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Las cartas, planchas, tablaaux, ate, pauvent Atra filmAs A das taux da rAduction diffArants. Lorsqua la documant ast trop grand pour Atre raprodukt an un saul clichA, il ast filmA A partir da I'angla supAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut en bas. an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaire. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAthode. 2 3 5 6 B>^;^^/^<^^'> f\>vsTvvsNww J mh < KLONDIKE AND THE YUKON GOLD FIELDS in the Far Canadian North-West and Alaslca The Yukon district of the North-West Territories of Canada, in which the famed Klondike gold fields are located, comprises that vast stretch of country lying between the Arctic Ocean on the north, the 14Ist west meridian or international boundary line which separates it from the United States' territory of Alaska on the west, the northern boundary of British Columbia on the south, and the summit of the Canadian Rocky Mountains which divides it from the Mackenzie Basin on the east. The district is about 600 miles from north to south, by over 600 miles from east to west at its southern boundary, with gradually lessening distances towards the north. Comparatively little is definitely known regarding this new and largely unexplored region, and while the informa- tion about the country, its resources and conditions, contained in the following pages has been collected from the most reliable sources, it is only given to the public with such reservations as to its correctness in many paaticulars as the circumstances would seem to warrant. The bewildering stories from the Yukon, of marvellous dis- coveries of gold of untold richness, would seem almost incredible were they not substantiated by the official reports of reliable explorers and officers of the Canadian North-West Mounted Police, and by tangible evidences of their authenticity in the shape of immense quantities of gold, actually taken from the placers of the Far North, which have been brought out by returning miners. For the past few years the vast basin of the Yukon was reputed to be one of the most resourceful mining regions of the continent, but the actual results of exploration during the past twelve months have demonstrated that its bound- less wealth, startling in its immensity, far exceeds human con- ception and has never been surpassed in the world's history. Nearly every home-bound steamer from Alaskan ports during the past summer and autumn brought its quota of miners who have made ti.eir pile, and, they say, millions of virgin gold await the fortunate men who have the hardihood and the courage to penetrate the unknown depths of the Yukon district. 261195 NWp HE GREAT GOLD BELT OF THE YUKON The great northern gold bel* extends through this district southeastwardly into British Columbia, with a width, in places, of 100 miles. Rich strikes have been made at places over this large area, wherever prospected, and there is no reason to doubt that the diffusion of gold is general, the Klondike, in which the recent finds have so far been reported, being only h small section of the Yukon district. Mr. Wm. Ogilvie, the well-known Canadian Government explorer, whose reliability is unquestioned, is authority for the statement that untold wealth— almost fabulous in amount — is to be found in these new gold fields which are now attracting the attention of the whole civilized world. He says : " Gold has been found in a certain zone in British Columbia, running through the Cariboo and Cassiar districts. Project the axis of this zone northwesterly and we touch Teslin Lake, Hootalinqua River, Stewart River, Indian Creek, Tecoandike, Sixty Mile, Forty Mile, American Creek, Seventy Mile and Birch Creek. Now, it is highly improbable that, gold being found at all these points, the intervening spaces are barren. Thus we may have a zone of upward of five hundred miles in length, some of it in Alaska, more of it in the Canadian North-West Territory, and much of it in British Columbia, which v .11 yet be the scene of numerous mining enterprises, both placer and quartz, the latter practically inexhaustible. This country under more favor- able climatic conditions would be the richest and most extensive mining area in the world." New discoveries of marvellous richness are continually being made, speaking of which Mr. Ogilvie furiiic- says : " The character of the gold and the gravel in which it is found indicates to me that they are not the result of glacial action, but rather of natural erosion, and I would say that the mother lode is not far away from the placer mines in the neighboring mountains . The mother lode may not realize the expectations which the placers have raised, but I would not offer that as my opinion, for it is not my opinion . I believe we have a remarkably rich country there. I have seen quartz assayed from $(K)0 to $1,000 a ton. The great wealth will be taken out by the big operations of the quartz miners. The placer miner has shown the way, and will be as certainly followed by the other as he was at Juneau and in California. The big find at El Dorado is work- ing out two altogether opposite effects. It has caused the miner who has been putting up with the hardships of Alaska, as all that country is erroneously called, and who for years has been satisfied with gravel that paid ten cents to the pan, to quit work &nd curse his luck because he can't pick up $200 and $300 to the pan." Dr. Dawson, F.R.G.S., and director general of the Geological Survey of Canada, a recognized authority on mineralogy, after whom Dawson City, the centre of the recent gold discoveries, is named, says : " The entire range from the extreme end of South America to the Arctic is rich in minerals. About 40 years ago gold was discovered in Cariboo, which for its area was the banner mining district of the world till Klondike was discovered. Then Koote- nay, Omenica and Cassiar, all instance the trend of the discov- eries has been north west in a belt that runs practically from the Briti^h Columbia boundary to the Yukon. In all these districts placer mining has been followed in a greater or lesser degree by the discovery of quartz almost in exact proportion to the facility of access, and that these have not been worked extensively is due to the difficulty of getting machinery into the country, and not to any lack of ore." .... And again Dr. Dawson reports t " I consider the Yukon destined to be the greatest mining country the world ever saw. I ^nticipi^te that fh? rev'ent dia- THE GREAT GOLD BELT OF THE YUKON coveries will lead to the development of quartz mining, in which is the staple wealth of any mining- country. Experienced prospectors have already found a number of valuable gold qaartz discoveries in the Yukon district, atltl many more are sure to follow." Inspector Strickland, of the Canadian North- West Mounted Police, which preserve order in the Yukon d'strict, in speaking of the Klondike discoveries, says : " There has been no exaggeration. I have seen nothing in the newspapers in regard to the richness of the field that is not true. Great strikes ha-. ^ been made, but the amount of gold is unlimited. There are 'lundreds of creeks rich in gold bearing placers, never yet entered by the prospectors. Of course, all the claims in the creeks now '-' -4 --rr -,rfc-f^,;'.> m: ' ^•■■iii- Landing Freight at Skagway scarce, but there are partridge and ptarmigan in some locutiiies. Fishing is good, especially for salmon, which weigh up to 8o and loo pounds, and there are grayling, whitefish, lake trout and eels. ' Miners and others, however, should not rely on these resources to feed them. LAW AND ORDER Notwithstanding the remoteness of this new mining region, law and order are strictly maintained. Major Walsh, a noted officer of the Canadian North-West Mounted Police on its organization some years ago, is administrr.tor of the District and has a strong body of that semi-military force under his command. PLACER MINING IN T H YUKOH CiiiirtB ot justice, re^^istration and mine inspection offices liavo been csliihiislKHl. Tlie laws are impartially but rixorously enforced ; any altuinpl at lawlessness will be promptly repressed, as in any other part of Canada, and oflfeiidcrH severely punished. An adequate postal service is being provided, and the Canadian Government (it was recently stated by one of the Cabinet Ministers) has decided to furnish escorts for miners with treasure and, in the richer mineral districts, to create treasure houses, thus ensuring the safe-keeping of the gold stored, so far as police protection is concerned, and while it is on its way out of the country. Arrangements are also contemplated by the Government for the disposal of gold by miners, at a fair value, by means of bills of exchangn payable by any bank in tb«> Dominion. HOW PLAo£R MlNlWQ 18 CARRIED ON The open mining season is from two to four months, according to locality, but a great many of the miners spend their time in the summer prospecting, and in the winter resort to a method which is called "burning." They make fires on the surface, thus thaw- ing the ground until bed rock is reached, then drift and tuimel ; the pay dirt is brought to the surface and heaped in a pile until spring when water can be obtained. The sluice boxes are then set up and the dirt is washed out, thus enabling the miner to work advantageously and profitably the year round. In this way the complaint is overcome which has been so commonly advanced by miners and others that in the Yukon several months of the year are lost in idleness. There is almost continuous daylight from the middle of June until the early part of August, but in the depth of winter there is little more than three hours of daylight in the twenty- four. So that constant daylight for a por- tion of the year and almost total darkness for another portion might very well create doubts in one's mind as to what portion of the day in either case should be given to sleep. In the sum- mer months it is possible for a miner to put in as many hours as he has the power to endure the physical strain. Constant day- light admits of several shifts of men being employed, and in this way mining operations may go on continuously throughout every hour of the day. Mr. Ogilvie thus describes the conditions of getting out placer gold as the work is carried on now : — " The valleys of the creeks are generally wide at the bottom and flat, being seldom less than §00 ft. to 400 ft. This is covered with a dense growth of underbrush and small spruce, with occasionally balsam, poplar, or cottonwood. Much of the wood is suitable for sluice-box purposes, which require boards at least 10 inches wide and 1 inch thick. The rest is all suitable for firewood, which is an important factor in developing the mines of this repion. The moss and ice covering a space 8 ft. or 10 ft. long, by ^ ft. or 8 ft. wide, are cleared away from the surface, or a hole some 6 ft. long by 4 ft. wide is dug, and a fire built. During the night the ground is thawed to a depth of from 6 in. to 12 in. Next morning this thawed ground is pitched out and the process is repeated until the bedrock is reached, which is generally at a depth of from 16 ft. to 20 ft. About 10 ft. down we leave the vegetable matter, the alluvial deposits, and enter a MINERS': SUPPLIES stratum of coarse gravel, the gravel showing very little rounding or wearing. At the bottom of this, close to the bedrock, the pay streak is round, and is seldom more than 3 ft. in depth, the best paying part being immediately on the bedrock. This is not solid rock, but a mass of angular, broken rock lying, no doubt, in its original location in space. Between these masses clay and fine gravel have become imbedded. Into this the miner proceeds a foot or more. Where the pay streak stops ? No one has yet gone down to solid beds of rock, so we cannot say what might be found below the so-called bedrock. To burn the hole requires about thrne weeks' time and a good deal of labor." QUARTZ MINING, ETC. Quartz mining can scarcely be said to have commenced yet, but authorities unite in predicting that it will ultimately become the chief industry of the country. As conditions have hitherto been with lack of milling facilities, quartz had little value com- pared with placer claims, and consequently was not sought. Prospecting for quartz and veins, too, is more difficult than for placer diggings, the outcrops in the hills and mountains being generally covered with several feet of debris or slide as well as by moss. A number of claims, however, have already been located — seven in the vicinity of Forty Mile and Dawson, where Mr. Ogilvie reports the existence of a mountain of low grade gold bearing ore ; two others about forty miles up the river; another in Bear Creek ; one on Gold Bottom, which panned out on tests from $100 to $1,000 a ton ; and another about thirty miles up the Klon- dyke River. Copper ore is also found in the placers and in the river banks and in the bars. The sedimentary coal-bearing deposits are also abundantand widespread, and it is claimed that gold-bearing conglomerates in geological age corresponding to those of South Africa, but of unproven richness, are found in several places. MINERS' SUPPLIES All sorts of advice and information are heard at every hand upon the subject of an outfit for a prospector headed for the Yukon. Up to the present time it has been necessary for gold seekers to take along their own supplies, but the conditions oi transportation and supply are so rapidly changing, owing to the marvellously great development of the country, that it is more than pribable that during the summer of 1898 immense supply depots will be established at the principal points which will furnish all necessaries, and save the prospector the trouble 01 packing them in himself. It would, however, be as well for those starting early in the spring to provide themselves with an outuver and HOW TO REACH THE GOLD FIELD European and other countries, which average 30 per cent. The customs laws are rigidly enforced. Every available avenue into the country is guarded by a strong police force, and customs offices are being established at the international boundary line along the different routes, so that it is impossible for any foreign goods to be taken in without complying with the provisions of the law regarding entry, opening of bales and inspection of goods, payment of duty, etc. The regulation allowing prospectors to take in 100 lbs. of outfit and supplies purchased outside the Dominion, without payment of duty, has been revoked. A great deal of trouble will be saved in bonding through Canadian goods by having the manifest obtained at Vancouver or Victoria made out in duplicate for use of the Customs officers at port of landing and Canadian entry port . Collecting Duty at Tagjsh Lake. HOW TO REACH THE GOLD FIELDS ON8 :hased in Canadian 1 Slates, Travellers to the Klondike and the Yukon gold fields have the choice of several routes — either overland by way of Edmon- ton in Northern Alberta, or Ashcroft, B.C., or by way of the Pacific Coast via Fort Wrangel and the Stikine River; via Skagway, Dyea or Pyramid Harbor ; or via Behring Sea, and St. Michael's, and thence up the Yukon. Whichever route is selected the best and in some cases the only way of making the first stage of the journey is by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Prospectors, miners and others should see that their tickets read via the Canadian Pacific Railway, and if any agent endeavors to persuade them to travel by any other route they should apply personally or write to the nearest representative of the Company mentioned herein, who will furnish them with all information and arrange to supply them with the necessary tickets. The Canadian Pacific offers a greater variety of routes to the Yukon gold fields than any other route. Its line is well equipped with first class sleeping, tourist and colonist cars, its rates are the 18 THE STIKINE ROUTE lowest, and its time the quickest. Passengers travelling across the continent by the Canadian Pacific will have the preference in accommodations on their connecting ocean and river steamers and also on stage '.;id trail routes as arranged. Beyond the terminals to which through tickets are sold the country is largely unknown, and there is as yet a great deal of indefiniteness regarding the precise character and condition of the routes at the different seasons, and the facilities for travelling over them ; the dates of the opening and closing of navigation may also vary by the different routes, and the distances mentioned arv only approximately given. While their easy practicability cannot consequently be guaranteed, they have all been traversed, and the information regarding them in this folder has been com- piled from the most reliable sources accessible. Until such time as regularly established means of ( ranspor- tation through to all important points on the \ukon and its tributaries can be arranged, parties will be ticketed by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company only as far as Edmonton, Ashcroft, Fort Wrangel, Glenora, Dyea, Skagway, etc., accord- ing to the route they may determine to travel. I ROUTE l.-8tiklne Route Take the Canadian Pacific Railway to Vancouver or Victoria, B.C. ; thence ocean steamer via the inland channel to Fort Wrangel ; river steamer up the Stikine River to Glenora or Tele- graph Creek ; pack trail or waggon road to Teslin Lake, and river steamer down the lake, the Hootalinqua and Lewes rivers to Fort Selkirk and Dawson City and other points on the Yukon. The approximate distances are : — Vancouver or Victoria to Fort Wrangel. .(ocean) 700 miles. Fort Wrangel to Glenora (river) 125 ♦* Glenora to Lake Teslin (trail or waggon) 145 " Teslin to Fort Selkirk (lake and river) 400 " Fort Selkirk to Stewart River (river) 105 " Stewart River to Dawson City (river) 67 " Total distance from Vancouver and Victoria to Dawson City 1,542 miles. Vancouver the western terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and Victoria, on Vancouver Island, 80 miles across the Straits of Georgia, are in British Columbia. Fort Wrangel is in Alaska. At Fort Wrangel, baggage and freight will be tran- shipped in bond and passengers transferred from the ocean to river steamers. The Stikine is easily navigable for flatbottom river steamboats to Glenora, and when the water is high, they can reach Telegraph Creek, 12 miles funher up stream. The Stikine has been regularly navigated for some years, but during the coming season there will be many additional steamers placed on this route, on each of which there will be good accommoda- tion for 50 first-class and from 100 to 150 second-class passengers. The trip from Wrangel to Glenora o^ cupies 36 hours. About 40 miles from the mouth of the Stikine, Ci> .-tadian territory is entered, and the route thence to the Klondike iies entirely within Canada. The dry belt is reached half-way between Fort Wrangel and Glen- ora, and passengers by this route ihus avoid the damp weather so 14 I I THE STIKINE ROUTE I I prevalent on the coast. It is reported that the river route is possible for winter transportation by sled after ist January; the Company do not, however, guarantee this at present. The overland trail from Glenora or Telegraph Creek to Lake Teslin runs through a comparatively level country, in which there are no high mountain ranges to cress or difficult passes to climb. The trail was largely utilized during the past sea- son, and the British Columbia Government, which is expending a large sum in improving it and shortening the distance, expects Fort Wrangel. to have a good waggon road completed within a month or two after the opening of navigation. The machinery for a river steamer on Teslin Lake waf transported by this route, and large quantities of supplies and some live stock have been taken in. There is a good sleigh road in winter. Transportation companies are now arranging for the carriage of passen- gers and freight between Glenora and Teslin, by stage and pack horses. On Lake Teslin, which is from two to fifteen miles wide and over a 100 miles long, a steamer is now completed and arrangements are being made for the placing of many others on the lake prior to or on opening of navigation. Lumber is plentiful around the lake for the construction of boats and batteaux by those who wish to prospect en route, and l»st season a number of craft, each capable of carrying three or four passengers and five tons of freight safely to Dawson City, were easily constructed in two days. The boats . -e broken up at the end of the journey, and the lumber either utilized in minin&r operations or sold at good prices. There is clear navigation from the head of Lake Teslin to Dawson City, with but one rapid — that of Five Fingers — along the entire distance, and these, with care, are reported to be easily navigated on the northern or right hand channel. Out of Lake Teslin flows the Hootalinqua or Teslin River, which, after being joined by the big Salmon River, is known as the Lewes, which is followed to Fort Selkirk, where, with the Pelly, it forms the Yukon, of which it is the principal source and greatest 15 THE STIKINE ROUTE feeder. From Fort Selkirk, the Yukon affords convenient means of reaching the gold fields: — Dawson City, Forty Mile, Fort Cuddahy, Circle City and other points in the Canadian Yukon and Alaska, It is estimated that the trip from Van- couver or Victoria to Dawson City, when steamer communica- tion from Teslin Lake is established, can be made in twelve days actual travelling. The route to Fort Wrangel is open throughout the whole year. The Stikine River is usually open from about 1st May to 3Ist October, and Teslin Lake from 15th May to ISth November. There is limited hotel accommodation at Fort Wrangel, and on the opening of navigation hotels will be ready for guests at Glenora, where there are also good camping grounds. The Hudson's Bay Co. are extending their operations to Glenora and Teslin Lake, where any additional supplies required will be procurable. Until further notice the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. will ticket passengers through to Fort Wrangel, and to Glenora during the season of navigation on the Stikine. The fare from Vancouver and Victoria to Fort Wrangel is $25.00 first class, which includes meals and berth on steamship, and $13.00, which includes meals and bunk, without bedding. To Glenora the fares from Van- couver and Victoria will be $40.00 first-class and $25.00 second- class (exclusive of meals or sleeping accommodation from Fort Wrangel.) Canadian Pacific Rv. Co'.s Steamship " Athenian ' Canadian Pacific Railway Go's Steamships. The Canadian Pacific Railway Co. will inaugurate an addi- tional steamship service between Vancouver, Victoria and Wrangel on the opening of navigation on the Stikine River in the spring of 1808, with the magnificent Clyde-built steamships " Tartar " and " Athenian," both of which are classed 100 Al at Lloyds. These steamships are of modern construction, most elaborately appointed, and have excellent accommodation for both first and second-class passengers — no essentials to the comfort and convenience of the passengers being lacking in any particular. The staterooms are large, comfortable and perfectly venti- lated and the dining saloons, cabins, and smoking rooms spacious and tastefully decorated, and in every respect vastly 16 THE SKAGWAY ROUTE superior to those of any other vessels on the Pacific Ocean, excepting the Canadian Pacific China-Japan steamers. Botli vessels are lighted by electricity and Btted with triple expansion engines. The " Tartar's" gross tonnage is 4,425, length 376 feet, breadth of beam 47 feet, depth 33.3 feet. The gross tonnage of the •' Athenian " is 3,882, length 365 feet, breadth 45i feet, depth 29 feet. The " Tartar " and the " Athenian," under the command of experienced officers, will make close connection at Vancouver with the transcontinental trains of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and at Wrangel with the river steamers which they have made arrangements with for and from Glenora during the season of navigation on the Stikine. ' ROUTE II.— Skaffway Route This route is by the Canadian Pacific Railway to Vancouver and Victoria, thence by ocean steamer through the inland chan- nel up the British Columbia and Alaskan Coast past Fort Wrangel and Juneau to Skagway, Alaska, near the head of the Chilcoot Inlet of the Lynn Canal, thence over the White Pass to the lakes which form the headwaters of the Yukon and down these water-stretches to the gold fields. The approximate distances are : — Vancouver and Victoria to Skagway (water) 995 miles Skagway to foot of Tagish Lake(pack trail and boat) 84 " Tagish Lake to head of Canon (boat) 50 " Head of Canon to White Horse Rapids .... (portage) 2 " White Horse Rapids to Dawson City (water) 450 " Total distance between Vancouver and Victoria and Dawson City 1,581 miles From Skagway, at which there are good landing facilities, the trail leads for seventeen miles, four being through all timber, to the summit of the White Pass, whose highest elevation is 2,600 feet. The descent on the other side is gradually made by a series of benches, but it is rocky and marshy to near the portage between Lakes Lindemann and Bennett, 42 miles from tidewater. Here the Skagway and Dyea routes unite. Supplies can be taken by pack horse to Lake Bennett, from which the remainder of the journey must be made by boat, either built or purchased at Lake Bennett. From Lake Tagish, where the Canadian Customs House is at present established, the route is through Marsh Lake, Miles Canon and Lake Labarge to the Lewes River, and thence as described in Route L In addition to the difficulties in surmounting the Pass, there are several rapids to run, those of Miles Canon requiring portaging one mile and White Horse two miles. Navigation opens on Lake Bennett about 1st June. The journey from Vancouver to Skagway occu- pies from five to seven days, according to steamer, four days to Lake Bennett travelling light, and about fourteen days from there to Dawson City, not including the time required to build boats. The packing of supplies, etc., over the Pass occupies a period variously estimated up to two months, according to the season of the year, the quantities to be carried and the resources of the 17 THE DYEA ROUTE party; but better facilities for expediting the carriage of goods are reported as probable during the coming spring. The fare from Vancouver or Victoria to Skagway is $40.00 first-class and $'25.00 second-class — the former including meals and berths and the latter meals and bunks without bedding. Lake Lindbmann ROUTE lll.-Dyea Route By Canadian Pacific Railway to Vancouver or Victoria, B.C., thence ocean steamer through the inland channel to Dyea, Alaska, and over the Chilcoot Pass to the water- stretche$i which lead to the Yukon. .(water) 1,(KK) miles. The approximate distances are : — Vancouver and Victoria to Dyea . . Dyea to foot of Tagish Lake (pack trail and boat) 7H " Tagish Lake to Dawson City (boat) 5()2 " Distance from Vancouver and Vict ria to Dawson City 1,575 miles. Dyea is at the head of Dyea Inlet, an arm of the Lynn Canal, five miles from Skagway. It is at present without docks, vessels being unloaded by barges and lighters, but the early erection of an ocean wharf is contemplated. The route is by waggon road to the first crossing of the Dyea River, thence by trail through the Chilcoot Pass, at an elevation of 3,500 feet. There are several crossings of the river, which is fordable except in the spring, and a fairly good trail to Sheep Camp, beyond which there is a steep and stony ascent to Chilcoot Pass of 1,800 feet in three miles and a quarter, 1,000 feet of which occurs within half a mile. This Pass is not available for laden horses, and supplies must be packed over by Indians, or the travellers themselves. From the summit to Lake Lindemann, which opens about first June, there is a decline of 1,320 feet, but the trail is a fairly good one from Crater Lake, just beyond the summi', to the head of Lake Lindemann, 18 at the made from !■ T is abo couvei secon( latter THE DYEA ROUTE at the portagfe between which and Lake Bennett a junction is made with tlie Skagway trail, and thence the route is the same as from Skagway -do'.vn the takes and rivers to tlie Yukon. ■^M In The Chilcoot Pass. The time occupied in reaching Dawson City from salt water is about the same as by the Skagway trail. The fares from Van- couver and Victoria to Dyea are $10.00 first-class and $25.(X) second-class, the former including berths and meals, and the latter meals and bunks, without bedding. THE DALTON AND|ST. MICHAEL S ROUTES ROUTE IV.-Dalton Trail By Canadian Pacific Railway to Vancouver or Victoria, B.C., ocean steamer by the inland channel to Pyramid Harbor, thence overland to the Yukon. The approximate distances are : — Vancouver or Victoria to Pyramid Harbor (water) 9H5 miles. Pyramid Harbor to Fort Selkirk . .(pack trail) K50 " Fort Selkirk to Dawson City (water) 172 " Total distance from Vancouver or Victoria to Dawson City 1,507 miles. - ^ Pyramid Harbor is on the Chilcat Inlet, an arm of the LynnCftnal. The trail is taken by many, as it is r uted to be free frcMn many of the difficulties which attend the | a.ge of the White and Chilcoot passes, and is a favorite ope fo. live stock, large bands of cattle and sheep having been driven over it during the past two years; reports are that there is good pasturage along the route during the summer. After a short detour to the west, following the right bank of i.he Chilcoot River, the trail extends almost due north to the source of the Nordenskiold River, where it branches, one following that river to Five Finger Rapids, on the Lewes River, the route thereafter being down the Lewes and Yukon, and the other continuing due north to Fort Selkirk, leav- ing the Nordenskiold to the right. The entire distance by the latter trail can be covered on horseback, and the trip has been made from Pyramid Harbor to Dawson City in about fifteen days. The fares from Vancouver and Victoria to Pyramid Harbor are $40.00 first-class and $25.00 second-class, the former including berths and meals, and the latter meals and bunks, with- out bedding. ROUTE V.-8t. Michael's Route By Canadian Pacific Railway to Vancouver or Victoria, B.C., thence by the Pacific Ocean and Behring Sea to St. Michael's and up the Yukon, this route being chiefly used by those going to points in Alaska. The distances given are as follows : — Victoria to St. Michael's (ocean) 2,800 miles St. Michael's to Dawson City ....(river) 1,650 " Total distance to Dawson City 4,460 miles This all-water route lies directly across the North Pacific Ocean to Dutch Harbor in Unalaska, an island ofF the Alaskan peninsula, thence across Behring Sea and Norton Sound to Fort "Get There," on St. Michael's Island, where transfer is made to river steamers which sail down the coast eighty miles to the ;theiedmonton ;routes north mouth of the Yukon, and up that river to Circle City (Alaska), Fort Cuddahy, Forty Mile and Dawson City, Canada. The navigation of the Yukon in the upper part is open from May until the middle of October, but at the mouth it is not open before 1st July, and is free from ice from two-anda-half to three months. The journey from Victoria occupies from % to 40 days, of which from 1(( to 20 are taken to ascend the river to Dawson City. The fares from Vancouver and Victoria to Dawson City are $2100 first class, and $260 second class, which includes meals and berths and ISO lbs. of baggage free. In selling these through tickets the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. acts only as agent for the North American Trading & Trans- portation Company, and will not be responsible beyond its own line- the other portion of the ticket being subject to Pacific Ocean and Yukon navigation. ROUTE VI.— Edmonton Routos The Edmonton Routes can only be taken by Canadian Pacific Railway to I .monton in Alberta, from which there is a choice of two main lines of communication : around by the Mackenzie River and the far north, or overland by the Peace River country and the Liard Rivf r. The distances given are as follows : — Edmonton-Mackenzie River Route Edmonton to Athabasca Landing (waggon road) 90 miles Athabasca Landing to Fort McPherson (river) 1,844 " Fort McPherson to Porcupine River (river and trail). 80 " Porcupine to Fort Yukon (river) 400 " Fort Yukon to Dawson City (river) 303 " Distance from Edmonton to Dawson City 2,717 miles The main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway takes the traveller to Calgary, at the eastern baseot the Rocky Mountains, from which a branch line runs 191 miles to Edmonton, the starting point for all routes leading north and west. By the Mackenzie, the route lies to Athabasca Landing and Fort Chipewyan, thence down Great Slave River to Great Slave Lake, whence the Mackenzie River is followed to Peel's River (one of its tributaries), and thence by Rat River to the waters of the Porcupine, and then the Porcupine River takes the traveller to Fort Yukon, three hundred miles below Dawson City and the Klondike. The time occupied from Edmonton by the Mackenzie River is variously estimated from ninety days up- wards. Steamers ply on the Athabasca and Mackenzie, but their carrying capacity is very limited, and prospectors and others do not depend upon them, but usually build or buy boats at Atha- basca Landing. It is probable that short praciicable canoe routes from the Mackenzie to the headwaters of the gold-bearing streams of the Vukon exist hundreds of miles further south than the Peel's River portage. THE ASHCROFT ROtJTt 200 niles 240 120 160 170 220 172 Edmonton-Peact' River Route Edmonton to Peace River Crossinj; (trail) Crossing to Forks of Nelson (trail) Down the Nelson to junction with Liard (river) Up Liard to Dease River (river and trail) Dease River to Pelly River (river and trail) Felly River to Fort Selkirk (river) Fort Selkirk to Dawson City (river) Distance from Edmonton to Dawson City 1,312 miles By the shorter overland route, the objective point from Edmonton is the Liard River, and there are several alternate routes, all heading; North-west and converging; on the Liard, one being b}' th'i Athabasca to Fort Simpson and thence up the Liard. When once the waters of the Liard are reached, by either route, the remainder of the journey is via Lake Francis, the portage over the watershed to the Pelly River, and thence down the Pelly to Fort Selkirk and the Yukon to Dawson City. These routes, which skirt the great undeveloped Omineca and Cassiar mining districts, are largely utilized by parties intending to explore the headwaters of the Peace River, on the eastern, and the numerous gold-bearing streams on the western slope of the Rockies, whose great mineral wealth has already been demonstrated by pioneer miners. Pack horses are easily procur- able at Calgary and Edmonton, at moderatf^ prices, which, however, are increasing on account of the demand for them. They range from $20 to $40 each for animals weighing from 800 to 1,000 pounds. ROUTE Vll.-Ashcroft Route This route also can only be taken by the Canadian Pacihc to Ashcroft, thence through Cariboo and across to the Stikine, after which Route I. is followed. The distances given are as follows : Ashcroft to Quesnelle (stage) 220 miles. Quesnelle to Hazleton, on the Skeena River (trail) 300 " Hazleton to Telegraph Creek (trail) 240 " Telegraph Creek to Teslin Lake (trail) 145 " Teslin Lake to Dawson City (lake and river) 572 " Tctal distance from Ashcroft to Dawson City 1,457 miles. Ashcroft is on the main line of *he Canadian Pacific Railway, 204 miles east of Vancouver, and is the starting point for the famed Cariboo Gold Fields. There is a splendid stage road to Soda Creek, and choice of continuing by road or by steamer sixty mile^ to Quesnelle, from -which the route lies along the old overland telegraph trail — (the route of the Behring Straits tele- graph line which was in process of construction at the time of the laying of the Atlantic cable, and was abandoned in conse- quence of the successful laying of the cable) — to Hazleton on the Skeena River, from which Telegraph Creek on the Stikine is reached by trail. From Telegraph Creek the route lies to Teslin Lake and down the Hootalinqua, Lewes and Yukon, ms described in Route I. There are hundreds of miles of unexplored ground near the overland trail from 28 WHEN TO START FOR THE YUKON Qiiesnelle which is known to be rich, and there is said to be good pasturage along the route for stock. From Fort George parties may cross the Giscome Portage and by water reach the Peace River country ; from Hazleton by trail to the Ominecu, and from Telegraph Creek by trail and water to the Cassiar, all of which are gold-bearing regions, largely unprospected. Kamloops, a station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, 47 miles east of Ashcroft, is also a starting place by this route, the route being along the North Tnompson River, the Cariboo road being reached some distance north. The Cahjboc Road from Ashcroft. WHEN TO START The best time to start for the gold fields depends largely upon the roi.te intended to be taken and the traveller's point of departure. If living in Europe, from eight to ten days should be allowed for the Atlantic voyage and six days for the overland journey, anc* it would be as well for the travellers to allow them- selves several days for the purchase of supplies at whatever place they may decide to outfit. Those going by the Stikine Route need not reach Vancouver or Victoria, B.C., before the middle of April. The Dyea and Skagway routes should not be attempted before February, and from that time until the breaking up of the rivers— about June 1st — the snow and ice afford good travelling with snowshoes and sledges or tobogo'ans, by which goods can be freighted over the Passes more quickly and cheaply than dur- ing any other season of the year. For the last two years most men going in the spring have gone over the passes in February, March and April. The coming year many will no doubt start in January, February and March, in order to take their time getting over the passes and down the lakes, and building their boats. The first steamers by the St. Michael's route leave North Pacific ports about 10th June, as navigation on the lower Yukon does not open before 1st July. By the Edmonton-Peace River route, " Imonton should be left not later than March 1st, when flat sleighs for a large portion of the RATES AND STEAMSHIP SAILINGS trip, instead of pack horses, can be used advantageously. By the Edmonton-Mackenzie River route, a start should be made from Edmonton about the end of April or early in May. The Atha- basca River opens from the 10th to the 25th of April, and Great Slave Lake, 750 miles north, early in June. Beyond that lake there is clear navigation to Pelly River and on the Porcupine during summer. By the Ashcroft route, the best time for starting from Ash- croft is from April 15th to May 1st, there usually being then good pasturage en route. RATES Rates from interior points can be found by adding the current rates to Vancouver or Victoria via the Canadian Pacific Railway to the following figures : — Vancouver or Victoria To 1st Class. 2nd Class. Wrangel $25.00 $13.00 Glenora 40.00 25.00 Juneau 32.00 17.00 Pyramid Harbor Landing 40.00 25.00 Haines' Mission 40.00 25.00 Dyea 40.00 25.00 Skagway 40.00 25.00 Sitka 40.00 22.00 First-class rates include meals and berth on steamships, second-class rates meals and bunk on steamships, except that rates to Glenora do not include meals and berths beyond Wrangel. Berths (for first-class passengers only) are $3.00, and meals are 50 cents each, between Wrangel and Glenora. Vancouver o: Victoria to 1st Class 2nd Class Dawson City via St Michael's Island 9300.00 1250.00 STEAMSKii* SAILINGS Are intended to be as follows : — Canadian Pacific Ry. Oc.'c Sieamchips. Commencing April, 1898, two sailings per week from Victoria and Vancouver to Fort Wrangel. Particulars later. O. P. Navigation Oo. From Victoria, 8.00 p.m. S. S. Tees (for Wrangel, Juneau, Dyea, Skagway, etc.), January 9th and 2.3rd; February 6th. S.S. Islander, February 16th ; March 1st, 15th and 29th ; April 12th and 26th. S.S. Danube, February 22nd ; March 8th and 22nd ; April 5th and 19th, and every Tuesday thereafter. From Vancouver, on arrival of Canadian Pacific Rail- way Pacific Express. S.S. Tees, December 27th; January 10th and 24th ; S.S. Islander, February 16th ; March 2nd, 16th and 30th ; April 13th and 27th. S.S. Danube, February 23rd ; March 9th and 23rd ; April 6th and 20th, and every Wednesday thereafter. Commencing June 14tb, S.S. Danube will make regular trips to St. Michael's Island, connecting with Yukon River steamers to Dawson City, etc. M Pa( Ot No Wi Va Rej dian Yi and alii define directic the fee foUowir En alterna at publ Ministe Th be the entry 1 entry ceptan CANADIAN MINING REGULATIONS Pftelflc Ooast Steamship Oo. From Victoria about 4.00 p.m. Passengers should reach Victoria the night previous. S.S. City of Topeka (tor Wrangel, Juneau and Sitka only) January 10th and 25th j February 9th and 24th ; March 11th and 26th ; April 10th and 25th : May IQth and 25th. S.S. Corona (for Wrangel, Juneau, Dyea and Skag- way), January 5th and 20th ; February 4th and 19th ; March 6th and 21st ; April 5th and 20th ; May 5th and 20th ; June 4th. Other Steamship Lines. Additional steamers of different Companies will probably be placed on the route, particulars of which will be furnished later. North American Transi>ortation & Trading Oo. Intend to despatch a steamer on June 10th, 1898, and every ten days thereafter. BERTHS ON STEAM8HJP8 Berths on Pacific Steamers must be secured when tickets are purchased. Apply to the nearest Canadian Pacific Ticket Agent, who will obtain same through the following offices : IMontreai— D. McNicoll, Passenger Traffic Manager, for territory east of Port Arthur and Chicago. Winnipeg— Robert Kerr, Traffic Manager, for territory West of Lake Superior and Chicago. Vancouver — E. J. Coyle, District Passenger Agent, for British Solumbia and Pacific Coast States. CANADIAN MINING REQMLATION8 FOR THE YUKON (Ordert-in-Council, May 21 and July 27, 1897). (SUBJICT TO ALTKRATION). Regulations for the governance of placer mining in the Cana- dian Yukon district make - ■ distinction between British subjects and aliens, every one beir , placed on the same footing. They define the nature and size of the different kinds of claims, give directions as to the mode of proceeding to obtain a grant, fix the fees, and prescribe the obligations of grantees, of which the following is a synopsis : Entry shall only be granted for alternate claims, the other alternate claims being reserved for the Crown, to b« disposed of at public auction or in such manner as may be decided by the Minister of the Interior. The penalty of trespassing upon a Government claim shall be the immediate cancellation by the Gold Commissioner of any entry the trespasser may have obtained (whether by original entry or purchase) for a mining claim, and the refusal of the ac- ceptance of any application which the trespasser may at any 25 CANADIAN AND ALASKAN MINING REGULATIONS time make for a claim. In addition to such penalty, the Mounted Police shall take the necessary steps to eject the trespasser. A royalty of 10 per cent, is levied and collected by the offi- cers from claims yielding not more than $500 per week, and 20 per cent, on any excess of that sum. Default in payment of such royalty if continued for ten days after notice has been posted on the claim or in the vicinity shall be followed by cancellation of the contract. A claim on a bar diggings — that is on a margin of a river between low and high water mark — is limited to a width of 100 feet. A claim on a dry diggings — that is, on ground over which a river never extends — is limited to 100 feet square. Bench diggings claims — that is, claims on natural terraces stretching along the banks of streams — are also to be lOO feet square. Creek ana river claims are to be 100 feet long and extending completely across the stream from bench to bench, but, if any person shall discover a new mine, a claim of 200 feet in length may be granted. In the prescribed form of application for a grant to the hnder the applicant must make affidavit and say that he has discovered on the claim a deposit of gold or whatever mineral it may be, that he believes himself to be the first discoverer (or, if previously granted, that it has been unworked), that he is unaware that the land is other than vacant Dominion land, that he has marked out the land in accordance with the mining regulations, that his description is correct, and that he wiiihes to acquire the claim for the sole purpose of mining. A fee of $15 is to accompany the application. The grant, if obtained, is to be for one year only. The entry of every holder of a grant must be renewed every year, the entry fee being paid each time. For the first year only the entry fee of $15 is charged, and for the following years an annual fee of $15 is charged. No miner shall receive a grant of more than one claim in the locality, that is, in the territory along (he same stream. To hold his claim, however, the miner must work it continuously. If he ceases operations for seventy-two hours at a stretch, except for sickness, the Gold Commissioner m.ay cancel his entry and give the grant to another applicant. The complete mining regulations for the Yukon can be obtained from the Canadian Government officials in that district, and from the Department of the Interior, Ottawa. British Columbia mining laws, which are applicable to tha Cariboo and Cassiar districts, can be obtained from the Minister of Mines, Victoria, B.C. U, S. MINING REQULATIOW8 OF ALASKA (ReportH Interior Department, Waitliington. U.S.A.) Citizens of the United States, or persons declaring their intention to become such, can explore, locate and purchase mineral Und^in Alaska (United States territory) by complying 26 ALASKAN MINING REGULATIONS with Federal and Territorial laws. Prospectors are not required to take out a license or certificate. Quartz Land. — Minings claims upon ledges or lodes of pre- cious metals can be taken up along the vein to the length of 1.500 feet and 300 feet each side of the middle of the vein. To secure patent, $500 worth of work must be performed and $5 an acre paid for the land — twenty acres. Six months' failure to do work forfeits the claim. Placer Land. — Claims usually called "placers," including all forms of deposit, excepting veins of quartz or other rock in place, are subject to entry and patent. No single individual can locate more than twenty acres of placer land, and no location can be made by any company, composed of no less than eight bona-iide locators, exceeding 160 acres. The price per acre of placer claims is $2.50. Where placers contain veins or lodes, the cost per acre is $5. Description, — It is important that locators accurately mark and describe their claims. In marking, the locator may do no in any direction that will not interfere with the rights or claims existing prior to his discovery. Litigation, expense, and delay may be avoided by being particular in the matter of boundaries . The essentials are : First — That the corners should be marked on the ground by stakes in mounds of earth or rock, or by marked trees or other natural objects. Second — The notice of location should describe these corners so that they can be identified en the ground by the description, and, in addition, the direction and distance of one of the corners from a government corner or well-known object such as a junction of roads, traits or ravines, a bridge, building of any kind, or natural feature, as rock, etc. On Chii.coot Pass. «j?' Future cditloiiK of this painphlet will liavo corroded map of the Yukon country and the various rout«!H leadiiiK lo it, and such additional and useful infortnatioi) will be supplied an can bo obtained with any doKreo of certainty, THE GREAT GOLD BELT OF THE YUKON \"' Tickets, Rates, Steamship and Sleeping Car Berths and All Other information APPLY TO ANY AQKMT OP THK CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY ••••OR TOi^^^ ■MCkTlU*. .,.ir.K...LD. Nathan AGO. Tbomia Oook A Bon ....llD..B.IIeIfiiitil«.FMgbtaDd Paaengcr A(t miaatCtannan St. .IamA..niomaiOook*8aa, UBaapaitlav.BndEwiut, Ijitham ACo. .... QD..Biinii,Fhllp Ado., Ltd., The Brtthh India Co .Oin..am.KIIoaiad«.Ttok«tAgnt {ooSmSSSa *»! .,.JI.T..D. B. WorthlnKton, City rrt.andPau«nger A««t..nbekaiV[«Bl. fwimata tinuA/§7VHa]rwood, Kait> . . .OITLOK. .ThOBiM Cook A Son (R. B. C Ir aawy) M iaoB...A. B. Edmonda, City FameiiKer Agent UrtrtBI W. ■tatk ltimi..T.B.Urke.Dlatri..AnherBakar, BnropeanTntCoAgMt n St Vlnant Sk R.B..O. B. Philia, Tlekat Agent vnfU/BMtk. .Oar. .W. J. Oiant, Commercial Agent Cor. King A Jame« Bts. ■•■CK«ac D.K.Browa.OeaetBl Agent Ohlna and Japaa,tla... ■•■•tala ai..T.B.DaTieaAOo. KiamtOB. JAMAICA. .CO. Falmer Cor. Port Royal and Orange 8ta. M¥«TPA< I Bra. .Anhar Baker, luropeanTtaffle Agent TJaiaaaBt. ■_a •• fIT AMI3n(WIIIIaaiatB.O. '™"" taDdlOOoeks|iiir8t.S.W. ..OHT..T.B.Paik«,TI«kat Agent WDaBdMM. miW»akee..Wis...Bobart Bruce, Fnight Agent S7 Michigan St. — ._- . .- . fW. R Callaway, O.P.A.. Soo Linn ■l»M««VMU«Mim|^, ^ Chandler, Agent, Soo Une . . mtmUtml -j^/W.F. Bgg. OltrPaaHnmr Agant... ..VIWB. J jf, B Bulling, Con. Freight Agent . . 119 South Third St. ...UtSk jBMaBI. Wlndaor St. Station. .ass BnadwaF. . JAPAir..Holme,BliigeraiOO ■•w V«Fk....H.T...S.V.Sklnner,aene(aIlaatera Agent XIWnu«ndtoJr.T.. D. Uaaca •Uawa OUT. .J. K. Pailear, City P ii Mi g i« Agent ttSpaifeiBk ___^ __.„-./Han»i,PeronAOo., TIoketAgenti d BonlaTaid Baaaanann. FMW ""C* 1 International Slaapiag Car Co 8PlacedalX>pMB. Pklla««l»kl» .PA. .H. MoUoitrle. Freight and Paaaangar Agent {""laSiSirtBL PlttsMVC PA. .F. W. Salibnrr, Freight and Paiwigw Agent, Booaa 506 Fergawn BKg. p«r(lMt4 Wi..O. H.Tkamiiaon. Tlekel Agent, HalnaOentnlBd... Union Depot pwrMlUld OBI..B. W. Grrer, Paaaanger Agent 14( Third Bt. daekee QnB..CI««jtge Duncan, Paaaanger Agent Oppodte Foat Ollaa. BMUt(ite«ltalto«lI>CB-i F. E. Ketc'Imm, Depot Tlokat Agent {A. H. Wotman. PlatrietPaaiiinger Agent W.B.O.MackaT.Ctty Ticket Agent Ohnbb'aOomw. i. N. Butherlanil. Opn. Freight Agent Bt''^x»^<'>*]'i^°k^*<^* miiBinat W«k»llMMl< JAPAlf . .Wm. T. Parne, Oonaral Traffic Agent for Japan M Bond. ••••OR TO..^^ ROBERT KERR, Q- M. B08W0RTH, Trafllo Manager, Freight Trafflo Manager, Linos West of Ijilte SuDcrioi-. Monkteau WiNNii'Br;. O. E. B. U88HER, D. McNIOOLL. AsslstrntGenl. Passr. Agent, Pawiengor Trafflc Manager, MONTREAU MONTRBAU X o -) r > z o , ' c < m ' 50 < > I 1 f o c < m p 00 o m if