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Un daa symboias suivants apparaftra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la aymbola -— signlfla "A SUIVRE", la aymbola V signlfla "FIN". ladat irga to ba Filmad ir. laft to fias as Lrata tha Las cartas, planchas. tablaaux. ate, pauvant Atra filmAa A das taux da rAduction diff Arants. Loraqua la documant aat trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul jlichA. 11 ast filmA A partir da I'angla supArlaur gaucha. da gaucha A droita. at da haut an baa. an pranant la nombra d'^magas nAcaaaaira. Las diagrammas auivants lllustrant la mAthoda 1 2 3 4 5 6 J 248 Forensic Medichu and Toxicology. The two men occupied a imall oabin at a «7orl» where water-ga^ waa used. The cabin waa fumiahed with two bumera, and waa wanned by a »tov9 which alao consumed water-gki The bodies were warm when diaoovered, death being quite recent The (raa had escaped from the store, which waa found tunied on but unlighted. Two days after death a post-mortem examination waa about to be made in a large room of 39,000 cubic feet capacity, whou aereral of the medioiU men present were suddenly taker ill. The symptoms left no doubt that they also were suffering from the effects of a poisonoua gas. It subsequently became known that eight jets were partially turned on, but unlighted, in the room where the bodies were about to be examined. Two days later (four days after death) a post-mortem examination was mada The post-mortem staina were pink, and rigidity well marked. The tissues were quite fresh. Pupils of medium sise. Lungs generally dark, with bright patchea Heart and mediastinal tissues were bright in colour, as was also the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes. The abdominal muaolea were rosy-coloured ; the small intestinos were bright pink. Kidneyj bright in colour but normal ; lirer the aame. Mucous membrane of stomach florid and mottled. Brain ressels not unusually full, but more florid than usuaL The spleen waa not bloodless, aa has been stated in carbonic oxide poisoning. On spectroscopic examination the blood was found to be charged with earbouio oxide hamoglobin, and on analysis by a very ingenious method it waa found to contain over 'OS per cent by weight, or 29 volumes per 100 Tolomea of blood. The pre- serTatire effecta of Hb CO on the blood and tissues is well illustrated by the fS&ct that the remains of the Tiscera, which had been kept without preserratiTe agents, were found quite fresh when examipMl two months after removal from the body. ^ J. Dixo> Mank. Fauc (Pro£ F.). «Ueber postmortale Blttt-Verttnderangao."'— Fmt- tdjahrttek./. gtriekt. Med., April, 1890. Tbm question propounded in this paper is — What signifloanoe iu to b« attributed to the presence or absence of blood in the arteries after death as rsgards the manner or oanae of death t The action of the ruo-mc^ot ai^paratua is diaeussed, and a number ot experiments were mado on animals, with the view of aaoertaiuhs^ the constancy of poai-moi'tem appearances under like oonditionSb The conclusion arrived at is — that the afteiwleath appearances are by no means reliable aa indicating the kind of death, nor wheUier death occurred with exceptional ra^di^ or net Individual diflerences in irritability and exhaustibility of the vaao-motor system exercise so great an influence in determining the results, that t^e indications met with are to be interpreted with great caution. J. Dixom Manm. ■■M>««"»iiW|Hi'y^«* - KoUe«9 of Book9, 240 SiTDBL (C). "Uaber ein mom werihTollM Zeiohen dM Ertrinkungt- tod^''—rierttljahn»ek/. gtriekt. Mtd,, April, 1890. Thb following appe»r»no«i were found in th« bodi«i of tweWe penont after death from drowning. Tha death* took place In apring and •ummer, and the corpeea were examined whikt quite freeh. The eye- lids wert ■ometimes of a blue-red colour and alightly twoUen, aometintea they were unchanged and partly open. On that portion of the cornea which waa uncovered, twelve or fifteen phlyctenular elevationa, the aize of a hay seed, and of a grey colour, were observed. In the less recent cases the epithelium ov«r these apoU had been deatroyed, and the surface of the corneal tissue waa ahowa. After enucleating the eyeballs it was seen that the portion of cornea covered by the eyelids wat clouded and covered with a swollen epithelial layer. Theee appearancea were more clearly seen when the eyeball WM placed for some hours in 50 per cent alcohol. The conjunctiva waa reguhu-ly injected, oepecially in its peri- phery. The colour of the injected membrane varied firom pale red to dark violet, in accordance with the length of time the body had been exposed after removal from the water. In two cases, star-like, blue-red ecchymoses were seen in the injected surface. Whether similar ap- pearances are to be uiet with in winter is uncertain, but, if so, probably longer time would be required for their development than in warm weather. J- Duck Mann. NOTICES OF BOOKS. "History and Pathology of Vaccination." By Professor E. M. Cbooksbank. Two vols. London : Lewi% 1888. That vaccination, if property peifonBed, redooes gn*tly the vimlenoe of a succeeding attack of smaUpoi, and in the migonty of oaees confen complete immunity, would seem so well esUblished— there is such abundant evidence in suppoft ^ this opinion from individual cases, firom smallpOK hospitals, from trills of moartality at home and abroad, and from the history of swdipAZ •pkUmioa— that it is at first sigkt diffioult to oomprahend how aay om with sound intellMt and orduiary powota of reasoning can u^old the epponte contenticMi, a&d d«)lare vaeoinaiimi to be utterly useless, not to say misehievoiis. Certainly our views con- OMning vaednatim ha^s beoeme modified; they aie not the same as those promulgated whea tiie opentioa first giUned ground. This, how- ever, is only what might he expected; firom the nature of the caee the lunitations to the ^ieaey of vaeeination could only be determined after O ili r,. 250 Koticfi of Bookt. •to's*- ■.'-te*'a ■ the lapw of mianj j6*nL We admit freelj that, when ten or tweWe years hare <%uttpMd, a sinf^le inoculation in 75 per cent or more of the ▼accinated do<«« not bring about immunity ; we beliere that re-vnccinntion is neoeaiary ; we grant that even after revaccination lome will be found who show th^maelvee tusceptible to smallpox, and we acknowledge that much depen'-Ja upon the number, quality, and extent of the vaccine Tesiolea, and of the reaultaut eoars. Having made theae admission*, we would awurc^ly appear to stand upon firm ground. Yet this fx^ition, strong as it undoubtedly is, haa never been exempt from aaaault, and of late years especially conHtant attaoka have been made upon it. That very belief in the efficacy of vaccination which Ifcd to the Act of 1870 atrictly enforcing this pnictice, has, from that moat marked trai'- in the English character, the hatred of any restriction upon *he lii»«?rty of the individual, raised up a host of opponents to vaccination, the opposition in the first place not being directed so much against the effi^cts of the practice as against the principle of compulsion. And the example set by the town of Leicester haa already had wide- spread conse'juenoes. ^ But agnin, there are not a few points in connection with vaccination that are very far from having received their final explanation. Judging from the results of the method, the medical profession, with singi^larly rare exceptioriH, and by far the greater bulk of the public have been content to accept the practice without poaseasing any assured patho- logict:i basin for it. Jenner had from the first implicitly declared vaccinia to ix) the smallpox of the cow, to be, in fact, modified small- pox ; and though at a later date Ceely and Badcock in this country, and Thiele and others on the Continent, all appear to have aucceeded in inoculating the cow with amallpox, and to have thus gained a new and active vaooino lymph, many other obaervers, notably Cbauveau and Klein, have been unable to obtain the tame reaulta, and the exact nature and relations of vaeeinia ia atill in doubt, deapita the number of in- vestigaton and the long period over which their investigation have been spread. Indeed, the want of unanimity on the part of obeervera hiu formed one of the most powerful weapona in the handa of the anti- ▼accinaton : — " You have not proved that vaccinia ia modified varida ; vaodnk and Tariola are two distinct dia ea aa a . It ia absurd, therefore, to attempt to confer immunity againat one disease by inoculating with another; vaccination, consequently, id a useless procedure. Your atatiatios and ^1 your evidence are equally uaeleaa." This line of aif[ument, bnwdly apeaking, is that which of late has been moat insiated upon. It is, at first sight, a strong line, and it is in this direction that the opponet)ts of vaccination obtain most valuable support from the members of the medical profession of no small ability, from Dr. Creighton .;,_.tii_»j- 1 Notioet of Booh*. tSl utd Profeaaor Crookshftnk. T)i«re can be no question that the whole •ubjeet of the pathology of vaccinia require* a etudj more full, more accurate, and more iciontifio than it haa aa jet received, and as a means to thia end the writinga of theae two oontroTeraialiata, and the ioTestiga- tiona of the Royal Commisaion now sitting, are most timely and most welcome, inaamuoh as they indicate the direction in which we must turn our attention in order latiafactorily to solve the undoubted difficulties that exist The views of Dr. Creighton are by now well-known. His article in the " Encyclopasdia Britannioa," and his more recent writings, well define his position. A study of the article above mentioned, shows that his main content' jns are the difference between vaccinia and variola, and the unsatisfactory nature of the statistics of the supporters of vaccination. The practice is not directly attacked, but the evidence that is against it is carefully presented ; whereaa that in ita favour is little dwelt upon. Yet Dr. Creighton definitely admits its value when properly performed, for he gives the following table : — Tabui VIIL, ihowing the numbar snd kind of arm mark* in 370 fatal osms of nnall- pox »t Hom«rton HoipiUl, 1871—80 (Osyton) :— VArX'INAL MilllKS. 4 Rood 8 good i good 1 good 4 imperfect 8 imperfect 8 imperfect 1 imperfect ADMiHuioaii. DiATin. Mortality pcr Cent. Under 10 Over 10 Undtr 10 OTer 10 UnHer 10 OtwIO 1 year*. yuan. ywiiu yotf*. yun. ye»r». 66 44 247 888 4 12 0^ 2-5 1 41 i « (i2a 422 1 1 19 20 1 2-4 41 ! 91 107 317 645 3 3 17 48 \ 80 6-9 142 138 930 820 17 18 92 1 129 ' 1 126 12-8 It ia not, however, my purpose here to discuss at length Dr. Creighton'a viewa. Hia statements have doubtless been well sifted by the Royal Commiaaion, and we moat wait fbr the publication of the next pwtion of the evidence given before that body, for what ahould be ui ezhanative examination of thoae statements. Rather I wish to show here, in passing, that although not a thorough supporter of the prastiee of vaoeinatioD, he doea not wholly deny ita utility, and that the article ia queation ia not, as too often quoted, written absolutely in refutation of the practice. ProfMsor Grookahank's work I purpose examining iu fuller detail. The two luge voAimes, containing together oloaa upon 1,000 pagea, are like all the hooka brot^ht out by him, presented in a most admirable form ; the paper is good, the letterpress large and clear, the illustrationa excellent. There ia but one drawback to the reader's content, but that M ,:'sK'gp-''"»««Ci'. 258 Kotice$ of Book$. I most terioiu one. No index it provided, and the critic ia in fbll ■ympathj with the declaratioo : "The niau who publiahei a book intended for serious atudj, without proTiding an index, ia desenring of six months' imprisonment with hard labour: there are few extenuating circumstances." We see none here, and the labour of searching for references through even 500 of these 1,000 pages without any clear indications us to whero tho required statements may be found, is as aggravating as it is considerabU. Of tho two volumes, the second is a most valuable collection of early and mure recent pumphlots and works upon the subject of vaccination. With scarce an exception, those are difficult to procure i» a separate form, and our hearty thanks are due to Professor Crookshauk for the happy idea of bringing thum together. The importance of the collection may be estimated when it is stated that the volume contains among others : Jenner's " Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Varioln Vaccina)," 1798, Pearson on "The History of the Cowpox," 1798, Woodville's Reports upon his first series of Inoculations for the Cowpox, 1790, Loy, of Whitby's, account of .his experiments upon the Inoculation of Cows with the Horse Grease, 1801, Bousquet on Cowpox discovered at Passy, near Paris, 1836, Estliu, on "A Fresh Vaccine Virus," 18.37-38, Ceely's Admirable Investigations, 1840 and 1842, and Badcock, the Brighton chemist's account of his Inoculations of Cows WLth the Smallpox, and production of Vaccine Lymph, 1845. These are the classical works of vaccination literature. Of the contents of the first volume it is impossible to speak with equal satisfaction. Undoubtedly, Professor Crookshank has most care- fully studied the early history of the subject, and the results of his researches are very tnWj given. Yet this is not the whole history. The extension of the practice in later years, and especially in this country^ the history of the causes which led Parlikment to enforce constantly more and more stringent laws, any exact record of the effects of Tacoinatiou, of its immixnity conferring power, all these subjects art passed over with the slightest possible treatment. And wh«/n we com* to enquire into how fiar the work may claim to give an account of the pathology of vaccination, the incompleteness of the attempt is even more striking. While a large amount of pathological information is mingled with the history, tiowhere is there a clear suocinot acctnmt of the coune of the eruption, or of the wqueliB and the complications that may ensue. Not a word is said ebout the minute anatomy of the vesicle, and the minute differences between the pocks of variola and raccinia, and the whole subject, admittedly a most debatable one, of the bacteriology of the two affections is passed by unheeded. As a " History and Pathology ol Vaoeinatioa " the work is imperfect, if written for scientific readers,. t t ■i:M' ,^l.. FoticM of Book: t6S ia in fbll a % book ring of six Lteauating 'ching for any clear und, ia aa n of early iccination. t Roparate ik for the oullection ins among a VarioUb )i," 1798, I for the iuta upoD usquet on "A Freah 1840 find loculationa iph, 1845. peak with moat care- ilts of his tory. The a country^ conataatly eSeota of ibjeots art I we come tunt of the even more ia mingled a ooune of aay anauei e, and the k, and the eriology of Pathology io readera,. u. h. t that ia ; if written for the general public, then, meet certainly, the excellent coloured illuatrationa ahould not hare been included. The non-medioal mind will aee in theae only that whioh ia hideoua and utterly repulaiTe, and muat in oonaequence bMy>me biaaaed againat oowpox. In thia connection alao Profeaaor Crookahank'a tendency to dwell upon the foul uloeroua condition that the oow'a teata and udder may aaaume aa the reault of manipulation in the course of an attack of the oowpos ia atrongly to be deprecated. It goea without aaying that it would be utterly uaeleaa to attempt to obtain a aucoeasful lymph from an animal in thia aUte. J. 0- Ada¥I. (To h« eoHtinumL) Ci " Cyclopiedia of the Diseaaea of Children, Medical and Surgical : The Articles written especially for the work by American, Britiah, and Canadian Authora." Edited by John M. K«atino, M.D. Vula. I. and II. lUuatrated. Philadelphia: J. B. Lipmincott Company. Thi appearance of the aecond rolume enables ua to ft ■' •». much more juat opinion aa to the probable value of this important ork aa a whole, than waa poasible after a perusal of the first -voluTr"" only • and certairly the second more than upholds the reputation aed by the fi' , and jr*tiP.i^ ua in speaking of this encyclopedia .-,8 being wi» ■ >'u nn equal. The volumes are somewhat fonderous, but thia wa» .itvitahle, and not a serious drawback to a book of thia deacripti'^Q. Tha general get-up leavea nothing to be desired — paper, printing, und bindi"s? being alike azoelleut. Each volume is complete in itself, with liata uf authors and subjects, paged liata of platea and figtirea, and, what ia most valuable in lar^-a »nd many-volumed works, a really good index. Whether a condensed general index will be issued with the last volume we cannot say. We hope that it may be found poasible to provide one, as u would add materially to the uaeAilnesa of the work aa a book of reference, and prevent it from aharing the &te of many other large booka of remaining on cur ahdivea almoat unconaultad, aimply for want of thia ready meaua of finding in ita pagea that of which we are in search. Having in oar firat sentence apoken of the work as a whole in terma of very high praise, we feel bound to point out what appear to us to be its defects and ahortcominga, and ita vary excellence demanda that they ahould not be too lightly passed over. Certain defsots are inherent to the very nature of a work auch as this, which ia " a collection of monograi^s," and it would be unreasonable to expect that it ahould be otherwise ; yet, in the reduction to a minimum of these defecta lies the proof of the editor'a judgment, akill, and tact, 11 'II, r l-i!; ill flip Shi li «i«wS4««Sf*'f-^* 332 NOTICES OF BOOKS. "History and Pathology of Vacciaation." By Professor E. M. Cbookshaxk. Two vols. London: H. K. Lewis, 1889. (Continued from page 253. J In rcadirg Professor Crookshank's critical enquiry into the history and pathology of vaccination, it it impossible not to be struck by the peculiar mental attitude displayed by the writer. There is a very evident desire to be candid and exact, combined with a tendency to dwell upon each point, however small and insignificant, that tells against protective inoculation and its supporters. Yet, at the same time, the wiiole matter is left in the vaguest condition ; it is almost impossible to say clearly what are Professor Crookshank's own views — whether he believes that vaccination is, to a certain extent, protective, or whether he is wholly opposed to it; one is led to doubt whether he has a single cletir conclusive opinion upon the subject. A few examples may be given in illustration of the above statements. In 1721— the year that Dr. Maitland, at the suggestion of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, introduced the practice of inoculation into London — Dr. Boylston began the practice in the United States, at IV»8ton. Ho was not wholly successful, and would, indeed, seem to have inoculated indiscriminately. In consequence, at a public meeting in the Town House, a report was accepted condemning the practice. Boylston expressed his disapproval of this report, stating that with regard to what was therein said concerning the natural smallpox, "It is a thousand pities that our Select Men made so slight and trifling a representation of Smallpox, that had always proved so fatal in New England. . , , . " Professor Crookshank remarks : " It would appear from this, that in order to make convert! to inoculation, it wsti neocMary to keep alarming acoounti of the natural Smallpox before the eyes of the public." Such carping criticism looks strangely like an endeavour to see but one side of the case. Again, in the chapter headed : "The Traditions of the Dairy Maids," the writer begins by discussing why it ie that we have no evidence of a belief in the protective power of cowpoz prior to the practice of inoculatioa He implies, and we are inclined to agree with him, that the " Tradition " arose consequent upon small|Kn iuoculation, and then it is stated, " The dairy folk could not be expected to distinguish between inoculated Smallpox and Smallpox caught in the natural way, and the fact that some Cowpoxed mil'ters were proof against inoculation, was so interpreted as to afl'ord a foundation for the popular belief that they were f^r ever after secured from the danger of «i NoticeB of Book$. 333 E. M. ■ eatching the Smallpox." What is the meaning of thi. sentence 1 Does rrofessor Crookshank wish to imply that natural and inoculated smallpox -M^ different diseases, or that the cowpox protects against the one and not against the other t Is it an admission that some oowpoxed milkers had been truly protected against smallpox, or is it an example of the stupid reasoning of the dairy folk 1 All we know is that the sentence leaves a ▼ague feeling that the dairy folk were in the wrong, and the rest of the chapter does not further enlighten us. We are never once definitely informed whether the mass of evidence supplied as to protective inoculation with cowpox in the p.«-Jennerian era, is to be accepted or to be dismissed as valueless, that is to say, as not proving the power of the cowpox to confer immunity against smallpox. But the inte.esting accounts, more or leas authenticated, of cowpox inocu- lation, as performed sporadically long before the attention of the medical public in general had been drawn to iU advantages,— with the detailed statements of the observations of Nash in 1781, of Rolph, of Dolling Fewster, Lettsom, Bnigge, and especially of Benjamin Jesty (1774), a Dorsetshire farmer— aU these apparently are not so much mentioned to prove or disprove the adequacy of the immuuity produced by cowpox, as to draw attention to the fact that Jenner was far from being the first to show the advantages of the procedure— a fact which we had thought was universally admitted now-a-days. So far as I can make out, Professor Crookshank's main object is to prove, first of all, th^t Jenner is not deserving of any honour in connection with the discovery of vaccination, and then to show that this discovery is not a discovery, that it is without value. Had he proved, or attempted to prove, that latter thesis first, he would have been saved all the trouble that he has taken over the former. One is, in fact, reminded of the old dtory of the counsel apologising for his client's non-appearance, and stating, teriatim, the twenty roa«)ns why he was not present, the twentieth being, " and please your Lordship, my client is dead." Profeswjr Crookshank eridently has th« lowest opinion of Jtnner. No less than 160 pages are devoted to a labcious, minute, and queru- lous examination of his life and works; not a single word of praise is vouchsafed to him, which eTen if h* wwe whor ^ wrong might, without degrading tha author, h»^ bc«« granted in rMogaition of ywrs spmit in constant endeavour to promote his views ; rathw, the wwk perfomed is, as fsr as possible, minimiaed, and we are left with the impreswou that Jenner wa« a charlatan, jrarpooely propounding false views for his own glory, and being at every stage indebted to others for such of his facts and of his theories as are of influence at the present day. Because one enthusiastic biographer draws inferences from certain anecdotes of his early life, and others do not make use of these anecdotes, therefore the / . . yotiee* of Booh$. « to Iw doubted, and the fact, that the iuferencee are nttier 1, {• aadt UM of to (\irther discredit Jeaner** bietory. It is as tliough • leading politician of the preaeot daj is to be be-littled because suadrf admirers hare found inspiration in tlie undeniable fact that, as an audei]graduato, he rejoiced in the " Caraptown Races," and other choice effusions of neo-nagro minstrelsy, whereas other admirers paa« oyer the matter in silence. There is evidence given by one early bio- grapher that, in 1770, when he was a pupil to the Messrs. Lud- low, at Sudbury, Jenner had his attention called to the sub- ject by seeing a young woman who declared herself protected inasmuch as she had takeu the oowpox. In 1780 he mentioned hi« views ut length to his friend Gardner. In 1787 he called his uephew'n attention to the heels of a horse suiferiug from the "grease," and declared to him that there was the source of smallpox ; the next year he exhibited a drawinr^ of the cowpox eruptions in Li!it of asking why Simon should state : " Thirty years elapsed before the fruit was borne *o the public ; but incessantly he thought, and watched, and experimented on the subject." Such criticism is small. The writer does not in any way show that Jenner was not for long years intensely interested in the subject : all that he does is by pages of dis- cussion to throw some slight doubt upon a statement whose force is pardonable. The same absurdly extensive criticism of minutiae vitiatos the whole criticism of Jenher's life and letters. Case after case might be given in support of this contention, but to mention all would alone occupy far more space than is at my disposal. I can but call attention to Professor Crookshank's treatment of the publication of the " Inquiry into the causes and effects of th« Variola Vaocinis." The first paper was, in 1796, transmitted to Home, with the intention of having it printed in the " Transactions of the Koyal Society," but Jenner abandoned th* idea and resolved to publish his communication as a pamphlet. This was done in June, 1798. In the library of the College of Suiigeona is a manuscript copy of what is evidently an early draft of the paper ; this had been in the possession of the Jenner family until it passed to Sir James Paget, and then by his gift to the Library at Lincoln's Inn Fields. Professor Crookshank, without assigning sufficient reasons, treats this throughout as the [taper presented to the Royal Society, and then pro- ceeds to criticise the differences that exist between it and the printed pamphlet. These differences, save where merely verbal, are, taking all things into consideration, singularly slight. When revising a paper for the press, several mouths after it was first written, with so many ncouths' NaticM of Book$. 835 more •tudy of this sufagMt, who would not remove expressions that appear inooDsequout, and emphasita atill more passages whicit arc felt to be iiiiportaiit, addiufr, wb«ra naceaaa r y, further iuformation. Conduct of this nature ia natural and imiTitabie, yat from the way in which Professor Crookslmuk dwella u|iou tba matter, going so Ur as to publish the pam- phlet, with annotatiooa showing where it differs from the draft copy, it is evident that he wished to imiJy that Jenner's "system of modifying hbt original observations" ia diahoneat and worthy of censure. It is difficult to see how the eritio'a action can be othwwiae conatmed. But Professor Crookshank, through preeonoeiTed notions and a desire to east doubt upon the botut Jldes of Jeniier and his biographers, is guilty of a griavoua blunder in oonneetion with thia matter of the publi- cation of the " Inquiry." He d««larea that the early MS. above mentioned is the one which waa presented t« the Royal Society, and acting on the assumption that it waa formally so preaented, and that it was rejected, he oonvicta Baron of suppreaaing the details in connection with the incident. But Profeasor Crookshank ought to know tliat all papers sent to the Royal Society to lie published in the " Transactions," even when rejected, are preserved in the Society's archives. From all that I can learn Jeinier's paper is not tliere, and the College of Surgeons' MS. I»ad belonged to the family. Everything points to the probability that the originnl idea was to publish the paper in the " Philosophical Trans- actions," that it waa brought before the Council of the Royal Society, that it waa provisionally accepted, and returned to Jelmer in order that he might modify it in certain respects ; and that then, having it again in his possession, at the suggestion of his friend Worthingtoi. he altered his plans and determined to publish it in pamphlet form. But assured! y it never suffered the indignity of being rejected by the Royal Society, and Baron, it would seem, only stated the simple truth when he wrote " It was his intention that it diould first have appisrtiia>iW'''''^***»- 336 Notices of Bool'9. sinister explanation for each step undertaken by Jenner, and we are left here with the impression that spurious cowpox is but a wenpon furged to defeat the early op^mnents of vaccination. It is impossible to feel the Tery highest admiration for Jenner and for his character, yet Professor Crookshank forgets that it is the very traits of that character that allowed him to accomplish all that he did. To be the leader of a successful social movemeat, in these days, it is ab- solutely indiapensabl? to have & most complete belief in the rectitude of one's movements : to be determined to advance one's views in season and out of season :' to grasp at everything, however miuute, that favours the cause : to be by nature blind to whatever jeems, at first sight, to contradict one's opinions. The man who possesses these attributes may not Iw a fine diameter, but a^^nredly, if the cause be good, or even if it be l>ad, such an one is most fitted to advance it and to command sviccess. He who weighs cautiously the pros and cons can never be a leader of men. And in depreciating Jenner's services to the process of vaccina- tion, Professor Crookshank is throughout heedless of tlie truth that be is entitled to the honours of a discovery, who, by his genius brings together the facts bearing upon it into a connected whole, iind who pub- lishes the discovery in a form so clear and so convincing as to render it of service, and acceptable to his fellow-creatures. Others, for example, may have made out individual facts with reference to ' he blood-flow — we will even admit, for the moment, that others may have previoi"ily com- prehended the nature of both the systemic and the pulmonary circula- tion — yet their views had not been so brought forward as to gain accept- ance, and it is Harvey, with his work, "Da Motu Sanguinis," who de- serves honour as discoverer of the true nature of the circulation. And with our present knowledge of the facts concerning the general adoption of vaccination, we can unhesitatingly say that Jenner stands faeile prineept among all the workers in this line of medical research, and that he, of all, deserves honour. Turning to what Professor Crookshank has to remark upon the pathology of vaccination, here again there is the same distressing want of clearness, although the chapters dealing with thia subject are full of most interesting matter, the result of diligent investigation. All that he writes certainly shows that the pathology of cowpox is in a most un- settled condition, yet the evidence that he brings forward that cowpox and smallpox are two distinct diseases cannot be considered conclusive. Following Auzias-Turenne and Croighton, he draws the distinction that cowpox is strictly analogous to syphilis, whereas smallpox is not, yet the simple fact (and practically the evidence brought forward amounts to little more) that inoculated syphilis and inoculated (virulent) cow- pox produce a similar succession of j)rimiiry changes is very fur from s 7 T tfi T NoticM of Books. 8sr nrovint? this contention. To continue this line of argument to the reduciio ad abmrdum, it may with equal truth be said that, under certain conditions, the eruptions of inoculated cowpox and smallpox greatly resemble each other, therefore smallpox is strictly analogous to syphilis ! Where is the line to be drawn ? But even grautmg what, although iucliued to belieTe, I cannot in any way hold Professor Crookshank to have proved, that oowpox and smallpox are two distinct diseases, this do«i not lead to the conclusion here drawn, that therefore inoculation with the «ne cannot protect against the othei It shows an ignorance of recent obeervations— not so recent, however, that Professor Crookshank might not hare incorporated them into his work— to state that the "protection from one disease by the artificial inoculation of a totally distinct disease," is "a prmciple which was not, and which has not been since, supported by either clinical experience or pathological experiments." There are such experiments by Pawlowsky, Gamaleia, and others, with reference to the antagonistic action of the erysipelas and anthrax and other micro- organisms, and I hold it quite possible that by working along these lines it will be eventually possible to reconcile the present divergent views upon the pathology of vaccination. To conclude, we regret, as doubtless he himself bitterly regrets, that Professor Cro<.k8hauk should have decided to bring out a work so incon- clusive and immatured-a work which, with every allowatice for honesty of purpose, cannot be -aid to add to the reputation of its author, either as an acute reasoner or as a profound pathologist. J. G. Adami. "Cyclopedia of Diseases of Children." Edited by J. M. Keating, M.D. Philadelphia : Lippinoott and Co. Edinburgh and London : Young J. Pentland.* (Second Notice). Past II. open, with a paper, by Dr. Pasteur, of the North-Eartem Hospital for Children, London, devoted to a general consideration of fever and its treatnrent, which, though full of interesting matter, strikes us as being diMkppoioting and un»ti.(actory. There is no denying that the temperature is more «idden and erratic in iU Tariations, and more easily influenced by slight causes in children than it is in adult^ but we think that Dr. Pasteur unduly depreciates the value of temperature obi ervations. We fully agree with him aa to the necessity for f^quent observations; a night and morning reading only is often ab«>l«tely misleading. . n.. EnglUh PubJUher. d«lr, „. to e»M «t«.tlon to th. f«rt th.t tht. work U being publl.h«l in Eagluid and America slmuluneo'iu}. 111 ti U: 1 1 :.^^i£S>gvr> ::»'•■'■ r' 1 T t