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SI'AKKS AND .MKTCALIK STI!KKT.<. i IBS'O. !Wi|f«»ii;M..!l5!!|l^!<;^^: ;:J) > W ll 11 1 ■» W< ■ ■ i l .y *' . ^ "'H* -«■:«■ • X;:.f PR Al TH' >in/.i\ rid r"A lr^-,^,^M.5jjpf^ r't'?^*/*! Ife'KEl!!""-'*}'"" S^iifyjt k< 'X;:*c 9 / 'P r II K PROBLEM OF CANADA, nv MALCOLM M( LIX)I), AITIKM: iiiM^ ( omi' w v. i cii;m i; si'Uds v\h \:ir. vi.ri ^ii.'ii.i- 1 SMI. • iiv^gt ■'IP^S HE X2 /o scnst? thii I't'lfitions direction, conliclenci IV l«SUUlt! llli itate, as n( intl, perlii lindeiinjj I It is t lot — so fai (t is moie leveloped jfcalls for tli^ It as ail eai |li<* work. The " jor — to ni_y jingiiliir in olutioii, on PREFACE I li!iV(* InM'ii moved to writn tlicsc few Imriictl pages, under a sense that in the i»re.seiit iuiietiire I niiglil almost say 'v/.n/.s- of the relations of Cunadii to IJiitain, son ctliin^; should 1mi done in this direction, viz : First. — To remove that " cloud " of title to the utnjost puhlic fonlldenee which still, it must Ije sjiid, rests in some measure over E R J< I TA. agv 24, liiH' 29 lor ' ;.(H). I ii III /,()()(>. lo'- •'.!/,' ,!•; til. " \\m\ ,Us(> ,rs to t/ir. (or '• x/ir// " ri';i(l .v/vvV/v. lor " i'^'oo" read .So. tor " 7- 7 •)'"•' "^'^ i"!.';!!! ^^(\(HH>. 2.\ U)x '' /^cs.si/i/r" \\-m\ /i,)Ssit'/\. lor '• Ihuisoii Bay" \\m\ J /i/,;. <,>//' s A'tn. \\hcrc\cr it o( ( urs. l-'or '• Hrittaiiiaisy in front pa^c, read Hntiumicii.s. ;>o. ■ -5 .s'. ' -9 44- 44. ■ 43 7-1 ■ -^4 IKMIIIIC LJiao 11 in \)\j vciiuiiaLO ifijo oiii/i«./ov %.».». state, as now somewhat complicated l»y th(; Mundei-s of prcdtH-tissors, ind, perhaps, by agencies, sinister or |in'j\idi(;ial, in son»«i way. linderiug the proper working of the scheme. It is to 1)0 remai'ked that the suhject of such a commission was lot — so far as I am aware — mooted in Parliament last .session, and It is moie than ))robable that sometliing has since occurred or leveloped itself with lelation to tlu; subject in question, which tails for the exercise of such prerogative. Be that as it may, I take it as an earnest of the fidelity and zeal of the j>resent (Jovei-nmtmt in the work. The " Problem," as put, sjx^aks for itself. I call it a " pj-oblem," )r^to my miml at least, and 1 have no reji.sou to consider 1 am lingular in this — the facts and ]>roj>oslt'i involved make it so : Its )lution, one way or ether, is the ossiblc, the disposal of jtublic lands to purely national purposivs, riz, actual setthMiient, national defence, economic development in du • subservience^ to tlie laws of natural growth (gradual) and progr» ss Fourf/i. — To I'eliove Canada of the necessity — super-imposcMl by Imperial default m/ //oc — of vi()lating or straining the al)ove principle of sound natioiml polity. Since this pamphlc has been put in |>ress, and half or non^was ictually printed, the (iovt'rnment of ('anad.i i learn through the ill-ess — has determined on a " IJoyai ( !oinmissi<)n " as to tin; l*ai;iti(; ■lailway. For what specific purpose does not yet appear, but I ssume that it is to ventilate tiie subject in its past and in its present state, as now somewhat complicated by tin; blunders of prcMhu-essors, and, perhaps, by agencies, sinister or prejudicial, in son»e way. hindering the j»roper working of the scheme. It is to l)e remarked that the sul)ject of such a commission was not — so fur as 1 am awai'e — mooted in Piirliament last session, and it is moie than ])robable that something has sitice oi'iiiiuMit. Of latf, . yXvlmer. T.Q.. diinc, jSSO. PR( I'.iiiri.s '' A 111(1 'init 15ii(iii polKiiial cli i>| 'Oft unity ^iiipirc on V p '■" I III' i/rcin -I'lnii/ilihi I o-i^ ••'^^* ^^" <^ "^^'..Sa^'^^-' Th To I le ra >e. or 1. In L'. In .r In I piu; atid third i,' i^oii. and -.u tfe'ii attem <4<' ,i,M-eat *id more p *e j.uhlic e As a *i|'. and f<. HI it.self. 'lyth, and iS'iim^ I'M'IHi'fil ill' luTll. Ill 111' jirmiu'iit. , liavc sui>»M' s. (Mini (lovt'ni itt." IPROBLEM OF CANa\DA. McliKon. h'.KiriSH KAILWAN Klto\! ATL\NTI(' T( » I' \( I |.'|« ' ' ••A niOIIIClltollS Slllljcct ]•< now lniiimlit [n tin' Ilnlii n| ih.- pi'ii|>|r nl ritiit I'litiiili — it (iiiylil Hot to lie iic;;l('ttr(l, until, pii li,i|i> .1 voii t' iVom lifi poioniiil ciiililrcn may no I'ortli iiioclaiiuiiiy • // is iir, l.ii ' — im tlit-ii, lln' opportunity of unitin;;. in iinii ;iiiil iriciullv IioikU of iiiii.)ii, ■ tlii> womiidiiN iiiipiro on wliicli tlic soliir orli ntvi r sits, will li.ivo passiil nuay lor t\rr 1/ i» ihi' iji't'ill link rrqillril In ilnih' in nii' innrrrliil rlfiiii ill, iriiul I'.iiijUsJi rrif-\" -I'liin/'/i/'l III/ Miij'ir I'nlnii C'lniiii'li.i. I ."iioi/i/i, A'. /■'.. I^IM. i The niptiou is siiggcstfMl In' tin' |ii'ruli;ir facLs ut tlic ims«-. TIio To l)e, oi' not to Ix^" of (';iiialie diseus- )ii. and ;is fecjuiring, it seems to me, fuller <'\'|tositiou than has yet. ^on attempted, so f;;r iis I know. I don't pretend to he '-(Mpial to ^e great ai'gnm(!nt," lt\it, pcjssilily. what 1 say 'nay he lietter said, id inoi<' [)"tentially iidviincetl liy others in a position to command ke jMihlic ear and evoke effective executive; function. As a British suhject, 1 take the standpoint of central citi/cn- iip. and ("riris Ii()in(niiis J speak as it wei't; I'rcm tlie heart of hun- 111 itself. Thus, [ take a.s " text," the ahove citations iV )m .Major iiyth, and which may, for the nonce, l>'^ iinpli<.' I i'l the term — 6 THE PROBLKM OF CANADA. THK CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. Tliis subject liiis now ))ii3se(l from the limits of speculation to that of obtvisive fact, and it is now l)efore us — the Britisii peo|>lt' (•oncern«'y a decisive vote of I'Jl to 4U, and on another east on the same subject, viz., particularly^on the forn)ulated policy of the Governmont as to the a})propriation ot wild lands (Crown domain) to the woi-k, l>y a cast of 120 to 10, the House, and, by the House, th(> people of Canada, have emi)hatically declaied themselves as committed to the great work, a? one of urgeu' and immediate necessity. I i>\\y both ])arties are committed to it. I do so on tlie record of the httc (rovernmeiit as well as ot tin; preseni one. The anomaly of a east of -!() or 1!) in ;i House of 20(] nuMubci-. has ever been, nu)re oi' less, on the part of a few, a !eav(^ii of discontent with imperial ruh', and a disposition to ti-y, prf /'(/.■< am in'.fas, a change of flag. Fortunately, that ■' bad ambition" has ev( i been kept within due bounds by the domin.iting sentiment of loyaltv which evidently jterN ades the Itulk of the C:tnadian peopl(\ Ifow ever, in the House particularly, such spiiils — "Alps" from tru( alli'giance gone — are in the habit of raising tiie cry of " [sarty " when occasion otters, and then, from sheer cohesive force of party — ileat t^ season, l)lind to exigent fact, and reckless of conseipu'uces, weal oi woe to theii- country — they vote as one — as a pack. '• Lost to shaiiH", they vilely liarter Honor's name for party's |)lace. Step by step o'er Freediau's clifirter, Lcaviiii;' footprints of displace." Tndy, the politics of Canadians are hard to understand. The ei)nstitution as a mixed [)eopIe, with intimate co.ineetions with t! neiglil)( and otji I hem ol ance to (htitinla fahrli- : till fii'ii :. Tl„. I I t ■> il'liis. Jiow 'lie silici, „ sound its I started. I f •ii'<'. and SI I iiaiioiial a III a.s the la ^\'ljo, afte sid.je.:-t in fdental) |a(iopteil fTlioiiisoii- fin Jhitish ibl-rtiiie MWnd.liu^ ■w.ird. M; barrisrer I'artiier (»f 'r''r'i'Jiiall\ R.iy I'onip i'l'lliphlcts TlIK E'ROIJLEM OF CANADA. ciiliitiou to tinh \>eoi>lt' mvt ut' tlu' ,'ouUl seem, do not ivt lu'iglilioiing g.eat llopiiMic, :ui«l thcu- status of ':, ^; iiuU'i»onilfii.T. ;iml oTher cleiuents and factors in tlieir social and political life, rcn Icr tlu'iii of special interest to us— I may say, in view of their iinjiort ..uce to the Empire, render them, in fact, an oliject of jealous regard. i'a/tifihi lost to ns, vioald. b:' us rir : the /»r// stone dropt from out our arch of Empire, n'h'n-h sp.i,i-< till fn-ti (jrr'it oceans, yen. s-nrron,t,.i/s th'- i/Zohr ilxifl. (t laborious he sai vot(5 of 1 ■') 1 iticularly.oii ivopriation ot 20 to 10, the emi)hatically rUH WORK-ITS CirAliACTEll AND UKAKlNd, The iii-st consideration which siti;\'ests itsrlf in taking' sul'i''it. is the ipu'stion — now nOKS IT ( ON( KK.V IHK KMIMIU; AT lAIMJi:? ni) t III- ur This, however, involves so largely the examination of tin- detail ihf scjieme, as well as its character and scope, tliat we shall tir.st, to sound its ralsoa d'etre, in(piire as to, How it was inspired, How - . . , started. How urged, and What its financial and giMicral i»rosp»'c!s one of urgeni | _,,,.,._ .j,„; shall close with a general nn'ifw of its scope lud In-arinu on tted to It. 1 \ iiaiiiiiial and international interests. >t the preseni f 2()() nieuilier- \K\ fact : — nt, there art', few, a leaveii y, prr fns uv'' lou " has ev( 1 cut of loyalty ■ople. ifow from trui ■ I'.arty " when tarty — *leat t' net's, weal oi •stand. Th''i! tions with tl. now INSl'lltKP. In this connection, cci-tain iiulividuals claim special notice, sucli as the late Major llohert Carmichael 8mytli, of tla; Koyal Kngineer.-^, who, after some service in Canada, wrote an able i»am)>h!et on the subject in 18tl). Lord ]Milton and Dr. Cheadlc, the daring (l)ut acci- titish (.'olund»ia. who, fidl of the idea, triecl, at the cost of lii> 'ortune and his life, to survey a railway I'oute from Uute Jnlet WaddiuL'ton Hai-!)or) tt) the gold region, Cariboo, and thencii east- ward. Malcolm McLeod, of Ayhner, Quebec, (the writ.<'r), a (Janadian ai lister, son of the late chief ti'ader, John McLeod, si . formerly a lai'tner of tlu Hudson B;iy Company, liorn in, and familiar, l)y e\ ■eptionally extended travel and intimate communication in Huilsoii >ay Company's service over the whole country, writer, under nnm /'.' p^n_nu' " Britannieiis,'' in the Canadian press, in jiapers and ^'amphlets, for many yeai'S past, on the sultject of Pacitic Kail'vay Illi: l'l'iOHIj;.M Of CANADA. iiiiil Noitli-Wcst (l('Vfl()])int'nt ; initlior, also, ol' liouk •• Pi-acc IJivti;" iiiid. most piomiiu'ixtly of all, SiUiU'oid Klciiiiu'^', ('..M.(r., At., tlio Kiiyiiiccr-in Cliict" of tlic work, who aloiio lias shown, and who, |irol>altly, alone has, from his special knowif^dge of tiic I'Duiitrv, and special e.\|»erience in sncli like large and diuicult railway constriic tion, the special al)ility to gi-appU' the scht'inc in all its imnu^nso lietail. Mr. Fleming had special ay ('dUipany, liy their lueal gnidts, having evidently misled the Palliser Kxpedition nn this point ; at least, that is my lielief. This ( 'hief Kngineei- had, as it were, to grupe his way through regions arties in dealing with it, viz., That the Con- servative party, in taking it u[» in 187'J, was perfectly sincei'e in the undertaking ; while, on the other hand, the other party — Orit. [.liberal, Kadical, or Reform, or whatever its jtroper name might be — for the names adoj)ted l»y it are soniewhat pnzzlingly \aiie(|- I Tjiat I ^«'\v Brit; Isolat iliou.sands |>''ttlenient| Vild north flictated l)\j ^'\ely to tjl tolojiy, is l| • 1'lierel l|f the far i 01 rnion ' laiisc OeiiuiieiuviiiJ . THi: I'KOUM.M OF CANADA. . Hiv.rf lUtl who, lltrv, :iU'l const nu'- 'nniurusf t thf ^fi'y ittcr wil'U tvfv kt'l"'' it' liiU't-viiil til." Ilockv liy tlit'ir i(>\i nil this i,v thv'High ih- in >"ii>'' VC ^Mthtl'fil ly, ii:.<» it-^ iuchi^^ivt'- ;i rci'Drd •»! istvvictioii (if im'k-ho\uitl. )n, |)i'()h:il>iy, (It's that, his luUau North tlie form of la system of lentiful home llence ut the J. has since to critical I) ns ill I'lii^" lis task— antl un-\y beyiit r since) bent on the destruction of tl.e scheme. I loucx .•!■. the as a means of expenditui'c, and as a nn-aiis of |iolirii-a! patr was ton (10(1(1 to ki//, and it (tiif ^ch-nn-l was utih/ 'd ; iitili/ the "party:'' iii/i/i, runniiii,% an I t'\ ii'icnt Iv with cvfiv pio> ppct ot success, within no ^icat distaiici- of oiii si)!)theiii lioimdarv threatening l>y its niere tbrcc of attrition to (haw in tits' tlir taiis connm'rcp, anti, ultimately, tin' \ cry pi'litical cxistciici- of' our griMt Noi'tliAVcst and British ('olumliia. that staiic^l. in tlii- new ' 'ont'eclcration, tho idea of doing soni'iliiiii^ ti i-onnii'iari .>iici; intliience and to avert sui-h ihsiieMiiin-iinint. iJc thai as it mav. wi> now liik'' up the ne.xt liead. IHK INITIATION Of IIIK •( IIKMi:. Tliat, wi' take it, is to Ic foinid in tin' creation it^df ot' thi- scheme of Confederation of tlie Urilish Nnrlli Americiii ('iloiiio. b'or ( 'uufederatioti, as a physical necessity -as a liond, and l»ond ot' iiiiicju — a silver conl of national life — si^inr such woik was necessary, ,uid though the oi'ganie Act (Inipei'ial) is sdcnt as to such, it, iti it> large; scope arid p".rview, seems, it may In- saiil to cmliracc snch iarg(; scope ariti p".rview, seems, it may iie sani lo i i" incident.'' 'fln^ [>reainble of the Act shows this in t! I '• And wherc^as it is expedient that pro\ ision l>c made for thi leventual avlmission into the I'niuii of other parts ot llritish North I America.'" I America. I Among tliose " othei- parts," afu'i' the ahsorption of the Xorili 'West TeiM'itories and JvU|)crL"s liind.ciiiic lii-itish < '..lumhia, iln- |N'e\v Britain of tin; Pacitic. jolony, is lite. Therefore, it was tliat as a .so/-/ (jua uon, this youngest daughtci of the far Mother Isle insisted oa a railway, and thus, in the •• Tcrui^ Ol' I'nion "' i.s the stinulatiou formulated : — < lausc II. " The Cfovernmcnt of the litnuinioii nndi'i'tiikc to sccinc ih. .Oin dn p/ii/iir "I'litannicus," from the present writer, from accidental causes, fatiiiliar with the whole country to be traversetl, ap[»eared in 1801). deliuing in descriptive detail of ]>hysical features, a feasible route fiom ocean to ocean, with estimates of .section distances, heights, A'c. flircughout. which, by sul»se(pient survey, were proved to be wonder- fully correct, but certainly such matter was, of itself, no ground for ( fO\ ciiimental action i- l\„' hour tli:' It provod that the statesmou then eliai-red with the y )veiiuiient i>f C'aiiinhi wero fully alive to the attack then niaih; luaile not, onlv on the material interests of Canada, luit, on thti tenui-e of l!iiti-ii )>j\ver itself in North America. llie contiguity of these two ureat fields of most active indnstiy jind enterprize (the United States and Canada), and, to apply .i medical term, inosculation (from that accidenlal fact) of their em rents of commercial intercoin-s(», especially on the western and southeAi border of the older Canadi. had coininin<,'led railway eiiter- priz'? in sucli a manner as to extinguish, t) some extent, aims. H enco It was that. wlirn til" scluMne o Xortlierii i'tcid Kailway from Lake Superior to the Pacific, tliroui(li the Xoriheni States and Teri'itori(?s Ijordering (ju Canada, west oi' Jiake Superior, was started, the American prouioters of tin* scheme ^Jay Cook A- Co.) tound among the Canadians souu3 leading men iu th-^ir own parti'j\dar line of speculation to favor anil assist the scheme, irre immediat ■ etl'ect anv, with it^ Uarv ramitications e.xtended fai- into thi; great win oi th W esM'ru >rates. took alarm at the prospect of t .idian P.iciHi,- Itailw i\ le and theieiipou. witli u run )etter cau.se, opposi d tl le sc.KMue, and it i;;av I, ml tlie very outset in the Lnudon Money ^Market. igains tth pro.) ei. ttl leri- was acomoineu railwav eaiuf roads drawing iVom lieyoud the Mississippi to At hint ir to, if not far e.xceediu<'. )ur national debt, most activeiv aiK I it was its i(jflueiiees. no doul • C, til tf swept t \\i -4 undta' a cry thai the test (if time auil truth ha.^ y.'wi^''- [d'oved U) have b'fMi falst.' and iinwis '. the emei^'ency, and as a step of svjirrun ii>'ri-.is(fi/. ai GovernuH.'nt, supported by i'ariiament. resohtd Im Mumit the work to some responsilth^ company, and thi'ifupou. m ^:f tr./iis i-ontinental iri.n.soorv route. Two foreiL,fii lailw.iys were then acconi]ilish( d facts, s|»ai)",iii^ our deejis, as it were, and a juoxcij success even at the stai t, viz., the Panama lUiilway, and the ('eiitial ]^acitic and I'liiou Pacific ihiihvays (joined), ,i;i\ini;- rail from all Atlantic ports to the Pacitic. and also two other trans-continental railways, viz, the Kans-is (South') PiiciHc and the Noi'thern Pacific Railway were fairly nnlei- way,t]ie whol >, with siihsitliary lines, with a!:i.'regate land grant of al)0Ut L'OO.OOO.OOO (two hundred millions) of acres, averaging $5 the acre in \alue, and large suhsidies hesides in Go\(;rnnient deljentnres, and other forms of national aid. Those suhstantial links of the two oceans threatened — and threaten still — to hind and secure to the em]»rise of the Gicat IJepuhlic, the "empire of the seas." We desir(! it not— (iod forbid it .' Another considei-ation, more immediate, iicrliaps, pressed on those who liad, at the time, the fate orfutuie of the country in their trust, viz., the ii*'ct'ssifi/ of iidi'nidJ (/('/•''/optnod apace, /tari j>((Sfiiiiie .s; and tlu 'fed Hi '" -Mr. (" -A/em 'f the 11 •■•'gloii, iind Of' Aj.so, .s,)| HmII, ha "I his rtJ ''•'Mitojij I •^'"'•t'l a[ '"'<'k,"hrf oi •'lily, l.sj ^V'ery ;,gr, Till riuuu.i'.M (){■ ( ana:).\. i:'. >\ ll»'' most to !«' lunny. uvunt- .(VR-iVtC, ,f t'<«r('- ni\ t^>«'^' i\ovrt\ - iiit. viz., I Pacific e Pivcitic. ily \\)\'^*'»' aviUit <>t in^ $') tl>c ebentwvcs. the Clrcat uot-*l'>'^ pvosseil <^""* , y in tlit'iy ^s the >N-'^y> [vi2i?lf' west- I'd L. at leiii^tli Ject, \>ecvui^e IHome Isl«;. lot" eun>'^»"f' ^"^ |l, \>rrtve siud V^Are itself •- Lmes home ' [a. Ou this The iit'xt liraiieh of llit- Milijcci I uduM t.ikc u|i is- IIOW IT Was STAIlTKIi. I liiivr ln'forc me all the reports of |iroo;rfss liy tlir Kii^int'ci'- in-(Miit^f, Mr. Siudfonl K't'iniii;,'. 1 iiave pt-nisrl, and cvcii stiujit'd. them with iiii\ch iiiteicst, as tlicy aiijicart'd, for tlicir •' story " in the tievelopmeiit of the hitlierto hid(h'ii facts of lar>,'(; and heindicial inter«'st, not only to the ('ana(han. lint to the woi'ld at lari,'«', and nioi'Mssju'ciall V to over-e'rowdt'd jhittin, is one- of rivi'tini^ intt'icst to «! very lovrof nature and of Jiis kind. I tiattfr mystdf, froni what little k!K)\\h'dge I havo of the tlicorv, at. least, of railwav eiiixineeriiii;, that J can follow the write), and Leather enoii!;h t«) see (h»; tenoi and scope of his woi k. J may add, also, tlut I have supplemented my stndy of the sulijeot liy reading, con ttn/ort', and not ski[t[Mn<;ly, as '' lilne liooks '' in t^eneral ai'e done, and, too often, deserve to he done, the \ei'v aide and valnalile lepoJts — all larye and exhaustive— -of Professors Selwvn ami MacoiUi, the Hrst on the j^eelogical features, and the latter on th*- Itotany of the North West Territories (inclndinritish Columhia. and, also, of Professor P>ell, of the Geological Stall' of Canada, as to Rupert's Land — the Hutlson Bav regions — and the veiy al)le rej)orts of Dr. (J. .M. Dawson, on the same stall", as to the geology and mineralogy of Ih-itish Colnnilii.i and the Saskatclu w'an \vater-slieraeed in the 2,500 miles lictween F^iike Nipissint; and tht^ Pacific to he surveyed, were started. Mr. Fleming's rei)ort (Progrcfhs) of 1872, yives an account of the extraordinary energy and success (in fac? of the ditliculties) of th*' work. Within nine months, enough was gathei-ed to give assui-anrf of a practical and coniparatively easy rout(? througlioul. Thereupon, on 2nd A])ril. lS7i, the G »\-.'rnin.;iit adopted the \'ellow Head Pass — a low and (m.sv pass, long u.seil l>y the fur trade — as the gateway to tlm I'acitic. On the meeting of tlio Jjcgishiture, Parliament passed (on 14t]i June. 187l) their Act ])rojecLing the .scheme. It, in ]>rtamble, gives the keynote of the enterprise. ft runs thus, aftei- reciting clause 11 (eleven) of the terms of Union with lUitisli Columbia, and the agreement on the part of tlie (rovernment of British Columbia for land grant to the work. "And, whereas theHou.se of Commons of Canada resolved (hiring the said now last Session, that the said railway should he constructed and worked by jmvatc eiiteriirise and not by the Dominion Govornment ; and tiiat tlie public aid to lie given to secure the undertaking^ should consist of such liberal grarnts of land, and such subsidy in mouL-y or other aid, not increasing the present rate of taxation, as the Parliament of Canada should tlit'rcafter determine; and it is expedient to make provi-siou for carrying old the said agreement and resolution ; therefore," etc. At tlie same time, two Pacific Kaihvay Co.npanies, each repre- senting capital enough to inspire i-onlidence, were incoi-porated. Tlie struggle between th« two companies to get the contract is iu the donniin of internal fact rather, and I need say nothing about it. One incident in coiniection with it is, however, noteworthy, vi/., that the disai)point>nent of the company which failed to secure tlie '' prize " .seeuis to have added to the elements of opposition — an op])osition based not on an adverse oinnion as to the scheme, but rather because it was too good to .see it in other hands. The contract for the woi-k was given, as I have said, to a private comjjany. And here the question arises. Why so I Why liand over to imUoidual enteri)rise, as it were, a work of such Duignitude 1 To this (p'estion T have never seen any auihoritativi- answer or explanation from the Government. My own idea is, ;| that fi'om the state of the case — condition of facts to be dealt witii- wilds tmknown and ditiicult to be traver.sed — uncertainty as to tinaii- 1 ( ial result, and the absence o^ ihita — positive data — and factors. J such as a Government reipures in that " fierce li>rht," wlii Vt the il»\»t-'J, i\ ln\u- itrtvt(M\. of tii'^ uv tnitUj (on UtU It runs inon with ,vevuinent anting the rticted and ^ment; ^lA li consist ot hcv aid, w.t luada slionui or canyiu!; leach repve- ivated- coutvact is |.,y i\othiui; liobesvovthy, ,a to secun' Position — ivn Iseheme, ^'^^t' said, to .1 so I Why ■k of f^uch loi |av\vhovitatiy<' Town ith'i^ ^'^• 1 dealt with-- ty -as to tiivau- ...vud tactors. [' whi'h c'vcv sMiTouuiJs the foot of tht' Thi-ono. as wt-ll as tlic Tliroiit* itself tli-- (lovoniinent of tlu' day, iii the cxcrcisf of a traditiDiial .Million. fhoujjhtit host to limit then- r('S|»oiisil»ility in the form of a '•l.oims," for a work obviously in th ■ nul)lio int«'rost--Ifiiviii.^f to iinliviilnil daring the " cast of tlie dio," In this, they had, at least, tlic cxaniiilt' of tlu; rnitfi ^t.it.-; (JovenmnMit, whose policy was toenioura,u;ePuiilic iinilways Ijy lil.rral aid in hmd and nioiu^y to in(U\idual promoteis. Xearlv two Iniii dredniillions of acres of the public domain and government del)e^tl^■e.^. and otiier forms of money aid to large amounts, was wluit tlinl (Jovfrn ment had just given for such woi'ks, and the policy of tin- (Jovcni ment was litei-aily to belt witli steel tl"'; continent with its i\vm oceans. In the face of such fact —-inch mcnn'^ •, soiti't/ilit f \vu\ {>, In- done, and done at once, to counteract the centripet^jil force of micIi t'Xpansive energy — for undeniablt; it is, that in the viririn fii-ld <• North Ameri(;a, where, in the main, the F/o;/ hus Imf f(,ll<)\)\'il f,-iiil>\ t!ie " dollar " rules, and [lolitical sentiment is huf sentimenr. iind that, weak and fast becoming fainter. 'I'his phase of the case i> not a pleasant one for us to contemplate, and 1 refer to it now Immhiisc it comes before us in this connection as a stern reality. iJnt tn pin ceed with our narration of facts The (rovernment, to meet the emergency , gave, with the contract, a land gi'ant of r)(l,OO(),()0(> (rtfty nullion) acies mihI S30,000,000, payal)le in terms prescrii)ed in the cliartei-. Shortly afterwards, in general election, they carried the country with them on the scheuie, in spite of the formidalde special o-»p(j.>itioii of rival and disappointed jyarties. With a fair majority they wxcX Parliament. The coiitractois — Sir Hugh Allan k Co. — in the meantime had trieil the London market, but fi-om the counteracting inHueiu-es of the (rrand Trunk Company and An:erican railway bond holders theie, were nnal)le to raise the necessary funds for work. In the meantime, also, a sort of cor.spiracy had ijeen got wy. with I'dmifications of a .somewhat e.\traoi'dinary nature, the result of which was that on a certain nudnight vote, the (Jovernnieiit of the day were, in a sense, blown to the fo'.ir winds of heaven by the dynamite of the " Pacific Scandal." On the ruins, the enemy, with an exultant cry (ujainst the scheme, marched into the Trcis-.u'w Once in the House, they- the chiefs who had led the move — "und, however, that the general sense of thi^ conntry \Nas in IV or (f it. Fi'om necessitij, they adopted it. Imt in modified form, and to ^uit their own peculiar views, viz., to expend money and lamls »srensibly for a raihvay, iioiinm' railway expenditure, ami still h tv lo railway -an Hed them and their work. oi-gani/.;'il li\ pociisy, as the iii'ess ol t hi' ' mio \(\ nil: I'l ()iu.i:M <>i' < w \|)a. A I III! c. Illiilrl III- ji'iKl l('islii|» uf Ml- Mirk t'li/.ir, tlic iii'vv I'H'hlM'l, tllf SilCJlIlcd " MMclsfll/i'' S(j||"IIH' " U MS ClIllMfiiltcd illlll tDiiimliitfil ill (l.< s'litiitf linok. Let MS uliiiK'f iit it : mikI, Id i-oii- tnist, iiImi at till- liist scliciiic, iis l;ii*•, it is what thi' |ii'»sfiit ( Jos .•riiiii''iit have, \>y way of Icifary, o'l thrir liaiids. and, «io »d oi had, arc haiiid to tMiry out, «'Xc'»'pt on [loints ^lariiiLily |irfj'idirial to tlii' |(iil»lic iiiti-ff^t. Thr Doniinion Statute (of \S~\) di'liiics it thus : ■'Sciich 1 --A iiiiluay to lie t alhd tin' • ('aii;i(liaii I'aritii' lliiilway ' slifill 111 made liniii Miini' |ii»iiil m ar to and MHitli ol' Lakr Nipissiiii:, to soiih' piiiiil n\\ liiitisii ( '(iliniii>ia, <>ii tin- I'arilii (inaii, liotli tiir said |)()iiits to In' dfti'i iiiiiHiJ. ami ilic i niii'^i' ami iiiir ol' tiir slid laiiwav to in' approved li\ tlir itto, in further detail. •The (Jovernoriii ('ouncil niav diviih' tiir Section S-- I^Ua'ts It till' Works on aiiv section or suo section o he .sail railway shall not lieuivcu out to any contractor or contractors execp at'ti r lenders shall have lieeii olitaiiied for tlie ^lame. •J. Thai the contract foi- any portion of the said work shall iin- lie i:i\eii to any contractors unless siiili contractors i^ive satistactor evidiice liiat they possess a capital of at h'ast four thousand dolhii- per mile iif their contract, and of which twentv-(iv(> per cent, ii money. o;()\ernment or other siilhcitiit securities, appi'oved hv t| (tovernor ill (ouncil, shall have lieeii deposited to the credit of tl licceix er-( Jeneial, ' itc. SIUSID\ (MONKV). 3. That the total sum to be [taid to the cou'ii'iieLors shall s ipnlated in the c >n1ract, and shall he ten thousand dollars foi' i |>ayn foini the J] a)] ti. IIIOIIPJ 'urtiif ''Ut in y^AVH \ <'ontra( illHJI b 'WKi on ^IM1» uh <" stati J-'iiaruiit sexeial sections into sul)-sections, and may yise the work on conti'act, J .k], suhjei-t to the following' provisions :- ^^''J'lired t\ J"lJar,s, r.it ['"' Provin, H «liouJd, ^t'<<'iver~0 'iiiK ••U()Ijij:m ok ( anai>a. V in <-'^»»' ct. 1 of tlx' /•.icy, «»'i i.(.\y ' ^ to SOMW jints to >"• l»>s it into Kauiontox \,y OnU'i" in :i«\v:iiu-<' of the Vuu' i,l.'s fv>r ^••"^■ ,v aiviil'' th>' oil conti-iH't. la.aors ex«;i'\"l ,'ovk shall U'.'l I,. s:vlist'!ivtn\\| lusi»u^l njil«} of tlu' H«!t'tion or Hub-s^'ction fontiactcd fi^\\ ami tl.at such sum xhall h«! piud to the contnictor as th»' work piojiiessrH. I»y monfhlv paymcntH, in proportion to the valiu- ot" tho voik thru actually ptM- formod (uncording to the estimat«'s of tli»' <'nt^iiRf rs d«'.sii{mitfd f«)r the jJurpoHe hy the Minister of rulijic; Works), as con>|iared witli the \aliie of tlie whole work contracted for, iiuludinii i-ollinj,' stock and all thinj^sto he done or furnished hy the coniractois ; ann etnj>tion light, and when a sufli- Icieut, (luantitv cannot be found in the imnuHliate vicinitv of the jrailway, then the same ipiantity, or as much as may be recpiired to Ivuiiiplete such quantity, shall be a|)[)ropriated at such other places as liiiay be determined by the Governor in Council. THE MACDONALD-ALLAN CONTRACT Kcfjuired that the company should have a capital stock of ten million lollars, r.iteably distributed, according to population, throughout klie Provinces in the B^ederntion, in shares of one hundred dollars, [lul should, in limine, deposit ten per centum into the hands of the Cccciver-fjeneral (Dominion Treasury), and that they should '* within IS TIIK IMU»BI.F.\I OK ( ANAI>A. two VHuiM from "JOtli .Inly, 1871, roiumtuuui simuIUiiu-otisly th«» c'onstruciion of the ruih'-ay from tlit! Paui tic Ocean towarils the Kooky Mountains, and from a point in tin* Province t>f Ontario to b«? ilt'ti'rminrd l»v tlif (iovcnimcnt, towards tlic Pacific! Ocoan, to con- ii.rt tho seahoard of iJritisli (::oluml)ia with tho railway systtMn of Canada, viz. : l»y a continuous railway wholly in Canada -tho wholo to he Hnish<>d within ten years from 20th July, 1H71. The Hultsidy was thirty millions of dollms, [myanle aocordins; to work done, monthly, on certiticute. TllK LAND (iHANT. Fifty millit)ns of ac res of land, in blocks alternate, on mch si>fe* (if the railway, of twenty miles in depth and from six to twelve in width, autl where the land " not of fan* avera;;e quality for settle- ment," selection to l>o made eluewhere, cuntifjuoutt* to the land.s •.'rant; (I alonj; the main line. The estimate on the land, in the titst contract,, was two dollars iind a half pei aero, and the (rovenuuent bound itself to hold the intermediate blocks at that as an " upset price." In the Mackenzie scheme there was no limit in this regard, and even the valuable coal and other precious mineral lands might, under that refjiine, be had tor a dollar the acre under the Dominion Lauds Act, as amende«l by that " Liberal Governmeni." FIN'AXIIAL I'OWERS. In tho Allan charter there was a bond power given to the extent of $40,000 per mile — a limit, it .strikes me, which must have 'leen fatal to work in British Columbia, where the average cost is , laid at about $G0,000 per mile. In the praiiie and western sections s:enerally, the limit was a fair one. Howevei', the charter was not, as is known to the world, p«it to , the test, but we have the evidence of Sir Hugh Allan, when examined on the Koyal Commission, that he found the contract too le.strictive — too " hard " — to i)e practicable. He and the Govern- .•.ent were not "one " in the transaction, and he at once threw it u[il as impracticable, under the circumstances of the case. But to return to the current of our narrative. The schenit) being one thus left untrammelled by prior contract, other than that • NoTB. — We italicise the above words, as the grant, in this respect, iii| the Slackenzie scheme is not restrictive as to selection, and, moreover, giv«' a railway half of only twenty miles in breadth, whereis the former give j (lituble that — a distribution which, to me, j)resents veiy distinctive featuie> I'Ut cuibono, or cui nur/o, I do not take it upon me to say. luidei niodil with I I for th« tlian tl and w] oated » Ti in brir wealtl), of the ] III Fleuiini •^t'lf, as lfii72, tl line of fiom Ni >^iiccintl3 Kron f'/.> the Ct and c " Porabii line; . Di IntJ 'lu.sion 01 "Th iicro.ss the "Jay, inde found, gei exception 'oiite, tall alluded nIiow ligl been neces From published. in;Chief, c •ail way roi fsting rep I'lofessor J!l the great a it ■UFTad^, sly tim i Uocky , to bo , to cou- stcin of ii> whol«5 twelve in for sottU'- the liuitis ivo iloUiiV'^ o hoUl the MrtcktMi/Ae luable cortl lUfl, bf brtd iiieiuUNl by \'eu to tl«<' must liAve •age coHt is Rvn sections |orld, imt to llan, wheui ;ontract too] the Govern threw it ui'i iThe sch'jnit' ]r than that| Lis respect, ii 5 joreover, giv ■ former give '| Ictive featuve- THK I'Kom.KM OF- fANADA. 10 untler the tcnns of lTnit>n with Hiitisli Colunitiia, as .sub.sfM|iifntly nioditie«l, acoordin;^ to t^lo ('aniarvoii 'IVnns, the new (iovcnmieiit, nolens votenH, as a necessity of tinnr |M>litical life, assunieil to ^o oil with the work. Ill the nieai-tihio, Hurvoys in Hiitish Cohnnbia wore proawntej for thepur|M)se (oHtensilily) of Hnclinx— if posniblc— some Kotttn- rout^* t\u{\\ that Hrst found — the very on«' imw, ultitnat^'ly, (ieterinined on, and which the wnt«M\ in his work '■ Peaen Hiver," |»as{o 115, had indi- cated as an alternatire one from the Vellow Head Pass. The survey, was, it may Im; .said, ai» exhaustive' oiu* — valuable ill bringing to light the immense undeveloped, yea, undreamt-of, wealth, in those rude tvcreti of the ICmpire. This on the ire.it side of the Rocky Mountains. In the meantime, in the east, we Hud, also, hy reference to Mi-. Fleming's rej>ort of 1874, that good work was done. He had him- self, as given in his journal " Ocean to Ocean," in the summer of 1872, traversed the continent from Halifax to Victoria, along the line of projected route. Winter and summer, the .survey parties from Nipissing to the Pacific, were hud at work, and the result is succintly stated as to leading points in the ea.st, thus : — From FortGaiT? to Toronto and Montreal : — To ToKHjro Miii;s. Vii) the Canadian I*a<'iftc Railway to XipisHiiiu and continuations 1,17:! " Pembina, Dul.ith, Ste. Mari« (American line) I'o Montreal. Miles. I,2!m; 1,28» Difference in tav(H- of Cinadian Pacific 1 2 J 108 In the same report Mr. Fleming gave the following as hi.s con elusion on work of survey so far as tlien done, viz. : — " That the practicability of astablishing a railway comnmnicatiori acro.ss the continent is no loagera matter of doubt, etc." " And it may, indeed, be now accepted as a certainty that a route has been found, genemlly possessing favorable engineering features, with the exception of a short section approaching the Pacific coast ; which loute, taking its entire length, including the exceptional .section alluded to (meaning the Bute Inlet route), will, on the avei-age, sliow lighter work and will require less costly structure, than have been necessary on many of the railways now in opei-ation." From 1874 to 1877 no specific report on the work was published. In the latter year we have one from the same Engineer- in-Chief, covering the interval, and giving not only the results for lailway routes, but the exceedingly extended extracts from the inter- esting leports from the Geological Statt' of the Dominion, and of I'rofessor Macoun, botanist, specially detailed for the purpose, as to the great agricultural, mineral and other economic value of Biitisii 20 THE I'KOBLEM OF ( AXADA. Oolumbiii ami that further nortli-wost, called the Peace Rivet Region, wjiereof Major Butler, in his glowini,' hook, " The Wild North Land," pasje 358, says :— "it will yet be found that theve are ten acres of fertile land lying north of the North Saskatchewan for every one acre lying south." Valuable extracts are also given fioni the Admii-alty reports (Vancouver's })rincii>ally), as to the coast and harbor facilities of British Columbia. Mr. Fleming's report of that year ('77) is large, over 400 pages. elahoratt^ly got up with majjs and plans, and does him an reports show the fact — " to ascer- tain the necessary facts, and present them in a clear manner for the considei-ation of the (Jovernment. •* To assist in drawing (-(jnclusions reK]>ecting the selection of the t<»r«ninns, 1 have submitted the opinions of distinguifjhed naval otHcers r«.'Si»ecting the harbors and clianuels of the coast. I have, likewise, presented the vitius of other exj>erienced men on tin- mat (eis l»earing on the subject. '• The inferences to bti diawu a|)poar to point conclusively to a choice of two distinct courses — the selection of the two routes which Hi-st reach the Pacitic waters at Burrard Inlet and at Bute Inlet, or the postponement of a decision lespecting the terminus until further examination be made on land and water to determine if a mo.-i' eligible rout<; can be obtained l)y the Biver Skeena." \\\ the following year (Ls78) aiKJtlier rej»ort was made l>y him, in which (page !') he says : — "In my report of Fe})ruiiry 8th. 1877,1 ed all the routes projected at that date, f submitted approxiuiate estimates ot cost, as well as naval testimony with respect to hai'bors on th- coast, and I ! attein] lines imi»orl unobje is nion that it of thes( interioi "J availab! •' I -i liilet. Skeena.' material lines wei subseque cost. " Th( imin-essic available tnere is that local Tiie leport of ■ Peace confirmee Fleming's ill height feet — abo American tains i.s a '•'et, while Pag(> Hoithern 'onsider j iiiver Piis >^\er 700 nibutarv " The '■>;aminatit I'loves the I'oint ; bii River e Wild leve ure wan for vei)Ovts lities of )0 pages, his staft" I have ble point go. haps of a inence of n-a-well " ions, Mr. Although vilable, it which, in Besides le fjiu'siion bei/ond the THE I'UOMLEM OF CANADA. 21 ? I with the lithfully " to -Ascer- lier for tlie ;tion of the hed naval I have, ni on tin- -ively to a utes which e Inlet, or til fvirther if a more [,le by him. the routes ot cost, as xist. and I atteui[)ted to narrow down the enrjuiry by rejecting all projected lines and proi>oseil termini, exce[)t the most satisfactoi-y and important. " I pointed out that there is no harbor on tlij mainland entirely unoVijectionable ; that on the outer coast of Vancouver Island there is more tlian one harbor well suited for the purpose of a terminus ; that it was exceedingly desirable to carry the railway to at l(;ast one of these harbors ; but that they all could be approached from the interior onlt/ at an enormous cost." " By this process of eliminations, 1 reduced the number of available routes to three, viz. ; — •' Route No. 2, terminus at Rurrard Inlet. • iioute No. (), touching tide water of the i^acific first at Biit-e liilet. "Route No. 11, terminating near the mouth of the River Skeena." " The examinations made during the past .season have not materially changad the circumstances inider which these separate lines were considered, and the trial location survey to Rurrard inlet, subsequently, confirms the general accuracy of the estimates of the cost. " The ex[>loration to Pine River Pass is of value in confirming the impression referred to in my^ re[>ort of last year, that a low-lying, available passage exists across the mountains in that latitude ; but tnere is nothing to show that so good a route can be obtained in that locality as by the Fence River Pass.'^ The exceptional lowness of this pass was, as Mr. Fleming in his report of 1874, page 1-3, states, indicated by me in my work called • Peace River," published early in 1872, and, as subsequently confirmed by repeated aneroid measurement by Mr. Horetsky, of Mr. Fleming's stafl', and by Professor Selwyn, is only about 1,700 feet in height — my estimate, as tabulated in "Peace River," was 1,750 feet — above the level of the sea, while the summit ot tli'' only American Pacific Railway which has yet crossed the Rocky Moun- tains is about five times that height, the precise figures being 8,242 feet, while the Peace River Pass is actually under 1,700 feet. Page 10. — ''I have, accordingly" — says he — "projected a noithern line of railway through the Peace River Pass, which I rousider preferable."' The difference l)etween the height of the Pine lliver Pass and that of the Peace River Pass is, as since shown, liver 700 feet in favor of the latter. This Pino River is a small tributary of the Peace Kiver. " The correspondence," he goes on to say, " respecting the ixaminations at the mouth of the Skeena River by the Admiralty, proves the non-existence of a suitable harV)or immediately at this [Hjint ; but i)rcaeh k>v the north of Vancouver Island to tlie Strait of Georgia '' (within which both Inlets are) "is hiizardous and olijectional)le." That the apjtroach by the south of Vanciaiver Ishuid is through passages more oi less iiiti'ioate. between, or at no great distance from, islands known as the St. Juan grouji. That the most important islands of the St. Juan iri'oup are in tlie territory of :i foreign power, and that from their position, they JK.ld the power of assuming a threatening attifmle towards passin" commerce." These considei'ations weighed much, therefore, and sugirested fnrthei' search for better port. Poi't Simjisju had been selected tiftv years b.^fore by the Hudson Ijay Company for their trade as theit principal j>ort in those latitudes and pissages— and had been nscd a- such ever since— having, at all seasons, good access, good ancliorau'e. good shelter, and with ample space for evtn a city. Its latitude i- about 54"' ;UI" about one degree north of that of Liverpool. The writer has the letter from the othcer (a Captain Simpson, of the schooner i'lhlhoro) to the writer's father, dated ISJS. rei»ort'.nLr th- select iianiet (.Tovei 1 snrve) « '*< indJ! J»re.seni be un-'s on proc infornu ^nforniii to sug! he mad the loca Thi piiblishe • Tilt I'ort Sinij sinooth-w ''lit the re break watc 'he tide, and tlienc at the For 'he na vigil ■mate (|iian ''■hI a iiorti Fro,| eastward.! The <■■••«' ofthd " i>aiu Knuto A ccoj '•r Peace In tij ^I'OMl Ids i-i THE rUOBLEM OF CANADA. 23 d that ,' to it. won of at our s sum- certiviu (I t'oi- a r Station juimalt, I. Ivautaye t all the incouvev Asiatic diich aie Inlet is cjenerally lai'lior, IS St iei»oi't |)prcai.'li Georgia ' tional)le. ' tlirougli we from, iji are m tion, they s passing suiJL't*^teil ecteti tifcy as their m used a- mchorag*'. atitvule i- ol. Tlu )n. of til'- ort'.U':; th- selection of the spot for a harbor, and the reasons for it. It was named Port Simpson in honor of Sir George Simpson, then Governor of the Hudson Bay Company's Territories. The route terminating at Port Simpson liad not, however, been surveyed, and thereon Mr. Fleming says : — " If, therefore, the northern line is to »)e seriously considered, it is indispensable that a thorough survtjy be made of it. With our l)reHent knowledge" — [id est, w Ant o? kno\v\edg(\ ad hoc) — "it will be unwise to adopt it as the route for the railw.iy, and to determine on proceediag with construction, without obtaining full and complete information regarding it. My own o[)'nion is iti favor of gaining information, and if the Government entertain this view, 1 beg leave to suijgest that, during the [)resent year a continuous exploration be made from Port Simpson easterly to a point of junction with the located line in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipegoosis." That suggestion was acted on, and in his report of 1>(S0, (just published), wo have, on page G, this from him : — • Tlio examinations made dniinf? the past season have ostiihlished that J'ort Simpson is a commodious, well-slieltoiecl liarl)or. It has a larj^'^e area nt smooth-water anchorage : it is, to some extcai, exposed to south-west winds. Itiit the roll of the ocean is broken on the reefs which here form a natural breakwater. It has good ap]>roaehes, and is easy ofaceess at all conditions ot the tide. A railway can be carried by way of Wark Inlet to the Kiver Skeena. and thence by the valley of that river, a distance of ISO miles, to Hazelton, at the Forks. A trial location of 60 miles of the line has heen made from the navigable waters of Wark Inlet, plans an(i profiles prepared, and approxi- mate ort describes three as actually surveyed to the main line cast of the Kocky Mountains, and he tabulates the result thus : — Miles. '• Lake Superior to Tort Moody, Burrard Inlet 1.045 (measnrt'd) •'• '' Simpson, by No. 1 (route) "2,170 (estiniateil^ " " " No. '1 '• 2,200 '• •« «• « No. 3 ■• 2,13j '• .Route No. 1 is ria Yellow Head Pass. •' No. 2 •■ Pine River Pass. No. ;> '• Peace River Pass." Accordingly, the shortest of the three norilicrn routes is that liv Peace lliver.— So savs Mr. Fleming. \n tliis connection we would also give tlie fo' lowing extract trom his report oi' 1877, page GO : — 21 TIIK IMlOliLKM OF CANADA. •'Tin- proximity ol' tiic scvfii lifiiboiK' (nnven in (luostion in Itiitisb fnliiinbiii) -to tin- Asiatic roust, stiinds iiitho fullowinir ordi-r, VoUohama. in .liiiiaii, iiciii,w.', 4,120 Kanis>'> Howe Sound 4.372 AVaddinjiton Harbor, Bute Inlet 4,470" t yofe '>>/ W'rit.-r. — 1 vuiderstand the miles to be geographical. Port K.ssinutoii is at tlic nioutli of the Skeeiut, ;iboat 3(^ miles cast, ami .ibuiit 40 soutli of Port Simpson. While on this sul»jpct of relative di.stance.s, I may also refer to what ]Mr. Fleming gives us on page 11 of the same report ( lf^77). ir«! says : — " With icsi)ect to distance, it was estimated that, from Bnrrard Inlet to .Montreal ' (seai>ort), '• would be i;:'.o miles less than Irom Sau Franei.seo to New York. " It was. at the same time, estimated that the Canadian route would l>rinu' New York. I'.oston and L'ortland, trom ;;()0 to :>Q0 miles nearer tu the I'acitic (oa.st at Bmrard Inlet, than these cities now are, with San Frauiisco as the terminal jtoint of their line thronj,di the Tnited States. "The distance from England to China would be more than ^,000 mile: less by tlie Canadian line than by the line passing through New Voik and Sau Francisco.'' A governing fact on the (juestiou of the world's commerce. But to this ath'antage of meie linear distaiice, there is to be added the enormous ditiereuce, in the proportion of at least 4 to 1, in the matter of gradients hetween tht> Ameiican and the Canadian lines, and of which a com[iarative i>lau is given in Mr. Fleming's report. The ditTerent heights along each route are given, and from that, at a glance, the advantage of the latter is to he seen. The former has to rise from Pacific level to a height of 7.016 feet within 70 miles, and thence tor l.oOO niiles runs across mountain ranges, deeply serrated, and across u svstem of canvons at a height varviny from over i-.oOO te^^t to 5>,24'J feet — the height of the summit called " tSherman." — while the height of the Canadian line (Yellow Head Pass) is only o,(J4Ci fee*: above the sea. with exceedingly easy apju'oach on each side, with gradients nowhere exceeding 50 feet to the mile. The rule laid down by enginecis is that a ri.se of I'J feet to the mile is e<|ual, in oiu-iative eipiivalent. to a du[tlication of distance. Makinu' a liber; over se road, ai give to •.00 mi of throi On 1880, p •In tile line "I across 1 ing acro.> of them i line to B Imi son, favc of fertili railway railway, Inlet, vie Fiaser E On " The awarded o; no longer ; -Many year -Manitoba f I'ility of tl cJiaracter a 'I 'he qucstl Should it Ii on the mail that such a The c part of th( Cascade n and .sceej)] when doiK legion of -and olfe nient. In th( Mountains J. A from Fort; been used ; i I'.iitisU uumii. ill W h:'. 79 80 8i; :u; ;.")<; ;72 l70" 3(V miles I vofer to le report (1 ]nl.-t to uui^co to lute would 10 V to tlic amisro 000 miles uik and I'ce. But ded tliC in the an lines, report, rat, at a n- has to liles, and serrated, L'l t,'>OU man." — is only on each Thi' mile is Mikinij; THK l'KOIJL^;.^[ OF t'AXADA. 25 a liberal allowance in modification ot the rule, and which worn over seven hundred miles to the operative length of the Amerl';"^''"' load, and to ours considerably less tliaii two hundred, we inii()0 miles. 1 shall reft^r again to the subject on the giMieral (juestion ' of through tialKc and financial aspects of the scheme. On this subject of aligixment, Mr. Fleming, m his rei)ort of 18S0, page 12, concludes: — •In former reports I iiave contrasti'd tlie Canadian ra< itic Railway with the line running from New York to San Franeisco, "I now be^ leave to submit a comparison with all the lines prnji-tted acro.ss the United States (dia^^ram proiluced). Of the four lines stretdi- im? across the continent, within the limits of the United States, no one of them is marked hy general summits so low or gradients .so moderate as the line to Burrard Inlet.' Immediately on the report of the northern routes to Port Simp- son, favorable though it is in some i.nportant resi)ects, such as extent of fertility of region to be traversed, and remarkable facility for railway route, com |;a rati vely, to other transcontinental lines of railway, the Government of tl>*^ lay adopted, tinally, the Burrard Inlet, vid the Yellow Head Pass, and North Thompson and Fiower Fi'aser River route. On this point, the report of 1880, page 11, .says : "The location of the railway heing now definitely tixed, and contracts awai'ded on the line to Burrard Inlet, in the interest of the railway there i> no longer any necessity for continuing examinations in the northern districts. Many years nuist elai)se before the great areas t>f available lands between -Manitoba and the mountains are fully occupied, and hy this period the capa- l>ility ot the Peace River District will have been tested. Meanwhile, tin- character and extent of railway trattic and its re<|iiirements will be known. 'I'he que.stion will then jucsont itself: how this trattic can best be dealt with ? Should it be desirable to con.structa la-anch to Peace Iliver, from some jioint on the main line east or west of Edmonton, the late exatninations have proveil J hat such a line is perfectly feasible." The contracts referred to cover 125 miles of the most tlitlicnlt part of the whole work, viz. : through the canyon (rent across the Cascade range to river level) of the Lower Fiaser, and the rugged and steej)ly scarped rock bed of the Lower Thom[)son ; and which, when done, will give aoce.ss to the interior of British Columbia — -a region of vast wealth — -mineral, pastoral, agricultvtral and sylvan -and offering in climate and salubrity s[)ecial attraction to settle- ment. EASTERN SECTION'. In the east, from Fort William, Lake Sup(nior, to the liocky Mountains, the re[>ort, 187'J, informs us that : — 1. A telegraph line had been '• put," though very perfunctorily, from Fort William to Kdmonton, 1,200 miles, and that the line had iieen used as far as Battieford — GOO miles. •J'l TUK I'HOULK.M OF CANADA. Slniiii,'*' to s'v, tlio work was jLfivcn ont liffore the railway line Has located, and, in this »•< iriinl. was in the Iteth of the Statute — iiioiit'V, over a liiindred thousand chjlhirs, in efl'ect tliiown awav. Tlie second snWje<'t tonohcd on is theOeorgian Bay Branch and t'ln' navigation of Frencli River. Kstiniated cost of railway, ' •tI.'JOO.OiIO " — siibs(M|uently abandoned. .'i. 'I'he subject of Private; Kailway Bills for Manitoba and the N(Mth-\Vest, until a general railway scheme b« deliberately and •aiefnlly matured, is discussed, and de|)recated. •I. The exiieilit'Mcy of laying down a comprehensive scheme of tailwjivs over the \ast wild between the Atlantic atid Pacific, "with a system of main and sulisidiai-y lines for the future,and at the same time, according to the exigencies of the time, is advocated with a fi'ii'c which must, or at h'asr, should, carrv. la Flfuiin'' jsavs on this head : — page 1 1, y\\ (OMI'KKJIKXSIVi; SCIfK.MK OF RAILWAYS. '■ 'J'lie ]»oli< V I'ollowcd Cor wliich sliouhl bo followed) in this matter will, 111 no siiijill lasses of men to lie (dusidt i\d — the investor and tlie settler. Naturally, "M iodU U) the ."\b)tlier Country for some ly that of locality. 'J'o the stru,uj,din;; man of the old world, who ha- -tieujuth and (Our me, we ran otler the means of niakimr for In mse; Imiiu'. To all su( h we (itfer land to till that will yield a L'encious rowari III iahor /,;// that tail I ts tur iii Ih, thriiir of the continent. It must fiist I c made aecessiltle. and the means provided for conveyiui^ to market wliat riic soil -will ])ro(lii( Jf on the one hand, we feel calleil 'ipon in the interests ol' liu whole Empire to o])en up the vast territory fn ihc uullions who are to occupy it. «ai the other hand, it is clearly our dut\ to follow the course winch will aciomplish this result in the luost .satist'ac I Mv manner.'' The citation is long, but not too mtu'h so, ami 1 give io v. its own unanswerable elo(juence to nu".'t what a[ipears to me to in lather tl: lundiccil ca|>tu)usiu'ss ot tin; one solitai-y gentleman ii \\h itU I he wliole House of '_*( ('. in the Cunnnons of Cat, ad; The m>Nt head touched on is the eaily estaldishment of coloniz.t ti'iii lailways in the prairie region — how best to encourage, and tlu'ii juotect setthunent. and under what conditions, in public .safeguard, powers should be giante'd to [ci vate compani"s for branch lines. TIIK I'KOIJLK.M OK ( ANADA. y Un«' LUte — \y. li iind liiwiiy, ntl tli«' ly antl enie of c, ^v'tll W SiUlU' witli :> II, Mr. itter will. •ultiviiliU' 1(1 it will an' tw" Naturally, to aitl ii' liis invc'st- thiH Jerhl cvowdc'l who sutlVi ,vity to all , imgalitv ) a t'oit'i.s:'! IV will 1"^' Id, who ha- luinself a ons vcwan! must tirsi arkot what feel calle'l (.rritory foi y our (l"t\ t !-ati>fa(- [trive It VA me to 1"' ItU'umu ill if coloin/.;i and tlu'ii safeguuv'l, lines. 7. TliH Wo.stei-n Terminus and route tlu'ougli liritish rolunil.ia, •as to wliicli I lu've siiid eno ;li in exiilanation. 8. The establishment of the Trunk Lin;' hetwcfii Lake Su|M'ii<)i an«l Manitoba. On this he says : — " Om; of the ((Ut'stions wliidi will niidoulittdly tone itsflf on t)iiMi • attention when the rraiiic Rej^ion hofrins to niiKf a siupliis t'or txpoitiition, will lie tluj cheap transportation of products to the east hooUint; to tiii^ view of tlie (juestion, tiio importance of a location whii h will scciui' ihc /i(//ihst gnidiints in on vaxti'vlif dinctioa is manifest. • • • • • • The information ohtained '' (he is citinji from liis own report of 74) •• suir^e'sts that it will he possihie to secure maxiniMiu tastcrly ascendini; tfiadicnts hetween Manitoba and liake Sunerior. icithin tin limit ot'-H't/ni to '/" mi/c. a maximum not half so great as that wliicli obtains on tlic majority <>!' the railways on the continent. " J think the line should he located so as to have tlicln'st possihlc idiuii- iiient, with no heavier gradients than the maximum reterrcd to. i'.nt tin' importance of securing tbe benefits of an unbroken st'.am coniminiitation at tlie earliest possible moment are .so great that I consider tiiat it woulil '"• advisable, in the first instance, to construct the ( beapest line.' * i> • • • "The whole of the railway hetween Fort William atid S.'lkirk — in len-tli no miles — is now under contract. It is with no little satisfaction that 1 a:ii enaliled to point to a table of tbe gradients whit.il- lislied in this length (gives tahles) : — Ascending easterly. Rise . 10 to .2(1 per cent do .20 to .::ii do do .liii to . to do do .40 to ,:)n do Feet per mile. .\liout ;") to Ml do in to If, ilo 10 to 21 do 21 to 20.4 Level Ascending westerly, .liise . U) to .2 ) per cent . do ,20 to .:■.<• . :;s 52 17 11 1 1 . 1 1 ;; 1.11 178.71 108, ()i; N( >. of nulc-. 2S.51 lo.ij'l ;<.74 \-2.y.', \\-\[ to otji ,te them svith tlie curvature, so that when the shaip curvt-s w. iv caMi'd for by tiie [jhysical features of the country, the inclinations ot the line would in those cases lie |iro[)ortionately reduced. -> Tin: I'HOIJLKM OF CANADA. The practiciil cirfct of ;i .sliar|» ciiivc on ;i luaxlmuiii on this important condition very largely depends the succe.ssful settlement of the vast fertile plains- and the |»ermanent advantage of the future settlers. TICK rOST Ob' Tlfi; RAILWAY. Ah to w hat now is the state of the work, ■\\i>\ .'hat is being done on it, as aiithoiity, we have the report — ^^just issued- — of Mr. Fleming ; an elaborate and exhaustive work of 3G0 pages. <)n Images yr»4. T) and (>. we find, in answer to a requisition from the Minister of Railways and Canals, then (15th April last) about to- address the House on the subject. He savs, addressing the Minister : — • " Sir, — T have tlic honor *o sul)niit tin; following,' estimate of expenditure iiecossaiy to jiliK e the L'anu'liau Pacitic in oi»eratiou fVoin Lake Superior to Fort Moody. '• Tho.se who made the .surveys and calcuiations inform me that the ijuantitie.s are very t'tili. and that in actual execution they can be lar;:"i^5B^W«^jjS;()rffe;^>:' ■iu'u'iit is wor c>t" !i Lje of full tever the .se wotilci or in the ^ o\er the Ills object ;eeu miles ;o enforje nvolve an leen called [Kuatively citic Rail- stablishecl L)e claimed availaV)lo Region to iw time to ,egion, the lived for it ilition very itile plains is l)eing ,d— of Mr. •ages. On I from the t) about to. icxpentliturn Superior to le that tht; |i be larjit'ly lely cartful le i)lace.s, by I and sudden jr classes of Iby dainj;- no \\ reduction THE I'ROnLKM OF e then looked for. " 2, To proceed with the work west of ]{ed Kivcr by ci.nstructiu;; Jom miles on the route recently establislicd. The n.adwnv and works tolw ot the chara(;t«'r detined by the 48th contract and the tcuflcrs for the (iOth con- tract recently received. '• To proceed with the construction of ]'ir> miles in I'.ritish Columbia, under the (joth, 61st, r.L'nd atid (J3rd contracts. 'J'jie expenditure on the 12.'. miles to be limited, in accordance with the provisions of f ho eontra( t ami the views set forth in my report of the lilind November last.* '• To lu-oceed gradually with the intervening distance. To delay placin- additional s<'ctions under contract in Hritish Columbia until the i_'.". miliN are completed, or well advanced, thus preventing any undue increase in tin- price of labor, "To carry construction westward fnmi Manitoba across the Prairie Ilegicm only as sittlement advances. " In my re])ort of last year, I placed the cost of the section between Lake Superior and lied Rivcir at §18,oo(i,()(io. Since that date the stejKs taken to keei> down the oxpendittire on the is;, mil(;s between Knglish Kiver and Kecwatin have been so far successful as to reduce the length about ;i:| miles. and the estimated cost fully $500,000. 'J"he rails for these two contracts hav.' likewise been secured at a considerably lower price than the estimate. What- ever an increasing traffic in futinc years may demand in the way of terminul accommodation and rolling stock. 1 am confblent the lin<'can be opened for traffic between Fort William and Selkirk, well e(iuipi)ed for the business which may then be expected, at a cost not exceeding $1 7,()ni),ooo. '•West of lied Riv<'r. loo miles have been place! under contract, and tenders have been received for a second lOO miles .section. 'J'hese two .stc- tions are «lesigned to be constructed and etpiipped in the most economical manner, b; for ( olonization jHir- poses, full blasting being deferred until the trathc demands hiuh speed. It is intended to provide sufficient rolling stock for immediate wants, postponim: full equipment tmtil the country becomes jiopulaled, and the business (ull> for its increase. "On this brtf>is and on the other data furnished, the railway may lie opened from Lake Sujierior to the Pacific Coast within tlic tollowing esti- mate : — * Report on the British Columbia Section, 'J'iml November, 18T'J. — Kxtraets — " Tin; total sum of the lowest tenders tor the four sections, a.^ above stated, is $!»,1G7, 040. It will be borne in mind that the character of the contract to be entered into is materially difterent from ordinary contracts. This sum represents the maximum — the cxjienditure is not to exceed tlii.- amount, but it may be very much less (see clauses it. c, and 7.) 30 TIIK IMtOHI.KM OK (•AXAr>A. I'oit Williiiin to Selkirk (lot! tnilo.s) with liylit Kiudi.'iits, iiK ImiIIii^x h liiii' iillowiiii'c of roiling Hto at »3.r,<;o.... $15,500,000 haki- Kaiuloops to Valf, I'.T) at HO,ooo. . , . 10,000,000 Viil.' to I'ort Moodv, 'JO at :rS.HH8 :].r.oii,(M)i» .\(M 'I'otal iniios. l.'.i.")G. |i.".»,00().ilOO l.(IOO,0(M» 30,000,00fT $t;o,ooo,o(ut '• 'rill- al)ov«' dots not incliKii* cost of exploration ami proliniinary Kuivtys throughout all parts of tho country, north of Lake Nipissing to- .lames Bay in tht; east, and from Eipiimalt to Port Simpson ia the west, lutweeii liatitudes 4'.»° and .^O", not properly chargeable to construction, $:;.! l:i,iJl«, oi tin: cost of the Pcsnihina Branch, $l,7">0.00n, or with othei uuioiiuts with which the I'acitic Railway account is charged, ' I have tho hf»nor to he, Sir, •• Vour obedient servant, ■• SANUKURD l-'LEMING, • • Knyiiieer-in-C/i i"/-" A I Aisu Ms^tln' Eastern Section, lietwecii Thuudei" Bay, Ijtike Siiperior, anil Ka.stt'ni TtTuiiniis, Likii Nipissing, lie gives the folluwiuir ineiuoriintliiin : — '■ A most thorout,Mj survey of the whole region, liithcrto totally untouched by survey or even travellers' accoiuit, it may lie said, between Lakes liuron and Superior and the rim of the Hudson ' Bay basin or water.sUed, had been made, and a piac ticable and even comparatively easy line, ia fact tw(j or three lines, hail been found, and were reported on in previous reports." Kefen-iug to his last report on the suliject, he says : — '• In my report recently laid before l?arlianient, I have referred to tho projected line between Scuth-East Bjiv, Lake Nipissing, and iSauIt Ste. Marie. The explorations of tliis district have established tliat a location can be had north of Lake Nipissing, which would be common for 60 or 70 miles to the St. Mary's branch and the main trunk line to the North-West. As tho (>f . Mary's Branch will, in all probability, be constructed before the through line is undertaken, the length ot the latter will be reduced by the Jengh of the location common to the two lines. The eastern terminus will co«se- (|nently be advanced S' me (iO or 70 miles to the west, beyond the theoretical Ktarting-point at Lake Nipi.ssing. The Icitgth of the eastern section therefore uiMV be assumod not to e.veed 60* miles, 0,OOO,(l(UT 0,000,0<>(» preliiniiiiiry NipissiiiK to- in the wt'st, LoiiHtrmtioii. ir with (»thei i-iU'Cln'/r Bay, Ijiike gives the y untoiulje III expliumtioti it is to he ohserve.I, thiit this "Sanit Ste. Marie hninch " never t'onned part or" the oiiginal trunk line as coiittin phtteti, the point l«'ingeon.si(leial(ly--:ilK)ut 100 miles, more ov h's,> south of any jn-ojected in those meridians. Th(^ nortli (extreme) shore of hake Superior (head of Nepigon Hay) heinj; a rnliii" »»1 jf'Ctive ]»oint. and the north side of Lake Nipissing heing found lies- for railway route, to go to Sault Ste. ISfane wouhl l>e a detleoti.m adverse to the special chiiracter and eXceUence of tlie lino, as one straight and level ms possihle, the country inimeiliately north of >>ault Ste. Marie being of rugged rock and very unfavoralde f. railway construction. Besides, on military considerations, there w, miles at least shorter than any vid iMiicago, to any Atlantic Port. American or Canadian, but which itself {i.e. the Chicago line) would be longer to Atlantic ports, from JManitoba, or the centre (say, about Hattleford) of the great wheat Held of North America, than th ■ Canadian Grand Trunk Pacific. On this particular point we have, from Mr. Fleming's report, given the relative distances. Howevei, as in the meantime, under the .so-called " Carnarvon Terms," the •' confection " (to use a French word in default of better) of the section between Tiiunder Bay, Lake Superior has been relegated to the "Greek Kalends" — for that, in efiect, would, we feel assured, l)e the result of deferring con.struction till after " 1890" — the Hail way "Interest," American, as well as Canadian, from Boston north ward, seems bent on thus, at once, tapping the west. The natural result, as we have so earnestly already indicated, will be a still closer and tinner forging of those links of commerct- which bind a people common in language, common in literatuiv and cognate in thought and life. In this .sense, we consider-, a SauU Ste. Marie connection with American railways a political anomaly ; and further to obviate such mi.schief to Bri*^ish tenure of the Noi'th American wild we would urge that, at once, in Imperial i uteres*"., the Iinperial Government either itself make this Eastern Section — for it carries no land, worth mentioning tit for .settlement — or offer to aid Canada to undertake the work, paripasstt, with tie* British Columbi.i -mA Prairie Sections. 'Vl rilK I'HOHLKM OK TAXADA. T «l() not think I am siiij^nilar in tlicsr views, lor I gather from th»! rrsishmcr of th«' ('.iMaiian (ioverrinicnt to th»' |>rt*ssuro on them liv their sii|»)K)rtei\s in the House, or hy the many of them who seem lo III' 111 the partiiMilar- interest i liave jnst referred to, that they see the (hmger I speiik of, and, therefore, trne to their trust — as thoy h;ive e\er shown themselves in tiiis j^reat niatt'T, vital to the national lit«- -they will not swer\e from their eourse, us det»;rminot loitli. and on tliat data the wlmii' niain lii.c, rmiii i'ort Moody, on the raiitic cnaist, to the KasttM'n Tti 1101111"^, ill the nriLdilidihood of Lake Ni|»issin«, iiiiiy be constnictcd in the maniifi and under tlif < ii< unistancos rot'iricd to, for niiout $80,000, Odd. But to nifd any of the |iOKsil»lf continuciKit's, to which I liavu nferred " — (viz., in< rrasi' in cost of niatciials and lahor), '• 1 hct; it'ave to rt( onimt'nd tliat iii tdiisidi riiiu tlir subject (if i apital re(|uiic(i for the undertaking, a liberal per- centa;:e he added.' IKtU I K«iKI). Since the |)res('nt (lovernment came into ^tower, which thev did liy a i-eturn of poll of ovei" two to one, in . fall of 1878, thev have certainly giver, evidence of earnestness i;i taking up the work -such as it was left to them. On tlieii- adxcnt (restoration) to |>ower, there had been much — over 81 1.l".l !♦ " for survey— ^;p(Mlt ostensiiily on and alt(nit the work- but there was little to show for it, and t/iaf, all in a bad way ; as if the policy of tin; late CJovei-nment (consistently with that ivowed by its cliieis on their entry) was iu)t only to prevents Pacific Ibiilwav (.n lititish soil, but to take away, by sheer waste in the seeming ellbrt, the rcr// iihuihh for it hereafter. On the 17th, Septeir.ber 1878, wluMi a general election turned the tide, tliei-e was not a single foot of Pacific Railway, nor even of the Pembina Branch, laid. During the halcyon days of their five years of enjoyment of the public treasury, the (rovernment did i'(,>ally nothing fur the road. During this period, o»' part of it, Mr. [i the IllOIlSt Fleniii Isr. mi t nick hi t iiicludi iiiKh-r ( "A >ecarc(I <. T h'oiii nu eoutract 'T sections Y Ii I'o on tlifin i\ who set'in lilt they sfi' st — liH tlH'V he luitiomil iiinod on in irtl political n(M'i(ui wit 1 1 it times, in iniir, at the i Minister of eonceiU'tl so iicnit wonM, •0(1, HO nuu'ii u Teiininns their wav to •inin^' ntakes f 1880 : — 1(1 on that data o tl»c Kastorn structcd in tlif ,()00,0(t(). But fened"— (viz.. lunit'nd that in u liberal per- lich they tli'l )t' 1878,' they up the work Vteen mnch — Itesides, the lu iil»ont tlie f., all in a bad itly with that to prevent a ,]»€er waste in lection turned v. nor even ot s of their five jvernment diH mikI rocks of the Kiministiiiuii region, ^oiii*^ with the work '* lie knew not uli-ic," as M i-. Klemiim. on examin.ition hefore t'oiiimitte,- had snlise(|iiciulv to admit. Con tracts yiven out without pioper data — the route nuilctfrmined in faet. Tlie work o<* of fruitless, it not corrupt expenditure riie I'emhina road hed w.is left to melt int ) its original muii. The " three millions' worth of .steel rails " hmiiht nnlcr rirciim stances, which, as reveale(l. hear their own connncnt, wi'ic left in^t inj; here e.nd there, sa\<^ such as hail, in politic. il ra\or. Keen u'^'en to s.)me other road. And in the meantime, also, in sul>>cr\ icncc to tin- .-anu' jiolicy of " organized hypoci isy,' the ( Jovcrnnicnt, irres] ccti\ •• of Parliamt;nt, strained its powers to i,d\t', in cire(;t, a niotiopi jy of the oarrying trade of oiu- North-West to American lailsvays tor twenty years to coriie, and which, of oui'se, woidd I'H'cctii.dly annc\ the c'onntry to the United States. Now, since the prostMit .Ministry, with the piini.d promolers of the seheino at its head, have re-i,'raspcd with master-hand the monster dilHcnlty, the tollowing has heen done, as a}»[)(arsliy .Mr. Fleming's report, pages I'D cl no/, lie leports : — " III till) spriiii,' of 1H7», tin- line lictwc^cn ]'aiL,'!isli RiviT ami Kccuutih. ISf) inili's, was let in two contracts, No.^^. 11 and 12, tor j^iiidiiiL,', liriilgin.u juiil tr.'ukliiyinj,'. "In the summer of 1S7!». a scciien <^i \rt) niilcs west of lleil ];i\ci. iiK'Iiiiliii^r ji branch from the main lino to the City of WinniiMi;, wa.-; piaci'il luider contract. " An additional supply of 30,00) tons of steel rails and fastenings was >eeured in 187'J. '•The ,t,'rudinf,', hridijfinv:, tracklayint,' and hallastinu in liritish Colnmii'a. from noar Vale te Savonu's Ferry, a distance of C;7 miles, were placed uiiiki lontract towards the close of 1S7'J. '•The length of line now muler contract consists of the followini; sections : — Fort William to Selkirk (main line) 410 miles (This reduced by subsequent survey '.'> or 4 miles.) Selkirk to Emerson (Pembina branch) So •' West of Rod River (main line ai\d Winnipei,' branch) Idti •• In Britisli Columbia (main line) 1-7 " Total under construction ~'2'1 miks. 3 THE I'lvOBLKM OF CANADA. Total undrr construction (caniod forward).. 722 miles." Since these figuies were jn-iutod as appear.s, in addition to tlie fir.st v -[lort distributed during session, just closed, there ai)[)rars the follow ini; on page ,3llG : — CONTIUCT No. CO. Main Line — Second loo miles west of Red Kirer. Date of Contract, iJrd May, 1S80. Date for com- pletion, 1st October, 18812 100 " 'J'otal under ( ontract &22 miles < >n tlie same, pa^e 32G, and following, the schedult! of qiumtities ,ind prices as to the last lUO miles is ei' mile. Elsewhere in his report he says he estimates that the I'ost of the thousand miles of the Prairie Section can Ix; built at such like average v.o.st, i.e., with trestle-bridges of wood. Add for cost of steel j-ails, stations and rolling stock, .say S5,G00 \)v\- mile, and for 810,000 per mile do we see this last phenomenon in that womlerful energy, hunnm, of our day, which ]>ierces mountains ;ind span.s the [)laiii as if they wore nauglu in our hurrying to and fro in these latter days on earth. By way of contrast in the matter of cost, we have, in the re[)ort, ;ds() the details of the lirirish Columbia contracts. CoNTIiACT No. ()0 Main Line, in I'ritish Columliia. extending from Emory's P)ar to JJoston iJar — excavati'iii. t;radiiig, tunnellinu-, liridninu', Iracklayin^ ami balla.-itiiiu:. Length '_'!• miles. Date of Coutniet, "JlUd December, [Hid. Date for|eoin|)le- tion. :ilst Dccemlier. YHSl',. 'J'ender (on .scliediil<>; S2;727, 300.00 CONTUACT No. 61. Main Li.m., B.C — Prom Boston I>ar to I>ytton. Length 2!i miles- (latr nf Contract, lutb Felniiary. IRSO. Date for eompletiou, iiUth -June. 1SS4- lender 82,."»73,(>-tO Contract N'o. fl2. Main Link, B.C. — From Lytton to .lumtion Flat. 2S.V miles. Date ot t untraet. 2;?rd December. 187',t. Date for ( omiiletion, :'>lst December, l8S.i. — ^2,or)G,o:)0.oo Tender Lengtb 40.1 CoNTRAt'T No. 6:5. Main Li.ve, B ( ' — From Junction Flat to Savona's Ferry. miles. Date of Contrail. l..th December, 187'.'. Dati; ibr completiiai, .jotli. .luiie, 1S8k Tender Si .740,1 ."jO . oo Ml 12 miles." 22 miles of q\iantities total amount about S4,iO<) iwheve. in his sand miles of ost, i.e., with stations and ■ mile do we iinian, of our i if they were )n earth, in the report, • liar to r.oston lul Itallasting. te for|c(>m|)l(,'- •;[\i 2!l niilos- )tli June. 1HH4- mles. Diiti' ot 'luber, iss-i. .O.no Length 40,', inpletioii. Mtli ")0.'i<) THE PROBLE.M OF CANADA. J)5 IvAiL.s Laid — Ea.stem side : — Fort William. westward i.io miles. Emerson to Cross Lake i (] 1 '• Total j()7 « As a sumaiary, coiuis'^ :nd eh)(iU!'nt, on thisliead, of what is now iiein-' done in <.his matter, t aive — i^XTHACT IRO.M THE SpEECU IN' COMMON'S. OX 15tH Al'UIL, 1880, OF Minister of Railways A: Canals (Sir Charles Tlppeu). After having addressed himself to other points suggested hy Mr. Blake's motion against the Paeitic Railway, he said : — At the end of live years we came luick tf> i)o\vi'r. and what did we find iiad been atcomplisla'd in the meantime? Why, immediately after obtain- in::- ottiee, the late (jiovernment made a contract for the ((instruction of the liranch to I'embina, and of the tir.^t duties that devolved upon the iiresent tali]ished bej'ond controversy that the hon, gentleman at that moment these eontracts had been made hatl not the nu'ans within his power of knowing whether within any possibility the work could be i arried to completion. The .esult has been the enor;nous cost involved by the preci]iiatc' maimer in which thr work has l>uen undertaken without survey or knowledge of the b.'cation. We came into power, and we found a large amount of public money expended oil these two sc-ctions, the one 228 miles, running from Thunder ]>ay t(> lv(^d Itiver. and the other li;'. miles, running west tiom Lake Superior. We tind tiiat every dollar that was exi»ended on the work was u.jeless for any piirpos(! Ill the world unless tlu' common-sense course was adopted of connecting ;hose two ends by letting tlie ]S."> miles between them. The hon. gentleman |ia-l himself been so convinced, after a little, friendly inteichange of opinion iietweeii the two sides of the House, thut it was utterly indefensible to spend that great amount of money with any advantage to the country unless the uterniediate link was made, that, previous to tlie geneial elections, he placed 111 advertisement in the papers (ailing for tenders for the l.^'f) miles. 1 am :iot going to tiiul any fault with that : I gave credit for it when I spoke of 3(; Tin: rPtOULEM OF CANADA. the siibifct lut'oi'i', Imt I tinist wifhdmw tliiit. for tho rcftson that lie intiiiiiitrd ill tilt; Iluiisf lliu other niulit tliat h.' had iifH \ ct dccieh-d to huild tliat link, tliat 111' had not made up Ids mind whitii'-r lif NJiouid allow that t'lmnuoiis cxpenditnri! on 'JHS mih'S of railway to \>v. ns.'less. The hoii. uentlcman had .'^tati'd. unil on that statement he liased a ureat claim to the confidence of tin- country, that lie was liiiiidiiiL;- the Canada I'acilic Railway at a cost of S'-'4,r.oO |)Ci mile. He knew from inlormation that the moment that interveniim portion was let it would become apjinrent that these contracts had been made uiion mere guess-work, and tliat instead of SJ4,iiih) a mile, there was an enormous incieaM.' in the construction *'} miles. This expc-nditure to which I havealliided on the Georgian liay branch and the' lino from Tliumlei l!ay to Ked River, had run up. when we cami- into power, to over Si l.nOu.iiOn. find to make that exiieiiditurc ol aii\ value at all involved the completion of these ^vorks, the cost of which could not bi; estimated at less than $2S.Cii0.00n. Ueexiiectto elVect a great rediicticm of the cost in these works. Before I liad been a week in the oflice, I called ujion Mr. Marcus fSmith for a state- ment of the estimate ol the work done upon these 228 n.iles, and a statement of liow much money had been [laid and how much moin-y it would take to con^'>K.te it. I was iierfectly astonishi.'d to discover that the additional ex- peii.'-e had to be counted by millions. I asked if there were any means ot accoimting for this discrepancy ; 1 asked ^Ir. Fleming, and he reiilied that, .so far as Section No. 2,"i was concerned, he could not account for the grept increase in tlie quantities. Of course, he said, there was no location surviy or knowledge of details when the contract was let, and therefore we have no means of accounting fortius gre.it dispropoition between what was supiiosed would be the cost o*^ the work and what it is now evident it will cost. He sent for the engineer in charge of the work, and he was equally unable to gi -e a siitisfactory account as to why .so much money had to be ]iaid for the work. In con.se((Uence of this, careful re-measurement of the work has been made in order to ascertain where the dilUciilty lay, and the best means of remedying;- it, lleferring to Section 1.5, jMr. Fleming stated that we can nccount for the dispropfu-tinii. because the plan has been clianged. The con- tract was originally intended for a substantial road, but when the tenders were received, the amount was so enormous that the J'rimo Minister discovereil he could not let a conti'act at those Hl^uii's. but that he wouhl have to add tifty per cent, to the cost pel mile he was stating lie was compUtting the Ca- nadian Pacilic Railway for. Therefore the contracts were not let. They wen subsequently let on the .system of trestle-work, substituting trestle-work lb) eiiibaiiknients. and a ie[)ort was made to the engineer in charge, that the wood, being of a very inferior descrijit ion, as soon as the road was comiileted. it would in the lirst instance be burned up, as the r(;ail ran tliroi. di a forest countiv. and tires were prevalent, and if not burned, it v.as of such an inferior description thai Iiy the time the line was open for trallic they would have t" commence rebuilding it, Thereloie he advised that embankments should be substituted for trestle-work. 'J'liat rejifirt was shown to Mr. i'deining, and he "iitireiy concurred in the proposition that the work should lie changed from trestle-work to embankment, and he tliscussed that matter with the Ministei of Public Works, who also a^;reed in the propriety of such action, (ireat a> was the increased cost, 1 have no hesitation in saying that the change Avas .i wiseone. I had no hesitation in recommending to tlii' present Government j the adoption of the change, cspei ially when I found the contractors led by the iOngineer-in-Cliief to believe that a chiinge had been made at an expendi- ture of $1()(),000 in a plan which would not have been required if the worKJ had not bc-en changed. We were careful under these circumstfiiices that ii" more contract.s should be let in the loose, invgtilar and improper nminier inj ajipeal late Go they cj !II\()lvi I 2."> mi and ina that it Lord C; as rapii no intei paralle ro the c I ontract from Vi of the iiiti'iitii tile hon ■ircinns ureat (p; taith of liei'ii pu tn thf THE PHODLEM OF CAXADA. lie intiiiiiit<«l likl that link. i;it enoniioiis I'litlt'iiiiin had lidonif of thf ost <)fS24,rinO t interviMiinu ad heen iiiadi' there was an uhl havo boon ■xp additional ex- e any means ot he replied that. at for the tireot location survey ore we have no [ was supposed will cost. He pially miahle to ,.L' paid for the ; work has heen le best means of that we can ^■ed. The con- u the tenders ter diseovered ndd have to add ! pli'tin.y- the Ca- ; ct. Tliey werr i tri'stle-work foi (J, that tin; wool). IS romideted. it ] roi. ch a fores; Mich an inf'-rioi j would have t" incnts should be 'lemini;-, and he t; chan.yed fmui ith the Minister iction. Great as le change was m ;ent Government j ntractors led hv e at an expend!- lired if the work istanees that ii" roper manner iii] whirh tiny had been let up to (hat time, We re([uired that we should havr a lull kno\vlc(lt,fr of the work that was lueded on a section on thu railway liefore we would undertake to commit ouisehcs to its couNtruction, and I postponed the advertisements the hon. -entleman had himself put in the pajiers for the lettin;,' of the 18.") miles, because we were not ready with that < aleulation from sur\ jys and examinations which woidd enable us to know what the work really was. 1 am happy to Ix; able to tell tin- hon. .^•ntleman that I, or rather Mr. (ramshv, the en,i,qneer in c!iar;^c of Seeli(ui H. has been able since that contract was let to reduce a distance of 47 miU-s on that contract by :^:j miles, thus .savint;- to the c(.'untry ;^3r.),u()0 in the ehan,i,'e of work and the amount to be done. The same i)rocess is jioiuj;' on on .Section 4'J. 'J'hese two sections will not likely 1 e eompleteil within the time ■stated in the contracts, but a reduction of cost under the sum for wlii( h thev were taken will he made amountinu' to over luJf a million of dollars. J i;ive this to the hon. f;t'ntleman as evidence of the value of h.-iviny- a careful exa- miiiatinii of the work before contracts aie let, and li not rusliinj; blindly into : oiitiicts in the manner to which I have reverted. Still, what was our jlirst duty ? Findinir that this expenditure had been madi', we had no alti'rnative iiut to go forward and carry it out. We then had the 5,n-eat resixtnsihjlity of ■ lealing with the great cost of the construction of the racific Kailway as a whole. We did not liud it left a legacy to us as the hon. gentleman found it lrepared to adojit the jiolicy of the consrruction of the I'acilii; llailway. not to undertake it . He ad pted (piite a dilfereut couise: he not only i)rovided for the ccuistruction of the work, but eiitei'i'd into a treaty with Lord Carnarvon and I5ritisli Columbia that the work would he completed liy 18M0. That was the legacy which we inherited from the hon. gentleman ; he left us that pledge to carry out. He caused these fresh surveys to be made with a view of locating the line, and having .satistied himself that the most judicious line to b(! adopted was the line to lUirrard Inlet, the hon. gentleman put an adverti.scmcnt in the paper calling tor the construction of i'J,"> miles from Kamloeps to Ihirrard Inlet. I heard Avith ama/emeiit the otln r night the statement of the hon. gentleman that he had not intended to let that section. I am perfectly aware that it is legitimate for a Government, when a) ipealing to the country under the great discouragement under wliich the late Government M-ent to the country, to ireseiit as attractive a ])rogiamine !is tliey can, but to say that the First Minister will deliberately call for tenders involving the expenditure of a large sum of money, for the con.struction of lJ."i miles ot railway through the canyons of the Fraser lliver, amost dilMcult and inaccessible country, leaving it to be inferred on the eve of the i lection that it was an evidence of his good faith in carrying out the pledge iiiaile to Lord Carnarvon and to British Columbia that this work should be completed as rapidly as possible, and then state that in asking for the temlers he had uo intention whatever of letting tht contract, is an admission that i annot he |iaralleled. I ask the lion, gentleman, if he had not fully made up his mind to the construction of a railway from Yale to K.imloops, why did lie make a contract involving a ])ayment of S''>2.(»o(i for carrying rails for that road trom Victoria to Yale? He was absolutely goins to take out of the i>ockets oi rhe people $32,400 to move these rails from \'ictoria to Yale without the intention of striking a blow. I say that is a position which 1 am satisfied tile hon. gc'ntleman will sec; on reflection is |)urely untenable. Under tlu'se ■ircumstances the Government found tluMiiselves brought fact' to lace with the ::reat question of the constructionof the Canada I'acilic Railway, with the good raith of Canada [iledged to it, and no possi' le escape. The course that has lieeii pursued by thelate Finance ^linister, of holding up to alarm the coun- t!v the enormous obligations this work was going to incur, of informing con- 38 TIIK l'H(iI!I,i:.M ()¥ CANADA. tractors all ovt-r the world tliat it Nvas a work that would be not only nttt.'r!v rnintms to Canada t') lUKUntakc, hut would lie disastrou-; to nny the lani^uai,''; of the I 'ader of the Opposition to me 'ast Avinter, when 1 jui'. jiosed this lesohition ? He said the lands were t^ood for nothinii:- Hon. Mr. Mackenzik- T did not. Sir , 'ifari.es Tltper — The uholo success of oil' scheme depended on nm lieiiit,^ able to convince the world that these lands were of enormous value, ami would really pay persons who would undertake tlieir management ami settlement, ^\'e undertook to show that by the construction of the I'acilie iiailway. by jxiviiin easy access to these lands, the country was the most in- viting,' iield for immi,i:ration on the face of the ^dobu. How did the Imn. gentleman meet us? He met us first with the declaration that it was liad policy to lock up the lands. I showed him wliat he said to the people of (Sanaa, namely, that these lands were useless without the railway. I ask him to reconcile that with the statement that it is bad policy to utilize these lands by taking only a moderate poition to devote to the construction of the railway. What more did the hon. gentleman .ur policy rested on oiir success in conviiicinu' tlie world of tin j,'reat value of these lands, the safety of investinu their money in them, an(! thus j^ivini,' the means of huildin nter, when 1 \n-<<- iiinir. I dcpemled on tiui ■ onornious vahu-. nianaixeniciit and m of the Facili' Aiis the most iii- low did the ii"ii n that it was Uvl to the people "* ihvny. I ask hiin utilize these land- istriutioii of thi When the wlmlt the world of tin vy in theiu, am! ntx any bunlen o\. vi'i the shoiddei> hon. iientleman L', that we eoidd n W(! ,Li:ave theii: ntlemanfolldWiMi unded and 'j.n\< the purpose ^ i/.eda mission 1' nterest capital ist- ork The hot. ds im the floor '■ s in Canada evi . spoeeh ? M the moment i - I us to Enulau' 1 to Ent,dand. ai iidiuLr journal.> ' Till-: IMWHLKM (IF ( WADA, 39 f I Eii'-dand, ho puhlished a letter winch appeared iniiiiodiately mi our arrival, dc - clarin.i: that there was a reaction in this country iiuainst tlie Xalioiial PoIi( \ He declared that the Government had lost theii- popularity, presti-eaud posi- tion, lie followed us step hy step, and used every argiuuent that could he used in order to render abortive the mission in which we were euyaued. 1 will now read the (luotalion from the Imn. txentleman's speech, as it has l>eeii kindly handed to me by my ri.uht lion, friend the First Minister :— '• li thi hon. gentleman is proceedin.i; on tln^ hypothesis that in Canada alone is tlnr-- any land available for settlement, he will lind himself j,ncatly mistaken. Ii has been very diliicnlt in Canada to promote settlemtMit even where tin' land Avas j^dven away bv the Covernment. It was still more ditlit iilt to send settlers to ihe far-olf West country, wlieri; they have th(; initial diftieidties >>( a new country to contend with, not less in amount tliout,di dilferent in kind. Hon. Mr. Mackenzik — The hon. .uentleman said I stati'd that the land wa^ -ivcii for nothing. Sir Charles Tlm'peii — 1 find the authority for this assertion in tlie siati - meiit that yon cannot promote settlement even when you i,Mve the laud a\va\ Not content with saying that in (.'anada you could not even give the land~ away, the hon. gentleman stated that in the Nortli-West it is worse tiian in other parts of Canada, as the diffi( iilties theri; were greater than in the olliei oortions of the country. He went on with this lugubrious iiecouut of tin- cCMiiitry. that there is a long winter, absence of lumber and liuilding niateiiaN, ditticulty of transjiortation, ami that tluret'orc we must make np our inind>. if we are to settle the country, it will be done only at the expense of a larue amount of money inaid of the settlers; therefore. m)t only, according to tlir hon. gentleman, they were giving the lands for nothinu'. but we wi)osing the mission had failed undei these circumstances, woidd it have been very suriu-ising? As it has bem alreaily ..tated by the First Miidster, the communications with the imperial Cloveinm'nt were confidential communications, liut I may say this, that al'tei the most friendly and frank discussion of the (piestion with the Imperial (iovernment, and especially witli the Colonial ^linisti'r. we camn away sati-- lied that we had deeply interested the Imperial Government, and espei iaily the Colonial Minister, in the building of the Canadian I'uitic Ita'lway, and tor reasons hon. gentleme!! oi)i)osite will appreciate, tin; tinu's, piuliaps, were not propitious for pressing them for adetinite answer, but we came awav with tlie impression that at no distant day we would he in a position to obtain tViuit the Imperial Government all we hadasked in relation to the country. That can be substantifited. That it was a (piestion in which the late Imperial Government felt the keenest interest we had no reason to doulit, but 1 ilari say if the hon, gentlenum was making an appeal to the country as they were, he would not like to he handicap|)ed any more heavily than was necessary. There was another reason why we did not think it necessary to press the Im- perial Government strongly in relation to tin; matter; it was this, that alter discussion, not only with the members of the Imperial Government, but with tile li'st men of the Opposition, now the juesent (iovernment of Kngland. ;ind after having discussed this rpiestion extensively with the first capitalists, We found We wore in a position, without any fear or doubt, to go steaililv lorward in the prosecution of this work, knowing that the funds were pii>i litt/f/ nf any (/iiiirnntr'\ I may as well add tliat our iiiissidu was not altogether fruitless from another point of view. If we wen going on with the construction of the railwav it was not undesirable that wi should seize the right moment for the purpose of purchasing a ipiantity ot stet 1 .ails, and I may tell the hon. gentleman that, more fortunute than liim- >elt. we Were there just at the time win n iron and freights bail nai lied tlie 40 TlIK ritOlJl.KM <»l CANADA. lowest point. AVi; wvvr siicicsst'iil M, the .'Xtciit ot' ptinliasiiiff fifty llioiisfiinj tons of St. el rails jit a iiiilliini fiml h ImH (Idiars liss than tlie lion, gentlfiiiaii paid, ami at a million and a half dollars less than thoy conld bo honcrht for to-ila\ . Jt \vc had not 1 c'li on the spot and the ii.irotiation niana^'<'d jtist as it was, wr coiiM not liavc iimchascd a (|iiart<'idf tho qnantity at tin- same I'l-ici'. Tiic instant it was known tliat tlioir was siicii a contract in tlicmaikct, quotations went np at a boimd. and liave never since fallen iiack to tlio price we i)aid. 'J'lie pill (• averai,M'd ,-<2t . 'J4, inspection, frei,i,dit aiul insunmce jiaid, and d(>livcred in Mondial. I may say to some hon. i;-entlemen who seem t<» think that witli the defeat of Lord Beaconsfield's Administration tin; hope of tills Goverimient of ohtainini,'' anything;- from England is gone, that Ave have no reason to mistrust a I, ibeial Administration of England any more tliaii a Conservative Administration. I would ask any person who knoMs anything of tho jwlitical principles proiiomuled by gentlenu-n on this wideof the House, whether there is any man who is likely to sit in the 1-iberal Cabinet in England under .Mr. dladstoni" or Lord (Iranville oi' Lord Hartington more advanced in Liberal principles than the gentlemen on this side of the House? There is r.ndonlitedly a great change in parties in England, but if the Tory party have lost power, it was oidy to bring into power an Admini.stration wluj weie not more committed to Liberal printiides and policy than tlie gentlemen on this side of the House. 1 may tell Hie hon. '.r ntleman that I am not dismayed at the change. I believe the interests of Canada are just a.s safe in the h.urds of Lord C'lrdwell a-s Colonial Minister as they were in the hands of Sir ."\Iichael Ilick.s.Beacii. -Mr. Cardwell was a man who went hea"t and soul into tlii.s great (juei-tion of the Confederation of Jhitish North America : who. uheii he went out of oftice, had followed up in the most energetic manner tile great (luestion, as much in tin? interest.s of the Empire as of Canada. It only ri'maiiied, when he bft oftice, lor his successor to jiuttlio seal of office on the v.ork which had been accompli.shed liy a Conservative Administration. After full discussion on tlie part of tho First IMinister of this G<(vernment with the gentleman who i ■ not unlikely to bold the seals of the Colonial nlilil initial '•'J Mlelit W ■nil CO 111' adei ii'ivir t^ its COlU tinn of iipjiositi Anierici \ a lied. Aiucrici I'rice on tiieiid, (.ovi'rni :iom Ke ' 'rders i: I'luigran present Miidiie b across t liowevei fiie land \v|iether ■ailed al io the •Viu erica iiad not. I'Ut that would than the iiuiuigra to go an lor three lie had t tinned ii tlie worl a new fm imt ealle ill easy see the ^ we offerc gciitlenii la-f year «■ !C. tin) fifty thoii^iind lOii. gentli'iuaii I lio liouicht for iaiiaf,'f(I ju«t as ity at tlif same i in tlu! market, rk to the in-ico insiiiiiiire ]iairc>ises thf helitj Iji on the infi'gritij \iaedonald lame ay, and he (Mr. ntry to act with were too saii- all prospects ot the winds. In ;ient breadth of thousand mile> ;Iand. •able ^linistcr. the Interior). lule \\\) state THK l'l{()L!Li;.\l OF TANAHA. Sir John A. Macdonuhrs Sp.'o-lt, <;tli April isSi). 41 \\\ spcakinv' u^niiist the r('.s()luti(jn, us i>fo|i()S('d hy a iiicnilirr ut' the ( )i>[iosition (.Mr. (Jhiirltou), against lnud Ljrauts or sales, cxccitr to actual settlers, ami deprccaliiii;- tlio system of land .sales adopted l.v the Government, tin; l{iL,dit Jlou. JNIcmher, as .Minister of tin- interior, .specially diarized, departmentally, with the matter oi' hominion J.jinds, after recounting the incidents of the scheme from initiation to date, as elsewhere given liv ns in this writiiiLf, said nifrr-ulliC : — '• The present (iovernmeiit l;ad deeidcd to build the work as a (ieverii- iiteiit work, as the road I'miu Lake Suiierior to Kcd llivii' was tlinniuh .'i ditli- rull country e\)>e!isiv.' tor sur\ eys, and a jioor eMimtrv, which woubl uiak'' im ade(piate return for ex|ii'iiditure. It was char that the wurk iVmu 1! b'ivir t< the Kocky Mountains ran llirouuha rich i .mntry. whiili would iiialo- Its eonstruction easy auti reiiiuneiiUive. The policy be( anie a immble iiuitJi- tioii of that of the I'nited States, wiiieh received the euleuy of -cntlciiiri; ujiposite. At the same time it should be stated thattliou;;h the plan of tie- American Government in railroad builditiL? is tiie same, still, wh(U( vir oui> varied.it varied on the side of librrality. In attemptiim to t'ollow tie- American .system west of the Ihtl Itiver, it was decided to sell for the liii;liest price one block, and to resi-rve the alti'inate one. The policy of his lion. nieiid, in f,Mving away the land to actual settlers, was not the policy of the (lovermnent, because, when the late (lovermiieut laid out the laud nniniii'.: ti'iim lied lliver to Selkirk and north of Lake; ^lanitoba, tliey, by three separate Orders in Council, reserved all the lands runuinc aloni," the railway, exdudiu.: '■luiLiiants altogether. The policy of the late Government, and that of tie I'lesent Government had in view the relief of the country at large from aii\ niidue burden of taxation in the construction of the rail|i'ay, and carrying it .icros'5 the continent. The system adopted by tlu; present (iovernuient. however, was complained of as too liberal, and it was told it was too lavish of the lands. He was not able to understand the hon. movtu- of the resolution. whether he was in favor of pre-emption or not. The iion. gentleman hail < idled attention to the report of a commission in the United States, referritiu io the abolition of i)re-emptions. He (Sir .bihii) was not aware that tin- .American (iovernmeiit had adopteil that plan; he rather believed that they had not. from a telegram received from the Land Deiiartment at Washington, Imt Ihat tile system was as much in force as ever. Yet the hon. gentleman wiiuld have us adopt a system unfavorable to the immigrant, le.-is t'av<»rable than the system in force ir. the l'nite(l States. We were giving to every immigrant, every head of a family of 18 years of age and upwarils, whoihos.- to go and settle in the North- West, KSO acres of land, ami if the settler staye [see the settler deprived. If he were deprived of this chanc( , the charge thai I we offered less inducement than the United States would be true. The hon. jgentleman said the Government had violatisd the spirit of the resolutions oi jla-t year in regard to the I'acilic llaihvay, and said we had sold land at $1 an In' ix. tiiough tiie regular minimum price was S'J an acre. The hon. gentle- •■ii-'iiiiiiiii»iir''ajmi] •H TIIK I'lii»l!l-i;M Ot' 'ANADA. tiiMii sl'oiilil I'livi- rciDonibcnd tlmt tli'' icsdliiliinis «if lust scssiiiii provided ilidt tlif land to lie so di'idt wifli slioidd \ 'jriiis of the resvltiti'.i, , ■(' eonii'ldc titr lehhlr oj I If roul, in o/ieii uj) the irhole iiiiinriixe rauntri/ iiiti] i/iee (I iitaijuiiie: lit ridlivinj Jnmi khi In k'U irithout mcreiisiiii/ the hurdem '■■ /III- peojile or cdnnniij need Jur inrreitm.l tuxntion. 'J liix coii/il lie doin- hij th' siile oJ linhlt held ii.i a xiiered Inifit Jor the fitir/iofie of deJ'n.i/inij the who! '.i-/'euK'- if the niiliriii/. lie could, therefore, disabtisi- tliu minds of lion ucntleuieii of aiiv anxiety as to the Facitic Railway beini;- a burden to th. ' (luntiy or oppressive to the people and discoura;;in,ii- to the future develop-j juent of tlie Dominion. The hon. ;,a'ntleinan (.Mr. Charlton) said onr terni> w ere more j^iwierous in other respec is than those of tJio United States. Tip | survey system was the same in both countries ; every even numlier and sei . tion was kept as a liomestead section and odd numbered sections as railwioi lilts. Here two Mctions were kept for the Hudson 15ay Company, and tW' .-ections for school jiinposes. The lion, gi'iitleman did not like tin; i)icture i the isolation, and not beiny able to have schools and clnirclies in Canada, In; , we saw churches and schools growin^^ in the I'nited States on our principN r>(tter terms AVire offered the settler in the North-West, however, than in tl. L'nitcd States. As lii' haf sion. Now, the I ocriiiiatiou oiir e could not syll 10 idea of inakiir_ iinostciid i)Uii)<'sc.- ui;oi>lo oi iitiiil, and lii'iici (,/ mi[/lil nuntn>i/h, id not lie recoui"! ,s of the nsuliitii'i' iiirnne conntiji "«'j ///// //('' hnnlritx ..• ,»/,/ l,r JoiK' I'll tif •'fn.iiiixj Ihf n-lini iio minds of hon X a bnvdcu to tlul he future develop-j [on) said our tern:- lited States. Tli- n uumlior and s." sections as railwa,' Comi'iiny, and tw t like the picture . (lies in Canada, hi. L's on our priniipl' owever, than in tl. itatesS'i.:")') in eii> I'iinada, even in tl he road passing h )raMe locality ; 1 ted, whether 2('. pre-emption rat< ill- John) Avould ;i- ,ral)le than our ow Janada. (Checi- ■oing to take up ; ml speculator hainu' Ihr burdens ni t!i'- country by taxation. It was of importance tlmt the ro;ii| should lie built. It was believed from the best infornuitiou wc could get. that ■.'0,0(10 people u.ii! into the Nortu-W'est last year. lion. Mr. Ih.AKK — Not more than one-tenth oi th.it uuiuber. Sir John .MAcuoNAf.n said he couM inlorni the lion. LCUtleUKin. iVou, retiu'ns of the Ministe.- of Agriculture, tliat I'_',n(i0 were known to have :,'oiic in. and, from the best information obtiiined, it was leirned that as many tnoiv weut who could not be eotmted, who were not under the uotic/' of the Di'pai t- nittit, but 'fit were allowed that 8,u(iu more went in, that made the 'Jo, 000 Trustworthy reports statetl that ,*)().00(i would go into that section of the country this year. In the United States, wherever railways were to be con- structed aiross the coiuitr}', large inlbi.xes of people cotdd always be coiuite'l on. because there was always an increasisig rush towards those lands wiiii 1, are opened up by railways. The Goverunu-ut was told that ,')(),u(i(i would come in. but if the ninnher was put at 2r).o(i(i — but Ik; was told by everyone and he had spoUen to a great iiuudier who had come from the Noitli-\Vc-i and who should have the best op[)oi tuuit\ of judging, t'lat that estimate wa- ahstndly small . Hon. Mr. Macke-V/ik — Was it the same pers(in who spoke ti> Lori Beaconst'ield ? Sir John ^r'lC-DoXAi.n tiiought it was vciy likely, lb- woiild ask the lui m Ixr (ov Lanib'ion whether ornot he believed that so many would l,^) in. Hon. Mr. Mackknzii'; re[)lied in the negative, and said he ilid not bi'lie\. i;e.ii()(i wt!nt in last yea.\ Sir John MACDONAi.n said the luui. genlh man was the tirst he hail heai'l js.iy so He had lu^aid that 'J5,uuo was an e.stiniiite altogetluM' too smiUI . Tie pnimliev included the Iiaby as well as the adult -. in fact, tlii^ wiiole po|ndatiot. iniovini; in. In ordinavy cases the t'aniily Uiuidiered tivi- — the head and t'ou: )tliers. In the Western States the family is m)t so large, as young men go in without families, and so the average liecomes three and not five. In the fiitiue so low an estimat(^ cotdd not be counted, as the nundx-r in lamilic- would be larger than now, when many had sent on their sons as pioneers. Aii .'stimati' had been iuade of lour to the fandly : thi.-^ wa.^ a larger average tha:. lad hitherto occurred in Canada or the Western States. ]\'. then, four wa- aken to a family, the estimate was that of I lie J I, urn 1 that went in, :!,o(iO would )e h(;ads (it families occttpyiug honu'steads and lue-i'mption < laims : he -mi lis lot free, and looked forward to having .'in ailditional farm from tin- prc- smpiio!!, and that was one great advaiit.ige of our system over the Ameri< an. riirie iveiy man had to pay cash for his jiri'-emiitioii claim . It was id.^" iptimated that one-foiu-th of the adults, or 1 ."i.oOo, vould liecome purchasers o' railway lands. Men were coming from all parts of the world, and despite je statements of gentlemen opposite, from tlu! I'nited States. There was a rge move about to tidvt! place from Pennsylvania to tlu; Xorth-West. lb' |ad said many would buy the railway lands. Another fourth would \" boring men, with families, but who would not take uji land . Some sai'i lat a mechanic would take up Ins lot and work it in sucli a way as tn lie had tried to keep well withiii e hounds, so as to nuikc a siati-nicut ratlu 1 under thun over the proliable 1:ST1MATE«. He Cid.ul.ated that 2,'), 000 peoph; would go into the Xorth-West. that lun heads ot fanulies would take up free homesteads, that l.,")UO woidd pm- ka.-e railway lands, and 1.500 not purchase any. That was a moderate |hr.lation. If the estimate was correct, then tiie rest sirrply became a mar- |r of tigures. < 'f the railway lands they (.aktdated that the average purchase- M# w^vrrmt niin*1 u THi; ru()iir-!:.M <> ■ ( anaua. ^ ncc ]iri( (• (,r IIk' wholi t' till' railway, to (;(i («» njil (<> till' 1. ,■.()(» |>iiri liasvrs iiiM 'if.r:! an acH'. tlii.- JHiiiL; iindfr tlw avt rayi-. 'I'lir iisiilt woiil,: 1r' that ■It SI. :*'■.' f>n. Si and s:». the avi la^c of S:;, lands would It sold in IHMi to the value i>i Sl.4 H'.'iiin. of w liicli unc-tintli would lie rucrivrd miw ; tlic tecs. wonld 111- .'!"Jn aciv's (ov cacli In-ad id' a t'aniilv , Tin' avi liindM'Nti'ndinir I'inin llif S,'. sntion within tivr niih'^ ^'>l mill i\\a\, tlif avi'iaui' iiiicc of tlir lands "iiiii, 1)0(1, wiiidd 111' H'i (' ivrd, nitdl(' would ;;<> in this ycdr. to carh year ini^dit lie added an increase or."), (an, mi that :;{i,ito(i nduhr he e\|(ected to ,i,n> in next year. 'riii> was a small percentage ol the result of railway eiiterprisi', ^ In IH'.ioat thi> esiim.ite, 7.>(),0iiu Hettlers lliij;lit he exjiected to go into the Nortli-Wust. 'I'hi^ uas a moderate oliniate, and the revenue in IH'.iO wotiid jirohaldy atuoiint ti. S;!."^"'.'.''''" with simple interest. 'i'liere would also he iill the instalments |m . (inie in after IS!M», so tiiat the land sold in 18:i() would he one-tenth paid fot line yearsat'lai(i uoiild he ;."u(i. Thi- actuid value ot' railway lands sold nji I'l that il;ite would he .S] r,.J72.n(Mi, makint; in all S:!L',7i;!.0()(), Jt' to that total 'inpaiil the i;s:',s,i",;i.:,(i(iii to he paid in IH;)ii was added, a grand total !•■■ STl.no."). (Mid was reai het excessive coinput.'itioii .?"."), iiiK'.doO I'orthe work from Lal- SiipeiiiT to the Pacific Oceaii, probably less would build it. Some said th^ eiiixineer was very extravauant, and so his estimates mif^ht be relied on. I tiie road was iniilt for STr).(Hio,(i()0 in tlie iirst ten years, and only half tin laiids were sold, ubi'ie would be the burden on thejieople? As the rour I'ldspered the annual sales would mori' than be sulti(,'ient to nieot all th' I'lissible cost ot the railway. There would also be a laiwr iiopnlution (wIk would not have to clear the soil of the forest, as in Ontario and Quebec), con. >miiiiiL: dutiable uoods, and contributors to the revenne. In consequence, w^ -liould derive a larye revenue t'rom the country, indeiiondont of tlie lund> Where, then, was there any daii^^er of the country being over-ridden by taxi tion and bein^- op]n'essed '.' Then' was none at all. ruder the scheme of ti~ < iuci'miiif lit till' roiiiitri/ n-fiit / tie siill/d; tlv {iniceids of the Imid xitles icoui •iir'i nil cnjiiijements ti.i tif u'ork proffresynl, inchidiu;/ cldiins for intercf mid lie u'ltx sun- lln' i/ittrest on rdilirui/ rr/nndiliire could easili/ be drfnni 'i-itlmut iiddiii;/ /itrllnr to the rxiictioii of the countri/. i have returi:- >howing the iiro,ii're.ss made by some of the "Western States during ditVerd,- periods. In Minnesota, the population in 1850 was 6,077 ; 18G0, 172. uni' lS7o. 4,l."iO,ooo. Iowa, 18."i0, U2.O00 ; ISCO, 674,000; 1870, l,lU4,0ii. -Missomi, 1 850, .")',i4,o(i(i ; i.soo, ] ,067,000 ; 1870,1,721,000, Arkansas, 1 soonei Adv. . withii jirivih iiest pi iiave a diltini « piovin ^ I ncDiii .liiival live mi the oiii (.ioveii ■)nl\- b I thin' iiceii s li solve I'uulat I e less -Ucceei jii.^t an( them t ri-ht t seitlem have e.> House. Joitli-Wcst. This iil.altly amount to lio instahneiits to inc-tt'iith paitl for iistuluitnit of onc- 1 ui> to tliat date; y huuU solil til> t"i If to tliat total a grand total oi iiivi-ys for the ten t was ri;ductd by loiioy or on gooil uliiiLi' surveys au'l country, does not he work from Lnlo Sonio said tli' lie relied on. 1 Liid only half tin le? As the roji' t to meot all th '1- iiopulation (wip . mid (jueliee), ron- n tonsequenee, w out of tiio hiiuU vcr-ridden by tax : 'er the Kcl.eiiic of '■ he htild xdlex >ri,n. Idims for iiilenf Cdsill/ Ite (Irh'dlf I iiave returin CK during ditfen n: 7; ]H60, IT2.(Mii' 1H70, 1,11)4,011' Arkansas, is.". 7iil ; 1800, 28,0(1' 3.O00. Wiscoiisi!. 85'!, 81)1,000; W: States was nu- ted States tioveii vigiit hou. geiitl-l ■rican lands in ti [>ccm' in the Kon. together, and tl- sce that a i. t of Upper Can ve purposes, Inr sooner was tlie Act passeil than spi ciilators were ohlig.-d to m|| ilicir liiiid-. Advt'ting to the tirst reguhitions icspcc tini; hind sih's, undt r wiiieli Jaii.l- within live miles ofii railway wnc witiidiawn alloL'.tlirr iiom tin- lionirst.'aii jiriviiege, while he thonuiit tlie homestead systmi was tie' roncet one find tli' hest possihh; one for tiie Kettleiiient of neoimtry. no settler ecuie« seltlemcnt. Then, Sir, we want to build the railway, and in tlie manner I have ex[)lained to you on the eslimati^ I have ventincd to lay liejnic tin lloust!, and that is not an estimate madi! liy me, but liy e.\|)crts. 'J'hisc calculations show that we offer such liberal terms to the purchasers of land, that we will, in selling (mr railway lands, whiehan; cheaper and better thiin thoM; of tne United States, secure not only immediate sdtlemeiit, but ;i ri.'venue w!tli which to meet our railway expenditure. We tiius gain twn (ilijects: the settlement of tie; eonntry within a leasonabie jieriod, and tiie ^certainty of raising u fund that will relime this country from the daiigei of heing in a position not to carry out tlie obliuation^ which we haV' l.assumcil. On this matter we rely upon the good sense, tiie candor ami .Icniisideratiou of tins House, ami the country . (Cheers.) These resolu- Itioii-, (niuaning those of the (iovernmcnt) mu-t not he oppo.sed. t)i;i |re^uIations demand and will receive the approval ot' the House and of tin country. (Applause.) Tliey are liberal without being lavisii ; they aii [tvell coiisi(U-red ; they will ein'oiiiag^' (Ih^ jioor man to becoim' rich, ami enable tiie tiovernmeiit to carry out the i;;eat object of developin-- tie Countiv and coniU'cting tlie Atlantic with the Paeitic (Loud ajiplaiisc.) 1 ha\f, fioni tho Dominion Jiunds r)liici<, OIiuum, kindly fin- liKlicd tne, on rcinu'st, liy the Dcpartniciit, an (dlicial copy of the K'giihition.s of tho J )epai tinont: as to tho ilisj)os;il of tlio Doininioi; I'liids for the Piicific^ luiilway, and find tliat tiiCy arc so coifcctl\ ind fully stated by '^ir .Joliii (the I'mnicr) i-i the aliovu .slati'inont. bhat to i^ive tlioni lici-e would lie Imt fepctition. Sini't; tilt! date (14tli Oct., 1S7*J) of tlio Kot^nilations, •uul sine khe speoch above rejajited, the following fcsolution has been pas.sed )y the HcMise, in extension of the aliove [>fo\isions : — RisolreJ, — That it is expedient to substitute for the seventh of tii'' leries of r(!soluti(ms relating to the Canadian Tacitic Railroad, adojited ►v this House on the I'Jtliaud llitli of .May last, the following resolutions II Mi THK I'HIMUJ;.M OK CANADA. IkI. Tluit 1)11.' IiiukIiviI Mi!|lion>^ (>'. n< rrs of laiid in Miinitolwi and tin* Snith- ,V(Mi 'rniitoiv Im- (ipiunhiiiiti'd fur tlm i>m|H»sc of nmslnictiii^' th« ( iinadiiiu I'm i I'll ■ liitilwiiy ;' •Jiiil. 'I'haf ro( cfdK of such sales, aftir d.'dnctin'^ the co.-^t of Hinvrv aiid iiiMim.m'iiiaiit.s||iill In- dcvoti'd iNclnsividv ;o tlic pm jiosc o;' dt'trnvi.i;, iln I n>t of till- (onstrnitioii of t!ic t'aiiadiun I'aritii' llailway. Tlic icsoliitioiis rcfni'.'d to arc ms toilows. We i^ivc tlu! wliujt ;i> an iKlniiralflr .siinuiiiirv of imc la'.iii ii — tlif fliicf— of our prcsein ,11'1,'iiincMit. The i'(soliiti()iis wiTc piis.s tl on ;i
  • rced idleness of tl'i- workiiiLr classes, and tli' |i(i.ssiliilitv of .1 scheme of relief on a larue sciile bidiig found indispensalili to alleviate dcstitntion ; 4. Jkisd/rrJ. That tlio construction of t'le Puciiic Railway wou'o atlnmi ininudiate employuient to jjrcat nunihers of workmen, and would opiij \.ist tracts of fertile land 'or occunation. and this would fo/m a nadvi outlet f'lr tile over-|)opidate(l disi.icts of iid t ( ''anH( iiijs«ii( Kailw 'ity 01 oiinti (' IIIV p( -ii' th hind th l>.'(in'i |< "n.stn amis llaihv land vv II h> com >n the K M loca li'iver Jiaiieh A UlLI' li S I^MlllOU I |li the ?-\.uiiii l«',-;est| |tiiieli.| 1: M Ih.ii ];j male U .S;li(| H th.J 'li;e. |[ I.Mtl |e pre gtini-MBtt ''["■Wy* '^•>ffj« ' h ■Ht\ TIIK I'lDUKKXI <)i' CANADA. 17 liiiitolm anlc spei'd; rt (cd in nui h (.'oni- niiN^ion ; and that wlien the lands alon;; tiu! line of the (.'aiiadian I'uriiir Uailway lUf not of fair avoniKe quality f(a- settlement, a coirespondiiiLC ipiaii- Mty of lands nf lair avera;^e i)uality shall he appropriateil iii other parts of th.. iiiiiitiy, lo the extent, in all, of one hundred millions of ae:cs, (./) That said (Joinndshioners lu! authorized to sell, from tiu'e to time, '.my |portioiis of such lands, at a price to he fixed hy the (IdVernor ia Coinieil 1..I1 their reconunendaiion, at u late ot not le>s titan two dollars pei aeie. iiim! tliat they hi're(piiied to invest tlie proeet'dsuf .'••iieh sah';s in Government >e( nrities, to ho iield e?:c.Iiisively for the pinposi! of de '..lyini;- the eo.st of tie ipiistnu tion of the Canadian I'twijir Knilway. 8. l!nsolval, That the withdiMwal for .sale an 1 .sett h'Uii'Ut <>f t!i.' Il.inds foi* twenty n.ih'soii oac^h side of the h)cated line of .he Pac'iji • lllailwaj' ha.s. in part, )>ad the elluet of throwing scti'.eiiii'iit soMth land w Kt of r.aK(; > anit()I)a. U. IiHUolt'cil, I'hat, in the » \isting state (»f thin'4< if '^ dcsii-aljj.^ . eoniliine the lU'oinotioii of ^'ohmiz.itiou with railway cons' i utM ion )p, the (Janadiin Piwilh'. Uailway west if Ted IJiscr. 10. licxolriil , 'I'hat the ( lovcruniout he anthoii/.i'il and liiicelcd .1 hjcati; a portion of the Canadian /'niujic Uailway from the lletl River we.sterly, rmniiiig to the soutl' of Lake >lanitolja, with a taalieh to Wiuntpfj/. And, if they deem il. advisahlo. ;o enter into eontr.ict fo!' o.vpond Iul;' a sum lujt excecdiiiL; SI, 000, 000 in coiuaruetim,' the said iailwa\ Without )ire\io;isly sulunitting the contracts to P.ii'liament. J 11. L'i"<(>h^i:il , Tlnit i. is expedient to .iiake Tin t her e.«plora(ions Sn the Pi'jicn L'iirr districts and othei sections of the country not vet ixauiined, in onh'r to ascertain the fcasiliility o." a lino ihronyji the lai^est extent of fertile territory, liefore he;',inning the wo.'k id" con |ti uclion in /Irillsh Co/anwiu. \'2. liesolveil, "J'hat, in the; opinion of tliis Ifonse, ihe si'!(>ci.ioii if Ihirrard Inlet was premature. 13, Jir.iidreil, That it is n:'C(;s>:a''y to koep LCood fiith with friti.^h Colianbia and commence tlie -ail way in t'lat Province as early practicahle. 1 1. Ji'esolrt'n', That the (l()veriiment he autho.'izcil and direclcil inalce su^h I'liriher explorations as they may deem nejcs.-.iry for ,ie said pnrp' line, to iMit(,'r into contracts for constructiuL;' a portion of thy Mi.e, not excecdinij; 125 miles, without further SiUictiou of Parliament that the work of coristruction may, at latest, l)e coutiiuu'd (huiuLr le present s:as;):i, and thereafter he vigorously i).'osecutjd.'' IS iiir. iM<(»i;i-i:.\f of caxada. 'I'Ik! |)-.('tlic'nlc's in tlu- estimate are, we think, warrauteil Uy facts, l.iit ilirre in, and nmst ever be, from the nature of the case, a ilis- tiirlmiLT unceriiiinty as to the realization of necessary fiuius to meet at e\t IV nioiuent th(! e.\ii,'eneies of casli payment. A Governujent cannot \h'<: time for better ti;nes in order to realize in the land market, and if it has oidy the cash proceeds of land sales to go on with, there will, inevitaliiy, now and tlum, be deficit and inconve- iiirni-c and prejudice to ih;' scheme. On the other hand, if t1i<^ i^'ciu'i'al levenue be iiolden for the out- inv as rei|ui:'ed in ]»rouress of the work, there will ])e no hitch or jar in its coursi'. and contracts will naturally j'ule lower. Wlien I speak of payment out of the general I'evenue I do nor mean, of course, cash ])aymerits, l)ut it may Ije in any proportion or wholl\ i;" bonds or debentures, (d/ /io<;, by the Government. And ,is the w'lik is one in a sense for all time, humanly sjteviking, the lonuei' period tlicy are made to extend over, the better. i;>o genera- tion hereat'tei' would, it may be assumeil, from t!ie supreme mei'its ot the woi'k, complain of such Inirthen. On the other hand, il' we, unmindful of o\ir luty to our future ii. the lite of the nation we In-long to, neglect this work in fore us. on uur heads, the memory sad, will rest the l)lame and the ciu'se. On this saliject of construction from jjroceeds of laiul sales, v.-e have no I'cason to believe, however, that, as lias been contendeil bv Mr. I'.lake (ilie new leader t)f the ( )p[iosition in the Dominion House {<[' Conimons), Sir John's estimates are too high as to innnigi'ation or value of lands. On the contrary, we find him borne out by the American returns, (ol hoc, which show, not only a rapid increase of innnigrition I'm mi Kurope, but an ini[»i'Oveiiient in tiie class oi imnuurants in the way of means to )>uy lands, and that in the tei; \i'ars la>t recordt'(l wild lands had beoi sold to the amount of seventv Miillion dollars. The fact, though sti iking, is not beyond th(> fori- caste of those. American and C;inadfan, wli(j, in promotion of Paciti' Uailways. lia\e wi-ittcn on the theme, [n 187'>, writing under tli- ,/(.//) (// jihniic i'.iitanuic'us, in newspa[iers and pamphlets on tip subject of ihe < 'auadian Pacific llailway, I ad\ance(l statements and prcMlicales which ha\ (.• since ))een [)roved to have been Wiu-rantablc. I said, etwlei- head. FINAXllAl. i'.ASlS. NOllTll \Vi:Sr LANDS — VALUE--IMMI(;i!ATI(:)X- -TliAFKlC, ETP. The cost of the work in iptestion, say, even 8120,000,000, e>i more, is within the financial )'(>sources, without risk or strain, ei I'anada or r>ritain, and even of Oanada alone, with Britain'^ guarantee, in whole or part, pro forma. iitecl V>y facts. Ciiso, a tlis- anils to meet Government in the land lies to go on and inconve- n for the ont- hitch or jar ?nuo I do nor [)roportion or ment. And spe-iking, the i>o gonera- eme merits ot to ora- future iH fore us, ou curse. laiul sales, we contended Ity minion Housi' ) iuunigratiou \e out by tlic (id increase ut' the class of Ihat in the tcii lunt of seventv :ond the fori - Ition of Pacirt' |iig under tli- ijildets on till' Itatemeuts atiu \v;u-rautal'lc. FK', ETC. C0,000,0O asked. Thus I answer. For basis ot o|»t'ratio!is, Canada, in her N'e.i; h- West TerrifDiies. lud in British Columbia, as \k'V airreement, n / I, or, Ikis futlv lialf ,i milieu of sijuare mih's (33l', 000,01)0) acres of luuds"^ ot" lanje et'^ iiomic value, an area rc(juiriug lait a railway to gi\ c lau'rent, lite arid (iHvelopment to its l)oundless treasures. The uiomeut sui-h hiv'liwav is uiatle, evci-y acre will a\-erage Jive dollars in \aliie. aud in five years after, double that, say .S.j,O0(.,(K)O.noil (three thoiisauil inillinn • Value or Lands. — TIu' details ol" my esliiuiitrs ot eediKHiiii an,;is in our Nurtli-West Territories. '' lliipert's Land'' aud liiitisli ( dliiinliia air ::iviii. in p'ooraphic ilesiuiiation, under tiie lieads •• Nortli-WCst 'I'erritorics ;iiiil ' r.ritisli Coluinl)ia, ■ in •• Lovell'.s (iaxetteer of JJrili^li Nortii Aiiicij.a — ,( vviiri; published in 187'''.. Tli" sjiine infornuitioii. l.iit in umre cxiriid,.,! trrnis, and witli al)undaut rot'erenee to the sourcfs ol iniormalion on \\\< snhjeet.'' viz., tlie journals, reports, etc., of luy tatlicr. a'ld othn- jiarln' r> an.i rliief oftii ers of tlie llud-on JJay I'onipany, and eonispo.idi'nii' fVoia all i,uiuters of tlic Hudson i'ay Company's 'J'crritorics willi my i;..tli.'r. uinn ji, ( i.arj^e of central and important posts, is uiveii in the a|ppi.|iili\ of mv worl- i ii-ion in i[UL'stiou. All exploration a. id report of travel siner in tho.-c -Wild .NoiH, Lands,"" such as tlie rei)ort, full, faithful and exliansive of i'rofrssor Ma'onii. IIk; IJotaiiist (from Belleville) eimaL:('(| hy Mr. Sandtord FleiniiiL; to exiuuiiii imd report ou tlie llora and agricultural resoinces of our Xorlli-West, from tin- shore's of the Lake Superior to the Pacilie prove; this. He and his eompauioii (.Mr. lloretsky) -'speak," as Mr. FleminL,^ states in tin; oflicial repo't of i-T,, in ulowimr terms resiieetini,' the heautv of the countiv, tlir f. itilitv of Op' I the saiuliritv of the climate over wide areas on he eastern sid. .t si)il, am the Mountain Zone.'" ^Vhen tiie travellers ^'ot on tin' '.vesteri. -irle winter had set ill, iiiit there was not hi ni; fouml hy them to iudi' ate a les.^ favoraMe Hora, in the same latitudes, on the western side of tlie Kocky Monntains. Captain IS'.thr, in his admirahle hook of tiavil, '-'i'lie Wild North l.aiid, ')■ •• It will ytt he lound that tl ii-i(.' arr /' wiitiiiL;' lu IS (3, says (paue 'if fertih' land lyinu iitn-ili of it." • Ml tlii^; suhjeet of t'l'rtillty. extent and iii:iinsi< value of lands oM' I'll ii, ^laiit fi.ir the rail\\a\', there was no iliflimltv in lloatiuL: tin- m lirmr on tin- l.eudon .M(aie\' 3Iarket. 1 holdc\;dei lee of tJH' laet ill the pruati' ( ojri loiidiiii !• tonivself, from that i]uart(,'r, in nferenei; to the .special inloimat ;ivfn in mv \vritiui,^s on that snhivct, and the < oi ri(tnes< ot whirh it was e loll III tie iKlW ( r of capitalists in London to < heck, hv leleieiiei- tot: l(,' o ffi.'ii iieport.>, ehart.s and other archived internal ini'ormation on the Mihjeei of ti ml ii iiow 111 Pay Company, in tiieir chief oftiic in Loi Hlon. 'i"liat Compa ii\ ei an |aises ahoiit or over two thousand sior ivJioldi'r~, and piohahl y i m- >iaees a veiy larue majority of D( ■IS ou l.oiidcui CI laiiL'f. ii' roail wri i that as It ati.-li. li iiiav — the men with tin; necessary millioris to make tl with the ( onsidciation presented, in tiie Land (iiaiit, inesiieetive ot tiaih Kpriiilatioiis. and were ready at once to make the meessuy advaie i - — a- tie lien. Mr. Ahbott stated when examine• ['■'■-■ "«,'// owinj,^ to llif Kitdlen ilislrin'l (in.-pired by ap'iieies opjio-ed tfjtlie JMerk) as to the ability of the Governuu'iit (Dominion; of the da\ t» eontinuv |to hold its political pov.er. in face of tie' eomliinaticai at:aiii-t it — coiiihina- ltiiiii< avowedly to dt feat the p:OJeet as dieli laid — thi.t they faii'dto sie i r. il ' "•(i''^- ;ii ; : ; . i i a i iffTiiiiiii|jj|i gj | |l j| l ^^ ^ ;»n TIIK I'UOi'.Ml.M OF CANADA. .lulhuM. :iii(l more, foi tlit" ' u:\\ iiuMsiircs, \ .ist and good, are l»:'youd rsiiinalr. Sucli Iici-i(ag(' Iiciitr.gc of/'"^"/"' ;>« ^vrll as of tlu' jirt'seut -ciirralion, is i''>y st'it Ifinciit in diu- t-oursc, I>y a itropcr system of iiiiiiiiuratidii uiuler govciiiiiiciital eoiilrol and its iiiuiiediate siiperiu- i.iidfiiri', as ail iiiipoi-tant liiiiriii>ii iuti|ii'i to ear new Dominion. (hi iliis land, 1(11' its iiii|ir(i\ fiiitiit. I would ju'opose an ^//y«)//(!^^ ritfitiii tor |ta\iiifnt of I)oiiiiiiion dflicniuros earr^ing <) per cent, interest, and :* per rent, for Miiikiiiu' fund, oer annum, and lunuin^ ;\\eiii\ tl\e \-eais. l''iom what I i^uow. lersonally, of the lautl and i;,s \ahie. 1 fee! assured, that alter '.iie tii^t yeai' ( r two of ilie work land sah's wcuid amply j'ay sueh iiiit'i'est and per eentage uf sinkiii_ fumi. 'The iiujieiial (;o\triiment eould not I'aiily refustMo ^ive i'» '^uiiai.iee, al least in s ni'.e tair measure, to l)oniinion de'.eu' ures fov .'!:l('/l ;i \\ O! k . (Ma'i'ouit more. iuitlirs; ii>u]'i'lemeiu lo w hat 1 ha\i>al\ancr ;\x lo li\|iotlieiatiou to,' r.iilw.iv dei't. I would, to the laiid^s ( /.■ wheat ami pa-^ture lauiis. wiiii tlu'ir iuvaluahle eoal measures ar., otlna- mimaai wealth i add the /•('/■'"•cv il.selt". from its initiation, ai' .!>, tiiu^hed. Ill -letioi! at'ter seetion, as a suitjeet fof niiirtgau''' ; t:. Wunupeu and Temhiua and Nej>ii:ou or riuuider J'ay liraiieljes ' i.e eoiisiderevl ;i-> inte_;'ial pail-- of the main liu.e. Such seeuri- o\i'4ht lo in- 'iie\ond al' eavil. As lo die tiie.e [iroposed for ['aynuait of j>rir.ei[)al. vi/.. twii;-- ti\s- ve;u>'. it has stfuek uu* sia><' wri'.iuu' tli.u. in;!.;>mueh as the n- and til-" tollowiim gen.eratioas wil". Ivneti: mo.s: t'loai ti'.e wi.rk, woul 1 he iuit lUsi CO the {a-' seiu to !e;..ve to sueli i>euetieiaries - pavmeut vi the if sueu laineii al, in so far as thai" eau n*' •! i\ lU i>i mures runniu;.:,' i'eyoiu' twemy-ti\"e \e:irs. siy tViiin t!iiiTv .rc\' veafs, aiul with, t'f i.oui-5'\ a e rrespoiKliuv:- diaiiuutivni ■ i" tuiuv tof siuki' I- fuu.l. 'riie :ui!iual um>.)un.t re«a.uuvL it:" the work lias to hod- tie w "wnyears*. wotilvl i on oaeh of sueh atuuuil iii^caimeuts, sii[)p. - lieiu to nut', be oulv aboitt a uulliou and a halt' '^t* dolhvrb per ai ■only tluve- times as luueh as the e.'uqvirativelv little, old at iiiusttd I'rovinec' of (.^Juei'Oc lias just i-eaiiz:-d out oi her •■ t. hands " .unite..' tlie last vear. D.auituoti Crowu Lui I sales tr cwo wars after lue coiumeneetneut ot ouv aeiie iLiil wav i, f"oli 1 eercaiuiv tive-told — chatamoiUi 'lit t '. come t'> n\'' say. ri' laloiin- I jtheiiix' jaiiipj- >f .sue] [aid oil I fands- )f last tway f| lliyhod t)a\' ill! I |H i t ' 1 1 r »!'■ rail I for f'i lil IMMItlKAl" v. t.Vi this iiead. ttuder the very special cireiuti.-icanees of tL '.r i5> iuipos.siule to advaiiee aiii:bt but predieace — wUieh. ot' . •vi^iit t't ohjeetod to as ruatter for " dnanciai basis." Stii!. w- iM th*- reeerdeU dou- of thi^ ^tilf screaru of humatiitv to •-, 1 li'i VliW I. lanitol ^tl;.' ffl «»rW4BrffiS893int THE I'HOIiLK.M OF (ANAIJA. 51 il, are l^'voud of the ini'seut KH- system o^' ai:ito s\ii>eiiu- l)ominion. so :Ul liif/'of/"'- ; () per cent. ] i\nd i\inuinu !' the laud iukI of I lie vvoik t;iiVo of sinkiuu "use to --iv^' i'- ilr^eirVlfrS IHV 1 ha\e alvanci ) ilu- lauil-s ((.■ ;\1 measure-^ ar.-i s iuitiati"n. ai' • inovtga'^c ; t;. V\y V>vaueb<'- ' Sueli siCUT Kil. vi/... tNViU-- iimeli :vs the iv- mi t'e.e vv.'i'k. >euetleiavi>^'> i;r eau <•«;' '» ■ tioin tViirtv iiiuutiou -I :-. 'i.<' il.nie V.T- •■ut<. >u\>p'-. .lai'b p'-i' M^'- ■.-de. old aul •t iiev " *-'r. ,u 1 saU^s nr-;- UaiUvay. V.r hopeful slioie,^, " souietliing to g-o bv," evou for <' (luaueia.l estitniitc." In tliat way a uiiuiuiuui, or oven a fair inu' ease — the probh'ui heforo us of an al)noi'nial, and, prohahly, >iil)er-excit(;d niigi-ation of peoples, in considerahle masses, from iMU'ope and Asia. Manit()i)a, ot tlie moniiait. (!ven thougii unroaded, isolated, and to general eungratiou coJiiparativi'ly inaceessiMo, is e\ i- .|(>nee of this. Her AVinnipeg of 1870 a lianilct of ;}(>()- -is now ;i eitv of ."i.Odl). What will the in-poiir of inimigi'ation, ihnii Kast, \V<'>t and South bi; when llio gates of ready aeee^s. liv steam ways, areopent'd? Xo one e;in say with certainty, and sp.'cniation, "on llu' factors and incidents of tlio hoiu' Ix'fon' it. du this tiienic, may w.'ll start at its oami shadow -its own hon<-s( forecast*'. It has been calculated that (ivciy innnigrant to North Aincritta, i-, on an a\e]'age, worth .'^' I .()()() to the State, whosf revfiiuc and i.atural resources and ficncra! national drvi'lopincnt, he contributes t(». At that rate, out- yrav's innnigration, afu r o;ii' Tacific liailway shall lir faiil\ under way in ciuistruclion, miu'ht. in a snisc, jtae the total cash cu^t of the woik. lIowcNcr, it wduIiI. pi'D'iablv. scarcelv Ijc ai'ivisable lo assume so noicli in ariimncnt tnr •• iinancial basis." I ilo .s(j, rather in sup[ii)rt of \\li it, I ihink. would. niiH m-thj. lait in no small nu'asin'e, contribute to ' tinaneiai basis," \ iz., a liber;;! apportionment ofi'airly econoniie lands -gooil farming lands, grazing and am icuitr;ral — for Frfi Lcail . and nilaml •" ten'iiori;!! roa:!^ ' d'eiitrai), and also Idiiu tie.' line of Paeifie lI.aiUsa\' proposed. I'Vee (irantees. to iietter hemselves, are ajil. to imy '• sale lands," 'rii.i-i' will. moieo\-er, lie uipl" left, tor setthaneni , in re^'ulai' I'ourse. And in the pioce<.'ds f such, with that of the \;uion;> city, town and \illa:,fe lots, to ije aid oil bv G'jvernnienl. ami in the proceeds from our valuable coal ands — which, by the \\;iy. appeal's by one oi' his .\eis of Parliament, f last session, the lion. -Mr. ^ilaekenzie s- ems so aii.xious to throw wav ft-ir coinpai'atividv notllinL^ to wit. '• one dollar an aeic,' to liybodv that will buy them~--there \y\\\, I presume, be abunda.nt to av interest and sinking I'und on railway ost. and that, without the le or grant of a single acre of the Crown, tin' jieople's (lomain, to e railway coni[)aiiy, save the strip, and perhaps .idioining wood lots or tu -1, lies, and road maintenance) along their nariow line way (jf l'Kh( il. it may be said, of laiiiiol'a .inritiiiiis— which must, from necessity, take the railway for ■• out-put. ' ]. Tiie remarkable facility of trans])ort from gi-eat distances to tlie lailw.iy at certain well chosen objective ])oints, such as the Red River cro.s'siug at Selkirk, at the heiul of Lake Winnipeg navigation, aiul crossings" of the two Saskatchewans, and at Battletord. This facilitv arises from the general levelness of the covintry, and the fact of its' being peuueated by a system of rivers in the main of gentle I'urrent and lacustrine in inany parts, affording easy navigation, while on the other hand the prairie is ever excellent roadway with horse Iced (uatural — gniss, hay and vetches) all along, and woodlaml is a comparatively 0[)en one tra versatile in all directions and at nU tiuies. 4. liritish Columbia, in hei unexampled natural wealth — land and marin(> — will assuredly nu)re than piiv interest and sinking fuml on the j>resent outlay within her borders, viz.. 82,40O,0(X.) jx-r annuiii. and even on double that when the canyon of the Fraser shall ha\r iicen I'oadeil with rail. 5. The Pacific Trade, north and south, including the Australian Colonies, with Brit;\in, Eur(j))e and the United States, jiccording Xu record of exitorts and l;uports, may beestimateil at fully one thousaiiM millions of dollars, of which, iJritaiii has over one-half, and the ro; may be assi!,Mied to the I'nited )States and Europe in about cijum, shares, cat-h one-i|uarter. On this head, I uive, as most ready jicccossjble. the followin, extract as made up, with some la'oor from the rather ilifl'usive i-epmr- of our lm[)erial Mue book, the whole given in sonie detail and siiiii mari/cd in one of my ])amiililets on this sul)ject of Pacitic Railwav Quoting fri)m Imperial Iveturns i'ov th(> year 1873 — the last then a' han*^ — I ga\t'. aftt'r full ilt^tails as to vnch colony and country, ili. following : — >• ti'Dcial sinninaiy of the P.ritish Parific Trade : — I'liina, including Wowj: Kcnu and Macao Sl51,r2<"I,07.' •lapan 45,S7T,5ihi Jishuuis ill tlie Pacitic 801,025 IStraits Sottlcniiiits :!8,<',8l.5i.ij Australian Cclonies and Now Zealand 'MU'j.~:',0'\.*> ?.Vi3.'2S7,4nO maggHi MMwiwatagjitaaMf !^^ irgiu of con- I'OOO miles) \ Kivei' :iiul :\ie enovmo\is •r iiud violier the v;iilw:iy t distances to li iis the Red eg navigation, l^tonl. This J, iuul the fact lain of genth' iv navigation. \-oad\vay with ;ind woodhmtl ioiis and at oU wealth— h\nd ul sinking f^nul ] 000 jti'vannnni. aser shall havf the Australii^n ^s, iiccovding to y one thonsaml f, and the veM • 1 iibout eiiu:\! the follow in.: ! Urt'usive report-' detail and s>iii> >acitie Kailwio -the last then '' d connti'v. II ■ 45,STT,5nO 8G1,<".25 :',(',o.T:'.'J.T1" TiiK PuonLEM OF (;A^^^DA. r»;i • United States Trade Iletnrns (187;!-1) Summary : — Japanese Free Ports S 5n.:!L'2.Jl7 China and.lunan (\ote, — '''lieieis noseiiarate ••ntrv nnder head "C'luna,' but tlieie is •• (JliJua and Japan,'' besides " Jajianesc Free Ports.") 5 4."221,r)5 1 Sandwieh Islands j 013.461 I'ritisli Fast ^ndies and Australia 25.1 4T,<;n7 Hutch Fai^t Jndies 7 ,-,1 'j oss I'ulliiin — China ami Japan l."),u'jr) hsi Total Si54,;> ■ 2,4:;>! x\dd British Tiade , r,03,287,4()r> Total aforesaid in 187,1-4 Sg:.8,1'.i9,84;! • And for Europe— France, (Jermany. Spa'n, Portu.ual, Italy, Sweden, N'crv.ity, Denmark, etc' The rate of increase of tin Pacific Trade is markedly rapid, .sav at least 50 per cent, in five years as to the AustraliiiU Ccloides, with ^■very j>rcspect of continuance steadily of such increase. As to Ch"ia and jM))an, tlic development in extent and character is ]»henomenal, beyond calculation, and assm-edly giving every con- tinued prospect of larger ants lor tlio yoivr eiidini,' 1S75, wero Si 1,52:2. Ol'l: operjvtijit,' ('xponses, Sl,7S8,0;iO ; iciliiction of dcht Jiist yeai- !i^(!78,()(:)0. :iutl ;i totiil of S2,(i(>0,0U0 land yraiit bonds jtaM ott* ;inc(? tl)o coiii|)Irti()U of tlu! road. ' Increase of rovenut',' tlio 7(>. I yive also the tVUowintj from the pamphlet of j)romoters of tJie Northern Pacific Pailroad ('onii»any, whose contemplated field the (/anadian Pacific by southern feeders and by its main line is liki'ly to draw from very largely. Their Westei'n Termini are liteially in the same ^veat natural harlior, the Georgian (Julf. Fi Tri'.i: lii'sixE.ss oi" thk hoao. Tlie Northern Pacific Railroad will centrally traverse and draw- its tralKc from a fertile belt of country 1,80(J miles long and at least 700 in vvidth, which is now wholly inisupplied with railroads oi other adecjuat*' means of trjoisportation. For the carrying trade of this vast I'c'gion the Northern Pacific Pailroail will have no rival The existing line to the Pacilic has an ample field for a prosperoio business of its own : and, owing to insurmountable dilHculties of surfice and climate between Lake Sujierior and James' Pay, a trans- continental rfiad through the British Posses'dons, north of tlu Northern Pacific route, will not 1 1^ seriously contemplated by prai tical peo]tle." — So says the American, liut not so he of Canada. Will a country of this extent and character furnish a sustaining business to one line of road ] The (jui'stion answers itself. iJut t''e case does not rest on this general inference alone. The States. Tenitories and Provinces dependent u]»on the Noithern Pacific Piaii )oad as their thoroughfare of travel and tratlic are ulreatly j)0})ulaieii to a very C(jnside'able exten*:. and enjoying fully oiganized local gov ernmeuts. The cuuntry directly tributary to the Northern Paciri' Road contains quite as many ]>eople as did the States and Territories traversed by the livst Pacific Road when it was built, while the yw ducing ca[)acity of the Noi-ihern belt is at least five-fold great' than tiiat of the Central. It was predicted thai vcars would ehqtse before the Union a:. Central Pacific Roads could reach a i>aying business. look at ;;■ facts : Altlnuirh built by the longest line between the Lakes aul v.: .11! tlit V\ \li\> I'il! anil ii,. reseii tratlic the 1)11 Centi; inoArii «tiatit roaii li holly isy . nd V, loved .s.sur. I^\ THE IMtOHLKM OK (ANA DA. .).) ll,52-2.0-21-. liist yi'!»r iiid off ;:inc(? le '.Uvt!Ciors vitJioiit any Ix road is a <,1ain<''l find it hiifi iiiii'lc c," viz.. tli!>t SiUi Fviiu DUO miles - motors of tin- iited tioUl thi- ne is liki'ly to iteiiillv in tlu- ei'sc ami tlvaw acr iiiid at least ,h i-aili'oads oi n-yiug trade ot liixve no rival )i- !\ |)rosi)erous (litHcwlties of I s' Bay, a trans- ! north of tlu dated by l»vai' t' Canada. sh a sustainiuu rs itself. Bi'^ The Statt;>. jrn Pacific Hail .•eady i)opulate'i mixed local gov orthern Paciti. and Territories , ^vhile the piv ive-fold great': :; the Union ar. lookattir le Lakes an I tl- Pacific Ocean, through a hi-it of counuy inucli of \\]\'w]i eannot Kt ()Cciii>ied, and over a mountain rc:^doii |ircscutiiig yrcat clcNatioiis anil most dirticult grades, these two I'oads, which fni- coininercial i>in'|>OM's may )»e regarded as one, earned enough in thi'ir jirst full y.,,,- ,,/ ilii-oiKjh husliicfis, over and ahovc ruiniing cxiicuses, to |iay six imt ci.Tt. interest on a tail' estimate of tlicir eost. J fow inanv roads in any part of tlu; country Ciin makr a I'etler showini,' \ Tlie dtlieial statement of tlio earnings and expenses of th^ Cinlr.d Pacific il<>ad during six vears is as folhjws ; — Milosopcr.'itccl. dross Kiirning.-.. Oiicratin.; KxpriHo-:. I'^O.") ;ji t'> 5i; .-«;4ni,94i tij 8i2l,';i;n 5:1 I8OG ji; (() ;)! s';4,rti7."M 'Jnojio .31 I8i!7 ','ttoi;!7 1,470,1;.-^:', .-,(, ;!?,o,!ii:! :i:i IH6.S ]:!7t()4';s 2,;;oo,7(;7 17 S4;!,i(3i; ,n 186!i 4(18 to 742 :),i;7n,S-Jl! 2*. 2.9:i i,:.'.'.", l:i i87M 7r_'to'jiio 7, :i20,7la :'.'.• i,"i;o,:,t;i ;i-. Total SlSjC'Jo.si;; ;•/( ^^8.oJ:»,5tS 1.*. Dm'ing the sanio period of six years the net earnings, the iulerest on hondeil deht, and sur|>hi.> of net e.irniugs over interest liahilitie^ weie as follows : — X'.'t oarninu-.s SlO,•_' l irO SiM-plus of net iainiin;-.s over interc-^t S5,s;i.-.,044 .' t The financial representatives of the Tcoad make this coniuini! on tiie above figures : — ■ I'l'oiti tlic foregoinu tables it will 1k' s(?on tlint the C'cutval Pacilic Railroad has earned, in six years, more tiian SlO,oO(),i)(m X>J over opcratiu'-'' expense^, and nearly !?i),.000,uOO ovr Ofie/atiny ix/n-nses mil iiit-i-n't on. iia lliinh; wliilc to .Inm.-, ISCD, it had expended ovci' . the Saskatchewan to the loot hills of tlie Rocky .Mountains. iJght draft steamers have long navigated this route. Among the greater part of this water-way tho soil is good, thecHniate like that of Minnesota, and the settlements nuuun-ous. The trade of this vast region hi-yond tiaMiational hoinidary, including the trans- portation of sui)]>lies for the Hudson J;>ay Company, will at once and permanent' V Ibiin part of the l)usiness of the Northern I'acilic Koad. The Hudson Bay (.'onii>any and VVinni[)eg settlers have liitherto s!ii)i)ied their supplies o\er the St. Paul branch ot the Noj'therii Pacific Ptoad to its ])re.sent terminus, and thence transported them with teams 150 miles to the nearest steandjoat lauding on the Ped River. ."). The tideof emigratit>n, ali'cady pouring into the country now opening to settlement, with the thousand needs of uew and thriviiii: communities, will contribute a large revenue to the Road."' Fur * A hto iituiiliLT of the St. Paul Pinncir. sp(>akin,L;' of the tide of popula- liUioii already jiouihigto the line of tlie Northern I'aeifie Kailroiul, .says: — " 'J'ho lloiids leading to the Ked llivcr N'alley arc .itcrary covered with iiniLiiaut waggons, witli their usual aeconipaniiueiit of families, furnituiv and >tuck of all kinds, The waggon roads from Sauk Coutro to St. Pet . |i"^\" dai Jerilicn n'St fWtJ Jjiill 1.1 tli, Uiirc ,1 Jiisclicl M etiii rei:t\ t |lili-ad >ii«it>i»uiUiHJim;;>rt.t>nIl9rj,i^{i|Q]S!BijgH3ffi2M';:SU TIIK IMtOI'.LKM (tl- t AN.JiA. • »< now ilWiUth lo that now iifiitioii (-'oiu- iuid Pu}j;<'t Wiisluii.uton I'lie ComiMuy 100 Ui> to )nsti>u.'lion of vliaivcs, etc., lla s in 'Jjokl 11(1, westward ci-eate a \)i"0- 1, \>y vessel, or 1)00 trains What must ilailroad I ' (lone all over t will iH'rforni iites aiul Terri- .neso nniils, e North it taps , through Lake of the Fvocky fited this route. joil, the climate The trade of ding the trans- y, will at once "ortheiu Pacitic s have hitherto t the Northern lUisported them iuir on the lU'd ,he country now c\v and thriving Le Koad."' For ic tide of i»opula- laUroad, says :— •ary covered with imilies. funiituiv loutve to St. IV't Kiiiny yoars iho nMhS|i()rLati()ii of sclLJeis, t'mir faiiiiiit's. ifoods and .iijiplii's (thougli done at low rates) to all parts of the Fertile \\r\i tijjacent to the Northern I'aeitiu 'inc. will form acoiistantlv incicasini; >Murce of incoiiie of tlie ('ou'punv. As a roulf Wu- tourists thr Xurtheru Pacitic must always he popular. Tlif suurn i plcisinr rravel over tin- lint^ wMl he increasingly ur.'at. It. The shijiUient »if eattle over tlir Northciii Pacitic lloa 1 |.i'oniist'S to e(pial that upon any line in Anicrii-i. The < without shelief. Stock- raising will continue to he, as it now is. one of tli" most hicra- ti\-e l)ianches of laisiness in th • Xortli-West, an I wii li t uis liivai thoroughfare furnishing (jtuck transpjrtation to a ready market, this i'ltercst eannot l)Ut reach enormous proportions, 'i'he e.Nperieiu'e oi' tlic Kansas Pacitic and Union Pacific Jujails, in suddenly developinu' ,e.i extensive trade i a cattle from the south-western plains furnishes |a suggestion of what may he expected hy the Nortlieiii i'acillc lload, 7. The grain-pro:liu.'in:', capacity oi' Minnesota is well Isiiown iTlie Northern Pacitic Jioad ami its liranches will drain two-thiids ot" jtlie wheat lands of Moniesota, and the trmdc line wi'l traverse, on jits way to the Pacitic, many million acres of eijnally good soil. Indeei', the Ivoad nviy he said to ti avers ', and open ttj t!i.' world'.^ knarkets, tluit region which, at a very eaily date, is to fuiiush the iiulk of the surplus wheat crop of the United States. How mudi rmsiness nnist tluj grain-product of the North-West, present and FuttU'e, fui-nish to the Northern Pacilic Road { With one-.ittieth Lart of her h.nds inider cultivation, Miiuiesota aloiu; expoi'ie I grain }nuugh in 1870 to load 2,500 trains of 20 cms each. 8. The many navigahle rivers crossed and recrossed at con\e- |nent intervals liy the Northerir Pacitic Pailivjad, will contrihutc to a large trathc by hi'Miging in the tra(i(,' of the country for m;\ny kiiles on both flank.s. For example, on the Pacitic slope, the waters of 'uLCet Sound, the Cowlitz river, the Willamette, the lower and up[»ei' Jiiiu- daily accession;} to theciiravau woiKliiiii,' its way to tlie fertile roLdons et fortlicni Minnesota. Tiie extent of tlie ur<;at inconiiu'^- tide of iunuunity i an licst estimated on tiie main road fmni A!c.\aii(hia to J'onunc de Tern' Iwci hundred waggons jier day pass over this peition of tlie route iiortli-\vc li.llt-s across tlio niountaiii coiintiv to tin na\ iixalilc waters of I liriii^ their trihate of trade' to ihe l.'ailroad where rail and rivtr iutcrspcr III Dakota. 'I'wo iiumlred miles further east, tiic naviu'alih! l{ed l;i\er is crossed. I>i inyiiij,' to tlie Head, as elscwlicr(! slated, the tiadi of l.odO miles of \alley lands. At tlieir eastern teriniiii, the twu arms ( tho Koad, !.,'i\ Iiil; it tiic |iractical ad\'aiitaire c f eight or ten sid(! branch lines, without tlif expense of 'mildiny them. Hut the (.'eiitral and Union Pacilic Eoati has proved a Imsiness succt'ss without liaxiii'^ a single naviuahji r-tream tiiluitary to it lietwceii Sacramento and Omaha — 1,775 mile- '.I. file Mining intcr(>st of Montana. Idaho and Washington will at once furnish a huge share of trailic to the Northern Paciti' iJoad (the same may he said of JJriiish Columbia as a gold n^gion and. with cheap transportation and tlie introduction of impvo\ci machinery, this branch of liusiness will steadily increas(\ Tho fact "Isewhcre noticed, that the jirodiK-r, of the Montana, Idaho aii'ii Washington mines was over tw.Mity million dollars in 1870 indicar>- the I'ithness of ihe leposits and the permanent nature of this industry The shipment of sujiplies for the mining iiopulatioii, and tlii' trai.- ]iortation of tiieir ])i-oduct eastward, will in all probability render tlr mountain section of the route more protitable co tin; IJoad than a!i\i e(|ual exteiii of agriculliiral country. What tlie coal tratiic is to many e;;stein roads, the t ranspoi tatii : of ores promises to be t(; the Northern Pacific. Already the I'nii. and Central Pacilie line derixcs a very considerable revenue fin;: lliis trade— rarrx Jig the ores of the ]>recious metals from the mil:- to the smelting works at San F'ancisco and on the Altantic seaboai' T )i!ity rciiilcr tl- Itoad than ,ii:' tvans|)Mrtaii' ; ady th<^ Uiiii' It'Vl'UUO t'ldll. from the mil'.- taiitic seahoar lO per ton, in - nicjuthly. 'I'l/ el ting works ;i: tons of ore ]■ wn richness n. i^orthei-n Pacir ic as the Ceir. 'I'm: rituiii,i;.\i oi' ( a.\ai>.\. .V.> 10. 'run much importiiMce is nn: ;it!;icliid lu tin- matiiT -it throuiih Ijiisiness Ixtween the |)()rts of A>ia and niir Allaiilii" ('oasr. ex]t( rience havini; shown tliat Local TratVii- iinist nlwavs lie tlie main reliance of all great (horoiighi'ari'-^. I'.iit, whatever sinll li" tlii- filturo voIiMue (if the Asiatie tiade li\ rail aciosstlds ((lutiiieiit — and it will nn(|nestiona')iy he large — ('le Northern I'aeillc lioad i> sure (jf its full share. Its advantages in this regard are as eon s|ii(Mions MS in others. It s|»ans tla^ continent from the yreat l.akes ii. tlie Pacific by a lino ;")()() miles shorter than t lie |ii cseiit tinislied ;oad and, owing to the less distance* and the prevailing winds and current- of the Pacitic Ocean, the sailing time between J*ug"t Snniid aiio tlie ports of ('himi is four to seven days less than l»el\veeii Saii Francisco and China. 'I'ho Nortlnin I'acihi- l!ailroa i transpacific Stear.is'iip liine, at a cost of some tweiilN' milli'H, tlollars, and that its profits were so larire, that betVac live years, the company had to s))are, and spend in meie lol)l)\ing in W'ashiiu ton, a million of (Idlars — a fact that, escaping the arcana of ('mi giess, has fbtnid wings in the [U'css, and tells its own tale. This nratter of Pacific Trade, as now being dcNcIopeih is too rii li a tronvtiiUe for the American, who, i)y his astuteness and eiicerpi is". has discovered and utilized it, to say more than iieeil he about it u< 'the world. That t.'ade lias already en ale 1 for it a merchant marine in those now world waters, before whii-li IJritain may have, lietui. 'hjng, to lower her "Jack " there. JJiU ther(>are special reasons \vli\ lit should not be so, viz. : 1. The i)hvsical facts are I'oallv in her favor. The " hiuhwav, " i.e., natural 'highway of the seas," between North AiiKaica and [China, is that great gulf stream, known to Japaiu'se nomenclature as K '.ro Siiro (the great Pdack River) which, as laiil down in .Maury\s iharts. slowly rises in mid-ocean from i(mnd the " Saigasso Sea," of Itlu' Northern Pacific, somewhere in the lower latitiides, and thence <)<» rm; I'lioiit.iM ni' cwad.x. -\\rc|,iii^ ii'ii- lisv.ii.l aii'l cii.V Wiii'l uitli AWiS, iifiii^' site- 1, alouir i)i(. .'OMHtH (if .lii|»;iii. mill |>;issih<,' iicfoss tin- nortlimi lilitiitlcs, sti'lvcn tliw I'liitisli sliui'i's i)t°(iiir ( 'i)liiiiilii:i. 'I'Im- Iiih' (^lioilfit iiihi ImsI) h liliiii; miv f'iDiii ^^>l east, ei-osst»s that ocean. That lietweeii those two ocean hi^hwa\s, the Canadian Pacilir IS a eoi.neciiii^ link, /»m/V/.y in linr, atid the shortest and easiest. iiid In e\ei\' wav liest possil)!.' for inter-oijuiinunicatioii. as already •hv across the i;re..t waters in the path of general commerce. On this head .Mr. Fleminf''H repoi't I'lve.s the facts in such urrav as to carry conviction. We i.i\c his wends and also ]Mr (iis'torno's memorandum. On this sultject the-e is no hi<.dier aiiihoiity than ]\lr. (JislioriK;, atul \\U \icws, expressed from matured experience, and withont any bia> ii'itainly commend tln.'mselves to our special regard. Tin: rACll'lC RAILWAY TELKORATir. The trl('i;rapli lias hei niiu' n iiO( essity in tlie woikiii'j: of railway.s, .ii ^^lu'll. uvcMtiially, tin' raiitk; llailway sliiill have been constructed, tlie iidii tion ot'tlio telc;;iii|ili wuiiM lull ow as a matter of course. But, under tl I in iiinstaiiffs wljidi obtain in tbe ]a-eseiit inst.ance, it appears tome essiaiti that tiic censtrMctioii ol the telegraph should precede the railway. From ti vast distances whiili intervene between tiie .seat of (loveriunent and the pdiii; \vlii le railway expenditure is to be made tht; t(;legraph may be viewed as ii;. > • The non-completion ol the telegraph in Canadian territory, will, thent' : I ause incoiiveiiieiue and serious exi>eiise. All telegrams will liave iv ^eiit by California. Foreign companies will reap the benefit of the tiaii «liih' the portion (four own line in operation to ivlmonton will remain tiic most jiart uiicinpioycd and umeiinnierative, as the merely local train || limited and insuHicient to meet the exi»cn.ses of operating ami maintenan Iitclllli If 11)1.' Wiir miiy u t'iin< a' ■Jile a |iiM loile c.i A n ll.W^ tli llllop,. )ll U I, if Ki.r.. n-ni I' ^r<'M-li J Siniaii\ . II]o\V> tJi tlie, ..it Ji^iiizili^ Iteiid.MJ a|M,i, Tllli I'llOltl.KM or CANADX. ...1. •ilony I In* •S, Htl'Ul'H tlie uk')1iiiin;i. tli< ,li(! Auu'iic-iin !• ot' liarUors. tVr»y of H(jin( to Ttnra (l"l est lmi'^)or;v<,'t.' inoasui'c. u and liritisli Uliintic iilso, .1 that oct'iUi. miuUivu Pacilir st and easiest, ion. aH already i foi- tlie NvovM's| n-iil conniu'rcc. ts in such ari'ay loranduni. ^m isl»orn«!, and liUj thout any bias m of vaiUvays, iiii ?tni |ii< h, m iiii iiin|i!t'te ciiiiihlion. tlic (apital m) lar t'\|ii'ii(l<'i| jn \t> coiiNti ii' ijnii rniiaiii- iinprodintivc, and hiiiii^'s no prnpurtionatt' licnctit. i)ev(.do|)i'i| uiid plai i >l (ipi'ti a propiT basis, ilic line would lu' of !;real pnhlir scivii r. With th' ( nniK'ttions to vviiich I sliall presently iflrr, I lielirve tlml it uniiM nlli- lllillely lieeonie hi^illv renilHKTal i ve. J liave discussed in fornnT rejiorts the (lilfennt modes ot e>tiilili>liiiiu i(|ei,Maphie counuiiuitation lietwcen Fort William, LaUc Suneiior and tie- Mat of lioveiiiinetit. One method is to siiliiiierui'. north of the Counties ot (ire\ ,irid Iline.-, rubles across LaUes SiipeiicM' and Huron to Tol)ermoray in the Indian peninsula, with intermediate land lines ai ross the jieidnsula at Snult Sti, Marie. anh tin; line Ibr the lailuay Irom tin' nm lli -\'\- lit hake Superior to Lake Ni|iis>in>,;, and to c. instruct a land ti-jeicraph on tli;it iliin'. makinu a ccnnectioa at Luk'- Nipissin-. bv tjje extcudeij ( iih;nla < .•n- tial Kailway from < 'ttawa. Anotln'r menus of obtaining' cnutinucus te|i'ui,i|i|iii coninniniiatioii U\itiniut passiuL,' tliroti^di a fiireiL;u countiy, is albirdcil in coimei lion with tin hiriijei ted railwav to Sault Ste. Marie. Tlie teb-rapli mav Im; carrieii alon- iji, |riiiite of this railway to the eastern end of Laki; >npiriiii', witlia >iibmi.i-. i lineaiross the lake to the teU';;raph at 'I'hunder I'ay. In my report of last year, I submitt'd tor consideration two tiioH.-. [i\ wliioh the I'ai ilic tele;.'raiih line miL:lit l^e co ;.|ib-tiil and icinlei,i| |li-cful : — 1 , To complete It as a ( b)vernm"nt wialx. and op •rate it chiii l!\ nndi i .i department, as in tin-at Ihitain, France and (hIjiw co!iiitrie,| uiiii nniionn (iw Males ot' I harues. J. To transfer the 1,'JOO miles <-oir>tructed to ,-ome ( umpajv wiiii ii Ivnidd undeitakc tn couipleti' and operate the winib' liinj on coiKlitinns t •termiin'(l. ^ If it be deemed expidicut that tin- Ooveiniinnt -houbl lie reJi.'Viil -r. \hr wurk, there would possibly be but little dith' uliv in oiLrani/iii/ a k of completiiiL'' t mil frni< ae( n- i|' «ir. eptablc to the [lUblii. slhmarim; i-.XTKNsio.v TO as: A. 'I'he telcLrrajdi ci>mpb-te(| and in op-ration from oi eaii t mi tnni ''ii o ocian. opi-n- ||j a pni>|)rct ot extended u^elulue^s, and promise,-, udvanta.:"- wlii' ii do not iiie concern < a.iada. A map of the World, settinir furtli theL'ie-at tele^riaph line< in op'Mation. juws that Canada is situated midway lietwceii the iiiassi;>. n! population in lliriipe and Asia, and establisiies the jic uliarly ii.nportant ltcol'; ajiliii al jio-i- )u which the Canadian I'acilie t cnniiected with A.sia by luin main teieurajih lines. One 1,\ ly of I'urtu-al. Spain. Malta. KL^\pt and tie- Ib-d Sea. A -<- onrl pa^-in:; ^roUL;h Fran( e. Italy and Creece, al.-n Inllow.- tin; Ib-d S rniany. Austria, Turkey and i'er.-ia. A fourth p.-n-ses tl)ion;.h Jlii~.-ia. aiid lliiw-> the Itivor Annior t^ the Sea ijf < »kliot>k. 'J he two tii-t touch at Ai\taiili>lied ?ioilli-e'(-tei h t" »1j. Ki'ij- and -l tpan. a!el .-;'. uMi-ea-ti. rl\' to A'l tralia aiid N'. w Zealand. THi: i'|{01!Lp:m '»i' ("anada. 'Jlic liipiilitx witli uliich the tclcgrai/li caMcs ncross the Altatitic have 1h, 11 iniilli|.liea! and tlie tuii-inietion of iimn; than 40n,i)nfi miles of land aii iieifnini The lew year-; in whieh tiieso results liave been ittaiiieil, iiidieate tie' rapidly Lirowiiii: iii.i-iiitiide of te|i'i,'raphie tial'tic. and ireuin-tViiiei> < (.iieliisi\<'ly p..iiit to a demand U>v vastly ineivas.d facilities • •I. idiniiiMuieatiiin hetwccii tin' izreat r. ■litres ut p'>pu!ation ami commerce ot •h'- world. WliJN, on the (HI' hand, the telei:iapli has extended .■astcrly aeio>> I'.ni-oiie and Asia. and. on th • oihcr hand, westerly across the Atlantic, the /'ririjir Ur-iri rctiiuii^ iiut.-iir /■>■ I. 'J"ne explanation may lie to a .uTeat extent n the faet that the eharactor oi' the lied ot a -icat pait e.:in is marked bv >.iib-;i(;neon> io( l >\' ie>reles ha\i' at difiaciit time> P ■• n projeeted to cross the I'aeiti ■ -'.e of which was to have .-tarted fr 'in San l''ianciseo, to touch at tin; S.andwicli -ia'Ml> : I'll on accoimt of the bidki-n and unsuitable ciiaracter ot the ocean- i"'(l, liie pi'oje; t aftei- i"nsiderab!c exp.n-.' )ku1 been incurred was eventually lOand.oneil. ■J'he .h'lrt of the Cnited States .surveys of the noitlieii part of the I'acjii ( ii e,-;M ( 1>TT). shows that a line from the north eiifl of Vaiicouvr Island t !hi- Ale'iiian islands, aii'l fi"m the Al'Mitiaii Js|;iiids to .laivin /'"? the Kuril- island-, has adi |)th averas.'in:. iVom 'J.'mio to 'J..')'!!! fithoms. and the soiindin-^ cveai a soft, oozv bottom. I'lesciitiiiL; similar conditions to tie- iK'rth Atlart. ' e .'an, on ibe plateau of whi' h cable- have been successfully laid. Fi'Oin her ■^'••i;;iajdiical jinsition. Canada has unusual facilities for takin. 1 lvant:i'-e of tln'S.' favorable conditions, and the belief is warranteil tli,i-| wla. n a >ubiii;n!ni' tele:rrapli i- laid liom Anfrica to Asia, its loi'ation >vi! :;atr,rallv !h in 'onneet!"!! with the ( .madiaii overlaml teleura' "'. to t!. The lable ni.i>' start from one cf tlie dee|i-w iier inb.-l.s at tin' iiortli ei. ■ ; \'aiicoi,ver Islau'l. and be ,-unk inailirecl course to.hipan. or it may ton about midw.'iy. Amii.i. jiH. oi the Aleutian Islands. At "l cz", in Jai)an. h. eonnection would be made with the A-iatic tele-iaph-. As an altein it:-, iMUle th'' -ubmariiie line mav land on om' of tlie J-i^^inile Islands, north ^outj ''leaf "Mfire "lUlt li. -tab- ' ntIT; I \sia ai r J „,de I ^ I laii. airl lh"iiee ex ti lid dileet to Hon:;- Iv'U jtln'r course woubl conij the (onne( ticii with the whole ea-ti.ni ti le^raph -\siem,and effect inipoit;! 'Ult- 1. It would I'Miiiict San Fram is' o, rhi..aLro. Tonuito. Xew ^ork, Monti '-toll, and all th :ieat br.siiic-.- centred oi' America witht'hina, and t. 'I'e dirc( !lv than I'V the present Vu.i:-- I'liiieipal p<'its of A.-i;i. mil' h n t •le:.:r;iph liy way of Euro|'e. 1' would open •■! lu'w lU'/ans ot commiinic ition bi'tween .\nieri(a .\.-ii. to b' eiiip|o\-ed tor ]iur[ioses of L;eiieiai I ('innr;rce at much lowe ■ l.a.i. by exi-titi-: ehanin 1.-. ;i, It \\ouM obviate t' r i.i. le Ol'|','ctl"n to lines A\||lr pas.- thio m^li eoiii.i a 1>K\ j^Wiiej, y^ |i'i")'ia! 1 liiiiTica .\, ffiaiii.i, tu.'i i,a- 111- ■ l.f In-.- pi-'-' of. )U,-I ('<( 't 'Illy !•■ Ci' I , "all, \i,| b .a: i; l«i-t. in ^!"-'t!(i 1)1 01; '.vjiei'e diftereii! laiiuuaues are spok''n, a cirLMim-tance which otten i a •iia,ue<, Tiie new line would be employ, ij •be iii'.-t part by the Eiiidisli-spi'akinL: people of botii heinisphero. ' oosi iiueiitly iiie lan5:uaL.'e only incl Ix^ u.-ed by the teleeraph oneiat riiiiN a fiuitfiil >'inrci' of mi>takes woulii be avoided ami the chiUL''- Maii-nr--i.in would b.' fre.'d t'loin all incidental aiMitions, and reduced t. ■ "Ue-t remuuevative ra* s. ■i. It would e.iinpbte the teleirraphic circuit of the Ltlob.'. and won! ; j^R|,j .ivai'ai'b' f"r liiuhly iiii|'ortant sciei.tilic investigations. »ii-'i;a-( [•tt.'waa "Ml. id foi^v.) J. il-iii: l\ I'ir.-tl 'inienil riJii 'apiii, 'I C le.- Ill N-..;tl| 'b'lpaf ■tn.- THK l'UO:!i,}:M oi" (ANAD.v. •;:5 AltiUitic liavc Ics of land ami ,vk wliu h they alts liav»- l>ocn ,i,' tral'tic. and oiised facilities id (■omnu'V<»' <|> ,,., eventually avt of the Vaeifi ,,,nvir Island !■ .,U r"', the Kunl"j ndthe soundiir-- 1„. nnith Atlai.t.. y lai ■/..', As an north I : V toi: iv It nia in Japan, i iilleniiT.^ th Island.s. noi Id (omi won ,1 ^-ucel Inipi'iti: 5, It would bi'inti (ii'i-at Ihitain, Canada, India. Australia. N'cw Z. aland. '>iintii Africa, indrt'ij all tlu: outer Provinces and the eolunial possessions of (iieat J'.ritain in uniiroken ttdivmaphic coniniiuiicatiiin with eaeli otlier. in • ntire iiidci)endeniL; nf the line-; which pass tinduyii furei-ii Ivnopejin ..initries. ii. It could scaiit !y fail to prove of \-erv ^rcat advantaLie (or pnipox's oi -i.ite a> the line iiiiL;iit he so estaMi.-lc' 1 .■i^ to reiii.iin under < lex 'm nim'nt • ntrol, to lie iiiiiiiediatcl.\' sei'vieeaiije ou au^' c'lnerycii' \ . T ajtpeud eoii'cspondence in whieh the importance, praetj. aliiliiy. co-t ,,ni! leniiURrative prospects of tjjc Canadian r.iciric teie^iiqiii extend, a t > \sja .are considered. [ rcsiiectfully -nhnii; that, whatever arranueni -nls may ultimately he ,i,iii ■ for c'arryiiyu- out the undeitai that much uf tic advin- •;e_ -, political and eomniercial, wiij. Ji undoubtedly niu-' ri'-uit, will ai erne : I iiuada. Ijcri'i'.i; riiDM .Mi;. ( ; isi!)i;M:. 'i"i-;M;c;i!.\i'i! and Si ;\.\r. S|.;!!\u-k I irrAWA. 1 ;ih .lune, is; i Kiiainecr-in-Cliiel, Canadian I'.iriti ■ U:ilwa\'. ly..\\: Sn;. — I fully appreciate th'' kind and < onijiiinientary manner in l\Mii h moment to Iniperial and Colonial inleiests. 1; i.- <'vidciit tnat tlic ( i(n'ernment. whicii po--i'Nse> the e,xe!usi\^ iriN'i- ll _'■ Ol i()i itrollinirthe Canadian Pacitii' iliiiway I'oute j'or telc'^rapliie puipose -1 oe( i!py a position of lii-cat national impnl\' Ml Id the shortest, most f.-asible. ant t lierifoii> ilie most econouii'al li'r I'i" , oinmnniealion between the "■ommerei.il emporiums of Xorl II and nil Am"riea and the Empires of China an.l .lapan. but al.^o that >u h rout' I" rnualiv^ availulil .nd preferable for teleuraphic intercoii rse li:-lween ( \v [th York, ^loule ^^■ina; llritain. t iiose Ihnpii'is and her Au-tr.di.an. N(!W Zi-al.aiel, .and alu'r China, anc t lii: ■icu |a-t rn possession.^, the present routes, i-n'i llielied Seji or J'ersia, ^'Utailinu th ■tition of desjiatchi'S throuuh various nalionalilies and in dillereiit tii'-'na^ie Leen Ainerna It mueh lower r.. throu-h com.' rbieh nften (a Tlie route ridvo(_atcd is. bv land line, from Halifax. Nova ^' otia. )ti:'wa and M; iiiiion,! to the Paeilic; terminus of the Canadian Paeili'- I! lilway r'-t'in. and thence by .submarine cables, liom the north-west jioint ot' \'aii- )nvir Island, to "^'e^sso, Japan, wiicic it would<'unneet with linesnow lauininu: 'Iil: Konu. China. Australia. New Zealand and -dsewlu'ri ,ibl be emi lloVl heinisi rra ph ihere- (>liel 'Hill ir.-t, as to the feasibility of the projeet, admittinu without inineee>>,i lit the extraordinary iidvaii1aL,'es oI' the propo<,'f| land rouic' .alon.; th r\ lln- ' t Caiiadian llailwavs. not nn-reh' I'or eon>!iuetion, but al>o loi- main- ,1 the char-'- 1 vcdu''d t' fell'Uiee aild Speilb repa irs. fiiiii; rather than los-/ beiii'j the essiMii e III le am hie .siieccss. you wd! notice uiion leferrin.:; to an Adnuralty (hart ie Nietii Paeifu' (K (an. that the .soundiii'.;s between lhiti>h Colund iia .rlob.'. at'. Wi ■bipan are ot .an cKccedinuly unilorm ( hara< ter, varyiicj from l,oiii) Itl -'iLS inshore to ;;n(iO latliom.s in mid oee.in. the bottom beinu invariidilv ,»»i2' -04 Tin; IMiOIiLEM OF CANADA. ovoiluitl witli Mack saiul. clay and tlio ooze of ik't'iiiut infusoria jificuiiar u, tliosc hitilu'ltx ; also tiiat in coinpiuison with tlic dccji |porti(>n of tlic b<.'d ol the Atlantic ixitwci-n Ireland and Nc\\foiindland, tlic nuiximum diffoiviuc in ilc|itli is iindor iiUn futhonis. A;;ain, tlie distance 111 twccn Fnince and St. I'icnv, following the route taken l>\ the fu'st Freiidi Caide (.'ompaiiy. is 2,:i27 )niles phis 706 miles lietweeii St. I'ieire and ISIassaeliii.setts, the length of the direct calile bet" eon Ireland. .S'ova Seotia, and tlie United States heini,' sonu; 2(i() miles longer : whereas the distance' hetween liritish Columbia and Japan is about :;,;;i)o ndles, with a mid-station, if necessary, upon one of the Aleuti.in Islands, whi' h would tliirs sub-divide the cable into two nearly equal lenuths of about l.ii;")" miles eacii. \\"\l\\ the improved dei trie cables and signalliiig ajiparatus of the presen' d;iy. it has already been denionstrat(Ml tliat cerial Government. The cost of tlic Tacitie cable to Japan, including the tompletion of tl/ ( anadian laiul lines, 1 estimate at X'soo.ooo sterling (S-l.noo.iioo). and busiui e(|ual to one-half the capacity of the first French cable between Br- and M;issachusetts (the relative cable distances being very nearly the si in would remler it a jiaying investment. T 1 I omplc siderati that tin it is ini Tl way of see to ] inoniei] that m they a I of vast factore St .S[»eak t i.s— -it 1 I for ju'ej aritliiiu sho|)ke( I God! aid, of lof her, (Iciicc, llii'ono lis true. It llicr jiow jnot act Icafili, V in fui'L'i; Ijoiits, |rncan.s, i as ;iga ?'U'g'C c pnmccl still can TTTF. rnOrtLKM OF rANAPA. ('.5 sorifi pccutior "i n of tilt' b'.'d "1 iim dift'freiHi..' in wing till' route plus 7tiG miles 't cable butv cen milos longer ; is about ;'.,r.ii" .Icutim Islamic lenirths of about jisof the preseni IS can now be a- I ! as was formerly e route indicated of 311° north ami Is and coral reetV nterprises witliir e in two sections nd Japan, rit'i tht J that adepartuit- ban by any route obtaining landiiiu \leutian Island-. (Jovtrnment, oii rous to co-operate pir Empire, the inulertakiuL; which to esti- 10 line now con- ctional or spuria! sages rid Europe yield a hitiidsouie IdUti'. the presei;t such rate wuul'. Id ( 'anada. L' great ami la>; but also lietweel: ,t. would, ill gve-il ect to one ot til' e ac(|uired or put- nig Kong, wbeiai- ilia Thus secnriii- could be plaeei ompletion of tl/ iiiH.i), and liusiue," le between Hi- nearlv the si m T have, therefore, no hesitation in expressing a decided opinion as to the .omplete practicability ot the enterprise herein referred to, and from the con- sideration wluch I liave given to the question of cost and traffic, I feel assured that the undertaking, as a whole, would be as successful and remunerative as it is important to the general interests of Great Britain and her dependencies. I am, dear Sir. Votir most obedient servant, V. N. (ilSBORNE, tlovt. Supt., Telpf/ra/'h and Signal Service. Thtis, under Pfovidonco, wo liokl, as it were, the stipreine high way of commerce aniong.st the nations of tlio earth. It is for us to see to it that we contintie to do so. But before conchting on this head of Pacific Trade, its vohime, nionieutum, tind special bearing on British interests, admitting tliat my estimates may be somewhat arbitrary, I must plead that they are so from the nature of the case — one siil fjeneris — a problem jof vast elements, unparalleled, with (juantities somewhat indefinite, factors necessarily somewhat arbitrary. Still, we have some authenticated statistics to go on, and they speak the logic of titeir arithmetic. But did these fail us entirely, [is— it may be asked— all political movement, every national act for present or future good, to be determined by a simple rule of arithmetic? If so, then truly indeed are we but **a nation of sliopkee'^ers," and foolish ut that. No! It is not so- -Thank God ! j^iiigland is misti'ess of the seas— of the highways, heaven laid, of human intercourse and i)rogress. For human good we, lof h(!r, believe her to be so ; and so we believe she, tinder Provi- Idence, will ever be, till time be no more on earth. Her ocean Ithrono is at the preseixt moment, by accident, riven, in a sense, it jis true, by a foreign iron rod suddenly struck. It is for her to counteract that, and more firmly to weld licr power. Triu; also, that at present, prospectively in menace, if tot actually, that the short loays, the opening higlp'ays of the saitli, viz., the Isthmus of Suez, and that of Darien are virtually ill foreign, rival hands, and that to her are left but the old rouiul- iliuuts, the "Ca|»o" and the "Horn," but that also, by the same ibiieans, she can fully meet and remedy. Before her, inviting, she us against all these a .save-all, a guard-all, a defy-all. In the ^oige of railway— the Fraser (Janyon— iiort-hole to the Pacific, jiiinicd and charged from her inexhaustible arsenals at home, she Btijl can lule that further i^reater Britain. Tit) I hi; i'i;<»I!I,i:m oi" cwaI'A. AUKV AM» I'AVSICAI. < 11 \ 1! \( I'i:!! oK OINTHV T. liK rRWKllSKD. I )'| On tills IiomI - ;i.a(i r(M.lin.i;tlic very full :uh1 cxluuistivc icports of thr Croloi^acal. 15 itaiiui.l ami Survey Suitls of the, Domiuioii— I rm.l til.- rollou-iu^ passage in oih- of my " liritamii.Mis's " i):inii.lil(3ts on lIiLs sul jrft of ra.-ilic Kailway so (Imioiiolily homo out tliat I f.rl tcmi.tc.i, for l)iv\ ity, t.. v\\r it. Ii is in a K'Uer lu'ad"(l l.y me " on; iiKiiriAOK in .ir.orAiiDY ! " TiiUiui; any uuo maii of I'.rilisli N\)rlii Amcrii-a, wo ir.ay romarl lirst, tilt' ccTmiiaVi inii/i/ a fraliiiv itself an cU'im-nt of strength in country--(>ftlio whole vast terrain. Ill area, wv. liiul from liest authority, that it is three and ;.| (luart(M' millions of si|uare miles, or within ahout o.io hiuulrfij thousaii'l s(|uare miles of that assigne.l to the I'liited States. ( i;] this total of ('ana. la ami Ni-wfoumllaml. no less than L\20r),7L'| S(iuaiv mih's. aeeordin.u to the ollieial repoit^ [1^72, page 14] of tl. Siirvovoi-th neral of l>t)minion Lamls. fall under tho Jiead . '' l)oiiiiiii(Ui Lands," and w hieh. of eourse. are o\elusi\e of PionI: cial lands. To this Dominion land total let r.s add. for our p. resent arg miMit. l;a' 3r)(>.t)(H) s,|uaiv miles o[' Ihitish Coluinhia, and we have yraiid to'al of over two millions and a half of stpiaro niiles, noi\j and west of us. and wliieh.fir tlu' nonoo, we may term our i.- graml heri(a;4<^ oi' the North W est. From tho silver gleaming sluMcs o[' Lako Superior to •. fuitlit'st unldeii moinitain heights and isle.s of J'rilish Columhi', streteh of L'.tKtU miles, with an a\eraue eereal hreadlh of r)UO nri ■ is the grandest and riehe-t virgin tield for homesteads on earth. know the land. (Mi its fir. northern border I was horn, and in . life, si'' ^ hv side with my t'atlur. thenee traversed it from Paii;. Atiai and ha\t' touehed its tlo'ee oeeans, i. us ulanee at it-^ houiularies. tor they also. ] hold, ai- men ■- strenath unto the eountry. On the east, we see, as t elloi . ill war. a hroad and impa-sihle Ik'U of liyp>>rltorean ice hi!", lield. aitii a roek-t-.ouni«. e\er tempest-tossed eoast. On tlr (r)ritish Columi'ta^ a \ :\--t Uiountain. mural, roek eoast. Horded, ^vi;h ahouraiing shelteiiiiL.' harl'Ois. luit utterly nnas- to anv na\al toree. save, in tl;e iuiUiediate eoast ^a vi-ry limi- o\' the (i(\ii::ian liult. lu^der the guns ol' our lost >an Juan, nortli is the ii.t;ni::i!''.e Au-ii'.\ t 'n the south v\ e ha\e }'ro;.i : ,j Sound to tiie Ivo^lcy Mvuntaiiis. a system of \asi and nnsu!' ahle mouvitaiit ranges runr.ir.g in varied ilireotion.s. O.ss.i or; i -.J pilcHl. and with | assa^'e^^ si f < w . narrow nndditheult. tliat U" ., sive foi\t' eoul«tanee in - ler (lefun Soiitl Itedoi agaiiii or, br '■true From i'iig!;e( Super] view, of its 1 craft Horthe liior jei jtliitliei jiitterly Isav yic (til I5i Ai .a me 1] cvu.r. In (■tweei laiiito I.' si'e r.i lail) f, Me \, n our le eai ijK'i.' ilwav r. ill ( 111 t!ie riili t! rould. 11. prou.i'T a Di i !t(pei1, iii''li;;, )iiu.s. Un deuh \V fa 'f-i'tt^li r.rijfir uiustive lopoi'ts . Domiuiou — I )V\\r. owt that I , we ii.:\y vomavk of Htivngth in n is tliwe and a lit oae huiulrf'i ilea states. (':] ; than 'J,'iOC),7-j:| |.:».f(> 11] of tl. ler tlio head ' hisive of Piovi: our |pn'seut aig ill, and w»' liavr nave nules. uov av ttM'iu our v.- Siiperior d^ ". ■itish L'ohnul'i'. ndih of 500 n.; >ads on oartli. lorn. and in • it from V:w\: |\ 1 hold, ai' we see, as t orean ice hi'.. ,t. Oil tic ■oek eoast, ■ Itteily nua>- \\ very liini' ;in tliiau. ' ■ liave fro;.i : ■ It and nnsu!'. ■ 0.>s.v on 1 lilt, that n" -. livtanee in - IIIK I'lidUI.KM OK CANADA. (17 Tliernioi'vla'. From the lloeky Muiintains to reinliinu we liavc, in (lefc'iico, tli(i SD-eallcd "American |)esert/' (he Prairie of the St>uth(!rn Saskatidiewan, the home (jf the e\(>r (to I'ritain) h)yal |'.eih)nins of the I'lains —men of nt most liiclit, and ever lieivcst hate :l^'ain.st their traditional *' enemies "— tlie '• JJo.ston lioni,' Knives," or, brietly, " Tiie Loni^ Knives." With such nati\(! army of Sikhs, '•trnc to their salt," th-; British Nortli-West could well hold its own. Kroni Pembina to fiake Su]ierior is a rei^doii of ssvamp and hij;h iui,'!,ed rock impassaltlo to military movement. Airivcd at Lake Superior wo tiiid onr.selves on what, jaactii-ally in every point of view, are A-Uieriean (U.S.) waters, for that Powei', in and by virtue jofitsSanlt Ste. INfarie canal, aluite liohh tiie means of placing war I craft on this inner and thus dominating " sea." On its deatli-still northern boundary (" the Dritisli ") shores, no British arsenal, port iiur jetty, can furnish aught for tight. To transport niateiial [thither, for vessel construction, or gunboat of ki\v\L smallest type, is [utterly impossible without a railway from th(! nearest Atlantic i)ort, Imv Montreal, Quebec or llalifa.x, to,s;iy, the sheltered head of Nepi- sjou r>ay. As to Lake Huron, on its northern shores especiall}'', the iiimc misfortvuiL^ and dillieulty, but in a modilied degree, would Dcviir. In this — this immense unbridged, unroaded, untouched wihl jttwcen lis of settled (older) Canada, and our younger self in Manitoba — is ouv fatal weakness. Military authorities tell us so. |\Vi' ^•ee it. Ihtt worse still. While u«';.ii.'ciing to open a milltai'y roadway [lail) for our defence and commercial convenience, by our unassail- ilile North, we consti'uct one from the very f(jrt gate of our enemy bn our southern border to v. ithin the very portals — unguard(.'d — of u- Ihe capital of our heritage. In other words, a Pemljina and Wi jiiHHT iaih\av, witlnjut one wholly on our own groimd fioin the lilwav svstem of Eastern Canada, wuuld lie a thing ever of menace \\\ ill case of wai". of destrucii"n to of.r national interests throughout the Xoith and West of our Dominion. On the other hand, 111 (roultl th t- latter, with its countervailing ])0wer an 1 etl't'ct, it in war, be comparatively or peifectly harmless, and in p(nice lilt useful. II ence the nece>>ity,"" as h.is ever been urged by the original [roiui'ti'rs— necessity /////".-/v"'// as well as Canadian — that the scheme British American Pacitic railway should be one from seaport to ipoi't, ronftniirn'S. straiglit, sti one uierial authoritie.s. (\f^ I iih: i'i!(»i;i,i:.M "i'" can \I' \ ion. (•()N(!M'SI()N i-,:tiii;i{ tiik i,\M) i-^. to tmi: k.mimhr,. woktii KiiKi'isf;. ok it is not, | j,,^ Jii face of the ovidonce— iind \vlic'n T say cn idcnco, 1 mIIikIo to <(;anu(li!in record, ratlicr lliaii Iiniieiial record, now, evidently an msulHeieiit and soniewliat delusive one, as to tlio extraordinary economic value of the Northern Aniorica wild within Uritish lati- tudes — in face of the evidence I Kay, of the fact that tlu; country in f(uestion Is a fit, and a most suitable homo for the millions of the J>ritish people, who need such new field of action and usefulness, it is unquestionaltly the duty of Great Britain to secure, by means necessary and pio[)er, the holdinij; of so valuable a possession, and not, and lias liitherto l)een too cai'elessly done, literally to throw away British herita<,'e in xVmerica as something worthless Jiul burden- some. Britain spends, with lavish liand, her millions of money m; African and Asiatic fight with wildest savagery, iu the most distant anil inaccessible ])arts of the earth, where there is not a particle c obvious commercial interest nor even sentiment of pure humanit to justify the deed of blood, and grudges, forsooth— refuses, in lael-- to aid her struggling colonists when, in their own brave way, life i' hand, and with sweat of brow in honest industry, they fight tl battle of /id' flag in A merica. I do not know, and have no means of knowing, what effort 1; j been madeon the part of the Government of Canada (if any) to obta;. aid from Biitain for the great work. At the outset, a iialtiy dole of " in Em))iro interest, in the matter of the Washinyt.: Ti'eaty. l)e that as it may, it is a fact, i)ro\ od by |)ublic record, tL in this work Canada has already exi)ended over foui'teen millions dollars of her money, and that not one farthing has come from • British Treasurv. That Treasiuy has spent iu Jndian railways, com])ai'ativt'Iv, not utterly profitless, in her ever-starving, over-populated East, r sixty millions of i»ounds sterling- three times the amount re^j •:. for the Canadian work. The money of England is given wir;. stint to liussian railways and llussian loans, to arm, in f;..:. ■ enemies of her ))eople to her own destruction. But when an]":-., made, in Iionest and deserving tone, and with every assuraii.T adequate return, by tlie colonist of Canada, it is, I humbly hoi..!. luya ['fli 'vAlv st-r 'AL i Per. Iti- Tin; l'l!n|;|,i;M ul A. (■,',» . OH n" li^ ^'"'''' I ^fo, 1 iilUi'lo to evidently an oxtnvovdinai y in r.ritisli lati- tlui country in uiillions of tlio ,il viscfnlnoFS, it ■cure, ^>y ^M\w^ possesBion, tti>'l y to tln-OAV away ess an I bui-aen- lis of money on the most distam not a jjavticle o: )f pure hunianit; vciuses, in t';u't-- bvave way, lii"« r y, they iiglit tl what otfovt 1;.- "(ifiuiy) tooUiv.: as ijjivon, of t\v rds the work, 1 in some nieas^y. hciv l^art, to t.. (•fence ; and y liev and lose :. tlie Washin-- )nUUc Vc'conl, t:. urleen miliion- • is oonio from • I (.•oniparatlvfiy. ulatetl East, o amount ro'i';-- aii of tlie lloiii*- l.uid to |t;n<'MiaIly Ined il As I wrote in JS'i!', in press, so I re^ieat ('nii>liaticiilly lo ilay, and witli all loyalty. The iiKVjuitii'lf of the cost necessary, is a ground of I iiijirrinl i(Ssunii>tion, in consideriil)le pait, in measnre, at h-ast, of oh\ inns Itiiporiiil intei'O.st in the niatti;r. On lids i>oint I hold a wvy strong' ii|iiuion. Tiie ijii^antic tusk is hoyond tlie |M)\\cr (A' this nascent Domin ion. Alr(Mdy its deht is considerahle, and it has yet inn •]) lo .•xiieiid, and that, forthwith, in the estahlishnient of 'nihrii'il nuans of devckn)m('nt, and more espC'cially in the ojxnin^' and ntili/.ilion liif her watei ways. Her staple products are of a nature lo call for tji(> cltonpest transport. Wliy slionld the ])iodnce of tin; Viw West |1)0 sultjccted to raihsMV I'ates, In'i^di and destructive of its lei^dtiniale Icoiumerce ? It wants outlet — canals and econonuc navigation—life Icliannels. But hL-ltl'ia' fur tliese, !ior for railways, nor for any (^lijict what- ;mi', let there be such Laiul i/nints en masse, J. wonhl say. Land — )iii' '-niofher earth" — is for cultivation; not for s]»(!cnlati(jn in 11' marts of Mammon. We have liail enough of that already. The wild is the heiitage of e\-''ry son of Adam who, by the law \i his n;\trire, first seeks to till it. Jiy thf; " sweat of his brow " he |oir-i-ciatt-s it as /'('*■, and as his, /(/.>• nfitioa.i. 'Tis thus that I5i'itisli K'L'inen in America live, and alone c^'/'< ]i\"e. Every man is, in a BUS", hi^ own sovereiL'u in this free broad, uncastled land of onrs. i'^rdr^hij) ■' is sufferable witli liS. As is otir Ood-^iven '• fi<'- [ill." .su, wiili co-ordinate responsibility do we desirr; to live-. In ■\\<, as pro\cd, is the cure, the spccitic fjr all jjolitical diseont'Mit., IuvuItv or even Feijiai.isin itself. The Iri-^hne n of (.'iniada-- riii)Mtr- — K-sisted, to a uian. kxarx attempt to tanijjer with thcii' 'i:itv. All in our untrarr.nielled worktield are loyal. Jv/oi with savacfe of tlie will, the '-Kini; George man" as lif, with child- p contidence calls himself, loyalty to the Tiriii-h Cio'ah has thf; pcf of an iiiStiv-ct — is a holy thin^ wi h him. Tom--;]! it not ! iter it. I would .s:\y to En^h'.^'d : iUi'i no less so to )\>;v yomi'.^ liijiary. the Doniinion of Canada. People the ft-itile waste- with shandrnen — fre<-hold husbandme.n — Fulk Land Oir\v'j- - .Mi;.sf ».\L lN>!T!TUTi:y-. f-i Ujj.-r Canadian mould- A Ji;ij; l-'oi.i. A pAUi.iAMf:yT--TLe.v; ai-e the Vases we {lesire to huiJd on -hniid iatj nationLi>jl ; in J s:-, und'V Providenc-, will it. 1/.^ ^-Jv- f.ii»l, is _^ I arm, in nve~. jut when api"- Ivery assurai. humbly hul I one of tie yju d Lh O ;.!•;; .-jjonn' !l, U'l^ desire for the establLsLDiei.: of a Government there. nu<\'-v the- ItM; !l.'2. o: tl id utiflc^t civil lib^-rt UTitrHm'; !Ied b an- A th M 70 IIIK I'llollI.KM Ol' ( \NM)A. iiinirfiii III iiiij" rin crc.ilfil l»y siifli land i^'iaiils. Triit', it is s.iid, IImI I [ '' my iiiuiiiiK'Ut is v(M'y in* lusivc," in.isimicli ;is " 1 c-iiDiiot sliow tliul I * ' our l')iiiisli coiislitiitiun ' lias liecii iiniM rillcil l»y a <,'riiiit of wild lands ("ir llic prc^nintion ol" any |iulilic t'litnitrisc." If;)\v could I ? TJiciv Ins Ikhmi no cas(> in point tlironi,diont the wholo r>ritisli realm, I" Caiiad;!, in lici" ,1,'ouoral ixtlit-y, lias I't'fuscd sncli giants, as to Upper I'lf Canada. Millions ol" a' res of wild lands in Lower Canada have, id* is true, in a ^^ ay, hut ever most I'eluetantly, and on very speeial "lounds, been ;^/-(^//? /.¥«'/ conditionally for certain railway onterju'iscs Woi none of wliic^ liowe\ r, ".verc* cairied out, noi", in fact, eflectuall}P'i< lic'Mn. Noi t. siii, I'lii of railway lias Ixon laid in virtue of unyfc'i isucli -,q'ants (l.rni (.: irts I'/i mnssc). Tlieic i;. ait ii'-Hu'-r, it seems to me, in the iJritish heart, wliicji repngns such ])oiay on ! 'itish grounds; a something stronger \)\uvv, and wiser than a Provincial Parliament hard pressed, with it^ [ilav of party, and internal i/nrfs a /imis (stand and deliver). Put i is not: for nn^ to give good and snUicient reasons for such uniforii failure, nor to [irol)e the esoteric thereof. The fact is sigiutieanti Put if the contrary had l»een th(-^ case ; and that thos(! millions ( acres had passed into the hands of tlu^se railway companies, it won! not have raised that dangei', which I deprecate, as to the entire' new land in (question. The North Shore Railway Company, i (.^uehec, and the " St. Maurice Piailway and Navigation Cojni)any and all such " land granted," oi- I'ather land promised cor[»oratioii nii'dit have taken all, and still ha\e been no appreciable power, i disUirbing clement in the Crovernment of the country. They coii' not, l»y landed railway navvies sweep more than a few polls, aloi. their line of privilege; they could not liave carried out any cln^ legislation in furtherance of their own special interests — unless, case of dead lock of parties, as an " Irish brigade " in the Hou? they would, in fact, be comparatively harmless in the bulk of otii general counter\ailing interests in the; country. As to a conn; ii-JioJIjI iifw, like the North-West Territories, where the very in nicuts of the .social fabric have yet to bo made and laid, the cast very diti'erent. The former was, for the nonce and the hour, a iii supervenience. Tiie latter is the creation of a lasting reality people ; mayhap a nation. Such a pro})rietary as that proii(i> would, at the very outst^t, hold tin; country in its grasp, and its most fertile jiarts a waste, till prices should rise; would coinbinatiou of capital whose sole [»rinci[)lo would bo the repioii tion of itself — such is its law — at any and every sacritico of iwli iKil interest, or ])ublic interest, save its own. The e.i'pirlni would, I fear, be fatal to British connection, in those bo'.'ders ; ; a cruel one to those whose lot might be cast there, at tliL* men" such a body, soulless and money-mad. The ])riiiciple is not a Jiritish one — at least not yet — nor lielievo will it ever be so. Ft is an .American one — of Dolhw^' II \ SH( 01 ri fii ''V; K'l ori '.S)( ■eati <' II Uci fcsti ■ * ''S m Dtl. 1 Ill, 1. iwliik. i.l, tllMt TiiK i'Hohlkm of <\s\\k\. 71 o[ most rcccul inception ; iiinl, (.'vcii tlicn^ i/i / to lie (ricil mihI Icstcd in its lU'Siilts ; tli(> friiition 1i;>h yet to <'oni('. "" 'J lie t'lualiuncntiil |uinci|>l;' on whicli F take my .sluud is tim niaUeiuibUitij of tin; jjublic ilomain, s:ioi', for a '• manifest imlilie [alvantago, or in case of pressing necessity" — these aro the wor.ls of iVattel. That domain ( ilonuuium (lircctum), tliough nominally in th;* •'Orowii" is tho property of tlio Nation, not only for thy (Jrown or Government, is in ^yv^s;- in adndnistration, for ■• "Jmiatio)ial life only. The proposition ojxmis a laige (jnt'stion^ Uut I aunot, in present limits, enter into it. In this there is danger to the continuance of l>ritisli corniection. Mie mere gravity of connnerce, self-interest and magnetism of ssociation will naturally force tin; new people into national associa- ion. That tendency — "drift" — can only he countei'actt'd l)y . litish railway, a national highway, tho work of tho nalioii, and n 't f its youngest progeny. \\\ this, I hold, is there an I iiqicr'f,.' crr.Ksifi/ for JJritain to make Inir road from the Atlantic to ; " iuilic, for her own special interests, not oidy in AmcM'ica, lv.it tli< orlil over. It is not for ns, pooi', struggling colonists, with ■ "on ivitiKle, to Inald roads and give of our own, in crushing nic;;. ,si(K-s imposing debt on posterity nuu-ely to enrich still more the liigland that, in vt'ry plethora of wealth, lends to her enemies, her catest, bitterest and most ilangerous. J royalty is a contract (jf \vliial right and duty. We will, as ever, do our duty to hei" ; lait (' must do hers to us. in all loyalty I say this. In theory and in true principle of political economy 1 feel [ am it ; hut the fardenu of Imi)erialism, " law of necessity," is juviue, and the logic of events thus I'ules tlu; hour to ns. Simply ted, as I have liefore, in etl'ect, said, the pro[)Osition is this : Canatla, for conservation and progress, iwada the railway. Too poor in money, she must give of her land to make it. '\\) make I'nougli out of the land for the pur[iose, she must, cstalling natunvl demand, si»'eMlil;\-ely /o/'tv' salt's in a measure, sell at a S'lcri.'ice to the pul)lic interest, and at the sanu; time. in fact, ot aid in virtue ot I'.ritishhetivt, wli'^'^'i something stronger •vi-d pressed, with it ud deliver). But i| ,s for sneliunitovv . fact is siguiticanti ixat those nnllions .' r companies, it nvou 'te, Hs to the entirol Railway Company, c| lavigution Company vonvised covponitiou aopreciaUo power, Louutry. They CO han a few polls, aloi can-ied out any ^''1 interests— unless, igade " in tlie Houj the bulk of otlij As to a couur VJ coil] Iss iu '•y I'll '. where the very 10 and laid, the case e and the hour, am of a lasting veality ,tary as that pvoi';'^- in its gvasp, and 3uld rise ; ^vouUl le would be the vepiod lew sacritlco of /"'("' ,wn. The exptvi"^ in those bovders ; ' there, at tlr^ mcu^ heast not yct---nov an ono-of Dvlhu'^ * Xotd. — Since those p.'iges were in t3'pe, it has heeu docliuvd hy the Dilihcaii I'arty, which, at the Convention in I'liicayo tho other l to the system ' ;iii(| Grants" (in mass) for even niilways. That ''plani^" in tlie tluiiu'' of the party is to he found in tin; speech of Mr. (iartiarty. Mr. Garliehl is acknuwh'dned liead of tho party, owinu' liis position to his pre-einineni lit\ as a. statesman, and in tlie matter lias, witli t'lat liwj^iy and advaiKcd ^ggi'' lie mind ho represents, retracted in tliis matter, from — i asHiinc ^blf I 'c^iiUs (if (ho vicioiisue.HS of tlic system, as tried. J 4' 72 Tirr l'lto^.r,^:^r or f'ANAf>A. treiicli undiily into till' |)u')li'' tloitmiii, one wliirli oiiyht in Ixi licld Hin:iVA\\y iov i/i'dihial scfdcinoif iuul niitionul (lc'V('ln]tiH('iil foi fntiin jLfciK'iations iiH well iis tin; )»i'«',sciit. Tlio loiid, as linking llic two occniS, ()l>\iatiii,i,', in cast; of oiium'- •policy (ia the I'ai'iflc Ocean --the next great battle ground) tho cir cnitous route 1)} tho (\ii>o.s— for the transport ot" war inateiial and niilitary t'o)'ce, and also a.s serving vital military objective points on the route, is clearly of large Ini|»erial concern— certainly to tl»e extent of one-half. Jn the measure; of that interest, wo repeat, it certainly ought to givo aid, or itself make tho road in paits where, from tin naturt! of the country, as l)etweon Nipissing and the western .shore of] T/ike Superio)'. and the mountainous [tart of British Columbia, tlion is little or wo land along the route availaldo for settlement, iiU'i wlicre sale for mineral value would be ])rejudicial or impossible. The aid might be in mere guarantee of certain interest on bond- or in direct grant, or ir. any otiier way, but in any case should b' m.ileiial enough to give a pr()[)rietai-y or ^I'^fwi'-proprietary intere^ and voice in the work to the Ifomc Government. If that be not done, there is an alternative indicated l)y carli^ \ remarks in this writing, wheii speaking of the annexation tendeiici ' of sumo of ilie ])eop]e of Canada, and of tlu^ causes (natural ai leasonalilo in some measure) of that d(>f(.'ction, whicli might— pn. ably woidd— cost the Jjritish Empire and name jnore loss than :-, could possibly suffer by the aid invoked. ]>!sid('S, tlior(i is iu\olved in it something more than a nn'ii (piestion of shekels. Th(!t.e is thu element of national duty, which, , ignored, will, in course, bring its own Nemesis in nitional diss Intion. I am no Culchas nor son of a Calclias, but as on(>, though hunii' ., of the Jb'itish people, involved in this momentous problem of Uriii ;| life in America, I would, in face of these lising facts around | which threaten •' our national nr.cns and our lif; as of the Ibi : 1 people," protest against such deadly neglect. /fct SI 30 J ^^ i'^fAi •rlopnu-nt t'oi future iiiL,', ill cixso of einer- ,tlc groniul) tho cir of war iniitmial uud f ol)j(ictivo points on crtainly to tho cxtcnl •e repeat, it certainly aits where, from the . the western shores of itish Columbia, then for settlement, ainl ' lal or impossible. :iiin intereiit on bontl> I any case shouUl li- ] t-proprietary inteies it. ! indicated V)y carli. annexation tondenei' causes (natural an 1, which might— pit) iR more loss than si iig more than a m •! jitioual duty, which. sis in national diss lis one, though hunili ;ous problem of 13riti ising facts around i lit'.' as of tJKi liri i'