CIHM Microfiche Series (l\/lonographs) ICI\/IH Collection de microfiches (monographies) H Canidian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian de microraproductions historiquas 996 Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique ot bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available tor filming. Features of this copy which may be bibllographically unique, which may alter any oi the Images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. 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Whenever possible, these have been omitled from filming / II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela italt p\ EO; siJi'iil Till' KlKlit Mo r o! (.aiiada. doill .Ali.K.'inilor M..|.',.... i>r0^;.l....i ..I'lh.. U..a...l ..e .r . rosidoiil Till' Hon. I'l.'or^o .\. l)riiiiinionil, Si.iiat >r o! (.aiiada. \"iii' Pi-fsidi-nl Ali'xandor Mi-Kfi', I'resiiU'nt ollht. Board of Trado. I'oinniiHi... Tho Hon. Oeorgi' .\. nriiniinond, .Alexander .Mi-Foe. Esti I-'dKar lude,- tlooi-Ke H, Drunnnond, Allan llrev, Lt.-i-'olonol Ediro r. j ^ . Hon. Sii, Tlioinas Baion, Esi|. Hon. Troas, Edward Parki'r, ,50 Si. Krai lois .\a\ier siroi'l. Hon. President- -The Hon. William Harly, M.P. President -Caplain John Gaskiti. Vice-President K.J. B. Peiise. Esij.. M.P.P Hon. Sec-Treas |. M. Mowal, Esi|. Uranclii's ol ilu- \,iw l.i-ayuc in ilu* DtMniniitii oi t.tn.iil.i NT. JOHN i\h IIM NSU UK I iN.. ".iil.-nl liiiv.'s I'. K,-\„ m. ^■ . .■■Hri'.i.li'nl» Mav,.r H. W. W i, i U, M. J,,ri„, Km|,, I'li-.i,! H..,.i.l ..I Tr.ul.-. iiimilu-.' I.l.-l'.il. I. Kiivi'll Arinslr,.ii^. «. Fl, ilu.ni.-, hS,|., U..I..1I II is.iii, K..|-. Jii.rr.iy Ma,-| ...i.ii. i;..|., M.IV, W . S. Ii,li,.i, Kv].. S. II. s,,.ci, K»q., Tlu- lion. . lii-li,.- H.uk.-i. 1.1 I ,.l. I.,,.. WV.I J..ii,'^, >;. M.lii.'v Smiih. K«.|.. 1.1..1 .>l. II. Mvl.r.m. .|.».'pli HfviTlt'y K. .\riiittrt . K.,1 'X. K,.|. i.'urKt Rol'.' , K. . , .M.l'.l'. : |\,.v, lllC llo ll)<.'i !-l l.i.- rrrmU-iil Hi. Ilo Niiv;i S.ol i 'ininiiHii ol Kxiviilivi- — Ji.i.n F. Sl.iiis, l'!.i|. \ ..'« (.'liHlrim'ii-.Sir .Mnlii.lii Dalv. K ( .M.i; . ili'ii. ( loii.milliv W. A. HIii.V. Ksii.. r.. 1. liimplvll. K Kin-. Hon. I.. C. l'o«.T, W. N. Wi.kwi,.., 1 I. J. Slfwan, l>u. lion. Soi-. mill Iron,. A. P.-H. Trri li'ii.iul-l'.o\fiii.'i of ttio l'i.i\ini'i' ol I. l'. Si,.«..ri. K.4., Hon. \V. Mil . \V. K. .M.l.rlbn, i;.q.. SYDNKV ,f.\i'K Hriii,™i: (IV,.ii (.VHiilri of OftiitT* ami ( .iitn.iitti-i' not y iiio, Ksi), I HARI.OTTKTOWX ll'.K.l.h ( noiomho.. i.r-.l I'ro.iJonl Tho Hon. A. IVlers, l>- 'miiT of I'. K.I. V'ifi-.Presidi-nl -Ttin Hon. Sfnalor A. A. Maoilonaltl. Comniitteo -l>r. Jan)i>H Warbiirlon, .Mayor of CliarlottoIOMU, I.i, I ol. .Miioif, P.O.C. Mil. ni-.. \o. 1.1. F. W. Hyilnian. Khi|.. U.S.. .\. K. .\iiM. (■:..)., rrL'^id.-nt Cliar- lottetown Board of Trade, John NoMson, K»i|.. I'ro.idt-nl Siionlitic and Lil rary AsHoi'iation. A. K. Iiikn, Ksi|., F. B. MiKa". Khi(. ^. >-.-Trfa».-W. A. WVflu, Esq., B.A. SCMSIKRSinK (P.K.I.h (I>m-on,h..r. i,„j.l I'rcsidcnt C'aplain Josopli Koad. V'lL-e-l'rt'sidi'nt -Noil Mi'Lood, K*,i|. Kieoulivo Commillee -Capl, Joliii 1.. Road, Noll MiOaarr! .Mayor MoNoill, Hcalli SlronK, E-o., \V. 11 .Moliilvr Soo.-Troa«.-R. H. (-Hnipb.il, E..|, , Em|., Basil Kolly, E«|., i;«.i. gi'EBKf (p.v;,i: (n.v inh,' IIIOJ.) I'ro.sidtrnl — Viio-I'residenl — i'omnntloo- William I'ower. Km)., M.F., Tho Hon. Richard Tumor, Ll.-Col. O. i\ C. Pelloti.'r, D.O.C, C. A. Pcntland, Esq., KX\, I'. R. ^-.isKrarn, Esq, William rrioo, Esq., Harold Konnfilv, Esq., 11. M. I'lioo, Esq., Thomas l>a\idson, Esq., G. C. Soott, Esq. Hon. Seo. Major William Wood. Hon. Prfsidont Sir Frodtiriok Bordoii, K.t .M.ti. President— Sir Sandford Fleminff, K.CM.G, \'ioe-Prosidenls Tito Hon. i'harles Fitzpatrk-k, K.C., Ministor of Jiistiio, Tlio Hon. Raymond Prefontaine, Ministor of Marine and Fisheries. Committee— :.t. -Colonel White, C.M.C.,, Lt, -Colonel T, Tilton. Fred. Cook, Esq., Mayor of Ottawa. Lt. -Colonel Ctonrdenu, Rev. S. S. Bland, O. \'. Spain, Esq., R.N.,T. H. Chrysler, Esq. Hon. See.- I.t.-Col. White, C.M.C. VANCOCVER IB.C.I: (neeemh.i, i.|„j.) {Branch formed but iiHiiies of y)lficers not rOi ■Jyet.l THE NAVY LEAGUE VERSUS ' OF MILITARISM' THE VORTEX Hv //. F. W'yn/f, Metnicr of xvct'liv" "/ Rrithh Wtxy Ungtw WHKN 1" the earlier iijfC!* ol reci rd- Cil hi 'i>ry the m.isH of mankind Mtill ^ro.ineU m xervituJe, and liberty of Hiiykind.srtvft the liberty to oppress, was !i thoiiffht as ytt uimitered uptin earth, ♦he firs: breath of freedom which woke the soul of man to nobler destinies came from the wind of the fnounlains and the breeze of the sea. Not in the plains of Mesopotamia, not in (i^reat cities far removed from t. i ocean, not on the low-lyinjf shores of the Nile, which then, as now, constituted Kjfypt, did the voice f freetJom speak to her sons, but where the mountains reared up a hardy race of men and gave to the few some advantage in warrinj,' against the many, or a^ain, on sea- coasts, where the stormy element bred resolve and daring in the hearts of those who faced it, there it was that the liberties of the world had their birth, and there that the great epochs in the advance of the human race re- ceived their brand and seal. So it was in the days of anclentGreece, that coun- try like a robe of many colours inwoven with the sea, when the fleets of her children met the host of her foes and stayed the inroad of Asia upon Europe, in the great sea-fij;ht of Salamis. ,So was it again through the power cf the sea that the world witnessed in the fifth century of our era, and affain in the ninth and tenth, those fierc in- roads of our Viking forefathers .. lich foi'nded, in the midst of a carnival of savage freedom, the English birthplace of the Bri people. So. once more, when in t , process of the ages sea- power had r*.Mched a stage of levelop- ment which it had never atta neJ be- fore, when mitikindwere no longsr con- tent that the various portion; of their little planet should be severed the one from thr other by the oceans between them, as worlds tre still sev'ered b;' the intervening depir.s of space, ^then the liberties of opprtssed Europe and of subjugated thought found their vindi- cation in the ships and the mariners of the i.tand home oi our race. .-Vs ancient (jreece hurled back the tide ot Persian despotism at S ilamis, so the England of Elizabeth stayed (he waves of Spanish militarism and sup- erstition in the great sej.-fight off liravelines. In that conflict, big with fate, and ir the week of fiert.e fighting preceding it, the naval power of the sea foiled the military power of the land. The free sailors of England in vessels propelled by sails alone, with their (for that age) long distant broad- side fire, defeated the soldiers of Spain, striving to close and board, in ships p'opelled partly by sails and partly by slaves labouring at the oar. And in that victoryof modern progress over the forces of reaction, England- and in after days, when Scotland was linked with her, the whole island of Britain — was established as the ir^violate stronghold of human freedom, whence should proceed the resources and the soul whiwh in after times freed Europe from the yoke Hrst of Louis XIV, and later of Napoleon I. Nor was even thiM result the sole, or, in the 'ong run, the greatest effect of thac momentous victory. Had the Spaniard, not the English- man, triumphed during those days in the English Channel, then English lib- erty also, t'^it noble plant which the sea-foam luc', would have perished under the foot of Rome and Spain. Never, then, could the Pilgrim Fa- i I Ihe \iu\ l.e,i>;iic irrsus •llu' \ oriCN ,if Milii.iriMM' lh«f», in tin- iccneralion (hnt tpllt>weJ. or in ,in) "enih i time, haw «ailcj over Ihc AlUiilic in roiiiul ^ New Ijvi;- land in a New WorlJ. Ihey would have gone, if sufTcreil lo [;o at .ill, under the cloie and vlKihint ruleot an- tofracy and NiipcDttition. Imaf;nia> lion well may reel al the thought of the probahic t'ondition o( the ntatei tit North America now if Spain and the Koman Church had been ih.- tulelar\ deities which presided over their birth and the dominant factors which mould* jd the slow process of their growth. But the Puritan mariners ot the sea- ports of Klizabethan Kn^land won for those who came after them the ri^hl to sail at will the seas of the world; to trade with all shores throughout the earth, to plant colonies and to sow the seed of empire. Thus WHS the house of the herita^'c of the British people, with the liberties of mankind which were inwrought in its frame, established in battle on the sea, in the flame bursting from the mouths of KnK.ish cannon, with the shot-torn Ha); of Kngland as its sym- bol, amid the hoarse shout of victory from the men who fought and died to found it. Vet the defeat of the Span'sh Arma- da was but the be),'innintr of the »er. vices which the sea-power of Britain rendered to the liberties of the world. Not only did the wealth which that power produced, and its direct and in- direct exercise, foil the designs of the great Krench monarch at the beginning of the eighteenth century, but it was also the means of determining the central issue in the war which raged from 1756 to i76.'i, viz.: whether North America should be British or should be French. The vital part which the navy played in the contest for Canada, which was in appearance, though not in real- ity, terminated on the Heights .jf Ab- raham, is not clearly seer by the casual reader; yet an instant's reflection would suflice to show him that the reason why Wolfe wa^. there with his regiments from the old country was that Britain commanded the sea. Many writers also have pointed out that it WHS K.ausv she conimandtd it ihal Wolfe ".is able al will to move up and doi' 11 the St. I.awrrnce, and thus to lain that initiative of attack which tcsLilted in the glorious victory ofyucl>ec. Bill I'r.uKo did not, a^ a matter of historic (. I I, accept *hal dc- teal ,is final, nor cease from her etTorls towards full, ultimate triumph. Wolfe died, coi'^iuering, in .September, aid I'raiu-e, tor two moiilhs later. w:is pre- paring a stroke of war whith would, if successful, have reversed the game. In her p.irts the troops and the trans- ports were being collected for the inva- sion of Kngland, while al Brest lay the great fleet ol h.itllcships underConllans, destined to cover the oper.ition. Hnd that operation been carried through, had Kngland fallen, it is hardly neces- sary to point out thai France could al her leisure have devoted her full re- sources to the reconi|uesl of ('anuda and the suhjugalion ot what were then the British colonies in North .-Vmerlca. Bui once more the navy came be- tween the sword and its destined prey. On Ihal "wild November day," as .Vfr. Newbolt calls it in his fine poem on this theme, when our Admiral llawke caught sight ol the l-'rench fleet and pursued it into (Juiberon Bay, then amidst night and tempest, the roar of breakers and the crash of guns, the battleships of Britain smote down the intention of France and set the seal upon the conquest to achieve which Wolfe died. If, as I have heard an eminent French Canadian publicly de- clare, his race derives its hlood indeed from France, but ils liberties from Kngland, then those liberties also were secured by the British navy, and to that navy the gratitude of French Canada is due. So ag.iin, forty years later, the fleet of Britain stood forth ■• Pl.iin I... all foili |„ „.,. as the one bulwark of human freedom against the huge aggressive militarism of Napoleon Bonaparte. While these fleets held the seas of the globe, while in the desperate and world-decisive acti ns of ihe Nile and Trafalgar, as ■P'he \;»i\ li-ajjiir vi-rsiik • Ihc \or\vs o( Militarism' in (ilmoxt coiititUoit minor combiil«, lh( ha been iii the evolutic \ of such liberty as the world can show. To understand, however, why naval power naturally tends to produce these results, mid wh >' it stands in natural opposition to military power, to which it \s in its effects the exact antithesis, let us consider the causes of this difference. These causes are :— ( I ) that the number of men required to man a ^reM fleet is very small by com- parison with the numbers required to constitute a jjreat army. Thus the personnel of the Imperial navy amounts to one hundred and sixty-two thousand five hundred men. including amongst these forty thousand men of the re- serve, while the army of Germany, when also on a war footing, numbers over four million soldiers. Again, (2) the naval force operates outside the limits of a country, not within these, as in the case of an army. The usual and well-founded fears in regard to the existence of a t,'reat military force is that it may be used for the subjugation of internal liberties.*and as a matter of fact it often has been so used, but on the other hand a navitl force by its«lf \% singularly inappliciible to nuch a pur- pose. During the Revolution in th*. t7lh century. Cromwell waw the general on land, and HIalce was thi- general ai sea, but i. ..as i romwell, not Illiikr, who assumed despotic authority, I have thought it neceiisary to set forth plainly the history and the facts which mark thedt inherent antagon- ism between naval power on the one side and "militarism ' on the other, because to judge from the frequent headings « '''cli I observe (o paragraphs and arliil in the Canadian press, from \.ifiiMis platform utterances, and even from my own recent experience, this antagonism is very far from be- ing generally perceived. The phrase "vortex of militarism" is tossed about as wildly and with as little pertinence to any definite meaning, as I have seen a hat, divorced from its owner's head, (lung about in the i.ir by a riotous mob. When I hft I the privilege — one, I Relieve, rare' previously accorded to British 01 Jer and by me highlv valued— of ..udressing the Krenc'h Chamber of Commerce at Montreal, the gentleman who opposed me (and who afterwards got his own version c( his own speech wired to jland and to the Canadian press, a^. it re- pres2nted the views of that C ...nber, which it did not) based his oration largely on a presumed desire on my part to plunge Canada into this terrible vortex. The fearful Irrelevance of the objec- tion taken to the proposal made must be apparent to everyone who has been good enough to read what I have already written, when I say that this proposal consisted of the scheme sug- gested, not, assuredly, by myself, nor by the Navy League In England, but by Ihe branches of the League at Toronto and in British Columbia, for the formation ofa Canadian naval militia, which should receive Its brief period of sea training in ships of the Royal Navy. This scheme has been in substance approved by the Legislature of British Columbia. A scheme verv similar to It The Navy League -.ersus " Tlic Vortex of Militarism' it h^s long been in coiiiemplation by the Dominion Ciovernment, and it will, 1 venture to prophesy, be put In force ere very miin/ months have passed. Vet it was this very modest and wholly in- nocuous suyjfestion which appeared in various newspapers under headings about " militarism," and with denun- ciations of the latter. It would be about as relevant for a teetotaller to denounce a man for signing the pledge to abstain from drink, on the ground that he was thus engaging himself to imbibe alcohol every night, as for one who objects to "militarism" to de- nounce a proposal to create that which I have already siiown to be the anti- thesis of militarism — viz, naval force. Since, however, in our days men are the slaves of words rather than of ideas, and phrases totally destitute of any real meaning, tike the oft-quoted words ' ' vortex of militarism," are bandied about until they acqure a sort of influence, it maybe worthwhile to enquire what significance, if any, it truly bears. This expres.iion, then, appears certainly to refer to the system of compulsory service which prevails in Europe, and the fear presumably conveyed is that somebody may want, or does want, to introduce this same system into Canada. Now the first observation I have to make on this point is that I cannot conceive it to be possible that any person other than an idiot in an asylum, who was suffering, in addition to congenital infirmity, from an acute attack of mania, could feel such a wish, or make such a sug- gestion. Further, I am not aware that any idiot has been actually found suffi- ciently far gone to give it vent. The danger of Canada's being forced to adopt this syKtem is about as real as the danger of its being suddenly turned into green cheese and given to the man in iliL' moon to eat. The only ' ' vortex" indeed which real- ly appears imminent is the "vortex" of horrible mental confusion into which those are falling, who, without stop- ping to analyze its meaning or to de- mand its relevance, adopt this silly catchword. It is instructive, however, to consider why the nations of Kurope do adopt this scheme of compulsory service. From the manner in which their action is sometimes written about, one would suppose the idea to be entertained that they adopt it because they particularly like it. Vet vast burdens and enor- mous obligations are not usually in- curred voluntarily or with pleasure by human beings. The reason, however, is very plain. It is that the alternative before me peoples of Europe is either to arm, or to lose their national inde- pendence. They have no other choice, and can have no other, while nations live the intense self-conscious life which is their characteristic now. Can Ger- many disarm, placed as she is "be- tween the hammer and the anvil," be- tween the vast and swiftly growing population of Russia, and the imme- morial hate of France ? Can France disarm, while (iermany holds her dis- membered provinces, and while ambi- tion and revenge still live and move within her ? Can Russia disarm, with her immense designs of nearly universal conquest not yet perfectly fulfilled, with Constantinople and Pekin not yet seiz- ed, with India still ,ieid by Britain (and not, pray God, to be surrendered with- out a desperate contest), with Germany intruding into her intended preserve of Asia Minor, with millions of savage subjects, not yet slaughtered, unu^.-her sway? Not one of thes^e countries could cease that compulsory service, which is its shield, without the cer- tainty of swift attack and certain over- throw, at the hands of its neighbours. Nor, apart from the progress of inven- tion, which may possibly substitute small highly trained armies, on t'le eighteenth century model, for the huge armed forces of to-day, does there ap- pear any hope of a change of con- ditions. Why, then, is England absolved from the heavy necessity laid upon the shouldersofherEuropean rivals? Obvi- ously and simply by reason of the sea which encircles her, and of the victori- ous navy which that sea bears on its breast. Take away that sea, or destroy 'rile N'avy Lea^'uc virsiis "The X'ortex of Militarism" that navy, and Ki^'lamJ also would have ilie simple choice, either topluiifje into Ihc "vortex of militarism," that is, lo adopt the principle c( compulsory service, or else, iis a nation, to perish. But now the menace to Kn^land comes by sea. At Kiel, at V.^myg, at Stettin, is found tht rising power of the German Navy. Throughout Germany, the German Navy League, called into existence by the secret prompting ot the German Emperor, labours assidu- ously to form opinion, which shall en- able the vast expenditure already sanc- tioned, and the still vaster expenditure apparently contemplated, to be cheer- fully borne. The German Navy League has a membership of over six hundred thou- sand, with aggregate subscriptions amounting to more than £2^,000 (not dollars) annually. It gave, last year, upwards of three thousand lectures, and that its labours w»;re not in vain, is abundantly testified by the passing of the German Navy Bill, under which the sum of ;^73,ooo,ooo (sterling) was voted for the construction of ships of war, and ;^i3, 000,000 for docks and wharves. In face of the figures of the German League, I am ashamed to quote those of the Navy League of Britain, yet it is an organization whose branches are many in the United Kingdom, and six- teen in number in the Empire at large. Of these, four are now in Canada, at Toronto, in British Columbia, at King- ston, and at Montreal.* Before these words are printed 1 hope, indeed, that the number may he doubled, and I world now appeal most earnestly to all who realize what the command of the sea means to the British people, to ••come forward and help us." Sometimes I have heard it said that this tremendous and fundamental need is no longer the need of Canada, be- cause Canada is self-contained. Do not, then, her own future history, and her own destinies concern Canada? Does it make no difference to her whether she remain living her life as a nation within the ring fence of the British Empire, or whether, through stress of war following defeat of the British fleet, she is compelled with the enemy's fleet in the St. Lawrence, to sue for the protection of the United States :■* Then, disintegrated, with her noblest traditions violated, and her life as a nation ended, she would cease to exist as a single unit upon earth. .\nd looking on thirty years ahead, is it nothing to Canada, whether it is or is not as a part of the British people, to share in the development of the Pacific, to clasp hands with Australia, to share in the vast trade that is to be with China, to hold sway over the teeming millions of Hindustan? The old adage still applies, as the ages sweep alon;;, that, "United we stand, but divided we fall.'' The number in (.'anada is now {Dec. Joth) elevtn; as in addition to those named above, branches have sin^-e been estabhshed at Oltawa, St. John, X.B.. Halifax, Svdnev, Charlolle- town and Suminerside, I' inee Edward Island, and at yiieboc. Two members of the Dominion Government, Sir Frederiek Borden and Mr. Fisher, have enrolled themselves as members of the Ottawa branch, and the Lieutenant -Governors and Prime Ministers of Nova Scolia and Princi" Edward Island have also lent their support to the branches in their re-^pective Provinces. In each case the branches comprise many of ihe fore- most men in the different localities. (si;f, i'At;|.