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NORTH-WEST THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA AND NORTH WEST TERRI TORIES— THEIR EXTENT— SALUBRITY OF THE CLIMATE -FERTILITY OF THE SOII^PROUUGTS— REGULA TIONSGONCERNING LANDS— PR ICES OF CEREALS AND FARM IMPLEMENTS - SALARIES AND WAGES-TRAVELLING ROUTES BY LAND AND WATER, etc., etc., etr. • BY ELIE TASS£ OTTAWA PRINTED AT " LE CANADA OFF 1880 .)fa*«f^! i-,tf«.." ,-'*' * * THE NORTH-WEST THE PROVINCE OF MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES— THEIR EXTENT — SALUURITY OF THE CLIMATE — FERTILITY OF THE SOIL — PRODUCTS — REGULATIONS CONCERNINii LANDS — PRICES OF CEREALS AND FARM IMPLEMENTS — SALARIES AND WAGES — TRAVELLINC. ROUTES BY LAND AM) WATER, ETC., ETC., ETC- liY RI.IE TASSE ■\ <" orrAWA PRINTKI) AT " LE CANADA " OFFICE 1880 •0 - *" 3Vb u u 4t u il u (• fi I' 1 I V p t s s THE GREAT CANADIAN WEST 1 U is about t\v(?lve years a^o that His Lordsliip A:cli])ishop Tncho wrote in liis Shclch of the North UV.s7 as fol'ows:- *■' Tlie breadth of this ('oiiiilry, from East to West, is, in round " numbers, about 1200 mib's, and its len^'lh from North to South "about loOO mih's, containing the immense area of 1,800,000 *' square miles. " When we compare this vast region with fht» small and "limited countries which are occu[)it'(l by some of the most '• powerful nations of the world, the contrast astonishes us and " we naturally con-^ider if this vast, uninhabited region is " destined to remain for ever in the natural state in whicii Pro- " vidence has allowed it to be up to the present. Isolated in tliis '^ immense desert, we often listen hoping that some strong and " distinct echo may be audible, produced by the bustle and " agitation of the world beyond the oct?ans, by the feverish " excitement and daring ambition of the great neighboring '■' republic, or by the ci-eatiou of the Dominion of Canada. '' Our. beautiful and grand rivers, our inunense laKes, are '• they to have no other vessels navigating them than th{! light " bark canoe of the Indian or the heavy-oared craft of the fui-- '• tradi-r? "• The agricultural resources of this countrv, its mineral '' wealth, and the tr.'asui-es of its forests and waters, art! then- '• destined to hi Uiivei- known noi' appreciated as ihey merit?" When Jlis Lord>hip the Ai-clilushoii was pondering on th.' prospects of this va-t and pi'oductive country, the fuLur(! was suoii toi^ive him ,1 rijply. In fact, (/autda hail decided during the succeeding year to annex- to herself the Norlh-West Terri- tories, of whos(> inexhaustible resources her slalc'smen had thf-n caught Oiily a glimpse; and now, that is after ten years have elapsed, the great Canadian West is everywhc're known, and the report of th* disi-ovei-y at last of u world — ignored for so long a time — has bi^tui re-oundcil across the ocean. The Mother Coiuitry, whicli had formerly abandoned some of her possessions in this part, of wll0^e value she was then ignorant, to the selfish control of a Company of traders, has at last learned to appreciate them, and her Prime Minister — the illustrious Disraeli — delivered a speech last summer bearing on this matter which produced a greal sensation. Our iioiglibors in Ihe United States, ulio had no idea, ii .i])|i('ars, of tlitr cxlciisivj! wealtli wliicli w«' iiossess in this n'^^ion, arc now aiftnscd hy therciioih which havehcen |>iihlish('d. They havf |it'rc('ivt'd (hat in rcl.'ilion to their (•(tninu'rce willi llie loreij^ii uiai'kets, they are thicatened hy a I'ival iiowcr, and hence llie principal centres of trade — New-York, Chica^'o, Milwaukee, St. Paul — aio sei'ionsly concerned ahont the econoniical revohi lion which is soon to takt> place. It is <'slini;ded that in the "■ unliniiled S(dilndes " of the .North W'pst, of which Lord heaconsfield soeiithusi;islically s[»oke, llieie is coulained neai-ly •JIKI. 0(1(1, 0(10 acres of land lit for lilla/^e. The culliv.ilion of oiil\ a portion of this territory would eual)le ns III coniix'le with tin- United Slides in the ^r;iin Irallic. Pop ('.van. pie, if we c.ilciil.iti' wiuit will l)e i)rodnce(J from f), 000, 000 acr''> of wheat. ;illoA\iiij^' '2') l)u^llels on an average to the acre, we can then form sonu- idea of the futui'e of this country in an jigricultuial point of view. iJuriuf,' last summer, dtdegates from dillereut portions of the Cniled Kingdom visited (lanada. and all of them who visited Manitoha and the Nortli-West expressed their ashtonishment at the great ressourees they found. When we consider what has been accomplished within the shoi't period of ten yea is since the North-West was received into (Confederation, w(! are puzzled why this isolated region should have so. long a time delied the progress of civilisation. We will not take up our time in incjuiring into all the causes to which this was due. hut it will sutiice to touch upon on(! point only: that it was the interest of the Hudson Hay Clompany not t9 awaken the attention of the outside world to this region, nor to remove the numerous prejudices wdiich its very remoteness engendered. MANITOBA rUE V.VI.I.KV Ol' THE RED IlIVKIi II The l^rovince of Manitoba is situated betwofiu the 4*,)"andr)0» parallels north latitude and *.)(>" i^ UD" of longitude west; so that it is nearly in the centre of British North Ameiaca and midway between the two oceans. Compared with the immense extent of llie North- West Territory, Manitoha presents the appearance of a narrow, square block of land ; its area scarcely exceeds \) million of acres, and its distance from north to south and east to west is lilllc over 1(10 milt's. This Proviiici' \v;i> (Idiiiilflv ami 'xcd to (liiiatl.i ill |S70, and its pupiilalion. wliifli was IImmi aboiil 12, ()()() souls, lias iiicieast'd diii'iiij; IIk; lasl ten years al an astoiiisliiii^ rate. Sine. » the year |H7(». (Uiii^ralinn lias (^spfcially diriM'tfd iUi'ir lliitlit'r, and it sct'ins llial the I'ai-Wcsl will hciuino ii rt'CHptach' lof tlio o\ 'r('r()>,vded iM)[tiilatioiis of oIIum' coiiiiirics. It is said thai wilhiii th' lasl y(3ar iiiori; than :UI,(H)l^ persons have oinij^ralcd to the North- vVest, hoiico \V(; can I'orni sonic idea ol' III ' r;ipidity with which fills > mntry is h dnj; settled. Thert! ai'o two lar^^e rivois whieh inn thronuh tin! plains of Manitoba, llit» most inipoiianl of whifdi is llie \\>'d {{ivt, hcinj; nearly (>()() niilos in length; it has its source in Minnesota ami, al'':^r Iraversinu; the Province irom iioi'th to soutli, discharges into Lake \Viiini[»e^, a portion of which is conllned within the colony as well as liake Maniioha in the weslei-ii part. This watercourse is navigahh' onaslret(di of iOO miles, and during the snininer season is fre(|nented by many sh'amei's. The water ol this i-ivei- is of a nindily aijpeaiam'e, i)iil contains no noxious pi'operlii's, and is good to ilriiik when hlli-ated, espe(;ially dnring the winter season. We may here remark that on the prairie, ther seldom fail to lind water on boring wells. The Assiniboine also is a large river of ODD miles in lenglli ; it rnns from the west and is the nrincipal tributary of the Red River, with which it mingles its nioie limpid waters. In many places, the navigation of this rivin- is diificnlt, but whon certain oiislriictions will be removed, tliedevidopnnnitof this line country will thereby be rapidly promoted. Of 111 > less important wat -r courses are the rivers Sein ', liat, Roseau at the east, and Sale, Gratias and Marais at the west of Red River, of which they all are tributaries. TheGa[)ilaI of the province — Winnipeg— formerly called Fort Garrv, is situated at the conlluence of the Red and A-^siniboine rivers. It is a bustling and act.ive city, whcli, iu 1874, was only a village, distinguished at the time by tli" more anibiti )us iitle which it bears to-day. It hardly recjiiired a piu-iod of six years in order to marvellously grow into a hirge town with wide streets lined with jDretly cottages and handsome shops, which would even lie becoming to tli(! Commercial Mi,'tro|)olis of the Dominion ; also a town hill and iuiblic market, have been erected and pri)per drain ige attended to. Conip iiiies have bden organized for tii3 establishnienl of a city railway, and water and gas works. The Federal GovtM-niii"nt has also cansi'd to be constructed various |eiblic edifices, such as the Post Ollice, I^and OUice and Custom House, which contribute greatly towards the appearance ofthecily. There is also a Protestant Colieg.) for boys, several educational establishments for young ladies, and public chools, all good buildings. It has b(?en stated that Winnipeg, wiiose popiilalion is said to cxccod 10,()()() souls, liit» majority of whom ar(! Kurdish, lias iriiTcascd iiioic (|uickly lliaii (llucaKO, the Qium'II City of 111.? West. Ojipositr Wiiiiiiix'^', on the cast side of the Red livrr, appears the pntly village of St. Hoiiiface, peopled ehielly liy l'"rench Cuiiadiaiis. His ]>((nisliip Anhliishop Tache, when writing in IHDHdiithe country, said thai the lU'i\ Hivcr was a rounli-y nl' locomotion willioiil locomotives; to-day llie locomotives Itrai the ti-ains over iJu' property even of the Archhishop, hack ol' the village, the terminus of tln! I'emhina hranch line, connected willi the Anieri- cain railroads. Time has made great changeds, and that which a traveller picdictcd some years ago, when sneaking ol' llu! Saskatche- wan, is realised, at leasl so I'ar as ihe valley ol' the Red River is conc(>rncd. '' I'erhaps, he exclaimed, they will hear in the plains •' of the Saskatchewan tin; whistle of the locomotive ; perhaps tin; ^' lios[)itahle residence of Mi'. (Uirislie may hecome, one day, a '' railroad station, and a hall-hrerd of tlie Red River, in the '' uniform of Ihe chief of the station, will hand to Ihe bewihU'red '' hulian a railway ticket for going and returning." St. Rouiface. Ihe see of the Aichhishop, po^sesses a Iteautiful cathedral, a classical college, an etlncalional estahlishuienl I'oi' young ladies, and a hospital under the direction of Ihe Reverend Sisters of Charity. Tills village will in a short lime hecunnected with Winnijieg by one or p.-iliaps two bridges, the iiist al Point Douglas and tie other opposite the Rrovencher Avenue, where ihe new ri;ilioad at present slops. We must not omit to take notice of the newspaptis ol Ihe Province: tlu' •' Fice Press'' and "•Trihuiie" are piibli.-hed in Winnipeg; and llie '^ Metis," the French organ, in Si. Ronifaee. I'DLITICAL Kmigrants, before leaving for their destinaliou, ai-e concerned not only about ihe material advantages, but also in the political and other inslitutions of Ihe counliy wliei-e they purpose to settle. In order to me-t their reasonalde desires in this respect, we shall endeavour to supply certain accurate information relative to the Province of Manitoba ; after which, we wiU interest Ihe reader with [tarliculars of the incomparable richness of its soil and other matters, which by means of labor will enable the settler to gain in time piosperity or a roi'tune. The political inslitutious of Manitoba are nearly similar to those of Ihe other Provinces. They enjoy there responsible Clovernnient in its perfection. There are "J4 electoral districts wliicli clionst.' a coii'espouding nnmbcr of mimbers for Ihe Legis- klive ABseiiihly. 'I'lie Kxeculive power coiisisls ol' .i Liinileiiaiit- Governor, a Pioviiii'ial Sccrotary and Treasurer, an Altornef tteneial, a Minister ol' Public, "WorKs and MinisU-r of Agiiculturi — who ordinarily dis' iiarges . so tin; dulies ol' rresideiil ollhe Council. Tlie Niaiiilolta Act sanctions tlie use of the two Ian- guagps — KiiL'lish and l-'rench — in the Legislative Assenihlv and in Courts which are presided over l»y three Magistrates. Moie over, this Province is represented in the Federal Parliament !#> four memhers and two Senators. HUl.KilO.N Missionaries of the viospol have for a long lime extend»'.ii their pastoral vit-its through Ihe [)lains and I'orestsof the West ; and especi.illy so since Ihecountiy has heen annexed to Canada. It is not then a matter of surprise to iind that works associated with religion have hcen vigorously proniol(jd. Churches have sprung up in all directions as if by magic, and moral progress is keeping pace with material progress. EDUCATION The system of education is the same as that in the Piovim* of Quebec, by which, on the onj.'hauil, Protestants have absolutt control of the education in which they are interested, and, on th« otiier hand, Catholics also enjoy tlie same lig'-ls and privileges. Ther(! is a general Council composed of both Protestanl> and Catholics, which concerns itself with the general interests ol ediication, but has no power to interfere with Ihe principles ol the law, nor to modify the reg"latious of the Protestant and Catholic particular councils. All the schools being subsidiited by the Government, therefore, wherever a settlement springs up sulficiently large to maintain a school, it hastens to establish one, towards which parents have to pay only a light annual lax. Two superintendents are appointed to watch over the working of this educational system so well organized. THE POSTAL SYSTEM The postal system is very complet'? throughout the North West ; there are now established KJO Post OHices. THE CLIMATE The climate of this Proviiu e is most healthy, which is cspe cially due to the dryness of the atmosphere. In the suuuner the hoat is inteiisL', but. Ihe nij^hts are always cool ai)d fresh. The <;old is excesssively sharp during the winte'", bill not to that degree as to I'" unbearable. The dryness of I lie atmosphere exerts such .in efTert on the temperature that the cold is not felt when it is IK) or 40 degrees below zero, any more than we do in Ontario or Quebec when it is only 1 5 or 20 degrees below. The reports of the severity of the climate sometimes frightens those at a distance who are strangers to the country, lint there are in reality no grounds for any serious fears. l*eoi)le after several years' e.xpcrience of the climate have not found their health to lie impaired, but rather to have improved, t^itecially as no epidemic diseases prevail there. It is true that the small pox at one time spread itself in a settlement of the Icelanders, hut tht' disease had been, iutroduced there by some emigr.ints : ajidat that lime, the ravages of lliis Icrrihh.' malady were confined to that porlion of the jtojnilation. The trauhition from the scwjson of nv iuter into spiiug, which begins in A[iril, and from sunnner into the cold season, which, lakes place in the month of November, usually is very rapid. The rain is sufficiently frequent ; it has been more than usually abundant during the last three or four years, but not to an extent to injuiy the harvest, which has always been good ; owiug to the penetrable character of the soil, the water is quickly ;iltsorbiMl. SNOW AND HAIL The quantity of snow which falls in Manitoba is not so great as ill the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario; it usually does not exceed a foot and a half or two feet. The roads are generally very fme in tlie winter season. During one of the last winters^ it is a strange fact that not sufficient snow fell for sleighing, and that the breaking up of the ice in the Red Ri • er took place about the 15th March. There has been much said about early frosts in Manitoba, but reports in this respect have been greatly exaggerated. During a sojourn of five years in that province, we can truly assert that never, to our knowledge, did the harvest seriously suffer from this cause. FEHTH.ITY OF THE SOU. The soil CKf the valley of the Red River is a black alluvion, .liavinga vegetable stratum of two feet in depth and deeper than that in certain places. Its fertility is extraordinary. Mr. Malthieu de D )mbasle, one of the most scientific agriculturists of his day, said ; '-By means of iiianiiriiig, ] do not know cUiy bad I.ind; witlioni manuring, 1 d > not know any good." Manitoba is an exception to tliis rule, for the practice of manuring laud has hitherto been scarcely, if not absolutely unknown. At the last Dominion Exhibition, a sample of land was exhibited from a la rm on which had been raised wheat during .')0 years consecutivnly without any manuring. We ourselves saw at Duflerin, in ISTi. a magnificent field of stalked wheat, and il was th(» tAventy-scfoud year that the land had been planted witii grain withoul any one having ever dieanit of manuring it. Mr. W. A. Loucks bought in 1875 a fai-in which had been under cultivation for 70 years and whii'h h;id already yielded fifty-two harvests of wheat. In the following year he raised on it 26 bushets of wheat to the acre, T)! bushels of oats, '20 bushels of peas, and in the y* ar 1877 he received from it 'M^ bushels of potatoes from 10 bushels of seed. The analysis of the soil, made carefully by scienlilic men, attributes to i t most remarkable properties. Mr. Thomas Connolly, correspondent of the London Times, in a letter to the Citizen of Ottawa, on the 18th November las t.^ wrote as follows: "l '■'• assure you that neither in the new or old world have 1 ever " seen a country where the soil was more fertile and the climate " more salubrious than in Manitoba and the valley of the Red *' River. There is no doubt in my opinion that an industrious " and energetic man, furnished with a spadt> and seed, could soon " make a home for himself on the praiiie and have an excellent " farm." CEUEALS — WHEAT Wheat is a plant par excellence specially adapted to the nourishment of mankind. It is the basis of agiicultural wealth, the first and most precious of all the cereal plants. The territory which produces it abundantly canoot fail to have a great infiuence on the market of the whole world. Now, il is univer- sally allowed that the Canadian North-West country, including Manitoba, is particularly adapted to the cultivation of Ibis cereal. We may here appropriately quote, in rtdation lo this sul>ject, an authority who is the least to be su>pect"d of partiality ; it is that of Mr.J.W. Taylor, American Cou-ul at W^iuuipeg, wlioaddn^ssed the following lettei' to the Pio or Press of St. Paul. Minn., U. S., shortly'afUu- the visit to Manitob.i, of Mr. Read, M.P.. an* Mr. Pell, two dcdegates from England, whose mission to Canjida we have already noticed. 10 THE GREAT WHEAT ZONE [Letter by U. S. Consul X W. Taylor.) To the Editor of the Pioneer Press. A comparative statement of temperatures at St. raul, Win- nipeg and Battlelord, for the first months of the nirrent Jyear, including April, having iteen published hy me and i ticed in the Pionef Press, I assume that your readers will be interested in a similar stutonient for the year ending July, 1879, to which I have added the monthly observations at Toronto. These positions are as follows : N.Lai. W. Loru Toronto 4339 7923 Saint-Paul 44-52 93-05 Winnipeg 49-50 96-20 Baltleford 52-30 )0900 It will \)o convenient to refer to latitudes as Toronto,Si44 degrees; St. Paul, i5 degrees; Winnipeg, 50 degrees; Battleford, 53 degrees. The place last named is situated on the Saskatche- wan River, and is the capital of the Nortli-West Territoj'v of Canada, as the vast district west of Manitoba (longitude 99 degrees) to the Rocky Mountains is now known geographically and politically. Battleford is the residence of the Canadian Lieutenant-Governor Laird, and has its newspaper, the Saskat- chewan Herald. I will further premise that Sergeant Price, of the Canadian Mounted Police at Battleford ; Mr. James Stewart, of the Canadian Signal Service at Winnipeg ; Sergeant Gone, of the Gnited States Signal Corps at St. Paul, and Mr. G. E. Rainboth, Dominion Civil Engineer, of Quehec, have kindly furnished the materials of the following TAHLE OF MEAN TEMeEKATURES. Battle- Toronto. Saint-Paul. Winnipeg. ford. August (;6-38 72-00 67-34 67-7y September 5818 60-06 52-18 4710 October 45-84 46-03 35-84 34-52 November 36-06 38-03 30-66 28-6« December 25-78 19-03 11-97 6-4* January 22-80 16-03 —6-10 0-4ft Februai-v 22-74 1502 —12-32 —10-25 March...: 28-93 33-01 1 4-14 16-80 April '.0-72 50-04 39-10 46-70 May 51-74 58-07 5313 53-35 June 61-85 6709 63-20 60-4-5 .Iidy 67-49 73-05 68-19 63-95 Vcarlv uiiMus V'rOi 45-62 34-76 34-8? 11 A statement of mean temperature during the agricultural season from April to August inclusive, exhibits the follow ing proportions: — Toronto, 57 degrees C4 minutes; St. Paul, Go de- grees 5 minutes ; Winnipeg, 58 degrees 19 minulrs; Batlleford, 58 degrees 53 minutes. Thus it will he seen that the climaly, in its relation to agriculture, is warmer in Manitoba and over territory seven liundred mil(?s northwest, than in the; most central districts of Ontario ; while St Paul, in latitude 45 degrees, is 7 degrees 40 minutes warmer than the vicinity of Toronto iu lati- tude 44 degiees. I hope soon to be in possession of similar statistics at Fort McMurray on the Athabasca river, and Fort Vermillion on Peace river, respectively 1,000 and 1,200 miles due north west of Win- nip6»g, and 1 hav(! full confidence that the climate at these points ■will not be materially ditferent from Battleford. The altitude of the Athabasca and Peace river district is less, and the trend of the Pacifie wii ds through the Rocky Mountains is more marked than at Batlleford. It was on the banks of tht^ Peace River, well »p in latiti;de 00 degrees, that Sir Alexander Mackenzie records on the loth of May the grass so well grown that buffalo, attended by their young, were cropping the uplands. But I find my be'-t illustration that the chmate is not mate- rially different west of Lake Athabasca, in latitude 00 d(^grees, than we experience west of Lake Superior in latitude 46 degrees. in some personal observations of the northwestern extension oi wheat cultivation. In 1871, Mr, Archibald, the well-known propriiHor of the Dundas Mills, in southern Minnesota, visited Manitoba. He remarked that the spring wheat in his vicinity was deteriorating — softening, and he sought a change of seed, to restore its llinty texture. He timed his visit to Winnipeg with the harvest ancl found the quality of grain he desired, but the yield astunished him. -' Look," said he, with a head of wheat in his hand, " we have had an excellent harvest in Minnesota, but I never saw more than two well-formed grains in each group or cluster, forming a row, bui here the rule is three grains in each cluster. Tliat.'s the difference b(?twen twenty and thirty bushels per acre." More recently. Prof. Macoun, the botanist of the Canadian Pacific Railway survey, has shown me two heads of wheat, one from Priiic Albt^rt, a settlement near the forks of the Saskatchewan, lalittuU^ 5;} degrees, longitude 100 degrees, and anolhur from Fort V^erniilliou, on Peace Rivei-, latitude 59 degrees, longitude 1 10 degrees, and from each cluster of the two I separated hve well-formed grains, with a corresponding length of thtj h.'ad. Here was the perfection of Ihewheat plant, attained according to tlu; well known physical law, near th ■ most northern limit of its sucC' s>«fnl growth. Permit another ilUisIration on the tesiimony of Prof. Macoun. When at a Hudson liay post of the region in question — either 12 Foil, MiMin ray, in Lililiidc i")7 do;^rG(!s, or Kort N'tiniiillioii, in l.ililiidc Ml (It'^nx^s, ;in(l about tlu' longilude of (ircat Salt Lake, an ciiLiilDycc oT tlic post iiivitod him to iiisjx'ct a straii;;!' ])laiit in his f^iinh'ii, ,m(i\\ II Iroiii a lew scods iicvor hd'ore scscii in that iDcility Ih,' loiiiid ciiniinhrr villi's iihinh'd in April in llio open f^ioiiiid, ;iiid w'ilh IVuit riiuMicd on th ■ 2()lli of August. I liavc ti) otlnTs to (|ii('slioii the accuracy of Hlodj^a'fs state- niciil III ins w.dl kiKtwii Trcalisc upon thr (lliniiilolo^y of North Aiu'Tiia Iwfiity yc.ii's ;i,uo, \i/. : — '" A line drawn IVoni Thunder li.i\, ill Lake Siijicrior. nurth-\V' st to the Mackenzie Hiver, at the f)r»lli, would include .III iiiiiucnse disti'ict adapli>d to wheat, with oul\ Ihc local c.xcciitions ol inouiilains and worthless soils." I do iiol ic-.ird Pro!. l)lodpi't''s estimate as extrava.uaiit, Mud I (iuil(^ conciiiiii ilie h)llowin^M'onlirmatoi'y opinion o\' \\ui Pionrcr I'rcss, published in .Inly last, and which I he;; leave also to quote : — '' Tlic line id' eipial mean tenipiu'atures. especially for the >easoii ol' vcLietalioii lieiwecii March and ()ctoher, instead of lollowin^ lines ol latitude, bends Irom the Mississippi valley far to the north, carryiuj;- tin* /one ol' wheat from Minnesota away to the (iOtli parallel in the valley of the Peace Hiver, and vepro- ducinj; the' sununer h(\'Us of New .h'l'soy and southern Pennsyl- vania in Minnesota anid Dakota, and thost> of northern Pennsylvania and Ohio in the valley of the Saskatchewan. * * * ^Vithin the isolhernial lines tliat iiudose the /one west and north west of Nhnnesota, which is being or is se.ou to be opened to cultivation, lies a vast area of h'rtile lands from which might easily be cut a dozen new States of the size of New-York." Will the (vlitor of the Pioiic r l^rcsn pai'don me if, partially inspired by such a waiin presage, I ventured, at a recei t banquet in SViuuipeg to Messrs. Head and Pell, to claim for Northwest Hritish America a territory as luge as four states of the size of Pennsylvania, which is specially adajtted to the production of w heat, and w here, conse(|uently, it will take the leading rank, as till' git>at agricultural staple ? In this vi(>v;, I assigned Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and even southern Minnesota to the zone specially ailapled to corn, as th • more Southern States constitute a cotton zone; and observing tlu> imperative natural restrictions HI the Mi>sissii)pi valU>y upon the successful production of wheat, 1 hazi.rded the statement tliat thiee-fourtbsof the wheat producing belt of Ninth Ameiica would be north of the internalioual bound ary. This arithmetical di\ i.sion has since been (luestioiied by the rioit rv I'r as. I will \entnre to illu>trate the climatic iulluences which control the problem undiT considei'ation, by some citations from '^ ^hnllesota : Its place a noug the States, by J. A. Wheelock, Co ! uussioiioi' i>r Statistic-;," wliich, though i)ublish"d in 181)0, is all the more an authoritv for tlit> confirmation of tweutv vears. 13 The geiieiMl law of liinitalion to Ihe jji'olil.il)le ciillivatidii of wheat is llms luniiiioush- slated : — '^ The wheat produciiij^ district of the United Stales is <'0n- fined to ahoiit ten (k'j^i'et's of Uititiuh; and six de.mves orioii.uitude, teruiiiiatiiig- on the west ;it the USlh parallel, liul the /one of its prolitahlM ('iiltiue oceLi[iies a comparative narrow belt aloii^ the cool borders ol' the district deiiiied for iiilani' positions by the mean temperatnre of lifty-liv ■ d('_i,M"ees on the worth and seviMity- one degrees on the sonth, for Ih;' two monllis of Jnly ;inil Augnsl. This definition t'Acludes all tlit> conntry lying soutli of latitndn forty degrees, e\C('[)L Western Vii-ginia, and nortli of that it exclndcs the southern districts of !*ennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, while; it iiudndes the northern [)art of liiese States, (lanada, New York, Western \'irgini;i, Mleliig.ni. Wis- consin, Minnesota and the Ued I'^iver and Sa^^Ualciu'w.ni y:< e'ys. In general terms, it may Im stateil that the belt of maxim nm •wheat prodnctidii lies immediateh no"thof the disti'ic,ts where the maximnm of Indian com is aitained." The argnment for Northwest Iiriti>h AiiKM'ic.i, as well as for the State (d' Minnesota, cannot be mori; ac'cnraltdy epitomized than by the following summary of Commissioner Wli(>eloek: — " 1. That physical and economical eaus(;s restrict the limits of wheat culture to the seats of its maximum pi'oductmn, in less tliaii one third of tbe States of the Union, within a climatic belt having an estimated gross area of only •2()U,0()() square miles, from which nine-tenths of tin; American supply of bread, and a large and constantly increasing amount of foreign food must bo drawn. '' 2. That within this zone, the same climatic and other cau- ses tend to concentrate the growth of wheat in the upper belt of the north-western States, always preferring the best wdieat districts. "■ ;}. That Minnesota and the country north-Avest of these wheat districts, having the largest area:', yield tbe most certain crops and the best and healthiest grains." It should not be overlooked that the mission id' the Imperial commissioners, Head and Pell, to this continent was to ascertain the probabilities and incidents of the food supply, especially breadstull's, for the d(>mauds of tli^ Unit(;d Kingdom; and from this stand-point the W'innipeg Fire Press suggests a negative dehnition of the wheat zone, and proposes to excludt! evei'y Pro- vince or State whose aggregate product is less than the demand of the resident population. Such a limitation would exclude the New England and Souiherii Slates, N(^w York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania — perhaps Michigan ; would tran.ifer Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Nehraska to the corn belt ; and would leave Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Dakota (ceriainly north of the '»4th parallel) as the area of the United States, east of the llocky ?! 14 Mountains, from which there would be a reUable certainty of a surplus above local consumption. Of course, considerable district* of California and On^gon must be included, but it is doubtful whether their product for export will exceed the shipments from the Provice of Ontario. Will the great interior of the continent contrib ite to our exportation* of wheat and its flour? I refer to the territorial organizations of Montan i, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Nevad.'i. Let us take tiie most favored of all, Montana. Grand as are its resources, I am constrained to b(?lieve that only one- thirtieth (if its surface is within reach of the unavoidable condi- tion of irrigation, and that tlu; mountains with their mineral wealth and the uplands as grazing grounds for cattle and sheep, will be the chief theatre!> of industrial activity. After careful inquiry in I8G8, as United States Commissioner of mining statistics, 1 cominitted myself to the following statement: " The area of the territory ( M(Mitana) is 140,1381) 36 lUO sijuare miles, eq\ial to 1K},» 881,184 acres — nearly the same as California, thr.^e times the area of New York, two and a half that of New England, and yet no greater proportion is claimed by local authorities as susceptible of cultivation than one acre in thirty, or a total of 3, 346,400 acr(^s. Of course a far greater surface will atlbrd sustenance to domestic animals. The liujit to agi'iculiure, in Colorado and New Mexico, is the possibility of irrigation." In a recent report of the National Geological Commission, 1 observe that Major J. W. Powell estimati'S the amount of land in Utah (with 84,470 s(]\iare miles) that can be redeemed by the utilization of streams, but without I lie construction of reservoirs, as about 1,250,000 acres. llovv far east this necessity of irrigation existb, I am not compe- tent to d'terinine. It was formerly fixed at longitutle 08 degrees by Prof li'-nry, of the Smithsonian Institute, but lOl degrees, or tlnei! degrees further west, especially west of Manitoba, is probably mon^ accurate. Upon the limited 'areas available for agriculture, the crops are very remarkable, but tlunr volume, of course, commanding th" highest prices, will be ab^orbei by miuprs and ln'ril.-men in addition to the demand of towns and cities. In this connection 1 should not omit to add that the localities of Central Canada on the line IjOtlO mil^s north-west from 8t. Paul — , Battleford, Prince Albert, Fort McMuriay, Fort Vermillion, including the better known Fort Edmonton, are all west of longi- tude 105 degrees, and are in direct range with Denver City, Great Salt Lake, and even Virginia City ; yet, at none- of the mort Eortheni positions is there any necessity of irrig.ition. It Ib the crowning feature of the " fertile belt " which broadens witk reduced altitudes and constant air currents from the Pacific coast, Miat the immense trapezoid, whose apex is bounded on the Ma«- konsie, has a sufhcient quantity of summer rains for all tlit 15 purposes of agricultiire as organized in the Atlantic and Missii- sippi Siatt;s. I have no pride of opinion as to the accuracy of an impromptu estimate of proportions north or south of the boundary. I would cheerfully waive it, confessing to an arithmetical inaccuracy, if assured of a giMieral acceptance of the opinion with which the article of th(^ Pioneer Pre^s concludes, namely, that " in the Hudson Bay Territory, outside of the old provinces, 200,000,000 acres are adapted to wheat raising." That admission is more khan enough to justify a railroad policy, which will push, within ten years, the locomotive from Winnipeg fully I, '200 miles beyond its present bourn on Red River. It may Oeeur to rail- way managers at no distant pcu-iod. to change once more the name of the trunk line of the Red River valley, and even if there is no restoration of the " St. Raul i^ Pacific," to substitute that of the '' St. Paul, Minneapolis i'^ Athabasca Railway." J. W. TAYLOR. M. Taylor, a gtMithmian of talent and information, has resided in Manitoba for many years and has made a special study of the country and its resources; and as a careful and just observer, he has not been afraid to truthfully speak out and b(Mr disinter- ested testimony of very great weight in favor of the Province. His letter speaks for itself ; it is an earnt^st and convincing reply to an article writt'-n from St. Paul which accused him of exagger- ation in his reports of the country. The Honorable Smiator, Mr. John Sutherland, of Manitoba, stated bui'ore a committee at Ottawa that h(3 had harvested 60 l)nshels to the acre of spring wheat weighing GO lbs. ; he added that they had even got 70 Itu^hels from one bushel. These are, no doubt, exceptional facts, but they prove the extraordinary prodi-c- tive strength of tlie soil. The usua' yield of wh(?at, whose stalk is tali an I providcul with a full, compact ear, is about '25 bushels to the acre. It is also an estiiblished fact that thi3 Hour made from, this grain is of tbt; very Ijosl quality. The weight of the wheat as compared with that [iroilaced in certain parts of the neighboring Republic will further exemplify the superior character of the Manitoba soil ; for example : — Manitoba spring wheat, 63 to 06 lbs. per bushel. Minnesota "■ 63 to 65 lbs, '•' Illinois '' 52 to 58 lbs. '' Ohio •' 57 to 00 lbs. " Pennsylvania " 57 to 60 lbs. " .11 16 OATS Tlmy culiivatH this cerpal with vory great suocoss ; tht' yield is soiiietiTUt's aiiiaziii.y, of wlit- li wo will cite cci-taiii examples : — Mr. Alt'x. Murray, M. P.P., in I87G, on an average raised 90 bushels to the acre on a field oC 7 acres. Mr. Wni. Mcl.eod, of Higli BliifT, harvested 000 hushels from (■) acrt's and 7 hns'ieis of seed. Mr. Donald ^l(•Kay, of the same place, got 1,100 hushels Irom 10^ acres. The average yield is IVom 15 to i}() l)nsliels to the acre. IJAlll.KV One acre alone sown witli this grain will yield 00 buslnds. Barley is a remarkable cro[)here. The usual growth is Irom 35 to Ul bushels per acre, weighing from 50 to 55 lbs. \[\E AXU BUCKWHKAT 'I lie cultivation of rvc and buckwheat has been neglected. PEAS The pioduct from the cidtivation of this cereal is consider- able, being from "25 to 'M) bushels par acre. INDIAN CORN One particular kind (d'corn grows very well, buttheatter^pts towards its cultivation have not heen generally very satisfactory : that variety to which we have reterred is smaller than that cultivated in the other provinces. FLAX AND HKMP These plants for manufaclni'ing purposes find in the rich soil of the North-West all that is re([nired for their development. It is said that Ihcnr cultivation was very extensive till lately in the settlement of the Red Piiver, but that the want of a market led to its abandonment. There is nothing at the present time to prevent the i'evival(»f this industrv. 17 I'OTATOKS They grow as I'very one would have lliein, atlaiiiiiif,' an im luense size which does not, impair in ihe h'as! llicir i xcellenl la^fo. One acre has heeii known lu vield on nioi-.' than one occasion 600 bushels. Mr. J. W. Siflon, a contractor of tlie C. P. Railway, gathered 275 bushels Irom a ploughed field of a qn.ii ii-r of an acre. Mr. F. G. Shipp, of Point Douglas, at Winnipeg, jaised in his garden a tubercle weighing i lbs. Bui I his was surpassed liy Mr. John Oniaud of St. . jes, who exhihited at Winnipeg a potato of 5 lbs. in weight, which we saw with our own eyes. The general produce is from 4(IU to oOO i;iishels per acre. TUHNU'S, P.Mt SNIPS They have gathered more than (000 bushels ol" turnips from one acre"; and they are not only remarkablf for their productive- ness, but for their proportions. Mr. .1. B. Clarke of St. James had a crop in 1867 on an aveiage from 1000 to 1:200 but^hels to the acre in afield oi 7 acres. At the Provincial Exhibition held at Winnipeg in that year, a turnip \vas exhibited weighing 36^ lbs. to which fact we ourself can testify. This vegetable phenomenon was sent to the Centennial Exhibition of the United States, where itconspi- liuously held the tirst rank of that class of vegetabh's. The average yield of the turnip is from 500 to 700 bushels to llie acre. The parsnips vegetate e([ually well. BEET-ROOTS Beets have been raised weighing upwards of IGlbs. ; this is, no doubt, a.i unusual production, but it shows what the medium size is likely to be. The soil is particularly adapted to this plant, and hence it is proposed to cultivate it extensively for the manu- facture of sugar. CAHHAGES Of all agricultural prodii ■ then^ is none finer to look at than the cabbage, being remarkable for its development and quality. At the Provincial Exhibition of I867,a splendid collection of this vegetable was displayed, one of which weighed 26 lbs. and others 25 lbs. 18 r. An ROTS Tliey ^row as woll as the beets, to wiiicli \v<' li.ivc rdfrrod, rind are (VxcelltMil in (inalily. ONIONS Tliny ari' truly very liii'i and Ihoir si/o is luloiiisliiii.L; ; a rle- >;M'ipli()ii ol' tht'iii would appear ;iii u.\ag<,'('raLi()ii c.xct.'pl lo lliiDSu «*,'lio had serii Iheiii. Mlil.ONS, CL'LlJMDKnS AM) IMJMI'K I \S A'i ihtvc siicctM'd wtdl, hill i>^(jirur ;il,!i'ii. .i)ii We may Ully i:\U) hi IV what is raitl l)y a Iravelh r wiitiii.L; in '• Lr Intir i/v ytonde '^ ill 1800, and speaking of Ihc farm of a Mr. Gowlor on '.he Assini])oino : — •' Ilis kinds (h(3 said) aro (^onsidcrahh' ; \ui only cultivates a '^ portion of them, of wliicli the iifticLli is devoted to the cereals ; '-'■ the remainder to corn, turnips and potatoes, the finest that '' could possibly be found anywheiv. His melons could not be •' eiinalled ; they weighed upwards of (1 ihs The garden ron- •'■ nected with this farm also supplied him with a great variety of '■' vegetables and all the tobacco necessary for his own use. And *■' as for fodder, the prairie provided him with all that was rei^ui- '•'• site. It is to be i-egretted (he continues) that all country farms " of the Red River should not rival with this one. Certainly, it is " not nature which bailies the hopes of the farme'i-. nor the soil '''• which opposes his ellorts. There is none but the most fertile "•' and favoral)le soil. The Indian corn grows ev(irywhere; they *' plant it about the 1st of June and it is jipi- at the end of August ; "' the wheat is harvested three months after being sown ; hay of '"* a snperior quality covers hundreds of thousands of acres ; the *■' culinary plants, such as are in use in Canada, are developed " with an uncommon vigor on the b inks if the Red River and " the Assiniboine. All unite to make th ^ colony a centre of pi'O- ■'■ duction unequalled." We saw at the last Dominion Exhibition held in Ottawa displayed in the department of Manitoba, potatoes weighing ilbs., beets 81b?., carrots 2 lbs., onions a foot and cabbages four feet in circumference. Mr. C. de Cazes of Winnipeg exhibited some magnificent specimens of the sugar cane. It must bo observed that al' these particular articles had to be gathered three weeks sooner than is usual in order that they might arrive in Ottawa in time for the exhibition. Thus we perceive that all those vegetables or plants which »re ordinarily found in the culinary garden grow amazingly here. 1!) rniMT: Tliei't' is an almiulaiicc ol' wild IViiits in lln' Noi'lh-Wi'st, anionjjc wliicli \v<' may incniion llic ^n-ape, [)rnn(\ slrawlicii'v, (•Ii(>ii\, hl.tckliiM'ry. rasitlicrry. ('atiici'inath. [)oar, fioo.sclK'rry, cni'- raiit, hlnt'brn-y, hlacklirn y, aloca, clc, clc. Tlio caillni'n of frnils scarc(;ly occnpics tlu! linu! ol' IhcsfMl lt'i*s ril pnjsiMil : hut salisl'aclory proofs of ils u'ood rcsnlts Iji'niu to turn tlicir allf'ntioii nior(> in this dir 'clion. Th'is Mr. W. \i. Hall, of Ihc I'aiish til" Ih'adiir^ly, siliialcd at a sliorl distanco I'roni Wiuiiipi.'jjf, has a very line garden p!ant"d with about lOO Iruil, trees of all kinds ; and at thi' list, Do-ninion Mvhihition we saw Itiltli'S ij'l from Manitoha. Tni-; iiAisiNa oi i.i\ k-sT()i:k AU who have helield with .'idiiiiraiinu |i' ('\IM11SI V |ir iirif^ if tlie Wtjstern ri'Lrion.mii'idlini;' th('iu>el\i'S to ih • i^Mze until out ol SIJ' ht. asrcf 111 the opinion that it isa coiuitrv where llUil aisinu rd' live sl0(dv can Ik; eaciicd on with vcM'y ,ureat snecess and litth' e\[»t.Mise. Tiie h"rds leave Ih" slahles early in th" siirinj; and spread themstdvi's ovi'r the plains where the tall and fertih' grasses gro^/ in great variety. Tleu'e was cxhihited in (Jtlaw;i last summer ahont OO samph'S of these .grasses. During tie' Hiiest jtart of the year, between the loth .Inly and the |.')th Si!pt., t!i<' farmer cuts all the hay he will re([nirf for the winter without expeu-se. In the autninu tin? animals ar • in excellent (Condi- tion, and the healtiiy ttMiii)prature of the cold season is also favor- able to their further deveIopiu(nit. llithert') this branch of husbandry has bi»pn too much neghnited, ultliongh it is sure to be accompiniiMl with considerabb; advantages. A very greatuumbi'r f)f animals, horses, cattle, sbeej). hogs, are sent ontevet-y year of the neighboring States of the KepubUc. and it must necessarily be a very Incralive trad" when lh"y derive profit in exporting numerous leu'ds even from Montana. A I'rench Canadian, Mr. ,1. )ei jmers, wtio is settlPil in tins American territory. tu-ougUt more than !;)()() live stock to M;initob;i. and he lle'i'i? got his price for them. Accordingly, the directors of the Provincial Agricultural Society said in one of their reports as follows: "' It would bi> vi'ry di'sirable that we should int(n'e-t onrselves •• more in the r;ii>iiig of cittle, pig.^, sheep, consiibuang that the " reijuiremeiils of the new ^( tilers, the explorii)g]jarlies, snrveyois '• and others in the service of the GovernnKuit, the police of \\w '• North-West, all will tend to make the local market very[)rotit- • able for many years. " '• The prairies (said His Lordship Archbishop Tache) can '• supply food foran inhuite iininbt3r of cattle, not only on account ■2l\ "• ol tlit'ir i'xUMisiv(Mi('hs, Iml Inmi tliu iiahirt! ami nrlnit'ssol llieir '' lii(»(liicls, whii'li are ciiiial lo those ol' iIk; Itcsl rlovtT meadows. ^^ Animal- iiiteiii|t>(l lor llie iiieal-maikel Id'come fat lifixMidiMil ^' only upon tlie I'ood snpplieil j»y III' pi'airie, and wln'n lliey an; '* liealthy they ac,(juii'e in ^ood lime thai eondition \vlii(di will " ruinmand the hcsl maiKel prices." Viscount Milton and Or \V. ('Iieadle, who ci'ossed the Hoidvy Mountains, also state in tlii'ii' work pnhlished in iMiKl : — •'■ We |(!t loose oiii' horses in the htj^dnnin^' ol' winter .it iho " H(dl(! [*iairie; altliou;.,di they were very thin and the snow had '' heyun lo I. ill, Iliey hecame like halls ol' I'at. The pasture is so ''■ noiirisliin;4 thai even in uiulei, whcnlheN haveloserk lor I'ood ^' henealh the snow,llie aoiniaU latten rapidly, provided that they '^ can lluil the wood where thry may sludtei' th(!mselv(!s Irom '' the seveiity ol the temperatiiii'. Milch cows and oxen near the '• l{ed Hiver are in a condition almost as line as that ol stall- " I'ed callle and hi'ouf;lil lor e.xposilion to Haker Street." The (jovernment lease liav lands ol' id aci'es, and so also pastura;.;e.s in order to facilitate, nodouht,the raisin*,' ol live-stotdv, a commerct! which will hecoine soon one of the most imjtortaiit. " lie who has hay has hread," says the proverb, and this is true, seeing that the hay ol' both lilt natural and arlilicial praii'ies is not only hread, hut also m;'ai, uiilk, wool and. trade. The \ ield ot hay is on an averai^c from '.\, 'i and .'» Ions to the acre. DAIIlV The raising of live-stock asso<'iates itself with another domes- tic connnerce wliicdi also increases considerably the ])rolits of hu.^baiidry; we i-tder lo the dairy tralhc by the making of butter and cheese, articles whitdi are both saleable and remunerative t'xcn on the local markets. UKES The honey bees are easily acclimatised, as assured by the experience of those who have iidiMtistod ihemscdves in the subject. Ih're then is another mailer In which llie settler can jn'olitably devote himself. isn Our rivers and lakf-s abound with fish : there are found the perch, bass, the latter not very abundant at times; the pickerel, sucker, pike and maskinonge which are remarkably large; the '' g(tl(l ••>'»'," laUiMi ill gn-al miiMltn-H; I In- wliiltMi'^li, in wliicli then' is coiisidcraldf tradt? ; llic liiib<«t or Hat llsli, wliirli «»sj»o(ially l'n'(iiii'iiis I III! Rt'd HiviT, lUM^'liboi iiiu; lakfs and liil)ntarit's of Lake \Viniii[)t'^; li ti' also tlit; stni';;»'oii appears, t'lc, clc. In !lit> Arctic, Hivci's the salmon and Iron! arc plcnlil'nl : llii' latter rnM|iu'nt llic lakes where the waters aro calm. W ll.li AMMM.S 'i'lio Norlh-Wesl is the conntfy of animals wiih liir and^^amo generally; — of these we may mention particularly tin; hiill'alo, mnskox, hi^ar, moose, cai-ihoo, deer, rO(!hnck, antelope, wolf, goat, ihe sheep of ihe nionnlaiiis, fox, had.i^M'r, carcajoii, wild cat, tij;ei (N't, martin, hea,ver, otter, ermine, hare, I'ahhit, inn-krat, weasel; also, ol' another class, then? ahonml the pheasant or prairie chicken, parti idL'e.jti^'con, dncksand ^eeso, etc. The jjonor- ahle .lames McKay, with servant, shot more llian .")()() dncks, h 'side a nil 111 her ol'i>rairi'' cliicktiiis, in two day.-^. 'Three skilled si)i»r!sineii of \Viiini[»efjf l)ag^eil in two days, near Lake VViimipej;, ahonl U(lt) dmdvs. One of onr own IVieiids killed dnriii;.^ one day 1(10 dncks al ahont \'.\ miles troiii \Vinni|»eji. woon It cannot he denied that wood is, I'elative.y speaklll^^ scarce in the North-West: hut this iniioiiveiiiem-i' — compensat(»(l as it is by a thousand otlnn' advantage's — however serious it may he, cannot become an obstacle to the setll'inent of the country Up to tlie present lime, they have sullen;d very Utile in this r(!specl, and in a short time [he. Pacific Railway with its branch lines xvill connecL Manitoba with the j^reat wooijy regions which ai'e located to the east. It is known that the valleys of the H.iiny Rivei', Winnipe},' River and the territory comprised between the Lake; of the Woods and R"d River contain immense (luaiititics of wood of ditTennit soil-, li'sides, the Red River, tht^ llivers A-si.- niboine. Si^ine. Rat and o'hers are skirted with woods. Towanls the west, large stu'eams traverse the forest division, where tin; total ai'ea, according to His Lordship Archbishop Tache, is about ISO. 000 sijuare miles, while he (Stimates the prairies to b:; about (»U,000 sijnare miles, and apiihes the same ligiires to the extension of the vast American Desert b(;vond our frontier, which is (d' the V.I" jianillel. The principal kinds of wood which are met within Manitoba, Ke(?w^'ltin and in th" West art? the inaide, soft mapli!, red and white pine, cedar, oak, elm, ash, spruce, birch, aspen, linden, lir, cy[)res>;, etc. Timber I'-^y building ])ur|)OS's is imported cliielly 22 from the neij^hboriiig Slates or sent in lafts down tiie Red Rivei and sawn in the Province. There are hirge sawmills at Winnipeg and other phices. Jt appears that the Ameriean Government has ordered an exploration to he made ol' thirteen townships, covered with pine, on the tribnlaries ol' Rainy La]\(> ; this will then ])e an advantage to us. A certain (juantity of wood for fnel conies from the neighboring States besides that wliich the i^rovince supplies. The prices of wood are given in anolher part. COAL it has been an estaJ)lished fact, for a long lime, that tlie NovtJi-West conceals rich mines of coal, an analysis of which has shown its value or superior quality, it is unneci ssary to enlarge on the imi^ortance of the coal trade at the [uc sent day. Mis Lordshij) Archbishop Tache says?: '''I'he coal regions which •' traverse the dillei'ent branches of the Saskatchewan are a great '• i-onrce of wealth and ciicourage till' s.-illemeut of this valley. "■ wluM'e nature aboiuuls with picture :r^(|ue sceuci'v which can "'■ compare with all that is nniarkablc in ihis respect throughout ^' the woiltl."' iMirther he adds: '" The coal mint s which the district "' of Saskatchewan encloses^assure it an uuejiu^stiouable inipor- '• lance. The immense coal deposits [ilainiy apj^ear in the flitl's •".of the great river."" Viscount Milt^ui and his I'lieiid Dr Cheadle s[Kak uf ii as follows : — '•' The banks of the Peml)ina Rivei' ex[ios(' a section of a magnilicent bed of coal, being from 15 feet to '20 feet in dei)tii * * * Coal has also been found in the north, along the rivers Macleod, Atlia])asca. Fnmense, Peace and Mackenzie, and toward the SiOUth along the rivers Saskatchewan, iiatlle and Cei'f. At Eduionton, in the declivities which characterise the bank of the river, there is presented to view u bed of coal which is made use of for the forge. Also, Ijeds of coal have been obstuved in many places scattered Wilhin the limit of 10" latitude, but ainiost iiivarial)ly under the same meiidian. By drawing' a line from the river Mackenzie to the conlluciice of the river Cei f, within the Southern Saskatchew'an, (lie position of the coal beds observt'd liere could be detei'mined. The> have a considerable extent and will form, without doubt, some day, ono, of the priiicii)al sources of wealth of the Saskatchewan district, which nature has so extraordinarily favored." "Itisindisj)Utabl(>,"said professor Macoun, " that in the region to the west of Kdmoiitou which is bounded on the north by the Atliabai-kaw River, and on the south by the J'iver Daiiii Rouge, there exists a coal feld of at b^ast 25,UUl) miles square : and in this 23 vast extent, tliey can hope to luid workable mines at depths whicli will seldom exceed ;?(]0 feet; and often, as in the case of the tliich veins above described, most favorably situated lor working by means of galleries on tlie surface. " (Teological reports confirm these statements Some montlis, ago, there was great excitement about the discovery of ricii deposits of coal near the River Souris, one of the tributaries of the Assinihoine, whone source is near the frontier more than 300 miles to the west of Red l^ivei-. Moreover, a company was to be organized imnuMliately to work the mine and transport tbi-» coal to Winnipeg. TUR I' The tui-f deposits abound in lh(* Novth-West, by which a very good fuel is producctl wIi-mm^ wood or coal is deiicient. nOMlOSTHAUS — ]>aE KMITIONS The lands at Manitobi ar(^ an-auged into townships, 3()0 of which, each measuring s'x s(juai(' miles, cover a surface of nearly 14,000 miles, or rather more than '.),()(IO,000 acn^s. Again, the townships are dividtMl intos eighth '- •' .■ HO " l-IG One sixteenth •• 'lO u 24 Thus, lliiMi, sixteen quarter sections constilule a se<'tion, sub- divided into sixtei.'U (juarter quarlor sections : — \V N. 13 12 5 ■4 I'l 11 () 15 10 i 8 ■ 1 s. M J!| l(jTli(' Honiestt'ad law con Tors on the settler the ri'j^ht ot pro- pi'ietor of the !;.' lid, but which lie nuisl cultivate lor three years before li- can ohhiin liis lil'e IVoni th(^ Gov followed the itli Iwise line in leaving th) R'jcl 9-. River In iIk; VVl\sI iiiilil llu! iiUiM'secliuii of ii.iid bast' Ijv llic l.iii"' between ran, ufis 21 mikI 22 west of the tirsi meridian, and tlience in a direct line to the conlhience of the Sliell IWw.v witli Ihe Assinilioinc. A gl;ince Ml ilic new map a\ hieli is just pnl)lished by I be Department of tbe Interior at Ot!;iw;i will show belter Ihe assu- med line of the Piiciflc Railway and .uivc a ror.ecl idea of Ihe situation (d' the Zones or litdts which we ai'c ab()ut to describe. The Isl Bell A. in Ihe neighborhood oi" Ihe R.iilway line and lying ."i niib^s on each side of llu- line, excluded graluitons occu- pation. Ibat is Ihe selller could nnl (d)lain a liomeslead there, and the pi-ice of iand was S6 per aci-c. The 2nd Belt B was 15 mi'ics on each side of 'the line: lun-e the cniigiant bad tlip liltci'ty of (Establishing biuHcdf on a honn^stead on paying the sum of Slha- Ifie cosis of entry; Ihe price of pre-emption lands adjoining the homestead^ was.S2.50 per acre in sections bearing even nunib!.'rs; those of odd numbers being I'cserved for the railway and sold at i?5.0() pi-r acre. The ;h'd Bell C. 20 miles on each side of tb^ railway line, was set apart for homesteads and pre-emptions; Ihe price of the pre-emption lands l)eing $2.50 per acre in Ihe sections bearing even numbers: Ihe others of odd numbei's, r(>servei \'nv tin* rail way, sold at $:\S){) p(M- acn*. The 4th Bell D, also 20 milt>s on each side of the line, was more ea-y for entry to tbe emigrasil. The j.rices of pr(>-emptioa and lands belonging to Ihe line on the odd numbered sections were at the uniform price of $2.00 per acre. The 5th Belt E, the last aU'l mosl distant trom the railway, being 50 miles on each side of it; the conditions in this belt were made very easy to the emigrant: Ihe lands of pre-emption and those of the railway were at the nniform price of SI. 00 per acre. In short, the Government, in order to fai'ililate colonisation, allowed the emigrant to pay only four-tenths of the price of sale at the end of three years with inleresi at 6 p. c, and the rest in six annual equal instalments. So soon as it was known that the homestead-. a:i(l pn^ emp- tion lands had been diminished by one half, their t!xt(Mit bein«^ only 80 instead of KiO acres, and that the price of the lands was thus increased, the American agents went aboul and depreciatefll without sci'uple the advaul.iges which Ihe Canadian North-West presented loi- emigiatioii, wliilst attributing to the United Stales a superiority wb!(di wi' do not admit. Th"re arose, moreover, an exciting diseiissioi in tbe Canadian r*ress on tbi' subj'-ct. and a prominent merchant of Winnipeg, Mr. Wni. Bathgale, published in the Thnr; of that city some nnnai'kable b-ltei'S ni I'Cijly to those which had unjuslly spoken against Canada to thi^ advaniage of own neiglibors Hi' said : *, t •20 " We icproduce ihc lolIuwiuM extract which appeared in the Guelph Mercury of Sept. 'Jotli, in connectinii witii this matter, which will !)(' found to contain as much Jalstrhood as could possibly lie put into the space it taken n[i; it said : " In llie lii'sl placi', iiiml in liw Norlli-VVf^l icrnloi'it'S lias Ix^on viiluaiiy willidrawii IV(>iii ir:ii'ii(liiig .'-(■Uicrs, Kvci'v i\c\v lor st'vei\il milt's on t.'ucli side of Ihn Pacilic railway is placiHl at, the liif,di lignn^ ol'^ix (Inllai's, I'lirtlicr t)ack, from llie only nn-ans oroultet, it costs li\o, four and llirt't' dollars jx.t acre. And until a man f,M'is into a solitary wilderness, one hundred and ten miles I'roni any nn'ans (if cgri'ss or transjiurlation, he cannot g'l't land Inr less than doul)le it^ value. No hon;e>tead, no pre-em|ilioii, no anything fi r the pnor or i^ven moder- ately comlbrtable emigrant." " By the Regulations coiiceniin;; lands \vlii(di have heeu published and to which wo have rel'crred, we understand : " That a settler within the belt l>, lYoni live lo Iwcnly miles froni the road, could i:el a homestead of eighty acres I'reii ; if lie bonghl other eighty acres, at the end o!' three years he pays four-tenths of the Pui'chase money. $-2()U .^?<(l UtJ With interest ;5(i 00 ,'?l K; ()(» t<'oiirlh year, %'l\), interest ST 20 27 20 Fil'ih " 20 " G 00 20 00 Sixth " 20 " \ 80 -Ji .so Sevent'; " 20 " .i 00 2.'^ 0(i Eighlh •' 20 " 2 -'lO 22 '»() xNinlh ^- 20 •• I 20 21 20 UiO acres would then cost 8201 20 " Yet thi; editor of the Mcrcur)/ had the audacity to say : " ^0 liomi'Stead ; no jn'i'-emiition ; and that land cannot Itr got lor less llian what i.- doul Ic or treble its v du--'.'" " What did litis edilor know of the value of hind in this coun- try ? \\c liad tiever be(>n here, and niusi have read or h(\ird v(.'ry little about it lo make such assertions in good failh, or if he be well posted, he Vvilfully {.erverled I he truth, gave no basis on which he ari'ivtH'l at the vahn- of lands here, and expected jicople tos\\alhiw his simple ipsr t/i.ri/ withonl [troof. 27 '' MANITOBA COMPARED WITH MINNESOTA AND DAKOTA. '•As the value of farming properly depends upon llial ui ihe products, we can only arrive at a proper es!iinale and at a just idea of Ihe vabu^'of our land liy a comparison with tlie adjoining lauds in Miiuiesota and Dalvola. Howard, Wliite. Crowell i^ Co., puhlis-hers of tlieCiiicago DaiUjCommcn-'Kil Bulletin, in the annual esliniale of the wheat crop in the United Stales, say tiiat tin* averag(; yield per acre over the North AVest is estimated at 1-^.112 bushels against I I.i2 last year. " Minnesota is put down at I 'i.l 1 Inisheh iJakota •• " 15.8(1 -' •' It is imp(»ssil)!(.' to get at an avt'rage id" our wheat cro[» ;his year, as ^o little has been threshed ; but from conversations with parties from various parts of the country, and fiom gentlemen who made a sjucial object of finding out what the rc.'lnrns were likely to be, all agree thai twenty live bushels an acre is a low" average, notwilhstanding that this has been a very wet season, and the crop on low land more or less injured. We should also reuiemlicr the ini[»(n'lant fact that a large proportion of the crop is raised on laud that has been under cultivation for over forty years, and I'.ever manured. One party from the Little Saskatche- wan informed me that he fully expected over 35 bushels an acre, from his lirst crop, and others have put their wheat crop this year as high as 15 bushels. \^>:srs. Knight and Crawlord, jiroduce dealers, inlormed me that they onrchased oats from a farmer near Poplar Poinr., who stated thai they measured 75 bushels an acre, after being threshed and that they weighed the mea-ured bushels and made an avt raire of l)G buslnds bv wt ight. Ther also stated that tht-y had taken in iJIack Tartar oats, this year, which weighed, as they came fioin the macliine, 4Ubs.;also, that they had cleaned up some and found them to weigh i8 lbs. per bushel. '• In Mr. Begg's (inide to Manitoba, we gi'l reports of wheal crops for I85G, as follows : — Mi-. Clood. (Ivassmere, :57 bushels an acre; Messi'S. Mclvor, of Greenwood, state that in llieii' threshing of 35.(100 bushels, wh(>at would avei'ag'' 35 bushels, and that they had threshed as high as 5(1 bnslnds [ler acre. Many (jther in- slaneos might be given to show the large yndd of wheal iii this provhice. Compjire this with Minnesota and Dakota, and we find thai Mr. Dalrympb^ could ouh' claim for those Slates or for his great farm twkn'iy dushki.s i'Eii aci'.e. 28 ••• \nw. lakiiiy llic low esliiiialc ol Iweiily-livc luislu'U of '^^ Ileal, lor an average, it is louncl thai we are nine bushels an Hrve ovei' Dakota, and tkn over Minnesota average. Assuming Ihal the settler can get, land in .Minnesota and Dakota, abo\il ■J5 miles from the railway, which 1 understand is about liie nearest a]ii>roach lor a homestead, and that he has to pay here $('» an acif within .'» miles ol' the railway, in two years he averages is biisliels an acre mor.' wheat than in either Minnesota or Dakota, which will Far moi'e than ]ta\- i'oi' his land, while lie will iiave a lifMler |ir'0i>(M'ly lor all time; and not oidy lliat, but the cost of teaming the ei'0|i of Hid acres for ten years Ihe e.xtra 20 miles in Minnesota or Dakota will incur an onl!a\- i:reater than that where sCi.dii iKM' acre had Item jiaid, biM-ause no tarmer can team llie iiroduceoran acr.' that distance I'oi' (1(1 cenls. Aiiollici' jioinl to bt' laluMi into cnnsideralioii is Ih" cost of freight iM.ihe lake. At the |)!'esi'til linie. the rate per bushel is about -J"! c 'uis lo Dulutli and St. Paul. Mr. Dalrymple gives his freight a^ I") cents from Dakota to the saine ports, thence to New-York U) or 12 cents. Couseijueully the settler in Dakota has the present advantag(3 of about lU cents a jjushel. But when our railway, or about i:?I miles, is comph^t'd, Mr. Brydges states that, owing to Ihe supei'iorily of the grade, wheat can be carried foi' five cents per bushel lo tin- lake, it may be considered that this freight is loo low. But when Mr. -Nhickeuzie was in powei', he gav(» instruclions lo carry wheat fvom KiVer du Loup lo Halifax, a distance (d" oSI milt>s. for 2v cents per bushel. Of course Ibis rate was a loss to the road: hut as it is imnecessary to carry our grain at a loss, and even allowing that Mr. Brydges' 'Estimate be too !o>v, we will allow 7i ceuts as the rate. We ben lind that Ihe Manitoba farmer has an advantage of 7^ cents over Ihe settler in Dakota: which, on an avi'rage of 25 bushels, amounts lo Si. 88 annually on cvei'y acre of wheat exported. And in t in which he iias to nay his land, he is better olf in Manitoba than in Dakota by >^lS.S()''on every acre by freight alou!'. as well as by nine busluds of wheat an acre advantage annually in Ihe yield. It may be said that Dakota farmei'S will take advantage of the low rate on our road, and send their grain by it. 'riiis. however, would be conti-ary to the iuteiesis of \ho railroads who could bring it to our road, and lluy would put on such a local lariif comnig north that would forc(> t.he produce to go over their road. The bo its could bring ver>- little in the fall, owing [o low water, and the inconvenience and ex})ense of moving fi'om boat lo ear would probably oveic mie the advantage of friMghl rate>. Ibit the ,i.'i'eat objection taken againsi Ihe Pu^gulalioiis is that they do nol give Ihe sann^ amount of land, that ibe homestead is 29 only 8U;icn;sli<'n', while in Dukotn it, is IGOacivs. iLiui.sl, IiowWHi- be renifinborcd that thf SO .-••A's liMiv [jroduLT as iniirh as \-2() acres thL-ro, and tjio savinvernmenl rej^nlations is inlinitelv better otV than the one who takes up land in Dakot.i nnder Ih.-ir hum. -stead and pre-emption laws. I am, iS.c., \Vm. liATiKiATj.; Winnijie-'. Ocldher -J, 187U. There appear from this extract many iniimrtant facts, 'i'he writer establishes that he shall be able to transport the },n'ains of the North-West of C.anada at the rat,e of 7A c(mts per bushel over the C. P. Railway, whilst by the American lines. 25 cents per bushel is exacted from Winnipeg to Dnluth or to St. Paul. That is to sav, we will save I7j cents. Again, that the exportaliun of cereals i)\ the C. P. Railway, which will be soon in operation between Thunder Bay and lied River, will cost $1.88 pei- acre, the yield of an acre being '2') bushels in the average ; but by the American route it is $4.;W moi'e by th^' acre. This considerable dillereiice iii favor of Canada represents an annual amount, wlii(di would enable the farmer to actjuire the title of his lands in a veiy few years as the result alone of tlie savings gained by this diitereiice in the pricf! of transport. Mr. Bathgate also Justly not(>s thai as the lands of the Cana- dian W(!stare much more pro(lucti\e Than those of Minnesota or Dakota — which our neighbors themselves admit — that then the expenses of improving the lands become to the Canadian settler relatively less tl.an they are to the AnuM'ican, owing to the profits of the former being greatei-. The preceding considerations ate not fanciful : Ihey are supported by facls; rircnnistances nUatinf,' to tbis subject in a projier ligbl, esjiecially as many itersons bave been deceived in this resjti!ct by those who, incited by their own interests, (ind(!a- Yored to make it appear that tbeGanadi;ui Government had acted with injustice. 'rhrou,u;h the visit of Sir .John A. Macdonald and Sir l^oonard Tilley to Kni;land, the Governnii'ut was enabled to adopt a more liberal policy. As we remarked, the object of the regulations of the uionth of July last was especially to creatt^ by the sale of lands at ))i'i'es varying from Sl.OU to Sd.bO, a finid whi(di would enabit' the works of the G. P Railway to be prosecultid without overloading with debt th(5 national finances, it is uow known that th(> mission of the Prime Minis l(,'r and his colliMgue was connected with this great work wdiich would complete the con- solidation of '.^lonfederation ; and it isowing to the success which is said to have attended their mission that we possess the last regulations dated in October last relative to the sale of public lands. Having sliown that, even under the July regulations, the position of llie settler in Canada was more advantageous than it would be in the United States, the public then will appreciate the new^ regulations which confer still greater privileges. Before pointing out wiiat these favorable changes are, we would observe that the territory is, as formerly, divided into five Belts, A, B, C, D, E, and with the same number of miles lying oii each side as before explained. But the '' homesteads" anJ " pre emptions" no longer contain only 80 acres, but 160, thus giving the ordinary quantityof land within the fivj Belts. Again, that article in the regulations of July is suppressed with regard to the price of S().00 per acre for lands within Bt.dt A, in the neighborhood of the railway line. The lands of pre-emption in the sections bearing even num- bers will be sold at the following prices : — in the Belts A, B, and G, at 82.50 per acre ; in the Belt D, at $2.00 per acre, and in Belt E, at $ 1 .00 per acre. At the I'xpiration of three years, four-tenths of the price of sale will be demandable, with interest at per cent per annum ; and the balance will be payable in six annual instalments, bearing the same interest. ti ii r 31 The lauds of tlie Pacilk Railway locatod in tho snctions fcearin;,' \\w odd minibers, will he sold at tht; i"ollowin<; itriccs : — III Htdl A al, $.') 00 pjr a(;re. • In B.dt li '' \ 00 " In Lkdl, G " :\ 00 " In l^dt D " -2 00 " III licit V: ■' 1 00 ^' rh(; conditions of salt; aro as follows : Ono-tenth cash, at the time of pundiaso; the halanee |)ayahle in nine equal annual instalments with interest at [ler 'Ceut pin- auiiurn on wdiat remains due. Ill order to contrast the regulations of lliti month of July and those of Octoher last, wesnhmit the following tahh': — BEG UL AT IONS OF JULY Band A — No gratuitous grant of homesteads. Price of lands Sb.OO per acre. Band B — Homesteads gratuitous, on condition of occupying them for 3 years and paying SI 0.00 for title. Band C-^ilomesteads gratuitous as above. Price of lands of pre-emption, S"2.50 p^r acre. Railway lands, S3.50. Belt D — Homesteads gratuitous as above. Price of Railway lands $2.00 per acre. Belt E — Homesteads gratuitous as above. Price of pre-emption lands, $1.00 per acre. Price of Railway lands $1.00 per acre. REGULATIONS OF THE MONTH OF OCTOBER Belt A — Homesteads gratuitous on condition of occupying them during three years and paying $10.00 for title. Price of lands of pre-emption $2.50 per acre, and of Railway lands $5.00 per acre. Belt B— Gratuitous as above. Price of lands of pre-emptioft $2.60 per acre. Railway lands $4.00 32 Belt (1 — Iloinestcads gruUiilDiis as above. I^rice ol' laiuls ot pri'-oniptioii !S'2.')(I ikm' acre. Kaihvay lands $',].0Q pel' acK!. Belt I) -llouuj.sU'ads ^laluilons. Pi-ici' ol' lands ol' pre I'liipliou !i#"J.oU per acre. Uuilway lauds %;*M)U p"r aeoniing sncli, and to ocenpy and cultivate tin; land fni- u period of fivti yoar;* ])efore Iho necessary title to tho properly can ho obtained. h\ C'inada, as has l)er»n ohs(M'V(;d, it issullicieiit t.)iie |H yeai'S of ago, ami to occnpy and cnltivat(; the land lor three years in order to receive the patient for lands. Tn llu! latter case, it is evident that the greatest advaiitag<'s for tli'MMnigrant are to ])e found in this country. Again, in the States of Minnesota, Dakot.a, etc., there are only two prices for Government lands, viz: $'2.oO per acre foi' those which an; within the limits of the reserves attached to the Railways; and SI. 25 [)er acre for ordinary lots. Moreover, tlie payments must ho made in a much more limited time than re.juired in Manitoba. Tho expenses attending tlio entry of the homesteads are not the same in the various States, as the following tables show : — HOMESTEADS. Entry Fees — in Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Florida, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Commissions. Fees. l*rice Total Acres. per Payable Pivable when Payable lor Foes and aero. ai the at Commissions. tlie time of cerlificate tho time of entry. 19 given. enlry. 160 $1 50 f 8 00 $8 00 $10 00 $26 00 80 2 50 4 00 4 00 5 00 13 00 40 2 50 2 00 2 00 5 00 9 00 160 1 25 4 00 4 00 10 00 18 00 80 1 25 2 00 2 00 5 00 9 00 40 1 25 1 00 1 00 5 00 7 00 3 34 Knthv I i:i;s— 111 Calir()riii;»,Nnvjhla,()ivgon. (Colorado. Nt'W-Moxico, Arizona, Utah, Molilalia, Wasliiiif^foii, Idalio and Wyomiiij;. (lommissions. l''t'(!.S. Acres. I'rico • l»avalilr I'rtvahlH w lii'ii I'avalihi 'I'uUll for l'>f!s and fKMV. a I till- Ml Cojiiinissions. lilt' limi! ol ci'ilificali llir tllUi! ()(■ $•> ;>() t'lilry. \i yiVmi. I'lilry. 11)0 $1'^ 00 $r2 00 $10 00 $;5'i 00 hO '2 r)0 00 00 i> 00 17 00 40 'i r.d :< III) ;i 00 h 00 1! 00 100 1 ■.'.•. 00 00 10 00 21 00 m 1 '.'.-. 3 00 3 00 b 00 11 00 M) 1 'i:> 1 50 1 oO 5 00 8 00 The expenses atlonding the entry ol' Homesleads vary inditler- cnl Slates and according to prices of the hinds — from Sl!^.00 lo $26.00 iind from 8-22.00 lo $34.00. In Canada, we enjoy tlie privik^ge of pre-eniptioii hy jtaying from Sl.OO lo 82.50 ])er acre, and ten years are allowed for the complollon of the payment; Ihese is only I'^qnired the sum of SIO.OO at the Lands' Ollice for the entry of '".homestead. We see ill this respect which of the two countries ii;is ilie advantage. Lastly- whilst the Railway Companies of the neibouring Republic s/l the lands which the (iovernment had granted them at prices sometimes exorbitant, on the oilier Ik, nd lands of the Canadian PaciI'C are oll'ered on the most reasonable and easy teims. All these facti: which we have considered clearly prove that Canada advanta^iOously sustains a comparison with the United States with res^^ect to all those important (|uestions which especially concern the emigrant or the agriculturist. Mr. Thomas Dowse, one of the Editors of the ••' Commercial Advertiser" of Cliicago, and who has published a jtamphlet on " Manitoba and the North-West Territories," has expressed a similar opinion on this subject, and his testimony could not have arisen from any selfish motives, since it was not for his interest to over-rate the advantages of our country to the detriment ot his own. Mr. James Trow, M.P,, President of the Committee of Colonization in the Commons, published letters on the Canadian Norlh-West which he had recently vis' ted, and his conclusions are as follows ; u u " 11 aik new nesf is in of I than ngeii :i:» that tlie •liich •• It is cvidt'iilly iii"( li iK'ller lo tiiko a lionit^icul in ~iicli a " rich .'111(1 [iKKliirtivo nuinli y as llic ('aiiailiau Nurlli West, ijiaii " lo buy lands rioiii railway (loniiiaiiii's in h.iKota, Nrlir.isUa or " Kai!s;is, al .'-:<. M' \\\> 'rt HO.CO Imt acii". I ilo ikiI Know any " connliy wliicli f'lTris snrli advant.ip's as tlii» Canadian NdiIIi- " Wc^l Id til" |i(i(ii' man as \v»dl as lo ra|.il ilis's and niannlac- tnrrr .' Mr. Kt'nnclii Maci^'ii/ir. a disliii^nisiu'd af.'r cnitni'isl, who rcsidi's al I'oila^'C ja I'laiiic, saiil lickuv a Coii'iiill' i' (d' th(! (loniinrns: '' I liavc nol srru in Minncsol.i i !• Italoii jjinms or olhci' .''j^ricnllnial urodiu Is whirli can c()\"\, Ic wilh ihnsc wliich we have in Manihdta, and iImic arc in M:nnc<(ila, anionj.; my iriciids, farrn< IS wlio \vfinlil it ini.vi' U, Maniiol-a if llicv coulil only s.'ll tjhir lands in lla- Stah s." 'i'liicc (hdcpalcs iKiin Scotland, Mt'>srs. I'.llioti. l,(tt, made a iciKjrl of lli dr mission. 'I'lic fiisl, s|i(\'iKinj.;' of Mainloha, c.\|H'(>ssos him-clf llins : '' Manilolia and the lorrilorius (jf ihc Norlh Wcit arc the " licsl connli'ifs lor a^i ii nltui'O on a l;ir,u.' scaic. and I uonld add ioi' Ihc poor settler." Tho second delegate f-ays : " NoUvilhslandiiifi' Uie hoanty of Ontario, 1 jui I'r Maniloha; " faimcis onj;lil to emi^i'at* there." The last coiudndes J)y .-ayinj: '' tha Ih ' Noilh-Wesl contain- " ing nearly 20{),()n(),0()() "acre's of land, mnst in the fntnre, not " Jar distant, fnrnish to lln.' rest of the world a great part of tho " alimentary i)i'ovisions.'' 'J'Ikm'c were also two Kn^L^lish di legates, Messrs. liiggar and Cowan, who visited Manitoba dnring the coiiis' of last sninmor and made tlu> Tollowing reitlit-s to the reporter of a Halifax newsjfipei- in answer to ciMiain ([uerics : (,). What do yon think of Mini'oha as compared witli Min- nesota and Dakota ? A. There is no com[;ai'ison. Tin; amonnt yielded in Mmiloba is miudi great'M' and lln^ s:yil riclier. (^. if yon were going to si'ttle yourself in this conntry, which of the tw'o won Id yon prefer? A. We won Id soonorpaySIO an acre fur land in Manitoba than accept as a pres-iuit the Minnesota lands. iiEWAm: or AMErucw agems. Emigrants have lo l)e put on their guai 1 against nnscrupulous agents who are i)aid to entice them to settle on American ter- ritory. These i-pecnlalors manage to intercept the emigrant at various plac(>s snch as a I Dulntli, St. Paul, St. Vincent, the Great b^orks and on the Railway t ains, and they assert with 36 Iho greatest effronterf that tlie Canadiaa North-W.;st is not suit- able to agricuUure, but tlio Uaited States on the oilier hand offer incomparable attractions. Some, seduced by their fine statements and dazzling promises, allow themselves to b? led away, a step vvhirh tli^^y aftei wards regret, but when too laL3 oftentimes to be remMlii'd. "^ The number of dupes., however, is hap^jily inconsi- derable. But emigrants should be advised to avoid these agents who make it tlunr occupation to follow them on thur journey in order that they miy prevent them settling on Giuadian soil. People are apt to br3 deceived by those who [irofes.-i to p;iy them great ait-'ution with noother motive apparently than tiiat of being obliging and agreeable. But it is not, as they soon find out, the pro-peri! y of tlie emigrant which they have in view, but Ibeii ow'i selfish interests. Being the hired ag(Mits of great speculators or of R.iilway Companies who possess immense tracts of country in the United States which they wish to colonise, they do not hesitate to ruin the future of a family in order to gain their own salary and enrich their patrons. Hence too much pre- ca-ition cannot be taken in order that emigrants may know how to deal with this class of traveller with whom they may be thrown in contact. Some years ago, many stations such as Moorhead and Fishers Landing, as well as boats and railway cars, expecially those connected with the North Pacific, were infested by sharpers who pillaged the simple travellers. These fellows planned under the name of ''Three card montemni," an infallible operation for carrying out their object; and the unhappy travellers who w »re tempted to a game of cards Vv'ere invariably cheated out of thei} laet penny. It is well to expose these things in order that emigrants maf b) prevented from falling into the variouiJ snares which are laid to entrap them. COST OF LIVING AT MANITQB.Y — WAGES. Those who have written on Manitoba appear to say very little concerning what it costs to live tli^re and th) wages which the mechanic and lal);3rer may earn. Although it is very essential that those who contemplate emigrating should know all about the character of the soil and the harvest products, yet it is also miportaut that they bj informed of what tkey will have to pay for produce and other necessary articles and the value of labor. Tiie following table oi wages in oonnection with th 3 different kinds of labor and which is bised upon inform Uion most care- fully gathered, will we trust be found useful 10 those who are interested in the matter : — g 3' jiiig Wages. Occin ation. Per day. Minimum. Maximum Primers " ^'^ ^'^ «'^ JO Bookbinders " 7 0" 2 M CarpeiiUM-s " 'J - ^\\ Cabinetmakers " ' ';' ; ? Wheelwrights " -0' '- f Masons " J 50 3 50 IJncklay.rs '< 3^0 4O Blacksmiths " "7^ ] -'^^ Millers " "^SO J 00 Painters " ' ;^0 — ;0 Plasterers " ; :'*' ij;'' xMfchanics " '} i^^ ;{ l'^ Bakers " ' ''' ; '? Shoemakers ;; .•;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::;:; ^^ 2 ^^ Jewlh^rs " 3 00 4 00 Watchaakers " - -J':^ '] fl Lockmiths •' I ;'J ; '^^ Tinsmiths " >' ; 9^ Plumbers " ' 00 1 ._.0 Founders " . '^ ^»0 J'^^- ■ Sadlors '« ^1 -0 *V^-« Butchers " ' ''0 ; ■>" Cardeners " ''0 ;00 Brewers " '^00 .00 Confectioners " ' ■'" ^ '\^ Laborers " ' '•' '- "0 Charwomen " ,^ Op ,,,,,,,,. Clerks-dry goods per monlh •;' ' Clerks—groceries " 'O 00 • Clerks-druggist " JO''' '^ Tavern keepers " ^0'"* ;:' " Barbers " ''0"" '- Cooks " ''■' "" ''0 00 Coachmen (witli board) " 1''"" ''''^0 Grooms, Cab-drivers (with boar..> " I' op "2.) p • Men-servants " 1^ 00 ' . Women-servants (families) " •> <") n »» (hotels) '< I'-J "0 1:)00 Labourers (farm) " -^^ 00 ;iO 00 List of prices for lands, agricultural implements, hoi^S(>s. cattle, grain and other produce, provisions and other articles. Lands lying along the Hivers, per acre $0 00 $le i'i> For lands in the interior, prices vary according to the dis- tance from the Railroad. The exact prices cannot be given except for Government lands, the prices of which are elsewhere given.. 38 Machine lor sowing yruin. Machine lur hai veiling Macliiuf^ lor mow D., ^iachino i'or niowmg and ha. \etling (com- bineil] Machine lor ihicahing Machine Inr winnowing Macliinos I'or ivking, drawn by horse? Pioiiglie Harrows Sh ..vels Spa(Jos Hay forivS Manure (orivs Axo iK'rpiiir. (scarce) Hoises (<""auadian), Oxen per pair Cows Pig^ •^heep Farm waj-'gons (4 wheeled Carl (i^jd-Hiver) names'--, elc, eic Wheal. Flour Wheal [ i-T Inisiie! Corn " Peas •' Rye [Jarle\- Odls " " Beans Polaloes Buckwheal Flour Hay, per Ion TimlDer lor budding jinrposes.! Shingles (per Ihousand) Lalhs Poors Window frames 8 x 10, pair... Nails per lb Bricks per ihousand Stone (cubic yard) Lime jier bush, (in llie oven) ... Poik, per lb . Beef " Multon " Veal " Turkeys " Geese " , Chickens " , Butler " Cheese " l\a " Coifee " Sugar " Syrup (per gall.) 1,000 fl. Minimum. $75 00 120 00 80 00 17") 00 800 on 30 00 40 00 2.J 00 20 00 1 00 1 20 /.) 1 00 1 2o 200 00 7J 00 2o 00 $10 00 3 00 (SO 00 10 00 12 00 2 00 70 75 70 50 45 2 50 55 4 00 G 50 18 00 50 00 50 00 05 8 00 16 GO 00 25 08 10 10 10 3 5 1 1 15 15 10 25 15 40 30 10 75 Maximum. $90 00 140 00 100 (K) 200 00 1200 00 45 00 50 00 30 00 25 00 1 50 500 00 150 00 40 00 $18 7 00 WO 05 00 12 00 60 00 2 75 I 00 1 00 75 GO 55 00 GO 5 00 7 75 60 00 4 00 2 50 12 00 09 15 12 15 00 00 12 30 20 75 45 12 80 01 P a s 39 Minimum. M.iximuiv. stores (luidio/o::."".' ^? ;;;» 59 li^ stoves (parlor) j^ 9 -^ M^^U^'^Cbeiii: j;>0 to 00 ihu";;::.:::::::::::::.:::::: oj^ ^oo IMalos 08 0^0 Cups and saucers OS U lo Lamps 00 1 OU 5^'ul bvckels .a Basins OO ^^ Cotton, per yard • < OS .^ Calicos (printed) per yard ' *'« ' i"; r |,,,.n " 1.) u ou Twoeds (clollOperyard !?0 /o *. .o Flannole^ '' '% ^^ M,.rinos " GO I .'•) Alpaca '• 0^5 00 . i'ickin- " '2o aO ^:^h " 08 0^ S,>r'^<'s " -2.) 3 oO silks " 1 '^'^ 3 50 Dress goods " '8 100 Cloth " - -'^ 00 Blankets per pair "^ "^0 10 00 Pilot cloth coal^ -^ '^O -^ y Pantaloons... 2 00 9 Vests ' '^'' ^ '''O Sliirts, woolen To J 00 <. cotton oO -i 00 Stockings, woolen 0^? 30 Hats, lelt 7o 4 Boot; for men '^ 00 3 Shoes I'or women ' "'^ ^ ^' The inibrmcalion contained in the above memorandum may be valuable to the emigrant, who thereby can calculate on the one hand his expenses in Manitoba and on the other hand the wages he will get by his labors or the profits by the sale of farm produce. THOSE WHO OUGHT TO OR CAN EMIGRATE. The mass of emigrants belong to the agricultural class and almost all have not been disappointed in their expectations. The settler requires no doubt determination and energy especially at the beginning ; and by not being disheartened at the first obstacles, his persevereiice and labour will end in success. 40 In support of these observations which are more particularly- applicable to the North-West of Canada, it would be easy to give numerous examples. Many who had in fact nothing or almost no moans on their arrival in Manitoba, are now in comfoitablo circumstances ; and the majority are to-day proprietors of beautiful and largo farms. If you ask those men if their labors and sacrifices in the begiiuiing ever discouraged them, or if they now regret their removal to Manitoba, almost all will reply that they are content and that their position is most happy. We say almost all, for it is impossible to imngini; any spot on the whole ecU'th, be it the finest, the most fertile, the most largely endowed by nature, where very one will be perfectly content and successful, lie must nol liei.fore, delude Jiimself by thinking that it would suffice mer y to go to Manitoba to become rich without any ellbrt on hisT ft. This absurd notion would explain the disappointment of certain emigrants, who on finding out to their surprise that they could not receive on their arrival a rich estate without toil on which they had foolishly built their hopes, therefore took their di-.'parturo from the country, disgusted with a place so niggardly and dis(dtliging in their esiimation. Thus we would repeat tli;it it is lal)()r which, at Manitoba as els{?wh; re, secures a frirtrinr>. Ibil the natural richness of I lie soil prodr.'es f:iiitfnl rrsults from that toil to which I lie iinivers.'d law has destined man, which requires that he gahi his bread liy the sweat of his brow. It may also be easily understood that, in a now country like Manitoba, it was chii tly the work of the larm which could furnish employment for men in treneral : therefo.'e, in the vcar IHTf), an eutir*! change had to beetlected in the domain of industry to meet the circumstances of the country, a change which capital and labor could not complete in a day or (}\cn a y(;ar. Conse- quently, the Press never failed to point out [ilainly the truth in this respect ; but notwithstanding their warnings and advice, small capitalists, clerks, mechanics and business men of all sorts went to Manitoba : the number was considcrabh;. However, the majority of them have prospered either at Winnipeg, which has rapidly populated, or elsewhere. To-day, the position is not absolutely the same, for great public undertakings are being executed which furnish enqtloynieiit for a great number. Espe- cially do we it>fer to the railroad works. All that portion of the Pacific liiK? extending from Lake Siiperior to Red River is a.ctually being executed, and the Government, which has already given out a contract for 100 miles of railway construction to the west of Selkirk, also intends to continue the opt'ralions to a fui-ther extent of 300 or iOO miles as soon as possible. The Railway Company for the colonization of the South-West is to the Pembina ized a Company i\ constantly occurring, the settler cannot take too much pri^caution to secure his harvest from the reach of this destructive (dtmient. The local laws are very stringmd, in this matter; they threaten with severe penalty any one who causes fire, whilst they oblige every person to taki' proper measure's to protect thc'ir pi'optM-ty. By referring toihe statute, oiu) can inform himself fully on the subject. 42 THli (iHASSHOPl'EHS Tli(3ir first appoariuico in the country was in the year 1818, when they destroyed the iiarvests Tor three years in sucression. Again, ahout lour years 'iter, this terrible scourge exercised its ravages. We ourselves were witnesses of liie arrival of the grassiio[)pers in 1874. flieir l)atfalions, which agitated tlie air, were so douse that the sun was obscured by them, and these des- tructive insects, when they aligiited, covered the land with their moving mass* s. This learful plague, which causes all vegetation to disappear from th{^ soil, is not conhned to our ter'-itory; it likewise rages in Minnesota, Dakota and other Western States. The grasshoppers disappeared in 1870, ami it is not probable that they will soon return. THE IN'DIANS There exist many prejudices abroad with respect to the In- dians. We ourself received more than one letter when we were in Manitoba, inquiring if it were true that the Red-Skins were so numerous and ferocious in ihosc districts. We will make the same reply as we did then, that ilie Manitoba Indians are settled on reserves and there is no cause to have any dread of them: lo. Because they are peaceably disposed ; '2o. Because they are not strong enough, numerically speaking, to attempt anything serious against the white population. There are, no doubt, in the Far- West Territory, thousands of Indians, but Ihete tribes wander for the most part many hundred miles distant, and are scattered over the forests or plains ; so that their presence does not endanger Manitoba, which is too often confounded with the whole North- West country. THE ROUTES TO MANFrOHA It is a subject of great importance to those intending to emi grate that they be correctly informed concerning the principal routes which lead to Manitoba ; therefore we give the following traveller's guide of certain lines from which they can choose : RAILWAYS I Grand Trunk Railway from to Chicago. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway from Chicago to St. Paul. 43 St. Paul, Minneapolis and Muniloba Railway from St. Paul to St. Vincent. Pembina Branch (C. 1*. Railway i from St. Vincent to St. Boniface. 11 Grand Trunk Railway from to Chicago. Chicago and North-West Railway from Chicago to St. Panl. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway from St. Paul to St. Vincent. Pembina Branch (C. P. Railway) from St. X'incent to St. Boniface. By this route, then; are only three changes of trains. Ill Griind Trunk Railway from to Detroit. Michigan Central Railway from Detroit to Chicago. Chicago, Milwaukee cUid'St. Paul Railway from Chicago to St. Paul. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway from St. Paul to St. Vincent. Pembina Branch (C. P. R.) from St. Paul to St. Boniface. By this route it is necessary to make four chauges of tra IV ;\ains. Grand Trunk Railway from to Detroit. Michigan Central Railway from Detroit to Chicago. Chicago and NorthWest Railway from Chicago to St. Paul. St. P:uil, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway from St. Paul to St. Vincent. Pembina Branch (C. P. R.) from St. Vincent to St. Boniface. By this route fc .ir changes are necessary. HY RAU^WAY AND STEAMBOAT V Grand Trunk Railway from to Sarnia. North-West Transportation by Lake Steamers from Sarnia to Duluth. North American Pacific Railway from Duluth to Glyndon. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway from Glyndon to St. Vincent. Pembina Branch from St. Vincent to St. Boniface. 44 VI (irantrrniiik Railway from to Toronto. Xorllu'rii Railway I'loiii Toronto lo Colliiigwoofl. Lakt^ Sii]:)ei*ior (^n'y Stt'ainors from Colliii^wood to Diiluth. North American Pacific Railway from Dulutli to Glyndou. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway from (ilyndon to St. Vincent. Pembina Branch from St. Vincent to St. Boniface. We understand that an agreement exists lietween the Govern- nKMit and cei'tain Companies for the conveyance of emigrants on cei'tain conditions. EMIGRATION AGENTS I Nri'KO STATES (Jhai'les Lalimo, Worcesti'r, Mass, All desirous of emigrating from the United States, eithei' of the East or West, sh.juld address th(>mselves to th(> above Agent, ^vho bas already, since bsTt), directed a strong current of emigra- tion to till' North West. W. C. B. Grahame, Dulutb. This Othcer is especially aiithoii/.ed to receive emigrants on their arrival by Steamboats, to tak(^ care of their baggage, lo pro- tect th^-m fi'om American agents and to furnish them with all the information which lliey re([uire to reach their destination. MANITOnA Jean E. Tetu, Dnllerin and Emerson. On entering tin.' Province of Manitoba, tlieemigrant is always glad to meet with an agent who will wish him aheai'ty welcome. [t i:' right to state here that Mr. Tetu has neglected nothing to provide for the mnv comers all possible comfort, and to assist them afterwards in settling themselves on their lands. W. Hc^peler, — Winnipeg, Manitoba, L. Stallbrd — Qu'.'bec City. .lohii J. Daley— Montreal, P. Q. W. .1. Wills— Ottawa, Ontario. R. McPherson — Kingston, Out. John A. Donaldson — Tortnlo, Ont. John Smith — Hamilton, Ont. A. G. Smy'h — London, Ont. E.Clay— Halifax, N. S. Sanuvd Gardner— St. John, N. B. 45 KAST AND WIIST OK MAMTOllA To llio cast of Minilobi, thai is lo say IjMlwtjon LalvM Superior and Iiod Uivor,«a ctM-taiii portion of land is inlLTsected by niarslies or rocks and is nnfil for cultivalion. Bn I wo must not snjipose tliat this rt'f^ion is ov(>ryvvlit'rt' Hk; sann; and of no valnc Hoad tlie roniai'ks of a tourist wiio had traversed lliat pai't of tiic count rv : ^' A lilllc farther, he says, than tlie Rainy Lakn, the scene chan;^ps ami one (3nlers into th(' vaHcy of !li(^ Rainy River, Hen?, there are no porta .qes, no I'apids, lint ;i sheet of a niagnificent water for more thin a imndr-'d miles, llowing biHwcen ;H)0,00() and 300,000 a('r(3s of ve.LjelabIe soil, and i)order(!d by the ehn, the pophir, ancient oak ti-ees all (Mitwiued ])y cllmbinj^' plants or th',' beautiful convolvulus, abjundiup;- with llowi?rs. Elsewhere, there are Iai'^u3 verdant prairies. Birds innuinera])!e are j,Mth(,'rod in this ma;,niificent valley, which we might call a deserted garden, and wliich one leaves even with regrotin order to occupy himself with the h'-autiful Awoi o*" water of the Lake of the Woods, with its varied islands and tlb; magnificent panorama it presents." They have discovered here rich gold and silver mines during last summer. To the west of M initoba, the piairic^s and forests arc spread out before our gaze nntil lost to sight. The valleys of th.; rivers Assiniboine, Saskatchewan and Peace are very fine and cajiable of providing food for millions of inhabitants. The fertile basin alone of the Saskatchewan, which has its source at some distance , from i\w Rocky Mountains and wdiich flows over a stretch of nearly 1,500 miles, waters a vast conntry containing, it is said, 90,000,000 acres of land. At abont 200 miles from Lake Winnipeg into which this river discharges itself, it divides into two great branches, which '-xtend, one towards the north for a distance of 1,092 miles, and the other to the south for 1,054 miles. The greatest distance which separates these two branches is about 300 miles. Lord M'lton and Dr CheadU; spe;ik of this river in their work as follows : "The rich prairies of the fertile basin of the S raili'oads and along the courses of water and lakes united i)y canals: trade and industi-y put in activity and sustained by enormous agricultural products; the conijiletion of the C. P. Railway which wouM pei-mit an easy exportation and intercourse with other countries, and hiially (if the project be practicablei, (he establishing a port at Hudson Bay which would bring Liverpool nearer to us by may hundred rniles I In 20 years more, we shall in all probability witness a com- plete transfoi'uiation not only in Manitoba, but" the Noi'th-West genei-ally. llKdl l-ATIONS ResiK'Cliiig till' Disposal ol coi'lniii t'lildic LamU I'nr Hip imrposes ni tlx' Ciiniidiaii l'.it;ilii: Hdilwiiy, I) l'A"'IVIIM OK in.; Int UK) ', OlTVU a, OcI. I'l, isT'J. PI iiMi; iiol ice is lit'i'i'hy ;-M\ I'li lliiil tlic rollowiiiir )ir(i\ ibidiis, \\ liicli shall ho lii'lil to iipjily lo the liiiuls III I ho l*iu\ inc.'! (il Miiiiilnhii, iind in I hi' Tcrrildrio's lo Ihu wi'jt, uini noi'th-wc.-'l Up'I'i'oI', ari" ^iilislitulcd lor tin' l!i'f,'ulali(iiis, dilcil tlio (Mil .lidy last, govt'i'iiiiij? IIh' iiioedfd : — I. " Until rnrth'T and linal survey of llio sild railway has liern madi' we^i ol' Hie \\ri\ Itiver, and lor the purposes ol'llieso provisions, the line, ol' Hie said rail\va\ shall he assniiied to he on Ui'> fourth liaje westerly lo the inlerseriion of the said base b\ Hio lino belwt;e i ranges '^1 and Tl wesi of the fust inincipal moredian, and tlieiue in a direc.l lino lo Hie (■onllnence, of the Shell liiver with Hie Hiver Assiniboine. '.'. " 'I'lio eonnl-y lyinp on eaidi side of the line of railway shall In re«|)(.'c- li\i'ly divided into li'lls as folows : — , "(1) A bell ol five miles on either side of Hi • railway, ami imni'dialely adjoining the same, in Ijc tailed Hell A ; " (») A be'.i of lifeeii mile's on either side ef the railwav, adjoiniiig H.'li A, to bo call'd l?ell H: " (.'i) A iielt Ol I Weill \ miles on ciHier side of the rail wav, adjoining Uell U, to be called Bell C; "('0 A bell of Iwenly miles on either side of the radway. ailjo'ning Bell C, to bo ealled I5ell 1); and " (.")) A bolt of liflv miles on either side of He' r'ailway, adjoining Bell D, to he called Bell E. .3 " The even-numbervHl s.'r.li jus m each lownsliij) throughout the several bells uIjovi.' deseribtU sbill be ojcn foi' entry as homesteads and j re-eniptions of I GO acres each resjieclively. 'i. "'Ill- odd-nuinliered sections in i.'acli ofs'icli lownshi;is shall not be open to homestead or iiie-i'iuplion, Inil shall be specially reservedand ilesignated as Railway Lands. 3. " The Hallway Lands within tin; several belts shall be sold at the follow- ing rales, vi/ : — In Bell A, S'l (li\e dollai-s) ]ier acre ; in Belt B, $'i (lour dollars) jiei- acre ; in IJ dl 0, $^3 (Hir'.'e dollars) per acre' ; in Bell I), ;?"' (two dollar.^) p''r acre; in Bell K, $1 one dollan per acre ; and ihe terms of sale of such lands shall be as follows, viz : — Oiie-ienlh in cish at th '■ time of pui chase ; Hie balance in nine eipial annual inslulaieiits, with inler(!Sl at the rate of sIk per cent, per annum on Hie balance of ]uircliase money from tine' to lime nimaining unpaid, to be paid Willi each inslalment. 5. " The I're-emplion Lamls within Hh several Jiells shall lie sold foi- the I)rices an I on the terms respeclively as follows : — In the Bells A, B and (;, at 1?'2.')0 (two dollars and lifly cents) jier at re , in Belt 1), at $'2 (two dollars) per acre; and in Belt E, al $1 (ont^ flollar) per acre. The terms of payment to be lour tenths of Ihe ])iircliase money, together willi iiiLeivst on the latter al the rate ol si.\ jt-r cent, jier annum, lo be pa'd at Hie end of Hiree years from Hie dale' of entry ; tle^ remainder lo be jiaid in six equal inslalmenls annually from and alli.'i' llei said dale, willi interest at the rale above mentioned on s'jeii por- tions of Hie jiurcha^e money as ir.n' remain unpaid, to be jiaid with each instalnii'iil. 7. " All payments fjr Hallway Lands, and also for I're-emption Lan is, within the several Belts, shall be in cish, and not i:i scrip or military or police bounly warrants. 8. " All money received in i)aymenl of Pre-emi)tion Lands shall injure to and form jiarl of ihe fund I'or railway purposes, in a similar manner to the moneys received in payment of Hallway Lands. ft. " These provisions shall be retroactive solar as relates to any anil all enlries of Homestead and r're-emplion Lands, or sale's of Jiailway Lands obtained or matle under the Regulations of the 9lli of July, hereby superseded; any payments made in excess of the rate hereby lixed shall be credited on account of sales of such lands. 1(1. " 'I'lh' ( Ir.liT.lii-Cimiicil mI' llid !Hli Novt'iiibiT, IN'T, rt'luliiif.' lo IIid si'llli'- •mont ol' llin Ifuuls in Miiiiiiol);i wliicli liiil l>''i'ii ju'evitjii^ly witlidi'uwa lor Hail- wiiy imr'iPO^'N, li;i\iii^' hfi'ii ijnicclli'd, wl tilmiiis ol' p'Tsmis \vlii» si'tilfd in ^ood I'iiilli on liiiuls iiii'h'i' llii' s.iid Ordi'r.iii-dDiiiii'ii sli.ill Im dt'iilt willi iiiid'T llicsc provisions, as lo prio' ol' I'rt'-i'nipliotis, Jictuir lin^,' lo Hit- licli in w Inilj sncii liuids may bf siliiali'. WJiurc a p(;r.>un may iiuvi; lakon iii' two (piarl'T-scciuins under tlio said Or li r-in-(!oiint;il, ln' may rclain tin' quarU'r-snciion upon wliicli lie Iihs sniticil, a> a llumi'sPMii, and tin' oilier (piart('r--.i'.,liori as a I'n'-tMiiplion, under lliosc pi'ovivions, ii'ri'siii'clivi' ol" wli'llier >ncli Ilonn'slead and Pn'-rmplioii may 1)0 found Id he upon an ovcn-tuunbered section or ollierwisi'. Any moneys paid by sucli I er.du on account ol' llie lands outere I ))y liim under tli" saiil Order- iu-Coun il, wll he ere liled to liini on acconnl ol' liis I'ri'-eniplion pur(diase, under these ]iro\isioris. A person who may have lal.en up o-ie ipiarh'r-soclioii under liie ()rder-in-(^MUieil menliuued will Ite allow d to retain the same as a llom'slcad, and will I'e permitted lo enter a second 'inarter-seetujii as a l•rt> emplil]n, the money paid on account of I he Jund pre\ i.aisly entered lo he ( 'red i led to him on account of such I're-emplioii 1 1. " Ail entries of lands shall J)c suhjuct lo Ihe follow^in^' provisions n>s- Iicclini; Ihe ri|.-|il of way dC the (Canadian Pacilic Hailway, or ol" any (loverruneul colonization railway connected Iher^wilh, vi/ : (I " In til" ca-e ol" the railway cros•^illg land entered as a liomestejid, the right ol' way I'lercon, and al(|uenl to the date' ln'rcol', I lift (Jovernmeni may lak" jiossi'-sion ol' such ])irtioii Ihercol' as may be re juired for ri^lil of way or for stulion grounds or Jtallasl jiits, and the owner shall only he entitl(»d lo claim paynienl I'or' the land so lalvt'u, al Ihe saun.' rate |ier a(;re as he uiay have p.iid the (jovernuienl loi- lh'3 same. c •' In ca?e, on thi^ liual loca'.ion ol' tin' railway IhrouKli laiuls unsurveyod, or snrvcyud hul uol enteroil f' r al llii' time, a ])erson is found in occu|ialion ol land which il may bo dosu'iJjle in tin' jiuhlio interest lo retain, Ihe (lOViTument roservi.'s Ihc ri;;hl to lake poss"ssion of such land,]iaying the siiualler Ih.i value d'any improvoments ho may have mado Ihereon. I '2. " Claims lo Publics Lands arising I'rom selllem Mil after lie (lain hereof, in terriloi'y uusurv(;yed al the lime of such S''ltloiuenl, future over additional lerrilory, will be ultimately doall with in accordance with the terms prescribed abovo fur the lands in Iho pai'Ucuhir hell in \vhich such selllomonl may bo h)uiid lo bo silualo, sul),pjct lo Iho operation of subsection c of s(!Clion 1 1 of these ])rovisious. 13. " All onirics after tlio dale hereof of unoccupioil lands in Iho Saskal- ctiewan Airency, will 1)!? considered as provisional until the railway linelhi'ounfh thai i)ai'L ol ill', li'rrilories lias been loo iled, after which Ihe same will lie fuialK disposed of in accordance with Ihese ])rovi9ions, as ihe same may apply lo Iho particulai' hell in which such lands may bo lound lo bo silualed, subject, as above, lo the op>r,ilion of sub-secliou c of seclion 1 1 ol llu'se provisions. 14. " With a view lo encouraging solUemenl by ch'aponing Iho cost of building material, tiio Govornmenl reserves Iho righl lo granl licenses, renew- able yearly, under Seclion 5^ of Ihe. ' Dominion Lands Act, ISTy,' lo cul mer- chanlab'e timber on any lands silualed within Uk^ several bells above des- cribed, and any seUlomenl upon, or sale of lands within, Ihe territory covered by such licences, shall for the lime being bo subject to the oiieralion of sucli licenses. 15. " The abovo provisions, it will, of course, bo understood, will not alTecl sections 1 1 and 29, which are public school lands, or sections 8 and 2G, Hud- son's Bay Company's lands. " Any farlhiir information necessary may bo obtained on application at the Dominion Lands Otlice, (3llawa, or from the agent of Dominion Lands, Win- nipeg, or from any of the local agents in Manitoba or the Territories. By order of the Minister of the Interior, J. S. DENNIS, Deputy of the Minister of the Interior. Li:(DSAY RussiiLL, Surveyor General. ^IjWlF U \ ; I V PARTOFTHtUNITfD STATES-'^ pil«Ml iWini fhp Lalt'si Authoiiiips 1880. SCALE or MILES .10 lull 1*0 low »iU ji\3.