IMAGS EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Y ^ /. {/ :/. ^ ^ ^^ ^ >/. ^^ & 1.0 li I.I 1^128 lii 11.25 ill 1.4 1^ 12.0 1.6 7. .s ^t> '/ /A CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Mistorical Microreproductions Institut canadicn de microreproductions historiques 1980 i Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this ropy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Cert&ins ddfauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont notds ci-dessous. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour §tre reproduites en un seui clich6 sont film^es d partir de Tangle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ jtrnrr-YYy<]n2n£ir2ia a» jQ2rYra]mj ai ^ a \ CONTINENTAL NOTES — FOR — PRIVATE CIRCULATION, BY STANLEY CLARK BAGG, J. P. jwiFE /VIember of the British Association for the Advance- ment OF Science, and of the ^^UMISMATIC ^ Antiquarian Society of ^Aontreal, ^c,, ^c. " Ah! little thouyht I, when in School f sat, A Schoolboji on his bench, at early dawn Olowiny with Roman story, I should live To tread the Appian." ^*^y/ ^"^a*!.^^ MONTREAL : PRINTED BY DANIEL HOSE- 431 NOTRE DAME STREET, 1870. »)l3CB«W0^AJUAAAAJAJUAJUUlAAJ-kA,.U^'..U^UAAAA.UAA.UJ„^,Uv».AA «U.A;aA!UJil.JIJU-U,.L'Xlk<.MA*JUJlAA)Uie^:j< 1 — ^— — \ ""sRff'j^iJW),. ""I'J^w w UJ «■ ■■• 'I'iK^yi^m /•• y t^ * -•■ ' *""*-- ^ * y" ^ CONTINENTAL NOTES »0R '-■-.•>' '^..• PRIVATE CIRCULATION, — BY STANLEY CLARK BAGG, J P. )LiFE /Member of the ^ritish Association for the Advance- ment OF^CIENCEj AND OK THE NUMISMATIC & ANTIQUARIAN Society of ^VIontreal, &c., &c. " Ah! little thought /, when in School I sat, A Schoolboy on his bench, at early dawn Glowing with Roman story, I should live To tread tht Appian.^' MONTREAL : PRINTED BY DANIEL ROSE, 431 NOTRE DAME STREET, 1870. tv /i TO ■yVlLLIAM yVoi^KMAJS^, J^SQ., jI.P.j MAYOR OF MONTREAL. T HJE SE NOTES ARE DEDICATED, JN ADMIRATION OF j4 I S pONDUCT AS ^Vl A Y O R , AND AS A URATEFUl, ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF MANY ACTS OF PERGONAL FRIENDSHIP. ■f; ■" <■ |, "T* "* " V> ' The writer is not responsible for typographtcal errors. f "W $ CONTENTS. -■«»»»» Dedication. Introduction. CoRNicHE Road. thrasy3ienk. Waterloo. Paris. Rouen. The Rhine. Cologne. Strasbourg. Lausanne. Geneva. Marseilles. Hyeres. Nice. Milan. Pisa. Venice. Florence. Pompeii. Naples, Rome. Conclusion. c INTRODUCTION. The following pages are taken from Notes of my tour in Europe in 1868 and 18G9. As they were written for my own use, I have observed no regularity with leference to the Geographical position of the places referred to, but have set them down to suit my purpose. Nor can this be considered as a general guide, as I have only referred to what I considered the prominent objects of interest connected with the place, save in a very few instances. Some of my notes were written before I loft Montreal, and proved useful to my wife aad children, vs well as myself, during our tour ; some were written while abroad, and others were added after our return. In case these extracts should fall into the hands of a stranger, I would observe that the historical notes have been prepared with care, but the traditions are given as received, leaving the reader to draw his own inference, with this caution : In your zeal for the truth do not discard what may be well founded, in your anxiety to avoid Sylla, have a care that you do not fall into Charybdis. I acknowledge, with thanks, the quotations in these pages from the vaiuable works of numerous authors, and shall conclude these intro- ductory remarks in the words of one of them : " The day we come to a place which we have long heard and read of and in Italy we do so continually, it is an era in our lives ; and from that moment the very name calls up a picture. How delightfully too does the knowledge flow in upon us, and how *ast ! Would he who sat in a corner of his library, poring over books and maps, learn more or 8 so much in the time, as he who, with liis eyes and his heart open, is receiving impressions all day long, from the things themselves ! How accurately do they arrange themselves in our memory, towns, rivers mountains, and in what living colours do we recall the dresses, man- era and customs of the people !" J fatttltt^lttal ^nm The Comic he Road. The route fnm Nice to Genoa, along the Hiviera di Poncnti, com nionly called the Corniche Pnss, because edging tlie .Maritime Alps, overhanging the Mediteuanean, is one of the most beautiful drives in Europe, and presents a series of mountain promontories jutting out into the sea, with deep indented bays, winding into and out of them, mounting and descending, the scene changing almost every moment; the heights and hollows villaged, vilhi'd, or oastled most picturesquely : sunny vine-yards, gaily flowering gardens, or groves of orange or lemon trees; white Casiui witii green jalousies scattered over the hills, once sterile, but now their scanty soil propped up by terrace shelving above terrace, clothed to the top with olive trees. The road is irregular; at one time on a level with the sea, it passes between hedges of aloes and oleander ; at another, it winds up some steep mountain side to a height of 1600 feet, through pine forests, here it disappears into gullies, there ci.mes out upon a wide expanse of earth, sky and water ; now turns inland, with a seeming Jettrmin- ation to force a passage accross the mountain, anon shoots abruptly in an opposite direction, as if bent upon rushing headlong into the sea. It is difl&cult to describe the brilliant transparency of the atmosphere, the tender azure of the sky, the deep blue of the sea, the soft grada- tions of verdure on these wavy mountains, and the tone tintin" of this unrivalled landscape as a whole. Vincenzo Binda our Vetturino pointed out the plr.ces of interest tn route. 10 T h r a s y m e n e. Ou the way from Florence to Rome, find near the ancient town of Perugia, we pass the battle field on the border of the Lake of Thrasy- mene, where Hannibal the Carthagenian General gained liis great victory over the Romans, B C. 218. During the winter before this battle, vurious strange things happened at Rome. An infant, six months old, shouted " lo triunipho !'" in the market place. In the cattle market an ox went up to the third story of a house and threw itself down ! A temple of Hope was struck by lightning. A spear in the hand of a statue of Juno shook of its own accord, &c. In consequence of these wonders the Romans observed various kinds of ceremonies, and made large ofi'erings to the gods. The Carthagenian army at length reached this lake, which is situated among the moun- tains of Etruria, and about one hundred and fifty miles north of Rome. Here Hannibal hid a large part of liis army among the gorges of the mountains, and waited the approach of the Roman General Flaminius with the rest of his troops in open view. When the Romans unconsciously passed the forces that were hidden they were assailed in front and rear. Yet taken thus unawares, the Romans did not disgrace their name; and Flaminius proved himself a brave man. Long and obstinately they fought, each man for himself as he best could, in the confusion. But the bravest army would have been de- feated under such disadvantages. After encouraging his men and fighting bravely for three hours, the Consul fell, and the veteran Roman soldiers, not yet conijuered, made a last stand to defend his remains. Soon ensued a horrible scene of confusion and rout, for flight was scarcely possible. The mountains were on one side, the lake on the other, and a victorious enemy in front and rear. To add to the horror of the day, a thick mist rose from the lake, which obscured the sun, and created almost total dark- ness. Many of the Romans at last rushed into the lake, some pre- 11 ferring to drown themselves, others with a last faint hope of safety. Altogether the disaster was one of the greatest that had ever befallen a Roman army, for out of twenty-five thousand men, fifteen thousand at least, perished miserably, and the rest, escaping in small parties, were dispersed over the whole country. Waterloo. On the i:^n;ht previous to the action, a ball was given at Brussels. The Duke of Wellington had received intelligence of the Emperor Napoleon's decisive operations, and it was intended to put oiF the ball- but on reflection it seemed highly important that the people of Brus- sels should be kept in ignorance as to the course of events, and the Duke not only desired that the ball should proceed, but the "eneral officers received his commands to appear at it, — each takin"- care to quit the apartment as quietly as possible at ten o'clock, and proceed to join his respective divisions en route, Brussels, the Citpital of Belgium is a handsome city, and has many magnificent buildings and walks. Its population numbers 170 000. The Hotel del'Europe, Place Enyal, opposite the Statue of Godfrey de Bouillon, is a comfortable hostelry. The Cathedral of Saints Michael and Gudule was founded in 1010. Its front is imposing its windows are beautiful, and the pulpit is fonned of wonderfully carved groups, representing the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. Above the pulpit, which is supported by the tree of knowledge, stands the Virgin, holding the infant Jesus in her arms, who is endeavoring to thrust the cross into the serpent's head. The Park, le Palais de la Nation, Hotel de la Ville, and Mannekin Fountain should be visited. The drive to Waterloo is delightful, the distance is about ten miles, the roads are good, unfenced, and shaded by trees, the coach comfort- able, the four horses in prime order, the English coachman talkative 12 and agrccablfi, und the airs played on the bugle by the guard are like sounds from home. As Waterloo is still a place of surpassing inter- est to every Briton, this excursion is well patronised. The field i» now covered with luxuriant vegetation. A n)ound, 200 feet high, surmounted with a Belgian Lion, commemorates the events of the memorable battle of 1815. From the top of this mount, which stands where the Prince of Orange was wounded, the best view of the field of battle is obtained. This was the greatest of all British en- gagements. The carnage on both sides was immense. On a surface of two square miles, it was ascertained that 50,000 men and horses were lying after the battle. The French army consisted of 75,000 chosen veterans, commanded by Napoleon himself; while the forces commanded by the Duke of Wellington, consisting of English, Scotch, Irish, Dutch, Brunswickers, Ilunuoverians, Belgians, and Nassau troops, forming together .^1,000. A sad mixture was that allied army, but fori;unc was on the side of the Duke, and he gained his crowning victory at Waterloo, June 18, 1815, which changed the destinies of Europe :ind hurled the French Emperor from his throne. Our guide informed that. Wcllingtou having slipt while going over the ground with George the third, His Majesty exclaimed, Wellington has fallen at Waterloo. Paris. The great centre of the Continental world is Paris. It takes the lead in scientific research and discovery, and is the glory of la belle France. The climate is salubrious, and its atmosphere pure. What a change it is from the black smoke ot mighty London to the clear sky of magnificent Paris. This city has no equal. Where can you behold such a view as when standmg in La Place de la Concorde, near the Egyptian Obelisk ? The Champ Elysees, terminated by the Arc de Triomphe ; the Gardens of the Tuilleries terminated by the Palace; 13 the Rue l!oyalo and La Madclainc. tlie bridge over tlic Seine, and Corps Lti^islatil' In whatever dincrion you turn, tlion in soiuething to admire. Wiien Julius Cjusar conquered Onil, he found htre a tribe cf Par- isii, with a capital called Lutrti;i. fin 'lie IJr th It Cite, connected with the shore by two bridges. I'licy defended 'heuiselves bravely, but were overcome, and became .subject to Rome. In the beginning of the fifth century, it fell into the hands of (he Franks under Clovis. who, having embraced Christianity, made it liis residence in r)08. Paris is considered at the present time one of the best fortified cities of the world, and has a population of about two millions. Its .superb collections of ancient and modern art are thrown open gratuitously to all. Paris also abounds in reliques of the past, in the centre of the Place de la Concorde, stand the Obelisk of Luxor, presented to the French Government by Mahanmieil Ali, Pasha of Egypt. It formerly stood in front of the Temple of Thebes, and was erected by the great Sesostris, 1500 years before Christ. Every side is covered with hieroglyphics. The oldest building is the Palais des Thermes, once the residence of the Roman Governor of Gaul. It was in this place that Julian resided when he was proclaimed Emperor of Rome by his troops in A.D. 360. A Roman altar discovered in the Rue Mathurin states that Constantius built this Palace. It was bounded by a Roman Road, now the Rue St. Jacques. The Hotel de Cluny^, is one of the finest remains of the ancient mansions of Paris of the 16th Century. It was inhabited in 1515 by Mary, sister of Henry the eiglith of England, and widow of Louis the twelfth of France; and here in 1535 James the fifth of Scotland celebrated his marriage with Madeline, daughter of Frangois the first. The Palace of Thermes and Hotel de Cluny are connected, and con- tain a collection of Antiquities open to the public. These buildings are in the Fabourg St. Germain, the abode of the ancient nobility. I resided in this quartier for several weeks, and have very pleasant re- miniscenscs of it. u The precise date of the Cathorlial of Notre Dame has never been accurately ascertained. It is a cruciform Church, havifig an octagonal eastern end. and double aisles surrounding the clioir and nave. The towers were intended to support spires. A stranger upon his arrival in Paris should purchase Galignani's, Guide to the City, and subscribe to Gahgrnnts Messenger. The first gives a description of all that Is of interest in the city and environs the second gives the latest news from all parts, and under the head of " Strangers' Diary " are found every day the hours of admission to all places worthy of attention in Paris then open. It seems to me that our English Church services are never more thoroughly appreciated than when we are in a foreign land. In Paris there are four Episcopal Churches, viz., the Embassy Church, Rue d'Agnesscau, Rev. E. Forbes ; the Court Church, Rue du Faubourg St. Honore, Rev. Archer Gurncy ; the .Marheuf Church, Avenue Marbcuf, Rev. G. Gardiner ; the American Church of the Holy Trinity, Rue Bayard, Rev. W. 0. Lamson. When the corner stone of this Church was laid, among the clergy present were the Rev. Mes.srs. Lamson, liittlcjohn ami ('larkson, of the American Episco- pal Church; the Rcvds. E. Forbes and Archer Gurney of the English Church ; the Rev. Messrs. VVassilloff, Arch-prie.st, and Opotsky Deacon of the Russo-Greek Church ; the Rev. Abbd Guette of the Roman Catholic Church. Thus Anglican, Oriental, and Roman met together to assist at this interesting service. The Louvre and the Luxembourg, the manufactories of Gobelin Tapestry and Sevres Porcelain, St. Cloud and Versailles are favorite resorts. 15 Rone n The fine old Gothic town of Rouen, the ancient capital of Nor- mandy, is rop'.ote with attractions to the tourist, and has a population of over 100,000. The to^vn proper is situated on a gentle slope, on the right bank of the ISciue, the suliurb of Saint i^'cver is on the opposite side of the liiver, but connected by an iron and stone bridge. It became an iniport;.nt town under the Romans, who called it Uoto- magus, and durin;^ the first a^es of Christianity the faith was pro- mulgated here. In the year 912, Hollo was created Duke of Nor- mandy, and became the benefactor of the country he had so lone haraseed. Roman, Norman, German, English and French forces have taken and retaken this place, wliicli owing to its trade, is now one of the most important towns in France. The Cathedral of Notre Dame is a monument of Gothic Ardiitecture, containing many [fine sculptures. It is 100 feet wide, 450 feet long, and over 90 feet high. It is surmounted by two towers, the one called the " Tourde Beurre," on account of its having been erected with the money accumulated from the sale of indulgences for eating butter in Lent. The other tower called, " St. Romain," rests on the oldest part of the church. The Cathedral dates from the year 1200, the former one having been destroyed by fire. Jean Sans-Terre, Duke of Normandy and King of England, assigned funds for the restoration of the edifice. It is lighted by l30 windows ; the stained glass of which is very fine. Several historical personages are interred in this Church. Here lies Hollo, the first Duke, and founder of Normandy. Guillaume-Longue Ep^e, son of Rollo. The Duke of Bedford, the son, the brother and the uncle of kings, who was present at the burning of Joan of Arc. On the 30th July, 1838, being guided by tradition, an opening was made in the ground under the Cathedral, by ci tain inquisitive peo- ple, and the statue which formerly decorated the tomb of Richard 16 m 1 1 ii Coeur de Leon, was disc ivorcd. It is tbi iiicd f'rotn ii sini^lo block of Ptor.e. six fbet and a half loni:, und rcjirosiMits Richard in a locum- bent no.29, the maid led her sovereign to be crowned in the Cathedral of Rheiras. Her mission, she declared was now ac- complished, and she wished to retire into tibscurity. But her aid was too valuable to bo easily relinquished, and the king at length pre- vailed on her to remain with the crmy. Joan continued to display her wonted valour, till on the 25th of May, 1431, when she was taken prisoner by the Biirgundians, while she was heading a sally from Com- pidgne. Her captors sold her in the English, who cruelly burned her at Rouen, May 31st, 1431, on u charge of sorcery. T /t e Rhine Among European rivers the Rhine ranks first in regard to the var- iety and beauty of the scenery through which it flows, and also In respect to the historical associations and traditional memories connect- ed with its banks. It exceeds in length any other European river that flows directly into the Ocean, being little short of 800 miles. Its sources, three in number, are in the Canton of Grisons, Switzer- land, Between Mayence and Cologne, the banks are ornamented with flourishing towns and populous cities, castles and ruins, with which numerous legends are connected, and vineyards that produce the choicest wines. Mayence or Mainz is a city of great antiquity. Under Charle- magne and his successors, it became the first ecclesiastical city of the Roman empire, and was long the seat of a Sovereign Archbishop. Among the principal edifices of groat antiquity, is the Cathedral, a vast pile of red sandstone, begun in the tenth century ; the interior 18 ! ■ •bounds in nionuraenta. Maycnce is stronj^ly fortified. The town of Bingen does an extensive business in wine. Near the town, and op- posite the Castle of Ehrenfels, is a small square tower, immortaliaed by S^outhey as the retreat of Bishop Hatto, when he was driven from his castle by rats who followed him here, and gnawed the flesh from/ every limb. Immediately opposite Coblentz, and near the confluence of the Khine and Moselle, stands the Uastle of Ehrenbreitstein the Gibralter of the Rhine, capable af accommodating 100,000 men. It is nearly 400 feet above the level of the river, is defended by 40O cannon, and cost the Prussian government over $5,000,000. Nearly opposite llolandseck, are the celebrated Seven Mountains grouped to- gether, all of which are over one thousand feet high. The chief of the group is the renowned Drachcnfels, so called from its cave, in which the dragon was killed by the horned Siegfried. The summit i& crowned by an old castle, once the fortress and watch tower of the robbers of the Rhine. On one of the other summits was another castle, belonging to the Archbishop of Cologne. Byron gives a glow- ing description of this, the most enchanting portion of the lovely Rhine. Basle has always held an important place in the religious history of Switzerland, and its Protestant Cathedral and the adjoining Council Chamber where Pope Eugenius IV. was deposed in 1437 are interest- ing, and worthy of a visit. Standing upon the bridge, or on the bal- cony of the famous Hotel des Trois Rois, and looking down into the deep, broad stream as it rushes past, one gains an impressive sense of resistless Btrength and exhaustless fulness. In no other part of its course does the Rhine fill an ampler channel or roll with more impetu- oua rapidity. Well may Longfellow exclaim, " the pride of the German heart in this noble river I And right it is, for of all the rivers of this beautiful earth, there is none so bea..tiful as this. There is hardly a league of its whole course which boasts not of its peculiar oharms. But I will not attempt to describe the Rhine, it would make this chapter i'^o long ; and to do it well one should write like a king^ Tr_ai 19 and his language shoulc'. flow on royally with breaks and dashos like the waters of that royal river, and antique, quaint, and Gothic times be reflected in it." Co log n e . The City of Cologne, formerly one of the most flourishing in Ger- many, extends in the form of a crescent along the left bank of the Ehine. It owes its origin to a Roman Camp, established by Marcus Agrippa. Subsequently a Koman colony was founded there by the Emperor Claudius, to please his wife Agrippina, daughter of Germani- cus, and hence it was called Colonia Agrippina, afterwards abreviated to Cologne. This city has a population of 120,000, and is celebrated for a perfume sold at about forty different establishments, each claim- ing to be the veritable successor of Jean Marie Farina. The genuine Eau de Cologne may be obtained at No. 4 Julich Place. There is an English Church at Cologne, in the Tempelhaus, Chaplain, the Kev. Mr. Rabbetts, appointed by the S. P. G. As a good hotel adds to the comfort of the traveller, I recommend the Hotel Hollande. The chief glory of Cologne is its Cathedral or Munster of St. Peter, built of stone brought from the Mountain of Drachenfels. It was commenced in 1248, and is not yet finished. Its colossal proportions and magnificent architecture are calculated to inspire feelings of admiration. It is 511 feet long by 231 feet wide ; the height of the ridge of the roof is nearly 250 feet, and the towers of the west front when finished, will be over 500 feet high. This church contains the reliques of the Three Kings or Wise men who came from the East to Bethlehem to present their gifts to the infant Saviour. Magi, or Wise men, was a title in former times applied to men of learning, and possibly they derived their knowledge of the ap- V so proaoh of the Messiah troni tho words of Bulaani, " There Hhall come a btur out of Jueob, and a sceptre sltull arise out of Israel.'' The RomaD Church in the oflBco for Epiphany applies tho words of tho Psalmist ta the Magi, " The Kin»,'8 of Tharsis and the Islands shall make their ofiFerings, the Kings of the i.\rabians and of Saba shall bring their pre- sents," According to tradition, Caspar King of Tarsus oflFerod goM Melchior, King of Arabia, offered Incense, and Belthasyi", King '.? Saba, offered myrrh. It is said that when these kings returned from Bethlehem, they abdicated their authority, and in emulation of the humility of the Lord of all power and might, they distributed their possessions to the poor, were baptised by Ht. Thomas, went about preaching the doctrine of the Prince of Peace, and were martyred in the far east. Their remains were brought to Constantinople by the Empress Helena; and during the first Crusade were carried to Milan. When that city was taken, Frederick the first of the house of Hohen- staufen, presented these reliques to Ileinold, Archbishop of Cologne, who deposited them in his Cathedral. The skulls were oi'iamentud with gold crowns, adorned with diamonds and rubies. The chest which contained them was richly ornamented, but not being burglar proof, was robbed of part of its contents in 1794«. The Grand Chap- ter of the Cathedral having subsequently fled to Westphalia, took the shrine of the kings with them. In ISO-I- it was returned to Cologne, without the crowns, and in a dilapidated condition. Everything waa done to restore matters to their original state, and the skulls re-crowned with their names Caspar, Melchior and Belthasar in rubies, add to the interest of the Cathedral. I was present at high mass when the skulls were incensed, and afterwards admitted to the Chapel where they were kept. The valuables in th^ Chapel are estimated at six. million dollars. f; ! 31 Strasbou r g. The town of Strasbourg is in the Province of Alsace, nearly a mile distant I'rom the Rhino. It was a remarkable place in the time of the Romans ; and several military roads led from it to Milan, Treves and Leyden. The town was burnt by Attilu, but was repaired in the sixth century, when it was called Strateburgum. which means Castle near the road. It was considered Germany's bulwark ajrainst France, and although it was taken by L^'uis XIV, in 1G81, the in- habitants are still decidely German in manner and customs. It is one of the most strongly fortified places in l^^urope, and the gates are closed every evening at ten o'clock in summer and eight o'clock in winter. Of remarkable objects in Strasbourg, the Cathedral ranks first. The first Munster built by Clovis and enlarged by Charlemagne was destroyed by lightning in 1007, and the foundation of the pre- sent edifice was laid in 1015. The figures and ornaments of the portal were executed by the daughter of Erwin of Steinbach. The spire is the highest in the world, being 468 feot above the level of the Cathedral floor, and twenty-five feet higher than the pyramid of Cheops. The most curious object in this building is the clock. It contains a perpetual calendar, indicating the moveable feasts, a plani- tarium shewing the revolutions of the planets, the position of the constellations, the eclipses of sun and moon, the days of the week, and hours of the day, &c., &o. The machinery of the dock, also, sets in motion a number of statuettes, representing a tableau vivant. One of the genii gives the first stroke of each quarter. Infancy completes the first quarter, youth completes the second quarter, puberty complotes the third quarter, age completes the fourth quarter, and death strikes the hour, while the other genius turns the hour glass. At twelve o'clock, the twelve apostles pass be- fore the Saviour bowlne;, while he lifts his right baud to bless them, ■-M: 2i and a cock perched on a column flaps his wings and crows three times. This clnck is so famous that people have gone to Strasbourg solely for the purpose of seeing it. Since the union of Strasbourg with France, the Cathedral has been given to the Roman Catholics, and a new church constructed for the Lutherans. The Church of St. Thomas should be visited for the purpose of examining the monumeot of Marshal Saxe by Pigalle, erected by Louis XV. This church also contains two bodies in glass cases, said to be those of the Count of Nassau and his daughter, which have been preserved in their present Btate over 400 years. Strasbourg claims that Gutenburg discovered the art of printing there in 1436. The city is noted for the cele- brated Pdtis defois yras. The Hotel de la Ville de Paris, is one of the best on the Continent. Lausanne The Lake of Geneva is the largest in Switeerland, and in some re- spects the liiost beautiful. Lausanne stands finely upon the slope of Mont Jorat, at an elevation of about 450 feet abo\ "> clear and placid Leman, another name for this lovely sheet of water, and I shall long remember with pleasure, the delightful view I had of the lake in all its cheerful beauty vith the snow capt mountains in the distance, as I sat on the back f,allery of the HoLel Gibbon, on the bright and balmy afternoon of the 1st of November, 1868. Lausanne is the chief city of the Canton de Vaud, a Protestant Canton, whose thriv- ing homesteads, well kept farms, and smiling villages attest the indus- trious habits of the people. The Protestant Cathedral, founded about the year 1000, and consecrated in 1275, is a very fine building, the handsomest church in Switzerland, and from its terrace a noble view may be had of the lake and of the Alps of Savoy. A short distanoe 23 from the Cathedral stands the Castle. It dates back to the thirteenth century ; its construction is very massive. The bridge on the way from the Hotel Gibbon to the Cathedral spans the lower part of the city, and reminds one forcibly of Edinburgh. The English Clergy- man from Ouchy has a Church of England service in the old Church of St. Francois on Sundays in the afternoon. The Hotel Gibbon is named after the great historian, whose former garden is now attached to this hotel. In his autobiography Gibbon speaks of it in connexion with the conclusion of his great work, " The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." He says, " It was on the day, or rather night, of the 27th June, 1787, between the hours of eleven and twelve, that I wrote the last lines of the last page in a summer house in my garden, ikfter laying down my pen, I took several turns in a berceau, or cov- ered walk of acacias, which commands a prospect of the country, the lake, and the mountains. The air was temperate, the sky was serene, the silver orb of the moon was reflected from the waters, and all na- ture was silent. I will not dissemble the first emotions of joy on re- covery of my freedom, and perhaps the establishment of my fame. But n:y nride was soon humbled, and a, sober melancholy was spread over my mind by the idea that 1 had taken an everlasting leave of an old and agreeable companion, aad that whatsoever might be the future date of my history, the life of the historian must be short and pre- carious." Ouchy is the landing place for Lausanne, the Hotel Beaurivage, patronized by _mericans, is situated here. There is also an old tower, the remains of a Castle built in the thirteenth century to guard against the incursions of Pirates, and a small but pretty English Church in charge of the Rev. Mr Sisson. 24- Geneva '! 1 Althon}2;h the Capital of the smallest Canton of the Confederation, Geneva is the largest city in Switzerlsind, containing a population of 42,000 It lies at the foot of Lac Leman, and the Rhone flows through the city forming an island in its course. The Hotel de la (^ouroiine has one of the best cuisines in Kurope, and stands in a fine position near the Jardin Anglais, and opposite Pont Mont Blanc, which unites the city with the Faubourg St. Gervais, near the lie Jean Jacques Rousseau. The natives are celebrated for their indus- try, which is chiefly devoted to the making of watches ar ' aamental jewelry. Nearly 4000 persons are employed in the citj he manu- facture of watches, over 75,000 being made yearly. I can recom- mend the establishment of Le Grand Roi. The Swiss carving sold here is very fine. The English Church is a model, and the chaplain, the Rev. Mr. Dawton, is well likod. The Hotel de Ville, built in 1570, has an inclined plane for the Councillors to ascend to the upper story on horseback. The arsenal contains ancient and modern wea- pons, and the library was founded by Banivard the prisoner of Chil- lon. The junction of the Rii/ers Arve and Rhone ; the pass between le petit and le grand Saleve, leading to the Chateau de Monnetier belonging to the Duke of Savoy ; and the Cumpagne Diodati, in the village of Coligny, where Byron resided when he wrote Manfred and the third canto of Childe Harold, are each worthy of the attention of the tourist. But the chief attraction of Geneva is its Cathedral of St. Pierre, a pure Byzantine structure, finished in the eleventh cen- tury. It contains many reliques of the past, and although I do not much admire " La Liturgie de I'Eglise de Geneve," I felt it a privilege to be permitted to stand in the pulpit from which the great Calvin preached. His last sermon was delivered on the 6th of February, 1564. A violent fit of coughing cut short his discourse, and he wm wmmm ^, 25 supported out o? church. Three weeks later he repaired to the Council-chamber, leaning on two friends, and taking off his skull cap, spoke a few words to the aseembly, thankinj::; them for their kindness, and adding; his farewell ; " for I feel," said he, " that this is the last time I shall stand here." On the second of April, beinfi; Easter Sunday, he was carried to church, where he received the communion from the hands of Ikza, who tells liow, with a trembling voice, his dying friend joined the congregation in llis last hymn, " Lord, let thy servant depart in pe.iee.'' This was his last appearance in public. M a r s e i lie s Six hundred years bel'on! the Christian era, a party of Phoenician navigators penetrated to where Marseilles now stands. Charmed with the scenery, they rcturood to their native country, reported their discovery, and a colony of their enuntrymen fleeing from the verigeance of Cyrus, found there a refuge and a home. The friendship of the aborigines was conciliated bv marriage, their rude manners were Bof.ened by the refinement of their new friends, and the most musical of all the Greek dialects became the prevailing language of this part of Gaul. The city having embraced the cause of Cato, was rased to the ground by Cresar, and after the war of the Triumvirate reduced to a Roman Province by Augustus. Marseilles is situated on the Mediterranean, of which it is the chief seaport, and is defended by numerous islands. The harbour is a basin, ita entrance, which ad mils only one vessel at a time, is defended by two forls, and alfords accommodation for nearly 2,000 vessels. The streets in the old town are narrow and ill ventilated, but in the new town they are handsome and regular. The variety of dresses and languages which one sees -and hears here, are surprising, and on that account, this city has been ', rt I 36 called Europe in miniature. High above the port stands an ancienif edifice, whose blackened walls, battlemonts, and towers, strongly re- sembles a fortress of the middle ages. Thi.s building is all that re- mains of the once famous Abbey of Saint Victor, destroyed by the Vandals. Benaath this church are the Catacombs of Marseilles,, where in times of pursecution the priuiative Christians enjoyed the privilege of performing their religious services without fear of inter ruption, and where, when they had finished their course, they rested in peace. Tho Sacristan haviui^ supplied us with lights, led thewayr down the stone steps from the Church to these caves of the earth. As we wandered through the passages and chapels, many objects of interest were pointed out. At length our guide startled us by saying " Here Lazarus was buried !" Tradition says, when Lazarus died the second time, his remains were deposited in this cavern until they wore removed to Autun, about the ninth century. lu the adjoining subterraneous chapel of Saint Mary Magdalene, we were shewn the altar at which Lazarus oflBeiatcd. and the stone seat called his confes- sional. These Catacombs served as a retreat for the Magdalene before she retired to St. Baume. Whether Mary Magdalene and Mary the sister of Martha and Lazarus were the same is a question, Origea and Chrysostom taking one side, aud Clement and Gregory the other. I have a book printed in 1497, embellished with woodcuts. In this volume there is a representation of our Saviour sitting at table with Lazarus and Martha, while Mary is kneeling at his feet, underneath is the following text in Latin, *• Mary Magdalene hath chosen that good part which shall not be taken away (irom her." According to the legends of the Church of Rome, Mary Magdalene was the sister of Lazarus and Martha. Lazarus was a soldier, Martha a model of propriety, but Mary abandoned herself to pleasure and became no- torious as " the sinner." Her sister induced her to listen to the Sav- iour and she was converted, the seven devils which possessed her were the seven deadly sins. After the ascension of our Lord, Lazarus, Martha and Mary, with others, were by the heathen sent adrift in a 27 vessel, without sitils, oars or rudder, but guided by Providence they were saft^ly borne over the sea to the harbour of Marseilles. The people were pagans and refused to give them food or shelter ; but Mary converted the people, and alter a season, Lazarus became Bishop of Marseilles. I found an old almanac in that ancient city, contain- ing the succession of the Bit^hops of the Diocese, the first on the list being St. Lazarus the resuscitated. Martha has shared in the vener- ation pj'id to her sister, she strove to lead the people of Aix in the right way, and was the first to found a Nunnery. As Mary Magda- lene is the patroness of repentant frailty, so Martha is the especial patroness of female discretion. The Grand Hotel de Marseilles, is very comfortable, the table is good, and the attendants obliging, It is well situated, having a view •of the celebnned Alices of Mulhani, the Port, and Canebiere, The Ohurch of Notre Dame de la Garde, commanding a most beautiful prospect, the public garden, the new zoological gardens, and the muse. um, are well worthy of the travellers notice. H y e res The town of Hyeres is the warmest, and most sheltered of the winter stations, in the south of France. Population 10.360. Best hotel, that of Des lies d'Or. Chaplain to the J} nglish Church, the Rev. Mr, Brookes. La Place des Palmiers commands a uelightful view. The ruined walls and towers of the Castle of Hyeres, AREARVM CASTRVM, stand on a hill above the town. It is probable that this Roman fortress dates as far back as the sixth cent- ury. The Hotel de Ville was formerly the chapel of the Knight Templars; after their suppression in 1307, the Knights of St. John ■>of Jerusalem were put in possession, and sold it to the town in 1673. 2S The environs of Hycres abound in vineyards and olive gardens. Oil and wine arc staple nrticlos of coinmorce, and "Olio e Vino," in large letters adorn tlie shop fronts. Tliis forcibly reminds one of the good Samaritan, who poured oil and wine into the wounds of the man that fell among thieves. Who can walk tlinmgh the.'^e pleasant vineyards without thinking of our blessed Lord, when he said, " I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman." And again, " I am the vine, ye are the branches." Olive gardens are particularly to be remembered. Our Saviour ol'ten went to a garden of olives and prayed witli his disciples. It was in a garden of olives that he suffered such agony for us, and it was iVom a Mount of Olives that he triumphantly a.sccnded to heaven. The primitive threshing-floors in the neighboring fields, carry oi-e back in iinningination to the time when Araunah the Jebusite offered King David a free gift of his threshing-floor for the erection of an altar, with wood and oxen sufficient for sacrifice. The town of Pomponia, built on the borders of the Mediterranean, was the seaport of, and is distant from IJyeres, about two miles. It was founded in the first century, figured in all the letters of the Medi- terranean Itinerary, was made a grand station for the Roman Galleys by Antoninus, and is supposed to have been destroyed by an earth- quake in the fifth century. While rambling among the picturesque jruins of this once celebrated place, I found a few fragments of Koman pottery. Some pieces are plain, and others are embellished with repre- sentations of various objects. These things, insignificant in themselves^, I highly prize, because I had the pleasure of finding them among the ruins of this ancient lloman station. 29 Nice. — 0- The anoicut city of Nico occupied the ground of tlie present citiulel, it was .so natiiod in conseciucnce oT u victory gained by the Masalii over the l^igurians, B.C. 371. It is beautii'uUy tlfuated on the Mediterranean, protected I'roin the chilling winds of tlie north by the Maritime Alps, and has boldnued alternately to It,il\ and France; since its last annexation to tin- latter, its improveuicnt has been rapid. The house where Garibaldi was liorn stands near the harbour. I was politely received by its present occupant. The English Church is situated in the Quartier dc la Croi.' do Marbre, tlie Kev. Mr. Jhilders is Chaplain, and the churchyard has become a place of deep interest, on account of the numerous records scattered over it of tho'^e who came to Nice in searcli of health, but instead thereof, iound a grave. This quartier is so named from a marble cross erected in l.'i38, to commemorate the visit of Pope Paul the third, who came to reconcile King Francis the flrst of Frai.ce with the Emperor Charles the fifth of Germany. The villas in the vicinity are surrounded by beautiful gardens, containing grape vines, olive, orange, fig and palm trees. The climate is variable, but the temperature even in December is seldom below freezing point at midnight, while during the day the sun is often inconveniently" warm. The Niccne dialect possesses much interest, on account of its being that of the Troubadours. The Grand Hotel contains 500 rooms, and is a cipital hostelry. The Promenade des Anglais, along the sea side, is the fashionable walli and drive ; but one of the pleasantest walks is in another direction. Climbing the hill of Carabacel, near the base of which stands an English Chapel of ease, a pleasant road passing through the ruins of a Roman Amphitheatre, leads to the modern Cimea, the ancient Civitas Cemeliensis, a place of importance under the Romans. The Convent of the Cimea occupies a delightful position on the brow of I 30 the hill. It formerly belonj;;oil to the Benedictine Monks, who gave it to the Franciscan or Reoollet fathers. The church is built ou the ruins of the Temple of l)i:in;i. An inscription on the porch mentions among other matters, that ('imea was the civil and religious metropolis of the Alps Maritime, and had for apostle Barnabas. Saint Barna- bas was at first called Joses ; his fellow disciples added the name of Barnab;is, which Saint Luke int»^rprets " the Son of Consolation." The first mention we have of Barnab;us in the Holy Scriptures, is the record of that great service he did the church, by laying the whole price of his patrimony in Cyprus at the Apostle's feet. After his separation from St. Paul, the wacred writings give us no account of him, but tradition says that he preached the Gospel in Asia Minor, Greece and Italy, and was the first Bishop of Milan. After long and painful travels, attended with more or less success, he returned to his native country, when he suflFered martyrdom. His body was privately interred in a cave, where it was discovered in the year 48o, with the Gospel of St. Matthew lying on his breast. The priest informed me that St. Barnabas had been a missionary at the Cimea, but never Bishop of the Diocese, Milan. i ! The ancients Mediolanum, the modern Milan, was founded by the Gauls whilst Rome was in its infancy. In the reign of Tarquinius Prisous, or that of his successor Ancus Martins, it had gradually risen to be a city of some importance, and in the year B.C. 221, it was possessed of sufficient strength to withstand a Roman army, and re- quired the united efforts of two Consuls, M. Marcellus and C. Cor- nelius Scipio, to effect its capture. It is situated in a fertile and 31 richly cultivated plain, between the Olono and Lumbra, and is con- nected with these rivers by Canals. Population 178,000. The Brera Palace has a noble collection of paintings, but the great attrac- tion in that department is the refectory of the Church of Santa Maria dclla Gnizia, on the wall of which is the inagnificoiit Cenaeola or Last .Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci ; it is thirty feet in length by fifteen in height. The Cathedral of Milan excels St. Peter's at Rome in the numbers and excellence of its sculptures. It is entirely built of white marble and the roof is supported by IHO columns. The building is 493 feet by 177, and the figure on the highest spire is 380 feet from ue pavement. The numerous spires and statues, some 4f,(>y)0, can be best appreciated by ascending to the roof. In theyear 374, the great old church at Milan was the scene of an up- roar. It was the election of a Bishop to succeed Auxcn tins, j ust deceased. Ambrose the Governor of Liguria and iEmilia, of which Milan was the capital, entered the church to restore quiet. Silence being re- stored, a child cried out '' Ambrose Bishop." Taking this for a divine omen, the crowd responded " Let Ambrose be Bishop,'' and his election was carried by acclamation. Saint Ambrose proved him- self worthy of the Episcopal dignity. His firmness was nobly dis- played in refusing to allow the Emperor Theodosius to enter the church, till he had, as far as possible, atoned for the massacre at Thessalonica. The " Te Deum Laudamus " is a lasting monument to his memory. It is called the song of St, Ambrose, was composed when St. Augustine was baptised by him, and sung by them both. St. Augustine of Hippo, while yet a heathen, was attracted to the ohurc. by his eloquence. The account of some who had renounced the world, brought on a crisis, he rushed into the garden, he struggled to be free. H is agony found vent in tears, he fell on his knees and cried " How long ? how long ? To-morrow and to-morrow I Why not now ? Why is there not this hour an end to my uncleanness ?" A child's voice is heard from a neighbouring house crying " Telle lege, toUe lege." (Take and read, take and read.) Going within he tookup St. Paul's Kpistles, jitid read '' Not in ri()tiii<^ and drunken- ness, not in chamberini; and waiitoimoss, not in strife and envying, but put ye im.thc Lord .Icsus Christ iind make no provi.sioii for tho flosli." ' The words met his case, lie was bajdised in the Cathedral. Pisa -0- The most plausable conjecturo rolativo to the origin of Pisa, is, that a colony of Pisicns, from the Pelopenesus, who ivcre shipwrecked on the coast of Etruria after the fall of Troy, founded Pisa, and gave it their own name. The city walls are five miles in circumference, and the present population is estimated at 50,000. The situation of the Cathedral, Baptistry, Leaning Towor, and Cauipo Santo, renders these majestic edifices particularly striking and beautiful. The Arno •'iraverses the city in the form of a croseat, and divides it nearly into two equal parts. The Duomo or Catliodral, a Greco- Araba-Pisana structure, in the shape of a Latin cross, built in the eleventh century, is remarkable for the variety and richness of its marbles. The high altar is magnificently decorated with 1: pis lazuli, &c. In the nave is suspended the large bronze lamp, tho swinging of which first suggested to Gallileo the theory of the pendulum ; he was then but eighteen ycTs old. The Baptistry is an immense building, it has a pulpit of exquisite workmanship, and is remarkable for its echo. . The Campo Santo is a cemetery, from which almost every other place of interment in Italy derives its name. The walls are covered with frescoes representing Scriptural subjects. The earth in this cemetery was brought from Jerusalem in fifty galleys in the year A.D. 1228. The Campanile, or Leaning Tower, is very extraordinary, on ac- ■«MB ' ■ ' I . " iwi i M egi 88 count of ltd iiieliiiatioii from the peipeti(lictil!ii'. It is 190 feet in height, consistiiitj; otfij;ht stories, with outside galleries The ascent is uuide by 29;') step-*, and its iiiclinatidu is about 15 feet. y e }ii c e . Like Venus, Venice arose from the sea, but upon foundations that have stood for ci'tituries, and the arcliitecturul richness of lier palaces and churchos. hive sorved as modols to an admiring world. Although the Gondolier and his barge is still there, he sings not as of yore; all is still, no rattling sound, no busy hum is lieard. Land vehicles are not used, and many of the people have never seen a living horse. It is a city unlike all others, the prison adjoins the palace ; where, so re- cently as the fifteenth century, tyrants could give the word and slaves could execute. Venice, with its population of 130,000, is situated on seventy-two islands. It was in the fourth i entury when Atilla, King of the Huns, ravaged the north of Italy, that many of the inhabitants abandoned their country, and retired to the islands of the Adriatic Sea. As these islands are near each other, thj inhabitants united together, and thus the superb City of Venice hud its beginning. Most of the houses have a door opening upon a canal, of which there are 147, and another communicating with a narrow street There are 306 bridges, the finest being the Rialto, and a person may walk to nearly every part of the city, if he prefers doing so, to the luxuiy of gliding along in a gondola. This boat is the carriage of Venice. If you want to go to church, to the theatre, or to a restaurant, call a gondola ; for a description of this barge consult Beppo, The Victoria Hotel is situated in the most central part of the city , it is luxuriously furnished and well kept. Of objects of interest, I 34. would mention tlio AnrK(Uarian Palacos of (jritti-vSwif't and Contarini- IJerclitold. 'I'lio visitor iiiiiy Buuiitor tlirou<;h tlio rooms of theae cl(!j^untly fiuiii^liod jiiilaccs, and should lie boo anytliinj^ lie would like to liavi', eitluir in the way of furniture or workn of art, ho has the privilciic of piirchasiiij; it. The Acadoiuia dolli Bollc Arti, the Ducal Palace, and the Catluidial of St. Mark are tht; ;;reatest attractions, but there arc iiumorous other buildinj;.s well worthy of a visit. The Cathedral was an object of special regard to the Do;^es, who devoted themselves to its pro^rress and adornment. The building exhibits a mixture of classical and 01 iental architecture. The exterior may be described as a multitude of pillars and domes, clustered into a pyra- mid of various colours, hollowed out beneath into porches, ceiled with- uiosaic and surrounded with sculpture, and above these another range of glitterinji pinnacles, amidst which the historical bronze horses are visablc. Behind tlie hijih altar stand four columns of oriental ala- baster, brouj^ht from the ruins of Solomon's Temple, and under it rest the mortal remains of St. Mark. I copied the following in.scrip- tion from his tomb : " COKPVS DIVI MAllCI EVANGELIST^E." Saint Mark was converted by St. Peter, who styled him " Marcus my son." With him ho converted the people on the shores of the Adri- atic, and went to Rome ; while there St. Mark wrote his Gospel for the Roman converts. Afterwards he preached the gospel in Egypt, and founded the Church in Alexandria. But the idolaters tumultu- ously entered th(; church, forced the holy bishop then performing Divine service from thence, and dragged him to prison. During the night his beloved Master appeared unto him, and saluted him with these words, " Peace be unto thee Mark, my Evangelist," The next morning they dragged him about again until he expired. About the year 815, some Venetian Merchants trading to Alexandria carried off his reliques, and on their arrival in Venice the whole city was trans- ported with joy. The remains were received by the Senate with the same words with which his Master had saluted the Saint in prison 6 id were conducted with hymns and incense to the Ducal Chapel, z^mri 35 and subsequently (leposifcfl wlicrc the stately cliurcli which hears his name was built over them, and Mark becune the l*atnin Saint. Tn this Church may be seen the whole history of 8t. Mark, i>i a series of Mosaics, and over the portico are represented in like material, the carryinj^ off the reli(jues from Alexandria, tiieir arrival in Venice, and the grand religiouH ceremonies which took place on their arrival. Shakespeare, the glory of the British Drama, has immortalised this city. My valet, Antonio, pointed out the houses of Shylock, Othello and Desdemona, edifices, which as long as they .«tand, will be objects of deep interest to the admireis of the Swan of Avon. The Piazzo San Marco, 600 feet by iiOO, is the only open space of any magnitude, and with the piazzetta leading to it, forms the state entrance to Venice from the sea. On one .side is the palace of the Doges, on the other the mint and library of St. Mark. Two granite columns, one bearing the statue of St. Theodore, and the other crowned with the winged lion of St. Mark, stand on the fourth side of the piazzetta. The Cathedral of St. Mark, the Orologia and Campanile stand on the op- posite end, Tlie three poles in front of the Cathedral formerly dis- played the flags of Morei, Crete and Cyprus. Florence. The Etru?can Athens, for Florence '' La Bella," is so designated by Byron, lies in a deep vale encircled by the Apennines, from whose barren summits, the astronomer, Galileo, discovered the motion of the earth. The rich valley that environs this fair city, spread.s its green mantle beneath the clustering vine and olive, amidst which the gentle Arno winds its glittering course. Population 130,- 000, It was colonised by the choicest part of Ccesar's army, about €0 years B,C. The Hotel de I'J^Iurope, on the Piazza Santa Trinita, 36 18 an old eslablislied and excellent hostelry. The Cathedial of Fanta Maria del Fiore, is 501 feet long by 129 feet wide. The cupulo is 138 feet in diameter, being the largest in the world. The height of the building to the i^uiiaiiit of the cross is 388 feet. It is pavod with marble, and the glass is perfection, 'jihe Campanile is 275 feet high. 'J'he Baptistry (if San Giovaiii, is built of black and white marble taken from Ihe temjile of Mars. It is supposed to have been erected in the seventh century. Its doors, Michael Angdo declarea worthy of being the gates oi" Pai:idi,-e. The Chapel of the .Aiedici, adjoining the Church of San ijoix'tno, contains some magnificent mosaics, and is the t^'i'ist edifice in the city. It was commenced in lt)04, and was originally intended to hold the Holy Sepulchre, which Ferdinand the first intended removing from Jerusalem. The Church of Santa Maria Novollo, was commenced in 1256. Michael Angelo called it his betrothed. The monks of Santa Maria Novello make excellent cordials, perfumes and pomades. The Church of Santa Croce, belong- ing to the Black Friars, is called the Westminster Abbey of Florence. It contains monuments erected to Michael Angelo, Dante, Galileo, Alfiero, and other celebrated Italians. Byron alludes to Santa Croce's holy precincts. The pulpit, composed of red and white marble, is a work of great excellence. The studio of Powers, the sculptor of the Greek Slave, has many attractions. The square opposite tlie Palazzo Vecchio is adorned with fine sculpture, and tho Loggia contains the Perseus, by Benrenuto Cellini, and the Rape of the Sabines, by Giovanni di Bologna. Adjoining which is the Uffize, the Arcade, of which also contains some beautiful figures, and the Picture Gallery up stairs connects with tlie Gallery of the Pitti Palace on the other side of the river. The little Church of Oguisanti contains the tomb of " Amerigo Vespucii/' His name is his sole epitaph. He was born in Florence in 1451. Stimulated by the honor which Christo- pher Columbus had acquired. Vespucius made several voyages, and explored a considerable extent of the South .Xmerlcan coast, and died in 1516. By an act of flagrant injustice to Columbus, whose magni- 37 ficent nioiiunient lished by the excava- tions of Tompeii. \\ hile in Rome our admiration is excited by the ruined palace and shattered temple, in Pompeii our interest is stimu- lated by admission to the domestic privicy of a people who lived about eighteen hundred years ago. You enter a street carefully paved and well worn. The carriage way still exhibits ruts made by the chariots, and the side walks are protected by curbstones, in which fre(|[uently occur holes for fastening the horses. Some of the crossings, like those in Baltimore, are composed of stepping stones, several inches high, at equal distances from each other. The houses generally extend iu unbroken lines. You turn to the right and to the left, and wander from street to street. The temples, the theatres, the fountains, the forum, the gates, the walls, all co.nbined together give us a just con- ception of a Roman town of the first century. Tlie house of Sallust derived its name from the inscription " C. Sallust, M.F.," which was painted on the outer wall. This was one of the largest mansions in the city, occupying a surface of forty square yards. The villa of Diomedes is a very interesting specimen of a suburban villa, and one of the most extensive private residences which have been discovered 39 On the opposite si(3c of tlie roiul is the tomb of M. Arius Dioniedes, from which circuuistance tlio villa received its name. Near the par- den gate of the villa was found the skeletons of tlie owner and his attendant, one holding in his hand the keys of the vilU, the other carrying a purse which contained one hundred gold and silver coins of Nero, Vitellius, Vespnsian and Titus. The Forutu is by far the most spacious and imposing spot in Pompeii, but there are many other ob- jects of interest in the city, that will repay the traveller in Italy to visit and become familiar with. Nap I e s . The picturesque beauty of Naples is unsurpassed ; it is built in th form of a vast amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to its unrivalled bay. This bay is nearly thirty miles in diameter, and was originally called Crater Sinus. It is sheltered on the right by the promontary of Miseno, and on the left by that of Sorrento, while the lofty island of Capri, rises in the centre. With the exception of the noble Bay of Dublin, I know not one that can approach it in beauty of scenery. The city it is said was founded by an Argonaut, thirteen hundred years before the Christian era ; and afterwards peopled and enriched by Greek colonies from Rhodes, Athens and Chalcis. It was called Parthenope, from its being the burying place of one of the Sirens of that name. It was to all intents and purposes a Greek city, and on that account, according to Tacitus, selected by Nero to make his debut on the stage. Naples is nine miles in circumference, and its population of 500,- 000, exhibit the opposite marks of extravagant magnificence and ex- treme poverty. It has 300 churches. Tlie Gesu Nuovo is remark- 40 ablo as boini; of the s.uno style of arcliitecture as St. Peters at Rome. The Kiiu'liftili Church in the Sfra^l-i San Pasquiile, called Christ Church, is an eoclesiasticiil <,'eni, and w.is built on ground presented to the English residents by Garibaldi, wlien Dictator, the Rev, Peiham Maitlanl is ciinpliin. 'J'lic Chiaj i comprehends a public garden, called the Villa Heale. and is considerably more than half a mile in length, extending to the margin of the bay. This garden is orna- mented with luxuriant trees, shrubs, flowers and statuary. The Musee Niizionale, besides a picture gallery, possesses the fresco paint- ings, mosaics, gold and silver o/naments, ctruscan vases, and statues discovered at lit'rculaneuin and Pompeii. Among the mosaics from the latter place, 1 observed the f imous one removv ' from the vestibule of the house of the Tragic Poet. It i.^ a large fierce dog preparing to spring upon the visitor. Beneath is an inscription frequently placed at the entrance of Konian hous(;s, C.Wli] CANE M. (Beware of the dog.) 'J'he Hotel Russie is central and well kept. It fronts on the bi«y. The Caleehe is still used, but is chiefly patronised by the lower classes, who crowd in and hang around it like a swarm of bees, one poor horse carries his customary load of ten or fifteen indi- viduals, without attracting particular attention. In going from Napier, to Pozzuoli, the ancient Puteoli, it is usual to drive through the Grotto of Pasilippo. Senica, Pliny and others mention this subter- raneous road, but l>y whom it was built is unknown. The length of the Grotto is 231 '> feet, its breadth 22, and its height in the most lofty part is 89 feet, all English measure. In the centre of the grotto are two large funnels cut through the roof to admit light and air ; and suspended over the road are lamps, always kept burning. After emerging from this singular cavern, the road to Pozzuoli passes the island of Nisida, formerly Nesio, where Marcus Brutus had a villa. Pozzuoli, called by the Romans, Puteoli, from the puter or smell of the sulphurous springs which it contains, is a maratime town of Cam- pania, about ten miles distant from Naples. It was much frequented by the Romans, on account of its mineral waters and hot baths. It 41 is now rtn ii oonsidcrable town of Italy, of wliich it was formerly the great cuuiniercial emporium Du' ing the second Punic War, the Cofijir r.bius was ordered to fortify and garrison this town, ond it was subsequently attacked by Hannibal without success. It espoused the cause of Vespasian with such zeal it was called Colonia Flavia. The temple dedicated to the sun, under tlic name of Jupiter Serapis, is an interesting monument of anti(juity, erected during the sixth century of Koine. It is quite different in aichitecture to the temples of Greece and Kome, and judging from the ruins, must have been a magnificent edifice. It contains a spring of boiling water. The Embassy from Carthage, which was sent to sue for peace at the termination of the second Punic War, disembarked here, and proceeded by land to Home, as did the Apostle Paul and his party two hundred and fifty years afterwards, when lie terminated his eventful voyage after his shipwreck. He, with ]juke, Trophimus and Aristarchus, having sailed from Melita, in a ship of Alexandria, whose sign was Castor and Pollox, stayed three days at Syracuse, one day at Khogium and then the wind being favorable, came to Puteoli, where they found Christians and stayed a week. The place in the bay where the Apostle k.ided, near the ruins of the temple of Augusta, is still shewn. When the Castor and Pollox entered the bay, Vesuvius was a beautiful mountain^ overshajed with vegetation, and Herculaneum and Pompeii, where Drusilla perished, were busy cities, whose in- habitants little dreamt of their fate. Rome. The City of Rome was founded 753 years before Christ, by Romu- lus, twin brother of Remus, sons of the Vestal Virgin Rhea Silvia. The population of the city in its most flourishing days was one mil- lion two hundred thousand, but at present it does not contain more 42 than two huiulrcl tlious.iiul. It is situated on tlie banks of thn Tiber. The chief buiMinus in the ?iualler division are the t'astle of San Angolo, ill wliicli the I'^miHTor Hadrian is buried, the Palace of the Vatican, where I hud tlie hiMior of an interview with His Holiness Pope Pius the Ninth, and the Basilica of St. Peter, erroneously called the Cathedral. The iaij^er division, on the other side of tlie river, contains the ancient Campus .Martius, now built upon, and the seven hills, upon which stood the IJrhs Uouia of Antifjuity. Apart from religiou.-i uttraetidiis, Home can only be appreciated by the educated. V\ ithout classical and historical associations, the ruins of this ancient city, with few exceptions, arc uias.scs of unmeaning rubbish. Nay more, even the Pantheon, most perfect specimen of ancient Rome, the noble Coliseum, the Forum, the Arch of Titus, the Column of Trajan, the Mausoleum of Augustus, the Temple of Vesta, the Claudian Aquiduct, the Batlis of Caracalla, the Tomb of the Scipios, the Palace of the Cicsars, aud the Pyramid of Caius Cestius, are to many objects void of interest. The Knglish and x\merican Episcopal Churches are built next to each other, without the Porto del Popolo, because the Roman authorities would not permit their erection within the walls. The Rev, Messrs. Crowder and Lyman are the Chaplains. I had the privilege of attending Divine service, aud of hearing the Gospel preached in both churches. At a meeting of the Anglo-Con- tinental Society in London, the Right Pievereud Bishop Coxc of Western New York, who had recently been in Rome said, " On Ad- vent Sunday there was great pomp there," [at St. Peters], " a re- hearsal some called it, I did not sea it, but 0, 1 took so much comfort in going without the gate and bearing Christ's reproach. In the little ' chapel of our American church which stands side by side with the chapel of the Church of England without the gate, I found juy re- source in celebrating the blessed Supper of Our Lord, and administer- ing in both kinds, feeling that if St. Paul could cotue back to Rome he would recognise my work and not theirs. 0, what a blessed privi- lege to feel that in that little upper chamber we had the primitive faith, 43 the primitive \V(»rsliip,wliicli GuJ inii:lit in His iiRTcy resloro to tlio proud doiuc which never has been halhtwi'd by tlic rites ol' a pure catholicity.'' Rome has been favored with the presence of numerous ."Saints. Of these Saint Peter and Saint I'aul as Apostles take tlie lirst rank. They together represented the early Christian Cluircli, Saint Peter was the Apostle to the Jews, and Saint Paul was the Apostle to the Gentiles. It has been doubted that Saint Peter ever was in Home, but Gieseler, Pierson, and Dodswell, consider tliat tlie, historical evidence in favor of his having bctn there is conclusive but he was in Britain beibre he went to Rome. That Saint Paul Wiis in Home is verified by Scripture. The week's sojourn at Puteoli Ijeing ended, ^t. Paul witli liis party went " toward Rome."* The Ciiri^tians came out to meet him, soii.e a.s far as the Appii Fcirum, Ht'ty-one miles distant, and others to the Tribus Tabernis, about thirty miles fiom the capital. Shoitly alter his ar- rival in Rome, St. Paul sent ior the chief .lews, and related to them the cause of his euniini:. Here he dwelt for two years in a house hired for his own use, luboring diligently for the good of the church. The Christians at I'hilippi raised a contribution for St. Paul, aud sent it to Rome by their Bishop Epaphroditus. Saint Paul having been liberated, proceeded to Spain, Britain, Sicily, Greece, and Crete, and then returned to Pwome. Upon St. Paul's return to Rome, he met with Saint Peter on the Ostiau Way, a small chapel with the busts of these Apostles sculptured above the door, marks the place of meet- ing. The little Chureli of l^omine quo Vadis, stands on the magni- ficent Appian Way. This road was constructed in the Augustan age, by Appius Claudius, and over its pavement the victorious legions inarched in triumph to the capital. The following beautiful tradition is connected with this church. After the burning of Rome, Nero threw upon the Christians the accusation of having fired the city. This was the origin of the first persecution, in which many perished by terrible and liithcrto unheard of deaths. The Christian converts besought Peter not to expose his life, which was dear and necessary to the well-being of all ; and at length he consented to depart from 44 Bonie. Bui as lie flod alnnf:; the Appian Way, about two miles from tlie jiatos, ho was met \y a vi.-ion of our Faviour travtli;>'^ 'nwards tLe city. Struck with ainazciucnt., he exclaimed, "Lord! wlii.her goest thou?" to which the '^^aviour, looking upon him with u mild sadness replied, " I go to Ki nie to be crucifled a second time," and vanished. I'clcr, taking this for a sign that he was to f-^ubmit himself to the suffiriiigs prepared J'or him, immediately turned back, and re- entered tiie city. A plaster cast of Michael Angelo's famous statue, supposed to represi nt Christ as he appeared to Peter on this occasion, is in the little church of " Domine, quo vadis," erected on the spot sanctified by the mysterious meeting. Upon his return t .» Rome, Saint Peter persisted in his appointed work, and with St. Paul was thrown into the Marmatine Prison. The antiquities of Home refer for the most part to the times of the empire, of the kingly period few remains can be found, and of these few, the prison of the Holy Apostles is the most interesting, The Warmatine Prison was built in an ancient quarry at the eastern sile of the Forum. It was begun by Ancus Martins, fourth King of Home, who died B.C. 616, from whom it derives its name, and was enlarged by Servius Tullius, sixth King of Kome. Formerly there were no stairs into it, and the prisoners were let down from an opening above. These dungeons are under the Capitoline Hill, and are en- tered from the Church of St. .Toseph. I have strolled through the interesting galleries of tlie Louvre, climbed Pisa's leaning Tower, wandered over the battlefield of Waterloo, sailed on the dark waters of the beautiful Rhine, glided over the placid surface of Lac Leman, overcome Mont Cenis' frozen summit, stood in Venice on the Bridge of Sighs, roamed through the elegant apartments of the Pitti Palace, gazed from the top of the Tarpeian Rock, trod the exhumed streets of Pompeii, visited the underground chambers of Herculaneum, and yet, in none of these places was I moved by sensations such as those experienced while standing near the stone pillar, to which St. Paul was chained in the Marmatine Prison. The two Centurions that 45 gunrdod Pt. Peter and Ft. J'aiil, l*rocessuP find jMiirtinian. iis well as many of flie prisoners were converted, and tlicrc bcinir no wntor to baptise ihem, at the prayers of ^t. Peter a fountijin spranj.' \ip from the Ptone floor, wliich may still be seen. Nero *iaving resolved that the apostles should be executed, Saint Peter was cruciti(>d and V.uried in the Vatican, but Saint Paul was nllowed the privile<:o of a Mouian citizen, and was beheaded ; he was buried in tlie Ostijin Way. The Basilica Valicana, or Cliurch of St. Peter. altliou;:h not the Cathedral, is the most niajj;nificent Christian Temple in the world. It occupies the place where Nero's Circus stood, a spot memnnible for the sufferings of the Christian Martyrs. So early as tlic yt'ar ninety, Anacletus, Bishop of lionu", built an Oratory where the Uasilica now stands, to commemorate the martyrs. Constantine the Great erected a Basilica on the same place. But the old structure was pulled down and in 1.^)08, the foundation stone of the present churcli was laid, and the building was completed in 1794, at a cost of more than twelve millions sterling. St. Peter's is approached by a street leading from the Pons itilius, which spans the 1'iber at the Castle of San Angelo. On entering the court tliera are two colonnades sweeping off" to the right and to the left in a semi circle. In the centre of the court Btands an Egyptian Obelisk, and on each side of it there is a fountain. Covered galleries connect tlie colonnades with the vestibule of the church, which is approached by three successive flights of steps. The facade contains five doors, and is ornamented with Pillars and Pilasters, an Attic, a Balustrade, and Statues, towering above all rises the match- less Dome, modelled after the cupola of the Cathedral at Florence, by Michael Angelo. Among the beauties of the interior are the piers, arches, and pavement, the high altar and its canopy, the tribune, and the chair of St. Peter. Beneath the high altar are the remains of the old Basilica of Constantine the Great, containing the tomb of St, Peter. The interior of the church is GI3 feet long, and the transeptg are 446J feet in length ; the nave is 152^ feet high, and the dome from the pavement to the top of the cross is i^S feet in height. The •10 ppi'Cfator wlieri stMiKliii^' in tho centre of ilio cliurcli, contemplates the four snpoil) vistas that open around hin), and the noble dome resting on its colossal piers, extiMidinj; like a tirniamcnt at a vast elevation, with fi'eliiips ot' adniiritif)n and astonishment. But the most costly of iiasiliciis is that ni' S|. j'.iul on tin' Oslian Way, about two miles without the gate. It was cnminonecd by Valentinian the second and Theodosius in 388, on the uround whore the one built by Const mtine the Great had |)r('viousiy stood. It w is .ifter its destruction rebuilt on the plan of the original edifice, and finished about ISoO. It is one of thi^ most gorgeous religious monuments in existence. Nothing can be more beautiful than this structure, with its magiiilicent nave and aisles, its roof so exquisitely carved, and its eighty granite columns. In the cent re of the tribune, which is very elegant, st.iuds a richly decorated episcopal chair, ;uid on either side a column, paved from the ruins of tlie ancient buil iing. The high altar stands unler a splendid canopy supported by four alabaster col- umns, and underneath the altar are the remains of St. l*;ml. Over his shrine are his owu words, " For me to live is Christ, and to die is gain." Tlie iuscription, as a uiatter of course, is in Latin. Ho, who when living, was beaten, stoned, shipwrecked, wearied, pained, hungry, thirsty, cold, naked and imprisoned, is honored with a masol- cum as far superior to that of any earthly monarch, as he surpassed his fellow apostles in zeal, who gloried in nothing save the cross of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Of all the religious antiquities of Rome, there is none more venerated than the Scala Santa> in a building near the Cathedral of Saint John Lateran. These stairs are composed of twenty -eight steps of marble, brought from Jerusalem by St. Helena, and affirmed to be the identical stairs by which Christ ascended to the Judgment Scat of Pilate. Devotees ascand these stairs on their knees, and from the number of penitents who claimed to perform this meritorious labor, it became necessary to cover the steps with wood, and this protection has been thrice renewed. 47 The \'atic.iii rahicc is s\ippnscd l>y some writer-* tn Imve been erect- ed by Nero, and afterwards be.»t()\ved, by Cniistanline, upon tlie lUnn' an I'oiitiff?*. It stands near St. Peters, eontains -1.4*22 cluinibers, and is the winter residence of the I'ope. TMc GalKry of f^ciilpture is unefjualled, and the I'ieture Gallery contains the Trai>li<;urati(iii by Rapliial and otlier precious paii!tin;;s. The Library coinprists up- wards of 80 000 printed books, and 0') 000 nianuscripts. To the library are some uia^Miificent vases, and luy attention was directed to a very old painting of the Tran.-(i|j;uration eloM-ly roeniblint: one in my possession. The Lapidarian gallery contains a valuable collection of ancient inscriptions. One side of the long corridor is lined with more than 3,000 sepulchral stcjnes, removed froni the (Jatacombs, and the opposite side of the same ball is covered with monumental ins(!rip- tions of pagan Rome, gathered from the ruins of the surrounding city. The Quirinal Palace is the summer residence of tlie Pope, and con- tains Bome tine paintings. The Capitol, the modern Campidolio, is founded on tlie ancient Capitoliuni, the citadel of Home, of which the wall towards the Forum still remains in tolerable condition. The cele- brated statue of Marcus Aurelius, standing in the square opposite the Capitol, is the only antique bronze equestiian statue extant. The bronze group of the wolf nursing llomulus and Remus, stands in the Palace of the Conservators. This statue is the oldest Roman work of art, and is said to have been struck with lightning when Ctcsar fell. The Tarpeian Rock, from which criminals were thrown down, is much dimini)^ ed in height by the accumulation of rubbish beneath. The Fountain of Trevi is supplied by water brought to Rome by Agrippa for the use of bis baths. It is deemed the best water in Kome, and the fountain is decorated with statues and bassi-relievi. The Catacombs of St. Sebastian are considered by antiquarians as having been those first occupied by the Ohristians, and a portion of these, therefore, is kept open to gratify the curious. The Pantheon is in nearly complete preservation, and its massive 4-S 8t)lt! ami oxtrcmo siiiipliuity of dosiujii, <,'ivft us the best idea of Kom.cri aruhitectiUT, that can be obtained from the remains still ex- tant. It was huill by Aj;riit|»a, mimI the domed ceiliii}; is li^dited by a cifcuLir aficrltiio at the sunimit, the w ills beiiij^ supported by a huge bronze riiii; Tlie interior of the rotundo '\s \ 11 feet iti diameter, its heij^ht 143 fjet I'he |iorlic(), which was |)robabiy added to the build- ing atlcr its complelion, is llO feet in leni^th and 44 in breath, com- posed of sixteen grunite columns, with marble capitals. The bronzo doors are, in all probability, those which served it originally. The belfrii'a do not at ail add to the ;,'iau.leur of the edifice. The Flavian Amphitheatre, known as the ('olosseum, is the greatest of anti(|ue structures. It was built in honor of Titus, and sanctifiod by the blood of .-^aint Igtialius, the favored child, whom Our Jiord set in the midst of his disciples when ho rebuked them for asking Who is the greatest in the Kiiigdouj of Ilea .en ? GO, 000 Jews were engaged ten years in its construction. It was a feudal fortress for a long time, and tinally a (juarryfrom w'lich were built churches and palaces, until, by its consecration as holy ground, on account of the number of martyrs supposed to have been immolated there, further ravage was stop- ped. The subsequent repairs, though greatl) interfering with its pictur- esqueness, will doubtless have the effect of preserving the remainder for centuries more. It is said to have given seats to 37,000 spectators, and was inaugurated A.D. 81, the same year in which Titus died, oa which occasion 5,000 wild animals and 10,000 captives were slaia. There are three orders of architecture used in the four stories — the first Doric, second Ionic, third and fourth Corinthian. The circum- ference of the building is 1641 feet, the height of the outer wall 157, the length of the arena is 278 feet, and width 177 ; the whole super- ficial area is six acres. The Forum llomauum was made by Romulus and his colleague Tatius, and surrounded with porticos and shops by Tarquinius Priseus. The Via Sacra, so called because peace was made there between Rom- ulus and Tatius, and sacrifices offered to the gods in consequence, 49 trnvori^cs tliis roruiii f'n ni Hie ■^Ulv uvnr tlic ('nlii'Uiii to tin" Arch of ^c|tiiiiius Sovirus. Thti Aich of >'t'j)tiiiilus "^'ovorus was eroctod hy tlir Soiiito iinJ people of Homo, in lioiior of tli.it Kinperor jiful his sons, ('ariioalhi and Getii. Tlie l^jifisi-rtlictvi on this jirch iirc hoaiitiriil, and rocord the victoricHof St'vcrus over the I'arthians and otlicr uncivilised nations. The Arch of Titus, built liy the Senate and {icoiilc of Rome, and dedicated to him, in honor of his coiujuost of .Joius.ilcin, lias on the frieze a roprescntatinn of tlir triunijihal procession of Titus, toijether with the iniM^o of a liver god, probably the .Iordat\. Under the arch on one side Titus seated in a car, conducted by the i^enius of liomc, and attended l)y Victory, who is crowning him with laurel, and on the other side the spoils of the 'J'emide at Jerusalem, copied no doubt from the originals; ;ind thcrcf(ue (he most I'aitlii'ul representations ex- tant of these sacred Jewish •Miti(piities. The deification of Titus is represented on the roof of the inside of the arch. The Arch of Constantino, dedicated to that J*jinperor by the Senate and people af Rome, in mc lory of his victory over Maxentius, stands near the Colosseum, and is the best preserved edifice of its kind in Rome. The Sepulclire of the Scipios, is a series of galleries in the rock, with sepulchral chambers, and is interesting not only as the resting place of a grc it family, b it as an early example of the kind of bury- ing -place sub.sequeutly known as a Catacomb. The tomb erected by Crassus, to enclose the remains of his wife, Cajcilia Metclla, is one of the best |ireserved sepulchres of ancient Rome. The public Columbarium consists of a subterranean chamber in which are niches shaped like pigeon-holes, for cinerary urns, contain- ing the ashes of deceased plebeians. Rome is embellished with one of the most magnificent Promenades in Europe, that begun by the French, and fini-hed by Pius VII., on the Pinciai Hill. The chief ascent to this promenade is from the Piazza del Popolo. Next to the drive on the Pincian Hill, the most frequented Promenade ia the Corso. 50 C n c I u s i 71 . -0 - The fiillnwini;' objects of veneration exliihited to me in Continental Churches ave not luiintioned in the procce ling page? : A piece of the true Cro.-js in Notre Dame, l*;i"is. A piece of St. Andrew's Cross in S(, Victor's, Marseilles ; the Chain of St. John tht B.'iptist, in St. Lawrence's, Genoa ; tlie sl;ib on which Christ })reacheil at Tyre ; and the >tone on wliieh Sr. John the B.iptist was executed, damp with drops rcsemblinii' blood, in St, [Mark's, Venice ; a picture of the Virgin and Child, pt r.ted by St, Luke, in the Carmine, Florence ; :ind the wooden table at which St. Peter celebrated the communion ite;ir St. John Lateran, Rome. In France, Heigium, Prussi;i, SwitZ(!rland and Italy, (save in the States of the Pope), no passport is iinw re'juired of English tr;>vellers. Still it is strongly reconinicnded, because it gives the bearer the satis- faction of possessing tlie best credentials of nationality. It opens gratuitously many interesting exhibitions, and almost all public insti- tutions. It aifords the least troublesome proof of identity at Bankers, Luggage Offices, and at Post Offices. Tlie examination of luggage on entering the Papal States may be avoided by obtaining through any broker at Florence a " Lascate Passare." It being a declaration that the bearer has nothing contraband in his luggage. English is spoken at all the principal hotels, and at .some of the railway stations and public offices. French by most persons of respectability every- where. The currency of France, Belgiusn, Switzerland and Italy is similar, that is to say, an Italian lira and a French franc, are each ten pence sterling. English currency not being well understood on the continent, Napoleons and Francs are the best coins, as they are kr ^wn ah over. Circular notes, paya')le at all the large continonta towns, are the safest media for carrying large amounts. London Bankers issue them, accompanied by a Letter d' Instruction to the »(W-" ■'^ijfP^V yiVtUfiUMfW xmm 51 Bankers wlioi-e niimos arc inentioncd in the lisc annexed to the letter. The Continental Railways are admirably nianajied, accidents or loss of luggage are rare occurrences. The railway carriages are divided into compartments, containing scats for eight persons, just the number of our party, viz., my wife, sister-in-law sua, four daughters and my- self. Tlie ti.'voller inay foiward his luggii;ie from city to city, with- out diflSculty, by rail, »ay. Pre-pay it when delivered and get a re- ceipt. It may be addressed to a hotel, or left at the railway-station till called for. To Sgnore Emilir. Bacciotti, Via Cerrctani, Florence, and to Monsieur Gustavo Bossange, Quai Voltaire, Paris, my tlianks are due for their kindness during my residence on tlio Continent of Europe. Thus have I, for my own satisfaction, briefly noticed some of the many remarkable places on tlu; Continent of Europe. Although strongly tempted to include Bologna and its Campo Santo, Genoa and the Palazzo Brignoli, Turin and the Armoria Begia, Legliorn and the fine statue of Ferdinand the first, &c., 1 have adhered t'^^ my intention of restricting these Notes to a score of places. Bcluie concluding this, which I intend to be my last publication, I would express my sincere regret that liorrid war and its terrible attendants have deso- lated some of the fair places I had the pleasure of visiting in their prosperity. r List of Mr. Baggs Nitniisniatic and A rcJucological Pub lie a tions. " ]M. B;i<;l' ;i «U'ja jiulilii'. sous Ic patronage de la Societe Nunusina- ticjue doiit ii est un dcs im;iiihres lea plus actit's, plusieurs ouvrages conwitiant la iiiOnic ^ loiicr. Co soiit dos travaux serioux (jui deuo- teiit cliez raiitcur dc innlntui's rechorches, et aussi interessant qu'- agr6al)les a lire'' — L