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' I VII hs. ;i;i ..s. .■i^^ 1:if .1-.-. l-'tlNTi;.'.. 2 5 .•.;«;■ 0>ht vlHi -.(;; f »^w ,^.*^ .,y.,^.- .^-s.^.. I I^EIPOIIT -TO Tirr:. CITY COUNCIL OF TORONTO -ItX THE- ProposeJ later Siply ly BraYitation,. 1-I!()\l THE- OAK RIDGE LAKE'S AND THE RIVERS DON AND ROUGE, ■\^r±'biL ZMZa^J, tScc, -11 Y- Miissrs. William J. McAlpiiic and Kivas Tiilly, ('i\ii. Kncinkkus. •|"it|;(t\TO: K. I'. fi.AUKi:, roitfiii: \ riov i'|{Inti;i(, :'>.'{ and -I'l auki, \iiii-; sikkkt \\i:>r 1886. r^i. r ^ / 0) 0^^^ C/ WATKFl SMPPLY HY GRAVITATION. Mayor's Message. Toronto, February ]9th, 1,S87. Gentlemen of the CoimHl: I bes to bring ,low„ U,c following p„pe,^ ^ „,„ ^ ^j Mo»s.. McAlpine and Tully on ol,W„ing a water .supply 4. ,„,,,. tat,on fo,. «,. City of T,„„„to,a„d a letter f™„ Kiv,us Tuliy, li,,., C.E., OH the .same point. I wouM «n.„.st that tl,o Ec.port» be pri„t„,, wit), tl,e aceo.npany- .n«."ap.f„rth,.i,„,„.,„„li„„ of the nK.n.l..., an,. wo„l,, only eall 2»'i"" '" the f,.,.. „,at,^e„.li„gto the iteport.a »„pply „f , 0,000,- 000 gallons of water .laily by gravitation ean bo procured fron, the head wate,. of the n.iddle and w.t b„„,ehes of the Don at a c»t of less tlian 3500,000. Tl.is supply bc>ing l.y gravit^ition wouM, aftx-r the expense of const^uetion once over, be free fro... the annual expense i^r n.ainten- ance to m hieh we are now subject in our present .system. W. H. HOVVLANI). Mayor. (LkTTEK KKoM KlVAH TULLY, Es(^, C'.K.) ToKoNTM. Kcl.runiy iStli, IShT, If'iM ]y(n'slnp \V. ff. Ifntrhind, Miii/or, ('if;/ llcll, Tornuto. SiH, — I liiivt' the lioiittr t<» enclose tlif llfport (Hi tlif water supply to tli(!('ity Ity ^I'livitiitiuii t'ntm tlK- l{i V all .S4 its (le L'Sfc wnt«'r US 4lni\vn from tlic licll Imoy is l>y no liH-ans t'lvt' Fmtn ('(»iitMiiii- nation tVtun scwa;^*' and utlicr «)r;fa.nic impurities." His conclusions arc ^ + )"Tliat this >vatcr licconics mixctl in its ])assa;^c from the hdl buoy to the p«nM|(in>,' house with the had watei- in the Hay, [)rohahly from h'aks in the pipes, any linin<>; it with iron, which 1 lielieve has Ik-cii done since 18M4, hy wliich pollution from this source has heeii preveiiti-d ; hut the leaks in the pipes across the Hay have a])parently not lieen attended to as su^i^ested, and the discolored state of the water after heavy jjales indicates that the causes of pollution have not he«'n alto- jfetlier removed. The specimens of water which you procured last year, and which can still he seen in vour office at the C'itv Hall, show that there is a marked clian(hly e\.iiiiiiiin<.j' and leportini^ on hoth sys- tems, hut particularly to a.sceitain whether the water obtained liy gravitation luus been pure, abundant, and suitab'le for domestic pur- po.ses. I remain, Your obedient servant, K.1VAS TULLY. Rei'oht ok W. J. McAli'INE, C'.K., and Kivah Ti^lly. C.K. TouoNTO. Fobnmry 14tli. I.S.S7. JHh Woi'shif) W. II. Iloirlaiul, Mai/or, aiui Cldj ConurU, Toronto: Siu, — On the 22n(l of OctolMT last w«' prcsrutiul to you a pn*- liniinary Ht'port on the project of supplyint^ the City with water from the rid^e lakes, the eastern sources of tlie River Huinher ajil the district south of the same, throu<,'h which How the Rivers Don and Rou^e. We now lay before you the results of our further examination of the subject, which show that an uhundant supply (►f ])ure anmaiid, including; the cost of n»aintenance and opi'rating, will be nuich less than an eijual <|uantity could be ol)tained by the increase of tlie pmiipin^ works and of their maintenance and operation. We luidei'stand that the chief (»bject of the present examination is to determine whether the interests of the City will wari'ant the expense of a careful instrumental examination and esti- mate of tlie cost of the proposed works before any larj^e expenditures are made for enlar^intf or improving; tlu' existiuj^ pumpinle measurements of the latter for the last 4f'y years to the water sheds in ijuestion ; also, tt> estahlish gauj^es on the Don ami Kou<,je and measure the daily flow oH", so as to c(Mupare their ratios with those of other districts of corresponding character: also, to have a weekly or monthly measurement of the elevation of the water ni\ each of tlw lakes. The j^eneral features of the prop(»sed 'Vravity plan" areas follows: 1. To conduct the waters from the ridjfe lakes herein speeitied to the head waters of tht; Don in a canal and steel pipe. 2. To intercept the wat«'rs of the three liranches of the Don atid Rouge at an elevation of about .'JOO to .S')0 feet aliove the level of Lake Ontario and convey them to the CMty Water Work.s tlisti'ihutiug reservoir in steel pipes. li. To eipialize the daily How from the rivers specified l»y the construction of storage reservoirs in suitable places in the valleys, of sufficient capacity to receive and retain the excesses from the rainfall, &e., and discharging the .same when the natural flow is le.ss than the mean of the year from the al).sence of rain and other causes. The ridge lakes have sufficient capacity to retain as long as desired all of the water which nnis into them, even from the ifreutest rains and melting snows, and it can be dischargeil therefrom as may be found advisable, and particularly during tho.se sunnner months when the natural flow of the water in the rivers is at a minimum. 4. To thoroughly remove from the beds of the lakes to a reK...,n- able de])th, and from the land to be flooded at the storage reservoirs, all decayed and growing vegetable matter and other impurities; and, n. To pass all the water through mechanical, and, if found necessary, chcniicai filters, before entering the conduit pipes. 8 THE SOURCES AND QUALITY OV TilE WATER. In the mixed population of Ji city there are iilways prejudices and I'alhu'ies in rei^anl to this hraneh of the suliject, which it is advisihh> to remove by a statement of the r«'ceiv»'d opinions of the source of water and elian' in a mass ovei' a substratum of soil or rock throu<>h whicli they cannot percolate, and then the water rises to the brim of the natural water-tight basin and Hows over in a brook or river. Water is never found in nature in a perfectly pure condition. In its vapory form it has a sti'ong atHnity foi' the other gaseous sub- stances with which the air is charged' from (^H'ete matter ; and in its H(juid form it is a solvent of many .substances which it is brought into contact with upon and beneath the earth. Water is most pure when it is evajiorated in mid-oc(,'an, but as the vapory winds are driven over the land as before stated, it absorbs the gases which are encountered in the air, and when it falls to the earth and Hows over or beneath it. 9 it takos up in solution (lecrtyinis been ascertained that the watei's from Bond Lake can be convlucted to the outlet channel from Wilcock's Lake cheaper, but for greater safety we have used an area of i)^, s<|uare miles of water shed instead of 12 s(piare miles, the area of 7,000 acres, nearly. Thes(! lakes will receive and store th(! whole of the rain and snow fall annuallv, which averat^ed from l(S4l to l(S7l JlO.O.'{ inches. The least (|uantity was in 1848, 20.80 inches, and the preceding yt'ar .*J0.!)4 inches. The mean of these two is .•{1.87 inches — that is, the storage capacity of the lakes is sufficient to carry over from preceding yeai-s the surpluses to supply the deficiency of such a low water yii-lding year as 1848, up to at least '{I.S7 inches, which is used in oin- calcula- tion f(U' the supply derivable from the lakes. As before stated, the computations are based on the recoi'ds kept at the Toronto Observa- * ry. The following tjible shows the areas of the several water sheds, and the daily supply obtainable therefrom, with the .specified storages eigbt- • NoTK. — Mr. St. George called these water sheds 4 square miles, 2,6()0 acres. t NoTK — ^The water from lake No. 3 can be conducted by a pipe to the main pipe near I^askay — See map. 12 Wfttor Slied. MiLUONS OF » t» >> t^ SOURCKS. i=. ft b-( a, (. K >. 3 ■| o ■TO 1 es O ■7! 3 West branch of the Don liO Middlo hninch, iiec Thornhill. I'O Enst liranch 10 Six l^idj:*' Lakes 9J Ui)j)ei' lluinher \(i\ I?ougp, uoar Unionvilh' ! 4') East of till- h'ou<:t> ;iU 3i <^i 15 10 Totals l')l 1»2S n 12:28 % 114 ^\ H 188 "3 al.-J 20 ;i42 13-^ 1 1) 1 ;; 1 494'^ 494'i It) 4(KS 742 O G28 10 028 ") ,-^14 ^\ •'^i 518 22i i4i;i 15 942 :;:)it(i 7',!.', ! 4443 Tli.it is, with siniill storagi'. all of the above meiitioncil sources will I'urnish a daily supply of o")r! millions of (jfalloiis ; with more stora<;e, 71 ;') millions of ;^alloi>s daily, and with still more stoi-age, !)4| millions of gallons daily. Ahout one-third of the annual i-ainfall is evaporated while tlio water is lit)wing over the surface of the gi'ound to reaeh the brooks, and from the surfaces of tlnj w^ater courses themselves. When the Wiiter is stored in large reservoirs, thei'e is a fiu'ther loss from evapo- ration. This loss, liowever, is bnt one per cent, of the rainfall ; 1) 'cause the surface area of the required reservoirs is but l-2r)0th of t'.ie area of the water shed. The loss of watei" absoi*])ed bv vejfetation is i-elatix t'lv \ei'\' small. The.se calculations show that a third of a million gallons of Avater daily can be obtained from each .s«piare mile of the water sheds in question, and « still larger sup])ly if the storages Ik; increased. The following table shows the cost of obtaining certain specified daily supplies by selections from the above jnentioned sources, with diil'erent amounts (jf storages. It also indicates the order of time in which the works for each additional supply should be constructed : [3 2 G28 028 .114 1 •2 \ ;)I8 •i \\\?, 1 U412 'i 4443 liile tlio brooks, u'li the cvapo- aiiifall ; 2')()th of <9 g P .8 ft; «1) 6 on 0; 3 3 .'X X X R 5 ■^ X .^ ■2 o ^ — r 1 - ^ ^ • ^ Ti •^ C ~ •■'^ ^w ^^ -t o C X *■ 1 « ■^ ~t" •"" 1 - — l."^ ^ Tl T » — •/> •y# 71 ■It ^ • 1 5 ; • 1 ; ^ rs : ^ rt : :5 tij §.,_.;-« SC ; tU a S 5 ^ C --^ "* ^ _ ^"^ -^ .~« S'l — ■71 *C^ _»P_ •' i« „tL___co._ • 85SS f 7i_ I* b« 2 to ■A ■ c CS 3 1 j i 5 ; : c ^:3 C -3 ^^ S o Ml I .2 :SS 3 to 71 71 4» s S o '.■^ * C- •y» to • tc » to .::i «o o I - <» ~ r c O — C 71 TO <» i 5 ••» -= I - .0 J <^ 60 71 I : ?:< c 3 5 5 c S a. "*" es : s to : to 3= C 71 C3 to o C Kf, - 3 :; -n — o -■« ^ ^ P s tfj .:i M * « it o o 3 2 « '/} t3 3 -t-» — C 3 to £ .':;' - ^ .-t' <^^1 '■^ r,^ ■■'■• tc ti C > 5i =: X O •/, 1^ 3h W X ■:- _, cj i- 3 y. a) O'- J) - tt = is^ I II I z "^ 'I •3 - 2 a •" — — J — w *" 4j 5 = 33 if ?2o ill Sd 2 i o o _--xi 3 = 5 a S i S aj ,j. a - u C ^ S M alii Jill o it u V I. e ■2 O o s o S e s •-: o — >; I-. Si I - Ti •.-^ tc c I - t*5 — — 11 1< -r -r I - Ci n C5 -r "t -c 2§5g§3§§§525 .C iff — .~ ic ^C ^ O 11.'\'"^, rT rr r" — " r-r c" /r -f^-r-S' X -1 11 ■^ — X iC M — 55 I- ■« m u O •' * r/: i u ^ 01 2 u 3 tl C :5? C s ^ o t. u^ O O (15 f' -*^ 't-i c » o £ S O S "S a II "■ •/; to '/I = 23 g S 3 _ o .a o c CS » 60 o2 11 a 3 c-5 is 3 a Is S"= • « * u a ^. c C OS tn 3 O a « s ^ 3 ^ P ri to J; a ;i Ml 73 C3 ifi to c cS 5 m §.. — ri t now — o'o c o 11 — « ri — 'O M — ''^ _ o 'It (fi -^ to ii — X CO — i o A . 8 •3 c3 tn "^ >-j 5 CO 1 C 3 ' o 3 '^ H i« a — a a CO B CO QO 5 ^ qc ^ lO qc S> O '^ '" ^ ooboiobixi— ii:ox(W-x) .— r-i — e^iiicofocoTfioio 8SS5SS g ^^ Ji^iill 5 c- -c t ii'C ■"* 11 11 11 1- c 1- A Ht 11 «l^ 3 O to to to 4/ C — v^ k> - _ _ --ii 3 13 -=^5< .; = :=; £ c ^ a tc— .E c ., = a-r "^ £2^ i: 5 ? _i * « O ^ C O o ■«-l a a — p~ ' o eS o 11 2 cs u ■© (U •/I 4! 0. 4, _ai 4) to « •s o - ?;-r 2 CS -' J5 a. "J = "5 ** ■i aS = 2a cs a-a -j» o c -r tcj; o Ji 3 le 1>taiiiiii(r a nmch larj^ci- supply of availivlilo water than tlu> iiiiniinuiii flow of any stream by the eonstructi(»n of hirj^e stora«fe reservoirs is not probably familiar to many of the eiti- zens, we haveconsidt^retl it advisable to refer to the experience of other cities on this contijient, and to explain the subject fully. New York, BnM)klyn, Boston, Providence, Albany, Troy, RcK'hester, and many other American cities, larj^ely increase their supplies by storinj^ reser- voirs. Many of the canals and water powers in Knen miles distant, the summit of the eiest being from 750 to 850 feet above Lake Ontai'io, rising gradually towards the eastern boundary of tho County of York, and the riveis run on the shortest line between the crest and the lake. The averaire slope of the surface of the land in the most direct line from the crest to the lake is one in 1 20 feet. The slopes of the upper parts of the rivers for the first three miles average one in IGO feet, being from one in 180, or perhaps less, to one in 200. For the next three miles ■ I ■ 1( I tlu! river slopes are from one in 250 to one in 400, iH'iii;^' Hatter near their inouthH, Imt the avera gallons, or 11, .SIS,.')')!) gallons per day, showing a marked annual incn.'ase. Under these circumstances, the daily supply for 1887 cannot be calculated at less 17 rtiittly. of tlie City t the cost of lupeil .S,()4r),- 4 pmnped li,- hein;^ !),G7.Tr ly " averajfe .()()() -rallons. ihowing eon- run to waste he very hot, and streets, ople of To- )!• puni])ing in ISS-t anil i-oss the Bay ns since been tity of water »r 'n,.Sl.S,55!) Under these ulated at less than 12,0()(),()()() gallons, an the increasing consum])tion of water in cities on this continent, it may be u.seful for comparison to gi\ c the follcnying tigures which have been taken from " Fanning's Hydraulic En<;in«'ei'ing." Bo.ston avei'age daily supply in gallons j)er heael Brooklyn Butfalo Chicago " " " " Cincinnati Cleveland Di'iroit Jersey City " Louisville Philadelphia " Washington " " Montreal The average daily consumption of the above eleven American cities and Montreal is lOTj galliais ))er head (jf po])ulation for I.SS4. The following extracts from a work recently ])ublished on " The S«'parate System of Sewage," by Cady Stanley and G. S. Pierson. C.E., in reference tn the increasing consumption (jf water are also useful ; " It is also true that the per ciipita cf)nsinuption and waste of water lias been gradually increasing up to the pi'e.sent tiuie, and is likely to reach still higher figures. This increased demand for water has been 1S74 LS.S4 (JO 110 OcS o:] 00 I.')! 84 14.-) 45 70 45 88 87 120 HO K^O 24 04 5>S 81 l:5S lor, 00 88 Ifl 18 iiHit Ity pnntpin^' cn^Miu's of iiincli liij^her duty, nnd l>y iniprovijiiufnts in waU'i* works jj^j-ncriiUy, wliieh cimhh' tlu'in to furnish water to tliu coDsunit-r at lower an«l lower rates per pillon, coiuniensnrate with inerensed economy seeured. This in turn encourages tl>e use of water from th(^ puhlic nuiins for motive power, as tlie running of elevators, motors, etc., and for the thousand and one purposes of light manul'iic- turing, n'(|uiring tlie use of power, always ready and costing nothing when not wanted. The application of water under press\n*e as a motive power to work of this class is apparently in its infancy, and is destined within the prohaMe life f)f .stowage systems now contemplated to con- siderahly augment their flow. Rapid as has heen the devc^lopment of water supply systems in the Unite«l States, their capacity has barely kept u[) with the demands of the people." "In American cities having well arranged and maintained systems of water .supply, and furnishing good, wholesome water for domestic use, and clean .soft water adapted to the iises of the arts and for nu'chanical purpo.ses, the average consumption is found to V)e approxi- mately as follows : Domestic iise 20 gallons per head. Stal.les 3 Manufacturing 5 to 15 " " Fountains .'Uo 10 Waste in winter 10 Flushing and leakage o to 15 " " Total 4() to 7.3 gallons. By the a])ove estimate for average con.sumption, it will be per- ceived that the total supply is computed at from 40 to 73 gallons per head for all purposes, but the average per head in Toronto appears from reports to hv from 05 to 100 gallons. Taking the latter, 100 gal- lons, as the basis, the total average quantity to be supplied to the City would not be less at the present time than 12 millions of gallons per day, the estimated population being 120,000, and the annual cost by the present pumping works would Im about $70,000 for operating the pumping works. The average daily consumption for two weeks end- ing January 15th, 1887, Wds reported lately to be 14,283,343 gallons. This is of cour.se exceptional owing to the waste of water at this season. According to the recent statistics above (]Uoted, it appears that the per capita consumption and waste of water increases in a 1'.) )iN)V(jmont8 at«T t<) tlio nmti! with sc of water f cK'vators, it inaimfac- ing nothing as a motive I is (liistined ited to eon- ilopnient of has har«'ly lied systems For domestic irts and for be approxi- is per head. ns. rill be per- galloiis per nto appears Iter, 100 gal- to the City gallons per I cost by )erating the weeks end- ,343 gallons, 'ater at this I, it appeai-s licreases in a greater projxwtion than the increase of ])opnlati()n. It will then-fore be necessary to ])rovide for at least '20 tiiiliions of gallons per day, and if the water becomes ext«'nsively used for power in the City, the demand will, ])erhaps, ultimately i-each thirty millions. Hy the constniction of the necessary works foi- divei-ting the waters of the west, middle, and east branches of the River Don, which would supjdy 2'> millions of gallons per day to the; R(wehill i-eservoir, the cost as before stated would be as follows : West branch of the Don, maximum supply. . . . !?210,<)00 00 Middle " " " 2.S().100 00 East " " " 1 !).'), :)00 00 Total co,st .S(i.S0,-2()O 00 By the further expeii() s(|nare miles, and the v'lvr.v llow fiom the middle and east branehes, as liefore computed, can be diverted to a reservoir below Thoi'idiill. from which it would be eonveyed in a steel pipe to the Ro.sehill reservoir. These waters maybe discharged through a fountain in the centre of the Rosehill reservoir, thereby ensuriiiy; neiation and further oxy- dation, an arrangement which has been successfully and ornamentally carried out at the lowest reservoii' at the Rochester water works. By means of a branch pipt; connecting the gravitatio)i supply pipe with the present main water works pij)e on the line of Yonge Street, the pressure for fire pvu'po.ses ean lii' increased at least 25 lb. adtiitional to the sipiare inch, an important improvement for tire pur- poses, which has also been successfully carrieil out at Rochester. It will be observed that the plans herein pres(!pte4 will jiermit of successive enlargements from tiuje to time, to meet the future demands for water by the City, and do not, as is usual in similnr cases, re(]uire a large present expenditure to meet the demands of a distant future. 20 Kx«'('pti()n has liccn token t<» the houitch from which the water supply hy ^rnivitatioii ciui he ohtained. ami that the polhitit)!! from farm yanis, farm houses, outhuihlin^s. villaj^es and j^raveyanls north of Toronto woiiM remler the water luitit for use, anply from the north of Toi'onto is olijeetionnlile on accoiuit of the suppos«'d pollution from the aliove mentioned causes, how nmeh more olijectionaMe nnist the water of Lake <)ntai'i(» he, which is the natural reservoir of 4()(),()()() s(|uart' miles of fa)'min<^' an Hamilton, (iueljth, Toronto and other cities, villagt's, &c., with a popu- lation of at least two millions, have their only oiitlet ? That the water of Ijake Ontario is not i)olluted, the analyses made at difl'erent times fully ])l"o\(', at least it is not sui)posed to he ohjectioiuihle. The tetnperatiu'e of the water from deep-seated ,sprin<;s is that of the < arth at such a depth, which is ahout the mean temperatiire of th(( place for the year. At the point of issue the tempei-ature of sprinj^ water chanj^es a little with that of th«^ season. Sprinj^ water is Usually cliarf^cd with air, and this with its low temperature in summer and liij^h in winter, rendei's it {grateful to the taste. Watei- runniuo,218 00 Showing an annual .saving in su[)plving 50 million gal- lons by gravity of " \ 8281.174 00 The above comparisons show that without allowing anything for the intei'est on the cost of the existing pumping works, the iinnual expense of operating them, including the proper annual charge for a fund for renewing the engines, pumps, boilers, supply and force mains once in thirty years, will exceed the interest on the cost of gravity 23 ind (luj)li- itorcst on 7,200 00 r^H.'Mili 00 01,7S7 00 27,:}20 00 or, ,01 2 00 (;2,:U)N 00 ich of 10 ;i', &(.•., tlio will cost :J2,4()0 00 (i.(i(i7 00 >7,820 00 r(),.s.s7 00 ):i,2i.s 00 11.174 00 thing for unnual iroo for a rvv niaii:s f gravity works to supply an vqxm] (luantity of water, including also the proper charg(i for their renewal fund, by ^50,7 IC ])er year, which saving in about six years would l)e e(|ual to the whole cost of the said gravity works. In like niaiuier if the supply be increase