cancer? z. p. d. St-a. What 4 Towns between the Gulf of California and the Cordilleras mountains ? m. a. s. s. What 6 Towns between the Cordilleras and Rio del Norte ? n. s. l. N. c. V. What 4 Towns on the Rio del Norte ? s. a. m. l. * Poo-a-bla. tZak-a-te'cas. 12 % Che-a'pa. ^f^ \ m I ■* It r II u ! a 134 NORTH AMERICA. What Town N. E. of Monclova? s-a. What 2 Lakes in the northern part of Mexico? s. t. What Lake in the southern part ? c. VV hat Mo jntains in Mexico? c. Where is the Volcano of *Popocatapetl ? A. In ihe southern part of Mexico, between Oaxaca and La Tuubhi. How hi is the North Sea ? is the Baltic Sea ? is the White Sea? Where .^Where ^NVhere Where Where Where Whore Where Where STRAITS. is the Strait of Constantinople ? are the Dardanelles ? is the Strait of Otranto ? is the Strait of Messina ? is the Strait of Bonefacio ? is the Strait of Gibraltar ? is the Strait of Dover? is the Skager Rack? is the Cattegat ? CHANNELS. Where is the English Channel ? Where is St. George's Channel ? Where is Bristol Channel ? Where is North Channel ? Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Sark and Where Where Where Where Where Where Where \i»i ISLANDS. are the Luffoden Islands ? is Iceland ? are the Faroe Islands ? are the Shetland and Orkney Isles f are the Hebrides or Western Islands f are the Isle of Man and Anglesea ? Wightr ''^'"''^' ''** Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, are the Scilly Islands ? are Bellisle and the Isle of Rhe ? are Tvica, Majorca, and Minorca ? are Sardinia, Corsica, and Elba? are the Li pari Islands ? is the Island of Sicily ? is Malta or Melita ? • ♦ is the island of Candia? EUROPE. 157 Where are Cyprun and Rhodes ? Where are Negropont, Scio, Samos, Patmos? Where are the Ionian Islands ? Where are Zealand and Funen ? Where are Gothland, Aland, and Oland ? PENINSULAS. Where is the Peninsula of C'rimea ? Where is the Peninsula of Morea? MOUNTAIN?. Where are the Dofrafield Mountains f Where are the Pyrenees ? Where are the Alps ? Where are the Appenines ? Where are the Carpathian Mountains ? Where are the Heemus Mountains ? Where are the Ural Mountains ? Where are the Olouetz Mountainn? Where are the Cevennes ? Where are the Erzgeberg Mountains ? Where are the Sierra Morena, Toledo, and Cantabrian Mountains ? VOLCANOES. Where is Mount Etna? Whore is Mount Vesuvius ? Where is Mouat Hecla ? CAPES. Where is Capo North ? Cape Naze ? Land's End ? Liz- ard Point ? Cape Clear? CapeLaHogue? CapeOrtegal? Cape Finisterre ? Cape St. Vincent? Cape Spartivento T Capo Matapan ? Which is the most northerly Cape ? n. Which is the most southerly Cape? t. Which is the most easterly Cape? n. Which is the most westerly Cape ? c. What is the length of the Volga?— Danube?— Dneiper?— Don ?— Rhi^e ?— Dneister ?— Dvvina ? Duna ? Rhone ? Elbe? Loirs ?—Tagiis ' Vistula? Niemen?— Weser ?— Bog? Save? Oder? Mezen?— Ebro? Drave? Po? 14 i I 158 EUROPE. Duoro.'' Guadiaua:' Oka?— Guadalqmvcr :» Gdronne » Glomnia ? Tornea ? Onega ?— Seine ?— Thames ? Donee ^ Shannon? Pruth ? Tiber? Saone ? Minho ? Severn^ NORWAY. The Malstrom. How is Norway bounded ? ^Yhat is its Capital ? Norway is a cold, rugged, mountainous, and barren country, and abounds in the most beauti- ful and sublime scenery. The chief wealth of Norway consists in its im- mense forests of pine, which furnish vast quanti- ties of lumber for exportation, and in its fisheries, and mines of iron, copper, and silver. Norway is distinguished for the *Malstrom, a dreadful whirlpool on its coast. It can be heard at a great distance, and is so violent, that every thing which comes near it, is drawn in and dashed in pieces. * Ma^vrstrcom. EUROPE. 159 Garonne ? » ? Donee ,■* Severn ? pital ? >us, and t beauti- in its im- t quanti- isheries, itrom, a le heard It every I dashed View of the North Cape ai Midnight, in Summer.* Character.— The Norwegians are honest, brave, and indus- trious ; and generally well instructed in the common branch- es of education. _ . [Norway was formerly an independent kingdom, but m 1397, it was annexed to Denmark, and in 1814 it was ceded to Sweden.] , ., Town*.— Bergen is finely situated for trade, and is the most populous and commercial town in Norway. Christiana has a large share of commerce, and is the most beautiful and pleasant town in the kingdom. Drontheim has a g-ood harbor, and considerable trade. It was anciently the residence of the Norwegian kings. "What Mountains separate Norway from Sweden? d.— - How many inhabitants to a square mile? [See page 154.] What is the principal river in Norway ? g. What islands on the coast of Norway ? l. What whirlpool on the coast ? M. Which is the most northerly town? d. What town N. of Bergen ? Loevig. What town on Christiana Gulf,in the 60" N. latitude ? c. What town near the mouth of the Glomma, noted for the death of ( harles XII. king of Swe- den ? F. What Town on the Skager Rack ? c. What Town ♦ In the northern part of Norway, the sun remainn above the horizon for several weeks in summer, and below it or an equal length of time in tke winter. I I I I 160 in the interior The most sout Stockholm? EUROPE. ? K. Which is the moHt northerly Cape ? therly ? How will you sail from Bergon to J SWEDEN. How IS Sweden bo unded? What is ils Capital ? Sweden is a mountainous country ; and is cel- ebrated for the number of its lakes and rivers. f he wealth of Sweden consists principally in Its mmes of iron, copper and lead; and in its ex- tensive forests, which furnish timber, pitch, tar and turpentmo in large quantities. The winters in Sweden are long, and severely cold ; the summers are short, and extremely warm. The soil in most parts is unproductive, and unfit for cultivation. Character.— ThB Swedes are polite, brave and hospitable • and are distinguished for their general educatioji and moral! Tbif^m— Stockholm is situated on seven rocky islands in the strait which connects lake Malar with the Baltic. It has a sate and commodious harbor, and an extensive trade. Oottenburg is well situated for trade, and is next to Stock- iiolm m commerce, population and wealth. It is the seat of o an n!r/ ft^^ India Company, and its commerce extends loan parts of l^uropo, America and the West Indies. Carlscrona has a largo share of commerce, and is the prin- cipal station of the Swedish navy. ^ What are the 2 principal Rivers in Sweden ? d. t. Which are the 3 prmcipal Lakes? w. w. andiMa-ldr. What Town on the Caltegat ? a. V;hat2Towns on the Baltic /cc Z\%l^r \f, l^oc^^-^-^ ? ,. What Town on tl'^ rivei Dal ? F. What 4 towns on the Gulf of Bothnia ? a u. p. T. What Town in the western part, among the moun- tains ? T What Town in the southern part, on the sound of Elsinore ? Malmo. What 3 Islands in the Baltic, near the S :l ^^::' '''-- "-^ -" ^- -' «•- ^ck^ 1/ [F^r g; I andl I '^ i rein I clotl I In m week I time I TI y Cape ? ^ergon to lal? I is cel- /ers, pally in I its ex- ch, tar 3verely remely lUctive, ipitable ; d moral- ;Iands in . It has de. Stock- 9 seat of extends 3. he prin- Which t Town J? c. c. 1 on the nia ? a. ) moun- oundof lear the Stock- EUROPE. LAPLAND. IGl I f. Laplander Travelling. Lapland occupies the northern part of Nor- way, Sweden and Russia. It is a cold, gloomy, and barren region, and very thinly inhabited. The principal wealth of the inhabitants, is the rein deer, which supplies them with food and clothinff, and serves also as a beast of burden. In the northern part, the sun does not set during several weeks in summer, and does not rise for the same length oi time in the winter. , . ■, The Laplanders are under no regular government, and are a miserable, ignorant and superstitious race. 1 hey live in small huts, half sunk in the ground ; m the middle of which they build their fire and sit around it on their heels. They place their food on the ground, and eat it with ttioir fingers. In the winter they make long excursions on the ice, in sledges drawn by rein deer. . ^ i j j Tbt^m.— Kola is the capital of Russian Lapland ; and Tornea, of Swedish Lapland. What are the 2 principal Rivers in Lapland ? a. T.-What 3 Towns in Lapland? t. o. k.-How will you sail from Tornea to St. Petersburg ? 14* 10-2 EUROPE. M RUSSIAN EMPIRE. In extent of Territory, the Russian Empire surpasses all others on the globe. It embraces nearly half of Eutope, more than one third of Asia, and Iho northwestern part of North Ambrica. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. How is Russia bounded ? What is its Capital ? Russia rally a level country, and is di generally a level coun tinguished for its vast plains and majestic rivers. The northern part is severely cold and unpro- ciuctive; the southern part is temperate, and pro- duces wheat y rye, oats, barley^ and Indian corUy in great obundance. Russia has mines of silver, copper and iron. The commerce of Russia is very extensive. It is carried on through the Caspian, Black, Bal- tic, and White Seas. By means of its numerous rivers and canals, goods are easily conveyed through all parts of the interior. The common method of travelling in winter, is in sledges, or in small houses placed on sleds. Character. — The Russians are hardy, vigorous and patient of labor; but extremely rude, ignorant and barbarous. The lower classes are slaves to the nobles. Tbu'm.— St. PETERSBurwG was founded in 1704, by Peter the Great. It is distinguished for the width and regularity of its streets, and the general miignificence of its buildings. Cronstadt, the seaport of St. Petersburg, is situated 20 miles distant, on an inland in the gulf of Finland, and is the principal station of the Russian navy. Moscow, the ancient capital of Russia, is situated on the Moskwa. It was burned in 1812, to prevent its falling into the hands of the French. It has since been rebuilt, and is more rcjyular and magnificent ths?n before. ill' What are the 2 principal lakes in RHssia? o. r,.— Whal rpasses aH f Eutope, n part of tal? d is dis- z rivers. 1 unpro- ind pro- in coiiif iron. isive. — ck, Bal- imerous )nveyed winter, sleds. id patient us. The by Peter ularity of ngs. uated 20 nd is the d on the lling into , and is r.UROPE. 163 2 rangca of Mountains ? o. u.— W hat are the Rivers of Rus- sia '? What 5 Seas in and around Russia? c. a. b. ^w.— What town at the mouth of the Danube? r. What 2 Towns on the J3niester? b. a -What Seaport on the Black Sea? o. What 4 Towns on the Dnieper? c. K. N. s.—VViiat Town on the Don? T.-What 13 Towns on the Volga and its branches? A. s. *t. o. p v. k. p. n m k. |t j._-Whattown on .he Ural ? o —What Town on the ^Patchora? a— What Town at the mouth of the Mezen ? .t.-What 2 Towns on the river Ousa ? o. and o.-What 3 Towns on the Dwma ? V AT -What Town on the Onega? o.-What 3 rowns m Finland^ w a. u -What Town on the Gulf of Fmland, memorable for the first battle between Peter the Great and Charles XII ? A. Narva. What Town on the Gu.f of Fin- land W of Narva? A. Revel.-What Town on the t.nlf of Ri^a*^ H -What town on the Duna ? p. What town on the Ntomen ? On a branch of the Niemen ? w -Wha^ town a V" rxf Wilm ? M What 2 Towns b. *^. ol &t. leicrs ^^f,,"^ V -What Town in Crimea? K -What Tribe of C^s^acks on the River Don > D. c.-Wbere i. Pultowa mem orable for the last battle between Peter the Groat, and Charles XII.? How will you sail from St. Petersburg to Warsaw ? polandT How is Poland bounded ? What is its Capital ? Poland was formerly a large, independent, and powerful kingdom, but since 1772 it has been di- vided between Prussia, Austria, and Russia. In 1815, a small portion of its former limits was erected into a kingdom, and is governed by a viceroy appointed by the emperor of Russia. Poland is generally a level country, abounding in extensive marshes. The climate is cold, but the soil is productive. C/i«mder.— The nobles are rude, haughty, and illiteiaie ; l^jio Tiongantg are Door> wretched and servile. Towns.— Warsaw is well situated for commerce, and has * Za-rit-zeen. I Ver. X Pe k6 ra. 164 EUROPE. an extensive inland trade. It presents a striking contrast of splendid mansions an^ miserable hovels. Cracow is well situated on ths Vistula, and hasan exten- sive mland trade. In 1815, Cracow, with a small territory adjacent, was constituted a free state, under the protection of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Which is the principal river of Poland ? v.—What three towns m Poland, besides the capital? p. p. l.— Where is Cracow ? How will you sail from Warsaw to Berlin ? PRUSSIA. How is Prussia bounded ? What is its Capital ? Prussia was formerly a small state of Germa- ny ; but by gradual accession of territory, it has become one of the first kingdoms in Europe. It is mostly a level country with a cold, moist but healthy climate. The soil is various, eeno- rally better adapted to grazing than cultivation. Ihe most celebrated mineral production in Frussia is amber, which is found on the shores of the Baltic. Prussia possesses a large extent of territory in the western part of Germany, lying on both sides of the Rhine, and bordering on the king- dom of Netherlands.* * Character.-The higher classes are generally well inform- ed, polite, and extremely fond of dress. The lower cWs are ignorant, degraded, and superstitious. As a nation they are distinguished for bravery and fondness for war ^ 2ou;n*.— Berlin is situated on the river Spree, a small ^ fi^ ^] u ^'«^'»g"»shed for the splendor of its public edifices, and the extent of its manufactures Breslau the capital of Silesia, is a beautiful city, and is distinguished for its manufacture of linen. * See the map. •srz.' contrast of asan exten- all territory rotection of IVhat three -Where is srlin ? il? Germa- y, it has rope, d, moist, IS, geno- Itivation. ction in hores of ritory in on both he king- >11 in form- er classes tion, they S a small tl cities in its public ty, and is EUROPE. 165 Whicli are the 3 principal Rivers in PruRsia ? v. o. e.— XltV: is situate'd on'the Elbe f m -What 3 on the Oder > 8. P. D.— What town on the Baltic. ? c.---What Z ioTns near the mouth of the Vistula ? d. k.-How many square miles has fPrussia ? How will you sail from Berlm to Vienna ? AUSTRIA.* How is Austria bounded ? What is its Capital ? The Austrian territory was formerly of small extent ; but its limits have been mcreased by treaty and conquest, till it has become a power- ^" m^soil is generally fertile, and the climate mild and heahhy. The chief productions are ^rain.winedind olives. , It is rich in minerals. Hungary is distinguisli- ed for its rich mines of gold, silver and copper ; Illyria for its mines of inercury ; and Galicia tor ^^xfe Lt mine's of Wielicza, 8 miles S. of Cracow, are the most celebrated of any in the world The principal mine is more than a mile in length, about lOOO teet broad, and 800 ^^ C^amrfer.-The nobles of Austria are ignorant, haughty and oppressive ; the lower classes are active, moral, and in- ^"?;LT-/tenna is the largest city in Austria, and has an extensive trade. H contains many magnificent edihces, and is distinguished for science, arts, commerce and '•efnement Prague, the capital of Bohemia, is situated on the Muldau, a branch of the Elbe. It has the oldest university in Ger- many, founded in 1348. It is noted for its manufactures of linens, cottons, and silks. ,c cxr • « ^« -^o Venice is sit uated at the head^ f the gulf of Venice, on >2 ' * Before 1804, Austria was only an Archduchy; it was then erected into an empire under Fnn..i« i. who up lo that period was emperor of Germany. i Seethe chart. •sc^ 166 EUROPE. I- small islands, which are connected by 450 bridges. It was once a republic, and the greatest commercial city on the globe. Though much reduced, it still retains some features of its ancient greatness. Which is the principal river in Austria ? d. What 3 branch- es has the Danube ? d. s. t.— What river forms the bounda- ry between Austria and Italy ? p.— What river rises in the northwestern part of Austria and empties into the North sea ? E.— What 4 towns on the Danube ? v. p. b p.— What 6 towns on the branches of the Danube? b. a. t. t. i. o.— What town in the S. E. part ? h— In the N. E. ? l.— What town in the northern part memorable for the imprisonment of La Fayette? o.— What town on the Elbe? p.— What 2 towns at the head of the Gulf of Venice ? v. t.— What 2 towns on the east side of the Gulf of Venice? l. r.— What town on the Po, celebrated for being the birth place of Vir- gil ? M.—What 2 towns N. of Mantua, on the Adige river ? t. v.— What t^jvn in the western part, capital of Austrian Italy M. — What mountains in Austria? c. b. — How long are the Carpathian Mountains ? How many square miles has Austria? What is the population*? How many inhabitants to a square mile ? How will you sail from Vienna to Berne? SWITZERLAND. How is Switzerland bounded ? What is its canilal ? Switzerland is a small, romantic country, lying upon the Alps. It abounds in the most pictur- esque and sublime scenery, and is the most ele- vated portion of Europe. The highest summits of the Alps are covered with glaciers, or fields of ice, of vast extent and magnificence. Switzerland has almost every va- riety of climate and soil. The valleys are warm and extremely oroduc- tive, producing the vine, grain, and various kinds of Jrmt. The chief occupation of the Swiss farmers, is the raising of cattle. « See the Chart. ~ Cliaraa dustrious. Towns '■ antly situi Geneva in Switzei tiful seem and its ex What A. ConstB on the lal lake Com stance ? i R.— Wha Kingdom Berne to i Gern free cit lowing, 1. T T T T T 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. wester river li Nether The Brenie The B dent, ha ■"'riM»im».^k^^ EUROPE. 167 B. It was ity on the le features 1 3 brcnch- e bounda- ses in the ^orthsea? —What 6 , T. I. O. — L.— What nsonment p.— What —What 2 R.— What ce of Vir- ige river ? Austrian low long miles has •habitants to Berne? lal ? pictur- ost ele- iovered ent and ery va- 3roduc- is kinds Swis55 Cfiaracter. The Swiss are intelligent, brave, hardy, and in- dustrious, and strongly attached to their native soil. Towns. — Berne is a large, well fortified town, and is pleas- antly situated on the River Aar, n branch of the Rhine. Geneva is the largest, and one of the most beautiful cities in Switzerland. It is surrounded by a picturesque and beau- tiful scenery, and ie distinguished for its literary institutions and its extensive manufacture of watches. What Mountains in Switzerland? a.— What 2 Lakes? A.Constance and Geneva. What town m the S. W. part, on the lakeof Geneva? a.— What town in theN. E. part on lake Constance ? c. What town between Berne and Con- stance ? z.— What River passes through Lake Constance i R. What river through Geneva lake ? r. — What small Kingdoms, of Switzerland ? s.— How will you sail from Berne to Frankfort-on-the-Maine ? GERMANY. How is Germany bounded ? Its Capital ? Germany embraces thirty-five states, and four free cities ; the principal of which are the fol- lowing,viz.^ — Capitals. Munich. Stuttgard. Dresden. Hanover. Carlsruhe. 1. The Kingdom of Bavaria, 2. The Kingdom of Wirtemberg, 3. The Kingdom of Saxony, 4. The Kingdom of Hanover, 5. The Grand Dutchy of Baden, 6. The Prussian Dominions, which lie in the western part of Germany, on both sides of the river Rhine, and border on the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The four free cities are Hamburg, Frankfort, Bremen, and Lubec. The state? and free cities of Germany, although indepen- dent, have formed a union, for the purposes of mutual de- * I n 168 EUROPE. fenue and proioctioii, slylod, " The coal'ederalion of the sov- ereigns and free towns of Germany." The general concerns of the confederation are confided to a Federative Diet, which holds its sessions at Frankfort-^»>-the-Maine. [The states are bound to defend each other in case of for- eign invasion ; and engage not to make war upon one an- other, but to submit their differences to the decision of the Federative Diet.] The northern part of Germany is level ; the southern is hilly and mountainous. The soil in most parts is fertile, and the climate mild and salubrious. Germany is celebrated for its mines of silver, copper^ tin, sinc^ and coal. Character. — Tiio Germans are grave, industrious and per- severing, and aic distinguished for their proficiency in the arts and sciences. Town.t. — Frankfort is a free city, situated on the Maine, a branch of the Rhi^iC. It is distinguished for its extensive commerce, and for being the permanent seat of the Federa- tive Diet. Hamburg is the first commercial city in Germany, and is distinguished for iU charitable and humane institutions. "What 5 Rivers in Germany ? u. r,. w. e. d. — In what part of Germany is Saxony ? e. — What is its capital ? d. — What other town in Saxony ? l. — In what part is Bavaria ? s-e. — What is its Capital ? m. — In what part is Wirtemburg ? s. — What is its Capital ? s.—In what part is Baden j* s-w. — What is its Capital ? »c. — In what part is Hanover ? n. — What is its Capital ? h. What other town in Hanover ? o. — In what part are the Prussian possessions ? Western part. What town in the Prussian possessions ? A. Cologne.f Where are the 4 free cities ? Lubec is in the northern part, near the Baltic. At which of the free cities does the Federa- tive Diet hold its sessions ? Fi — How will you sail from J'rankfort to Copenhagen ? DENMARK. How is Denmark bounded ? What is its Capital ? Denmark consists principally of the peniiibula of Jutland, and the islands of Zealand and Fmjen. * Carls ro6ee. t Co-lo. EUROPE. 169 i 1 oi' the 80V- ral concerns Diet, which case of for- ipon one an- ;ision of the southern is s fertile, and ilebrated for )us and per- iency in the 1 the Maine, its extensive the Fedcra- lany, and is Lutions. In what part I ;? D.— What Ll aria ? s-e. — nburg ? s. — en j* s-w. — nover ? n. — PJanover ? g. 'estern part. i. Cologne.f Drthern part, ! the Federa- )u sail from apital ? peniiibula nd Ftujen. It IS generally a level and fertile cuuntry, with a moist but healthy climate. Denmark is well situated for trade and has an extensive conmierce. Its exports consist princi- pally oi grain and cattle, Iceland and the Faroe Islands belong to Denmark.— Ice- land is a cold, barren, and mountainous island, and is cele- brated for its volcanoes and for its hot springs, called Geysers, which often spout hot water to the height of 150 feet. Character. — The Danes are moral, intelligent, industrious and hospitable. Towns. — CopENHAGisN is situated on the east shore of the Island of Zealand. It is one of the best built cities in Eu- rope, and has a good harbor, and an extensive commerce. Elsinore is situated on the island of Zealand, 20 miles N. of Copenhagen. It is distinguished for being the place where all foreign ships that trade to the Baltic, pay toll. What is the Strait called between Zealand and Sweden ? A. The Sound. Between Zealand and Funen ? A. The Great Belt. Between Funen and the peninsula of Jutland ? A. The Little Belt. What canal connects the Baltic with the North Sea? A. The canal of Kiel. What town in the northern part ? v. — What town in the southern part? k. — What Islands belong to Denmark ? f. and i. — ^What 2 towns in Iceland ? H. s. - What volcano in the southern part ? h. How high is iVIt. Hecla ? What is a volcano ? What re- markable Springs in Iceland ? What 2 small Islands in the North Sea, near Denmark ? s. h. — How many square miles has Denmark i** What is the population? How many in- habitants to a square mile ?t How will you sail from Co- penhagen to Amsterdam ? NETHERLANDS. How is Netherlands bounded ? What is its Capital ? Netherlands is the most level country in Eu- rope, and near the coast the land is lower than the sea. To prevent its being overflowed, the inhabitants have erected high mounds or dikes. i.tc« * See the chart. 15 t See page 154. f i 1 U 170 EUROPE. The soil is extremely rich, and highly cultiva- ted, producing maize, flax, madder, and good pas- turage. The climate in most parts is cold, and damp ; but is generally healthy, especially in the inte- rior. Netherlands is distinguished for its numerous canals, which serve the same purpose as roads in other countries. The Dutch formerly were the most commercial nation in the world, but since the French revolution, their commerce has considerably decreased. They are distinguished for their agriculture, and for the extent and variety of their man- ufactures. Character. — The Dutch are honest, patient and persever- ing ; and remarkable for their industry, frugality and neat- ness. Towns. — Amsterdam is built in a low marshy spot, on an arm of the Zuider Zee. It is the richest, most populous, and commercial city of the Netherlands, and is the seat of nu- merous manufactures. Brussels is a large, splendid, and wealthy city, in the south- ern part of Netherlands ; and is distinguished for its manu- factures of lace, camlets and carpets. I What 2 cities in the western part of Netherlands ? h. a. — What City in the southern part, on the river Maes ? l.— What City W. of Liege, memorable for the decisive battle between the armies of Bonaparte and Lord Wellington in 1815? w— What City in the S. W. part on the Scheldt, memorable for the treaty of peace signed hero between G. Britain and the United States, in 1814? c— Which is the principal River in Netherlands f r. — What is the population ? What is the density of the population ? Which has the greatest latitude, Amsterdam or this place ? What direction from lis is Amsterdam ? How will you sail from Amster- dam to Paris f i I cultiva- ood pas- I damp ; the inte- iimerous roads in nation in commerce Liished for their mau- pcrsever- and neat- pot, on an ulous, and aat of nu- the south- its rnanu- ? H. A. — aes ? L. — ive battle ling'ton in ; Scheldt, 5twecn G. icli is the )puIation ? I has the t direction Amster- EUROPE. FRANCE. 171 Gathering Grapes. How is France bounded? What is its Capital ? France is the most beautiful and delightful country in Europe, and is distinguished for the fertility of its soil, and the mildness of its climate. It is generally level, and produces wheat, maize, barley, vines, mulberries, olives, and most kinds of fruit. France has a large share of commerce ; and is noted for its silks, woollen goods, brandy and wines. The island of Corsica belongs to France, and is celebrated as the birth place of Napoleon Bonaparte. Character. — The French are polite, gay, active and indus- trious, and celebrated for their proficiency in the arts and sciences. Towns. — Paris is pleasantly situated on both sides of the river Seine ; and for splendor, magnificence, and gayety, it exceeds any city in the world. It is noted for the extent and value of its libraries, and literary institutions, and for the number and variety of its amusements. j^yuiis, luc ScCtJuu i^iiy iss r la^icc, ja niiuaicu at. t-ii'- j^. t.. i.--.. 172 EUROPE. of the Rhone and '''Saone. noted for the manufartu) u Tt hflR an oxtensive trade, and ia Which are the 6 pi ucijiai ilivers in France ? g. l. s. r. s. R. — What mountains separate France from Spain ? p.— How long are the Pyrennees ? What IVlountains in the S. E. part? c. — Which is the most S. VV. City in France:* b. — What 2 Cities on the Garonne ? b. t. — What 3 Cities on the Bay of Biscay ? r. r. l-o. — What 5 Cities on '1*^ Luii^ ? n. t. o, n. c. — Which is the most western City in France ? b — What 2 Cities on the English Channel ? St. b. and c. — What "2 Cities on the Seine ? p. r. — What Town on the Strait of Dover ? o. — What Town on the border of the Netherlands ? i. — What City S. of Lille ? a.— What 2 Towns on the Moselle, a branch of the Rhine ? n. m. — What Town on the Rhine ? s. — What City at the junction oftho Saone and Rhone ? l. — WJiat 3 Cities on the Rhone." v. a. n. — What seaport on the Mediterranean t. — What large seaport on the Gulf of Lyons ? m — What inland Town in the southern part, dis- tinguished for its healthy situation •* M. — How will you sail from Paris to London? BRITISH EMPIRE* The British Empire consists of Great Britain, Ireland, and the adjacent islands, together with numerous foreign pos- sessions in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. It is the most powerful tmpiro on the globe, and is distin- guished for the extent of its commerce and maim factu res, for its vast and powerful navy, and for the intelligence, enter- prise, and activity of its inhabitants. How is the island of Great Hrilain divided ? In vvh;it part of the island is Scotland ? In what part of the island is Wales? In what part of the island is England ? * Sone» rade, utid ia J* Ij* 3* K* 9* ? p.— How S. E. part ? I.— What 2 the Bay of N. T. o. N. i— What 2 bat 2 Cities of Dover ? mds ? 1. — iio Moselle, ;he Rhine ? hone ? L. — seaport on ho Gulf of part, dis- ill you sail reiand, and >reign pos- d is distin- actures, for (ice, enter- E1TROPE. ENGLAND. 173 St. Paul's Church. How is England bounded ? What is its capital ? England is a fruitful and highly cultivated country, and is distinguished for its extensive comnfierce, numerous canals, and for the extent, variety and value of its manufactures. Its surface is agreeably diversified with hills and plains, and abounds in the most beautiful and delightful scenery. The soil is extremely fertile, and produces wheaty barley, oats, peas, beans, SfC. and good pasturage. The climate is milf\ moist, and variable, and is less subject to extremes of heat and cold, than that of any other country in the same latitude. The mineral productions of England are nu- merous, the most valuable of which are coal, cop- per, tin, iron and lead. Character.— The. English are intelligent, brave, industrious and enterprising ; but possess great national pride. 15* \u ft P.VROVP.. Towns. — r^ONT»ON, the motropoIiH oflliA flritiNli Em^iire, is lituatedon the Thames, 60 miles from its mouth. It is tho most populous city in Europe ; and ia commerce, manufac- tures, and wealth, it is the first city on the gloho. It contains many magnificent buildings, and is distinguished for its nu- merous literary and charitable institutions. Liverpool is situated on the Merwey ; and by means of ca- nals it is connected with the principal manufacturing towns in the interior. It is one of the most flourishing towns in England ; and in commerce and wealth, it is second only to London. Bristol is a large, llotirishing and commercial city, situated on the Avon, 4 miles iVytn its junction with the Severn. It is noted for the number of its charitable institutions. Portsmouth, situated on the English channel, is the chief naval station of the British Empire. Its harbor is sufficient to contain the whole British navy. What 2 Capes S. W. of En^rJand ? What cluster of Isl- ands near Land's End ? s. — What Islands in the English Channel belong to England f Guernsey, Jersey, AlJerney, Sark and Wight. What 2 Islands in the Irish Sea? a. m.— What 2 Ports on the English Channel ? p. p.— What Town on the Thames ? l.— Which is the most easterly Town in England ? n.— How is Bristol .situated ? What Town near it? B. — ITow is Liverpool situateci ? In what direction from Liverpool is Leeds, noted for its woollen manufncluns? \n what direction from Liverpool is Birmingham, distinguished for its hardware manufactures ? What 2 Cities:! on the Hum- ber, in the N. E part ? y. h. What Town in !he northern part, near the North Sea, famous for its trade in coals? n. — What Town near the boundary between England and Scot- land? c. — In what direction from London is Oxf(»rd, cele- brated for its Univelfsity ? What Strait between F ance and England ? d. — What 4 channels around the British Isles ? How many square miles has the British Empire ? What is the population ? How many inhabitants to a square mile ? Mow will you sail from London to Edinburgh ? WALES. Mow is Wales bounded ? Wales is a mountainous country, generally re- KIT ROPE. nri Empire, is It is tho manufar- [t contaiiiH or its nu- jans of ca- ing towns towns in 1(1 only to ^ situated ivern. tt IS. tJio chief sufficient er of Isl- > EnglisJt \.lJerney, ? A. M,— lat Town Town in own near tion from '.res? \n nguished he Hum- northern lis? N. — id Scot- rd, cele- ance and ih Isles? hat is the mile ?— semhling Tinoflana in rlimnte, soil and profltic- tions. , I . tc^gict I Wales was conriuorod and united to England in lU^J, i>3' Edward I. _ . , i r. • r- The eldest son of the King of England la styled rnnco of Wales. Char(irlcr.—T\w Welch arc the ilescendants of the ancient Britons. They are a passionate, hirt honest, bravo and hos pitable people. ^ What Channels, of Wales? b— Whi.t Channel hrtvvoen Wales an.I Ireland? What Island near the northern part of Wales, distinguished for its mines of copper? a.— What t Towns in Wales ? St. a. and St. d. SCOTLAND. FingaVs Cave in Si'iffa. How is Scotland bounded ? What is its Capital ? The nortJwrn part of Scotland, called the HiMands, is a cold, mountainous, and barren country ; the sovthern part, termed the Lowlands, IS agreeably divoiSHHiri witu mils «i.vx [.?.!. -s-. illy re- 176 EUROPE. is noted for the miWness of its climate, and the fertihty of its soil. The principal productions are wheat, rye, oats, barley, ^*c. The most important minerals are coal, iron, and lead. The principal islands belonginjrto Scotland, are the Ork- ney, Shetland, and iiebrides or Western Isles fn Staffa, one of the Western isles, is a remarkable cav- ern ol great extent, called Fingal's ( lave. It is supporte.l on fnn I «' f ^ 7"^''i '^^^oJ""^"^' an^ roofed by the bottoms of fcucli as liave been broken away. nn^lnr"''"^'""^''^ ^cotch are temperate, industrious, hardy, and enterpriznig, and arc disthiguished for their general ed- ucation and morality. K"""iuieu 7Wn5._ Edinburgh is situated 2 miles f.om the Firth of Wh hilh W"''?"""^"? T 5^." ^'^"«' ^^^^Pt the north, by ted a« \ 'V^'^^^^^y ^""^' '^"^ ^'"^^ *°"g l^een «el«bra- nort nf r i-'k^ of science and literature. Ldth is the sca- Forth ^^ ^'^ ' situated 2 miles distant, on the Firth of m.n&rJ'^''!,"''^"^ °" ^^^ "^"' Clyde, and in population, manufactures and commerce, is the first city in Scotland. oftco-rand ' Tt t>' ^''''^^\^Y'^ i« theVincipal seaport merce "" ^"'"'^ '''''''°'' ^"'^ ''^ extensive co.n- M ~ma?rh«n ' f ['''•' inlhT^astern part of Scotland ? r. lllT^^ w ^h "f/ between Scotland and Ireland ? What Town Af ^^ri""^' How is Edinburgh situated ? W la lanufa^iul; nf r'^'^^'VS'^' ^" '''« '^^3^' distinguished for its A -Whit Tnf ""ll r.-What Town on the North Sea ? A —What Town on Murnw Firth ? i.— What Town l,^ r Inverness' n w»,o4 n^ j ^ ^n.n . \. vvnai lown *,. ©1 land' w h7-^^ '''''" '" ^he northern part of Scot- land? w.-How 18 Glasgow situated ? What Town S F liL^^s'^T" W&f ^i''^^ ''' -anufactures'of cotton and /rplace r w1^ W^^ ?''''>^' ^'"*'t"^«' Edinburgh or , and the rye, oats, !rals are > the Ork- table cav- l»portecl on bottoms of >us, hardy, fonoral ed- e Firth of north, hy n celebra- is the sca- e Firth of opulalion, tiand. il seaport sive coin- itland ? V. I ? What id ? What hed for its orth Sea ? •wn E. of of iScot- wn S. E. otton and iburgh or jh? How KIIUOPR. IIIKI.ANI). 177 GianCs Canseway. How is Ireland bounded ? WhAl is its Capital ? Ireland is a beautiful and fertile island, agreea- bly diversified with hills and plains. Ireland is distinguished for its extensive hogs and morasses, which cover one tenth of its sur- face, and are wholly unfit for cultivation. The climate is mild, moist, and healthy, but subject to frequent changes. The principal productions ar6 potatoes, oats, grass, and jhiT.. The chief articles of export and manufacture, are linens and muslins. The Giant's Causeway, on the nortliern coast, is one ol the irroatcst curiositios in the British Empire. It consists of several hnndred thonsand columns of basaltic rock, rising from 2 to 400 feet above the surface of the water. Ckaracle.r.-~'V\\& Irish iti ou sail from Lisbon to Madrid ? SPAIN. IS I, and limate. Bull Fizhts. Hovv IS Spaui bounded ? What is its Capital !' 180 liUROPE. Spa m IS gene rally a mountainous country and scenery. abounds in beautiful and rornant The climate is mild and pleasant in the north but warm and unhealthy iji the south. The soil is generally fertile, especially in the southern part ; and produces wheat, maize, barley, silk, oil und fruits in abundance. Great attention is given to the raising of Meri- no sheep, which produce the finest wool in Eu- rope. Agriculture and maiiufactures are much neglected, and the commerce of Spain is chiefly carried on by other nations. Tlie most noted curiosily of Spain, is Montscrrat, 20 miles N. W. of Barcelona. It rises in the form of a sugar loaf, to the height of 3,3U0 feet, and is inhabited by tliousands of monks. The moat favorite amusement of the Spaniards is hull Jighls ; and ahnost every town has an amphitheatre erected for this purpose. Character. — The Spaniards are temperate, grave, polite, and faithful to their word, but ignorant, proud, superstitions, and revengeful. Towns. — Madrid is situated on the *Mrti/anares, a small branch of the Tagus. It has neither commerce, nor manu- factures, and is important, only as the capital of Spain. It is the most elevated cdpital in Europe, being about half a mile higher than the level of the sea. Cadiz is situated on tiie island of Leon, and is the first commercial city in Spain. It has an excellent harbor, and is the centre of trade for America and the West Indies. What are the rivers of Spain ? k. g. g. t. d. m. What 3 Capes has Spain ? o. f. t. W hat Mountains between France and Spain ? p. What 3 ranges of Mountains in Spain? s. m. T. c. What 6 Towns on the Mediterranean? b. v. d. c. a. m. What British fortress on the Strait of Gibraltar ? g. How is Cadiz situated ? What City on the Guadalquivcr ? s.— ■ What town on a bianch of the Guadalquivcr, formerly the a-za n4-reets'. EUROPE. 181 rilry and le north, The soil southern , silkf oil of Merl- in Eu- e much 3 chiefly ., 20 miles Lr loaf, to usands of la is bvJl re erected I'o, polite, erstitioiis, s, a small lor manu- spain. It )ut half a s the first Lrbor, and idies. What 3 m France ain? s. M. D. c. A. M. (3. Mow iTcr? s,- — iiierly llie residence of the Moorish kings? a. What Town on the Guadiana ? b. What 2 Towns on the Tagus ? t. t. What 2 Cities between the Tagus and Duero ? m. s. What 2 Ci- ties on the Duero ? b. v. On the Ebro ? 8. t. What City on a branch of the Ebro.-' m. What City between the Duero and Cantabrian Mountains? l. What 2 cities between the Cantabrian Mountains and the Bay of Biscay ? b. o. — What 2 ports in the N. W. part of Spain ? Corunna ond Ferrol. What other Town in Spain? m. What 3 Islands near Spain ? i. m. m. How many square miles has Spain ? How will you sail from Madrid to Rome? ITALY. El up lion of Mount Vesuvius. How is Italy bounded ? What is its Capital ? ii. li^ly is one of the m< _t beautiful and interesting countries in Europe, and is distinguislied for the fertihty of its soil, the mildness and serenity of its air, and for the beai'/ nud diversity of its scenery. Italy was once iiie ?arden of Europe, the parent of tlie arts and sciences, and mistress oi the world ; but owing to the indolence of the 16 182 EUROPE. inhabitants, it is now one of the most feeble and powerless divisions of Europe. Italy contains the most splendid specimens of painting, sculpture, and architecture ; and abounds with the remains of ancient monuments, such as ainphitheatres, triumphal arches, ruins of temples, bridges, aqueducts, 6fC. The principal productions of Italy are grain, vines, olives, fruits, silks, and maihle. Agricul- ture is in a very backward state, and commerce and manufactures receive but little attention. Italy is divided into a number of small states, the principal of which are the following, viz — 1. The Kingdom of Naples, in the southern part, which includes the island of Sicily. Capital, Naples. 2. The Roman States, or the Pope's Dominions, in the middle. Capital, Rome. 3. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany, northwest of the Roman States, dependent on Austria. Capital, Florence. 4. The Republic of St. Marino, in the eastern part of the Ronjan States, under the protection of the Pope. Capital, St. Marino. 5. Duchy of Lucca. Cap. Lucca. 6. States of Parma. " Parma. 7. States of Modena. " Modena. 8. Austrian Italy. " Milan. 9. The kingdom of Sardinia, in the northwestern part, which includes the Island of Sardinia. Capital, Turin. Character. — The Italians are affable and polite ; and excel in music, painting and sculpture ; but they are effeminate, superstitious, slavish, and revengeful. Towns. — Rome, once the capital of the Roman Empire, and the proud metropolis of the civilized world, is situated on the Tiber, 15 miles from its mouth. In the days of Augustus Cesar, its population was 2,000,000, and its circumference lifty miles. Although greatly reduced, it is one of the mos l.eautiful and magnificent cities in Europe, and is distinguish ed for the numerous remains of its ancient grandeur. It contains many elegant edifices; among which is St. Peter's In the northern part, dependent on Austria. Ij Ik EUROPE. 183 ;ble and mens of e ; and lumenls, ruins of Q grain, Agricul- •nnmerce ion. e principal of Naples, of Sicily. IS, in the he Roman E. part of the Capital, } northern endent on tern part, Turin. : and excel iffeminate, mpire, and tuated on 'Augustus umference f the mos istinguish ideur. Il 3t. Peter's church, one of the largest and most splendid fabrics in the world. »., , . ,. ,• • I 1 r NxPLES, situated on the bay of Naples, is distinguished for its deli'• ,,^\^^^^?""^*';" in Sicily ?E. How high is Mt. Etna? ^hat 4 Towns m Sicily ? p. M. c. s. What Town m the southern part of Italy. M. On the Gulf of Taranto ? t. What Town near Naples s What 4 Towns on the Gulf of Venice ? b. p. a. u. \^ hat Town S. W. of Ravenna? *b. What 2 Towns in ^^^^ rior? F. A. What Town near Rome ? c v. What Port wc.t of Florence ? and for what is it famou^ ? W hat Town on the G ulf of Genoa, and for what is it cecb rated ? g. How is Turin situated ? What Town near the Mediterranean, SW of Genoa? n. What Island does the Kingdom of Sard a include ? s. Wliat 2 Towns on Sardinia ? c. s. To whom does Corsica belong ? p. What smaU Island between Cor- sica and Italy? e. For what is itremafkable ? What s t_he principal Town in Corsica? b. In what part of Corsica is Ajaccio, the birt h place of Napoleon Bonapayto ? * Bo-16-na. What ;3— .«:,: 184 EUROPE. S!lSSS3s----'" TURKISH EMPIRE. kejiirlstatd?^?;^^'"''^^^^ '^-'^^^•^ Europe, Tur. The Turks were originally from Tartary in Asia Thpv began^he. conquests about {he beginning'oV" it "lev?nS inVssfookCnnT'^'^'' l^^ '''T''' ^^ ^'^« Saracens, and Roman empir^.^"'"'^"'^"''^^^' '^"^ ?"* ^" -^^ to the eastern TURKEY IN EUROPE. How is Turkey ^bounded ? Its Capital ? Turkey in Europe embraces ancient Greece and^is celebrated for its numerous remains of an- fJiTV?^^ ^^"^ '^^* ^^ ^^^''^y' learning, and the arts, but is now sunk to the lowest state of iff- noranceand slavery. ^ Ancient Greece, now the southern part of Turkey, was the first civilized and enlightened country in Euron« Ttl k orators, statesmen, philosophers, pafn"rf,rcf;urXed"alI T.T f ^"t^^'^ity, and to them mankind are indeed for the first rudiments in many of the arts of civilizeS hfe . 1 he northern part is level, consisting chiefly of Ihe prmcipal productions are wheat, cotton, rice, vines, Ji^s and oil. EimOPE. 185 sinall Islands How will Europe, Tur- Asia. They he eleventh iracens, and ) the eastern 1? ; Greece, ins of an- ning, and ate of ig- f ey, was the Its heroes, irpassed all idebted for I life. ihiefly of inous and d the soil L -, cotton, Churjcler. — The Turks are jjonest, grave, ami lio.s|>itiible to strangers ; but haughty, bigoted, insolent, and icvengeful. The Greeks are active, ingenious, brave, and courteous ; but insincere, avaricious and treacherous. [The Greeks have, fur centuries, been held in a moat de- graded state of slavery. But in 1820, they- threw off the Turkish yoke, and have obtained their independence.] Town^. — Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Cin- pue, is situated on the strait of Constantinople, between the Bhick Soa, and Sea of Marmora. It is well fortified, and has one of the best harbors in Europe, Adria-noplo is situated on the Marissa, and in regard to population, it is the second city in Turkey in Europe. Athens, formerly the capital of Attica, ^nd birth place of the most distinguished orators, heroes ayd sages of antiquity, is now a small insignificant town. It is distinguished for its magnificent ruins ; some of which are the most splendid re- mains of antiquity. Which is the principal River in Turkey ? d. What Moun- tain ? H. What Cape S. of Turkey ? m. What Town on the Pruth ? j. What 5 Towns on and near the Danube ? I. s. B. w. B. What Port on the Black Sea? Varna. What City W . of Varna ? s. Wiiat City S. E. of .Shamla, situated on the Gulf of Burgas ? b. What City N. VV. of Constanti- nople, situated on the Marissa '. a. What City on the Eskir river, N. VV. of Adrianople ? s. What Town S. of Sophia ? s. What Town on the Gulfof Salonica, S. W. of Seres ? s. What Town on the strait of Otranto ? a. Where was Ancient Greece? s. What 7 Towns in Greece? m. a. n. c. a. t. l. 11 ow many square miles has Turkey ? What is the popula- tion ? What Strait connects the Sea of Marmora with the Black Sea .' A. The Strait of Constantinople. What Strait connects the sea of Marmora and Archipelago ? A. The Dar-dan-^lls. Which are the 3 principal islands in the Ar- chipelago ? N. s. s. What large Island S. of the Archipelago ? c. What 2 Islands in the eastern part of the Mediterranean sea? R. c. In what direction from mjj is Constantinople ? Who is the present Sultan of the Turkish Empire ? Sec page 1 54. Which has the greatest latitude Constantinople or this place ? 16* 186 EUROPE, IONIAN REPUBLIC. The Ionian Republic, or Republic of Seven Islands, consists of seven small islands in the Ioni- an Sea, W. of Greece, viz. Corfu, Cephaionia, Zante, St. Maura, Cerigo, Ithaca and Paxo. Cephaionia is the largest of these islands, and Corfu is the seat of Government. The population of these islands is 800,000, composed principally of Greeks and Italians. The republic is under the protection of Great Britain. Which is the most northern of the Ionian Isles ? c. How many Islands constitute the Ionian Republic ? What aro their names ? In What Sea are they ? In what direction from Zante IS Candia ? Malta? Great Britain ? Which is the largest of these Islands ? Which is the seat of government. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. Which Division of Europe extends farthest south ? s. Which Division extends farthest north ? What Divisions of Europe border on the Atlantic? What 3 Divisions border on the Gulf of Venice ? Which are the 2 most mountainous Divisions ? n s Where was ancient Greece ? What country did the ancient Romans inhabit ? Which IS the first commercial nation in Europe ? e Which IS the most gay and polite nation in Europe* > F. ™u^\*^°""*'*^ ^^ "^°^^ distinguished for canals ? n. * w?- u ^^""^''■y ^a« the most dense population ? * Which country has the feast number of inhabitants to a square mile ? Brlt^n'?"^' ^""^ ^^'^ """'^ '^^"'*' population, France or Great * See page 154. EUROPE. 187 of Seven 1 the loni- 3phalonia, iXO. mds, and >opuIation rincipally is under J? c. How What are ection from ^liich is the overnment. UROPE. ith? s. I tic? B? N. 9. f E. rope ? F. ? itants to a or Great Through what Division will you pass in travelling on the coast from Cape St. Vincent to North Capo? Through what Divisions will you pass in travelling on the coast from Cape St. Vincent to Cape Matapan? What Rivers will you cross in travelling on the coast from Gibraltar to Cape Skagen, the northern extremity of Den- mar iv ? Which is the largi city in Europe ? l. Mention the next j in the order of their population, p. c. St. p. M. and N. Mention the next 4 in the same order. Which are the highest Mountains in Europe? What Strait, 22 miles wide, separates two of the most powerful kingdoms of Europe? What Lake in Europe lies north of the island of Cyprus ? What Town on the Elbe due north of Rome ? What constitutes the kingdom of Denmark? What 3 Gulfs border on Italy? Which extends farthest west, Ireland or Portugal ? Which extends farthest north, Scotland or Denmark ? A certain kingdom in Europe is less in size than an island which belongs to it, what are the names of both ? d. and i. Through what must the waters of the Tornea river pass to reach the ocean ? Which is the longest River in Europe? Which is the next longest ? Which is the next ? There are two large Gulfs in Europe, at nearly opposite points, what are their names ? Through what Divisions must an army pass, in going from Madrid to Moscow ? Which capital in Europe is situated half a mile above the level of the sea? The initials of certain cities in Europe form the sentence, BONAPARTE WAS BANISHED TO ST. HELENA ; what are their names, and how are they situated ? TRAVELS Oi\ THE MAP OF EUROPE. How will you sail from London to St. Petersburg ? For what is St. Petersburg distinguished ? ■>%. <<^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) C^ Z< 1.0 I.I 1.25 ISlia 3.2 M 2.2 i "- IIIIIM 1.4 L6 V] <% ^' '^^A' M. % m //7J ^ v/ 7 HiolDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 188 EUROPE. For what is Russia distinguishnd ? Who is Emperor of Russia at this tiino ?* How will you sail from St. Petersburg to Stockholm > For what is Sweden celebrated ? In what does th'j wealth of vSwedon consist ? What is the character of the Swedes- ? Who is King of Sweden at this time '* How will you sail from Stockholm to Bergen? For what is Norway distinguished ? To what government does Norway belong ? Describe the appearance of North Cape at midnight. How will you sail from Bergen to Copenhagen ? ^ Of what does Denmark consist? Who is king of Denmark at this time?* How will you sail from Copenhagen to Berlin ? For what is Berlin distinguished ? What is the character of the Prussians? Who is the present king of Prussia?* How will you sail^rom Berlin tc Vienna? What is the character of the Austrians ? What mines in Austria ? Who is the present emperor of Austria r* How will you sail from Vienna to Rome ? For what is Italy distinguished ? Who is the present Pope '* In what direction from Rome is Naples ? For what is Naples distinguished? Who is the present king oi Naples or the two Sicilies ?* Where is the kingdom of Sardinia, and what does it in- elude? Who is the present king of Sardinia?* tlow will you sail trom Rome to Constantinople ? What are the chief productions of Turkey ? Who is the present Sultan ?* How will you sail from Co^^stantinople to Madrid ? * See page 154. it EUROPE. 189 (Itolm ? What is the character of the Spaniards ? Who is the present king of Spain ?* How will you sail from Madrid to Paris ? What is the character of the French ? Who is the present king of France ?* flow will you sail from Paris to Lisbon ? VV hat is the character of the Portuguese :* Who is the present king of Portugal ?* How will you sail from Lisbon to Amsterdam ? For what is Netherlands distinguished ? What is the character of the Dutch ? Who is the present king of Holland?* How will you sail from Amsterdani to Dresden? What does Germany embrace ? What is the character of the Germans ? Who is the present king of Saxony ?* Of WirtemV.urg ?* How will you sail from Dresden to London ? For what is the British Empire distinguished ? Of what does the British Empire consist? Who is the present king of Great Britain ?* cilies ?* does it in- d? QUESTIONS ON THE CHART. Which is the largest Division of Europe ? How many square miles has Russia in Europe ? What is the population of Russia in Europe ? Which is the largest, Russia in Europe, or the United States ? How many square miles have Sweden and Norway ?— What is the population of Sweden and Norway ? Hovy do Sweden and Norway compare with the United States. [See the figures at the left hand of the Blocks.^ A. One sixtli as large as the United States. * See page 154. I ii i 190 EUROPE. Flow many square miles has Austria ? How does it com. pare with the United States .' What is the population of Austria? How many square miles has Franco ? How does France compare with the United States ? What is thfe population f How many square miles has Spain ? How does Spain compare with the United States ? W hat is the population ? How many square miles has the British Empire ? How does it compare with the United States ? What is the popu- lation ? *^ * [The teacher can ask similar questions respecting the other Divisions of Europe.] Which is the largest Empire on the globe ? How many square miles has the Russian Empire? How much larger is the Russian Empire than the United States ? How many square miles does Siberia, or Russia in Asia embrace ? What is the population of Siberia? What Empire is next in size to the Russian Empire ? How many square miles does the Chinese Kmpire embrace ? China? Corea? Thibet? Chi- nese Tartary? How much larger is the Chinese Empire than the United States ? What is the population of China ? How many square miles do the United States embrace ?— What is the population ? I Q. 1 ions of .A: divisi from breac 000 s * Q- ; Asia Ii A. twee Q. A. atre Scri] were prop ed ai H:fe,^.f j,i?i.*!-Sya»>^'^5^ j*t , j^ )es it coni- ulatton of >es France )puIation ? Iocs Spain )uIation f e ? How tlie popu- ■ the other >w many h larger is ow many 3 ? What ct in size I does the Bt? Chi- j Empire f China? brace ? — ASIA. 11)1 A Caravan. Q. How does Asia compare with the other Grand Divis- ions of the globe ? . A. It is the largest, richest, and most populous division of the globe. It is 7,500 miles m length, from east to west, and about 5,000 miles jn breadth, from north to south ; contammg*lb,7 J«,- 000 square miles. .. j j « Q. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude docs ""L'^Between 2° and 77^ N. latitude, and be- tween 26*^ and 190° E. longitude. Q. For what is Asia remarkable ? A. Asia is remarkable for having been the the- atre of almost every event recorded in the Holy Scriptures. It was in Asia that our first parents were created; here lived the patriarchs and prophets ; here appeared our Saviour, who suffer- ed and died for the redemption of man ; and here 192 ASIA. began the light of that gospel which is ultimately to bless all nations. Q. What is said of the productions of Asia ? A. Asia excels all other parts of the globe in the deliciousness of its fruits } the fragrancy of its plants, spices and gums ; the salubrity of its drugs ; the quantity, variety and beauty of its gems ; the richness of its metals ; and the fine- ness of its silks and cottons. Q. What is the climate of Asia f A. Asia has almost every variety of climate, from the intense heat of the torrid zone, to the extreme cold of the arctic regions ; but it is gene- rally much colder than Europe or Africa in the same latitude. Q. flow is the commerce of Asia carried on ? A. The foreign commerce of Asia is carried on chiefly by tJie nations of Europe and America; the internal trade is conducted principally by *Caravans, which traverse not only Arabia, Persia, Ilindoostan and Turkey, but likewise the northern and central parts of Africa. • MAI' OF ASIA. Uow is Asia bounded ? Arabia ? Capital? Chief Towns? Rivers ? Turkey ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? Persia ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Rivers? Beloochistan ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? Afghanistan ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? Hindoostan P Capital ? Chief Towns ? Rivers ? Farther India ? Capital? Chief Towns? Rivers ? Chinese Empire 5? Capital? Chief Towns? Rivers ? I. Tartary ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? Siberia ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? Caucasus ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? 1 * A Caravan consists of a number of merchants or pil- grims, who travel on camels. Their number often amouiils ASIA. 193 Itiniately globe in rancy of itv of its y of its the fine- climate, 3, to the is gene- El in the chiefly by al trade is io not only Lowise the vers ? vers ? I vers? vers ? vers .•" vers ? vers ? ivers ? vers ? vers ? vers ? its or pil- ti ainoutiis RIVERS. Wlicrc does the river Jordan rise, in what direction does it run, and where does it empty?* Euphrates ? Tigris ? In- dus? Nerbuddah ? Kristna? Godavery ? Ganges? Sanpoo, or Burrampooter ? Irrawaddy ? Mecon, or Cam- bodia ? Hoang Kiang? Kiang Ku ? Hoan Ho, or Yellow river? Amoor, or Saghalien ? Anadir? Lena? Olensk? Anabara? Piacina? Toongooska? Yenisei? tish ? Ural? Sihon' Jihon ? Tedzeu lliver ? Obi ? Ir. Wliere Where Where Where Where Where Where Where W];orc W here Where Where Where Where Where SEAS. is the Red Sea P is the Sea of Arabia ? is the China Sea ? is the Blue Sea ? is the Yellow Sea ? is the Sea of Corea ? is the Sea of Okhotsk ? is the Seaof Kamtehatka? is the Sea of Anadir? is the Sea of Obi ? is the Sea of Kara ? is the Sea of Celebes ? is the Caspian Sea ? is the Aral Sea ? is the Dead Sea ? UAYS. Whore is the Bay of Bengal ? Where is Torniuee Bay ? Where is lllano Bay ? LAKKS. Where is Lake Baikal ? Whore is Lake Tshany ? to several thousands. Tliey are provided with arms to de- fend themselves from the attacks of the wandering Arabs, and other tribes of robbers. * Tho Jordan rises in mount Hermon in the S. W. part of Turkey, and runs a southerly course, passing through the sea of Tiberias, or sea of Galilee, and empties into the Dead I Sea. Its length is 160 miles. h 17 194 ASIA. Whore is liukc Altan •* Where is Luke Palcati ? Wliere is Lake Durra ? (.•III.K.S. Where is the Persian Gulf? Where is the Gulf of Ormus ? Where is the Gulf of Cutcii ? Where is the Gulf of Camhay ? Where is the Gulf of Siam ? Where is the Gulf of Tonquin? PENlNSUJ^AS. Where is the Peninsula of Kamtchatka ? Where is the Peninsula of Corea? Where is the Peninsula of Malacca ? STRAITS. Where is Bhering's Strait ? Where is the Strait of Sangar ? Where is the Strait of Corea ? Where is the Strait of Maccassar ? Where is the Strait of Malacca? Where is the Strait of Fabelmandel ? Where is the Channel of Tartary ? CAPES. Where is Cape Taymour ? Where is Cape Skolatskoi? Where is Cape Lopatka ? Where is East Cape ? W^here is Capo Romania? Where is Cape Comorin ? Where is Cape Rosalgat ? Where is Cape Kanseli ? MOUNTAINS. the Altay Mountains ? Where are Where are the Great Altay Mountaiis.>^ Where are Where are Where are Where are Where are the Little Altay Mountains ? the Alak Mountains ? the Belur Tag I^Iountains ? the Himmaleii Mountains ? the Gaut Mountains ? ASIA. 195 VV here are the Ranileah Mountains ? Where is Mount Sinai? Where \h Mount Taurus ? Where is Mount Ararat ? What is'the length of the Altay Mountains Ural ? Himmaleh ? DESERTS. Where is the Great Desert of Cobi or Shamo ? Where is the Great Sandy Desert ? Where is the Sandy Dencrt ? Where is the Salt Desert ? W here is the Steppe of Issim ? Where is the Desert of Ahkaf ? ISLANDS. Where is the Island of Socotra? Laccadives? Maldives ? Ceylon ? Andaman ? Nicobar ? Sunda Isles; viz. Suma- tra; Java, Banca, and Timor ? —Borneo ? Celebes .' Gilolo ? Booroi* Coram? New Guinea? Salibro Isles? Pelew Isles ? Philippine Islands ; viz. Luzon, Mindanao, Sarirrar, Lyte and Negros ? — Palawan? Hainan? Bashee Isles? Formosa ? Loo Choc, or Leo Keo ? Sulphur Isles ? Be- nin Isles? Japan Islands ; viz. Niphon, Sikoke and Kiusiu? Jesso? Saghalien ? Kurile Islands ? Bhering's? First Isle ? Second Isle ? New Siberia ? Nova Zembla ? ARABIA. The Camel. 196 ASIA. 1 How is Arabia bounded ? Wliat is its Capital ? Arabia consists cliiefly of immense deserts, in- terspersed with fertile spots like islands. It has no large rivers or lakes, and in many places it is destitute of water. It is divided into 3 parts, viz. Arabia Petraa, in the north-western part ; Arabia Deserta, em- bracing the interior and north-eastern part ; and Arabia Felix, in the southern part. The climate is excessively warm on the plains, and subject to a destructive wind called the Sa- raiel or Simoom, but mild and healthy on the mountains. The principal productions of Arabia are coffee, gum-ar-abiCf frankincense, myrrh and aloes. The most useful animal of Arabia, is the *ca7a- el, and next to this, the liorse, which is celebrated for beauty, swiftness, hardiness, and docility. Character. — The Arabs are an ignorant, savage and bar- barous people. Those on the coast are jpirrt^M; those in tlie interior are robbers. During the middle ages ihey were ciill- c J Saracens, and were distinguished for learning and science, but at present they are so illiterate, that but few can be foiwid, who are able either to read or write. Towns. — Mecca is situated in a narrow valley, 40 miles from the Red Sea. It is a well built city, and is celebrated as the birth place of Mahomet. It is supported by pilgrims who resort thither from all parts of the Mahometan world. Medina, 180 miles N. of Mecca, is celebrated forcontuhi- ing the sepulchre of Mahomet. Mocha is the principal seaport of Arabia, and is celebrated for its excellent coffee. « The Camel is the only animal, that can endure the toil of tra- versing the vast deserts. It can travel 6 or 8 days without watiT, and can carry 7 or 800 pounds upon its back. It kneels d«)wft U'. rccstve its load, and rises whoti it is put on. . pital ' jserts, in- , It has aces it is ! Petraa, irtaj em- lart ; and be plains, i the Sa- ly on the ire coffee^ does, the *cam- elebrated ihty. je and bar- -hose in tlie y were ciill- and science, an be foiwui, 1^, 40 miles a celebrated by pilgrims Lun world, for contain - s celebrated le toil of tru- ithout watiT, lels d«)wft U\ ASIA. 197 Wlmt mountains in the nortbern part? R.--\Vhat moun- tain near tbe nortbern extremity of the Red Ssa ? 8.— What Town on the gulf of Suez? s.- What town on the Euphra- tes' n -What place on tbe Persian gulf? l.— On the guli ol Ormus ? M.-What 3 Towns on the sea of Arabia ? u.n, k.-- Wbat Hoaport on the straits of Babolmandel ? m.— What 3 Towns on the Red Sea? L. c. v.-What 5 Towns near the Ked Sea ? s. s. m. m. n.— What 2 Towns lu the interior, d. y. What 2 Capes has Arabia ? R. k. TURKEY IN ASIA. Ruiw of Palmyra. How -.8 Turkey bounded j__What is it^ Capital ? Turkey is the most interesting PP^tjon of ^sm^ It includes within its hmits, most of t^e p^^^^^^^ {^^ corded in the Holy Scriptures. It ^^^^P^^J^^^^^^^ Holv 1 and the anc ent residence ot the Jews , Ha 4^a Zor, Armenia, and Mesopotamia- ^' wa^^ce the' seat of nmny flourishing and celebrated cities, which are now ^n mns; am^^^^ which were Babylon, Nineveh, Troy, Balbec, Palmyra, Antioch, and Tyre. 198 ASIA. Turkey is a mild, healthy and fertile eountry ; and is beautifully diversified with mountains, plains, hills and valleys. It is famous for its wines, fruits f pomegranates y and olives. Agriculture is much neglected. The chiof manufactures are carpets , silks mn\ leather. Infiabilanls.—Tho population consists of Turks, Greeks, Arnionians, Jews, Curds, and Arabians. The Turks are tliu ruling people, and like those of Turkey in Europe, are hon- est, grave, and hospitable to strangers ; but haughty, bigoted, indolent, and revengeful. Towns. — Constantinople. — (Sco Turkey in Europe.) Aleppo, the capital of Syria, is situated about 70 miles ' from the Mediterranean, and is the largest city in Asiatic Turkey. It has a considerable share of commerce, and is distinguished for its manufactures of silk and cotton. Bagdad, once the renowned seat of the Caliphs, and one of the most splendid cities in the world, is situated on tLo Ti- gris, 300 miles N. W. of Bassora. It is the resort of Cara- vans from India, Persia, and Arabia, but retains little of its ancient splendor. Damascus is delightfully situated in the midst of a fertile plain, about 50 miles from the sea. It is celebrated for its m&nufacture of silk and cotton goods. It has an exten- sive commerce by means of caravans, and is one of the best built cities in the Turkish Empire. Jerusalem, the ancient capital of Judea, is situated about 40 miles from the Mediterranean. It was once the metropo- lis of the powerful kingdom of David and Solomon, and had its temples built of the cedar of Lebanon, and ornament- ed with the gold of Ophir. It retains but little of its form- er splendor, and is distinguished for being the resort of pil- grim's from various parts of the Christian world. Palmyra, or Tadmor in the wilderness, is situated in the Syrian desert, about 150 miles S. E. of Aleppo. It is now only distinguished for its magnificent ruins, which surpass all other remains of antiquity. Which are the 2 principal Rivers in Turkey? e. t. — What 4 Seas border on Turkey ? m, a. m, b.— What 3 Towns uiituiiis, :s wines', he chiof :r. 8, Greeks, ks arc tlu; s, are liou- ^, bigoted, iirope.) t 70 miles in Asiatic ;o, and is >n. md one of 1 tLo Ti- t of Cara- [iltleof its of a fertile ed for its an exten- if the best itcd about 3 metropo- omon, and ornament- f its form- ;ort of pil- ated in the It is now eh surpass t: e. t. — Lt 3 Towns ASIA. 109 on the Tigris? b. m- d.— What city on and near the Eu- phrates ? H. and A.— What 3 places on the Mediterranean? a. fp T—What 3 Cities near the Mediterranean' a. d. J- What City on the Archipelago ? s.— What port on the Black Sea? T.— What 3 other Towns in the northern part? a. a. R What small Sea in the southwestern part? n.— What River empties into it? A. The Jordan. What Mountam in the western part of Turkey ? t.— How many square miles has Turkey ' What is its population ? PERSIA. How is it bounded ? What is its CapitaJ ? Persia, one of the most celebrated and power- iul kingdoms of antiquity, at present exhibits scarcel/a vestige of its former greatness. It consists principally of immense desert plains and barren mountains, interspersed with numer- ous salt lakes and marshes. It is generally desti- tute of trees and rivers. Some of the valleys and plamsare fertile, and produce ffrain, wine, silky tobacco, fruits, and druffs in jmundance. The Persians are distinguished for the extent and variety of their manufactures, which consist of the most beautiful carpets, brocade, silk, shawls, porcelain, ^c. ^ , . ^ On the western coast of the Caspian Sea, aie tountams ot naptha or pure rock oil. The earth around them when dug to the depth of 2 or 3 inches, readily takes fire on apply mg to it a live coal. Here still reside the Persees or fire worshippers. Character.— The Persians are polite, gay, polished, and hospitable, but indolent, vain, avaricious, and treacherous. Town.— Teheren is situated 60 miles S. of the Caspian sea, and 300 N. of Ispahan. Its situation is low, and its ap- pearance mean. ^ _ Ispahan, the ancient capital of Persia, and formerly one ot the most splendid cities of the east, is situated an the Zen- deroud, about midway between the Caspian Sea and Per- ^ 1 n 200 ASIA. f sian {jalf. It is at present niucli reiluced, and a considera- ble part of the city is in ruins. Bushirc is the principal seaport. Wi^at River forms part of tlio boundary between Persia and Arabia? k.— What River forms part of the boiuidar 7 be- tween Persia and I. Tartary ? Ted'/en. VVIiat City on a branch of the Ted/on? m.— What city in tlic ;N. W. part? k. — What sea-port on the Persian gulf^ b.— What "2 Cities in the interior? i. :c. -What Tify on tlic Stiaitsof Ormus? a. —What Desert in the interioV P What mountain in the N. W. part of Persia? a.— For what is Mt. Ararat remarkable ?* AFGflAMvSTAN. How is Afghanistan bounded ? What is its Capital ? A(i,'hanistar. is a modorn kingdom of Asia, and like Persia, is greatly diversified with moinitains, valley^', hills and deserts. It has almost every variety of eliniate, and soil. The prineipai pioductions are wheat, barley, and various kinds oi' fruit. Chararter. — The"Afghans are a bravo, fierce and wa-rlike people, and arc distinguished for hosjiilality, not only to strangers, but to their mo-t implacable enemies. Chir/Towp.—CMiv is sitiiated on the river Cabul, a branch of the Tndus, and has a considerable trade with India, Persia and Tartary. What Lake in Afghanistan ? d. What River empties into it? H. — What Town in the interior ? rv. — What River forms the boundary between Afifininistan and ilindooKtan? i. — How is Cabul situated? Herat? Balk? BELOOCHISTAN. How is Beloochistan bounded ? Its Capital ? Beloochistan has seldom been traversed by Europeans, and therefore but little is known re- specting it. As far as it has been exj>lored, it is generally mountainous and barren. * Sec «eiies>i9, chapjfr viii. 4th verse. ASIA. 201 onsidera^ n Persia ruliir 7 bc- Jity on a part r E. I Citifis in rnuis ? c;. in the N. urUciliIc ?* ital ? isia, and Miiitains, and soil. •leij, and d wa-rlike it only to Cahul, a ,vilh India, npties into iver forms i.tan ? I. — jrscd by lown re- )red, it is /n/.«/>*7an/..-Delooc]nstan is inhabited by wo Inbes ; ho Boloochees, who subsist by plunder and robbery; and the Brah.>oes, a peaceable and industrious people, who inhab t the mountainous districts, and subsist principally on their flocks and herds. _, , . , • t* • 7b,.n.-KELAT is situated on the Maskid river It is gen- erally well built, and contains about 24,000 inhabitants. What Desert in the southern part of Beloochistan ? s.- What River forms the boundary between «^l^o/^isUn and Hindoostan? i.-What city near the mouth of the Indus . What city in the interior, S. of Kelat . b. T. HINDOOSTAN. The Banian Tree. How is Hindoostan bounded ? Its Capital : Hindoostan is tlie most beautiful country in Asia ; and has been famous in all ages lor its civ- ilization, valuable productions, and lor its wealtli and extensive manuftictures. . Hindoostan is mostly a level country ; and is distinguished for its numerous rivers and the gen- 202 ASIA. eral fortilitv of its soil, which prochioes two crops 111 a vear The cHmate in the northern part is mild and IS warm, an d the heat is health}^ ; in the south it often oppressive. Almost every variety of prodnction is found here ; the most important are rice, cotton^ wheats sugar, indigo, opium; iohacco, millet, and various kinds of fru't. The Hani in Trtc is the most singuhir and heautiful pro- duction of India. The branches extend to the earth, and take root, and tims form new trunks, so that each tree is a grove. One of these trees, on an ishmd in the Nerbuddah river, has 3<000 trunks, and 7*000 persons may repose under its shade. Hindoostan has lonjr been celebrated for its diamonds^ whickare fonnd principally at Golconda. The British possessions in India consist of Bengal, Bahar, and Benares, on the banks of the Ganges, of which Calcutta is the capital ; of other places on the coast of Coromandel, of which Madras is the capital ; of the island of Bombay, Purat, and several districts on the Malabar coast, of which Bombay is the capital. Ceylon belongs to Great Britain. It is a rich, healthy, and fertile island, and is distinguished for the variety and value of its productions, the most important of which are cinnamon, ginger. pepper, sugar, cotton, ^r'\ Ft has valuable pearl fishe- ries, and is rich in precious stones and gems. CoLuMBO, tlio capital, is a handsome and well fortified place, but has a poor harbor. ASIA. •203 crops lild and heat is 3 found , wheats various itiful pro- irth, and tree is a erbuddah we under difimonds^ al, Bahar, 1 Calcutta romandel, Bombay, of which s a rich, shed for he most pepper, 'l Jishe- 111 s. 1 fortified The Four Castes, t nimbi tan is.— The Hindoos are indolent, spiritless, and su- nerstitious. They are mild and servile to superiors, but raugl'tr-d -uel to their inferiors They are the most m- crcnious manuf icturers of muslins, silks, shawls, &c. The Hindoos are divided into 4 classes or castes ; 1. J he Rramins or priests ; 2. the soldiers ; 3. the merchants and Stur^ts 4. the sudras or laborers. These castes are kept entirely distinct, and are never allowed to mtermarry, or even to eat and drink with each other. Tou)n..-CALCUTTA, is situated on the Hoogly, an outlet of the Ganges, about 100 miles from its mouth. lth/«ancx. tensWe commerce, and is one of the most splendid cities m "^'Benares, the ancient seat of Braminical learning, is situ a- ted on the Ganges, 460 miles N. W. of Calcutta It has an extensive trade in diamonds, gems, &c. and is a place of great "" Delhi, formerly the capital of Hindoostan, and seat of the Mogul empire, is situated on the Jumna, a branch ot the Ganges. What are the rivers of Tlindoostan? i. n. k. g. o. What Mountains between Hindoostan and the Chinese Empire, the highest on the globe ? ii. What Mountams 'n the southern 1% .p TT;n,1n««tan ? «. Wl^t Dcscrt in the N. W. part of 204 ASIA. Uindoostan? a-B.— What 2 Gulls on the western coast of Hindoostan? c. and c— What Gulf between Hindoostun and Ceylon ? A. The Gulf of Ma-naar'. What 3 cities on the Indus and its branches? c. l. m.— What 4 towns on the Ganges and its branches ? b. a. a. d.— What Town on the gulf of Cambay ? c— What city on Taptce river, which empties into the gulf of Cambay ? s.— What 4 Towns on the Malabar coast? b. g. c c— What 5 Towns on the Coroman- del coast? c o. o. m. p.— What 5 Towns in the interior? n. B. H. N. s.— What 2 clusters of Islands S. W. of Hindoostan ? J,. M.— What large if' -nd S. of Hindoostan ? c— What Town on Ceylon? c— What Point at the southern extremity of Ceylon ? Dondra Head. How many square miles has Hin- doostan > What is its population ? What small kingdom in the northern part of Hindoostan? Napaul. FARTHER INDIA. The Tiger's Visit. How is Farther India bounded ? Its Capital ? This vast portion of Asia, extending from the Bay ofBengal to the China Sea, is scarcely known to Europeans, except alonii; its shores. It is divided into tlic Birman empire, khigdoms of ASIA. 205 I coast of ostun and es on the ns on tho vn on the ;r, which ms on tho ^oronian- terior? n. idoostan ? Iiat Town remity of i has Hin- ingdoni in tal? rom the y known ingdonis ofTonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Si- am, and the peninsula of Malacca. As far as Farther India has been explored, it is extremely fertile, and produces wheat, rice, cot- ton, sugar, tobacco, indigo, spices, gums, and va- rious tropical /n«75. It has mines oi gold, silver, tin, copper, iron, and precious stones. The climate in most parts is extremely warm, but it is said to be generally healthy. It abounds in wild animals ; the most numerous and dan- gerous.of which, is the /tofer, which attacks indiscriminately either man or beast. It" is famous for its elephants, which ■ are used as beasts of burden both in peace and war. The BiRMAN Empire embraces the four ancient kingdoms of Ava, Pegu, Arracan and Cassay. It is inhabited by a brave, warlike people, who are noted for activity, enterprise and intelligence. Ummbrapogra, the capital of the Birman empire, is situa- ted on the Irrawaddy, 400 miles from its mouth. It was founded in 1783, and in 1800 the population was 175,000. Rangoon, on the Irrawaddy, 30 miles from its mouth, is the principal seaport of the Birman empire. Which are the two principal rivers in Farther India? i. and c._In what part of F. India is the Birman empire ? What City in the western part of the Birman Empire on the bay of Bengal ? Aracan. What 3 Cities on the Irrawaddy ? R. u. p.— In what part is Tonquin ? Cochin China ? What is the Capital of Cochin China? Hue, or Tai Foo. What Town at the mouth of the Cambodia river ? Saigon. What Town en the Meinam river, at the head of the gulf of Siam ? s. — Where is Malacca? What is the Capital of Malacca? A. Malacca, situated on the straits of Malacca. What other Town ? Patani. What Cape south of Malacca ? r.— What Straits between Malacca and Sumatra ? m. — What 2 Gulfs on the coast of Farther India ? s. and t.— What Island in the g i^r of Tonquin ? h.— What 2 clusters of Islands W. of F. Kui in the Bay of Bengal ? a. n.— What largo Island S. W. of Malacca ? s.— What Town in tho northwestern part of Sumatra ? A-checii'. What is the length of the China sear lli 062 ASIA. chinesl: empire. How is the Cliirioso Empire bounded ^ Its Capital ? The ChinesG Empire embraces China, Thibet, Corea, and Chinese Tartary ; and is one oi'tho most extensive and popu- lous empires on the globe. CHINA. The Tea Trade. How is China bounded ? What is its Capital ? China -is celebrated for the great antiquity of its government ; for its immense population ; for the variety of its manufactures and pecuHar pro- ductions ; for the excellence of its inland naviga- tion, and for its reserve and jealous policy to- wards all other nations. China has a mild, healthy climate, and a rich, fertile soil, which is under the highest state of cul- tivation. The productions are numerous ; the most cel- ebrated among them is ft^a, which is the leaf ul a shrub, that grows from 8 to 1*2 feet high. ASIA. 207 apiiiil ? t, Corea, and vc ami popu- l? ntiquity of| lation ; for sculiar pro- md navigu- policy to- and a rich, itale of eul- ^ most eel- the leafut iix»li. The principal exports are teas, silks, and por- celain, or China-ware. • , ^. • One of the greatest curiosities of China, is the Cninese wall It is 1,500 miles in length, from '10 to 30 feet m height, and sufficiently wide for six horsemen to ride abreast. It is said to have been finished 214 years before the Christian era. It was built as a defence against the Tartars. ^^ Economy of time and labor. Character.— The Chinese are mild, intelligent, courteous, and extremely industrious ; but generally vain, timid, artful, and jealous of strangers. 7>,?rnv.— Peking, the capital of the Chinese Empire, is situated in a fertile plain, about 50 miles from the great wall. It is Minilos in circumference, and is surrounded by a wall 30 feet high. It is the most populous city on the globe. Nanking was formerly one of the most splendid cities in China, but it is now niudi decayed. It is distinguished for the extent of i!s manufactures, particularly silks^ crap/s^ and nankeens. It is famous for its Porcelain Tower, which is 200 feet high. Canton, situated on Canton river, is the first commercial city in Chinn, and the only one to which Europeans and Amorirans iiro p-rmitlcd to trade. The chief article of ex- port ia Ira. W hi, h nrr thr 3 nrini ipal llivcrs in China? n. k. h. Wha *-i08 ASIA. City ill tlio N. K. iiiii'i ;' Hliin Y WlmloHv N. i: ? i»n«[. Wiml rilyr oiitlio ||o «'ify N. w. or rnmoii;' v nnil Nimr-im-loii. Wlml ;J cil |^^-Wlml .^ riti.H H M. ,,{ N.uiliinir? Kf 11. Kuniul itn lininrlioH .' nii-llo, or Yollow riv»»r :' 11,1' ION nro Nitiiittiui oil llin Kiiiii^ N. M. T.-- -Wlmt * (;itipN lUMir (ho 11(1 V. n. r. - Wlint Iiirifo Inlnini nonr (I H. V. — Wliiit. :i HniiH lionlor on Chi Wlmt, ohislor of intoN K. of M 10 roiiHl, of (!|iinn ? k. »o Itliio Hon P i..«t. -VVIiiil. In. (annlP UI.,UKt.i,uuulo,i«u-ork ol* ami,,„ity iloyoi, niid in Tow's ' ' '"" "' ^^'"'"^ '" «IiHiin.^uiJio.l (o/itH li «|. TMinr/r. Grand Lotni. How is Thibet bouiulod ? What is its Capital ? This ^ one of the most elevated divisions of Asia. The Ilnnmaleh mountains, in the southern part, are the highest range on the globe ; Dawal- ageri, the i)nnci])al suuunit, is 5 miles high. it IS a cold and barren country, but abounds AHl/\, 209 on dm Mo. niiloii :' V, uikinKi* It. tlin Kiiiii^ or Ihn Ho- lor on (7)ii- Cliinii f K. -VVIiiil. Ih. in hn|M*riiil /on thui ill iNo atiMin^ I. yrdvv r*- ' V. fll 111? ions of )iithorn Davval- boumis ill ti vuricly of iiniriiiilM ; i\\(' tiiohl iir>tr!<| riinnri^ lln'iii iH 11 KjM'ri('Norint; fhn nrnml liiiiiiti, wlm ill M'|^;ihI(mI l»y liiti wmmIiipihtm hm iIm! vinug'tront ol' ( itxl. liAMHA, llM'('ii|»iliil, in «liHtitiiriiiHli (iniii'l 1 ,1111111, iumI ill ;'(Mn;r.illy lliroiunMl vvilli |M'(»|»|«- IVomi viiiiuiin piiilM <»l" AmIsi, who <;»nnt) to worH!iij» Imh micivxl niu- WInil 4 lai'tijo HivftrM r'lHO in 'riiihi'l.? n. i. n. k, — WIml, IMfmiiliiiiiM holwodii Tliilutt iiri priii(i|»al IJivcr? a. — What MoiUitainH hntwocn C Tar- lary and I. Tarlary ? u t. — What Mountains in iho wcHtfjrn part ol'C, Tarlary ? (j-a. and a. — What MonrilainH form part ofllio hoiHidary hctwoon ( !. 'I'artary and P-UHsIa? What Town in litllo liii'haria on the river ^ash^^•lr? ('. — What 2 Town.s in iMoniroha? k. k. — What 2 Towns near the Chinese Wall ? o. /,.-- What4Towns on the Amour and its hranches? M. o. N. s. -^Vllrit • haniinl oast of C Tarlary ^ What 2 largre hiland.n .'' .4. J, — \V hat I situated ? Whore is Mi-a-co' What seaport on the island of Kiusiu ' Nan-ga sa-ki. Which is the largest of the Japan Islands ? What Strait between the Japan Islands and Co- rea? How do the Ladies go to make their morning visits in Japan ? [See the cut.] Which has the greatest latitude, Jedo or this place ? In what direction from this state i» the island «>f Niphon .'' 2152 ASIA. IiXDRPENDFNT TARTARY. Tartars exercising with the how and lance. How is Iiidepeiidcnt Tartaiy bounded ? Its Capital ? liulepenclcnt Tartaryis inhabited by several tribes of Tartars; the two principal of wliich are the Usbecks, in the south, and the Kirgees in the north. The climate in most parts is mild, and the soil generally fertile. Agriculture and manufactures receive but little attention. This country was formerly the seat of the most powerful empire in Asia, under Ghengis-Khan, 'Jiimerlanv., ,d others, and still presents many monumenls ofits ancieni, civilization. (JIutracler. — The T.irtars are a wandering people, and rovn from place to place, with their flocks nnd herds. Their em- ployment consists in tending their flocks, hunting and exer- cising with the bow and lance. They arc ignoraat and sii- perstiiious ; but bravo, and remarkable fortheir hospitality to s'j-angers and travellers. CUiff Towny.~^iKn\TK\,\\\(^ capital of Great Bukhara, I J^i^ e. ipital ? 1 several vliich are es in the I the soil iifactures the most ;is-Khan, its many c, and rovo 'I'lieir em- f and exer- vt and sii- hospitalily ASIA. 213 is 100 miles W. of Samarcand, on the Sopjd. It contains many colleges for instruction in the Mahometan law. Samarcand is situated on the Sogd, a branch of tlic Jihon or Amoo river. It was once the capital of the empire of Tamerlane, and was a colehrated seat of science, but retains little of its former magnificence. What Sea W. of Independent Tartary ? What in I. Tar- tary? What 2 Rivers empty into the Aral Soa? a. j. — What 5 Towns on the Jihon and its branches ? k. s. b. s. f. What 2 Towns on the Sihon ? t. o. — What mountains be- tween I. Tartary and the Chinese empire.? What moun- tains unite with the Belur Tag Mountains on the north ? u. On the south? ii. — On the east ? a. — What outlets have tlie Caspian and Aral Seas? How many square miles has I. 'I'ar tary ? What is its population ? What is the favorite amuse- ment of the Tartars ? (See the cut.) SIBERIA. Travelling in Kamtchalka. How is Siberia bounded ? Its Capital ? Siberia is a cold, desolate, forlorn and extensive region, and is inhal)ited by a number of barbarous tribes, who are subject to Russia. Bukhara. 214 ASIA. It is mostly a level country, consisting of vast plairjs, or steppes, many of which are entirely des- titute of vegetation. Siberia has rich mines of gold, silver, copper, had and iron; and abounds in \vild animals, many of which are highly valuable on account of their furs ; particulaly the inctrdn, sable, heacer, and engine. Besides these, there are elks, wolves, hears, reindeer, foxes, hares, 6fC, In Kamtchat- ka, dogs are used for drawing carnages. Character. — The inhabitants are generally ignorant, filthy, anil barbarous. Towns. — Tobolsk, tho capital of Siberia, is noted as a place of banishment for criminals sent from Russia, and is the centre of the Russian fur trade. Irkoutsk, tlie chief town of Eastern Siberia, is the princi- pal mart of commerce between Russia and China. It is the most sp'endid and prosperous city of Siberia. What 2 Seas border on Kamlchatka? o. k. — What small sea in tho eastern part ot Siberia ? a. — What River empties into *.he sea of Anadir ? a. — What 2 seas in the N. W. part of Siberia? k. o, — Wnat 6 Rivers empty into the Arctic ocean? i., o. a. p. y. o.^— Which is the most northern cape of Russia? T. — Which is the most eastern ? e. — The most southern ? l. — What 2 Towns in Kamtchalka r N-K.and Pe- tro-pau'lowsk. What town on the sea of Okhotsk? o. What town N. of it? s. — What 4 Towns on the Lena and its branches ? s. y. v. k.-— What town on lake Baikal ? i. — What town on the Olensk ' o. — What towns on the Yenisei and its blanches? t. j. i.. t. y. a.— VN'hat 1 1 Towns on the Obi n.m\ its branches ? o. b. s. t. t. t. o. k. n. k. t. — What Moun- tains separate Siberia from Russia m Europe? u. — What is their lengt!. and hefgl)t? Where is the Stoppe of Issini ? Where is Lake liaikal? Lake Tshany? Lake Altan? How many square miles has Siberia? What is its popula- tion ? How do they travel in Kamtchalka? Which has the oreatpst !at!ttidt>, Tubolhk or ikis p.'are ? Have ihcy Hcluinls in Siberia ? ASIA. 215 ^ of vast tirely des- r, copper, [ animals, ccount of 'e, heaver, ks, wolves, Camtchat- orant, filthy, I noted as a ssia, and is s the prinei- a. It Ih the What small iver empties N. W. part the Arctic 1 em cape of — The most N-K.and Pe- i? o. What icna and its ? I.— What Yenisei and 1 on the 01)i i^hat Monn- r. — What is 3 of Issini ? ike Allan? I its popula- hich has the I CAUCASUS. Caucasus eiubraces the country between the Caspian and Black Seas, and is inhabited by a number of nations who are subject to Russia. It is a rou"li, broken, and mountainous coua- trv, entirely "destitute of plains; the climate »u the valleys is mild and healthy, and the sou tor- tile. The Circassians and Georgians are ^he two priACl^s^ ra. tions in this division. The Circassians inhabit the northeni decliviJy of the Caucasian mountains, and are a ferocious '^"The^Sgiarilo-.ss the country south of theCauca.- ian mount^f^s. anS are friendly and hospitable, and said to be the handsomest people u, tl>f ^or a. iheir fe- ThPSB nations are celebrated for the beauty ot tneir re niaTes numbers of whom are sold by their parents to the Turks'anS Persians, and arc considered tne brightest orna- "7^^!^t;^^'or Georgia, is situated on the river Knr It is stron.'ly fortified, and contains a number of duuches, and is the're-s.dcnoe^f the Russian governor. S ' W at 2 1^^^^^^^^^^ tl- Caspian Sea.^ A B4-kou and nTr'bu.r la wluit part is Teflis? J n what part is Circassia ? !u whaf part is Gco4ia? For what is Georgia celebrated ? GENER:Vl. aUKSTlONS ON' THE MAP OF ASIA. Which division of Asia extends farthest south ? M. Which is the most Western division T. h. vy HCiifir! Is iMrc;;u;l,^ .e< I. 1 eand l.Tarlar, .ro in ll.e ..,'o!S"o"u'"cort.i., cily in tholh.Uod Sl.l«» ; wl,.t arc the names ol all three ? How will vou sail from Bagdad to Calcutta? ^;^^lI^a.ioL^...^ Svhatimpoitaul character do 216 ASIATIC ISLANDS. you find here? How will you sail from Laeaa to Nanking ? What celebrated building do you find here ? The initials of certain cities in Asia form the phrase, Cyrus TOOK Babylon; what aie their names and how situated f Which is the largest city in Asia ? Which are the 6 next in size ? What is the length of the Altay Mountains ? Ilimmaleh Mountains? Ural Mountains? Mow high is the highest peak of the Uimmaleh Mountains? Second peak? How high is Mt. Ararat? Gauts? ASIATIC OR EAST INDIA ISLANDS. The Asiatic or East India Islands, are those which He between Asia and New Holland, and consist principally of five groups; viz. 1. The Siinda isles. 2. The Molucca or Spice Islands. 3. Celebes. 4. Borneo, and a number of small islands adjacent. 5. The Manillas, or Phillippine islands- The soil in most of these islands is remarkably fertile, and produces in abundance the richest fruits of the torrid zone, and the finest spices and gums. These islands are rich in minerals, and abound ill wild animals, among which are the rhinoceros, tiger, orang-outang, and crocodile. The climate is extremely warm, and generally unhealthy, especially to foreigners. A Tabulai- view of the principal East India Islands. SUNDA ISLES. JVumes. Sumatra, Java, Banco, Timor, Possessed by | Sq. m. Natives, Dutch, Dutch, DutchtScToi. 180,000 52,000 5,600 6,000 jPo/?m(<^ I Ch.T'wiis. 4,500000 4,230000 ."]0,000 100,000 liencoolen. Batavia. LiU iiO. AUSTRALASIA. 217 o Nanking ? irase, Cyrus situated f Ilimmaleh tiiu higlicfeit cuk ? How NDS. are tiiose land, and 1. The e Islands. • of small ippine Hiilli smarkably le richest pices and d abound hinoceros, generally [slands. wtis. Ch.T' liencoolen. Batavia. LiU Names. Amboyna, Coram, Gilolo, Banda riii. MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS. Possessed '>y Dutch, Dutch, Dutch, Dutch, Sq. m. 450 4,00 > 12,000 Popufa. 45,0; >0 120,000 BORNKO. Borneo, | Natives, | 3 )0,000 | CELEBES. Celebes, | Dutch, | 9 ),00:» O'l. Towns. Amboyna. Santanag. 3,000,00 ) I Boraso. 3,000,000 I Macaaaar. MANILLA or PlIILLlPPlNE ISLANDS. Luzon, Mindinap, Sainar, Negros, Spaniards, Spaniards, Spaniards, Spaniards. 70,000 30,000 8)0 500 1,200,000 9O0,O0f) r4,000 75,000 Manilla. Mindinao. Which is the mosteastein of the Sunda Isles? t. — Whore is Banca? A. South of Capo Rorpania. For what is it dis- tinguished? A. For its extensive mines of tin. Where are the Moluccas or Spice Islands? For what are they celebra- ted ? A. For the richest spices. What sea north of Cele- bes? c. — What strait between Celebes and Borneo ? m. — What island N. of Borneo ? p. — Which is the largest of the Phillippine Isles? i.. — What Capo N. of Luzon? e. — What large island N. of Luzon ? f— What small islands between Luzon and Formosa ? b. - Which is the largest of the East India Islands? b. — What is its Chief Town? b. ^ustralai5fe-T. Australasia embraces New Holland, Van Die* men's Land, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon's Island, New Hebrides, New Zealand, and numerous smaller islands surround- ing them. iiO. NEW HOLLAND. Now Holland is the largest island on the globe being 2,600 miles in length, from east to west, 19 m 218 AUSTRALASIA. and 1,060 in breadth from north to south, con^ taining 3,000,000 square miles. New Holland was discovered in 1606 by the Dutch. Little is known respecting the island, except the coasts. The climate is mild and healthy, and the soil fertile, producing wheat, maizey haiiey, oranges, lemons^imd other ixo\Ac^\ fruits. The country along the eastern coast for an in- definite extent, is claimed by Great Britain, and is called New South Wales. An English colony has been established at Port Jackson, or Botany bay, consisting principally of convicts banished from Great Britain. The natives are small, ill shaped, and among the most de- graded of the human species. They have no regular reli- gion, and but a faint idea of a future state. Sidney is the chief town and capital of the English colo- ny. Pop, 7,000. VAN DIEMEn's land. Tan Diemen's Land, is a healthy, fertile island, 170 miles in length, and about 158 in breadth. — An English colony was established here in 1803, and in 1818, it contained about 6000 inhabitants, about one half of whom were convicts from G. Britain and New South Wales. The natives resemble those of New Holland. Hobart Town is the capital of the colony. It was laid out in 1U04, aaid now contains a number of elegant buildings. PAPUA, OR NEW GUINEA. Little is known respecting New Guinea or the adjacent islands. They are said to be populous and fiBrtiie, producing most of the fruits of the ►uth, cori- S by the le iaknd, (1 the soil oranges, for an in- itain, and cd at Port cipally of he most de- egular rcli- nglifih colo- Lile island, ireadth. — J in 1803, [habitants, from G. id. Hobart out in li{04, lea or the ! populous lits of the AUSTRALASIA. 219 torrid zone. The inhabitants are negroes, and generally resemble the people of New Holland. NEW ZEALAND. New Zealand consists of 2 large islands, sepa- rated by Cook's strait. These islands are moun- tainous, and have a mild, healthy climate. The natives are tall, well formed, and possess uncommon sairacity and strength of mind. They are cannibals, and when provoked, are extremely ferocious. An English settlement has been established here for intro- ducing the blessings of civilization and Christianity. The natives manifest a strong desire for improvement, and have made considerable progress in the arts of civilized life. Qaedions on the Map of the World.— In what part of New- Holland is New South Wales ? To whom does it belong ? What is the capital of the English colony ? s. What name has been given to the southern part of Uie island ? n.— What names to the W. coast? d. e.— What Gulf in the N. part.? c— What strait separates New Holland from New Guinea ? T— What strait between New Holland and Van Diemen's Land? b.— Which is the largest, New Holland or the United States and Territory ? What is the chief town on Van Dio- Knen's Land ? Whst cape S. of Van Diemen's Land ? South Cape. How wide is the strait between N. Holland and Van Diemen's Land ? A. 100 miles. In what direction from us is New Holland ? ' In what direction from N. Holland is New Guinea ? In what direction from N. Guinea is N. Britain ? New Ireland? Solomon's Isle ? What strait between the islands of New Zealand ? What 3 Capes around them ? n. £• o* What bay in the northern part ? v. What season IS it in N. Holland now ? Is the climate colder, or warmer in New Guinea than in this place ? If you were at C. South m New Zealand to-day at 12 o'clock, in what direction would your shadow fall? 2Q0 POLYNESIA. IJoluursia.* ^'J View of Otaheite. Polynesia embraces the numerous islands of the Tacific lying east of the Asiatic islands and Australasia. The principal groups are the Pelew islands, and the Ladrones, Carolina?, Sandwich islands, and Mulgrave's isles, lying north of the equator ; and the Marquesas, Society isles, Friendly isles, and Navigator's isles, south of the equatf)r. These islands have generally a fertile soil, and a mild, healthy climate. The most important productions are the hrcad-fi mt, cccoa nuts^hanan- (IS, oranges, ^'C The inhabitants are tall, well formed, and gcneraUy of amiable dispositions. They wero formerly Pagans, and wero accustomed to sacrifice human victims to their gods. But in the Sandwich and Society Islands, they have destroyed iheir idols, and have received Christian Missionaries. Many have been taught to read and write ; and numbers have been con- verted to Christianity. Qnesfio7is 071 fhf. Map of the JVorld, — Tn what direction from Mindinao, are the Pclew isles ? Where are the La- * Derived from 2 Greek words, signifying many inlands. F. islands of ilands and iv islands, h islands, I equator ; idly isles, Lor. e soil, and important jiSfbanari' ycnerally of MS, and were ods. But in stroyfid l^ieir Many have ve been con- at direction are the La- iy itlnnds. APniCA. MUl I drones ? Which are the 3 principal islands among the La- drones? *• a.G. Where are the Carolinas ? What cluster •of islands in the Pacific about midway between Asia and Amerrca ? s. When, and by whom, were the Sandwich Isl- ands first discovered ? A. Inl778, byCapt.Cook, andCapt. King. Which is the most noted of the Sandwich Islands? o. Which are the next ? a. m. In what direction from the Sand- wich Islands are Mulgrave's Isles ? What 8 Islands N. of Mulgrave's Isles? s-b. o-r. b. p. d. St-p. c. c. What con- siderable Island S. F.. of Mulgrave's Isles ? c.~Where are the Marquesas or Washington Isles ? Where are the Socie- ty Isles ? Which is the principal Island among the Society Isles ? o. W hat cluster of Isles S . W. of the Society Isles ? F. Which is the principal Island among the Friendly Isles ? T. What group of Isles N. E. of the Friendly Isles? n. What 4 Islands N. W. of Navigator's Isles ? s. n. b. d.— What group of Islands on both sides of the Equator, near the coast of South America? o. Q. How does Africa compare with the bther Grand divi- sions of the globe ? ,. . . A. It is the second of the five grand divisions of the globe, being 4,430 miles in length ; and 4,140 in breadth, containing 11,500,000 square miles. Q. Between what degrees of latitude and longitude does Africa lie ? ^-r i . A. Between 35" S. latitude and 37^° N. lati- tude ; and between 18^ W. longitude and 5P E. longitude. Q. Is Africa as enlightened and civilized now as it was in ancient times. ? A. It is not. The inhabitants in the northern part of Africa, were anciently among the most enlightened on the globe. Ethiopia was much celebrated ; Egypt brought to Europe the first germs of civilization, and Carthage extended her commerce over every part of the known world. 19* 2'2'::t AFRICA, But now, Africa is the least known, least civilized, and the least important of the five grand divisions of the globe. Q. To what is our knowledge of Africa principally con- fined ? A. Principally to the countries lying on the coast ; the interior being almost entirely unex- plored. Q. For what is Africa remarkable ? A. For its immense sandy deserts^ which com- pose nearly one third of its surface. The prin- cipal of which is Sahara, or Great Desert, which stretches from the Atlantic nearly to the Nile ; and is about 3,000 miles in length, and 1,000 in breadth. [The deserts are like seas, the sands being moved by the winds like waters ; and storms on them are more terrible and destructive than on the ocean. They have Oases^ or fertile ^(its, like islands, which serve as resting and watering pla- ces fb? Cjtravans.] Q. By whom is Africa peopled? A. The northern part, from the Mediterranean to the De- sert, is peopled by Moors and Arabs ; Egfypt by Copts and foreigners ; Abyssinia by degenerate Arabs ; the southern, western, and central parts, by the Negro race. Q. VVhat wild animals are found in Africa? A. Almost every species. Lions, tigers, elephants, pan- thers, and hyenas reign undisturbed in its vast deserts. Its rivers abound with crocodiles and hippopotami, largest and most venomous serpents are found here, most useful of the tame animals is the camel. Q. What can you say of the climate of Africa? A. It is warmer tkanthatof any other division of the globe, as all its productions, both animal and vegetable, bear testi- mony. Q. What is the probable population of Africa ? A. It is s-.ipposed to bo 00,000,000, The The I I ATUK'A. 223 civilized, divisions pally con- g on the ;ly unex- lich com- rhe prin- rt, which he Nile ; 1,000 in )ved by the terrible and «, or fertile itering pla- to tho De- Copts and 3 southern, >hants, paii- serts. tami. The here. The of the globe, , bear testi- I i Morocco? Algiers ? Tunis ? Tripoli ? Barca ? Egypt? Nubia? Abyssinia MAP OP AFRICA. How is Africa bounded ? Capital? Principal Towns? Capital? Principal Towns? Capital? Principal Towns? Capital ? Principal Towns ? Capital ? Principal Tovms ? Capital ? Principal Towns ? C^apital? Principal Towns? Capital? Principal Towns? Where is Fezzan ? What is its Capital ? W here is Senoganibia ? Its chief Towns ? Where is Sierra Leone ? What is its rhief Town ? W here is Liberia ? VV hat is it>« chief Town ? Where is Ciuinca ? \V hat are its 4 principal kingdoms ? Where is Loango ? What are its chief Towns ? Where is Congo ? What is its Capital ? Where is Bcnguela? Its principal Towns? Where is Cimbcbas ? VV hat 2 Capes has it i* Where is South Africa? How is it divided ? VVhere is Monomotapa ? Its chief Towns ? Where is Mozambique ? Its chief Town ? Where is Zanguebar ? Its chief Towns ? VVhere are Ajan and Adol? Where is Ethiopia.? What Town in it ? Where is Nigritia ? Its principal Towns ? Where is Darfur? Wliat is its Capital ? RIVERS. Where does the Nile rise, in what direction does it run, and whore does it empty ? Niger ? Senegal ? Gambia ? Grfi.nde? Mesurado? Lagos? Formosa? Congo? Co- anza? Orange? Zak ? Keiskamma? Zimbezl? ISLANDS. Vv here arc the Azores? Where are the Madeira Isles ? Where are the Ca-na-ry Isles '' VVhere are tho Cape Verd Isles ? Whore are Fernando Po, Prince's, St. Thomas, and Ana- bon Isles ' 224 AFRICA. Whore Whore Where Where Whore Where Where Whore Where 18 St. Matthew's Isle ? Aflcension Isle ? is St. Helena ? For what is it remarkable ? is Madagascar ? What Towns on it ? are the Islo of France, and Bourbon Isle ? are the Comoro Isles ? are the Cosraoledo Isles ? are Providence and Assumption Isles ? are Almiraiito Isles, and Mahe Isles ? is the Island of Socotra ? CAPES. Whore is Cape Bon ? Where is Cape Guardafui ? W here is Cape of Good Hope ? Where is Cape Verd? Where is Cape Spartel ? Where are Cape Bedouin and Cape Basaa ? Where is Capo Delgado ? Where is Cape Lagullas ? Where are Cape Serra and Cape Frio ? Where is Cape Ledo ? Where is Cape 3 Points? Where are Capo Palmas, and Cape Mesurado ? Where is Cape Roxo ? ^ >^, r. • j > Where are Cape Blanco, Cape Barbas,and Cape Bojadar? W here is Cape Ambro ? Where is Cape St. Mary ? DESERTS. Where is Sahara, or Great Desert ? Where is the Lybian Desert ? MOUNTAINS. Whore are the Atlas Mountains ? Where are the Mountains of th« Moon 7 Where are the Mountains of Kong ? Where are the Crystal Mountains ? Where are the Brenas Mountains ? Where are the Lupata Mountains ? LAKES. Where is Lake Tchad ? Where is Lake Uemboa r Where is Lake Maravi ? AFinr'A. 2-25 le? pe Bojadari %Vhpro iallic Gulf ofCahefi i* Whore is Iho Culf of Sidra =" Wliore istlu! (Julf of IViafra ? When) is the Chilf of Giiiiica ? Where is Ujo Gulf of Hciiin ' EAY8. Whore is Delagoa Bay ? Whore is Altioa Bay ? Wlipn; is '('able Biiy ? Whore is Wahvich Bay? STRAITS. Where is the Strait of Buholinandel ? Where is the Strait of Gibralter ? Where is the Clianncl of Mozambic^ \ I EGYPT. " ? ■ g j i^.-j^Lr^ -^4-:^-^-^a^ ; ^:^ ' ™- — ' " ' ^'^■^^^^^^^^M^^ Pyramids and Sphynx. How is Egypt bounded ? What is its Capital ? Egypt is celebrated for its great antiquity ; for the early civilizatioii of it? inhabitants, ami ri! 22(5 ArniCA. for being the parent of the arts and Hciences. But like'' most seats of early renown, it has lost its former greatness, and is now distinguished for the magnificence of its ruins. Ecrypt is divided into two parts. Upper and Low"er. U[)per Egypt extends from Nubia to Cairo; and Lower Egypt from Cairo to the Med- iterranean. . . . The cultivated part of Egypt, consists pnnci- pally of a fertile vale, 15 or 20 miles in breadth, on both sides of the river Nile. The remainder of the country is mountainous and barren. The climate in summer is extremely warm ; in winter it is mild and agreeable. The chief productions are maize, rice, wheat, barley, i^c, and most of the fruits of the torrid and temperate zones. . . .u i Rain is very uncommon in Egypt,butowmg to the annual flood of the Nile, and the hea\y dews, the soil seldom sutlers for want of moisture. The Nile annually overflows its banks, and spreads over the country like a sea. The rise of the Nile commences about the middle of June, and begins to sub- side about the first of September. The lands thus overflow- ed are extremely fruitful and easily cultivated. Manulac tures are in a low state. .. r-n * A..oi»n Inhabitants.— The inhabitants consist of Copts, Arabs, Turks and Jews. The Copts are the most numerous class, and are the descRndants of the ancient Egyptians. They are active, ingenious, and well skilled in business. Towns.— Ckiko is the most populous, splendid, and com- mercial city in Africa. , „„. d Alexandria was built by Alexander the Great, 331 years B. C , and for a long time was the seat of learning, commerce, and magnificence. It is now greatly decayed, and abounds in the ruins of its ancient grandeur ; among which are Fom- ppv's Pillar. 75 feel high, two obelisks, and the catacombs. Tn'^the heigiit of its splendor, it is said to have contamea 600,000 inhabitnnts. sciences. has lost ished for pper and Mubia to the Med- ts princi- breadth, emainder en. warm; in cc, wheats the torrid o the annual Idom suff'ers ws its banks, e rise of the Bgins to sub- US overflovv- . Manufac opts, Arabs, nerous class, ». They are id, and com- 331 years B. r, commerce, and abounds ich are Pom- le catacombs. /e contained AFlllCA. 22T [The Library uf Alexandria Rurpassud all uthurH in the an- cient world. It was founded by Ptolemy Philadolphus, 284 years B. C, and contained 700,000 manuscript volumes. It was burnt by the Saracens, A. D. 640.] Antiquities. — Egypt abounds in the most stupendous mon- uments of antiquity, as pyramids, temples, obelisks, cata- combs, &c. The pyramids have been the wonder of all ageg of the world. The largest of them is that of Cheops, near Cairo. It is 500 feet high, and covers more than 11 acres. When, by whom, and for what purpose, ihcy were erected, is entirely unknown. Near one of the Pyramids, is the cele- brated Sphynx, a statue of a huge monster, cut out of a solid rock. It has the face of a virgin, and body of a lion, and is 125 feet in length. What 2 Cities on the Mediterranean ? b. a. What City at the mouth of the Nile ? ii. What 4 Cities on the Nile ? c. 8. T. 8. What Town in the S. W. part ? s. What Town on the gulf of Suez ? s. What Town on the Red Sea? c. BARBARY STATES. Boa Constrictor, Which are the Barbary States ? m. a. t. t. b. The northern part of Africa, now included in 2^8 AFKiCA. the Barbary States, once contained several king doms and states, eminent for power, wealth, and commerce. But these have been repeatedly conquered, and scarcely exhibit a vestige ot their former greatness. The inhabitants of the Barbary States are divi- ded into four classes ; viz. Moors, Jews, Araus, and Brebers. They are ignorant, rapacious, and cruel, and have long been noted for their pira- cies and political debasement. _ Between the Atlas mountains and the Medi- terranean, the climate is mild and pleasant, and the soil is ,ortile, but miserably cultivated. The chief productions are oil, wine, fruit, su- frar, cotton, and most kinds o^ grain. Between the Atlas mountains and the Desert, the country produces little except dates, but these grow m such abun- dance, that it is called Bilcdulgerid or the land of dates. These States are distinguished for the number of noxious animals which infest the mountains and desert tracts ; the most noted ^nd ferocious among them are lions, panthers, '^Venomous serpents of an enormous size are also common. The boa or serpent of the desert, is often 80 feet long, and moves with such Incredible swiftness that no animal can cs- ^'Tmonff the great variety of insects in these States, the most formidable is the locust, which often comes Irom the aesert i:i suchimmcnso swarmsas to devour every species of vegetation. BARCA. How is Barca bounded? What is its Capital? Barca, the ancient Lybia, is nominally depen- dent on Tripoli, though it seems to l>e the proper- ty of no government or people. Tiie nuenor is era! king ealth, and epeatedly re of their js are divi- vs, Arabs, cious, and their pira- the Medi- asant, and ted. fruit, AFKICA. 2-29 i su- t, tho country I such abun- )f dates. ler of noxious ',rt tracts ; tho >us, panthers, also common, set long, and mimal can es- tates, the most in the desert i:i i of vegetation. •ital ? iially depeu- th(i proper- le interior is mostly a desert, and once contained the temple of Jupiter Ammon. The coast of Barca, once flimed for its three- fold crops, is stili fertile, but badly cuhivated. The sovereignty is divided between two Ceys, one of whom resides at Dcrno ; the other at Bengu/i. Dehne, is situated about half a milo from the Mediterra- nean. It was taken in 1805, by Gen. Eaton, a native ol Brimfield, Mass. What Gulf west of Barca? s. What Town on the gulf of Sklra ? B. In what part is Derne .= What 2 Towns near the southern boundary of Barca? a. s. What division of Europe opposite to Barca.' o.-What large Island north oi Barca? c.-.-Wliat Desert south of Barca? x. TRIPOLI. How is Tripoli bounded ? What is its Capital ? Tripoli, the ancient Tripolis, is the most civili- zed, but the weakest of the Barbary States, and abounds in the remains of antiquity. , , .^ , Tripoij, the Capital, is a regular, well built and fortifaed city, and has an excellent harbor. What 2 gulfs N. of Tripoli ? c. s.— What tov^n north-west of Tripoli? s.~What Kingdom south of Tripoli? f. TUNIS. How is Tunis bounded? Its Capital ? Tunis, the ancient Africa Propria, and the Bcat of the Carthaginian power, is one of the most powerful states of Barbary. Tunis, the Capital, is situated about 6 miles from the gulf of Tunis', and is one of the first cities in Africa. It has con- Biderablo trade, and valuable n>anufacturcs. \bout 12 miles N. E. of Tunis i^ie the rums of ancient 20 *i30 AFRICA. Carthage, which was founded by Didu, 869 years before Christ/ For a long time, Carthago was the emporium of northern Africa, the empress of the sea, and the formidable rival of Rome. It was destroyed by ihe Romans under Scipio African us, at the close of the third Punic war, 14G years B. C What Gulf in the eastern part of Tunis? c. What Cape north of Tunis ? u. What largo Island between Tunis and the southern part of Italy? s.— What small Island east oi Tunis? M.-VVhat separates Tunis from Fezzan? What ancient city once stood near the northern part? c. — When and by whom was Carthage founded ? By whom was it de- stroyed ? ALGIKRS. How is Algiers bounded? What is its Capital? Algiers, the ancient Numidia, is the most fer- tile and healthy of the Barbary states, and is no- ted for the valuable coral fishery on its coast. Algiers,* the capital, is a strongly fortified town, and one of the most noted seats of piracy. It has a good harbor, and considerable commerce. Constantina is a large city of the interior, and occupies the site of ancient Cirta. It is 160 miles east of Algiers, and is said to contain many elegant buildings. What Mountains in Algiers? a. What 2 Towns on the Mediterranean? a. o. What Town in the interior? c. — What Gulf on the coast of Guinea directly south of Algiers? B. In what direction from Algiers is Liberia? Darf ur ? The Colony of Sierra Leone ? Fezzan ? Where was Cirta situated, the ancient capital of Numidia? MOROCCO. How is Morocco bounded ? What is its Capital ? i The empire of Morocco, the ancient Maurita- * During the year 1830, the Frencii took Algiers and uliii hold it in tiieir pobaobsion. years before emporium of Lhe formidable .omans under unic war, 146 What Cape een Tunis and [sland east of ;zzan? What ,rt? c. — When lom was it do- lapital? le most fer- , and is ne- ts coast. town, and one >od harbor, and id occupies the Algiers, and is Towns on the interior? c. — futh of Algiers? )ria ? Darf ur ? 'here was Cirta I Capital ? ent Maiirita- jk Algiers and f AFRICA. 231 nia embraces the kingdom of Fez, Morocco, Tafi- let and Tariidant, and is noted for the fertihty of its soil, and its abundance o£ fruits, grain, olives, ^ Morocco, the capital, is situated in the midst of a fertile plain, about 120 miles from the Atlantic. It is surrounded by a high wall, and contains many splendid temples and mosques, but is much decayed. ^.r. • *« „♦ Fez, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Fe^ is tne most splendid city in the Barbary States. It is situated in a beau- tiful valley, and was once famous for its institutions of learn- ing. What 3 cities in the southern part? t. t. n. What 4 Cities on the Atlantic ? n. s-c. m. s. What Town on the Straits of part, in the in- — What Straits Gibraltar ? t.— What Town in the northern terior? f, —What Mountains in Morocco? a between Morocco and Spain ? What English Fortress on the Straits of Gibraltar? a. V/hat Islands W. of Morocco ? M. p.s.—What cluster of Islands S. W. of Morocco? c— Which is the most celebrated among them ? "senegambiaT TenerifFe. The Elephant. CI i_!_ I ^^^ ^ v^..rvil\£>r r^r wmall r>On- ;5enegarnuui emu raises a uUiiiiJ^s 1^ ' i iilous states, and in general, is a well watered and AI IMCA. i fevUla roiinlry. Tho clinmtf^ is iiiton-Tly warm, :ui(l III, niosl soiisoHs of I Ik; yv/dv, exl.remely un- Ijcjililiv to foi-eioMcrs. Kc.s|)0(;liu}^r ilio various trilios of 7irn;ro('s, llial inhabit this coast, liltlo is known witli corlainty. 'I Jioinost nuinorous tribes arc tho Foulah,f Foota )ne was :ivilizing AFRICA. 233 the Africans, and of facilitating the abolition of the slave trade. The colony contains about 17,000 inhabitants, composed chiefly of liberated negroes, taken from captured slave-ships. Here are about 20 missionaries, actively engaged in the benevolentcmployment of instructing the Africans in the el- ements of learning and religion, and in the arts of civilized life; and their labors thus far have been attended with encoura- ging success. Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, is situated near the mouth of Sierra Leone river, and has an excellent harbor and about 5,000 inhabitants. Where is Sierra Leono ? W hat Island on the coast ? a. VVhat is the principal Town in Sierra Leone ? f. LIBERIA. In 1820 a settlement was commenced at the mouth of the river Mesurado by the " American Colonization Society," by the name of Liberia. The object of this settlement is to furnish a place for the colonization of the free Africans and emancipated slaves of the United States. Num- bers have been transported thither, and the colo- ny is *now in a prosperous condition. Where is Liberia ? What names have been given to the coast? G. and i. What 2 C^pes on the coast? p. m. What is the principal River? m. What is the chief Town? m. In what direction from liiberia is Sierra Leone ? St. Mat- thew's Isle? Ascension? St. Helena? guineX Guinea embraces a number of small kingdoms, the principal of which, are Ashantee, Dahomey, Benin and Biafra. Ashantee is the most powerful, civilized and commercial kingdom in the western part of Africa. The capital of 20* !234 At'IilCA. I Ashanlce^ is Ccomassie, wliich is said to contain 40,000 hi- habitants. Daiio'.iey is a poworful and fertile kinirdoin, and is inhab- ited l>y a savage, ferocious and warlike poo|)le. The capital of Dahomey, is Aboiney, which is uierely a largo collection of huts. Bknin is scarcely known to Europeans ; but it is represent- ed as a fertile and well watered country, and said to be in- habited by an industrious and humane people. 'J'ho capital is Benin. BiAFRA borders on the G:ulfof Biafra, and is almost wholly unknown. Its capital is Biafra. The coast of Guinea is divided into the Grain, the Ivory and Gold Coast; each portion bcins; named from its princi- pal article of commerce. The coast of Guinea is extremely fertile and thickly inhabited. The climate is hot, and in most parts unhealthy to foreigners. What mountains between Guinea and Nigritia? k. — What 4 Rivers in Guinea ? m. i>. f. g. What Cape on the coast ? a p. \Vhat2 Gulfs on the coast' b. b. — What largo Gulf S. of Guinea? g. — What 2 Towns on the coast? c-c. p. In ^vhat part is Ashantee : What is its Capital ? Benin ? Bi- afra ? Dahomey ? What 3 Islands on the coast of Guinea ? F-i'. B. St. r. ~~ CONGO. Methoi of Carrt/ing the Nuhililij. 40,000 m- I is inhab- he oi|>itaI collection rcproscnt- [1 to be in- 10 capital 3st wholly the Ivory its princi- extrcmely tid in most K.— What he coast ? re Gulfs, -c. P. In inin? Bi- r Guinea? APinCA. 235 Tlie Coast of Congo onil^races l.oaiigo, Congo, Angola and Benguela. It is an exttuisive, fertile and i)0|)n]ous country. The natives are rude and barbarous, and ex- tremely stupid. It abounds in wild animals, venomous serpents, St. Sat.vauor, the capital of the kiiiirdom of Congo, is situated in the interior on the top of a high niountuiri. Us position Ik extolled as one of the most healthy in the world. 'JMic Portuguese have several settlements in Conges for the jiurpose of carrying on the slave trade, the capital of v/hich, and of all their settlements in this part of Africa, is Loando St. Paulo. This city contains about 18,000 inhabttftHts, and lias an extensive commerce, principally in slav«». Where is Loango? Angola? Benguela? What Bay on the coast of Loango? St. c— What 3 Towns in I^o^Jgo ' s. B-L. and iM.— What 2 Rivers has Congo? z. c.--VVhat Cape on the coast of Congo? l.— What Mountains sepa- rate Congo from Ethiopia ? c— What is the Capital of Con- go? St. s.~What Portuguese Settlement in the W. part. L. St. p.— What River separates Benguela from Ethiopia . c— What Settlement on the Coanza ? p-n.— What 2 Towns in Benguela ? n-b. and St. p. ro u r^ ♦ n llow do they carry the nobility in Congo ? [bee the i^ui.j CIMBEBAS. The country between Congo and South Africa has been called Cimbebas,from the name of a powerful tribe, which is said to inhabit the interior. The inhabitants are said to be extremely ignorant, and filthy, and have no other clothing than the skins of animals. What t Capos on the coast? f. s.— What point in the N W part? What Bay on the coast? \v.— How do you like tiie water in Cimbebas ? Why? What Tribe of Hot- tentots in the S. part? d. What Season is it in Cimbebas 710W ? In what direction from us is Cimbebas ? ^ Should you like to dress as the inhabitants of Cin.bebas do ' 4asi?eiugm>!ft^»imifmiimt t23G AFRICA. South ^frfcflf. I Hotle.: t t miige. South Africa embraces the country south of the tropic of Capricorn, and is divided into the Cape Colony, Caffraria and the country of the Hottentots. The FIottentots are divided into various tribes ; the prin- cipal of which are the Damaras and jYamaquas tribes in the N. W. part, the Koranas in the southern part, and the Boo- rolongs in the northern part. The Hottentots, generally speaking, are an ignorant, stupid, and filthy people. They build their houses in a circular form, with the doors opening towards the centre, and thus form a kind of court into which their cattle are collected at night to preserve them from the beasts of prey. Caffraria is little known. The inhabitants generally re- semble the other tribes of Hottentots in their manners, but are more hardy and enterprising. What are the Rivers of South Africa ? k. o. z. y. — What large Hottentot Town in the interior, usually considered the capital of S. Africa ? l. What tribe of Hottentots in south of into the of the ; theprin- bes in the I Ihe Boo- generally e. They s opening ito which from the lerally re- ners, but ^— What snsidered entots in Al'fm'A. !237 the N. W. part? n. — What tribn in the VV. jmrt? n.— What Tribe in the Boulhern part? k. — What tribn in the northern l)art? B. — What is the principal Town among the IJooro- longs ? K. — What towji between Kur-rceclu'i-neo and Lat- takoo? What Town on the Yellow rivei ? v. What Mountains in South Africa? d. — What Tort or Harbor on the coast of Caftraria? What River between ("anVaria and the Capo Colony ? k. THE CAl'i: COLONY. The Cape of Good Hope waH discovered in 1497 by the Portuguese. It was afterwards colonized by the Dutch; but in 1806 it was taken by the English, in whose power it still remains. U is the most important possession ol" the English in Africa, being the place where the East.lndia Qecls stop for refreshment. The climate is temperate and salubrious, and the noil is generally fertile. The chief articles of export are wine and Irandy. Cape Town is regularly and handsomely built, and is an important and commercial town. Pop. 18,000. [Cape Town was founded in 1652, and was peopled by exiles from Holland. — M. Malic Brun.\ What 1 Rivers in the Cape Colony? z. k.— What 3 Bays in the Cape Colony? h. a. t.— V\ hat 2 Capes? What Mountains in the northern part of the Cape Colony and Caftraria ? A. The Snow Mountains. What Town in the S. W. part? What Town among the Snow rnountains in the N. part? g-u. — What Missionary station in the S. E. part? B— What Gulf in Africa N. of the Cape of Good Hope ? s. The eastern coast of Africa extending; from Caffraria to Abyssinia contains a number of sep- arate kingdoms, of which we have but httie knowledge. MoNOMOTAPA is said to he a pnnnlnns nnd fertile country I ' 238 AFKICA. and to contain mines oftrolcl of considerable value. At So- fala, the Portuguese have a settlement. Mozambique embraces a large extent of country, and is nominally subject to the Portuguese. The city of Mozambique is the capital of all tlio Portu- guese possessions in this part of Africa. Pop. 3,000. Zanquebar is said to be an unhealthy country, and to abound in wild animals, serpents, crocodiles, &c. Melinda is the capital of a kingdom of the same name, which is partially dependent on the Portuguese. Ajan is a Mahometan state, and has a considerable trade in gold, ivory, and Ambergris. Many parts of it are barren and desolate. AoEL is a fertile and populous kingdom, and is noted for its frankincense and myrrh. How is the eastern coastof Africa divided? m. m. z. a. a. What River between Monomolapa and Mozambique? z. What Town on a branch of the Zimbezi? z. — What Portu- guese Settlement on the Channel of Mozambique ? s. — What are the 2 chief divisions of Monomotapa? s. and s.— What A. Mount Fura. What Moun- What Lake between Mozam- Mountain in Monomotapa tains in Mozambique? l bique and Ethiopia ? m — What tribe in the Western part ? B. — What Capo on the coast? d.— What Portuguese Settle- ment on the Channel of Mozambique ? m. V\ hat 3 Towns on the coast of Zanguebar? m. m. a. — What 3 Islands near the coast? d. p. z. — What 3 Capes on the coastof Ajan? g. B. B.— What Mountains extend into Adel and Ajan? m. What Island roar C. Guardafui ? s.— What Town in the northern part of Adel, distinguished for its frankiricense, gum ar-a-bic and myrrh ? b. ABYSSINIA. Abyssinia, the Ancient Ethiopia, is a mountain- ous country, and has a fine healthy cHmate, and a rich fertile soil. The principal productions are wheat, and a small grain called teff, balsam, myrrh, <^c. Among the othar vegetable productions is the papyrus, so celebrated among the ancients, as the original material of paper. I. At So. try, and ii ho Portu- 30. y^ and to me name, •able trade are barren noted for M* Z« A* A • )ique ? z. hat Portu- s.— What s.— What lat Moun- 1 Mozam- lern part ? ise Sottle- t 3 Towns lands near PAjan? G. Ajan? M. wn in the ikincense, ountain- ate, and ', and a IS is the ents, us Al'MlICA. 239 InUabttattls. — 'V\w. AliysHinianH are m Uin I(»\V(!nI slate of Rivilizatioa ; and in many of their etistonis, they arc extreme- ly barbarouH and brutal. They scarcely rcfrard human life; and are fond of eating raw flesh, cut from the living animal, in its warm, palpitating state. 'J'hey profess Christianity, but it in more in name, tiian in reality. GoNDAR is situatecTou a hill, surrounded by adocj) valley. It has a mean appearance, its houses being built of clay, and only of one story. Pop. 50,000. Axum, the former capital, is distingui.shod for its extensive ruins. What Lake in Abyssinia^ d.— What Mountains S. of A- byssinia? m. — What'celebrated River rises in the mountains of the Moon? n. — What Straits lead into the Red Sea? b. What Town near the Straits of Babelmandel ? z.— What Town in the N. part, on a branch of the Nile? A.-HowisGon- dar situated ? In what direction from Abyssinia is Liberia ? NUBIA. Nubia contains several kingdoms ; the two principal of which, are Sennaarand Dongola. Nubia is mostly an extensive tract of sandy and rocky deserts, and but thinly inhabited. The wind here moves the sand like the waves of the sea ; and so rapidly that nothing can escape it. The Simoon^ or poisonous blast from the desert blows here, which if received into the lungs, causes instant death. The climate is extremely warm, but generally dry and healthy. The soil on the banks of the Nile is rich and fertile. The principal articles of commerce are gold- dust, ivory and slaves. Nubia is celebrated for its magnificent remains of antiquivy. The most noted among them is the temple of Ipstambul, tvhich is cut out of a solid rock, and is 86 feet high, and 117 •210 A l' Kit' A. wide. It is ill !i coiuplolo statu of prcdorvatioii, although it is Hupposed to huvo been built nioro than 2,000 years. Inhafnlanl^.—Tho inhabitants consist of numerous tribc« of Araba, most of whom arc noted for their troauhery^ in- tomperance and ferocity. 7Wns.— DoNGOLA, the capital of tl^^ kiniif lu asK ificm m j'ciiciai vjucaiiuiin ^ a~^ tt iiat i.aiait\is iiu betweca the Equator and 10° S. latitude ? Between 10^ and 20*^ S. latitude, &c., and have arranged them accordingly. (iUiiJSTlONS. !247 rnf 12 o'clock^ veiling on lartel ? posite side Where are the Aleutian, or Fox Islands? Bhering's Isle ' Where is Tristan d'Acunha ? Amsterdam ? St. Paul's ? Where is Gough's Isle ? M^rseveen ? Doma ? Prince Edward's ? M.lrion and Croict's Isles ? Kerguelen's Isle ? Where is Nova Zembla ? Where is Spilzbergen ? Which is the most southern Land yet discovered ? Which is most northern Island yet discovered ? Which is the largest Island on the globe ' n. h. Which is the next largest Island ? b. Which is the next largest Island ? m. What 2 Islands duo south of Nova Zembla ? What 2 Islands S. of Ireland f St. m. and St. h. mrnond's ? s's ? Lord Otaheite ? ejee Isles ? sle ? Du- le ? New fi ? Boun- s ? South s? Christ- i ? Pesca- re ? Owy- iasy forthe i.aiait\is lie m 10^ and rdingly. PART THIRD. LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. N. B. — In answering the following questions, if the divi- sion does not lie wholly between the degrees mentioned in the question, the scholar will speciify what part is included, whether the northern^ middle^ or southern part. What What What What What What What What What divisions divisions divisions divisions divisions divisions divisions divisions divisions DIVISIONS. lie between the Equator and 10** N. lat. ? between 10° and 20° N. lat. ? between 20° and 30° N. lat. ? between 30° and 40° N. lat. > between 40° and 50° N. lat. ? between 50° and 60° N. lat. ? between the Equator and 10° S. lat* ? between 10° and 20° S. lat. ? • between 20° and 30° S. lat. ? CAPITALS. What capitals between the Equator and 10° N. lat. ? What capitals between 10° and 20° N. lat. ? What capitals between 20° and 30° N. lat. ? What capitals between 30" and 40° N. lat. ? 348 QUESTIONS. ) What capitals between 40° and 50° N. lat. ? What capitals between 50° and 60° N lat. ? What capitals between the Equator and 10° S, lat. ? What capitals between 10° and 20° S. lat. ? What capitals between 20° and 30° S. lat. ? What islands What islands What islands What islands What islands What islands What islands What islands What islands What islands What islands between between between between between between between between between bet wer II between ISLANDS. the Equator and 10° N. lat..? 10° and 20° N. lat. ? 20° and 30° N. lat. ? 30° and 40° N.lat.? 40° and 50° N. lat. ? 50° and 60° N. lat. ? 60° and 70° N. lat. ? the Equator and 10° S. lat. ? 10° and 20° S. lat. > 20° and 30° S. lat. ? 30° and 40° S. lat. ? What What What What What What What What What What What What divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisions are divisio)is are DIVISIONS. intersected by the Equator? intersected by the Tropic of Cancer ? intersected by the Tropic of Capricorn ^ intersected by the 10° N. lat. ? intersected by the 20° N. lat. ? intersected by the 30° N. lat. ? intersected by the 40° N. lat. ? intersected by the 50° N. lat. ? intersected by the 60° N. lat. .? intersected by the lO'' S.lat. ? intersected by the "20° S. lat. ? intersected by the 30° S.lat.? ISLANDS. Through what islands does the Equator pass? Through what islands does the Tropic of Cancer pass ? Through what islands docs the Tropic of Capricorn pass ? DIVISIONS. What divisions are intersected by 10° E. longitude? What divisions are intersected by 20° ? 30° 40° ? 50° ? S. loBcrihide ? QUESTIONS. 249 . lat. ? lat. ? at.? Cancer ? Capricorn ? t.? - at. ? it. ? at..? t. ? it..? ? • ■ It. ? it.? er pass ? icorn oass ? tude ? 10°? 50*=? What divisions are intersected by 60" ? 70° ? 80° ? E. long. ? What divisions are intersected by 40° W. longitude ? What divisions are intersected by 50° ? 60° W. longitude ? What divisions are intersected by 70° ? 80" W. longitude? CITIES. What city in 41** N. latitude and 29'' E. longitude ? What city in 55° N. lat. and 12° E. Ion. ? What city in 49" N. lat and 2" E. Ion.? What city in 40" N. lat. and 75° W. Ion. ? What city in 4U° N. lat. and 1 16" E. Ion. ? What city in 30" N. lat. and 90" W. Ion. ? What city in Ht^^ N. lat. and 74" W Ion.? What city in 42i° M. lat. and 70i" W. Ion. ? What city in 39° N. lat. and 78'' W. Ion ? What city in 34^" S. lat. and 5Bi« W. Ion. ? What city in 12° S. lat. and 76" W. Ion.? What city in 60" N. lat. and 30" E. Ion. ? What city in 22i° N. lat. and 88i° E. Ion. ? What city in 23° S. lat. and 43" W. Ion. ? What city in 47<> N. lat. and 70° W. Ion. ? What city in 19^° N. lat. and 100" W. Ion.? What cape in 340 S. lat. and 18° E. Ion. ? What cape in 56" S. lat. and 67" W.lon. ? What cape in 8" N. lat. and 78° E. Ion. ? What cape in36i° N. lat. and 22° F \on.? What cape in 59^° N. lat. and 43° Vv . Ion. ? What island in 16° S. lat. and 6° W. Ion. ? QUESTIONS ON THE CHART. Which is the largest Political Division on the Globe? How many square miles does the Russian Empire embrace ? How many square miles in Russia in Europe ? What is the popu- lation of Russia in Europe ? Population of Siberia ? How much larger is the Russian Empire than the United States ? Which is the second largest Political Division ? How many square miles does the Chinese Empire embrace ? How much larger is the Chinese Empire than the United States? How many square miles do the United States embrace? What is the population of the United States ? What other Division 250 QUESTIONS. of th« same extent as the United States ? What is the popu- lation of Brazil? JVo/c. — The Teacher can ask similar questions respecting the other political divisions. QUESTIONS ON THP: DIFFERENT MAPS. •JITIES. Which is the most populous City on the globe ^ p. What is the population of Peking? What city is next in popula- tion ? N. Which is the third ? l. Which are the two next ? c. and J. Which are the two next ? p. t. Which is tho eighth ? c. Which is next to Calcutta ? b. Mention the three next, c. s. and m. What is the population of Miaco ? Mention the next. k. Which arc the seven next ? St. p. m. N. c. H. M. and F. JS'ote. — The Teaclier can extend this lesson so as to em- brace all the principal cities. RIVERS. Which is the longest River on the globe? a. Which is the next longest ? m. Which is the third ? m. Which are the fourteen next? chalk manvy prop. Which are the two next? D. and o. Which are the nine next longest Rivers? SOME CRUbT, Which are tho two next? i. and s. Whitll are tho seven next longest Rivers ? wain kif. TRAVELS ON THE DIFFERENT MAPS. How will ycu sail from Washington to London ? P'or what is England distinguished ? What magnificent edifice do you find in London r* How will you sail from London to St. Petersburg ? When and by whom was St. Petersburg founded ? What can you say of the Russian Empire? What is the character of the Russians? How will you sail from St. Petersburg to Paris ? Describe Paris. For A'hat is France noted > What is the character of the French ? How will you sail from Paris to Madrid ? Lescnbo j.Tladnd. What is tho most favorite amusement is the popu- 3 respecting /TAPS. > p. What L in popula- B two next? liich is tho lention the of Miaco ? L? St. p. M. as to em- Which is Which are are the two Jst Rivers ? s. Whit], i? QUESTIONS. 251 niusenieni of the Spaniards.* What is the most nated curiosity of Spain ? What is tho character of the Spaniards ? How will you sail from Madrid to Rome ? Describe Rome. Which is the largest, Rome oi Naples ? What was Italy /ormer/y, and what is ita present state ? What does Italy abound in ? What is the character of the Italians? How will you sail from Rome to Constantinople ? Describe Constantinople. What does the Turkish J. . OCT i»> T'lTrlrpxr nnn KPrHin. C^uestions on the C/i«r^— What is the Government of the men, CIVIL GBOaUArilY. 255 n 111 Savage J 3d. y hunting, Tth. They mechanic es covered most noted dians. julture and ut science, jwn. They jf the finer B of perfee- re the Chi- he arts and iture, man- he arts and stinguislied enterprise, e people of lans. Why ? which the 3d. ire there ? , Aristoc- Russian Empire ? Of the ChinesB Empire ? Of the Turk- ish Empire I Of Persia? Afghanistan? Q. What is a Limited Monarchy? A. It is a government in vsrhich the power of the sovereign is Hmited by law ; as in Enghmd. Questions on the Chart. — Under what form of Government is France ? Spain? Austria? IIovv many countries of Eu- rope have Limited Monarchies ? Q. What is an Aristocracy ? A. It is a government administered by a few men, usually styled the nobility. Q. What is a Republic ? A. It is a government in which the people choose their own rulers ; as in the United States. Questions on the Chart. — ^Underwhat form of government is Mexico? Switzerland? What other countries have a Republican government? Q. What is the government among savage nations? A. It is usually that of patriarchs or chiefs, who are elected to office on account of their bra- very, wisdom, and experience. They are gene- rally called Independent Chiefs ; as among the N. American Indians, Arabians, &c. Q. What is a Viceroy ? A. The Governor of a kingdom, or country, who is appointed by a monarch, and who rules with regal authority. (Questions on the Chart. — Under what government is Bri- tish America? Egypt? vill of the ment of the RELIGIONS. The four prevailing religions of the world, are Christian, Mahometan, Jewish, and Pagan, or Heathen. 25G CIVIL OKOGllArilV. Queaiiotison lh( Chart e.vliihilina^theprogresit ofChrutian- it)f. — How niftiiy OlirisliunH iiro tlioro on tlio |ijlobo ? Mow many Jews ? How iiiuny MulioinotiuiH? How many Pa- gans ? Christians arc those who believe in Jesus Christ as the Saviour of mankind. Thoronro lliroo great divisiouH of Christians: viz. Koman Catholics, CropkC hurrh, and i'rotestants. The Roman CathoHcs are those who acknow- ledge the supremacy of the Pope. The Greek Church, in its forms and cerenio- nies resembles the Uoman Catholic, but denies the supremacy of the Po[)e, Protestants are those who disclaim the jurisdic- tion of the Pope, and take the Bible as the only foundation of Christian faith and worship. Protostants are divided into various socts ; the principal of which aro Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congrogationalisty, Baptists, Methodists and Friends. Mahometans are those who believe in Mahom- et, an impostor of Arabia, who flourished 600 years after Chris The Jews are those who believe in the Old Testament and reject the New, and expect a Sa- viour yet to come. Pagans, or Heathen, are those who believe in false gods, and worship idols, beasts, reptiles, &c. GOVERNMENT, RELIGION, CIVILIZATION, &c. In the followincr Table, i\\Qjirst column gives the names of the principal countries ; the second shows the form of gov- ernment, — A. M. signifies Absolute Monarchy, L. M. Lim- ited Monarchy, R. Republican, V. Viceroys or Governors, and I. C. liidependent Chiefs ; the //u>rf, the prevailing Religion, — P. signifies Protestant, C. Catholic, G. Greek Churah, M. Mahometan, and li. Pagan or Kcathen ; the Chrittian- (0 ? Mow imiriy Pa- is Christ iz. lloinan iicknow- ceremo- it denies jurisdic- Lhe only • I principal atioiialistfai, Mahom- shed 600 the Old 3ct a Sa- elieve in tiles, &c. ION, &c. names of 'm of gov- a. M. Lim- Grovernors, nrovailing , G. Greek CIVIL CaiEOURAPIIY. 251 fuurlhy Iho hUUo of Hooioty. — E. nignifioH Enli|y;liten(!(l, (5 "(Jivilizod, H. C. llalf-Civili/od, and S. Savago, or Harba- roua ; iUu Jiflk column, Iho Raco, to which each Nation be- longs. AMP.RKJA. Country. C»««. Jieligion. Civ. Hare ( tndianH iiritiHli America United States Mexico Guatrmala Colombia Peru Bolivia Chili United Provinces Brazil Guiana Amazonia Patagonia Groat Britain France Spain Portugal Netherlands Wirtemberg Hanover Saxony Bavaria Norway & Sweden Naples States of th. Church RuBsia Prussia Denmark Austria Turkey Sardinia Switzerland L. M. C. V. C. I. c. In. I. c. \n. F.UHOPE. T.. M. I.. M. L. M. L. M. L. M. L. M. L. M. L. M. L. M. li. M. L. M. H.* A.M. A.M. L.M, L. M. A.M. L.M R. P. C. C. C. P. P. and C. P. and C. P. and C. P. and C. P. C. C. G. P. P. C. M. C. fP.and C. S. K. E. C. G. C. C. C. C. c. C. c. s. s. E. K. v.. c. K. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. C. E. E. 23 # American Europ«!an Europonn European European European F^uropean European European European fOuropean European American American European European European European European European European European European European European European Europenn European European European European European European 258 t'lVlL 0E06RAPI1Y. ASIA. Oov. I.e. Religion Civ. S. Race. i\1. European A.M. M. H. e. European A.M. M. H. C. European A.M. M. H. C. European I. C. M. H. C. European + H. H. C. European H* II. H. C. Mongolian A. M. H. H. e. Mongolian A. M.H. H. C. Mongolian A. M.H. H. C. Mongolian I.e. M. H. e. European V. H. s. Mongolian A.M. H. I H.e. Mongolian Counlry* Arabia Turkey Persia Afghanistan Beloochifctan Hindoostan Thibet Birnian Empire Empire of Tonkm Chinese Empire Indep. Tartary Siberia Empire of Japan Little is known respecting the governments of Africa, ex- cept in the northern part. Egypt^ Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers are m some degree dependent on Turkey, and may be classed among the most absolute monarchies. Morocco is an abso- lute despotism. The religion in all the Barbary States is Mahometan. * Hierarchy, nnecclesiasticl goveinraent. t Hifldoostan has varioas forms of gov«riMn«nt» A. ancll Q. A. com< 1»ART FOURTH* ■• XutrotructCon to ^jstroiiomij. Summerin ilteNortfiern ^Hemisphere V V ^'^fit^-^j[ •"^ \_« Summerk, ihtSouthtrn Renmphen # /<*• ■^9UalJiayStNi^'^ li The Seasons. Q,. What is Astronomy ? A. It is the science which teaches the motions and the magnitudes of the heavenly bodies. Q. Of What does the Solar System consist ? A. It consists of the sun, planets, asturuids and comets. 260 / i\i\ INTROntJCJTION TO ASTRONOMY. It is called tho Solar System^ because the sun is supposed to be placed in the centre, having all the planets revolving round it, at difTerent distances and in different periods of time. Q. What is the Sun ? A. It is an immense spherical body, placed in the centre of the system, and gives light and heat to the planetG, moons, asteroids and comets. It revolves on its axis once in 25 days and 10 hours. This revolution is det f the fixed yht, which than three connot re- must shino to be suns 3und them, ings. 'ith the na- ' telescopes er round 2i hours, day and heavenly sun once ce in the Lgreeable e spheroid, ; the equa. ir. astic fluid, t above it. ; float in it, the atmos. ut it is sup. shines entirely by light received from the sun. Its diameter is 2,180 miles, and its distance from the centre of the earth 240,000 miles. Its bulk to that of the earth is as 1 to 49. The moon revolves round the earth, from change to change, in 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes. The surface of the moon is greatly diversified with ine- qualities, which through a telescope have the appearance of hills and valleys. When the moon is in conjunction, or in the same part of the heavens with the sun, it is called the new moon ; when it is in opposition, or 180 degrees distant, it is called the full moon. irth, and The moon revolves on its axis but once in its revolution round the earth, and consequently its day is a little longer than 29i of our days. ECLIPr»ES. Q. What is an Eclipse ? A. It is a partial, or total privation of the light of the sun or moon. Q. What is the cause of an eclipse of the sun ? A. It is caused by the interposition of the moon between the earth and the sun, and consequently must happen when the moon is in conjunction with the sun, or at the new moon» Q. What causes an eclipse of the moon ? A, It is caused by an interposition of the earth between the sun and moon, and therefore must happen at the full moon, or when the moon is 180 degrees distant from the sun. The diameter of the sun and moon is supposed to be divi- ded into 12 parts, called digits ; and an eclipse is said to be so many digits, according to the number of those parts, which are involved at the greatest darkness. THE SEASONS. Q. What occasions the different seasons? A. They are occasioned by the axi« of the i H ^ 264 INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY. earth, being inclined to the level of its orbit nl- / ways in one direction, in its circuit round the sun ; so that one end of the axis is directed to- wards the sun at one season of the year, ainl from the sun at another. This »l«o ^^^^^^'^'^ the variation of climate, and the difterent lengths of day and night. rSeo Iho figure rcprosontin}? tho Poasons.] kom tho 20th it-Mardi to the 2'2d ot SoptonU,crl n north pole inclines to the sun, and it is summer ux to noriU em hemisphere and winter in the southern: from I o ^22d ol Septembe? to the 20th' of March llio north polo doclmcs/.om The sun, and it is winter in tho 7iortkcrn hemisphere and sum- mer in the southern. , , . „ K„tr In tho same manner it will bo socn, that durintr one half the year the north polo is continually illuminated by i ho sun while the south polo is in darkness; and consequntly the day in the naw,.em hemisphere will be more than 12 hours lonff and those in the southern hemisphere, less than U hours r and during tho other half the year, the south pole fs con tantly in the light, and tho north polo in darkness and consequently the Says in the southern hemisphere will Se more than 12 hours long, and those in the northern less than 12 hours ; thus causing the different lengths of day and "' AtUie equator the days and nights are always equal, be- ine 12 hours each ; but as you proceed Aom the oquatoi, thiy vary in length according to the latitude and season 1^ latitude 160 44', the day is 13 hours long ;-.n 4 1° 2^1' itis 15 hours in length ;-in 61° 18, it is 19 hour.s;-m bG 32' it is 24 hours ;-iii 07^ 1 8', the longest day is one month ; in 69° 33', it is 2 months ; in 77° 40', it is 4 months ; and ai ^'TlScf sllX^rtho map of the world rospr^enting the lonn-est days and nights, also the zones and chmates.j Xe»(;o«.-What is the length of the days .nd n.ght. at thoTqnator? What is the length of the longes day ,,,»- 34'? What is the lo.^gth of tho ongost day m lb ^^^« ^ In 24° 12' ? In 30° 4«' ? in 36^ oi : iU 41-4 _ — -- 32'? In 49° 2'? In 54° 30 ? What is the length of the I PHYSICAL GEOGUAPIIY. 265 orbit nl- und the ;ctc(J lo- 3nr, ami ccasions t lengths tembcr llio the norlh- Iho 'm\ of iclinos/zom c and sum- ijr one half |)y ilio Biin •quntly llio in 12 hours ss than 12 south polo 1 tlarknoss, iplioio will Di-thcrn less of day and 1 equal, be- 10 equator, season, -in 41° 24' r.s ;— in 66° one month; ths ; and at ijsenting the lies.] nd nights nt ist day in S^*^ in 16° 44'? ;4' ? In 45° •ngth of the I longest day in 67« i»' ? I" CO" 33' ? In TS'^ h' 1 Whnt in the :;; 4h of fhe lonVrent day at the poU. ? W hat in i^o »-,!». of the longest night ? 1 low many days and nighlB are thoro at the poles in a year? CLIMATES. Climate is a portion of the earth's Burfaco contained be- tween 2 small iirclos parallel to the equator and of such a bTeadtlU "at ho longest day in the parallel neareBt the equa- tor in half an hour s'horter than in the next more rerr.o e, the torrid and temperate zone8,-and one month m the *^'' AH ulaies in the 5«mg latitude, are in the ,am« climate,-- . f W ^ot beTf^ thence that they have the am \rospreV>c:i t:^peraturo, as t'.;^^«P-^«-;7- causes Mountains, lakes, deserts, plams, Sic. have great re on the atmosphere; as high --"^-^ -^^[^ l^^, ecjuator are covered with perpetual snow, and deserts aro ^iS.^ll^^C'^anrcUajates between ^^^ eaSi. polar circle ? A 24 How many cj-at-jetween each polar circle and its pole • A. 6. In w ^^ ^^^ the first climate end ?^ ^fn w at atitude does the' second world.] A. In 8 44. m w latitude does the climate end ? A. In about 16i . ^^ ^J^'' . - . , g- jj^ ? third climate end? Fourth climate ? Fifth. bixtn. dcr on the scrile as lar as 'is T ' Onr iijliifh thrv are not aid a, you proceed from the « A. It is the regular elevation and depression of the ocean, which happens twice every 24 hours, caused by the attraction of the moon and of the sun. At the new Q.nd full moon, the tides are greatest, and are called spring tides ; at the first and last quarters, they are least, and are called neap-tides ; and the highest are near the time of the equinoxes. li he vion- west, ex- e equator prevail in ction, and n. Their ompanied ds, wliich PORDUCTIONS OF THE EATRH. Q. How are the productions of the earth arranged ? A. Under three grand divisions, called king- doms ; viz. : The mineral kingdom^ the vegetable kingdom^ and the animal kingdom. 1. The mineral kingdom contains all earths and stones, mineral combustibles, salts, and metals. 2. 'IhQ vegetable kingdom includes all trees, shrubs, and plants. 3. The animal kingdom includes all living creatures ; as bipeds, quadrupeds, fowls, fishes, reptiles, insects, and worms. To what kingdom does my knife belong P 208 I GLOBES. INTRODUCTION TO THE Wint of the Capricornus, OX Aquarius, >£ Pisces, Oct. 23d Nov. 22d Dec. 21st Jan. 20th Feb. 19th The first six are called JSTorthern signs, because they are ?5orth of the e^natnr, the last six are called Southern signs, because ^ev aro south of the equator. 33* i *,3 270 eLOBES. Q. What is tho Zodiac? ,/»o -j A. It is a broad belt in the heavens, 16° wide ; in the middle of which is the ecliptic. It com- prehends the orbits of all the planets. QUESTIONS ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. Which Grand Division extends farthest north? At what place does Asia extend farthest north? At what place does Europe? North America? Supposing the Arctic Ocean was navigable, in what di- rections must you sail in going from North Cape, m a direct **"what^pTa^e^^i8*there on the globe, from which you can travel only in one direction? ^ ^ , ^i,^? What Cape in Asia opposite to Baflin s 15ay. Towards what two points of the compass must you steer in sailing from Spitzbergen to Bhering's Strait, across the ^ThJough'what countries will you pass, and what waters will you cross, in travelling on the Arctic Cvrcle round the globe, commencing at Bhermg's Straii^ r.r^o^r h« Travel in the same manner, on the Tropic of Cancer, be- ginning at Cape St. Lucas. The Equator commencing at Quito. The Tropic of Capricorn, beginning at Rio Janeiro. The parallel of 40° N. lat. beginning at Philadelphia. There are two routes from New York to Canton; de- 'in'what'direction from Philadelphia is Cairo? Peking? London? Rio Janeiro? Calcuttc ? St. Petersburgh ? Rome? ^SoesAsia^ofN: America extend farther south? South America or New Holland? , « r u„ One of the tropics passes near the centre of one of ihe Continents; which Tropic' and what Coiitment ? What places are direct^ South of the North Pole ? What waters will you cross in sailing from Boston to Okhotsk ? From Okhotsk to Buenos Ayres ? From Buenos Ay res to Flartford ? OLOBES. 271 Describe the limits of each zone. Which Grand Division of the globe lies mostly in the Tor- rid Zone ? In what Zone is Icy Cape ? Cape Horn ? Cape Coinonn ? Cape Taymour ? Cape Verd? Which way must a ship steer, in sailing from New York \o the Cape of Good Hope ? From the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia ? From Batavia to Cape Horn? From Cape Horn to London ? * From London to INevv York ? Is there more land or water on the surface of the earth ? How much of the earth's surface is covered with water ? A. About two thirds. What land do you find in the south Frigid Zone i What places are north of 90° of S. latitude ? , . , What Sea in the western hemisphere, nearly in the latitude of the China sea ? , , ., n i r ^no at Wl)at foui Seas arc intersected by the parallel ot 40° JN. latitude? ^ , ^. Does Europe or Africa extend farther west? What places have no latitude? ^ . • There are 25 Seas on the globe ; what are tneir names and where are they ? , , i i , Which Grand Division of the globe has thegreattst num. ber of Seas in and around it ? « , j -> On which side of the Equator is there the most land ? What places are south of 90° of N. latitude ? There are two routes by which you can sail from Boston to 'WTT't^ PROBLKMS. 273 Peking? Cape of Good Hope 1 Paris? Calcutta? What places have no latitude ? PROBLEM II. To find the Longitude of any place. Rule.— Bring the place to the brass meridian, and the degree on the Equator under the meridian ib the longitude. , What is the longitude of Phdadelphia? 7o W. Boston? New York? Peking? Lima? What places have the same longitude as New York ? Stockholm ? London ? When it is 12 o'clock at Stockholm, what mhabit- ants of the earth have the same hour ? » niOBLEM IIL To find anyplace whose latitude and longitude are gio . ^ Rule.— Find the longitude on the Equator, and bring it to the brass meridian ; then find the latitude on the meridian ; and under it is the place sought. What place has 77 i° W. long, and 39'^ N. lat. 1 A. Washington? . What places have the following latitudes and longitudes ? Latitude. Longitude. 521° north 13^0 east. 32^^ north 81 i° west. 23° south 42 i« west. 221° north 88i° east. PROBLEM IV. To find the distance between any two places. Rule.— Lay the Quadrant of Altitude oyer both places, and the degrees between them multiplied by G9^ will give the English miles. Fil M 274 PROBLEMS. What is the distance between the Island of Ber- mudas and St. Helena ? A. 73ix69i=5l09J miles. PROBLEM V. To rectify the Globe for the latitude of a place. Rule.— Elevate the pole till the horizon cuts the meridian in the latitude of the place. Rectify the Globe for the latitu'^.e of London. PROBLEM VI. The hour at one place being given^ to find what hour it is at any other place. RuLE.—Bring the place where the hour is given to the meridian, and set the index of the hour circle to that hour ; then turn the Globe till the place where the hour is required comes under the meridian, and the index will point to the hour at that place. When it is 10 o'clock in the morning at London, what hour is it at St. Petersburgh ? A. The differ- enco of time is two hours — 12. When it is noon at Hartford, what hour is it m London ? Constantinople ? PEOBLEM VII. To find the Sun's decimation. Rule.-— Find the sun's place in the ecliptic, and bring it to the brass meridian and the degree over it is the sun's declination. What is the sun's declination on the 15th of April ( A. 10°N. Jan. 21? June 21 ? Sept. 21 ? Nov. «1? PROBLEMS. 275 mr it IS at PKOBLEM VIII. Tojind the time of the Sun's rising and setting at anyplace. Rule. — Find the sun's declination and elevate the north or south pole, according as the declination is north or south so many degrees above the horizon, as are equal to the sun's '^'^clination ; bring the given place to the brass meridian, and set the index of the hour circle to 12. Turn the globe eastward till the given place comes to the horizon, and the index will shew the t.^me of the sun's rising. Turn the globe to the west verge of the horizon, and the index will shew the time of his setting. At what time does the sun rise and set at Hartford on the 5th of February ? A. The sun rises at 7, and sets at 5. OR, Rectify the globe for the latitude of the place, find the sun's place in the ecliptic and '^ring it to the brass meridian, and set the index of tne hour circle to 12. Turn the globe westward tiH the sun's place comes <. > the horizon, and the index will show the time of the sun's setting ; these hours taken from 12 will give the rising. At what time does the sun rise and set at Har'Jbrd on the 5th of May ? A. Tlie sun rises at 5, and sets at 7. What time does the sun rise and set on the 21st of June at Quito ? Mexico? London? Cape North? Cape Horn? rUOBLEM IX. Tojind Ike length of the day and night ai any time in the year Rule.— Double the time of the %un's rising ^nd itgivesthe length of the night. Double the time of his setting aud it gives the length of the riay. oi^g PROBLEMS. Wlmt is the length of the shortest day at Hartford I ^•u'hat i'thotngth of the longest day and shortest ni sht nt Edinburgh ? PROBLEM X. To find th, An,.k Pen-i. aM Mipoda of an, placr. EXPLANATION. The An..ciansar those wl.^^^^^^^^^^ et-rn^X '^^i^--^:'^ .eri. RULV—Bring the S'^^" j'"^^ '° * "the meridian f:^roT\hrE;"a"s-\.tirnVei. north; sr/xjir-etryt"' t"p:tn,l^VtK:r^'i th^ ..ndithe latitudeof l£::r%he-L^r°4;^^^^~^^^^^^ from ours. ^^ j,,^ brass me- M r mT;; the Slobe half round, then count as ma. [^'d^g : s 'oStlTof the Equator as f. g.ven place ^'"A Anta^c. are tn the northern part of the PROBLEMS. 277 lartford I d shortest any plcicf. same lou- \ii south as iter. )rass meri- 5 meridian is north ; r the same ice of Ion- n when we brass meri- till the in- 3 latitude of e same lati- er 180« of asons differ 3 brass me- ;ount as ma- given place s. Lntipodes ol part of the island of Chiloe. The Periaeci are in the Deaert of Shamo in the Chinese Empire. The Antipodes are in the Southern Ocean south-oait of the Island of St. Paul. PROBLEM XI. To find how many miles make a degree of longitude in any given parallel of latitude. Rule. — Lay the quadrant of altitude parallel to the equator between any two meridians in the given latitude, which differ in longitude 15 degrees ; the number of degrees intercepted between them multi- plied by 4, will give the length of a degree in geo- crraphical miles. The geographical miles may be brought into English miles, by multiplying by 116, and cutting off two figures from the right hand of the Example.— How many geographical and Eng- lish miles make a degree in the latitude of Peking ? PROBLEM XII. To find the hearing of one place from another. Rule.— If both places be situated in the same parallel of latitude, their bearing is either east or west from each other ; if they be situated on the same meridian, ♦hey bear north and south from each other ; if they be situated on the same rhumb-line, that rhumb-line is their bearing ; if they be not situ- ated on the same rhumb-line, lay the quadrant of al- titude over the two places, and that rhumb-line which is the nearest of being parallel to the quad- rant will be their bearing. Example. — Which way must a ship steor from Lizard Point to the island of Bermudas l Ans.— W. S. W. 24 ' ' 1 I \t 278 QUESTIONS. QUESTIONS, EXERCISING THE PROBLEMS ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 1. What inhabitants of the earth have the same length of days as those of Philadelphia ? 2. What inhabitants of the earth have the same seasons of the year as those of London ? 3. When it is 10 o'clock in the evening at Stock- holm what inhabitants have the same hour ? 4. Vhat is the nearest distance between New York and the Cape of Good Hope ? ^ . , , . 5. When it is noon at Philadelphia, what inhabit- ants of the earth have midnight ? 6. When it is 10 o'clock in the morning at Lon- don] where is it 10 o'clock in the evening? 7. What is the sun's longitude (commonly called the sun's place in the ecliptic) on the 15th of April ? 8. What day of the year is of the same length as the 15th of April? ^ ^. ^, 9. How much longer is the 5th of May at New York than at Quito ? i , • 10. When it is noon at London, at what places is the sun rising and setting, and where is it midnight ? 11. Are the clocks at Philadelphia faster or slow- er than those at London, and how much ? 12. What is the difference of latitude between Cape North and Cape Matapan ? 13. What is the difference of longitude between Philadelphia and Constantinople ? 14. What is the distance between New York and London in English miles ? . . . , 15. What hour is it at London when it is 4 m the evening at Calcutta ? 16. At what time does the sun rise and set at QUESTIONS. 279 GLOBE. he same he same at Stock - len New b inhabit- at Lon- ily called of April? length as >r at New places is nidnight ? por slow- between 3 between York and is 4 in the Eind set at Archangel on the 15th of March, and what is the length of the day and night ? 17. If the sun set at 7 o'clock, at what time does it rise, and what is the length of the day ? 18. How many English miles must I travel west- ward from London that my watch may be six hours too fast ? 19. What place upon the globe has the greatest longitude, the least longitude, no longitude, and eve- ry longitude ? 20. What inhabitants of the earth in the course of 12 hours will be in the same situation as their An- tipodes ? 21. At what place on the globe can two ships sail directly from each other, and still sail the same point of the compass ? 22. How many English miles must I travel east- ward from Philadelphia, that my watch may be 7 hours too slow ? 23. Supposing a person could start from Philadel- phia precisely at noon on Monday, and keep pace with the sun round the globe, at what place would he first be told it was Tuesday noon ? 24. There is a town in Norway where the longest day is five times the length of the shortest night, what is its name ? 25. When the sun is setting to the inhabitants of Hartford on the 4th of April, where is it rising, and where midnight ? Latitude. o t Aberdeen, Abo, Acapulco, Adrianople, Aleppo, Albany, Alexandria, Scotland, Russia, Mexico, Turkey, Syria, U. States, Egypt, 280 LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES Of some of the principal places in the world, with the countries in which they are siiuaied, selected pom the best geographical tables. The longitude w reckon- ed Jrom Greenwich Observatory. Names of Places. Countries. A. 57 9 N. 60 27 N. 17 10 N. 41 10 N. 35 45 N. 42 39 N. 31 13 N. 52 22 N. 38 5 N. 38 56 N. 29 45 N. B. 39 17 N. 33 20 N. 41 23 N. 44 29 N. 42 20 N. 44 50 N. 50 51 N; 34 35 S. 60 24 N. 52 31 N. c. 36 31 N. 30 3 N. 50 57 N. 22 35 N. 23 8 N. 41 I N. 32 50 N. 55 41 N. Amsterdam, Netherlands, Athens, Greece, Annapolis, U. States, St. Augustine,Florida, Baltimore, Bagdad, Barcelona, Bologna, Boston, Bordeaux, Brussels, U. States, Turkey, Spain, Italy, U. States, France, Netherlands, Buenos Ay res, S. America, Bergyn, Berlin, Cadiz, Cairo, Calais, Calcutta, Canton, Norway, Prussia, Spain, Egypt, France, Hindoostan, China. C onstantmopleTurkey, Charleston, U. States, Copenhagen, Denmark, Longitude, o / 2 28 W. 22 13 E. 101 45 W. 26 30 E. 37 20 E. 73 42 W. 29 55 E. 4 51 E. 23 52 E. 76 43 W. 81 30 W. 76 36 W. 44 24 E. 2 11 b;. 11 21 E. 71 4 W. 35 W. 4 22 E. 58 31 W. 6 20 E. 13 22 E. 6 12 W. 31 21 E. I 51 E. 88 29 E. 113 a E. 28 54 E. 79 48 W. 12 35 E. LATITUDRi AND LONGITUDES. 281 Namei of Places. Countries. Latitude. D. e: w. w. Dantzic, Dresden, Dublin, Dundee, Detroit, Edinburgh, Elsinore, Ephesus, Cape Farewell, Frankfort, Frankfort, Geneva, Genoa, Gibraltar, Greenwich, Halifax, Hamburgh, Ilavanna, Hartford, Cape Horn, Jedo, Jerusalem, Ispahan, Kola, Koningsburg, Kingston, Leghorn, Lisbon, London, Lyons, Lima, Prussia, Saxony, Ireland, Scotland, U. States, 54 61 53 56 42 E. Scotland, 55 Denmark, 56 Turkey, 33 F. Greenland, 59 Germany, 49 U. States, 38 G. Switzerland, 46 Italy, 44 Spain, England 22 N. 3 N. 21 N. 28 N. 24 N. 58 N. 2.N. N. 30 N. 55 N. 14 N. 12 N. 25 N. 36 5 N. 51 29 N H. Nova Scotia, 44 46 N. Germany, Cuba, U. States, S. America, I & Japan, Syria, Persia, Lapland, Prussia, Jamaica, Italy, Portugal, England, France, Peru, K. 63 23 41 55 J. 36 31 32 34 N. 12 N. 46 N. 68 S. ON. 46 N. 62 N. 68 52 N. 54 43 N. 17 46 N. L. 24* 43 33 N. 38 40 N. 51 31 N. 45 46 N. 12 IS. Longitude. 18 34 E. 13 42 E. 6 6 W. 2 58 W. 82 58 W. 3 12 W. 12 37 E. 27 53 E. 42 42 W. 8 35 E. 84 40 V/. 6 E. 8 36 E. 5 22 W. 63 27 W. 9 55 E. 82 18 W. 72 50 W. 67 26 W. 139 40 E. 35 20 E. 52 60 E. 33 1 E. 21 35 E. 76 5.) W. 10 16 E. 9 low. 6W. 4 48 E. 76 49 W. ^ri^^^M'^r^fSf*-^''"' lyl^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ M'> ^ ////J 1.0 If I.I 1.25 — '""M ill 2.5 2.0 1^ illlM 1.8 U III 1.6 V] ^ <^ ^. /2 A ^'M /A ..... o>^ -'^ ■V ^;r — *a o / Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTE5,N.Y, 14580 (716) 872-4503 <. V ^ ^"^: t^ ^ 282 LATITUDES ATID LONOITUDBt. Names of Places. Countries. Madrid, Spain, Marseille^t Francev Mecca^ Arabia, Mexico, America, Milan, Austria, % Modena, Italy, Montpelier, France, Montreal)- Canada^ Nanking, China, Naples, Italy, N. Haven, U. States, N. York, U. States, N. Orleans, U. States, Oporto, Portugal, Cape Ortegal, Spain, Oxford, England, Palermo, Sicily, Paris, France, Peking, China, Petersburgh, Russia, Philadelphia, U. States, Providence, U. States, Portsmouth, U- States, Quebec, Quito, Canada, Peru, Riga, Russia, Rome, Italy, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Samarcand, I. Tartary, Savannah, U. States, Syracuse, Sicily, Tangier!, Mor«jcco, Latitude. M. 40 25 N. 43 18 N. 21 40 N. 19 26 N. 45 28 N. 44 34 N. 43 37 N. 45 50 N. N. 32 5 N. 40 60 N. 41 18 N. 40 42 N. 29 57 N. O. 41 10 N. 43 46 N. 51 45 N. P. 38 10 N. 48 50 N. 39 45 N. 69 56 N. 39 66 N. 41 51 N. 43 4 N. Q. 46 65 N. 13 S. R. 57 5 N. 41 64 N. 51 66 N. S. 39 45 N. 32 2 N. 37 4 N. T. 36 55 N. Longitude. 3 12 W. 5 22 E. 41 E. 100 6 Wr 9 12 E. 11 12 E. 3 53 E. 73 It W. 118 46 fi. 14 17 E. 72 68 W. 74 1 W. 90 9 W. 8 27 W. 7 37 W. 1 15 W. 13 42 E. 2 20 E. 116 27 E. 30 19 E. 75 11 W. 71 26 W. 70 6 W. 69 53 W; 77 65 W. 25 6 E. 12 29 E. 4 28 E. 63 20 E. 81 3 W. 15 31 £. £ 45 W. LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES. 283 Namoi of Places. CountrieB. Tarento, Tornea, Trieste, Tripoli, Upsal, Venice, Vera Cruz, Vienna, Warsaw, Washington, Wilna, York, Youghall, Italy, Lapland, Austria, Barbary, Sweden, Austria, Mexico, Austria, Poland, U. States, Poland, England, Ireland, u Latitude. 40 43 N. 65 51 N. 45 51 N. 32 54 N. 59 52 N. 45 26 N. 19 12 N. 48 12 N, W. 62 14 N. 38 63 N. 54 41 N. T. 53 59 N. 51 48 N. z. Longitude. 17 31 E. 24 12 E. 14 3 E. 13 5 E. 17 42 E 12 4 E. 97 20 W. 16 16 E. 21 E. 76 55 W. 25 27 E. 1 7 V^^. SOW. Zanesviile, U. States,- 39 59 N. 82 10 W.