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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. errata to I pelure, sn A D 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 !i •""!S».f THE CENTEjNNIAL NOETHWEST. AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE NORTHWEST, BEING A FULL AND COMPLETE CIVIL, POLITICAL AND MILITAKY HISTOUY OF THIS GUEAT SECTION OF THE UNITED 8TATE8 FROM ITS EARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME; C0MPRI8INO A CENERAI, AND CONDENSED HISTOBY OP OniO, INDIANA, MICHIOAN, ILLINOIS, WISCONSIN, MINNESOTA, IOWA, ETC., INCLUDING KANSAS AND NEBIIASKA, TUB WHOLE rORMINO A COMPLETE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. BY PROF. CHARLES R. TIITTLE Author Of " History of Wisconsin," " HlBtory of Indiana." " History of Jllchlgnn," "History of Border Wars," " History of Iowa," etc., etc., Rev. a. C. PENNOCK, For over thirty years a resident of the Northwest. SOLD OKLY bY SUDSCRIPTIOX, MADISON, WIS.: PUBLISHED BY THE INTER-STATE BOOK COMPANY. 1S76. Entered aceorJlng to Act of Congrfiss In tlie your piglitocn hundred and eeventy-slx, BY CHAKLES K. TUTTLE, In ilie office of the Librarian of Congreiss, at Washington, D. C. Madison, Wis. ; Stereotyped and Printed by ATWOOD & CVLVER. MANUFACTtJBED BT ' ' Vfx. J. Park & Co., 11 Kiso Si'., Madison, Wis. INTRODUCTORY. X« Si'., The Ckxtemnial History of the Northwest will stand or fall by its own merits, owing nothing save the incentive to an early completion to 'the great event of this era, the exposition in Fairmount Parlv, which will shortly chal- lenge the attention of the whole world to the record of one hundred years ot national growlli under free institutions. When ascending the mountains, it is sometimes well to pause for a moment to realize the height that has been at- tained ; so we invite our fellow citizens to consider what has been done, as Mell generally as particularly since the year 1770. Qpo century ago the steam engine had not been applied to traveling; now it is the agent b^ which millions of our fellow citizens follow their evocations daily, in every part of the union. The Watt and Boulton works in London had been established nearly ten years for the manufacture of steam engines, but the first idea of making steam available for traveling was due to our countryman, John Fitch, who. had ascertained during his captivity among Indian tribes the vast area of this continent which could be reached by river navigation, and wisely di- vined the important influence that steam could exert in developing our re sources. The country which stood upon the threshold of its greatness when he netitioned congress for assistance to complete his boat in 1785, had then a pr lation of barely four millions ; it has now fully forty millions of people included under its general government, enjoying the privileges of freedom in every essential, and it follows almost inevitably that the nation in its entirety has a history at once momentous and instructive, which during this centennial period may be studied Avith advantage. The Centennial North- west is a contribution toward that great desideratum, and it deals in a Catho- lic spirit with all the incidents of our development as a great and free people, within the limits specified, from the days when the Indian was first dispos- sessed of his hold upon the hunting grounds once entirely enjoyed by the tribes, through all the vicissitudes of an incipient civilization to the present day, when steam travels our roads as well as our rivers with a completeness and dispatch of which neither Fitch nor Fulton dreamed, besides discharging ten thousand functions which seem marvelous even to the accustomed observer in our centennial year. The ground over which the historian travels in llie great northwest may be said to be virgin soil, and in that respect much fresh- ibCiiiB Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. ness of tone has almost inevitaWy fouml ils way into the style of (he work; but in niUlition to that fact it is liopeil that the phenomena of social life have been observed anil recorded in the true spirit of history, grasping the perti- nent facts of an era and a state and applying the principle therein contained to the solution of every i)roblem that arose during the expansion of the first settlement into territorial organization, and eventually into (ho Ihiished essence of republican rule, the condition of a state in the union. The soil and the climate of every state in the northwest have been present- ed to the reader in their natural color?, as the writer would "nothing exten- uate, nor set down aught in maliCe," and it would be manifestly unfair to say one unwarranted woid of praise or the reverse, in a work which it is hoped will become an authority, not only in the region to which it relates, but among the millions in the eastern and northern states who either for them- selves or for their sons are scanning the aspects of this continent to ascertain the localities best adapted for their future home. Tlicre are some men so blessed by nature with herculean frames and nervous force that hardly any climatic changes affect them, and there are others to whom the ver}' 8iii^'''lest ineteorolf)gical changes are important; but to all men it is important that they should know something of tlie soil and fertility of tlie states in which they are likelj' ti- take up their abode. Tliis work has aimed at precision in all such particulars, and the reader will find the information conveyed so system- atized, as that it will be convenient for reference. The productions of a neigh- borhood may seem to be unimportant matters to other classes than those en- gaged in agriculture; but a second thought will convince the reasoning man, that the manufacturer and the merchant, the handicraftsman, and the lawyer, with all the other representatives of the several industries which mcks up the sum total of society are as deeply interested in all such matters as the farmer who is the immediate factor in procuring his and their subsistence froni the earth. Where the agriculturist flourislies society may generally bo found thriving and well employed, and where the primal labor of the husbandman fails of its reward, there can hardly be Ibund anywhere an enduring prosper- ity for a people. Various industries are on the other hand just as important to the tiller of the earth as his own. The teeming soil will give him its riches in vain, if when his harvests have been gathered in, there are no markets near at hand to accej)! his produce at fair valuation; because the mere cost of transport to distant centers of population, in ordinary seasons, will absorb nearly or quite nil the j)rotit which might properly have been reaped by his industry. It is hoped and believed that many vast cities will arise, where scattered hamlets are now planted, to become great depots of manufacturing energy for the more complete supply of \merican wants by American skilled labor and ingenui- ty, in locations where the fertile prairies are only waiting for a population willing to be fed, and where the finest water powers to be found in the world are only running to waste for want of energy rightly applied to turn them to fit uses. This work will contribute its mite toward bringing the right men !'< the right place for their own sakes and for the continuous growth of the union. The farmer is deeply interested in other fields of labor than his own. Introductory. because liis stiilwart sons nncl lovely daughters will not all continue in his wiilk of life. VVithiu twenty years there have been so many and such vast improvnients in agricultural implements, machinery and processes that one- third of the labor, once necessary for our present average of production has been liberated, and it is probable that the inventive skill and mechanical Inge- nuity of the next twenty years will be just as marked in their results, so thatot necessity the young farmer will turn his attention to some one of the many pursuits for which hi-s education and his talents lit him to help build up the wealth which is being diilused through all ranks. Tlie enormous value oi Die machinery and implements now in use upon tlie farms in this union amounting to a total of !f300,()00,000, will show at the first glance an outlet for superabundant energy, whicli must go on increasing every year as every avocation e.\cept that of the lawyer, the legislator, and divine, comes to to be more and more aided by the skill of the machinist. 'War, manufactures, and even the arts are becoming arenas for tlie wondrous talents of inventors, and every day widens the range within whicli science creates new industries and extends the old activities, to increase tlie happiness of mankind. With advancing skill will be found generally associated better rewards lor labor and an always multiplying capacity to appreciate and enjoy such productions as were once only otlered to the few ; consequently there reel be no fear that the mechanical aids which come to the service of tlie former will diminish the pay of his assistants, as indeed, experienc; shows ihiit while t'a(! increase o mechanism has been so marked as to reduce tli ■ nniiiber of men enijiloyed by just one-third within twenty yeius, the wages fund employed in that branch ()f industry have almost doubled within the same term. History must deal with all such facts and allot them place as factors of human advaiicement; and in some degree it is hoped that the Centennial NortliAvest will be found to havo adequately appreciated the .situation. The important bearing of the gre-at cen- tennial exposition upon our future as a people has been treated brieliy from a purely national t'tand point, and such information has been embodied un- der that head as cannot fail to interest all readers. It has not been attempted in dealing with an area of territoiy so vast as the Great Northwest, involving the history of nine states — Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, AVisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska — to deal exhaustively with one item, or one city; but wherever there arose in dealing with one or more cilies a (juesiion of general interest, or where cities were in an especial sense metropolitan, it has been thought advisable to give especial prominence to the subject or the city in siuii a niaiinir as would pre- vent the reduplication of details. Incidents, such as are found very interest- ing in the lucubratif interest to that class for which books are written. The means by which institutions are compacted, and the views of one generation crystallized into laws for the next, canno' fail to at- tract the notice of reformers, Avlio are prudential enough to see, that by the cultivation of an enlightened public opinion, in a land where the i)re.s8 and tlie school have fn.'C scope, every incrustation of error will be tlirown aside in due course, as the convalescent casts away his crutches and plasters, after the purpose which they were originally meant to serve has been attained. The various institutions of the several states of the great nortliwest will bo found, not treated w ith wearisome detail, but touched lightly in a'l such par- ticulars as distinguish tiiem from their surroundings. Schools and the sys- terns by which they are sustained and administered, the cases in which they fail, the bcnctits that sjjring from their operation, the consequences arising from their neglect, and the means which may tend towards their more com. plete success in tlie future of the union have been narrated and discussed with the deep earnestness which arises from a lifetime of etlbrt in the cause of edu- cation. There is no question which more immediately concerns America to- day than that which arises upon this issue, considering that we are largely precluded from resorting to compulsion such as has been found so beneficial among the semi-despotic governments of Europe. The extent to which the education of every child becomes the duty as well as the interest of civil gov- ernment and of society generally cannot be overrated, and the mere money cost of administering our laws will be largely reduced by a more liberal rec- ognition of our duty in that particular. The advantages whicli must result from the wider diffusion of mental culture cannot be adeqinitely stated in a cursory preface, but some attempts have been made to grapple with that sub- ject in the text. The relative strengths of the several forms of government is a question so complex that it might well be allowed to rest untouched at such a time as the present, but so much has been said at various time.s as to the executive weakness ( f Uepublican institutions, the government of the people, by the people, for the people, that it is necessary to inquire what other nation in the ■world could have solved the slavery problem so effectively' in a space of time so brief? The ukase ot the Czar of all the lUissias, announced to the world, rather than to the serfs themselves, their liberation, and social growth has hardly yet realized the change which the law assumed to have operated in- stantly. In America the man who was a slave is free, with all the respousi. bilities of free labor upon his shoulders, entitled to be a witness In court, and a voter at elections, to procure an education for liis children, and to enjoy such civil rights as were once supposed to be the exclusive privilege of the white race. The revolution is stupendous, and the successive steps by iNTnoDucronr. which Iho gicnt rcsull hns been nttulned will bo foiiiul, gliinccd nl nithcr lliiin described, but still touched in the pages of thia book. It is true tliat the gov- cinmcnt of this country is not cnpiibie of arbitrary strength, becausu it oper- ntcs in society ns volition rules in the individual; but the popular judgment onco convinced, and its feeling aroused to action exerts through the Hovereign form a power against which it is useless to struggle, and before which every wrong must succumb. The grand features of a free press in the union could have no better illustration than is supplied by the fact that there is no censor- ship but public opinion, n power which can and must be moulded by the press itself. It cannot be denied that some portions of the journalistic litera- ture of this country are partisan to a reprehensible degree, but that is an in- evitable concomitant of our social growth under party government, the phase of life through which the nation is passing, toward the next evolution, possi- ble only in the midst of an enlightened people, the rule of the wisest and best, expressing the highest thought of the community. The growth of the newspaper press will be found traced by successive instances in the north- west, from the petty sheet devoted almost entirely to advertiicments, to the in- fluential daily that wields a power which can be felt throughout the union; and arising from the taste thus formed and nurtured, the magazine literature of the day is graphically reviewed, as a yet more hopeful feature in press de- velopment, toward which as well by patronage ns by labor, this section of the union has not failed to contribute its quota. The church as a means of pro- gressive effort has not been lost sight of in this history, because it hns been found in every community in which the materials for a sketch have been collected, that the first and best steps toward social and intellectual organiza- tion, have been in connection with the place of worship and the Sabbath school, leading up to a spiritual excellence and ojsthetic culture, which will in the future rule the councils of the people. The value of secular training is not questioned, the conquests from nature, which from the curious experi- ments with the Leyden jars and the Voltaic pile, were by the practical energy of an American newspaper man — Franklin — turned to such channels as that Faraday, an English bookbinder, carrying on the chain by which natural phenomena were surveyed, obtained the rotation of the needle round a mag- netized wire, and laid the foundation of modern Telegraphy — which again is largely due to the activity of American intellect — will not admit of doubt; and few will be prepared to deny that electricity is to become every year more potent in aiding the progress of mankind by such works as electroplating, clectrotyping and electro-dynamic machines, which may eventuully supersede steam itself; but above and beyond the uttermost triumph of science and art, the race has a necessity for spiritual culture, which the church in its varied forms must help immensely toward realization; hence the little meeting house of logs in the backwoods settlement has been recognized as an agent with which civilization cannot afford to dispense, and the successive steps, by which the edifice has gone on to ever-improving forms and grander dimen- sions, liave been observed with the interest properly belonging to the highest essential in our lives. Science, as well abstract as applied, has been treated with the reverence i 1 8 TcTTLR's CEh'TESS'lAL NOtiTllWEST. wliich belonjiH to Hip daily rovolaflon nnil use d' tln' lusvs — (ir moilcs of nc- lioii — by wliiili Odil is Hccn in nutiii'c, ami, lU'iesf^arily, fvcry CDllcfiu ami iiniveisily wliicli tends to iiiakc mcnwiniT as to tlu' ininiKlcTH of proj^i'css which have been ^(anding at the i)ortals of history during unnumbcrt'd cen- turies have not been liijhtly considered. Tlie day cannot be distant when not one form of industry alone, (>ucl; as agricnllnrc, liiit wlicn every branch of labor will have its Technological Institute ii: every town, where the meclianlc, resting from daily toil for a time, may relVesli his soul in siieculatlon in such national establishmentH, commamling, witiinut lost, the I'liUist denu)iistrati(»ii of the means by which now mechanisms w'uk. Tlio cost of all the models uecessary, and of all '.he scientiHc skill retiii.red to work such .i system of technical instraction, fur the people at large, woultl be but as the dust in the b«I".nce compaied with the results of more intelligent action in our work- shops, and stimula'ed inventive skill upcui our national wealth. The jour- neys of tlie elder Steplienson to Newcastle-upon-Tyne to see such models of machinery ns were in his day available, the speculations of Watt, the optician, with Ne\vc(unen's model of a steam engine, the experiments of the French weaver Jacquard ui)on the loom, n(> less than llie movements of our own in- ventors in a thousand various directions, explain the means b}' which the million-fold harvest would be reaped from such wise jil mting. Art instruc- tion, as well asscientitic training, is an essential in building up the greatness of a people. Man has more facets to his well cultured brain than all the tiny l)lanes of the best work of the lapidary upon the precious stone, and the cul- tivation of the beaiilifui in sight and sound is one of tlic man}' powers which must be used for his adequate development. ]\Ien who have studied the Chi- naman in his hithitdt cannot fail to see that his arrested growth in thought and in government is largely due to the want of universality in his system of culture. The schooling wliich could allow the art of printing, once discov- ered, to slumber unimproved for hundreds of years, which could permit a nation to remain untaught as to tlie rules of perspective in painting, and as to the combination of sounds in music, should be a perpetual warning to ever}' community iigainst tlie neglect of taste as a merns of development, a branch of culture which we, as a i>eople, have until of late yeais been in- clined to hold too cheaply. The Historian owes it to himself, no less than to his subject, to mak(! his contributions to literature a means of arousing at- tention to all such dangers, and to assist in evoking public spirit from the vast deep of thoughtlessness and inattention in which too many ojiportuni- ties have found their grave " unwept, unlicnored and unsung." The Nortliwest will be sei'U to liave done its fair projiortion in all such works as have yet been accomplished, and some items in its liistory tending in these several directions, will be found duly clu'oniclcd in their proper rela- tion lO contemporary events. Columbus, the capital, and Cincinnati, the me- tropolis, of Ohio, will find their own deeds and records standing in their proper position, surrounded by the industrial prowess and social advanceinen' of llie state which tliey represent. Indianaiiolis, the wondrous city which, i-ince the year 1810, has won an approach to empire such as no city vei' achieved in any other quarter of the globe in a century, will find that her ;ii- '^•,. IsrnODVCTORY. 9 (liistrliil cntorpiiocs, licr niilnm-.lM, litr limber and her oxj)orts have been nolcil with nil iipiJicchitivc !i inil aa an iiullcalioii of the wealth niul power whicli the lutiiio liohls ill trii-t lor Iiuliaim. Hi.rinf,'tklil, the hoinc ol" Abraham I-iii- coin anil his l)iirial place, the ca|iilal of Illinoisi, anil C'lilcttgo, ihe nicliopollH of the Great Northwest, have been depieled with no f'riulgin;^ pencil, al- thoMj;h the jireatness of the last named city, its niislbriu i and its heroic clVorts in combating disaster, would task tiie resoiircea ot ..n- ablest writer that lh(! world has ever seen. .Michigan lias been sketch' I irom the earliest dayn of a French trailinj; post and fort at Detroit > the mI (di'oirt of the state at this hour, and while the beauty of the metropolis has lucn reeo;;. nlzed. Ml' other cities of that state have been described in the order of their importance. Madison, lh(! handson.c ca]>ital of Wiscoi. lin, and Jlilwaukee, its commercial center, conimandinir the vast chain of lukes and the river commerce of the union, demanded a notice of son\e lenL'th,but th(^ other cen- ters of industry in tin' state have been set forih in their true colors, as thriv- ing homes of large detachmeids of the great Army of Progress which, by the magic of well applied energy, is gradually, but not slowl}-, concpiering wooil- huid, river and prairie, for Ihe best purposes of mankinil, preparing a way tiirough the wilderness for the millions coming and to coni'' fron\ the coun- tries of Europe and Asia to builu up new sections of tlio cmiure which the United States have established in the name of (Jod and our race. 81. Paul, which has advanced, with the *tatp of Minnesota which it represents, by steady strides from a log chapel, in 18139, to tlie vast and pojiulous dimensions of to day, deserved and has received full credit for the prosperity which it lias largely I'.ssisled to produce and dill'use over a tract of country which, for many years to come, must go on increasing in all th(! respects which render life enjoyable \\\wn this footstool. Iowa came with her hands full of great cities which cliallenged admiration, and there has been an attempt to annotate her claims, but who couKl render justice to Des Moines, Davenport, Dubuipie, Jlurlington, Keokuk and Council IJlull's within brief limits, wlien every city might have filled a volume with the incidents of early settlement, the strug- gles for the soil, and the mineral wealth which slumbered in the rocks, the edorls which have made education a possibility, and tiie iron roads which unite every settlement in bonds of commerce willi the wide world. Kansas had a peculiar history, having been for some years the baltle-groimd upon which was fought out in miniature the great struggle which eventually burst the shackles of the slave, and its soil and situation had claims upon special notice because of the manifold charms which base alread}- commanded a poiuilation of over si.v hundred thousand sou's in the brief time wiiich has elapsed since peace has reigned in the state. There has been an effort to do j\istice briefly to the chums of KiUisas, but the subject requires a work spe- cially devoted to that purpose, and the vast quantity of material gathered for this precis has been further elaborated in a separate publication. Topeka, Leavenworth, Lawrence, and the other cities famous in history, have been de- scribed from actual observation with some approach to detail, and it is hoped that the result will be accepted as an approximation. Nebraska, youngest of " the sisters nine," has yet much to be said, if mtt for her achievements, then 10 Tvttle's Centennial Northwest.' for Ler possibilities in a briglit anil prosperous future, to which, with a full aud earnest admiration of their present glory, the author looks for the complete development of Lincoln, Omaha and Nebraska City vnth the state which they worthily represent. CnARLES R. TUTTLE. Madison, Wis., March, 1876. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. SOIL AND SUKFACE. Topography- Minerals- Climate -Soil and Production- Ohio and In. - 17 CHAPTER II. SOIL AKU SURFACK. T.^Dography- Minerals- Climate -Soil and Production -Michigan, 29 CHAPTER III. SOIL ANIJ SURFACE. Topography-Minerals-Soil and Production -Illinois, - . 40 CHAPTER IV. SOIL AND SUKFACE. Topography - Minerals - Soil and Production - Climate - Wisnonsin, 45 CHAPTER V. SOIL AND SURFACE. Topography - Minerals - Climate - Soil and Production - Iowa, - 55 CHAPTER VI. SOIL AND (SURFACE. Topography-Climate-Minerals-Soil and Production -Kansas, Cr, CHARTER VII. SOIL AND SURFACF,. Topography-Climate-Minerals-Soil and Production -Nebraska, 91 CHAPTER VIII. H.XPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT. S..no'''%1*'"/^ "^ "'*" ^""''wost- Expeditions of Marquette .nd I x ' ' ' • - ub CHAP'J'ER IX. THE FRANCO-BRITISH COLONIAL CONFLICT French Claims to all Territory Northwest of the Ohio-En-lish Cl-iims to P" s?ss]on^-Th7w.;.'^rr '/f ??"•>? P^'n*;^*'^ PrCecVihei^cSed ' ■ - " - - lOi 19 TuTTLE's CEyTESNIAL NoUTHWEST. CHAPTER X. THE FRAXCO-nUlTISII COLONIAL CONFLICT. French and Englisli Colonics Prupaiing for Wiir — Tlie Contest — The Fall of Canada ■ pears, • Taking Possession of the Western Outposts — Pontiiic Aii- Ii5 CHAPTER xr. BOUUEn WAHb. A Review of the Western Outposts in 1759 — Condition of the Indian Tribes — Sketch of Pontiac — History of tlie Puatiac War — Sketch of the Fall of the Nine Western Outposts, ..... 119 CHAPTER XII. FllENCII ILLINOIS. The Illinois Country Ceded to Great Britain — Johnson's Disastrous Expedi- tion — Sketch of the Illinois Country — Last of the French, - - 180 ClfAPTER XIII. THE nEVOLUTION IN THE NORTHWEST. Settlements in the Ohi(» Valley — Dunviiore's War — Indian Bonier Wars — Affairs in the Lake Region — The Expedition of Geo. Rogers Clark, 144 CHAPTER XIV. CLARK'S EXPEDITION. Sketch of the Celebrated Expedition of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clark -Capture of Vincennes, Kaskaskia and Other Posts — The Alcniorable Contest between Clark and Ilainillon at Vincennes, ..... 155 CHAPTER XV. BRITISH, INDIAN8 AND AMERICANS.. The Struggle for_the Northwest between English, Indians and Americans, -The Ordinance of - 170 continued - 1787, -The Americans Trimiii)hant — Peace- From 1512 to 185G, CHAPTER XVI. CRONOLOOT 01' THE NORTHWEST. 183 CHAPTER XVII. TERRITORIAL HISTORIES — OHIO. First Settlement in Ohio — Cession of Virginia and Connecticut — Progress of Settlements — Dayton — Cleveland — The Territory of the Northwest — The Town of ^Manchester Laid Out — Second Grade of Government — Ohio admitted as a State — Introductory, ..... lyj. CH.VPTER XVIII. TRRITORIAL HISTORIES — INDIANA. AVm. Henry Harrison — Land Ollice — Indian Troubles Prophet — Indian Complication — The toriiil Affairs — Legislation, Tecumseh ane Kansas-Xebraska Act -Territorial Con ii'Sa ^^'^"«''^-«'=^^^''y Agitation -Kansas made r State -Av " ■ 292 CHAPTER XXVI. ST.\TE HISTOniES — INDIANA. Administration of the Governors of TiKli.mo f..,>,„ t .1 t . ThomasA.Hendrick.-K,°ISi;rem ^.ft^t^^ fairs -Progress of the Stale, Historical and Statistical, /^'" a^oj CHAPTER XXVII. STATE HISTORIES- MICHIGAN ^^'' iS w;!"1v J^ /i;!!"^!''!!!"" - ^'^^''^•^ "f "'^ " Toledo War " - Michigan 1112 iu tlie War for the Union, CHAPTER XXVIII. ST.VTE HISTORIES — WISCONSIN — MINNESOTA -IOWA, - 'JOT CHAPTER XXIX. THE STATE OK OHIO. Poin,lation-Mau«factures-Comme,cc-R,ulroads-Educalion,cte., 3:J4 CHAPTER X.XX. THE SIATE 01.' IM)I\\\. Population - Manul^icturcs- Commerce - Railroads - Educalion _ Govern. y:J9 14 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. CHAPTER XXXI. TUE STATE OP MICHIGAN. Populatiou — Manufactures — Commerce — Railroads — Education — Govern- ment, 342 CHAPTER XXXTI. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. Population — Manufactures— Railroads — Commerce-- Governnuut —Edu- cation — Charities, y45 CHAPTER XXXIII. THE STATE OV WISCOKSIN. Population — IManufactures — Railroads — Commerce — Government- Edu cation, 848 CHAPTER XXXIV. THE VTE OF MINNESOTA. Population — Manufactures — Railroads — Commerce — Government — Edu- cation, etc., ........ 853 ' CHAPTER XXXV. THE STATE OF IOWA. Population — Manufactures — Education — Railroads — Governmeut, etc., 355 CHAPTER XXXVI. THE STATE OF KANSAS. Population — Manufactures — Education — Government — Charitirs, etc., 359 CHAPTER XXXVII. THE STATE OF NEIIUASKA. Population — Manufactures — Education — Commerce — Railroads — Govern- ment, ......... 302 CHAPTER XXXVIII. rUI\Cll'AL CITIES OF OHIO. Columbus — Cincinnati — Cleveland — Dayton — Toledo- Sandusky — Sprinsr- field, etc., 304 CHAFrER XXXIX. VniNCIl'AL CITIES OF INDIANA. Indianapolis — Evansville — Fort AViiyne — New Albany — 3Iadison — La Fayetle — Terre Haute, 387 CHAPTER XL. riUNCirAL CITIES OF ILLINOIS. Spriiiglleld — Chicago — Quincy — Peoria — Galena, - - • 429 CHAPTER XLI. rniNCIFAL CITIES OF MICHIGAN. Lansing — Detroit — Grand Rapids — Adrian — Saginaw — IJa^' City — Jiick- son, ......... 4yln, - 2. UlyssL's S. Grant, 3. Anhiir 8t. Cliiir, 4. KoVit. McCk'llaiul, 5. Lewis Cass, 0. Ebeii B. Ward, 7. (4f(). K. Clark, - 8. Sclmylcr Colfax, - 9. Thos. A. Ileiulricks, 10. O. P. .Alorton, - 11. G. N. Fitch, - 12. M. C. K(!rr, 13. S. K. Wolfe, - 14. ]). 1). Pratt, - 15. T. J. (Jarsnii, - 16. J. P. C. Shanks, 17. M. C. Hunter, - 18. J. N. Tvner, - 1». J. E. McDonald, 20. 11. S. Lane, 21. G. T. Orth, 22. G. W. :sroars, - 23. 1{. T. Brown, - 24. J. A. Comingor, 25. W. B. Fletcher, 2(5. C. E. Wrisrht, 27. A. C. Dod-ie, - 28 G. W. .AlcCrary, 29. C. C. Carpenter, Illinois. Michiiran. Indiana. - Iowa. 80. AV. AV. Belknap, ai. n. N. Coolev, ii2. (\. C. ]{. Mitchell, - 'i'.\. G. AV. Jones, - 34. Chas. Ne;rus, - ;!5. S. J. Kirkwood, 30. Jas. Grant, 37. E. B. L. Grunt, 38. Jas. AV. Grimes, 3!>. M. Donohue, - 40. J. I. Case, 41. J. U. Doolittle, 42. I'hiletus Sawyer, - 43. II. Ludington, 44. I. A. Laphani, 45. AV. E. Smith, - 40. David Atwood, 47. Chas. G. AVilliams, - 48 David Noirsle, 49. Alex. Mitchell, 50. L. B. Villas, - 51. L. C. Draper, - 52. Silas Garber, - 53. A. Brunson, 54. J. M. Ileum, - 55. Thos. A. Osborn, - 50. John A. llalderman. 57. C. K. Davis, Iowa. Wisconsin. Nebraska. Wisconsin. Kansas. it Minnesota. yicivs, etc. \ I CEXTEXNI.\L. 58. E.xliibilion Building. 59. Ilortieullural Kail. 00. Machinery Kali. 01. Acrieultural Hall. 02. Alemorial Hall. 03. Ladies Pavilion. KANS.\9 SCENES. 04. Montgomery's Heroic Defense. 05. Shocking Massacre of Spaniards. CO. The Kescue of Branson. 07. Escape of Gov. Keeder. 08. Raid on Lawrence. Iowa. Wisconsin. Nebraska. Wisconsiu. Kansas. it Minnesota. Defense. |)f Spaniards. m. pr. li ^ Iphiudblphia U.S.AMCBIOA >2 7s S- The surface, soil, climate and productions of tlie Great North- west are matters that properly solicit attention in the first chapter of this work ; for, to these phases of history more than to any- thing else is the prosperity of a country indebted. The soil of the vast tract of territory lying between the Ohio and Mississippi and Missouri rivers, in points of extent and fertility, has no equal — nothing that will compare with it on the earth. The beauty of its scenery and the value and extent of its productions challenge any other equal portion of the earth's surface, and the challenge will forever stand without an answer. The same re- mark applies with equal force and propriety to the climate of the Xorthwest. The general temperature, the length and quality of the winters, the healthfulness and mildness of the summers, are alike favorable to agricultural and animal growth and develop- ment. No where in the world are the various branches of agri- culture more profitably pursued ; nowhere on the earth has a more intelligent or energetic class of men been developed. The numerous rivers, great and small, seem to have been out- lined by the Almighty with a view to the jn'omotion of com- merce and manufacturing. The giant forests, the inexhaustable mineral deposits of coal, iron, lead, silver, etc., the boundless prairies, and the rolling woodlands, all combine in presenting a 2 18 TuTTLK's CKXTKyNIA KoiiTIlWEST. scene in nature without iin equal for richness, marvellous in beauty, inspiring to mankind. In directing attention to the prin- .cipal features in the topograpliy of the Northwest, we shall, for the most part, present them by states. OHIO. The great state of Ohio has au urea of 39,96-4 square miles. The state is situated between 38° 32' and 42" N. latitude, and be- tween 80° 30' and 84" 40' W. longitude. It is bounded on the north by Michigan aaul lake Erie, on the east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, on the south by West Virginia and Ken- tucky, and on the west by Indiana. Its extreme length from north to south is about 200 miles, and its width about 195 miles. A level country, elevated about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, occupies the center of the state, while the north central part of the state is crossed by a ridge of hills which divide the waters that flow into lake Erie from those that flow into the Ohio river. A second slope interrupts the Ohio slope in the south central part of the state, and from this ridge the lower part of the state is a fine rugged country, which rises into a range of bold hills along the Ohio river. There are some prairie lands in the center and northwest, and in the latter portion is a large tract of great fertility, called the Black Swamp, a considerable pau of •which is heavily timbered. Much of the country in the neigh- borhood of lake Erie is marshy. As already mentioned, lake Erie forms the greater part of the northern boundary, and receives the waters of the Maumee, San- dusky, Huron and Cuyahoga. With the exception of the Mau- mee, which has its source in Indiana, all these streams rise in and flow through this state. The principal towns on the lake are Cleveland and Sandusky. Sandusky Bay extends, for about twenty miles, inland. The lake shore abounds with many good harbors, but the Maumee is the only river susce])tible of naviga- tion that flows into the lake from Ohio. But we must not fail to speak of the great Ohio river which forms all the southern and a large portion of the eastern boundary of the state. This river touches Ohio for a distance of 470 miles, Soil and Suhface. W and is navigable for large steamers the whole of the distance. This river serves the eornmcree of the state in a remarkable de- gree, drawing to i*a current most of the commodities of the state for transportation. The principal tributaries of the Ohio arc the Muskingum, Scioto, Little Miami and Miami rivers. These vary in length from 11 to 200 miles. The first mentioned is navigable for a distance of 70 miles, by means of dams and locks; the others are not navigable at all. Kclley's Island, and other fc,maller islands in the southwestern portion of Lake Erie belong to Ohio. These produce a fine qual- ity of grajjcs. The principal minerals of the state are coal and iron. However, lime and marble are found and worked in large quantities. Salt springs arc numerous and valuable. Coal and iron are deposited in inexhaustible quantities, and the annual trade in these com- modities in Ohio, amounts to millions of dollars. The climate of Ohio is remarkably agreeable in the southern part of the state ; snow does not remain on the ground lor'"- at a time, but the climate of the northern portion of the state is more rigorous, and is similar to the climate of other portions of the lake region. Damaging droughts have occurred in Ohio, to the de- struction of the crops, but happily these are not frequent. The soil is extremely fertile, and there is but very little land that cannot be brought under profitable cultivation. The charac- ter of the soil has attracted within the borders of the state a fine population, and enterprises, commercial, manufacturing and finan- cial, have sprung up which have become the wonder of the nation. All these owe their greatness to the value and fertility of the soil. Ohio is said to have grown more rapidly than any other state in the Union. Sixty years ago, a vast forest covered almost the entire country between the Virginia line and Lake Erie. Now the same area is occupied by one of the most important states of the Union, possess- ing a population of nearly 3,000,000 souls, and ranking amongst the first members of the confederacy in her wealth and resources. Wine raising is now a very important interest along the Ohio Eiver. wmm 20 Tuti'lk's Centennial NourinyEST. There were about 15,000,000 acres of improved land in the state in the year 1870, and, for that year, the agricultural statis- tics of the state are given authoritivcly as follows : 20,400,729 02,443,34(5 24.417,700 1,080,410 853,723 223,700 10,274, OO.') 110.740 011,040 15,518,085 1,444.523 1,784.047 800, 208 15,943,110 18,723,377 38,783,007 20,520,108 3,502,714 10,202,a')8 3,794,f<00 155, 535 1,777,100 704,004 22,057 5.052,028 1,720,113 1,521,421 Bushels of wheat. it Iniliiin corn, - II oats, <> barley, - - ^^"^ wmmmmmm i' 24 TuTTLE's CeNTEXKIAL NoRTinVEST. like charcoal, between the lamina, slatj cleavage and rings under the hammer. It is free burning, makes an open fire, and with- out caking, swelling, scaffolding in the furnace or changing form, burns like hickory wood until it is consumed to a white ash and leaves no clinkers. It is likewise valuable for generating steam and for household uses. Many of the principal railway lines in the state are using it in preference to any other coal, as it does not burn out the .ireboxes and gives as little trouble as wood. There are as many as eight distinct seams of block coal in this zone, three of which are workable, having an average thickness of four feet. In some places this coal is mined by adits, but gener- ally from shafts, forty to eighty feet deep. The seams are crossed by cleavage lines and the coal is usually rained without powder, and m.ay be taken out in blocKs weighing a ton or more. When entries or rooms are driven angling across the cleavage lines, the v;aMs of the mine present a zigzag, notched ppearance, resemb- ling a Virginia v orm fence. In 1871 there were about twenty-four block coal mines in oper- ation, and about fifteen hundred tons were mined daily, Now there are more than fifty mines in operation, and the amount mined daily will reach nearly five thousand tons, and the demand is increasing faster than the facilities for raising it. Miners are paid from one dollar to one dollar and twenty cents per ton, and the coal sell's, on the ears at the mines, for two dollars and .seventy-five cents per ton of two thousand pounds. The usual estimate, to cover all expenses for running a mine, is fifty cents per ton, which leaves a net profit of from one dolha' to one dol- lar and twenty-five cents per ton. Coal l.mds sell at from fifty dolla.'s to five hundred dollars pcraere, according to location and the extent of the investigations that have been made to prove the quality and* quantity. The following analysis will serve to indicate the quality of the block coal : Glay County, Star Mine, Planet Furnace. Asl), wliitc, ...... Carbon, ...... Hydrogen, ...... Nitrogen, ...... Oygen, ...... Sulphur, '.•.... No. 1. No. 8. 2.74 1.68 81. 00 83.08 4.39 4.10 1.G7 l.«7 8.8« 8.17 .73 .70 100.00 100.00 Soil and Surface. 25 iprs under and with- ^ing form, ;e ash and iing steam ly lines in t does not od. ?al in this licknessof but gener- ire crossed it powder, e. When 3 lines, the !C, resemb- 63 in oper- ily. Now le amount ic demand liners arc per ton, Hars and riie usual ifty cents one dol- rom fifty ation and to prove serve to No. 8. 1.68 83.68 4.10 1.67 8.17 .70 100.00 Calculated calorific power equal to 8,283 heat units. These examples show a fair average qualitj' of the block coal used in the blast furnaces of Indiana for making Bessemer pig. The quality is alike good, both in the northern and southern parts of the field. Nine blast furnaces in Indiana, and others at Cir- ondelet, near St. Louis, are using the raw block coal for smelting iron ores, and it gives universal satisfaction. The Brazil blast furnace is sixty-one feet high, fourteen foot across the boshes, and has a closed top. It is using tlie Missouri specular hematite and rod hematite iron ores. With three parts of the former and one part of the latter, the make is forty tons of two thousand two hundred and sixtj'^-eight jiounds per day, and with equal parts of each the make is thirty-live to thirty-six tons per day. Four thousand pounds of block coal arc used to the ton of iron. The IMissouri ores now cost, on an average, twelve dol- lars per ton at the furnace, being an advance over the year 1874 of more than three dollars per ton. One and a half tons of the specular ore will produce a ton of pig iron ; of the red hematite it requires a little more than this quantity to make a ton of pig. This certainly speaks highly for the block coal, as well as of the superior advantages offered in Indiana for the manufacture of iron and Bessemer steel rails. The cost of labor to make a ton of pig iron at the furnace iu Indiana is about three dollars and fifty cents. The great Indiana coal field is less than one hundred and fifty miles, by raih'oad, from Chicago, Illinois, or Michigan City, ia this state, from which ports the Lake Superior specular and red hematite ores are landed from vessels that arc able to run in a direct course from the ore banks. Lake Superior ore is similar in quality to that from the Iron Mountain in Missouri, and is as well adapted for making Bessemer pig. From the Iron Mountain to tlie block coal field, the distance is two hundred and sixty miles by railroad. There are five railroads running from the coal field to St. Louis, and three to Chicago, and two to Michigan City. Any careful thinking business man can easily observe the ad- vantages of this immense coal field to the future pro-sperity of In- diana. From it untold wealth will flow into private and public trci'suries. To-day it lies comparatively dormant, awaiting only mmmm 26 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. '■' y the combined efforts of capital and labor to make it the centre of activity and the fountain of material prosperity. But we must not forget the cannel coal. One of the finest seams of this coal to be found in the countiy is to be seen in Daviess county, Indiana. Here we have a coal five feet thick, of which the upper three and a half feet is cannel, and the lower one and a half feet is a beautiful jet black caking coal. Tlie two qualities are united, and show no intervening clay or shale, so that in mining, fragments of the caking coal are often fouud ad- hering to the cannel. There is no gradual change from one to the other, or blending of the varieties where united, but the change is sudden and the character of the cannot coal is homo- geneous from top to bottom. The cannel coal makes a delightful fire in open grates, and does not pop and throw off scales into th€ open grf as is usually the room, case with this variety of coal. The following is Prof. Cox's an- alysis of this coal : Specific gravity, 1,229 ; one cubic foot weighs 76.87 lbs. Coke, Volatile matter, 48.00 52.00 Ash, white, Fixed Carbon, j Moisture @ 212° F., ( Gas, 6.00 42.00 3.50 48.50 100.00 100.00 — — . 71.10 7. 05 COO 1.45 12.74 1.00 100.00 Ultimate analysis of the same coal : Carbon, ...... Asli, ...... lI;(lro(;cn, . . . . , Nitrogen, ..... Oxyiron, ...... Sulphur, ..... From the above analysis it will be seen that this coal is admi- rably adapted to the manufacture of illuminating gfu'5, both from the quantity it yields and its high illuminating power. One ton of two thousand pounds of this cannel coal yields ten thousand, four hundred feet of gas, while the best Yo-ughiogheny coal used at the Indianapolis gas works, yields but eight thousand, six hundred and eighty cubic feet. This gas has an illuminating power of 25.2 candles, while the Youghiogheny coal gas has an illuminating power of seventeen candles. Soil and Sudface. 27 Cannel coal is also found in great abundance in Perry, Greene, Parke and Fountain counties, where its commercial value lias already been attested. There are numerous deposits of bog iron ore in the northern part of the state, and clay iron stones and impure carbonates and brown oxides are found scattered over the vicinity of the coal fields. At some localities the beds are quite thick, and of con- siderable commercial value. Investigation is already showing that Indiana contains valuable ore beds, that will, at no distant day, contribute largely to lier importance. Indiana also contains immense and inexhaustible quantities of building stone, sufficient for all future purposes, of the very best quality. Numerous quarries arc already open and in successful operation. There is an abundance of excellent lime in the state. This is gaining a wide reputation and largely adding to the state commerce. The climate is mild as a general rule, but liable to sudden and severe changes. The summers are warm, but the winters, *hough severe, are short, and except in the most northern counties deep snows are not usual. The soil of Indiana is uniformly very good. Corn is the great staple of the state ; many farmers have become wealthy in rais- ing it. It is easily cultivated, and almost every farmer has from forty to one hundred ai.d fifty acres. Tw persons can prepare the ground, plant and attend to and gather from forty to fifty acres, and the product is generally from thirty to seventy bushels an acre, averaging, perhaps, forty or forty-five. Good land, with the proper preparation and care, will, in a good season, produce from seventy to ninety bushels to the acre. Corn, in former days, say from 1840 to 1850, usually sold at from ten to thirty cents a bushel. Millions and millions of bushels have been used at the former price to fatten bogs in the interior; but in this respect things have undergone a change — a change in favor of the farmer. The cultivation of corn is admirably adapted to the soil and climate of the state,. and to the customs of the farmers. The soil is very rich, loamy, and with proper cultivation the cora does not often suffer either from cold, rains or drouth. The commercial and manufacturing interests of Indiana have !*«• ■) ,1. I 1 ' I iff M 1 >!il 28 TuTTLifs Centennial Nortiiwlst. not been neglected, nor arc they lagging. Commerce in tlic pro- duction of the soil, for many years absorbed the attention of traders and speculatoi-s ; but no sooner had the prosperity of trade created a demand for a general development of the agricul- tural resources of the state, than a special interest was directed to manufacturing. This was manifested as early as 18-iO, and, from that year down to the present, a general prosperity has at- tended almost every nuinufaciuring establishment in the state. It is said that the largest carriage factory in the whole world, to-day, is located in the state of Indiana, at the flourishinrf city of South Bend. This is the greatest evidence of the enterprise of Indiana manufactures, when taken in consideration with the celebrated carriage factories of Connecticut, many of whi''i have supplied, to a great extent, the markets of the old worla. Fol- lowing are some statistical observations. Manvfacturing Statislics. Soil and Subface. \ 29 ! in the pro- attention of rosperity o£ the agricul- rt\is directed ,s 18i0, and, )erity has at- in the slate, whole -world, urishin,^ city ,he enterprise ;ion with the f whi-'i have worla. Fol- 0. 1850. 5,323 4,393 t • • • • .... • • ■ ■ • ■ ,295 1, 5(i3 733 14,440 13,748 093 ,12U7, 7.50, 403 1,335! 3,728,844 L597ilO,3(ie >'=o< MAYKT'^'NOVIMBBUiriBTe. ^*r^'iPiftwff aa2, MaisiiiiaiiffBaM -'O^e^^ ] n every possi- 1 testimony is n"th and ease a |the county of ich are from ugo of about They extend linee county re, but they at Bayfield, luetic ores are <''ive diilerent able is the nt, of metal- atite, which id vantage of the district, the district, mines pro- or shistose lictallic iron MRgaiHTWy^^IIMSlMf MSSI«IIli8gffIIB>iia--=P^^C^-^ :l I ' mm PHILADELPHIA V. S. AMEBIM ><3:-< :x ><3=< MAY1(r"'!'N0VEMBEIUCr"1876. — >^>$^$<>;- f^Mgiaiai^La^a^aaMiJILgMlIl^ )VEMBERlCrM876. Soil awd Surface. 88 /BMBERICTMSTB. :^^4i ^x;^— than tlic ores .above named, and i:^ rather more difTKMilt to reduce. It is often inngnetic and sometimes handed with dull red or white quartz. The iron is coUl short, wliich is said to bo one of tlio best quahties (jf tl lis ore. Tho other ores of the district are red short. This ore is believed to be the most abundant in the district. At .several i)oints in the district, and .accompanying tho IhiL^ ore, is found a silicious iron ore, which contains a variable amount of oxide of manganese. This is of great value as a mix- ture. There are forty mines now in the district, wliich have produced since their opening, up to and including the year 1872, an aver- age of over 130,184 tons. Tho aggregate yield, in tons, from 1856 to 1872 inclusive, is 5,007,373. The v.alue of this 3-ield has been $4-1,373.833. There are fifteen furnaces in the district, which have produced since their establishment an average of over 23,858 tons. Their aggregate production since 1858, when tho first was started, up to and including 1872, is 357,880 tons, Michigan ranks as the second state in the nnion in the produc- tion of iron, Pennsylvania QT\]y leading her. The magnitude of her iron interest is seen in the fact that, in 1872, she furnished about one-thirteenth of the entire product of the world. But, great as it is, it is yet in its infancy. Mountains of solid ore, cov- ering many square miles, exist within her limits; and, thousands of years hence, when this continent shall contain a population greater than now exists in the world, the iron mines of Michigan will still continue to pour out their rich treasures iu inexhausti- ble abundance. The principal copper mines in Michigan .are in the counties of Keweenaw, Houghton and Ontonagon. The existence of copper in the upper peninsula was known to the Indians long before the white man had penetrated the depths of our forests ; and the early white settlers Were informed of its existence many years ago. But no active measures were taken to ascertain the extent of the deposits, or to reap any benefit from their rich stores, until the year 1845. At that time the fever of copper s[)eculation broke out, and had a most disastrous run for several years. Numerous companies were organized, and speculations in copper stocks were indulged in to an enormous extent. The Cliff mine 8. ««n ! i: ™' I ! i illi 'II 3A TuTTLEfs Centennial Noutiiwest. was the first one developed. Three years were spent in de- veloping it, with very discouraging results ; but at the end of that time, and just at the moment of success, the mine changed hands. In the hands of the new owners it proved to be exceed- ingly rich in both copper and silver. This mine is situated in Keweenaw county, just back of Eagle Harbor. In 18-i8 the Minnesota mine was discovered. Several years were spent in tliis mine with very little show of success. In 1855 the Pewabic mine was opened, ^^he first four years the sum of $230,813 was expended, and $153,168 worth of copper was produced. Other mines were worked with similar results, some even more di.sas- trously. Several causes conspired to produce these results. The St Mary's canal was not yet built, and al) supplies had to be packed around the falls. They were then carried in boats along the shores for hundreds of miles. When the mining re":ion was reached everything had to be packed on the backs of beasts or of men to the mines. Again, the want of practical experience in those who worked the mines k ' to much loss, great embarrass- ments, and final abandonment of enterprises that witli practical skill and good judgment might have been successfully carried out. The want of scientific exploration and' examination of these regions was also a serious drawback. With the completion of the canal all this was changed, and copper mining received a new impetus. Goods could be transported more cheaply, and the pro- duct of the minQS could be readily transported to market. Scien- tific explorations followed, and capital and .^killed labor were brought into requisition. The finances were managed with more care, and the mines weru v/o/ked with greater judgment. The result has been a rich reward for the enterprise and cai)ital inves- ted, and the production of copper has come to be c he of the great industries of the northwest. The ore mined is of the richest quality, yielding about eighty per cen^ of ingot copper. Many times vast masses of pure native copper, weighing many tons, liave been taken out. Smelting works have been established at Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg and Portage Lake. Twenty- five mines are now in successful opera- tion, giving cmplo3'mcnt to over seven thousand men. Tiio num- ber of tons produced from 1845 to 1872, inclusive, is 175,756. ■-''«s Soil axd Suuface. pent in de- ; tbe end of line changed J be excced- i situated in In 1848 the ere spent in the rcwabic $230,813 was uced. Other more disas- results. The 33 had to be n boats along ng region was :s o£ beasts or experience in 3at embarrass- with practical ssfully carried bation of tliese completion o£ iccivcd a new , and the pro- rket. Scien- •d labor were :cd with more gmerit. The iapital inves- of the great labovit eighty £ pure native t. Smelting ittsburg and cssful opera- Tlie nu ni- ls 175,756. The valne of the copper produced in that time i? estimated at $76,560,720. The richness of the copper mines of the upper peninsula is not surpassed in the world. It is already one of the most important industries in the northwest, and further scientilic research will un- doubtedly lead to still more important results, and materially in- crease the wealth and commerce of the state. The first attempt to develop the saline resources of the state was made by the late Dr. Douglas Houghton, then state geologist, under the authority of the legislature. An appropriation of $3,000 was made for this purpose, and operatiors were commenced in June, 1838. A spot was selected on the Tittabawassee river, ten miles above the site of the present village of Midland. Two thousand dollars of this appropriation were expended before the depth of 100 feet was reached, and those engaged in the prosecu- tion of the work began to look upon the enterprise as hoj^elcss. Work was continued, however, unt'l a depth of 140 feet was reached, when it was abandoned. Dr. Houghton never lost faith in the ultimate success of the enterprise, having the fullest confi- dence in the existence of rich and extensive saline deposits under- lying a large area of the surface of Michigan. After this failure the matter rested for a time. Occasionally wells were sunk in various parts of the slate, but with poor success, until 1860, when the fa'st paying well was su.ik in the Saginaw valley. Before the close of that year 4,000 barrels were shipped. Since that time numerous paying wells have been sunk, the manufacturing pro- cess has been improved so as to materially reduce the cost of pro- duction, and to-day stdt is one of the staple prod 'ctions of the state. The principal salt region, as far as developed, is in the Saginaw valley. The wells arc usually sunk in the vicinity of the saw mills, in order to be able to utili^ic the exhaust steam or the refuse of the mills, in the manufacture of the salt. This re- duces the expeni5e of manufacture to a minimum, and produces large returns in proportion to the capital invested and the labor involved. . A little over twelve years have elapsed since the first ship- ments were made from this state ; but in that time over six mil- lions of barrels have been manufactured. ill II'' ill 86 TuTTLifs Centennial Northwest. At the close of the year 1872 there were sixty salt manufac- turing firms in the stale, with a capital of $3,500,000 invested. These f .ms give employment to about 1,000 men, in the manu- facture of salt and the business incident thereto. Their manu facturing capacity is about 1,158,000 barrels per annum. The following shows the districts, and the character and capa^ city of the works, .is arranged by the state salt inspector ; District No. 1, East Saginaw, has 4 salt companies, with 10 kettles, 1 steam and 2 pan blocks. Capacity, 140,000 barrels. District jSTo. 2, South Saginaw, 10 firms, with 10 kettLo and 3 steam blocks. Capacity, 135,000 barrels. District No. 3, Saginaw City, 8 firms, with o kettles, 7 steam and 1 pan block. Capacity, 150,000 barrels. District No. 4, Carrolton, 6 firms, with 12 kettles, 2 steam and 1 pan block. Capacity, 175,000 barrels. District No. 5, Zihvaukee, 6 firms, with 3 kettles, 4 steam and 8 pan blocks, and 2,770 solar salt covers. Capacity, 150,000 barrels. District No. G, Portsmouth, Bay City and Salzburg, 9 firms, ■with 6 kettles and 8 st-cam blocks. Capacity, 175.000 barrels. District No. 7, Bay, ""Janks and Kawkawlin, 13 firms, with 4 kettles, 7 steam and 5 pan blocks, and 521 solar salt covers. District No. 8, Huron county, 3 firms, one at Port Austin, one at Cascville, and one at "White Hock. They have 2 kettles, 1 steam and 2. pan blocks, and 50 solar salt covers. Capacity, 50,000-barrcls. District No. 9, Mount Clemens, 1 firm, with 1 steam block. Capacity, 8,000 barrels. At St. Clair a well waj sunk several 3'cars since. Good brin-" "was obtained, and a salt block erected, from wiiich a ju'ime qu; ily of salt was manufactured ; but the manufacture was soon abandoned, owing, it is said, to the high price of fuel. The manufacture of salt has also commenced in East Tnwas, and a new inspection district is about to bo erected. The quality of ^lichigan saU is vaisurpasscu, an] {•: rapnilv taking the place cf all others in the markets of tht; west, 'i ao following chemical aaialysis will show its character : Chloride of s^'dium, 97.288 ; chloride of calcium, 0.229 ; chloride of magne- Soil and Surface. 87 It manufac- invested. 1 the manu- lieir manu n. r and capt> or: 2s, with 10 barrels. sttLo and 3 cs, 7 steam ! steam and t steam and ty, 150,000 rg, 9 firms, barrcld. ms, with -i lOvers. [Vustin, one kettles, 1 Capacity, lam block. ood briiT" Irime qu; Iwas scon |ist Taw as, -5 rapiJlv lest. '3. ao iiluride of If ma.irne- siura, 0.340; sulphate of lime, 0.697; moisture, 1.300; insoluble matter, 0.0-46. Total, 100.000. The refuse from the manufactories is now being utilized. It produces aniline, one of the best known bases of color, and bro- mo-chloralum, an e.xcellenL 'bsinfectant The discovery of gypsum in Michigan dates a.s far back as the time when Gen. Cass was governor of the territory. Nothing was done in thn way of developing the beds until 1840, when the first plaster mill was erected at Grand Rapids. Two years before this. Dr. Douglas Houghton visited the Grand Rapids beds, and made a report which led to their development. The stratum of gypsum at this place is from eighteen to twenty feet in thickness, and covers an area of about 1,000 acres. The man.ufactu'e of plaster at Grand Rapids aggj'cgates about 40,000 tons of land plaster, and about 60,000 barrels of stucco per annum. About $500,000 is invested in the business, giving employment to about three hun- dred men. It is an excellent fertilizer, and finds a ready market among the farmers of this state and of Indiana. Plaster is also found at Alabaster, Iosco county, and in the unper peninsula. The mines at Alabaster were only opened K ut six or seven years ago. They are located close to the ':.. /^r's edge, on an excellent harbor, and the facilities for mining ,nd -.hipping are excellent. The plaster is taken from the mities to the dock over a tramway, whc;^ it is dumpf d from the cars into the vessel. A chemical analysis ol the gyr.'Sum found in Michi- gan presents the following result : Sulp!:v./ic acid, 48 ; lime, 32 ; water, 20. Total, 100. This business is destined to assume great magnitude, as the country settles up and the agricultural resources are developed. Its value as a fertilizer is rapidly becoming known and appreci- f.tod, and the demand increases fiom year to 3'oar. Geologists have long since demonstrated the fact that an im- mense coal basin underlies the whole central portion of the state. Prof. J. "W. Foster estimates the coal field of Michigan to be about one hundred feet in thickness, and to cover an area of five thous- and square miles. Mines have thus far been opened at Jackson, at Corunna, Shiawassee county, and at AVilliamston, in the county of Ingham. The first operations in this lino commenced in 1858, wnamm '^atSmffmaMiakiimmiK, l.'l - t 'in m ! !! i ! I 'I'iill 89 Tuttle's Centennial Nortuwest. at Jackson, and tliis mine Las been regularly worked since that time. The coal is bituminous, and is strongly impregnated with sulphur, which renders it unpopular for domestic use. In many branches of manufacture, however, it is well adapted and largely employed. The coal improves in quality as the shaft descends through the • 'Ttum. At .Corunuc ^ operations have been carried on for about ten years. The ^^ ty of the coal is similar to that at Ja.^kdon. A vein containing a very superior quality of coal has recently been opened, which bids fair to prove of great importance. A railroad track has been laid directly to the mine, thus all'ording the best facilities for shipment. The coal found at Williamston is much superior in quality to that of either of the above mines, and resembles, more nearly than any other in the state, the celebrated block coal of Indiana. Very little has heretofore been done at this mine, owing to a lack of railroad facilities. But this difficulty has recently been overcome, and mining is carried on vigorously. There are many other minerals in the state besides those enu- merated above, some of which ai'c destined to be developed and add greatly to the wealth of Michigan. Silver and gold are known to exist in the upper peninsula. The former, in no n- considerable quantities, has been found in the copper mines. Lead and plumbago are also known to exist in that region. The Indi- ans supplied themselves with bullets from mines at Lake Superior, but could never be induced to reveal the locality from which they obtained it. Mines have already been opened, but never worked to any great extent. It is safe to predict, however, that at no distant day profitable mines will be opened, and thus anothe; branch (ff mining industry will be added to the other resources oi the state. The business of manufacturing grindstones has assumed con- siderable magnitude of late, the Huron gritstones being unrivaled in the market. Marble, of great variety and superior quality, is also found in the Marquette iron region. Yellow and red ochre and manganese beds are found in the St Mary's Peninsula, where coloriu"- ma- terial can be mined in unlimited quantities. Soil and Surface. 89 lI since that jnatcd with , In many and largely ft descends n for abont lit Ja.'il-irfon. as recentlv )rtancc. A IS alTording 1 quality to nearly than iana. Very to a lack of a overcome, 5 those enu- eloped and d gold are r, in no n- nes. Lead The Indi- |c Superior, Inch they I'cr worked that at no Is anothe." tsourccs oi imed con- lunrivalcd found in Jaiigancse Iring mii- Bailding stone of a very superior quality is found in various localities, equal in beauty and durability to the free stone of New England. Material for quick limes and hydraulic limes is also found in unlimited quantities. Clays of every variety for brick making are found in tlie greatest abundance. White and lemon colored bricks, so popular for building fronts, arc made in many localities. Yast quantities of peat are found in many places, which, in future years, will prove of immense value. It is safe to say that no region on this continent of the same area, possesses so much valuable timber as Michigan. Not less than 20,000,000 acres, or one-half the area of the state, was origi- nally cov^ercd with pine. What arc here mentioned as pine lands must not bo understood as being covered exclusively with that timber. Along the margins of the streams the pine forests are very dense ; but away from the streams it is generally liberally interspersed with various hard w^oods. The superior quality of the pine thus interspersed wnth the hard timber ampl}'- compen- sates for the lack of quantity. The principal lumber region, thus far developed, is the valley of the Saginaw river, and along its tributary streams, extending to the upper Muskegon, thence to lake Michigan. The region around Tlumdcr Bay also contains a large area of pine timber, and the Au Sable and the Manistee rivers penetrate an immense pine region. On all these streams lumbering operations are extensive- ly carried on, but" the principal sources of supply are at present the Saginaw valley on. the east, and on the Muskegon river on the west Before railroads penetrated the pine forests of the interior, lum- bering operations were confined almost exclusively to the immedi- ate vicinity of streams. The logs were cut in the winter, and hauled on the snow to the streams, and floated to the mills on the current formed by the spring freshets. With the advent of rail- roads, immense tracts of valuable pine, heretofore inaccessible, have been brought into the market. Mills spring up along the tracks of the railroads as they are laid through the forests, flour- ishing villages ajtpear as if by magic, the forests are cleared and brought under cultivation, thus giving employment to thousands II 11 i 40 TuTTLifs Centknxial Xohtiiwest. Mliilll I 1 of men, homes and productive farms to tlie hardy pioneers, and abundant and remunerative employment to the raih'oads in trans- porting lumber and supplies. The principal roads that have thus penetrated tiie piuo forests of the interior are the Jackson, Lan- sing and Saginaw, the Flint and Pere Marquette, and Grand Ilap- ids and Indiana railroads. It is estimated that there are about 7,000,000 acres of pine lands in the Lower Peninsula that are yet untouched. It is true that sum of this is interspersed with hard wood timber ; but that is com- pensated for by the fact that the pine is of better quality and the lands better adapted to the purposes of agriculture than those covered exclusively v,?ith pine. In the Upper Peninsula it is es- timated that there are at least 10,000,000 acres of pine as yet un- touched, which will produce, probably, 7,000,000,000 feet of lum- ber. It may be well in this connection to correct a mistake that pre- vails to a great extent in reference to tlic adaptation of jiine lands to the purposes o' agriculture. No better farming lands exist than those which have produced a mixed growth of pine and hard wood timber ; and even the land that has been covered ex- clusively with pine is very rich and productive vinder proper care and management. The quality of Michigan pine is unsurpassed for the purposes of lumber. It is principally white pine, of which there are several varieties. Norway pine grows abundantly in some localities, but the proportion is small compared with the more valuable white pines. On the best pine lands, the quantitj- of hard wood often exceeds that of pine. In many parts of the state walnut and cherry grow in abundance, and are largely used l.^y the furniture makers of the state and of the east. Oak grows abundantly in many lo- calities, and the trade in that timber for ship building purposes is of late years assuming magnificent proportions. Aside from that used in ship-yards along our own shores, vast quantities are an- nually shipped to Montreal, Quebec, BuiTalo and Cleveland. In the interior, where the heavy ship-timber cannot be transported to the streams, the oak is manufactured into staves which are shipped mainly to Europe and the West Indies. It may be proper in thi.«? connection to correct an erroneous im- Soil and Surface. 41 ionccrs, and ads in trans- at have tlius ickson, Lan- Grand Ilap- )f pine lands D is true that t that is com- ility and the I tlian those isula it is es- ic as yet un- £cet o£ lum- ake that pre- of pine lands ; lands exist of pine and covered ex- nder proper lie purposes are several Icalities, but luable white I wood often , and cherry ire makers many lo- purposes is from that ties are an- leland. In jransported I which are lncou3 im- pression that has gone abroad, backed by apparently high authori- ty, in reference to the variety of oak timber that is shipped from this state fi ■■ nurposes of ship-building. Eeference is had to the popular belief that the variet}' known as "live oak" grows abun- dantly in the forests of Michigan. The fact is live oak does not grow in this state at all That variety in only found in the south- ern states, and is known to botanists as queixus vivens. The va- riety which forms the bulk of the shipments from Miohigari is quercus alha, popularly known as white oak. It is highly esteemed for ship-building, and is only exceeded in value for that p irpose by the live oak of the south. The following will serve to give some idea of the magnitide of the lumber anl timber trade of Michigan : In the year 1872 the aggregate of pine luiuber cut by the mills of the state was 2,253,011,000 feet. Of this amount, the mills of the Saginaw valley cut 837,798,48-1 feet. The Muskegon lake mills cut 316,031,400 feet; the Huron shore mills 175,500,- 000 ; Manistee mills, 161,900.000 ; Grand Haven mills, 150,000,- 000; Menominee mills, 136,113,360; Flint and Pere Marquette Railway mills, 114,234,554; White Lake mills, 85,302,347 ; De- troit and St. Clair River mills, 80,000,000 ; Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railway mills, 68,216,009; Saugatuck mills, 50,000,000; Ludington mills, 47,912,846; other mills, 30,000,000. Of shingles it is estimated thab not less than 400,000,000 were produced the same year. Of lath about 300,000,000. The shipments of staves for the same year were as follow*^ Sagi- naw river, 8,663,200; Detroit, 2,102,000; Port Huron, 1,536,900 ; Lexington, 204,000 ; New Baltimore, 184,000, About $20,000,000 are invested in the production of pine lum- ber, giving cmploj'ment to nearly twenty thousand persons. This estimate does not include the enormous amount of money invested in pine lands, nor the men employed in the transportation of the lumber to market, or those employed in the lumber camps in the woods. In addition to the pine timber of the state, as before intimated, the hard wood forests are immense and valuable. Tiiese, espe- cially in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula, have scarcely been touched. The quality of that kind of timber in the I iijii ii^iii 42 TuTTLEfs Centennial KonrinvEST. forests of Michigan is unrivalled ; ami it is safe to predict that but a few years will elapse before the product from this source will equal in value the present trafTic in pine. CHAPTER III. SOIL AND SURFACE. (contituteil.) Topography — Minerals — Climate — Soil and Productions. . ILLINOIS. The area of the great state of Illinois is 55,410 square miles, .and is situated between 37° and 42° 30' N. latitude, and between 87" and 91' W. longitude. It is bounded on the north by the state of Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake ^Michigan and the state of Indiana ; on the south by the state of Kentucky, and on the west by Missouri and Iowa and the Mississippi. A portion of the eastern boundary is washed by the "Wabash. In the southern por- tion of the state there is a hilly region, as also in the northwest, but as a general rule the surface is level, being for the most part one boundless, undulating prairie, covered with a luxuriant vege- tation. "The great landscape feature of Illinois is its prairies, which are seen in almost every section of the state. The want of variet}'', which is ordinarily essential to landscape attraction, is -nore than compensated for in the prairie scenery, as in that of the boundless ocean, by the impressive qualities of immensity and power. Far as the most searching eye can reach, the great unva- rying plain rolls on ; its sublime grandeur* softened but not weak- ened by the occasional groups of trees in its midst, or by the for- ests on its verge, or by the countless flowers everywhere upon its surface. The prairies abound in game. The prairie duck, some- times but improperly called grouse, are most abundant in Septem- ber and Octobt •, when large numbers are annually taken. Per- haps the most striking picture of the prairie country is to be found on Grand Prairie. Its gently undulating plains, profusely decked Soil and Surface. 48 rcdict tliat but lis source will luctions. ) square miles, e, and between ! north by the n and the state y, and on the portion of the southern por- ,hc northwest, the most part ^^xuriant vege- |3 its prairies, The want of attraction, is in that of the iimensity and ic great unva- )ut not wcak- r by the for- lere upon its duck, some- ; in Septem- aken. Per- to be found iisely decked with flowers of every Ime, and skirted on all sides by woodland copse, roll on through many long miles from Jackson county, northeast to Iroquois county, with a width varying from one to a dozen or more miles. The uniform level of the jirairio region is supposed to result from the deposit of waters by which the land was ages ago covered. The soil is entirely free from stones, and is extremely fertile. The most notable characteristic of the prairies, their destitution of vegetation, cxcep''' g iii the multitude of rank grasses and flowers, will gradually disappear, since nothing pre- vents the growth of the trees but the continual fires which sweep over the plains. These }>revented, a fine growth of timber soon springs up ; and as the woodlands are thus assisted in encroaching upon and occupying the plains, settlements, and habitations will follow, until the praine tracts are overrun with cities and towns. Of the thirty-five and a half millions of acres embraced within the state, but thirteen millions, or littk* more than one-third, were improved in 18G0, showing that despite her wonderful progress in population and production, she is yet only in her infancy. Ex- cepting the specialty of the prairie, the most interesting landscape scenery of this state is that of the bold, acclivitous river shores of the Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Illinois rivers." * Lake Michi- gan forms the northern part of the eastern boundary. Chicago, the principal city, is situated near the southern end of the lake, and possesses a very large lake trade. The other towns 'on Lake Michigan are : Otsego, Waukegan, Rockland, and Evanston. The ^Mississippi river forhis the western boundary of this state, and receives the waters of the Rock, Illinois, and Kaskaskia rivers, besides those of several smaller streams. The important places on the Mississippi, beginning on the north, are Galena, Rock Island, Oquawka, Quiney, Alton, East St. Louis, and Thebes. The Ohio river forms the southern boundary, and empties into the Mississippi, at the extreme southern end of the state. The city of Cairo is situated at the confluence of these two rivers, and is an important place. The Illinois river is the largest ir the state. It is formed by the confluence of the Des Plaines and Kankakee, which unite at Dresden, in Grundy county, southwest * AppletoQ'9 Ilaml-Book of American Travel. - ,- V ■ 't. ■' I i ! ii:! . !;ii:5:. ■■.!t 44 Tvttle's Centennial Northwest. of Lake Michigan. It flows across the state in a southwestern direction, and empties into the ^Mississippi about 20 miles from Alton. It is about 320 miles long, and has been rendered navi- gable at all seasons, to Ottawa, 280 rtiilcs from the Mississijipi. Peoria, 200 miles from its ^loutli, is the most important town on the river. The Fo.v and Sangamon rivers are its principal branches. The former rises in Wisconsin, and is 200 miles long. It is a fine mill stream ; the latter rises in the east-central part of the state, and flows west into the Illinois. It is 200 miles long, and is navigable at high water for small steamers. The Ilock river rises in Fond du Lac county, in Wisconsin, about 10 miles south of Lake Winnebago, and flows southward into Illinois, near the centre of the northern part of the state. It then turns to the southwest and flows across the state into the Mississippi, at Eock Island City. It is 330 miles long, and though interrupted in sev- eral places by rapids, could be rendered navigable at a small ex- pense ; steamet's have ascended it to Jefferson, Wisconsin, 225 miles. It flows through one of the most beautiful and fertile por- tions of Illinois. The Kaskaslcia river rises in Champaign county, in the eastern part of the centre of the state, and flows southwest into the Mississippi a few miles below the town of Kaskaskia. It is 300 miles long, and is navigable for steamers for a considera- ble distance. The Vermillion, Embarrass, and Little Wabash rivers, small streams, flow into the Wabash from this state. Sev- eral small lakes lie in the northern part of the state."* "There are extensive deposits of kad in the extreme northwest- ern part of this state, and extending into Wi.consin and Iowa. The principal mines lie in the vicinity of Galena. Copper exists in large quantities in the northern part of the state. Bituminous coal abounds. Iron is also found in abundance in the north, and to a limited extent in the south, and it is said that silver has been discovered in St. Clair county. There are a number of salt springs in the state, and a variety of medicinal springs. The other minerals are zinc, lime, marble, freestone, gypsum, and quartz crystals. The climate is not very severe, but is subject to sudden changes. Deep snows are not of general occurrence, but occasionally take place, and at long intervsls the I'ivers are frozen over. *" The Great Tlcpublic." Soil and Siui'ACh: 46 a poutliwcstorn i 20 miles from I reiulereil navi- the Mississippi, oortant town on its principal 200 miles long, t-central part of 200 miles long, !rs. The Hock about 10 miles to Illinois, near icn turns to the issippi, at llock irrupted in sev- c at a small ex- Wisconsin, 225 and fertile por- mpaign county, ows southwest of Kaskaskia. a considera- jittle Wabagh is state. Scv- me northwest- sin and Iowa. pper exists in Bituminous he north, and Ivcr has been mbcr of salt jprings. The ■ypsum, and is subject to urrence, but rs are frozen CnAPTER lY. SOIL AND SURFACE. (,contlnueil.) Topography — Climate — Minerals — Soil and Productions. WISCONSIN. The state of Wisconsin has an area of 53,924 square miles, and is situated between 42° 30' and 46" 55' N. latitude, and be- tween 87° and 92° 50' "W. longitude. It is bounded on the north by Michigan, Lake Superior and ^Minnesota; on the east by Lake Michigan; on the south by Illinois, and on the west by Iowa and Minnesota. Its extreme length, from north to south, is about 285 miles, and its greatest breadth, from east to west, about 255 miles. Concerning the topograph}', minerals, soil aud climate, and productions of Wisconsin, I condense from my hist,ory of that state already published, the following sketch : There are no mountains in Wisconsin. The whole suiface may, with a few unimportant exceptions, be regarded as a vast plain, broken only by the cliffs fringing the streams and lakas. This plain has an elevation of from six hundred to fifteen hun- dred feet above the ocean. The highest lands arc located along the headwaters of the tributaries of lake Superior, which, near the sources of the Montreal riverj are about eighteen hundred feet above the level of the sea. From this important watershed, the land slopes continuously toward the lake, as also toward the south, to the lower Wisconsin river. From the latter point, there is another slope, still to the south, drained by the waters of Rock river and its tributary streams. The waters of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers approach and mingle at Portage City. Near this' point they are connected by a canal, .from which there is a descent of a hundred and ninety-five feet to Green Bay, and a hundred and seventy-one feet to the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. n 1 46 Tl'TTLtfs CeSTKSSIAL NonTIIWEST. li!' iij ; In tlic southwestern ]>art of tlio state there nro minu>roiia moduds, some of thi'tn of considcniblc proportion.^. Anion;.'; tlio hitter arc the IMue, seventeen luuidred and twenty-nine feet above the sea; the Platte, twelve hundred and eighty-one feet above the sea; and the Sinsincwa Mounds, eleven hundred and sixty-nine feet above the sea. These elevation.s formerly served as. guide.s to the adventurer, marking certain well known points, which accounts for their frequent mention in the early annals of the territory. There is also a class of ancient f ••thworks still visible in Wi.sconsin, containing many peculiarit: . ,. Th^y have been made to rejircsont quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and even the human form, in the vicinity of the well known Blue Mounds, there is a specimen of tliesc earthworks, representing a man. It is a hundred and twenty feet long, with a body over thirty feet wide, and a well shaped head. Its elevation is six feet above the surrounding prairie. The mound at Prairicvillc is a very faithful and interesting rejjresentation of a turtle. The body is nearly sixty feet in lengtli, and the ."hapc of the head is still well preserved. Not far from the Four Lakes, there arc over a hun- dred small mounds of various shapes and dimensions; and, in the same neighborhood, fragments of ancient pottery, of a very rude kind, have been found. A well formed mound near Cass- villc rci)resents the mastadon ; which has given rise to many speculative opinions, among which is that very reasonable one, that the ancients who built these earthworks were contemporaries with that huge animal. This theory is strengthened by the jircs- ence of mastodon bones in these mounds. But we will return, for the present; to notice more particularly the surface of the country. The southeastern portion of the state is broken by ravines bor- dering the streams ; but these are depressed only a little below the surrounding level. The prairies arc destitute of trees or shrubs, and are richly covered with grass, interspersed Vvith beau- tiful flowers of.,all shades and colors. The oak openings are also a remarkable feature of this portion of the state, as also the tracts of woodland which border the streams, and the natural meadows. As one proceeds north to the Fox and Wi.sconsin rivers and Green Bay, the timber increases in quantity and value, and the T. Soil axd Surface. 47 arc mimerona IS. Among tlio vciity-iiinc feet ciglity-onc foot n huiHlred and formerly served known points, early annals of •"thworks still .... Tl' ^y have 3, and even tlic Blue ^founds, ting a man. It over thirty feet six feet above cville is a very '. The body is ead is still well xre over a hun- nsions; and, in Lcry, of a very md near Cass- risc to many casonable one, outcniporaries d by the prcs- .•e will return, urface of the ravines bor- |a little below of trees or \d Vv'itli beau- ings are also llso the tracts |al meadows. rivers and lue, and the soil changes gradually fl'om the vegetable mould of the prairie to the sandy loam. The surface of the country becomes com- paratively uneven, changing from forest to rolling prairie, from prairies to swamps, and from swamps to extensive marshes. And still nortli, in the vicinity of lake Superic^r, it partakes somewhat of a rugged mountainous appearance. In the geological structure, there is nothing remarkable, beyond that met with in the surrounding states. Limestone underlies a great portion of the southern ])art of the state. In tlie mineral dijitricts we encounter the clill limestone, and in otl; i' parts the blue.* The nortliern part seems to be composed of primitive rocks, for the most part of granite, slate and sandstone. Com- mencing a little south of the Wisconsin river, and along the Mississii)pi as far back as the falls of its tributaries, sandstone, with layers of limestone above and below, is the principal rock, and forms the clilFs on tlie ^Mississippi below St. Anthony's Falls for over thirty mdes. The streams in this region are considerably obstructed by changing beds of sand. " From Lake Michigan, westward to the other sections named, is a limestone region, in man}' parts well timbered, while in others a considerable portion is prairie. Underlying the blue limestone is a brown sandstone, which crops out on the sides of the hills ; but no lead has ever been found in it. A section through Blue Mounds would give the following result, descending vertically : hornstone, 410 feet ; magnesian lime, or lead-bearing rock, IGl) feet; saccharoid sand stone, 40 feet ; sandstone, 3 feet ; lower limestone (at the level of the "Wisconsin), 100 feet. The elevations of different parts of the southern section of the state are given by Chancellor Lathrop: at Blue Mounds, 1,170 ; head waters of the Rock river, 31G ; egress of the same river from the state, 1,280 ; and portage between the Fox and the Wisconsin rivers at 223 above the level of lake Michigan and the Wisconsin river.f The minerals of Wisconsin constitute one of its most dis- tinguishing features. A portion of the celebrated lead region, extending from Illinois and Iowa, is included in the southwest part of Wisconsin. The whole region occupies an extent of near- ly 2,880 square miles, about three-fourths of which is in Wiscoa- * Lippiucott's Pronouucing Gazetteer. f 11^''^- i'^^W' I > m if I i!i:i Fi m i III 48 TuTTLifs CentennllL Nortiiwest. sin. And \vc may add, that the portion of this valuable mineral region included in Wisconsin is as rich and remunerative as that in the other states. The lead is mixed with copper and zinc, the latter in brgo quantities, together with some silver. Copper ia also found in Douglas, Chippewa, St. Croix and Iowa co'iuties. " In Dodge county, at the so-called iron ridge, is the most prom- ising locality of iron ore in the state 3'et discovered ; but on tlie Black river, and other branches of the Mississippi, good iron ore occurs. The iron ores of the Lake Superior region extend from Michigan into this state in abundant deposits of the richest quali- ty. Tiie other metallic substances are magnetic ir.:n, iron pyrites, and graphite, or plumbago. The nonmetallic earths are agate, cornelianL ^cound on the shores of the i^mal.l lakes), bitumen, peat. Marble of a fine qaolitiy, some gypsum, saltpetre, and other min- erals have been found. A vein of copper ore was discovered in 1848, near the Kickapoo river, which yields about twenty per ' cent, of copper , but to what extent the bed runs has not been ascer- tained. Mines were also worked at the Falls of E'aek; Iliver, and in its vicinity ; but they have been abandoned. Facts do not justify any expectations of great deposits of copper in the northwest part of the state. A great bed of magnetic iron ore lies south of lake Supe.ioi, near Tyler's i^'ork of the Bad river, in stratf of metam- orphic state. Thu amount of lead received at Milwaukee for the year 1863 was 848,025 pounds. On the completion of the south- ern Wisconsin railroad to Dubuque, it is estimated that 25,000,000 pounds will seek an outlet at Milwaukee. Beautiful varieties of marble have been recently discovered, or made known to the pub- lic, in the nothern part of Wisconsin. According to Messrs. Fos- ter and Whitney's report, they are found on the Michigamig and ^Menominee rivers, and afford" beautiful marbles, whose prevailing color is light pink, traversed by. veins or seams of deep red. Others are blue and dovc-eolored, beautifully veined. These arc sus'.,;ptible of a fine polish ; and some on the Menominee are within navigable distance from the lakes."* The lakes and rivers of Wisconsin are invested with much of beauty. Besides the great lakes, Supenor and Michigan, which bound tiic state of Wisconsin en the north and east, the state * Lippincotl's Gazetteer. Soil and Surface. 4/ .lablo mineral rative as that and zinc, the Copper is Dwa counties. 3 most prom- ; but on the ;ood. iron ore ; extend from riciicst quali- , iron pyrites, IS are agate, itumen, peat. id other min- discovered in t twenty per ot been ascer- 3"k lUver, and do not justify rthwest part outh of lake ? of nietam- ikco for the i)f the south- 25,000,000 varieties of to the pub- llessrs. Fos- (igamig and I)revailing deep red. These are Iminec are li mui.h of [an, which I the state contains a number of smaller lakes. Many of these are noted for unrivalled natural scenery. The principal of these is lake Win- nebago, a short distance Foutheast from the centre of the state. It is about twenty-eight miles long, and ten miles wide, and com- municates with Green Bay, a iiorthwestern arm of lake Michigan, through the Fox, or Neenah river. " These small lakes are most abuntl: nt in the northwest, and are generally characterized by clear water and gravelly bottoms, often with bold, picturesque shores, crowned with hemlock, spruce and other trees. They af- ford exccillcnt fish. In the shallow waters on the margins of some of them grows wild rice, once an important article of food with the savages of this region."* The rivers which traverse the interior, for the most part, flow gcner;. ly in a southwest direction, discharging their waters into the Misbisaippi. The latter I'iver bounds Wisconsin on the south- west for more than two hundred miles. Conimencing on this line at the south, we have, in their order, the Wisconsin, Bad Axe, Black, and Chippewa rivers. Of these, the largest is the Wis- consin, which flows nearly directly south for over two hundred miles, and then west about a hundred miles, into the Mississippi. It is navigible for steamboats for nearly two hundred miles. The Chippewa is about two hundred, and the Black about a hundred and fifty mdes long, lae Fox river, or Neenah, is the outlet of Winnebago lake, and connects it with Green Bay, The Wolf river, from the north, is the main .supply to this 1 'ce. The Me- nominee fMnptying into Green Bay, and the Montreal into Lake Superior, are very serviceable streams for manufacturing pur- poses. These livcrs form part of the northeast boundary of Wis- consin. " The Menominee has a descent of l,0-i9 feet. The St Louis (considered as the primary source of the St Lawrence) coasts this state for twenty or thirty miles on the northwest, and is full of rapids and falls in this part of its course. These rivers are not generally favorable to navigution without artificial aid. The Wis- consin may be ascended by steamboats to the rapids, where it ap- proaches a tributary of lake Winnebago, within a mile and a half, where a cr.nal is being constructed, which, when completed, will open an entire inland navigation from New York to the Upper ♦L'iipincott's Gazetteer. li 50 TUTTLEfs CEXTEyNIAL NORTHU'EST. \ M Mississippi. The Rock river is sometimes, at liigh water, ascended by boats to within the limits of Wisconsin. Tlic Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix are important channels for float- ing timber to market from the pine regions in the northwest of the state. The rivers flowing into lake Superior are small; and, though unfavorable for commerce, their rapid courses make them valuable for mill-sites. Col. Long estimates that the Chii)pewa, Black, "Wisconsin, and Hock rivers are respectively capable of a steamboat navigation of seventy, sixty, a hundred and eighty, and two hundred and fifty miles; but at present they are a good deal obstructed by shifting sand and rapids."* The climate, though quite severe in winter, is free from those sudden changes that prevail farther south. The sammers are warm; the winters, cold, and usually very long; but upon the whole, for general health, Wisconsin may be regarded as the most desirable place of residence. The natural scenery is not excelled for beauty in North America; vyhile, on the other hand, in many of its rivers, inland lakes, and mounds and dells, it presents fea- ture? of marvellous beauty far surpassing otiier localities. The climate of Wisconsin is iiore avorable to the raising of good crops than is generally supposed. The winters are long and severe, but the temperature is somewhat mitigatec' by the lake breezes. T'le summers arc warm, but pleasant. The state is healthy as a general rule, and is less liable than ether new places to the di-scases incident to new settlements, owing to the openness of the country. '• The soil, as a general rule, is fertile, and is pro- ductive, oven in the mineral regions of the north. The best lands are on the prairies, where the soil consists of a dark brown vege- table mould, from, one to <^-"o feet in depth, very mellow, and entirely destitute of stones or gravel." f Wisconsin possesses abundant timber resources, and an immense lumbering business is carried on in many of the northern and western counties, the pineries of Marathon, Chippewa, Clark, Wood, St. Croix, and oiher counties, furnishing nuuty millions of feet of logs and lumber annually. Our Clark correspondent claims that 100,000,000 feet of pine timber is cut each year in that county alone; while in Monroe 30,000,000 feet is annually * LippiacoU'8 Gazetteer. \T\xq. "Great Republic." Soil asd Surface. 61 cut into Iiimboi' bj about twenty mills. Hard woud timber also abounds in all parts of the state, and there are few counties with- out sufTicicnt wood for local uses. The lumbering but;"'.-.e'^s is a source of great profit to those engaged in it, and in Brown county parties boast of cutting enough "A'hite pine logs from eighty acres to net $1200 to $1500. In 1870, from 5,795,538 acres of improved land, the returns ncrcasing each year were as follows, as they have been steadily since : Busliels of wlieat, .... " Indian corn, OiltS, " barley', " potatoes, - Pounds of wool, butter, - " cheese, " hops, Tons of hay, Number of horses, - " asses and Uiules, " cattle, " sheep, " swjne, " milch co^vs, Value of domestic animals, about . Estimated value of all farm productions, Total assessed value of real and personal estate, 25,323,047 1, 350,730 14,S75,003 19,878,71)4 i,«27,r)(i9 6,642,843 4,086,038 22,257,117 1,494,145 4,: ;s,203 i,28(),4:!-2 149,9t,i» 1,998 480,319 790,458 805,008 250,312 f28,o00,000 $77,507,201 $320,705,238 MINNESOTA. The state of Minnesota has an area of 83,531 square miles, and is situated between 43° 30' and 49° N, latitude, and between 89" 80' and 97" W. longitude. It is bounded on the north by British America, on the east by Lake Superior and Wisconsin, on the south by Iowa, and on the west by Dakota Territory. The topography of the s^atc is quite diversified. '■ Although. Minnesota is not a mountainous country," says Col. Girat Hewitt, of St.- Paul, "its general elevation gives it all the advantages of one, without its objectionable features. Being equidisLint from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, situated on an elevated plateau, i ! i I ll^'M: i!:;i 11 : 1 I!' i i'iill I!; <62 Tvttle's Centennial NoRTinvEST. and witli a sy.'^tem of lakes and rivers ample for an empire, it has a peculiar climate of its own, possessed by no other state. The general surfnce of the greater part of the state is'even and undu- lating, and pleasantly diversified with rolling prairies, vast belts of timber, oak openings, numerous lakes and streams, w^ith their accompanying meadows, waterfalls, wooded ravines and lofty bluffs, which impart variety, grandeur and ])icturesque beauty to its scenerj'. * * The Mississippi river, 2,400 miles long, which drains a larger region of eountiy than any stream on the globe, with the exception of the Amazon, rises in Lake Itasca, in the northern part of Minnesota, and flows southcasteily through the state 797 miles, 134 of which forms its eastern boundary. It is navigable for large boats to St. Paul, and above the falls of St. Anthony for smaller boats for about 150 miles farther. The ser.- son of navigation has opened as early as the 25th of ]\rarch, but visually opens from the P.'-. to the middle of April, and closes betweei the middle of November and the first of December. In 1865 and 1800, steamboat excursions took place on the first of December, from St. Paul, and the river remained 0})en several days longer ; in 1867, until December 1st. The principal towns and cities on the Mi.ssissippi in Minnesota are, Winona, Waba- shaw. Lake City, Red Wing, Hastings, St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. Anthony, Anoka, Dayton, Monticello, St. Cloud, Sauk Papids, Little Falls, Watab. The Minnesota riv.r, the source of which is among the Coteau des Prairies, in l)ak ->ia territory, flows from Big Stone lake, on the western boundary of the state, a distance of nearly 500 miles, through the heart of the southwestern part of the state, and empties into the Mississippi at Fo'"t Snelling. 5 miles above St. Paul. It is navigable as high up as ihe Yellow Medi- cine, 2o8 miles above its mouth during good stages of water. Its principal places are Shakopee, Chaska, Carver, Belle Plaine, Hen- derson, Le Sueur, Traverse des Sioux, St. Peter, Mankato, and New Ulm. Tlie St. Croix river, rising in Wiscoi sin, near Lake Superior, forms about 130 miles of the eastern boundary of the state. It empties into the Mississippi nearly opposite Hastings, and is navigable to Taylor's Falls, about 50 miles. It penetrates the pineries, and furnishes immense water power along its course. The principal places on it arc Stillwater and Taylor's Falls. The Soil and Surface. 08 cm pire, it has nr state. The '•en and undu- ies, vast belts ms, with their les and lofty ique beauty to es long, which on the globe, Itasca, in the y through the andary. It is the falls of St. ler. The seiv- of March, but il, and closes )eceraber. In m the first of 1 o])en several incipal towns nona, "Waba- nneapolis, St. »auk Ilapids, c of which \:i V, ilows from e, a distance :stern part of ling. 5 miles cllow Mcdi- watcr. Its Maine, Hen- nkato, and , near Lake l^lary of the Hastings, penetrates its conr.se. [alls. The Red river rises in lake Traverse, and flows northward, forming the western boundary of the state from Big Stone lake to the British possessions, a distance of 380 miles. It is navigable from Breckcnridge, at the mouth of the Bois de Siou^ river, to Hud- son's Bay; tlie Saskatchewan, a tributary of the Red river, is also said to be a navigable tctream, thus promising an active commer- cial trade from this vast res-ion when it shall have become settled up, via the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, which connects the nav- igable waters of the Red river with those of the Mississippi, Among the more important of the numerous small streams, are Rum river, valuable for lumbering; Vermilion river, furnishing extensive water power, and ])ossessing some of the finest cascades in the United States; the Crow, Blue Earth, Root, Sauk, Le Sueur, Zumbro, Cottonwood, Long Prairie, Red Wood, AYarajii, Pojuta Ziza, Mauja, "\Yakau, Buffalo, Wild Rice, Plum, Sand Hill, Clear Water, Red Lake, Thief Black, Red Cedar and Des iNfoines rivers ; the St. Louis river, a large stream flowing into Lake Superior, navigable for 20 miles from its lake outlet, and furnishing a water power at its falls said to be equal to that of the falls of the Mississippi at St. Anthony, and many others, besides all the innumerable hosts of first and secondary tiibutaries to all the larger streams." The eastern boundary of the state is washed by lake Superior for a distance of 167 miles. Along this shore are scverixl fine harbors. The surface is thickly dotted with small lakes which contain the usual varieties of fish. The soil is well watered. * The minerals, as yet, have not attracted any great attention. Iron is abundant along the shores of lake Superior, and copper is found in small quantities. Coal and red-pipe clay are also found to a considerable extent. The climate of Minnesota is remarkable for its healthful ness. Col. Hewitt, in writing of this in his work on the soil and climate of the state, says : •The assertion that the climate of Minnesota is one of the healthiest in the world may be broadly and confidently made. It is sustained by the almost unanimous testimony of thousands of invalids who have sought its pure and bracing air, and recov- ered from consumption and other diseases after they have been m I > I i :i'i; • m : ill ! i i i ! m I- ' i!i 54 TUTTLffs Cl'XTENNIAL NoiiTIlWEST. given up as hopeless by their home physieiaus; it is sustained by the experience of its inhabitants for twenty years; and it is sus- tained by the published statistics of mortality in the different states. Minnesota is entirely exempt from vudaria, and conse- quently the numerous diseases known to arise from it, such as cliills and fever, autumnal fevers, ar/ne calx or enlarged spleen, enlargement of the liver, etc., dropsy, diseases of the kidneys, affections of the eye, and various bilious diseases and derange- ments of the stomach and. bowels, although sometimes arising from other causes, are often due wholly to malarious agency, and are only temporarily relieved by medicine, because the patient is constantly exposed to the malarious influence which generates them. Enlargement of the liver and spleen is very common in southern and southwestern states. "We are not only free from these ailments, but by coming to Minnesota, often ^\•ithout any medical treatment at all, patients speedily recover from this class of diseases ; the miasmatic poison being soon eliminated from the system, and not being exposed to its further inception, the func- tions of health are gradually resumed. Diarrhoea and dysentery are not so prevalent as in warmer latitudes, and are of a milder type. Pneumonia and typhoid fever are very seldom met with, and then merely as sporadic cases. Diseases of an epidemic character have never been known to prevail here. 'Even that dreadful scourge, diphtheria, which, like a destroying angel, swept through portions of the country, leaving desolation in its train, passed us by with scarce a grave to mark its course. The dis- eases common to infancy and childhood partake of the same mild character, and seldom prove fatal.' This is the language of Mrs. Colburn, an authoress, and the experience of physicans corrobor- ates this opinion. That dreadful scourge of the human family, the cholera, is alike unknown here. During the summer of 186G, ■while hundreds were daily cut down by this visitation in New- York, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and other places, and it prevailed to an alarming extent in Chicago, not a single case made its appear- ance in Minnesota. Another, and a very large class of invalids, who derive great benefit from the climate of Minnesota, are those whose systems have become relaxed, debilitated and broken down by over taxation of the mental and physical energies, dyspepsia, etc." Soil aud Surface. ff5 sustained by and it is sus- tbe different '(, and conse- n it, sueli as u'ged spleen, the kidneys, md dcrange- timcs arising agency, and he patient is oh generates ' common in ily free from witliout any )m this chiss ited from the )n, the func- pd dysentery f a milder met with, in epidemic Even that ing angel, ition in its e. Thedis- same mild ffc of Mrs. IS corrobor- lan family, er of 186G, on in New rcvailed to its appear- f invalids, are those ken down psia, etc." The soil of ^Minnesota is well adapted to agricultural pursuits, and Minnesota is regarded as the best wheat state in the union. The soil is of a dark, "calcareous, sandy loam, containing a va- rious intermixture of cLi}-, abounding in mineral salt^ nd in or- ganic ingredients, derived from the accumulation of decomposed vegetable matter for long ages of growth and decay." CHAPTER V. aOIL AND SUIIFACE. Continued.) Topograph}' -—Climate — Minerals — Soil and Productions. IOWA. The '^tate of Iowa has an a , oi 55,045 square miles and is sit- uated between 40° 30' and 43" 30' N. latitude, and between 90° and 97° AV. longitude. It is bounded on the north by Minnesota ; on the east by Wisconsin and Illinois, from which it is separated by the ^[ississippi river; on the south by Missouri, a'. ; on the west by Nebraska and Dakota territory. The following sketch of the soil, surface, minerals, etc. of Iowa is compiled from my History of the State of Iowa : The surface of the state of Iowa is remarkably uniform. There are no moun- tains, and yet but little of the surface is level or flat. " The whole state presents a succession of gentle elevations and depressions, with some bold and picturesque bluffs along the principal streams. The western portion of the state is generally more elevated than the eastern, the northwestern part being the highest. Nature could not have provided a more perfect system of drainage, and, at the same time, leave the country so completely adapted to all the purposes of agriculture."* The state is drained by two sys- tems of streams running at right angles with each other. The riv' ers that flow into the Mississippi run from the northwest to the southeast, while those of the other system flow toward the south- * Iowa Board of ImDiigralion Pamphlet. 56 Tuttlf/s CEXTExmAL Northwest. II west, and empty into the Missouri. The former drain about three-fourths of the surface of the state; the Litter, the remaining one-fourth. The waterslied dividing the two systems of streams represents tlie highest portion of tlie state, and gradually descends as one follows its course from northwest to southeast. " Low water mark in the Missouri river at Council Bluffs is about 425 feet above low water mark in the Mississippi at Davenport. At the crossing of the summit, or water-bed, 245 miles west of Dav- enport, the elevation is about 9G0 fectabove the Mississippi. The Dcs ^Moines river, at tlie city of Des Moines, has an elevation of 227 feet above the Mississi])pi at Davenport, and is 19S feet lower than the Missouri at Council BlufTs. The elevation of the east- ern border of the state at RrcGrcrror is about 624 feet above the level of the sea, while the highest elevation in the northwest por- tion of the state is about 140 feet above the level of the sea." In addition to this grand watershed dividing the two great drainage sj'stems of this state, there are smaller or tributary ridges or eleva- tions between the various principal stream.s. These are culled di- vides, and are quite as fertile and productive as the rich valleys or bottoms along the borders of the streams. The entire eastern border of Iowa is washed bv the Father of "Waters, the largest river on the continent; and during the greater part of the year this stream is navigable for a large class of steam- ers. The principal rivers which flow through the interior of the state, east of the dividing ridge, are the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Wapsipinicon, T^faquokcta, Turkey and Upper Iowa. One of the largest rivers of the state is lied Cedar, whicb rises in Minnesota, and flowing in a southeasterly direction, joins its waters with the Iowa river in Louisa county, only about thirty niiles from its mouth, that portion below the junction retaining the name of Iowa river, although it is really the smaller stream. The Des Moines is the largest river in the interior of the state ; it rises in a group or chain of lakes in the state of Minnesota, not far from the Iowa border. The head waters of this stream are in two branches, known as east and west Des Moines. These, after flowing about seventy miles through the northern portion of the state, converge to their junction in the southern part of Humboldt county. The Des Moines receives a number of large tributaries, among which i :;! 1 Soil akd Sun face. 67 drain about arc Raccoon and the Tliree Rivers (north, south and middle) on the west, and Boone river on the cast. The Des ^foines flows from northwest to scjutheast, not less tlian three hundred miles through Iowa, and drains over ten thousand square miles of terri- tory. At an early day steamboats, at certain seasons of the \'car, navigated this river as far up as " Raccoon Forks," and a largo grunt of land was made to the state by congress for the purjioso of improving its navigation. The land ■wassubscrpacntly diverted to the construction of the Des Moines Valley Railroad. For a de- scription of the rivers already named, which drain the eastern three-fo;irtlis of the state, we refer the reader to the map. Crossing the great water.shed we come to the Missouri and its tributaries. The Missouri river, forming a little over two-thirds of the length of the western boundary line, is navigable for largo sized steamboats for a distance of nineteen hundred and fifty miles above the point (Siou.\ City) where it first touches the west- ern bord.er of the state. It is, therefore, a highway of vast im- portance to the great commercial interests of western Iowa. The tributaries of the Missouri, which drain a vast extent of territory in the western part of Iowa, are important to commerce also. The Big Sioux river forms about seventy miles of the western boundary of the state, its general course being nearly north and south. It has also several important tributaries which drain the counties of Plymouth, Sioux, Lyon, Osceola and O'Bri- en. These counties are located in the northwestern part of the state. Among the most important of the streams flowing into the Big Sioux is the Rock river, traversing Lyon and Sioux coun- ties. It is a beautiful stream, bordered by a pleasant and fruitful country. Being supported by living springs, it is capable of run- ning considerable machinery. The Big Sioux river itself was, at one time, regarded as a navigable stream, but in later years iis use in this respect has been considered of no value. Not fai be- low where the Big Sioux flows into the Missouri, we meet the mouth of the Floyd river. This is a small stream, but it flows through a rich, interesting tract of countr}'. Little Sioux river is one of the most important streams of northwestern Iowa. It rises in the vicinity of Spirit and Oko- boji lakes, near the Minnesota line, and meanders through various 68 Tuttlk's Centexxial Kortiiwest. counties a distnncc of nearly tlirco luiiulred lullos to its conflu- ence with tlie ^lissouri near the northwestern corner of Harrison county. With its tributaries it drains not less tlian five thousand square miles. Boj'er river is the next stream of considerable size below the Little Sioux. It rises in Sac county and flows south- west to the Alissouri, in Pottawattomie county. Its entire length is about one hundred and fifty miles, and drains not less than two thousand square miles of territory. It is a small stream, mean- derins throu<>h a rich and lovely vallcv. Goinc? down the ^lis- souri, and passing several sinall streams, which have not been dignified with the name of rivers, we come to the Nishnabotna, which empties into the Missouri some twenty miles below the southwest corner of the state. It has three principal branches, with an aggregate length of three hundred and fifty miles. These streams drain about five tliousand square miles of south- western Iowa. They flow through valleys of unsurpassed beauty 'and fertility, and furnish good water power at various points, though in this respect they are not equal to the streams in the northeastern portion of the state. The southern portion of the state is drained by several strcams that flow into the ^Missouri river, in the state of Missouri. The most important of these are Cliariton, Grand, Platte, One Hun- dred and Two, and the three Nodaways — P]ast, "West and Mid- dle. All of these afl'ord water power for machinery, and present splendid valleys of rich farming lands. These few general remarks concerning the rivers must suffice. Our space will admit only of a mention of the streams Uiat have been designated as rivers, but there are niany other streams of great importance and value to different portions of the stale, draining the country, furnishing mill sites, and adding to the va- riety and beauty of the scenery. So admirable is the natural draiufUTO of alniost the entire state, that the farmer who has not a stream of living water on his premises is an exception to the gen- eral rule. Let us next look at the lakes. In some of the northern por- tions of Iowa there are many small and beautiful lakes. They, for the most part, belong to that system of lakes stretching into Minnesota, and some of them present many interesting features. Soil asd Suhface. 69 to its conflii- r of Ilariisou five thousand sidcrable sizo I flows soutli- entirc length lc«s than two ilream, incan- iwn the Mis- ive not been Nishnabotna, OS below the pal branehcs, fifty mile?, lies of south- asscd beauty rious })oints, trcanis in the eral streams ;souri. The ', One Ilun- >i and Mid- and present mist suffice, |s that have streams of the stale, to the va- Pie natural has not a lo the gen- Ithern por- Is. They, Ihing into features. ' Among the moat noted of the lakes of northern Icwa, are the following: Clear lake, in Cerro Gordo county ; Rice like, Silver lake and Bright's lake, in Wortli county; Cry.'^tal lake, Kagle lake, lake ICdward and Twin lakes, in Hancock county; Owl lake, in Humboldt county ; lake Gertrude, lake Cornelia, Elm lake and Wall lake, in Wright county ; lake Caro, in Hamilton county; Twin lakes, in Calhoun county; Wall lake, in Sac county ; Swan lake, in Emmet county ; Storm lake, in Buena Vista county, and Okoboji and Sjiirit lakes, in l)ickinson county. Nearly all these are deep and clear, abounding in many excellent varieties of lish, which arc caught abundantly by the settlers at all proper seasons of the year. Tlie name " Wall lake," applied to several of these bodies of water, is derived from the fact that a line or ridge of boulders extends around them, giving thcni .somewhat the appearance of having been walled. Most of them exhibit the same appearance in this respect to a greater or less extent. Lake Okoboji, Spirit lake, Storm lake and Clear lake are the largest of the northern lowfi. lakes. All of them, except Storm lake, have fine bodies of timber on their borders. Lake Okoboji is about fifteen miles long, and from a quarter of a mile to two miles wide. Spirit lake, just north of it, embraces about ten square miles, the northern border extending to the Minnesota line. Storm lake is in size about three miles east and west by two north and south. Clear lake is about seven miles long by two miles wide. The dry rolling land usually extends up to the borders of the lakes, making them delightful resorts for excur- sion or fishing parties, and they are now attracting attention as ])laces of resort, on account of the beauty of their natural scenery, as well as the inducements which they afford to hunting and fish- ing parties. The alternating patches of timber and broad i^rairie render Iowa distinguishable. Of course the prairies constitute most of the surface. It is said that nine-tenths of the surface is prairie. The timber is generally found in heavy bodies skirting the streams, but there arc also many isolated groves standing, like islands in the sea, far out on the prairies. The eastern half of the state contains a larger proportion of timber than the western. The following are the leading varieties of timber : white, black '\ \%V 00 TuttLE's CF\Tr\'\'T,r \T nrid biirr oil- I i ? "'"' ■•> f«v isolate! ,,i„; „?,''•* "'""S '""•■■' ""'l Co,la,- ,-,Vo,-s --o "t .1.0 ,,„.oa,„ ™ 3 -""--O'l "lo„. tho b,„,^ f "-'rlci...I,,„f .i,„W.,. 1, : 'C T' 1™-' "f "- «.a... Very I'lanlinsofsccik ' ' " "''<''> l'™pagalecl from tl.o coa;x;;;;:r ""';,:%<::: ::r™' ■■"*—' ^-™ „..e ,,„„, "- histoo- of o,. .acoy :::;: r '" "'° ""'■ '-s ^z " l».„„if„, ,,,„„.,;„„ fortl.o't ,„ ''^''°™"-'-I"-°»-.^^, ..,ado f""W bcco,„„ „ecc,,a,.v or c v li 7' '" "'° "'■''" <" "■"'S', it ''■0 -<;ate, lea to improved ,„c 1,?: '"•'■. '" "'"V P^'-'i^/of co»nt,cs, the business is beeo"„i, ^ , 1 T"'=' '° «'••" '" "'any ^l«.aUy wloro railroads hZuh t "'} ""I"'«.'.r,t „„( Tbe eoal few of tl,o state 0^1,, °''""' °' "■'■■"••'l«'»tion '■qiiare miles, and coal is suce^f » ■"","™ "^ "«'■ 20,0(10 --^, ombraeing a te,.,.ito,./w;: '^ T'l '" """ """/ cou„. W.th.n the las. year or tL mCdt ""= "^ •^^■■'''-=™h".«etts." ^«» made, a„d eounlies ^ot 1"!:?™"' I""' ''^P'-''-' '-vo coal eounlies of ,l,o state, are ilv r '"""'^•"^ "">°"S "'o """- A vein of eoal of ",11°; o, r? *'' '■"'"'™ '° 'ho "OSS, has been opened, and is ,k, '''' "''" '«' ''> tl.iek- "tout f,ve miles southeast oCtj","" •'»<==^^'"»"y wo,fad, Lnrge quantities of eoal a,, shiiwod I ,' '" "'"'""' <='"""3' »"d .l>e towns along .he inoo ttl7l '"'''' '" ^^"""I- lia.lroad. Three or four yel , ' :f """"l"" "'><' Sioux Wty »">e eoal c.x.sted in Eoono ZZ' ""r ""'"^ ''"""" *" "long thoDes Moines river JtT ^^' f '" °""='' "^^ "Pos"es rt"' .".o ooal n,i„03 of J ^go" '^t ""J""'';" '»-^">™^»r u Soil a\d Sun face. 01 I'll and soft berry, birch, ;w sycamore . Groves of /cdar rivers, the bhilTs of state. "Very ■ai)i(lly wlicti id from the arc lier vast long before recess, made of things, it possession of ack of trees, crful carbon- ; the proper portions of and west. The great productive coal field of Iowa is embraced chiclly within the valley of the Dea Moines river and it3 tributa- ries, extending up the valley from Lee county nearly to the north line of Webster county. Within the coal field cinbraeed by this vnllcy, deep mining is nowhere necessary. Tlie l-)es Moines and iid largo tributaries have generally cut their channels down through all the coal measure strata. The coal of Iowa is of the class known as bituminous, and is equal in quality and value to coal of the same class in otlier parts of tlic world. The veins whicli liave so far been worked are from three co eight feet in tliickness, but it is not necessary to dig from one thousand to two thousand feet to reach the coal, as miners are obli^^jd to do insomc countres. But little coal has in this state be"'! :..'sed from a depth greater than one hundred feet. Prof. Gustavus Iliurich of the state university, who also olTioi- ated as state chemist in the prosecution of tlie recent geological survey, gives an analysis showing the comparative value of Iowa coal with that of other countries. The following is from a table prepared by him — 100 representing the combustible: I ^\ NA.ME AND LOCAUTV. Brown coal, I'roiu Arbcsnn, Bolicmiti. . Brown colli, IVoni liilin, Boheniiii IVituniinous colli from Hcnthcn.Silisia. Ciinnel coiil, I'roni Wigan, England... Antliracile, I'roni Pennsylvania Iowa coals — averajrc IS ° SB 5a m .a .2 V IB t: a S-ii w * 80 04 3 11 114 40 07 16 00 1'2'J r,i 4i) 21 5 120 Gl 3!) 10 3 113 01 2 2 104 50 50 5 5 110 88 81 80 87 1)0 yo In this table the excess of the equivalent above 100, expresses the amount of impurities (ashes and moisture) in the coal. The analysis shows that the average Iowa co"als contain only ten parts of impurities for one hund'o-d parts of combustible (carbon and bitumen), being the pu'-cst of all the samples analyzed, except tbo anthracite from Pennsylvania. The peat deposits have also proved to be extensive and valua- ble. These have only been known to exist for the past five or six years. In 1866, Dr. White, the state geologist, made careful observations in some of the counties, where it was supposed to TvTTL^ys CEXTr:xxjr,r. XoRrirrEsr, '--^- The depth of th ; r" '^ "' '""-^ ^^^ ^^-^ P-t ^^'-^J-'y is but ]ittle if ,' „; 'f ^^"'" ^°'^'- to ten feet, and the ^"^ little use has b „ 1 ' ?*•' '" '^'^^^ "^ I^'eland. As ,-et -^-•e^i that it L :,:rt;i ;; :f ^ ^-^' ^^^'^ ->-" itt^ ^""^--^ -.ion of the "ae^ ' f r' ^^^^^' ^ ^ ■^P--Iy T-7 groat J), ,Vhite est l^^,! ^^^^^'^ ^^^ - ^'egarded 's d^ep, wdl supply, t.o hundred KUi, 7"^'^ '' ^'''' ^°-- ^^et "Pwards of t«.entv-f]ve years '" ^"^'""^■^ ^^'^h fuel for P-enee of these^peat Ll^ i,. ^ /rt:", '' ^''^^^^ ^hat th: degree prejudicial to health f n • ^ ""^ ^'" ^^^ate is i-n any -^iing prairie land us,:! '';,': T ^^ '" ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^'^ ft >nar.h, and the windsfo/b ;ie u^ • ^ ^"'^^ '^^^'^^'^ "^ the «"-mer season, do not allc ^ . tc'- o I "' ^'''''' ^'"•-^■^' tl- '•^eerns to have designed thL ^e,/?] ^'""^ '^^•'^'="''^"t. Nature --C,- of other n^ateWal for ^V n '^"'""^'^ ^^ -'PP'j the de/i- r^ ^'- «tate : ,jroads, and the n i r"'"'? ^' ^'^'^ P^'ti"" ^^-ave a resort to peat fo ill , . ^''''''^ "^ tin.ber ma. "eeessity. It theri: . ,,,' ^ i^;! "^^'"^^^ ^''--, -'d not i ^■^ the future the peat oeds of To ''",'^ "''''"^^ "^^'^"^^"^i^' v-Uue ^ound in Musca.4, Lni: C^ L^^;;:^, ^^ ^^^^ -^ also be:: ^«""t... of the «tate, but tl,e W ' ' "''^7^«tern and sonthern ;H-o..cd with other kinds of fu^ " SK>n o northe.n L.vva. least tl^f state. '""'' ^-^ peculiarly the neat region of ^!f!My wo,.ko„, „,„ covin:;, Vfc r '°"' "'"' ™-^ '- ■J'feont part. „f .he.,ta,o-.a.; « "'"'""' I'—'fei in ' ^'"- ^f q..i.«i,„o is f„„ d r;b„r "'"'™' '™- "'" ">-" -0 sfto. Even in ,|,e norf „v«te™ ^ ° '" """'>■ '" l««-' of Soil akd Sun face. 63 low it is esti' of good peat feet, and the :nd. As yet, hen it is con- n a sparsely s regarded as eat, four feet witli fuel for ried that the ate is in any c. Tiie dry, )ordcr of the through the mt. Nature iply tlio defi- ' this })ortiou timber may , ai)d not of nomio value as also been ul so'.idierii Iowa, least t region of past forty \Gn smelted per cent. |at may be re miles in ll^ubuquo. mtities ia lig ehiefly he inanu- parls of ie ai-e but |nong the So abundant is limestone suitable for the manufacture of quicklime, that it is needless to mention any particular locality as possessing superior advantages in furnishing this useful building material. At the following points parties have been engaged somewhat ex- tensively in the manufacture of lime, to wit: Fort Dodge, Wcb- stei' county; Springvalc, Humboldt county; Orford and Indian- town, Tama county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county ; Mitchell, Mitch- ell county, and at Nearly all tlie towns along the streams north- east of Cedar river. There is no s(>arcity of good build-ng stone to be found along nearly all the str^arns east of the Des Moines river, and along that stream from its mouth up to the north line of Humboldt county. Some of the counties west of the Des Moines, as Cass and Madison, as well as most of the southern counties of the state, are suj: plied with good building stone. In some places as in Mar- shall and Tama counties, several species of marble are found, which arc susceptible of the finest fini.sh, and are very beautiful. On'i of the finest and purest deposits of gypsum known in the world exists at Fort Dodge in tliis state. It is confined to an area of about six to three miles on both sides of the Des Moines river, and is found to be from twenty-five to thirty feet in thioknes.s. The main deposit is of uniform gray color, but large masses of almost pure white (resembling alabaster) have been found imbed- ded in the main deposits. IMie quantity of the article is practi- cally inexhaustible, and the time will certainly come when it will be a source of wealth to that part of the state. In nearly all parts of the state the material suitable for the man- ufacture of brick is found in abundance. Sand is obtained in the bluffs along the streams and in their beds. Potter's clay, and fire clay suitable for fire brick, are found in many places. An excel- lent article of firo brick is made at Eldora, Ilaidin count}', where there are also several extensive potteries in operation. Fire clay is usually found underlying the coal seams. Tlicre are extensive potteries in operation in the counties of Lee, Van Burcn, Des Moines. Wapello, Boone, Hamilton, Hardin, and others. It is supposed that there is no where upon the j^'lobc an equal area of surface with so small a proportion of untillable land as wo find in Iowa. The soil is generalh"- a drift deposit, with a deep 'U ^ ' mo„s belt of alluvial ""-. and of st,,,asL-nr „ ,'"= "j -^'V"'" «- '" '"-en; oo«„„,„„s li„e of i,,„5, ™ ■ ■ J I".' valley is b„,,,,„j , ' ''«i' g.v™ tl,e „an,eof " bljr '""'""./"""•'■"on, to ivl.iel, l,as -d i^ co,„„o.,ed of a r,„e S^^it ,, '' " "' " ^■^"">' »'- )"">' oonerelious. Tl,i, de„o "'■ "''"' «'mo elay „„ ;;'i.""y aeross tl.e eo^^ttd:'™":'!'';";- "-"«'' oast™: of Srea. 'ertili.,. ,,,o„,„j,.„„ '= "S "<= Missouri river, and is ■ otables. = '"•■^unant growth of grain and veg p.4"o;l:!r:z::r^,^:f- ™; -f c,,, eo„tai„;„g » ,arg° I'cen extensively „.sed in „,;/',^;.-^ -^S" d.seovered and ],fs and outhouses. It is of a hi el ,° "'' '" '"'"""« ''a'™ .oqual inqualiy, if properlV n i h f" I' "'"' '^ """'"^O'' '« l><= '■"P0*d fron. other states. "■""""'^""■'•■>'. '« the mineral ,„i„., As before statn] tl,,. c ''■-■ollingor undulating olnattlfT " S0"crally ,,■,!„„„ , Po that ,t „,ig|,t ,,, ^,. "' fact m,g\n lead some to sim. water for donrestie uses. S Z.! '" """"^ '"""S or well f ;■- -ell water ;., ,„,;,„ „'^ ;d a rr'' " ,""' "" '"''■ '"^ good "f 'f '"■•"•"■- It i.; rarel ee :r: ' ."^ ■''""=• «■»" on'the 'cctdeejMo tlnd „n abundat^ee of Xf ° '""''•■ "''•'" ""«>• mem, good water. Alone, ,1,' , """' i"de.s,,ensal,Ie ole - '-, as they do iu ".ZltdltdX'^r ™" '-- r. miries is almost rivers in other argcly alluvial, inds of vcgcta- ling to the size river, fii)mthe listance of over belt of alluvial five to twenty 1 bortlered by a hundred feet, in at a distance. to which has a vellow color, sonic clay and tends eastward i i-ivcr, and is grain and veg- taining a large ered and has linting barns elicvcd to be ineral paints ■ ;ln.ined by the nuiner- ome to sup- ling or well se, for good ven on the than thirty usable elc' ny springs ly of pure ll water in early all 1 jiropor- ! i ,.,! ii; .1 . ii M> n iiii I mi Soil and Surface. 65 1 M I J CIIAPTEE VI. SOIL AND SURFACE. (LOntinved.) Topography — Climate — Minerals — Soil ami Productions. KANSxVS. The state of Kansas lias an area of 81,318 .square miles, and is situated between 37° and 42" N. latitude, and between 94° and 102" W. longitude, ft is bounded on the north by Nebraska ; on the east by Missouri ; on the south by the Indian Territory, and on the west by Colorado. It is about 400 miles long, from east to west, and 200 miles wide, from north to south. The gen- eral surface of Kansas is a gently undulating prairie, ha\ g no marked features like tliose of other prairie states, except, perhaps, the diversit}'- presented by a more rolling surface. The division of land is of two classes. First to mention is the timber and rich alluvial bottom lands, bordering rivers and creeks, the esti- mated area of which is ten million acres, being fully five times the amount of all improved lands in the state at the present time. To the second belongs the upland or rolling prairie, the soil of which averages from two to three feet in depth, with a subsoil of fertilizing qualities which will, by careful cultivation, prove inex- haustible. This cla.ss of land is considered, by far, preferable for the raising of grains and fruits, while the bottom land is selected for corn, hemp, vegetables and grasses. But such is the uniform character of the general surface of Kansas, that nearly every quarter section within its limits is capable of cultivation. Tim- ber is confined mainly to the borders of rivers and creeks, and is njot superabundant ; j'ct its scarcity is compensated for in a great measure by the very general distribution of rock throughout the state, which is easy of access, and furnishes the best of building and fencincT material. No mountain ranges, swamps, sloughs?, or lakes exist iu the = --^ ' 6G ' III .•.:.'1 I'm-..-. &v„,v.v«. .v«„,„^„. over the .,a,o. Th„i,. „,„„, ^.^^'^'"'"7 "'" '""^^ '''=""l>«o'"'°'-<'g""IecIas.bo,v. '"-tl. west 100 „,i,e, . : ;:":^:, f "- =>«'=• l-Vo,n L ""le i for tlio second and tl-i,,! i ""'' '"■» f"^"' to tl,„ ; - mile ; and t„ tl,o i„ ™ , "f,'" ""-. »l»ut six feet t ^«^^ ; -tlcin, a t„ta, , "^"^ - o. abont seven feet to Waer powers are not abundant Z\ , " '" «» ""'o^- on the l^eosbo and other sn,ane;. ^^^ea^r"' "" '^^'^S -'P™vea --^"-;-r^.r Star .-""-% Of t„e Stat, ean and S,™,,, Hi,,, „ear J e'on Ci.'"°"'T °' "'" ''^P"^^'- "■; --tate, and flows i„ an ea.ferl ■?-' '" "« """tral p,rt„f ™-. tl"'o»gh a rieh fcrtie", ,"'■'"■"■■! '»" "-tanee of UO ;;■'-"■., and empties into ,eMf' ''■™.""™ '" »=>'". nu'ies „ l« eastern tenninn, of tl,c Unio Z'fl 'T^' ''>™*'"* Cit " I'can r,ver eomes down from f , , '"'''°'"'- ^ 1"= Be,H,l', '!»;■' of tbc state, conrsin'r .";:;,!:■ f^rf '"^ "<"■"-' n ™h, >vdd region, of eonntn- „" ^f^f ''"'"'"'"" ""-O"?!- a S'noly II.H derives its i^c J r.T ° ""'■"*'""«• ^b !"■■;'' r »'-»- i" tl,c caster ,artTf,T ~,"n"™- "f several Kep„b,,can. Along tl,e rieb va !■''''. ' '"™"°" '>''■"' «» «Secoae,,e, p.^, ,,,^„^ tbc we /n ,e, ' '"T' "''•■"> "nc of c"ie Xtadroad to Denver Citv ThX T''' °' "'" ^'"'^'^ A- -"t- of .be state, and ^ows tft ,e t"; ''""' ""^ "«'■ '>>o "Sncnltural and stock ^rowL" . °"""^'"" "'™"sl. a rich nver near tbc sontb,., ° '"« country, cmptyi„„ jnl, n is from ,) -^tlbeast corner of Kans-i- I'l ?- °''-'""' •Strom three toseven miics in wHn r *■ ^oosbovaHov ,■"0" hoantifn,, rieb and es ,b , ' T"*- ""'""'■' ^-^o of he =>•-- .-ivcr, ejecting the r: ' f ie B::,':\f "'• '''"= ^■■ ii'o iioCy Mountain.,, (]o„3 Soil and Surface. er I cliangod tlieir ell distributed Among the Arkansas and butaries in tho eastern boiind- i;i'ded as show- .te. From its I'o feet to tlie 3Ut six feet to t seven feet to in 400 miles. 3ing improved Y oi the state, IS river is the il streams of tho Eepubli- pntral p'lrtof tancc of 150 ven miles in uidotte City, lie Kepub- lorhwestei-n through a miles. The of several ows to tlie n with the lily line of Union Pa- near the gh a ricli to Grand 10 valley Ine of the TheAr- ns, (lows in an easterly direction through the southwestern part of the state, for a distance of 300 miles. The great Nemaha ris»es in the north- central part of the state, and flows east, emptying into the Missouri river at the northeast corner of the state. There is a sufficiency of timber on its banks for all practical purposes in the country through which it passes. Tlie Osage courses through a fine region of country in southern Kansas, about midway between the valleys of the Kansas and Neosho. The Pottawattomie and other smaller streams flow into the Osage. The valleys of these rivers contain some of the most valuable farms in the state. The "Big Blue, from Nebraska territory, flows to the south, through the north- central part of the state, emptying into the Kansas river at the city of Manhattan. The Solomon rises in the northwestern part of the state, flows in a southeasterly direction, and empties into the Smok}'^ Hill, about 30 miles west from Junction City. The source and general direction of the Verdigris, Cottoiuvood, Grass- hopper, Grand, Saline, and all other Kansas rivers, may be seen by referring to lleam's Map of Kansas. In addition to the above is the Missouri river, which u'ashes the eastern shore of the state for a distance of over 100 miles. This river, navigable at all limes, is u source of great value to the state, and especially to Leavenworth, Atchison, Wyandotte, "White Cloud, .Doniphan, and othei- cities that stand on its banks. It is impossible to draw a line cf distinction between different localities, the whole state being supplied with an abundance of pure, clear cold water. Be- sidob the clear running streams and cool, refreshing springs in the different localities, the best quality of water is also obtained by digging wells on the high prairies — ranging from 10 to 30 feet in depth." " Minerals," says Dr. Wayne Griswold, "are abundant, especial- ly stone, coal, salt, and gypsum.' The soil is almost universally rich, especially in all the eastern part of the state for two hundred miles lip. It. produces immense native crops of prairie grass, and, as far as it has been cultivated, it equals any state in the Union for tho production of fiuit, vegetables, and grain of all kinds. On her various streams are numerous water powers which, at some future day, will move a vast amount of machinery. If Ave take two hundred miles square of the eastern part of Kansas, conipris- r:r ir 68 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. ing forty thousand square miles, or over twenty-five million acres of land, it will surj)as3 any equal amount of continuous territory on the globe. In all this vast body of land there is little but what is good. All the choicest gifts which nature bestows in land, to make a country desirable for homes, for the production of wealth, and all the comforts of life arc found here. Beyond, in Western Kansas, vast prairies, clothed with buffalo grass, stretch out for hundreds of miles, where vast herds of buffalo and wild horses roam undisturbed except by the crack of the rifle or the shrill whistle of the locomotive. All of these far-stretching prairies are interspersed with streams of various sizes, some extending for hundreds of miles, lined with timber and rich valley land. Vari- ous minerals of great value sleep undisturbed under this vast ter- ritory." The climate is beautiful and is becoming more and more attrac tive. The winters are exceedingly short, but little snow fal- ling. The spring sets in about the first of March and "soon after the prairies begin to glitter with a profusion of beautiful wild flowers." In addition to the above, we compile the following sketch of the resources of Kansas, from a little work by 0. C. Hutchinson, Esq., entitled " Resources of Kansas: "' " The water of .springs and wells in tl state is pure and good. There are small isolated tracts, embracing two or three farms each, where good clear water is not easily obtained by digging; but the settlers here, like the settlers upon large tracts of country in ^Missouri, Iowa and Illinois, where the well water is uniformly turbid and unpalatable to the taste, must drink rain water caught in cisterns. This is healthful, and by use becomes agreeable. It is probable that on some of the high divides between streams in the western portion of the state^ it may not be easy to find water by digging. In fact, the Kansas Pacific Railroad failed to obtain water by digging at tv.'o or three of their stations near the western state line ; but of the many emigrants, buffalo hunters and others who have traversed all the western portion of the state, none say that they have much difficulty in finding water, either flowing from, springs or by digging a few feet in favorable localities. It is a peculiarity of some streams in the extreme v.'cstern portion of the Soil and Surface, 69 million acres ous territory ttle but what fs in land, to )n of wealth, , in Western itch out for i wild horses or the shrill J prairies are :tcnding for land. Vari- .his vast ter- more attrac e snow fal- "soon after lutiful wild :etch of the utchinson, and good. |iree farms digging; )f country luniformly ]er caught ;able. It jtreams in ind water to obtain western |d others lone say Ingfrom It is a of the state, that they suddenly sink into quick sands, and appear again a few miles below. " One of the first things for a settler to do here, as in any coun- try, is to provide good pure water. Dir/ a well at once, unless you are near a spring, and do riot drink surface or creek water. This custom of western settlers, I believe to be the cause of more sick- ness than any other, or perhaps all other bad habits or unneces- sary exposures of western life. Of all the eastern half of the state, a tract of country two hundred miles square, and — if we except the inhabitable portions of Maine — as large as all New England, it can be truthfully stated that it is abundantly watered with springs and streams for stock purposes, and that clear, healthful drinking water is universally obtained from springs, or by digging from twenty to sixty feet. It is a peculiarity of the country, that water is often found upon the high prairies at a less depdi than oi\ the low lands. The water here is not, as in other western states, uniformly hard. Settlers can locate where they may have soft or freestone water if they prefer, as in a small portion of the state the sandstone formation predominates, which furnishes soft water. "All the streams in the settled portion of the state are larger than when the country was new, and many brooks and creeks flow continuously, which were formerly dry several months in each year. Not only is this well known to all early settlers, but there are thousands of springs on the prairies where was formerly no indication of one. This phenomenon is owing to causes which we have more fully alluded to under the head of climatic changes. " The editor of the Chicago Railway Review, spent several weeks of 1870, in a thorough examination of Kansas, as he had previous- ly examined the other western states. In his paper of October 27, 1870, he says : " The readers of our previous articles must be convinced that eastern Kansas is anything but a region desti- tute of streams, Ko country in the world is better watered^ " In the early settlement of the country, all the principal roads were laid out on the divides, winding about between the sources of the streams, because bridges could not at once be erected, and roads cut through the timber growing on their banks. From this fact many early travelers in Kansas, following the principal roads, con- TO Tvrrr.H's Ci'xrj-xynr v ^'"-L ::;;:-'-' --....s. -,,.,,0 „.,, „ , von ».,„„,,„. ,, „ ,,.„ "„f D-™.f.er U, l8;o, ;,., .„ t »' 03 .outi, f,,o,„ j^„ ° MO l.u.,dro.i eight and „„„.,,,, -•-^'3--eve„ tri.,go. „„j ,;;, ; '•Vo.-, .hero wore cons.,- c :a ^cctJj across the coun^., ^^^^ streams. Tho i;. • , '".• l>.-actical p„rp,«, . ^?™ ,"'"« ''« .• »uffioienoy cf ,i,„l, ;-™t„vi„es, sMteredtrnZ "'""«""= ^'-->/a„ ™ ?' . °' ''- -a.e, p„p.,d ; B °o'1 T "" "' '"° "— 1 I, S vviiite oak, red no7- i oak, water oak whil \^"'' °^^^^' ^^^ck oak W-. 7 • , »« k-t„,,, ,«,,„ i: i :„ '"°"'' ^'-" tark i,ioi;o.t;i' "aplc., red nudberrv I- ■'^" ''>'<=amore, wl.ite -,.1, ^® ct-.x coffee t,..'"' ''""=" - ^-wood.' e« ap" t ■:X goosebeny, l,,,,j ^ '"= Pm elder, sum„c, gree,, hr P'-airie rose, and grape ? '' "'''■ '"^P''"^ Mae •, '"' -t:r{£-~rt.berbe:'r^"^ ' ^^^^""'^^ ^'-e niore than Soil AifD Surface. 71 lie railroads, •itlgiiig is an contractors 1, was |)ub- nnd this re- 1(1 ()iie-]ialf Jon.stniotoJ "ing nearly ree inilJion ridges and 'road does line is di- IS river to id thence important 1 of water t Kansas e of stock cf timber id in ad- \v high shrubs :)cuinent jack ■y elm, jox el- sugar wild brier Derry, 'g in ies in than one or two miles from timber, and cordwood sells from four to six dollars per cord in our towns. This wonderful advantage over in(>st prairie states is ai:)prcciatcd by the writer at least, for my first experience in western farming was in Illinois, forty miles from Chicago, when every rail and fence post and stick of fire- wood, or whipstock even, was hauled ten miles. Many splendid farms have been opened in the state by hauling timber twenty miles. " Kan.'^as really needs less timber than any othsr western state. No where else is there as much good stone available for building purposes, while coal is abundant and good. Yet I think that in no other prairie state is there a fair supply of timber so evenly distributed. The mild climate of this state and the comparative dryness of the winter month.s, really make the demand for tim- ber less imj)erative than in localities subject to excessive cold weathci", or where cattle need continued shelter from cold rains. In the latter respect the timber in this state is distributed in ex- act proportion to the wants of the country, for on the western and coiiiparatively treeless prairies there is very little precipita- tion of moisture during cold weather. "In the older settled portions of the state, considerable of the best timber has been cut, but railroads are already constructed in every county in this region, bringing pine at moderate prices (which are given elsewhere), from the upper Mississippi and Michigan pineries. Two or three lines of Kansas railroads are also soon to jjcnetrate the pineries south of this state. By these roads pine will be furnished at low rates. It now sells at the mills in tlie pineries of the Indian territory, Arkansas and Texas, at ten dollars to fifteen dollars per thousand feet. The hard pine of the .southern pineries is unsurpassed for fencing, framing stuff and flooring, and much of it makes excellent siding, shingles, etc. '' When large timber is cut, the remaining young trees grow with accelerated rapidity, and, us soon as prairie fires are checked, timber springs up on the open prairies, and in our rich soil soon becomes available for domestic uses. Besides, as is shown else- where, it is a veiy easy matter to grow a thrifty young forest. In these way.s the growth of native timber in the older settled prai- rie regions of Illinois and Missouri have exceeded the consump- 79 ^l'^''^"^' prairie m-as. u-i " Wild g„,, ,;,., , """">■ I"--=I"''e'! wooc V flhrp nc ° It value for f„„,i „ o-", starcii mxl Soil axv Su it face. 78 alifioa than grass ' aa a upon tho many dis. JO tedious oral iiamo tr to those the cartli, 'sc grasses n sells ill wliicli is 101- lands. ' grass — country, »luc-stem of cast- 'itritious asses in crioi", to 'tacked, d farin- ', but [qiarcd br hay Utled |1 any li and into stiff Itting per- |that be [iilc- ling a little salt upon it, the stock will cat it more freely, and, as many thiidc, with butter thrift; and if the hay is a little damp when stacked, salt will keep it from spoiling. '• Ilay is generally slacked in ricks about tci\ feet wide, twelve or fifteen feet high, and as long as convenient. Slacks or ricks of hay (or grain) ought to be kept the highest in tho middle from th(! coinmenccnient of tho rick; carry the sides .straight up for twotliirds the height of the stack; when complete, twist largo hay ropes and pass them across the top of the rick, fastening a heavy weight to the cuds, or tie two rails or poles together, and throw across the top. Uay is put up in this manner with mowing machines and hor.se rakes, for two dollars to three dollars per ton, and by selecting a good locality, and stacking on the ground where cut, it can be put up for one dollar and a half per ton. Our prairies yield from one to three tons per acre, varying with the soil and the season. " From early spring to midsummer, the prairies are gaily decked with flowers of various form and hue, presenting through this season a fa.scinating panorama of ever changing color, and afford- ing boquets which rival the delicate tints of costly exotics. " ' llow man}' days in the year,' asks one, ' is the mud deep and sticky in Kansas?' I answer that on the average, during three hundred days of the year, you can put j-our s}>an of horses to your buggy and drive at a smart trot over our common natural prairie roads. At times the mud is deep and stick}', but this is a feature inseparahle from a good .soil, and owing to the excellent natural drainage of Kansas, the mud dries very soon after the frost goes out of the ground, or after a rain. " Exceptmg other portions of this peculiar trans-Mis.souri region, there is no other good agricultural country so favored in this regard. The mud is not as troublesome here as in Ohio, Ir.diana and Illinois. "No people from any locality, which is a good farming rogi^ n, need fear the nmd of Kansas, and those who wish to live in towii3 will find sidewalks ready made, or if not made, the price of lots will be so low that they can afford to endure the discomfort of thick boots occasionally, to be benefited by tho inevitable rise in such property as they purchase. "Wi *:•!.' 74 urn, -'^^i-LnnrjUfiT. ^iie entire state of 7.' ""/■"ate i„ „,„ L-,„„„, „""!«. I'l" •'"" »■•«'"•»' n'-Kvavs of AfioLio-.,, nu " ^'"'^ streams. TJ.erP . "^ ^^'^^^'ng good - te. who Lavo flou,, J e„7 ,? ', '" " '""'^^ '"»tlcr. ' ro .L. '' ''''^'"'^ «'• bed of ;, run .n . '^*'^'^''^^'«n one feels at ^■:: T'' '^' ^'- on:^iS:^r^"^-eruponsoi- wa;>r i; ^ '"'^"^^ ^^'^"^^'^ ^'^ tl/e ]■„: ! '^/° ''""'^'-S streams '''^'^- ^'^of't stretches of I>n 7 , °^ steams, or from )• i -'^ nver bottoms. J^^r^'^ ^"'-^^'^ "''e occa.siona iy to b . °^ SPsPsii ««d that «:;ouV° ""7 "" ■'- "--uer. W „ i^"' »■'"""" ^i.I„? 1) , "'°™"gliiv ilrainp.! 1 '""^'w saw a rail- "-"-(.a that our roads, v^* Soil and Subface. 76 I'onclwajs of ihis regard ' and stone ca state as n, you can 'cting good imjw as in ' Iowa ; no ads. The- tes as suit nes a v.-ell soon worn i inconve- ally worn >ii in dry zed road- less than the keep- louglis eels at on solid streams in ijigh found roll- aking easons c usu- .sanie lid or hout rail- each fall ^ads, even in tlie lowest placi;^, are firm and smooth when tlie ground 13 dri/. This ought to teach that such drainage as shall make it impossible for water to stand a single hour upC'i the road, is the first thing to be secured; without this, all other hitjor is vain, and in rine cases out of ten, this is all that is needed in our aeep soil Whatever is thereafter done, will be permanent, and enduring. At a small cost, therefore, there will everywhere be solid roads in Kansas. "Limestone rock broken in pieces, none of which contain more than eight cubic inches, two inches each way, is placed upon our city streets at prices ranging from seven to ten cents per cubic foot. The layer is made from six inches to a foot thick, and this is called "macadamizing the streets.'' If the road bed is well drained and rounded a very little, this is probably the most eco- nomical and enduring pavement we can use. The city of Law- rence, however, is testing wooden pavement by putting it down on her principal street. "Frequent allusion has already been made to the important part which, rock deposits play in the frame work of Kansas scenery, and in the economy of Kansas life. The importance of the sub- ject in its '-'ecuniary aspects merits still further mention. " The rock of Kansas chiefly consists of limestone, sandstone and o-vpsum. At least 90 per cent, is limestone of various *•■ x- ture and color. There is no better limestone in the United States than is to be found in Kansas. Columns dressed to eight inch face, fourteen inches deep, and fourteen feet high, ar*^ -.icd in two story brick fronts at Topcka. " Prof. J. A. Bent, of W heaton College, Illinois, cypresses the following opinion which is founded upon c.\.tensive travel and observation: 'No state in the Union is so generally and so well supplied with rock as Kansas, and at the same time so free from rock which comes in the way of cultivating the soil.' " The reason why the.sc two advantages are here combined in so extraordinary a degree is found in the fact that the strata of rock are nearly .all horizontal, while the critire state .slopes very considerably to the east. The strata are thereby caused to appear one above another, like broken and irregular terraces, or steps ail the way westward. Then consider that excepting some of the • " fell sf'iii r^ ( t '^'O- farm, so -situat J ti '"' "'^^ ^'^« ^-eUs fou , ' ', *'"' <"■ '^"••"i. ' m °,', '"° f '"'* '™«t«„e L font ■"'■■ ''°"'=^" of it is i,,"'.""^ '"' «i»Ilj taken „„t „.ith ,1 ?" ^ •"'"''"K^ «i', leaving 7;t™»^ ^"^ '•■"•<) «P witi, faoHi, ° „?"' ^'°""*' ""«'>"« the soi,, ;,i 'if -^'"ff. "ca,. tl,o;„,, 7 '"f<"- uiicorro(?or1 ,. .• ^norcasirifr ti,„ f„ .,. "'^'"-^^ to decav, substantial bS, "*'""«■ t"-!"!.- buiIJi . T.^^'H an,] ^-^^'-^d, hauled and n,!. "'' ' ''''' ^'-^'^ whieh 2 7"''^' using tu'o vol-. / ^ * "i^ «t the rate of f ""^ ^'''^"^^ in abundance Of '„ ?'''"^°^''^''i'H^stone, and cv. d-cnbo.,, but it ;,. , ,-rf ""'■''■■""^ '"""tio "'Li "b z'r"- o-estorn tbiee-f-„,„i , , ^ " e^'O'' or less ,)! •""'« ^'-i'.-j:aC;':r--.'.ati.ot:!:ror„r^^^^^ ^-•-Kansa,„be„oe.tcC%rrfrt Soil and Surface. n !cl, and ^p and miles ■ rod. wall way, ands da}--, rods, ould )und the !on- ve |thc lit :d a e southern line. It is found in beds of all thickness up to fifty fceet, and in the western half of the state it oceurs in crystalized semi-transparent sheets, resembling mica (or isinglass) in texture, and alum in color. " It will be seen by a glance at the map, that five of the rail- roads now running in Kansas cross the gy[)sum deposits, thus making it easily available to all portions of the state. " The uses to which this article is applied arc various and im- portant. It is used as a cement, and in taking casts by artists^ dentists and others ; in making busts and ornamental designs for th '•pament of inner walls, as well as in giving to the walls tLo... ives an elegant and durable ' liard finish.' But it is most extensively used as a .Vrtilizer, whence it is called ' land plaster.' " We take from the work of the same author the following sketch, concerning the coal deposits of Kansas: " The geological formation called carboniferous (coal bearing) occupies the entire eastern portion of the state, having a general width from east to west of about one hundred and twenty miles. Its western limit cro-sscs the Kansas river through Davis and Kiloy counties, in a northeasterly and southwesterly diiv-jtion, and its area is about seventeen thousand square miles. There are out- croppings of bituminous coal throughout the entire exLent of tliis vast surface, an area more than twice the size of tlie state of Mas- sachusetts. Pi'ofessor Swallow, the state geologist, counted 'twenty-two distinct and separate beds of coal. Many of these are thin, and of but little value, but ten of them rarge in thick- ness from one to seven feet of coal, suitable for domestic and man- ufacturing purposes.' Th'^ thickest outcropping veins are dis- played in the southeastern portion of the state, and it is supposed that these continue westward under the other veins which lie higher, and which appear at tlie surface further west and nortli- west. "No considerable experituents liave been made in boring, or by test wells or shafts, except at Leavenworth City, where, at the depth of .seven hundred and ten feet, an excellent quality was found, the bed varying from twenty-two to twenty-eight inches in thickness, averaging tweuty-iivc inches. This nune has an excel- \m 78 ''*' ; T ? ^^ '^ cents per b.iQl, i f ^ JnislicI, but is nn, , -^ ^'"^ C''^'" -' v-ein,t; :;,:;.:r'""T'=^ p-A" or :r:,r '"^™ o'l'-- vein., 1, "" V ■■' '°" ""■'='' '"*-"' r,-o r' r """'°"^''- "^ -^^/oi-": r:t '::;---' »-*- ^z zz t^ ■•:"- ^n main- nllp, ' ' '^'"^ occupied by vein. «l. ""'^ portions :i's,';:„rt • ^'r -^^^ -:. r '^^^^^^^^^ ^■'.« ™": ;; ^iiji, tneie seems f^ i if'G buffalo licks oPf ° ' * county of the .titP r "' ^''-^--^^P^, so common in ., «^ -^t bi-ii^ t^: :,:""«^, -- o.e their c: li ' J ^ ^ "-^'^ '•'vci. ha.o saI^ ' "^l^ _ }}'^ '^y- of tiL V. J J^ ^''fi^ ^^ "''^' the supply, t!,„ „jfeS^^:.'i Soil and Sun face. '9 water from open springs or wells only being u.sccl, whicli is much diluted by the surfaee streams."' Here follows au enumeration of springs and wcll.s in eastern Kansas from which salt has been made in small quantities, but which I think have all been abandoned as unprofitable. They are but the surface indications of the vast reservoir farther west, AVe continue to quot'3 irom the report. "On the boundary of the state, a very large deposit of crystalized salt exists south of the great bend of the Arkansas river, in which it lies in beds from six to twenty-eight inches in de[)th. In one instance, two government wagons were filled in a few minutes, without being moved. The salt is so compact as to require a hatchet to cut it. These deposits are undoubtedly caused by the drying up of salt P(mk1s or salt branches of tho Cimmarron river. But this is situ- ated so far from the settled portions of the state, or any regular route of transportation, that at present it is of no practical value. A railroad toward that region would make it of vast commercial importance." The professor thus dismisses these great salt plains, for he had at that time little idea that railroads would so soon reach tlicir rich stores. The area of these plains is estimated bj' the best authorities at more than five hundred square miles, en- tirely covered with an incrustation of pure salt of various degrees of thickness. Very few whit(? people have ever visited this re- markable s])ot. But many bushels of excellent salt have been brought from there, and tl.e wilder Indian tribes who formerly inhabited Kansas, annually wtMit thither to procure a supply of salt in addition to that furnished them by tlie government. These salt plains lie ixartly in Kansas ami partly in the Indian Terri- tory, and arc surrounded by a fine grazing and agricultural region. Professor Mudgc proceeds to describe the salt region of Western Kan:-:as, which ho says embraces a tract of country about thirty- live miles wide and eighty miles long, crossing the Republican, Solf iuon and Saline valleys. Here are to be found numerous springs, but more frequently, extensive salt m irshcs. One of these he thus describes at length, as illustrative of the characLer ami appearance of them all : "Take thatin town fotw', i"sngc two, vest of the sixth principal meridian, in the Republican valley, about scventy-fivc miles r: ■;« ' 80 :IF^^ ■i;P i '"•'««■■ Al„„„ °''°''> "WO or Jras ,•„„ '"•■"■«'' covers '■"■<■'= «mo., ,1 e" , ' ?'='■ ("»' """Mi,,., to," ""'=.'"""'•■«' and tl.e bri„o. '-'^ •■""='■ •■' l-eavy rai„ !," '■''"" «<>«.■ .second «>'« west n, 7 '"''""' •" towns], Lf' "'' "> «»■« tl.ous. CVl- are liilcs i-sof of liiul II f I t 'If I Soil akd Surface. 81 l Ml ll^ n Urine Urine 1 Salt. MMjiU. U.S. (jut. ■ 90.089 4.708 3,801.20 l.!»59 O.r.7!} 318.23 o.yio 0.157 04.41 o.;!00 0.'.i31 140.39 truce trtitje. 0.0.50 o.oto O.Ol 0.780 9t.221 57,327.;J.5 100.000 99.000 00,773.19 Having shown that these deposits arc fonml in the true salt bearing geological formations, as developed in this country and iii Europe, and having i)roved that the strength of the brines is en- tirely satisfactory, Prof. Mudge proceeds as follows: " Tlic analysis of the salt and brine from the Tuthill marsh, made by Prof. C. II Chandler, of the school of mines, Columbia college, New York, is as follows. CliloricU' of sodium (suit). Sulphate of soila, Sulphate of lime. Chloride of maguosium. Oxide of iron. Sand and cluy. Water, Density of brine 1.0421 — G.IG Baume. Total saline matter in brine, 5.770. Chloride of sodium per U. S. gallon of 231 cubic inches, 0.53 oz. "This gives one bushel of solid matter to one hundred and ten gallons, or one bushel of pure salt to one hundred and thirty gallons of brine. The water was taken by me from a boring made at random, within four feet of the surface. The salt, I took from one of fifty hollow logs, in which it was being made. The per- centage of solid impurities is 2.55, and contains no chloride of calcium. No attempt was made to 2:)urify the salt, as the parties making it had no previous knowledge of the business. The or- dinary market suits of tlie United States contain from two to six percentage of impurities ; a larger portion being nearer the latter than the former standard." The report of the Onondaga salt spring.^, in the state of New York, shows that the "factory nil(!(l refined for table and dairy," contains 1.00 per cent, of solid impurities. Th(! celebrated "stored Ashtnii Bitll," nf Miigliind, eonlaina about the same aiutmnl uf hiipill'lilnM, mid Ijioy iiro prepared with great care, and are acknowledged to be among the best salts in the world. Thus it is seen that our unrefined salts are nearly equal to the best commercial salts. 6 'M 82 Tl'TTLt's Ce\Tf\mt, \- "-^^^^^NU 2\ OliTint'EST. 11 li! ^:^ ^x ":ti?:,:'/r " '"^ '°"""-"'« "-'•■'■ -^ we,.o,.„ J lie western third nf v P°«'°" of ll.e ITnitea Slate e.J ,f'™'^' l^'''^""'"' "'"t no ^Vl-ccver buiralo. an.oL , ' J I™"" """ "'-■« - "o do e »«;-'l.c cattle. „,a,.a,,,„ ^J^ ' ,^ '^ S™'^^ .-"ml /..to,,, .!,„,, ,lo ""■'"«'.' l^avo, f,.„™ time n„t, "'•■''' ",'■■" '^"°»'" «-"h«o " "'" »"■«"" <'f feed ,„.o,k CO ' """■'^ ''^ " e™' <>iffo.-e„e„ '"fe of bt„raIo'gras. " ""^ ™-" •■"■«» P'-oJucos scatto.-D --' of .,„ ,„,, area t r; ''™ vr ^'■"'■'" ^^■""'»- a, or 1..-C0 .i„,s as ,m,ol, food 1 "^ "'^^l"!'' "'"1 P.™laccs two and among tho Hocky ntouM h' '" ''"''"'° S-'as., Noa^ "OIJ callod bunch iass o^ ' "" f"""" S''«. and al.o a va called small o..te,a;,,:o«°'t'n:i" "'° '""■■"' -•" S"- fea ; The „a,„c, buffalo g,,4 is f r.f*" '"'™ " •="*'! "> I-ansas. Some thi„k° ho t L k ^ ° °™"=' °' ""■' l^'"" .^™-.c.y from the small mcs„„ ^a "f S''-^. '"bo a distino. ;fe."cal. The bullaio g.«ssl "ead;' t"" '^'™^ ">■■" 'b^X are "■» n.a..no,. of a st,.a„.bo..„. v td t 1 "T""" =™''"-'"-" '" S'o...., , so .ha. it loots ,„„,; lil ^'^tcd i n ?'■■' ^'«'' '° "■« '-"-..common , ass. Xtsseedtri^lrjl^rrdci-:.:: Soil .lyn SrnFAcn. 83 Ptom. This grass is extremely sweet, and the more ho nearer its roots. It is true that tliere arc considerable alkali tracts on the plains (but not in Kansas, according to the best information wliieh I can obtain), where grazing is not practicable, by reason of bad water, but not for lack of a fertile soil, because, by irrigation, al- kali lands, as in Utah, become extremely productive, ^[ost vari- eties of these grasses are in a growing condition from early spring until autumn, when, during the beautiful weather of that season, tliey cure upon the stalk. Thus they retain their nutritious qual- ities through the dry winters, which invariably bless the herds- man and his herd in these regions. Other varieties are green in western Kansaa during the winter months, as the attentive reader can learn from the letter of Rev. L. Sternberg, of Fort Ilarker. " Add to this sufTicicnt evidence, the indisputable fact that cattle in vast herds, not of hundreds simply, but of thousands in num- ber, arc to-day grazing upon buitalo grass, and that not alone in Kansas, but also in Colorado, Nebraska and Wyoming. Travel- ers who pass through Kansas upon the Kansas Pacific Railway, enter upon the buffalo grass region after riding about two hun- dred miles thi'ough the fat meadows, the luxuriant corn fields, and the vigorous wild grasses of eastern Kansas, and as they come in sight of the brown and shriveled bufTalo grass, it seems indeed contemptible. It is very true that vast herds of buffalo are seen, extending for miles in either direction, sometimes hud- dled in distant masses which rcsembla low islands in the sea, or, at other times, are .so numerous and so persistent in keeping to their course, that the engineer isobliged to stoj) his train and give them the track, until thc}^ cross it in th.^ir Hne of march. The traveler also sees the dressed carcasses of bii!''^alo and antelope at every station, wdiich are as fat as stall- 'ed b(.of; and yet many people return from the trip and talk ab iit Uie "buffalo grass desert." Who would suppo.se that buffalo would return to a "desert " for feed year after year ? nay, that they would stay there the year around, as thousands annually do stay in the valleys of the Rc- I)ublican, Solomon, Smoky Hill and Arkansas rivers, and their tributaries? Many an eastern farmer would gladly turn the flocks and herds on to this desert, which crop the low grass in his high priced pastures, or during six months of winter, eat the hay IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARG5T (MT-3) / O O :<\ <°i^ >\.% ^ ^m /<' -^ #/ % :/ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■^ Ilia c lis 6" M 1 2.0 1.8 JA 1 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 raine country more highly favored in respect to water, notwithstanding it is in 'drouthy Kansas.' " About eighty miles west of this county, a tributary takes in to the Republican, called Prairie Dog, and a beautiful stream it is, having quite a belt of timber along its banks. Its bottoms arc wide and fertile, and all who see it are in no wise sparing of th'.ir praise. There is yet little or no settllement along the stream, and none on the adjacent prairies, but there is strong talk of a settlement there in the spring. White Rock is another tributary of the Republican and enters it about ten miles from where the last named stream crosses the western line of Kansas from Nebras- ka, and in range live, west. On its lovely bank, on lands the most beautiful eyes ever rested upon, we have taken up our abodes. Its line towards the head is a trifle south of west, and it is about sixty miles long. It has quite an abundance of timber, though not quite so mucli as Prairie Dog, and besides the stream is not so large. The waters of the latter ruti the year round, while those of Wliite Rock, in very dry weather, will sometimes cease to run, though at all times it contains a sufTicicncy of pure water for stock. Its bottoms arc very fertile, as well as the adjoining prairies. The former are all taken for thirty miles from its mouth, but of the latter there are thousands and tens of thousands of acres of as rich and beautiful prairie lands r.s ever graced a western state. The old inhabitants say they can get a living here easier than in any other place they ever .saw." The following letter is froua Rev. Dr. L. Sternberg, a Lutheran clergyman of liigh standing, of Fort Ilarker, Kansas: '^^ Dear Sir:— Yo\x desire to know if the plains are well adapted to but- ter and cheese making, and also my method. In replying to the I ^^:l i'mW 1'^ -il ■IV 86 Tuttle's Cextexxial Northwest. first inquiiy, it may be proper to say that I am not prepared to speak of the plains generally. Portions of them may be barren and destitute of water and of natural shelter for stock. My re- marks are intended to fvpply more especially to Ellsworth county, the eastern limit in this part of the state of the buffalo grass region. Whether a country is well adapted for stock and dairy purposes depends upon its grasses, water and climate. " We have both winter and summer grasses. Our winter grasses arc such as keep green, and grow somewhat during the Avinter, especially in sheltered jilaces iu ravines and near the banks of streams. They come forn'ard very early in the spring so as to afford good ])asturage, in this region generally about the middle of ^Nlarch. The principal variety ripens about the first oi June, and resembles what we used to call the carl}'^ June grass in New York. When green, it is sweet and tender, and cattle eat it with avidity. " Our summer grasses may be divided into two classes, con- sisting of such as are only fit for grazing, and such as are also suitable to be cut for hay. The term buffalo grass includes the gramma grass, or the curled mesquit, both of them remai'kably nutritious, even when ripened and dry, and affording almost as good pasturage in winter as in summer, but too short to be cut for hay. The blue joint is our prineii)al grass for haj'. It is the latest of cur grasses in coming forward in the spring, only ap- pearing about the time when our winter grasses are beginning to ripen. We have at present little more of this grass than is re- quired for hay ; but I am sorry to say that it is slowly but surely supplanting the buffalo grass. The milk produced from these grasses is remarkably rich, and our cows have access to no plants giving their milk an unpleasant flavor, except that, late in the fall, they sometimes eat a species of wild sage, giving it a bitter taste. " Good water is a prime necessity for a stock and dairy coun- try. It should be running water. Stagnant water affects the quality of the milk injuriously. Water drawn by band involves too much labor, and is too uncertain a reliance. Our river water, and that flowing from our numerous springs, is most excellent for stock. " Our climate is of a medium character. Wc are subject to oc- t. JJ/U Soil axd Suuface. 87 casional storms, when cattle need some natural or artificial slicltcr, and it may be some hay. Usually, however, the}' graze upon the open prairie, in winter as in summer. Thus far I have not been required to feed my cattle more than about a dozen times during the winter, and thej' reach the spring in fine order, unless they should be pulled down somewhat by some special cause, such as coming in too early. In summer our climate is not warm- er than in more northern latitudes. However warm it may be during the day, our nights are invariably cool and refreshing. The heats of summer, therefore, interfere but little with butter and cheese making, to those who have u suitable place for the purpose, and I know of no reason why we may not compete suc- cessfully, both as to cpudity and quantity, with the dairymen of any part of our country. "In the manufacture of butter, I am careful as to the condi- tion of my cream, not leaving it to stand too long. I use the dash churn. I am careful to work out nil the buttermilk, and yet not destroy the grain of the butter. This requires both ex- perience and skill. The salt which should be of the purest kind, and about an ounce to the pound of butter, should be thoroughly incorporated with the butter, and dissolve in it. If the cream be too warm in cluirning, the butter will be of an inferior quality, and wiil readily soften in warm weather. The proper tempera- ture is from fifty-six to sixty degrees. The cooler the cream, the longer the butter is in coming, but the better the butter. The next letter is from Mr. Ernst Ilohneek, a surveyor who lias resided in western Kansas about fourteen years, and is en- tirely familiar with the country he talks about. This letter throws light upon the " desert " question. There has been great inquiry for that desert for several years, and of late it has come to be be- lieved that the whole account of " a desert " was a stupendous hum- bug of ancient geographers. After describing various counties in that region, and showing that all are possessed of good water and good coil, with considerable quantities of timber, and coal opened of fair quality for fuel, he proceeds: " llice county, south of Ellsworth, through which runs the Arkansas river and several tributaries, is, with the exception of timber, which is rather scarce, a most beautiful count}'-, and contains, I believe, a greater per i (.1 \i 1' If ,,t; 1 < i 1 v( !'VlV\ I'," M ''•M TOfJ .1, t 1- ! if 88 Tuttle's Cestexkial NonrmFEST. centage of tillable land, than any other county in the state I know of. The southeast part is already somewhat settled, and a colony from Ohio is expected to settle on Plum Creek next spring. Cow Creek is also in this county. Around Fort Zarah, in Bar- ton county, near the mouth of that fine stream where the Big Walnut empties into the Arkansas, the nucleus of quite a settle- ment is now forming, and about two hundred families are to settle along the river and Walnut next spring. The advance of a Ger- man colony, about ten families, settled eight miles above Zarah last spring, and raised quite a crop of corn, with pumpkins, melons, etc., without end. I have not a doubt but that the bottoms of the Arkansas river will turn out to be prodigious corn land. " Walnut Creek valley runs in a westerly direction for over a hundred miles, with abundance of timber and water, and as fine bottoms as a man wants to see. The only drawback to the settle- ment of that part of our beautiful state may be Indian difficul- ties. "In conclusion, let me give you the result of my obscvations during a residence of fifteen years in the state, the greater part of which I spent in the western part. " The story of the American desert, as far as it relates to that por- tion of Kansas that lies north of the Arkansas river, is a myth, and never had any foundation. That "belt of land," beyond which, according to early histories of Kansas, the desert commenced, ex- ists only in imagination. True, there is a range of sandhills, from one to two miles wide, on the west side of the Little Arkansas, as far north as the mouth of Jarvis Creek, emptying into Cow Creek, and also another narrow range of sandhills on the west side of Cow Creek, from the Plum Butes, on the old Santa Fe road, ex- tending, with intermissions, about ten miles north. But the land ■west of these hills is just as good as east of it. " I suppose the idea of this desert originated in this way : Dur- ing that season when the buffalo roam north in immense numbers, they eat the whole country so closely that it looks to the casual observer cmtircly bare, and devoid of vegetation. Buffalo and even horses, will find sustenance on this very ground, it being the nature of the buffalo grass to be continually growing, and the part next to the ground, almost in it, being the most nutritious 1 :. ;!'!: Soil and Surface. 89 part, and verj' sweet; Lorses, which arc used to the planis, will graze on this verj' ground, when loose, in preference to places, where the grass has not been pastured. Another peculiarity of the bufTalo grass is, that it only grows in packed ground, and dies out as soon as the bufTalo quits the country, and the action of the rains and frosts loosens the soil. After the builalo have left a portion of the country for good, in a few years single stools of blue stem grass will appear, which increase in size from year to year, until the whole country, which grew once the short bufTalo grass, is covered wi*;Ii blue stem, and then has all the appearance of an agricultural country. I have watched this transformation ever since 1855, and it is a fact and no theory. Thousands of tons of prairie hay can be cut now, where ten years ago nothing but builalo grass grew. Whoever opens a farm in a buffalo gi-ass region needs to plow his land deep, from six to eight inches at least, so as to prepare it at once for crops. And all this great re- gion in the western part of the state will be thus transformed shortly, and will be found to be the granary of the west." Upon receipt of this valuable letter I wrote to the author, re- questing him to explain why he confined his j'cmarks to the re- gion north of the Arkansas river, in showing that the country was generally good, and that a few square miles of sand hills had been magnified into a boundless "desert." In reply, the follow- ing letter came to hand : " When I spoke rather negatively of the country south of Ar-' kansas river, I had in my mind a pear shaped tract of land, with J stem end near Fort Dodge, and the opposite about south of the mouth of Cow creek, which empties into the Arkansas in Eice county, with a width at its broadest part (south of Pawnee Rock, seventeen miles west of Zarah) of about sixty miles, which con- sists of a series of sand hills, naked sandy flats and bunch grass prairie. This part is entirely destitute of timber, but in most parts well watered, and having considerable salt water branches running through it. " The Arkansas river is also, with the exception of a strip of about fourteen miles running east from Fort Zarah, destitute of tinaber from below the mouth of Cow creek to the west line of the state, and beyond to near Fort Lyon. The Atchison, Topeka i+:a M V ^1 1-1 ■mm rV ■■V (♦iJ „. „. -in i ' ■■■- ''Ib i:-'; il m .i.U i ■■]■' i' ''i'iM;:;* ^i ,11 90 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. k Santa I c Railroad has been surveyed and located to Fort Dodge, which will open these wide and fertile bottoms to settlement. The sandy district, however, spoken of above, will be a great grazing country, as the grass on it is very nutritious, and the con- figuration of the country affording a great deal of shelter to stock in the winter. South of this district lays a beautiful coun- try along the tributaries of the little lied river, or Red Fork of the Arkansas. [Mulberry, Turkey, Medicine Lodge, Bluff creek, etc., arc among these creeks. The soil is here red in all its shades, and every little thaw or rain will color the streams red. "Two years ago tliis winter, I found the bottoms covered with the tallest blue stem grass. A great deal of winter grass, which we generally call June grass, grows also here. The country is also timbered with cottonwood, cedar in great quant'*y on the bluffs, mulberry, elm, walnut, oak, hackberry, and on the South Fork, with china tree. I found bodies of timber containing from forty to eighty acres. Rock is very scarce here ; the deepest canyon, as well as the highest bluffs, are devoid of it. In my opinion, it will not be very long before this country will be the great winter quarters of the stock men of western Kansas. As for shelter, there is nothing that will surpass it in these parts. "Since my last, I learned that about fifty claims are taken on "Walnut creek, and the Arkansas, in the vicinity of Fort Zarah. So 'the Star of Empire is moving westward at a lively rate. It is some satisfaction to contemplate that, in fifti^en years, civilization has conquered two hundred and fifty miles of wilderness." More will be found, further on in this volume, on the produc- tions of Kansas in the chapters on hei" great industries. "IT' sri Soil and Surface. 91 I't iV I li CHAPTER VII. SOIL AND SURFACE. (continued.) Topogmphy — Climate — Minerals — Soil and Productions. NEBRASKA. The state of Nebraska has an area of 75,995 square miles and is situated between 40° and 43° N. latitute, and between 9(5° and 104° W. longitude. It is bounded on the north by Dakota terri- tory ; on the east by Iowa ; on the south by Kansas and Colorado territory, and on the west by Colorado and Wyoming territories. There are no mountains in the state ; the whole surface consists of rolling prairies, vast table and rich bottom lands in the valleys of the numerous streams. The principal river is Platte — a wide, rapid, shallow stream, full of sand bars, with divided channel, and although not navigable, it is of inestimable value for the purpose of mill-sites, irrigation, etc. It enters the state in two branches, which unite about three hundred miles west of the Missouri river, and thence pursues an easterly course through the state, dividing it into two nearly equal parts. Its special feature is the unrivalled valley through which it courses from the mountains to the Mis- souri river. This valley is from five to fifteen miles in width, and is widely celebrated for its picturesque scenery, rich, productive soil, and mild and healthful climate. The Wood, Loup and Elk- horn rivers flow into the Platte on the north side, east of Kearney, and all have extensive., fertile valleys. The Big Blue and Little Blue, flowing southeast, cross the line into Kansas, the former about sixty-five and the latter about ninety miles west of the Mis- souri. The numerous streams of the interior flow, in a southeast- erly course, through valleys rank with vegetation, of loose, rich, soil, in which they cut their channels deep and winding, with nothing to mark their course except the fringe of trees that line their margin. The valleys of these streams are generally skirted with a range of low, rounded hills, sometimes abrupt and irregu- - t ,**■ 92 TVTTLlfs CENTEKlilAL XORTIIWEST. lar, but becoming less ami less broken as they recede, until they gradually blend with the table land, and keeping about the same level, stretch away in low swells till intei"Sf3ctcd by another valley.'* Next to the Platte river in magnitude and importance is the Republican, which enters the state from Colorado, at a point five miles from the soutiieast corner, takes a liglit curve to the north- ward, bends back and passes out into Kansas, crossing the line about one hundred and thirty miles from the Missouri river. Its main tributaries in, and partially in, Nebraska are Whiteman's Fork, Willow, ^[edicinc and Muddy on the north, and Beaver, Little Beaver and Prairie Dog on the south. The Republican and its tributaries " water" something over a dozen counties, and the latter afTords some of the best mill-sites in the state. For magnificence; fertility and natural I'esonrces, the valley of the Re- publican is scarcely second to that of the Platte, and contains many fine groves of timber, an abundance of fine building rock, etc. Not more than one-twentieth part of the area of the state has been turned over by the plough. Nearly one-half the whole is still remaining in possession of the government. Nebraska is one of the great corn-raising and stock-growing states where lands can yet be had for nothing, or for a nominal sum. Where moneyless men can become land owners by a mere resi- dence, and men of small means, property-holders at onee, or b}' trifling payments, distributed through a long series of years. She presents the anomaly of a state wherein railroads, wagon roads, (we might almost say churches and school-houses), etc., have pre- ceded civilization, instead of following it, after the usual course. Nebraska is a " highland " state, constituting as it does part of the great interior continental slope, which terminates to the west- ward, as stated, in the Rocky Mountains. Hence, sweeping winds from the westward and southward occasionalbj, and light, cooling breezes from one or another direction almost perpetually. Hence the absolute absence of malaria, and the innumerable train of con- sequent diseases. In very many of the original settlements made in America dur- ing the last three hundred years, the pioneers have been again and again driven back and out by agues, fevers, and other ma- * Compiled from Sketches by Hon. Geo. D. Brown. Soil and Surface. 98 larial ailments, by the savages, or by all these calamities. But Nebraska, in less than a decade, without interruption, from an unpeopled waste, straightway grows into a fully developed, strug- gling community, numbering a quarter of a million souls. The rapid descent of the surface from west to cast, together with the presence of the Platte, traversing its entire length and extending back to the mountains, (thus forming a superb conduit for their vast fields of melting snows, in early summer), furnishes a natural system of self- drainage, renders stagnant conditions impossible, and banishes from our borders every semblance of a swamp or morass, every sluggish stream and every putrid pond. Too much cannot be said of the purity of Nebraska air. It is a blessed privilege to be able to lie down at night, within doors or without, on hill or in valley, assured that the atmosphere which surrounds your couch or sighs through your window is free from poisonous taint of death-dealing malaria. The soil of Nebraska is excellent. An eastern editor truly re- marks : " The finest garden mold in the state of New York is not a whit better than the average Nebraska soil, which is light and free from lumps and stones ; dark soiled, easily worked and emi- nently productive. I would advise nurserymen in the east to im- port a carload of it, to grow their most delicate plants in. They need take no precaution, but send their order to anv postmaster or railroad agent, and tell him to dig the first dirt he comes to and send it along." Another writer says the soil " may be plowed to any depth required. Under the plow it becomes remarkably loose and mellow, and can be worked to advantage within a few hours after a long rain. From the absence of hard pan, and other imj^orvious substances, it possesses the singular property of resisting both unusual wet and continued drouth ; a failure of crops from either of these causes is an unheard of event. It does not bake after rain, and deep mud is never known. The soil, although easily penetrated with a spade to any depth, has a tenacity that renders the walling of cellars and wells unnecessary." The su- perstratum of black mold is usually blended with the underly- ing yellowish clayey soil at a point about twenty-four inches be- low the surface. This substratum is profusely impregnated with iron stains and lime seams and concretions, and will produce veg- af ■•'■■hi If I AM ' ■ ;^ii, ! ii,''' 'I';. vj' I 1 1 1 'it: '»li i \ .--■> »i n. i 1: 1 •■ . t 1 M TuTTLK's CeXTKNXIAL XoiiTinVEST. ctation nearly oqunl to surfnco soil, to a depth of twenty-five to thirty feet. The roots of the shoe string (:i low shrub resembling tea plant) penetrate to a depth of twelve feet, and the yellow mold thrown out of a well will grow thrifty scpiashcs and fully matured corn and wheat. The distinguishing eharaeteristies of this gray-yellow subsoil, is its porosity — that is, it is tlireaded, as it were, with minute scams and cells, herein dilTering from the soapy clay and tlie blue hard pans of the east. Tlic good ofhecs subserved by thirf peculiar subsoil t.re, the letting down of a super- abundance of surface water in wet seasons, and a drawing or suck- ing up of the subterraneous moisture when the earth is parched by an August sun. So that it may be written down as a simple fact that as regards capacity to stand both flood .and drouth, Ne- braska has few e(pials and no superiors. All species of grain and vegetables that are raised in the richer portions of ilinnesota, Wisconsin, or Canada, can be grown here, with many others which require a longer interval between spring and autumn. Corn ranks as the first staple; then wheat, oats, potatoes, bar- ley, fla.x, broom-corn, sorghum, etc. The eultiva-tion of onions, flax, hops, castor beans, tobacco, and other specialties, has given ample returns for the capital and labor invested. From her first crop, Nebraska has always stood second in the list of states for average number of bushels of wheat per acre ; California being first. The average rarely falls below twenty bushels, and sometimes exceeds that figure. And it has become a settled question in Chicago that the wheat sent thither from this state is one of the best and highest grades received in that market, Timothy and clover grow rank and with unvar^-ing cer- tainty, but are little patronized, as wild grass is universal and of excellent quality'. Millions ol tons of the latter are annually burnt by the fierce prairie iircs of November and the milder ones of April. * " A farmer who finds his meadow ready made, and which may be fenced with a dozen furrows any pleasant day in June, has gained quarter of a life time, from an Ohio or Pennsylvania point of view; leaving him ample time to mildly fret about the ■• b- * From a sketch by lion. G. L. Brown, mrr "^TT^ Soil asd Surface. 95 Bence of the docayinfr stumps and weed liiJdcn rail fence of liis boyhood, or at the w-jU nigh perpetual breeze, which cfTectually 6wee[)savvay every vestige of miasma an[arquette ex- plored the regions south of Superior, and west of ^Michigan, and established the missions of Chegoiniegon, St. Marie, Mackinaw, and Green Ba}'. The purpose of exploring the Mississippi sprang from Marquette himself; but it was furtliered by the plans of the intendont Talon, to extend the power of France to the west. In 1670, Nicholas Perot was sent to the west to propose a congress of the tribes of the lakes. In May, 1671, the great council was held at Sault Ste. Marie ; the cross was set up, by its side a column inscribed with 'die lilies of the Bourbons, the Yexilla Regis was chanted, and the nations of the northwest, with all the pomp of the feudal age, were taken into the alliance and under the protection of Franco. Talon was not satisfied with more display. There were tlwee opinions in regard to the course of the great river, of which iUlouez had heard — that it ran to the southeast into the Atlantic, below Virginia — that it flowed into the Guf of Mexico — and t'.at it emptied into the Gulf of California, and opened a highway to China and the cast. To determine this problem, to secure the lands through which it flowed to France, and thus to signalize the close of his administration, Talon approved the pur- pose of ]\Iarquctte, and directed him, with ^^. Joliet, of Quebec, to explore the Mississippi." At Mackinaw, on the loth of ^[ay, 1673, Marquette, Joliet, and five attendants embarked on this great expedition in two lurch canoes. They visited .Green Bay, where the Indians, who received them kindly, w U'ned them against pursuing their intended journey, tell- •tiMil vm. i i ' ^ ; : t ■ :■:■{ II fH^il 1 m Ma^M 108 TuTTLE's CeSTENNUL NoHTini'EST. passage was tliscovcrecl, scattering Englirfhmen began to ponetnito the western forests. Colonization companies followed, and in a short time there were several settlements on the Ohio. These opera- tions attracted the attention of the l''reneh, and their fears wero nrouscd. " To the danger of the Knglish jiosse-ssions in the west, Vandreuil, the French governor, had been long alive. Upon tho 10th of >ray, 174-1, lie wrote home representing the consequences that must come from allowing the British to build a trading- house among the Creeks ; and, in November, 1748, he anticipated their seizure of Fort Prudhomme, which was upon the Mississippi below the Ohio. Nor was it for mere siekl}' mi.-^sionary stations that tho governor feared ; for, in the year last named, tho Illinois settlements, few as they were, sent Hour and corn, the hams of hogs and bears, pickled pork and beef, myrtle wa.v, cotton, tallow, leather, tobacco, lead, iron, copper, some little bullalo wool, venison, poultry, bear's grease, oil, skins, and coarse furs to the New Orleans market. Even in 17-10, from Jlvc to six hundred barrels of flour, according to one authority, and two thousand according to another, 'went thither from Illinois, convoys annually going down in December with the produce. Having these fears, and seeing the danger of the late movements of the British, Gallisoniere, then governor of Canada, determined to place along the Ohio, evidences of the French claim to, and pos.session of the country ; and for that purpose, in the summer of 1749, sent Louis Celeron with a party of soldiers, to place plates of lead, on which were written the claims of France, in the mound.s, and at the mouths of the rivers." The following is a copy of the inscription on the plate deposited at Vanango : "In the year 1749, reign of Louis XV, king of France, we Celeron, commandant of a detachment by Monsieur the ^[arquis of Gallisoniere, commander-in-chief of New France, to establish tranquillity in certain Indian villages of these cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Toradakoin, this twenty-ninth of July, near the river Ohio, otherwise Beautiful River, as a monument of renewal of possession which we have" taken of the said river, and all its tributaries ; and of all the land on both sides, as far as the sources of said rivers ; inasmuch as the preceding kings of France have enjoyed it, and maintained it by inf ■r? TiiK Fit.isro-liniTisii Colonial Conflict. 109 tlicir arms ami by treaties; especially by those of Ilyswiek, Utreeht, and Aix La ('liappclle." Oil the other hand tlio lOiiglish laid claim to the same territory. The Freiieli labored hard to make good their title to the valley of the Ohio, and took active steps to fortify themselves in the possession of the territory. It was now plain that the Frcn^-h and English had i.^irly entered into a contest for the Mississippi val- ley ; a contest that could not be settled save by an appeal to the sword. " To that, however," says an early writer, " neither party desired an immediate appeal, but both sought rather to establish and fortify their interests, and to conciliate the Indian tribes. In the fall of 1750, the Ohio company sent out Christopher Gist to explore the regions west of the mountains. lie was instructed to cxamiiu! the passes, to trace tlic courses of the rivers, to mark the the falls, to seek for valuable lands, to observe the strength, and to conciliate the friendship of the Indian tribes. lie visited Logs- town, where he was received with jealousy, passed over to the [Muskingum, where ho found a village of the Ottawaa friendly to the French, and a village of the Wyandots divided in senti- ment. There he met Croghan, who had been sent out by Penn- sylvania, and in concert tliey held a council with the chiefs, and received assurance of the friendship of the tribe. Next, they pas- sed to the Shawnee towns on the Scioto, received assurances of friendship from them, and then crossed the [Miami valley, " Noth- ing," said they, "is wiinting but cultivation to make it a most de- lightful countr}'." They crossed- the Great Miami on a raft of logs, and visited Piqua, the chief town of the Piekawillanics, and here they made treaties with the Piquas and representatives of the Weas (Ouias), and Piankeshaws. While there, a deputation of the Ottawas appeared t( solicit an alliance of the Miami con- federacy with the French. "'hey were repulsed, however, by the address and promises of the English agents, and the chiefs of the tribe sent back a message with Gist, that their friendship should stand like the mountains. Croghan returned, Gist followed the Miami to its mouth, passed down the Ohio river until within fif- teen miles of the falls, then returned by way cf the Kentucky river, and over the highlands of Kentucky to Virginia, in May, 1751, having visited the Mingoes, Delewares, Wyandots, Shaw- ; 1 '■h\ U L lit 110 Tuttle's Centexxial Northwest. anccs and ^liamis. proposed a union among the tribes, and ap- pointed a general council at Logstovvn, to form an alliance among themselves and with Virginia. Meanwhile, some traders had es- tablished themselves at Larimie's store, or Pickawillany, some forty-seven miles north of the site of Dayton, Ohio. A party of French and their Ottawa and Chippewa allies demanded them of the Miami.s as unauthorized intruders on French lands. The Miamis refused, a battle ensued, fourteen of them were killed, the traders were taken and carried to Canada, or, as one account says, burned. It is probable those traders were from Pcnnsyl vania, since that province made a gift of condolence to the Twig- twees for those slain in their defense. Blood had now been shed, and both parties became more deeply interested in the progress of events in the west. The English, on their part, determined to purchase from the Indians a title to the lands they wished to oc- cupy, and, in the spring of 1752, Messrs. Fry, Lomax and Patten, were sent from Virginia to hold a conference with the natives at Logstown, to learn what th.ey objected to in the treaty of Lancas- ter, of which it was said they complained, and to settle all difRcul- ties. On the 9th of June, the commissioners met the red men at Logstown, a little village, seventeen miles below Pittsburgh, upon the right bank of the Ohio descending'. It had been a trading I)oint,.but had been abandoned by the Indians in 1750. Here the Lancaster treat}' was produced, and the sales of the western lands insisted upon ; but the chiefs said that-' they had not heard of any sale west of the warrior's road, which ran at the foot of the Alleghen}^ ridge.' The commissioners then oITcred goods for a ratification of the Lancaster treaty ; spoke of the proposed settle- ment by the Ohio Compan}' ; and used all their persuasions to secure the land wanted. On the lltli of June, the Indians re- plied : They recognized the treaty of Lancaster, and the author- ity of the Six Nations to make it, but denied that they had any knowledge of the western lands being conveyed to the English by that deed, and declined having anything to do with the treaty of 174:4. ' However,' said the savages, 'as the French have already struck the Twigtwees, we shall be plea.sed to have your assistance and protection, and wish you would build a fort at once at the forks of the Ohio.' But this permission was net what the Vir- \ The FnAXCG-BniTisH Coloxtal Conflict. Ill ginians wanted; tlicy took aside ^Nfontour, the interpreter, wlio was a son of the famous Catharine Montour, and a chief amon<:j the Six Nations, and persuaded him to 'isc liis iniluence w'"th his fellows. By that means they were induced to treat, and upon the 13th of June, they all united in signing a deed, confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, consenting to a settlement southeast of the Ohio, and covenanting that it should not be dis- ti'vbed by them. By such means was obtained the first treaty witli 'the Indians in the Ohio valley." And now while all was at peace in Europe between France and England, events in the west were shaping for a contest between the colonies. While the English were surveying the country on the Ohio, laying out a town and preparing for the settlement of the country, the French were gathering cannon and stores upon lake Erie, and disregarding treaties, were b'.sily at work gaining the good will and wishes of the natives. But during all this time the Indians, for the most part, were unable to comprehend the cause for a onarrel between the European' colonists. The French became very industrious in their work of fortif^dng the country. They built a line of forts from lake Erie to the Ohio. These were I'l^csfpiile, Lc Bceuf and Yanango. In May, 1753, the governor of Pennsylvania called the atfentionof the assembly of that state to the movements of the French. That body there- upon voted six hundred pounds for distribution among the tribes, besides two hundred for presents of condolence to the Tvvigtwee?. From this time the Fi'ench regarded the English as encroacliing upon their territory, and the latter looked upon the advancing settlements of the former with precisely the same feelings. It was during this eonditi m of things on the frontiers, and while the hostile feeling thus i)revailed, that George "Washington, then in his twenty-second year, was appointed by Gov. Dinwiddie to visit the western outposts, demand of the French commandant his de- signs, and to observe the extent and disposition of his forces. AVashington was informed by the French authorities in the west, that they eonsideir 1 themselves the rightful owners of the coun- try, and that they would not yield it to any authority. This. in- telligence aroused the anger of the provinces, and measures con- ■^ 112 Tittle's Centexnial Northwest. m sistoiit \\h\i iiij^tructions fron) the British colonial secretary were taken to repel the French, who were already pushing their stock- ades fur u]) the valley of the Ohio. The legislating authorities of tiic several provinces were slow to provide the necessary meas- ures, a number of questions coming up to hinder the progress of their work. Boundaries were indefinite, and some were disposed to admit the clairas of the French. Xevertheless the necessary measures \\s.rc at length carried throueh, at least in some of the provinces. }.!eanwhile, the French forces were gathering in the western forests, and all along the border the scene was one of com- motion and pi'cparation for battle. During this time Gov. Hamilton, in Pliiladelphia, had sum- moned the assembly, ''and asked them if they meant to help the king in the defense of his dominions; and had desired them, above all things, to do whatever thc\" meant to j)erform, (|uickly. The assemblv debated, and resolved to ai< the kinsi; with a little mone}^, and tl.cn debated again, and voted not to aid him with any monej' at all, for some would not give less than ten thousand pounds, and others would not give more than live thousand pounds; and so, nothing being practicable, they adjourned upon the 10th of April, until the loih of May. In New Yt)rk, a little, and only a little, better spirit was at work; nor was this strange, as hpr direct interest was much less than that of rennsylvunia. Five thousand pounds, indeed, were voted to Viiginia ; but the assembly questioned the invasion of his majesty's dominions by the French, and it was not till June that the money was sent for- ^vard. The old dominion, however, was all alive. As, under the provincial law, the militia could not be called forth to march mr re than live miles bejond the bounds of the colon}', and as it was doubtful if the French were in Virginia, it was determined to rely upon volunteers. Ten thousand pounds had been voted by the assembly; so the two companies were now increased to si.x, and Washington was rai.sed to the raidc of lieutenant colonel, and made second in command under Joshua Fry. Ten cannon, lately from England, were forwarded from Alexandria ; wagons were got ready to carry westward, provisions and stores Lhrough the heavy spring roads ; and everywhere along ihc Potomac men were enlisting under the governor's proclamation, which promised to «i m %^ i ^i' Vi r i those t of laiK gmvo 1 oil tlic king li;i were g;i crock, fortj-oi: tliat poi lookiiu no cneii an old the new- ten mile that will was ri,«iii tlie valle liad chai' three hu noil and i imniediat advice of iiig him his feeble was alike the next i AVhcii ingtoii. h inarch to Maryland tlie 'Jth of the I'Vcnc time Fivn the Indian 27t!i, Wa: then lived of French was also ii The Fji^iXco-Bjutisii Coloxul Conflict. 113 those that should serve in that war, two liundrod thousand acres of land on the Ohio; or, already enlisted, were gatheiing into grave knots, or marching forward to the field of action, or helping on the thirty cannon and eighty barrels of gunpowder, which the king had sent out for the western forts. Along the Potomac they were gathering, as far as to Wills' creek, and far beyond Wills' creek, whither Trent had come for assistance ; his little band of forty-one men was working away, in hunger and want, to fortify that point at the forks of the Ohio, to which both parties were looking with dee}) interest. A few Indian scouts were seen, but Tio enemy seemed near at hand : and all was so quiet that Frazier, an old Indian trader, who had been left by Trent in command of the new fort, ventured to his home at the mouth of Turtle creek, ten miles up the Monongahcla. But, though all was so quiet in that wilderness, keen e3-eri had seen the low entrenchment that was rising at the forks, and swift feet had borne the news of it up the valley ; and, upon the 17th of April, Ensign Ward, who then had charge of it, was astonished at the sight of sixty batteaux and three hundred canoes, filled with men, and laden deep with can- non and stores, on the Allegheny. The commandant, Contrecanir, immediately sent in a summons to surrender the fort. By the advice of the half king. Ward sought to evade a reply, by referr- ing him to his superior, Frazier. It was in vain ; resistance by his feeble band bcliind u.Tini.shed works, against a thousand men, was alike useless; and Ensign Ward surrendered his works, and the next day passed up the Monongiihcla." When the news of the surrender uf the Forks reached Wash- imi'ton. he was at Wills' creek, with three comoanies, on his march to llcdslonc. He sent back to Pcnn.sylvania, Virginia and Maryland for reinforcements, and advanced to Eedstone. On the i)th of May he reached Little ^Meadows, where he learned that the French had been reinforced by eight hundred men. At this time French spies and agents were scouring the forests, bribing the Indians and observing the operations of the English. On the 27th, AVashington arrived at Great ^leadows, wh.ere Gist, who then lived on Eedstone creek, informed him that a scouting party of French had been at his house the day previous. Washington was also informed that the French were encamped in force not i I lU Tittle's Cextennial Northwest. far distant, and lie hastened to join a party of friendly Indians against them. The French were discovered in an obscure place, surrounded by rocks. The English and Indians arrayed for an attack. The French discovering their ajiproaeh, ran to their arms; a conflict ensued. "The firing lastetl about liftccn min- utes, when the French surrendered ; Jumonville, their comman- der, and ten of his men, were slain, twenty-two were taken pris- oners, one escaped and carried the tidings of the skirmish to Fort du Quesne. Washington's loss was one. man killed and two wounded. The Indians received no loss. The French aftcrwirds claimed that this was an unauthorized attack ; and that Jumon- ville was sent in the character of an ambassador, to warn the English to depart from lands claimed by them. The c- .urn- stances of the case, however, proved the fact that they concealed themselves, and rcconnoitered Washington's camp ; and the fact that they had instruction from Contrcca.'ur with tliem to examine the country as far as the Potomac, is appealed to by him as the proof that they were, as he had been informed, not messengers, but spies, and hence enemies, according to the usages of war. Deserters from Fort du Quosnc, who afterward joined Washing- ton, confirmed the fact that Jumonville and his party were sent as spies, and directed to show a summons which they bore, only if the}'' were overpowered. Washington immediately returned to the Great Meadows, and threw up a fortification, to which he gave the name of Fort Necessity, and then proceeded to cut a road through the wilderness to Gist's plantation." After this, Washington, with his provincials, retired to Great Meadows, where they strengthened the little fortification that had been erected there, and prepared to make a bold stand against the French, who were understood to be approaching in great num- bers. On the third of ^lay, 1754, the French and Indians ap- peared and commenced an attack in the midst of a heavy rain. This they continued until late the following evening, when terms of capitulation were agreed upon, and Washington retired to Wills' creek, where, immediately afterwards, Fort Cumberland was erected. -ppf The Franco-British Colonial Conflict. 115 CHAPTER X. ' THE FRANCO.BltlTISII COLONIAL CONFLICT. French and English Colonics Preparing for War — Tlie Contest — The Fall of Canada — Taking Possession of the Western Outposts — Pontiac Ap- pears. A1.TI10UGII THE year of 1755 opened with promises of peace, it soon brought results of war. France, in January, proposed to re- store everything to the state it was in, before the last war, and to refer all claims to the commissioners at Paris, to which Endand, on the 22d of the same month, replied that the west of North America must be left as it was at the treaty of Utrecht " On the Gth of February, France made answer, that the old English claims in America were untenable; and offered a new ground of com- promise, tliAt the English should retire east of the Allcghenies, and the French, west of the Ohio. This offer was long considered, and at length was agreed to by England, on the 7th of March, provided the French would. destroy all their forts on the Ohio and its branches ; which the French government refused to do. While all this negotiation was going on, other things had also been in motion. Gen. Braddoek, with his gallant troops, crossed the At- lantic, and, on the 20th of February, landed in Virginia, com- mander-in-chief of all the land forces in America; and in the north, preparation was made for an attack on Crown Point and Niaga' .. In France, too, other work had been done than negoti- ation ; at Brest and llochclle, shijts were fitting out. awl troops and stores being collected. England had not been asleep, and Boscawen had been busy at Plymouth, hurrying on the workmen, anel gathering the sailors. In March, the two European neigh- bors were seeking to quiet all troubles ; in April, the fleets of both were crowding sail acres the Atlantic, and, in Alexandria, liraddoek, Shirley, and their fellow ofiiccrs, were taking counsel as to the summer's campaign. In America, four jxjints were to 11 M' r^fT H K 11 116 TuTTLffs Centennial XonriDrEST. be attacked : Fort Du Qucsnc, Crown Point, Niagara, and the French posts in Nova Scotia. On the 20th oE April, Braddoek left Alexandria to march upon Du Qucsnc, whither he was ex- pressly ordered, though the officers in America thought New York should be the main point for regular operations. The ex- l)cditioii for Nova Scotia, consisting of three thousand ^lassachu- sctts men, left Boston on the 20th of May ; while the troops which Gen. Shirley was to lead against Niagara, and the provin- cials which William Johnson was to head in the attack upon Crown Point, slowly collected at Albany. The fearful and de- sponding colonists waited anxiously for news till midsummer ; and, when the news came that Nova Scotia had been conquered, and that Boseawen had taken two of the French men of war, and lay before Louisburg, hope and joy spread everywhere." But this rejoicing was soon crushed by news of Braddock's defeat. " The defeat of Braddoek, and the failure of the expedition, left the whole western frontier of the English colonics exposed to the hostile incursions of the French and Indians. At that time the Avcstern settlements extended only to the head waters of the Sus- quehanna, the Potomac, the Shenandoah, James and Roanoke rivers. Settlements, indeed, had been made between 17-15 and 1750, near the sources of the Cumberland, Clinch, and IIoLstou rivers'. These were broken up, and the settlers compelled to re- tire be3-ond the mountains, by the Cherokecs. The valley of the Blue Ridge was desolated by theShawanees, and to avenge their inroads in Virginia, Gov. Dinwiddle, in January, 1756, dispatched Col. Lewis to destroy their towns on the Scioto, and to build a fort at the mouth of the Great Sandy, as a barrier against their incursions." It will be seen that the doings of 1755 were not peaceful ; nevertheless, war had not yet been declared, nor was it until May following. The whole northwestern frontier was now let loose, and French and Indians roamed in search of conquest. The cause of England languished in the northwest, as elsewhere, until the great Pitt was made prime minister of Great Britain. In the year 1758 there was a great revival of English forces, and on sea and on land, Britain regained what she had lost. In North America, Louisburg yielded before Boscavren, Fort Frontenac was taken hy Brad.-^ of Forbci When terinined, French ii over the was Chri: years anu He was neutral si Entilish. the Frcnc favorable struggle o and the cc Withou })lannod e> that, with British ga of North J. after the s " the famil Spain, in v los.se.s, in tl peso the g war only c ingly ncgot 1702, i.rclii ficd at Pa Havana, Sj^ West Flor family com west of the The war reduced. C the victoric take posses obt,Jnately The FitAxco-BniTisir Colonial Conflict. 117 b_y Bradstrcct, [intl Da Qucsnc was alKiinloiiod upon the approach of J<\)rbcs tlirougli Pennsylvania. Wlieu tlie expedition under Forbes lirst set out, thcEngbsli dc- tennined, besides sending niilitary forecs into tlic northwest to repel Freneh insolence, to send emissaries for the purpose of winning over tlie Indians to the English cause. The first of these sent was Christian Frederick Post, a man who had lived seventeen years among the Indians, and who had married one of the natives. lie was quite successful. Many tribes were induced to take a neutral stand, and others were })crsuadcd to take sides with the Engli.sli. However, the success of the British in 1758, in driving the French and their allies from Du Quesne, and in making a favorable im})rcssion on the natives, opened the way for the great struggle of 1750, which terminated with the fall of all Canada, and the complete reduction of French power in America. "Without attempting to give here an account of the three well planned expeditions against Canada in 1759, it will suffice to say that, with the fall of Wolfe, the French were defeated, and the British gained the supremacy in the wliolo of the northern part of North America. Negotiations for peace followed immediately" after the surrender of Canada. They were not successful, and "the family compact" was entered into between France and Spain, in wliich both parties were bound to share and balance all losses, in the war which it was declared was to be waged to op- pose the growing power of England. The continuance of the war only contributed to the successes of England, and accord- ingly negotiations were reopened, and on the third of November, 17(52, preliminaries were agreed to and signed, and afterward rati- fied at Paris, in February, 1763. To secure the restoration of Havana, Spain was obliged to cede to Great Britain East and "West Florida. To compensate Spain, under the terms of the family compact, France ceded, by a secret article, all Louisiana west of the ^Mississippi, to Spain. The war had now ceased, and the French had been completely reduced. Canada, with all its dependencies, was in the hands of the victorious English, but it still remained for the English to take possession of the western outposts where the French still obtJnately remained, and where they were supported by power- i 111 ! Ii 1 118 Tuttle's CENTEyyiAL XonrrnvEST. II I! fs : fill Indian tribes, hostile to the British, ami still friendly to the overpowered Frenchmen. Tliis was by no means an easy task. It was obviously a dangerous undertaking " to extend the author- ity of England over the uncivilized regions of the west, to allay the hostilit}' and conciliate the friendship of its barbarous inhabi- tants, and thus to secure what they had so liurdly earned — the blessings of peace to tlie exhausted colonies, and the fruits of its great conquest to the English crown. The great importance of the work was overlooked by those to whom its execution was intrusted. On the 12lh of September, 17G0, Major liobert Rog- ers received orders from Gen. Amherst, to ascend the lakes, and talvc ix)ssess;ou of the French fort in the northwest, llogers was well litted for the task. On the borders of New Hampshire, with Putnam and Stark, he had earned a great reputation as a partisan oflicer; and liogers' rangers, armed with rifle, tomahawk and knife, had rendered much service, and won a great name. Later, that reputation wiis tarnished by greater crimes. Tried for an attempt to betray Afackinaw to the Spaniards, he abandoned the country, and entered the service of the Dey of Algiers. At the war of independence, lie enteicd the American service, was detected as a spy, passed over to the British, and was banished by an act of his native state. Such was ihe man who was sent to plant the British fiag in the great valley. Immediately upon receiving his orders, he set out to ascend the St. Lawrence with two hundred men in fifteen boata On the 7th of November they landed at the mouth of Cuyahoga creek. IIci'' they were met by a party of Indians, who were dej)utcd to them to say that Pontiae, the great chief of the Ottawas, was near, and to demand that they should advance no further till they should receive his permission. During the day the great chief appeared, and imperiously de- manded why the army was there without his consent, llogers replied that Canada had been conquered, and that he was on his way to occupy the French posts, and to restore peace to the Indians. Pontiae only replied that he would stand in his path till morning. On the next day he delivered a formal re]jly to the English officer, that ho consented to live at peace with the English as long as they treated him with due deference. The, calumet was smoked, and an alliance made. Pontiae accompanied T^ BoRDEii Wars. 110 liis new fricinls to Detroit. On the way a Land of Indians, sent out by the governor of Detroit, were waiting to destroy them. Tiic influence of Pontiac was interposed, and tlie lioatile Indians were indueed to ally themselves with the English. A messenger was dispatched to Beletrc, the governor, to demand the surrender of Detroit. lie refused, avowed his intention to defend the post, and .nought to arouse the Indians. It was in vain. Ilogers ar- rived below the village. Captain Campbell was dispatched with an order from Vaudreuil, commanding the surrender, and Beletro was compelled to obey. On the 29th of November, 17G0, tiio colors of France were taken down, and the royal standard of ]']ngland ])lantcd within the fort ; and the garrison and iidiabi- tants, amidst the shouts of the Indians, who looked on the strange scene with mingled awe of the English power, and astonislunei:t at their forbeai'ance. The lateness of the season prevented fur- ther operations, but early in the next year, Mackinaw, Green Bay, Ste Marie, St. Jose})lis, and Ouiatenon were surrendered, and nothing remained to the French but the settlements of the Illinois."* For a time after the occupancy of these western out- posts by the British, tlic Indians eithei* remained neutral or were confessed friends to the British interests, but through the inso- lence of the English, and the misrepresentations of the French, they were soon, as we shall see, in arms against them. CIIAPTER XI. BORDER WARS. A Review of the Western Outposts in 1759 — Condition of tlie Imlian Tribes — Slictch of rontinc— History of the Pontiac War — Slcetcli of the Fall of the Nine Western Outposts. Let us pause in the current of events to glance at the western outposts, or tlic northwest, in 1700, when the British took jiosses- sion of the territory. "One vast, continuous forest," says Francis * Compiled from Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac, and from Peck's and Perkins' compilations. * my\' 120 TlTTLf's CfS'TENXIAL NoiiTnWEST. Purkman, "sliadowcJ the fertile soil, covering the land as the grass covers the garden lawn, sweeping over hill and hollow, in endless i idulation, bnryiiig mountains in verdure, and niantling "brooks and river;- from the liyht of day. Green intervals doited with browsing deer, and broad jjlains blackeneil with bullalo, broke the sameness of the woodland seenery. Unnumbered rivers seamed the forest with their devious windings. Vast lakes washed its boundaries, wdiero the Indian voyager, in his birch canoe, could descry no land beyond the world of waters. Yet this pro- lific wilderness, teeming with waste fertility, was but a hunting ground and a battle field to ti few fierce hordes of savages. Here and there, in some rich meadow opened to the sun, the Indian squaws turned the black mold with their rude implements of bone or iron, and sowed their scanty stores of maize and beans. Human labor drew no other tribute from that ine.\haustable soil." The population, consisting almost entirely of Indians, was so thin and scattered that sometimes one might travel for whole weeks Avithout meeting a human form. Kentucky was but a '".^kirmi.sh- ing ground for the hostile tribes of the north and south ; " while in many parts of the lake region hundreds of square miles were inhabited only by wild beasts. At. the clo.se of the French war, the Indian population of the who'c Viorthwest did not exceed thir- ty thousand. Out of this number there were not more than ten thousand fighting men. Yet tlii". trmy, when detached and .scat- tered after the Indian customs of warfare, was all that the English could master. The condition of the savages had changed, al- though, perhap.s, it was but little improved. Onondaga, the cap- ital of the Iroquois, where their council fires had been kindled from time out of mind, w^as no longer a place of great importance. The ancient council house of bark was still to be seen, but its deserted appearance bespoke the fall of the Six Nation.s. Their other villages presented a similar spectacle. Everywhere civili- zation had w^orked evil foi" the savages. It was true that the use of firearms aided them in the chase, but all the advantage of the arts could not atone for the evils of rum. " High up the Susque- hanna were seated the Northcokes, Conoys, and Mohicans, with a portion of the Delawares. Detached bands of the western Iro- quois dwelt upon the headwaters of the Alleghenj^, mingled with in their nei;. this streai upon the tercd tow one large ed to fi'sti Along westward the Miui early met of drinkii degenerac adapted it; than the A iJutroit, an tidy ai)p'';i try, ami th settlement- strip of la time Albav from this \) or the wild, These hare !Mohawk, p and Fort W the river n creek, carrj following il this point western ex Fort Brew town of the vast naviga The prin try was fro and descem been establ fur traders lioitDEU WaHS. 12i their neighbors, the Dcliiwarcs, who liad several villages upon this stream. The great body of the lattcation with belter results than the Wj'andot family. At this time their villages along the Detroit, and in the vicinity of Sandusky, presented a clean and tidy appf'arancc. They were husbandmen of considerable indus- try, and their name ranked high in war and policy. The English settlements were scattered along the eastern seaboard on a narrow strip of land bordered on the west by a dense forest. At this time Albany, N. Y., was by far the largest frontier town. It was from this place that traders or soldiers bound for the lake region, or the wilds of the great west, set out on their hazardous journey. These hardy adventurers would embark in a cunoc, ascend the Mohawk, ]Kiss the old dutch town of Schenectady, Fort Hunter and Fort Herkimer, finally reaching Fort Stanwix, at tlie head of the river navigation. Tlicy would then pass overland to Wood creek, carrying their canoes. Here they would embark, and by following its winding course, arrive at the Royal Blockhouse. At this point tlic}- entered the waters of the Oneida. Crossing its western extremity, and })assing under the w^ooden ramparts of Fort Brewerton, they would descend the river Osweao, to the town of the same name, on the banks of lake Ontario. Here the vast navigation of the lakes would be open before them. The principal trail from the middle colonies to the Indian coun- try was from Philadelphia westward, mounting the Allcghenies, and descending to the valley of the Ohio. As soon as peace had been established, after the war between the colonies, adventurous fur traders hastened over the mountains, hoping to become rich ! I. ■. 1 ? ^! I 'i 122 TuTTLFfs Cextennial Kortiiwest. in the traffic of the wilderness markets, and forgetting tlie dangers with which tiicy were surrounding themselves. Tliese pioneer inorchants would transport their merchandise on the backs of horses, threading the forests and fording streams for many miles into the uidcnown wilderness of the Indian country. Tliey were a rougli, bold, yet happy set of men, and often as fierce and as fond of war and adventure as liie savages themselves. They wore but little dress. A blanket coat, or a frock of smoked deer skin, a rifle on the shoulder, and a knife and tomahawk in the belt, formed their ordinary equipment. The principal trader, " the owner of the merchandise, would fix his headquarters at some large Irdir.n town, whence he would dispatch his subordi- nates to the surrounding villages, with a suitable supply of blan- kets and red clolh, guns and hatchets, liquor, tobacco, paint, beads and hawk's bills." This traffic was attended with every description of irregularity, Eivalism, robbery and murder were frequent results ; and, when it is considered that these adventur- ers were in a country where ncitl -^r law nor morals had any foot- hold, such conduct will hardly be wondered at. A visit to the more remote tribes of the Mississippi valley was attended with still greater risk. ISTo Englishman, however, attempted this haz- ardous journey without losing his scalp, until several years after the cOTiquest of Canada. The traveler bound to this region gen- erally descended the Ohio in a canoe. " lie might float,'" .says Francis I'arkman, " for more than eleven hundred miles down this liquid highway of the wilderness, and, except the deserted cabins of Logstown, a little below Fort Pitt, the remnant of a Shawnee village at t)ie moutli of the Scioto, and an oecasionul hamlet or solitary wigwam aloig the luxuriant banks, he would discern no trace of human habitancy through all this vast ex- tent." The body jf the Indian po])u]ation lay to the north on the tributaries of this river, but scattering war parties were often to be encountered in this region. The traveler needed to exercise the greatest caution. If, perchance, he observed the blue smoke curling above the green bosom of the forest, betraying the camp- ing ground of some war party, his light canoe was drawn into some hiding place on the bank of the river. When darkness clc-od in, the adventurer would again embark and float along in safety. " In tl to be see cennes. the Wab, From thi where st( was aftci scend the dusky on troit, he the north Forts Prc.- pointed oi be found h ment of tli their milit; to pro.^ccu We Lav British too the French tliough the gage in wa mencing it. to which til and see the was not to brave and aries and fi but little ca part, satisfu with telling the Englisli league ai'oui sources of tl he was trer Thus the rei race, and lifi *( Border Wars. 123 " In tlu' southern portion of the present state of Illinois were to be seen tlie old French outposts, Kaskaakia, Cahokia and Yin- cenncs. From the latter the traveler could paddle his canoe up the Wabash until he reached the little village of Ouatauon. From this point a trail 1 ^d through the forest to the Maumee, "svhere stood Fort Miami. This is the spot wii^re Fort Wajna was afterward., built. From this fort the traveler might de- scend the Maumee river to Lake Erie. Ilere he would have San- dusky on the right, or, further north, through the strait of De- troit, he would pass Fort Detroit and enter the watery wastes of the northern lakes. Farther cast, west (-f the Alleghan}', were Forts Presque Isle, Lo Boeuf and Yenan^o. I have thus brielly pointed out the western outposts of civilization as they were to be found soon after the conquest of Canada, or at tiie commence- ment of the Pontiac war. We will now glance at the Indians in tluur military capacity, and see to what extent they were pi-epared to pro.^ccute the war into which they were about to plunge." * We have already observed that the Indians, soon after the British took possession of the western outposts, were instigated by the French to take up the hatchet against the new comers, and al- though the Indians of the northwest were poorly qualified to en- gage in war with the English, they had good reasons for com- mencing it. A defeat could not be much worse than the insults to which tliey were every day subjected, and to stand quietly by and sec their best hunting grounds invaded by English settlers, was not to be endured by Indian warriors wlio could boast as brave and sagacious a leader as Pontiac. The French mission- aries and fur traders, who had formerly come among them gave but little cause for alarm. These adventurers were, foi the most ])art, satisfied with the proceeds of a tralilc with the savages, or with telling them the story of the Cross ; but it was not so with the English. He was essentially a husbandman, and for half a league around his little hut he claimed exclusive rights to the re- sources of the territory. When the Indian invaded these limits, he was treated with a liaughty opposition, and ordered away. Thus the red men beheld the rapidly ai)proachii)g ruin of their race, and hastened to avert it. Pontiac, whose poietrating mind * Compiled from Tuttle's History of the Border Wars. I! IT III '".ii 124 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. \m could reach farthest into tlie annals of coming events, warned those around him of the danger of allowinpr the Enn;lisli to make permaiient settlements in their country, and counseled the tribes to unite, in one great effort, against their common foe. lie did i^ot support the common idea which piovaded among the infuria- ted Indians, of driving the English into tlio Atlantic Ocean, for he well knew their' miUtary skill and power; but being per- suaded by the French that the Sing of France was at that tin . advancing up the St. Lawrence ^vith a mighty army, he resolvcw to lead his warriors to battle with a view to restorin;? t'" : French power in Canada, and to check the English in their progress west- ward. Resolved on this course, Pontiac, at the close of the year 1762, sent out deputies to all the tribes. " Tliey visited the country of the Ohio," says Parkman, "passed northward to the region of the upper lakes, and the wild borders of the river Ottawa, and far southward to the mouth of the ISIississippi. Bearing with them the belt of wampum, broad and long as the impoi'tance of the message demanded, and the tomahawk stained red in token of war, they went from camp to camp, and village to village. Wherever they appeared the sachems and old men assembled to heai the words of the great Pontiac. Then the head chief of the embassy flung down the towahawk on the ground before them, and boldiiig the war belt in his hand, delivered with vehement gesture, word for word, the speech with which he was charged." Evei-ywhere the speech was received with approval, the hatchet taken up, and the auditors stood pledged, according to the Indian custom, to aid in the projected war. The onslaught was to begin in the following month of May. Each tribe was to surj.rise the garrison in his own Immediate neighborhood, slaughter the sol- diers, and then with a united effort all were to tu-u against ii;-- defenseless frontier settlements. The reader will here be anxious to know the names of those nations who thus eagerly united un- der Pontiac against the English. With a few unim})ortar.t ex- ceptions, they comprised the whole Algonquin family, th» Wyan- dots, the Senecas, and several tribes of tl •:' lon-or .\riK>/ vij^;pi. Of ihe Six Nations, the Senecas were the only ms'^ion wh'j lo icd in the league. The other five nations remained neutral, it is^^aid, through the timely influence of Sir William Johnson. *,' I I i Bohder WxiRS. 125 Although on the very eve of an outbreak, the savages con- cealed their dosign with impenetrable secrecy. They continued to visit the various forts, and to solicit tobacco, ammunition and whisky in their usual manner. Now and then, enraged by Eng- lish insolence, they would threai,?n the oflflcers with the approaching slaughter, but beyond this, and with a single exception, the great conspiracy was unknown to tlie English until it burst forth in death and devastation. " On one occasion," sa3^s the author from whom I have just quoted, " the plot was nearly discovered. Early in ^NFaich, 1763, Ensign Holmes, commanding at Fort Miami, was told by a friendly Indian, that the warriors in a neighboring village had lately received a war belt, with a mes- sage urging them to destroy him and his garrison, and that this they were preparing to do." The commandr.nt summoned the Indians together and openly charged them with their design. They confessed to the truthfulness of the report, declared that the plot had originated with a neighboring tribe, and promised to abandon it. Holmes communicated information of this affair to Mai. Gladwyn, of Detroit, \\\\o regarded it merely in the light of a: -jdinary Indian outbreak, and, believing that it would soon I t;- :■ a /, he took no notice of it. AVith the approach of spring, tlj • ■'■ ms, returning from the chase, began to congregate in smai. parties around the dillerent forts. They were unusually re- served, seldom going into the forts, and encarn2)in<.> a short tlis- tance from them, in the edges of the woods. The;" were now rap- idly preparing to strike the blow so long meditrted by Pontiac, and the hour of treachery and massacre was nigh. They were by no means prepared for a successful war on their part, but, true to the Indian character, they loved the war path, and all were now axious to enter upon it. "While there was little risk that they = juid capture any strong and well fortified fort, or carry any im- ;■ .:„j..t position, there was, on the other hand, every reason to apprehend widespread havoc, and a destructive war of detail. That the war might be carried on with vigor and effect, it was the part of the Indian leaders to work upon the passions of their peo- j)le, and keep alive the feeling of irritation ; to whet their native appetite for blood and glory, and cheer them on to the attack ; to guard against all that might quench their ardor, or abate their IP 126 TuTTLBfs Centenkial Nobtiuvest. fierceness ; to avoid pitched battles ; never to fight except under advantage, and to avail themselves of ail aid which surprise, craft and treachery could aflord." The English colonies, at this time, having just emerged from a long and co.stl v war with Can- ada, were wot in a position to meet this Indian outbreak without suffering lai, ■ !" m its consequences. Their little army was disorganized, a. jre remained hardly troops enough to garri- soa the feeble wesL^rn outposts against which Pontiac's '■-ar was now to be desperately waged. Sir William Johnson stood at the head of this inadequate force. He was then ripe in military re- nown, and, withal, well qualified for the task which was thus un- expectedly thrust upon him. "The command." says an able writer, " could not have been intrusted to better hands, and the results of the war, lamentable as they were, would have been much more disastrous but for his promptness and vigor, and, above all, his judicious selection of those to whom he confided the execution of his orders." At this period the western wilderness presented an interesting scene. Everywhere Indians were preparing for the war. The war dance was cele''orated in a hundred villages, and chiefs and warriors, painted and adorned, stood ready for the onset. To begin the war, however, was reserved by Pontiac ns his own special privilege. In the spring of 17G3, his great conspiracy was mature, and lie summoned the chiefs and warriors of all the tribes in the newly formed league to a war council. The sachems met on the baaks of the Ecorces river, Detroit, near whither Pontiac had gone to welcome them. Band after band of painted warriors came straggling in until the forest was alive with rest- less savages, for nearly a mile up and down the little stream. It was, indeed, an important event for the red man. At frequent intervals during the year just passed, they had heard the words of the great Ottawa chief, as delivered by his deputies. Now they had met ^^his wonderful man, face to face. lie who, through his diligent ."embassadors, had united all the tribes of the Algonquin family under a confederacy, equal in democratic scope to that of the far famed Six Nations, was now to speak to many of his sub- jects for the first time. He was to tell them, in true Indian eloquence, the story of their approaching ruin ; ho was to uncover mcsseno'ci Ifl Boeder Wabs. 127 the selfish policy of the English, and point to the only means by which they could revive their declining prowess ; he was to stand before his savage auditors and verify, by matchless power of word and gesture, the thrilling story of his greatness, which had been passed from village to village on the tongues of his light footed messengers; he was this day to prove himself the mightiest among a thousand haughty, jealous savage warriors. Truly, the occasion was an exciting one for the assembled tribes. All waited patiently to hear the words of the famous Oitavva chief. This council took place on the 27th of April, 1763. "On that morning," says a reliable writer, "several old men, the heralds of the camp, passed to and fro among the lodges, calling the war- riors in a loud voice to attend the meeting. In accordance with the summons, they came issuing from their cabins — the tall, naked figures of the wild Ojibwas, with quivers slung at their backs, and light war clubs resting in the hollow of their arms ; Ottawas, wrapped close in their gaudy blankets ; Wyandots, flat- tering in painted shirts, their heads adorned with feathers and their leggins garnished with bells." All were soon seated in a wide circle upon the grass, row within low, a mighty and warlike assembly. Each savage countenance wore an expression of gravity. Pipes, with ornamented stems, were lighted and passed from hand to hand, until all had "smoked together in harmon3^" Then Pontiac came forth from his lodge, and walked forward into the mid.st of the council. He was a man of medium height, with a grandly i)roportioned muscular figure, and an address well calculated to win the admiration and respect of the savage heart. Ilis complexion was rather dark for an Indian, and his features w^ore a bold and stern expression, while his bearing was imperi- ous and peremptory. His only attire was that of the primitive E'^-age — a scanty cincture girt about his loins, and his long, black hair flowing loosely at his tack — excepting the plumes and decorations of the war dress. " Looking around upon his wild auditors,'' says Parkman, " he began to speak, with fierce gesture and loud, impassioned voice; and at every pause, deep guttcral ejaculations of assent and approyal responded to his words." At this point we will turn for a moment to glance at this won- f'ff^ 128 TuTTLe's CeXTENNTAL NoiiTTIWEST. dcrful man. Pontiac was tlie son of an Ottawa chief, and l)y his valorous deeds, matchles? eloquence and great force of character, had become exceedingly popular and influential among all the tribes in the vicinity of the great lakes. The Ottawas, Ojibwas find Pottawattomies were, at this time, united under a confederacy of which he was both civil and military leader ; but his authority extended far be3-ond these tribes, and was almost unbounded wherever his voice could be lieard. lie did not ov/e his greatness to the fact that he was the son of a chief, for among the Indians many a chief's son sinks into insignificance among the common rabble of his tribe, while the offspring of a comnion warrior may succeed to his place. Personal merit alone can win the respect rnd obedience of the Indians. In the eyes of his numerous fol- lowers, no other person possessed more of this than Pontiac. Courage, resolution, wisdom, eloquence and good address had been the principal passports to his fame and distinction. Ilis in- tellect was far-n^aching, forcible and capacious. Ilis energy and force of character, his great subtlety and craftiness, conspired to elicit the greatest admiration and respect from his wild and reck- less followers. Although possessed of all these high qualities, Pontiac was a thorough savage, and, as wc shall see, capable of deeds of the blackest treachery. He was now in his fiftieth year, and in the prime of life. His mental and physical powers were \inimpaired, and he stood forth the giant of his tribe in both in- tellect and endurance. In short, he was in every respect ciualilied to lead his savage people into the bloody contest wdiich followed. •When deeds of lofty magnanimity best suited his purpose, Pon- tiac could respond from the generosity of his own nature, while, from the same source, he could supply the foulest stratagem.s. During the long wars that had passed, he had been the constant friend and ally of the French, and had led his warriors to battle on many a hard-fouglit field in the interests of this people against the English. lie commanded the Ottawa braves at the memora- ble defeat of Braddock, and in this contest he fully set forth his rare military skill and great craftiness. He had served the French olhcers in various capacities, and especially did he render them valuable aid as a leader of Indian warriors in the hour of their greatest peri) Ft-ir these deeds he had received many marks of It [tie Inst \rcL- his fell Kin Icii" of ki « P 1*1 r u esteem forces, \v He g.i towards trnstcd tl suits \vl British that w'oul tl erne tits Guiada, a ter them had been wouhl not altogether, that he ha in token tl on his wa} store Canac A plan c Pontiac, bu part of the made know not made a\ upon which number of I sixty of his })urpose, uni asked to he gate was th: entered, he i of surprise, rison were ui passed on tc ready to rece flict. The c wampum be' smoke the p with his Ens 9 .-tl ■ ■■ M i jt igBBw^^ Border Wars. 129 esteem fi-om Montcalm, the brave commander of the French forces, who fell while defending Quebec in 1759. lie gave a full and eloquent exposure of the English policy towards the Indians; spoke of the French in high terms, and con- trasted them with the "red coats." lie recounted the many in- sults which he and his followers had received at the hands of the British commandant at Detroit, and ^^bly set forth the danger that would arise were the English allowed to continue their set- tlements in the west. lie said that their enemies had conquered C.mada, and were now about to turn upon the Indians and slaugh- ter them without mercy. Already their best hunting grounds had been invaded by their settlers, and, if this was continued, it would not be long before they would be crowded from their homes altogether. Then he took up a broad belt of wampum, saying that he had received it from his great father, the king of France, in token that he had heard the voice of his red children, and was on his way to aid them in a war against the English, and to re- store Canada to the French, i A plan of attack upon the western outposts was projected by Pontiac, but through the instrumentality of an Ojibwa girl, that part of the plan contemplating the destruction of Detroit was made known to the commandant at that post. The garrison were not made aware of the plot until the evening previous to the day upon which it was to be executed. Early on the day set, a great number of Indians thronged around the fort. " Soon Pontiac, with sixty of his warriors, each carrying his gun, shortened for the jiurposc, under the folds of his blanket, appeared at the gate, and asked to hold a council with his father, the commandant The gate was thrown open and they were admitted. When Pontiac entered, he involuntarily started back, and uttered an exclamation of surprise. He saw at a glance the ruin of his plan. All the gar- rison were under arms, and so posted as to inclose the band. They passed on to the council house, and there were all the ofhcers ready to receive them, armed and too plainly prepared for the con- flict. The chiefs were seated. Pontiac arose to speak with the wampum belt in his hand. He professed that he had come to smoke the pipe of peace, and brighten the chain of friendship with his English brothers, and, though conscious that he was Is! ,1' ^ ^^l Mi'l ■^ u :: ! t -ir^ II \ I I \ \ !l It ■;! 180 TuTTLliS CKXTEXyiAL NoETinVEST. detected, lie raised the belt and was about to give the fatal signal. At tluit instant Gludvviu waived liis hand; tlie drums beat, the officers drew their swords, the soldiers presented their arms, and Pontiac sat down ovcrwhelu.yd with astonishment. Gladwin briefly and sternly replied that he should enjoy his friendship as long as he merited itj and should be punished as soon as he deserved it; and the chiefs, enraged and mortified, were allowed to withdraw. The next morning rontiue returned witli three only of his chiefs; they were admitted, smoked the peace pipe, and renewed their hollow pledges of friendship. On the next again, Pontiac, with a great multitude of his warriors, appeared at the gate and demanded admittance. He was told that he only might come in. He replied that all his warriors wished to smoke the pipe of peace. Gladwin replied that none of his rabble should enter the fort, and Pontiac turned away. At once the Indians fell upon and murdered the few English who were with- out the fort. Immediate preparations were made for a siege, and the next day the attack began. Conviitced, however, that the affair was only a sudden impulse of passion, Gladwin, through a Canadian, proposed to redress any grievances the Indians had. Pontiac dissembled, and asked that a deputation of officers might be sent to treat with him. Maj. Campbell and Lieut. McDougal, were; sent, but were detained as prisoners. The Indians, foiled in their efforts to obtain possession of the fort, sat down before it and commenced a regular siege. All Pontiac's skill and talent were employed in governing and directing the motley bands around him. The Canadian inhabitants complained .th^.t his Indians were robbing them of their provisions. Pontiac claimed that he was fighting their battles, and that, therefore, they ought to contribute to the support of his army, but forbade all depre- dations upon their propcrt}'. To provide for his bands, he levied a fixed contribution on the Canadians, organized a commissariat, and issued promissory notes, drawn on bark of the papyrus birch, and signed with the figure of an otter, for the payment of supplies, all of which were faithfully redeemed. ! "Meanwhile, a recruit of ninety-six men with ammunition and provisions was advancing under Lieutenant Cuyler for the relief of the garrison, though in ignorance of the danger to which they ^^•ere ey Pa.«sin^ with till The wii tvventy-^ garrison filled wi and rela the rivci three of Cuyler, t prisoners telligenc( the lakes them En the 16th and askec ately seizi brought I by an Ind Soon a Schlosscr, were exch party of I pretense oi suddenly i I>ctioit. '. sign Jenki stratagem, ise of pi-otc Soon after. Holmes wa, an Indian shot. The was taken ; A scalpii rei)orted th( was made 1 — ^T 1,VM BoiiDKR Wars. 131 \verc exposed ; and one of the two scliooners was sent to meet it. Taf^-sing down tlio river they were attacked by a crowd of canoes, with the unfortunate Campbell exposed to the fire of the vessel. The wind sprang up and soon bore it beyond their reach. On the twenty-fourth day of the siege, the fleet of boats was seen by tl\c garrison ascending the river. On a near approach tliey were seen filled with Indians. One of the crew when near the fort escaped, and related the fate of the convoy. They had landed below on the river bank, were attacked on shore, and driven to their boats; three of these wee taken with their crews ; two escaped with Cuyler, the commander, on board, who returned to Niagara. The ])risoncrs were taken above the fort and burned. Soon after, in- telligence reached the garrison of the fate of the posts around the lakes. A scalping party came into the camp, bringing with them Ensign Paully, the commandant at Fort Sandusky. On the 16th of May, seven Indians appeared at the gate of that post and asked to speak with Paully. They were admitted; immedi- ately seized him, and the garrison was massacred. Paulb; was brought to Detroit to be burned ; but was saved by being adopted by an Indian woman, and afterwards escaped. Soon after, a party of Pottawattomies arrived with Ensign Schlosscr, the commandant at St. Josephs, and three men. They were exchanged, and the fate of that garrison revealed. A largo party of Indians collected at St. Josephs on the 2r)th of May, on pretense of friendship, crowded within the barracks, and then suddenly massacred the garrison, and carried their prisoners to Detroit. 1^'he news soon arrived that Ouiatenon was taken. En- sign Jenkins and several of his men were taken prisoners by stratagem, on the 1st of June ; the garrison surrendered on prom- ise of protection, and were sent to Fort Chartres, in the Illinois. Soon after, it was reported that Fort Miami had fallen. Ensign Holmes was decoyed away from his post on the 27th of May, by an Indian girl, on the pretense of visiting a sick woman, and shot. The sergeant came out to learn the cause of the firing, and was taken ; the garrison surrendered and were made prisoners. .\ scalping party came in soon after from Presque Isle, and reported the fate of that post. On the loth of June, an attack was made by two hundred Indians on that fort The garrison If 7?=r^ 132 TvTTLK's CeNTKX'sIAL XoJtTUWEST, retreated to a block house, upon whicli the Indians began an iinnicdiato and furious assault. A breastwork was thrown up, from which they then poured a constant lire upon the block house, llopeatedly it was on fire, and the indefatiga- ble garrison, cut oil from water, dug a well within it to obtain a supply sudleient to subdue the flatnes. Next the Indians began to mine the block house. Against this there was no defense, and after forty-eight hours of desjierate fighting, the ga 'son surren- dered, and were carried })risoners to De>a'oit, where ^.iisign •"'hi'S- tie, the commandant, escaped. 'IMie news of the capture of Macki- naw was brought to the garrison by Father Junois, a Jesuit priest. A large band of Ottawas, and another of Sacs, were encamped near the fort. On the morning of the -±lh of June, a delogution came to the gate to ask the oiUcers and soldiers to come out and see a game of baggattaway played on the plain by the rival tribes. The gates wore thrown open, the soldiers clustered around the outside of the \valls, mingled with a large number of Canadians, and among them a multitude of Indian women, close- ly wnippcd in blankets. At each end of the ground a post was erected ; hundred of players with bats thronged the plain, each apparently intent only on driving the ball to the post. Once and again, as if in the heat of the game, the ball was driven near the pickets, and the players crowded after it. Suddenly the ball rose high in the air, and fell within the fort, and the whole multitude thronged after it through the gates. Instantly the war whoop was raised, the warriors snatched their tomahawks from the women, who carried tliein under their blankets. In a moment the garrison were overpowered ; the greater part of them were slain. Captain Etherington and the remaining men were carried away prisoners ; some of whom perished at the hands of their captors ; a few of them were ransomed. One only of the forest garrisons escaped, by the good conduct and address of its commandant. Lieutenant Gorell, in command of Green Bay, devoted himself to the task of conciliating the neigh- boring savages. The Menornonies were sharers in the conspiracy, but they were attached to Gorell, and delayed the execution of the work assigned them. On hearing of the fall of Mackinaw, Gor- ell called a council of their chiefs, told them he was going thither lion DK II Waiis. 133 to punish the enemies of liis king, and ofTorcd to leave tlio fort in the nicantimc in their care. The chiefs were divided. The '.varriors ■were waiting to strike the meditated blow, but providentially at this juncture, a deputation of the Dacotahs appeared, to denounce the vengeance of that powerful confederacy against the enemies of the English. The Menomonies laid aside their hostile designs. Gorell and his garrison passed down the bay, and along the lake to Mackinaw, under their escort, ransomed J^jtherington and twelve of his men, and passed by way of the Lake Huron iv 1 the Ottawa river, to Montreal. The beleaguered garrison at Detroit, mean- while maintained their stubborn defense, and Pontiac pressed the siege with a boldness and address far beyond the habit of Indian warfare. One of the vessels had been sent to hasten on Cuylcr's ill fated detachment. With him and the remains of his crew on board, it was now returning, and was passing by night up the river. The force on board was concealed, and every disposition was made to invite an attack from the Indians. Late at night she was surrounded by a multitude of canoes. The men were arranged in silence for the attack. At the tap of a hammer on the mast, a volley of grape and musketry was poured upon the assailants, and they were dispersed and driven ashore. The ves- sel landed safely, brought a reinforcement of men, and a supply of arms, and the welcome intelligence that the Peace of Paris was signed, and all Canada was surrendered to the British crown. The Canadians, craven, treacherous and malignant, who, all the while under pretense of neutrality,' were inciting the Indians to massacre, and amusing them with fables of the coming of the great king, were now the subjects of Great Britain. Now again they redoubled their fal.^ehoods. The armies of the great king were even then ascending the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi to take vengeance on the insolent English. Pontiac, weary of their neutrality, called a council of their principal men, and demanded their aid. He had been fighting their battles; they were doing notliing to serve their king. Uc had served their cause faithfully ; they had been unfaithful to him. They had professed to be his friends ; yet they sought to make a profit to themselves by secretly aiding the English. This must end. If they were Eng- lish, he was their enemy. If they were French, here was the war . l:i I ^'J^W ii i(t ii 131 TUTTLI/S CeXTEXNIAL KoiiTUWEST. belt and hatchet. The Canadi.ns only deepened then- dissimula- tion. Hating the Englisli garrison, they still sourjht to incite the Indians to dv:::tvoy it. Afraid of the English vengeance, they sought to avoid an}' sharo in the \vorkof blood. And concealing the treaty of Paris, they produced again the capitulation of Mon- treal. The great king, saia the}', had here commanded them to be quiet till he came, for he designed to pu:-!ish his enemies h'.mself. If they disobeyed him in this, they would be })unishcd. If the Indians made war on them for their obedience, they too would be punished. Pontiac was not thus to be put ofT. Tiiey must be his enemies or the enemies of the English ; and accordingly a band of tr^tppers and voyagers took up the hatchet and joined the hostile tribes. P.einforced with these, the Indians made an assault, and their allies sought to entreccl. themselves near the walls. They were dislodged and repulsed, and in their rage at the defeat, the Indians seized and murdered the unfortunate Campbell. The two schooners that lay near the fort meanwhile aunoved the Indian.^', and thev determined to burn them. Going up the river, they constructed a raft, filled with bark and sent it burning down the current, but it passed the vessels. Another was buili, but it too pccssed without effect. Another, so large as to sweep the 7iver, was begun, but a guard of boats, moored above the vessels, was provided lor their defense, and the scheme was abandoned. In July, the gairison was reinforced by a detachment of two hundred and eighty men, under Capt. Dalzeil, who, on his arrival, insisted on. making an immediate attack on tlie camp of Pontiac, to disperse the Indians and raise the siege. Gladwin was opposed to the measure, but yielded, contrary to his judgment, to tlie soli- citations of Dalzcll. Preparations were made for an attack on the nex*-. night, but the plan was revealed to Pontiac by the treachery Oi the Canadians. On the night of the 30th of July, a detachment ot two hundred and fifty men, with t'-Vij barges accompanying them, under the command of Dalzeli, marched to the attack. Their route was along the river bank, between the water's edge and a row of Canadian houses and gardens. A mile and a half above the fort, a creek, known since th.it night as Bloody run, passed down to the river through a def p ravine. Over it was a Border Wars. 135 narrow bridge, ou tlie ridge iDeyond it were the entrencliments of the old camp of the Indians, piles of wood, fences and houses. Behind these the whole force of the Indians was posted. As the advance filed over the bridge, they were assailed by a volley from the Indians, and recoiled. Again they charged over the bridge and up the hill, but the Indians gave way and escaped in the darkness. Suddenly they appeared in the rear, with an intent to cut the detachment oil from the fort; a retreat was immediately ordered. Tlie Indians occupied a row of houses and fences along the line of their march, and from these they poured a continual and destructive lire upon the centre and rear of the army. They were thus thrown into disorder, and retreated in confusion along the ri/er bank, until Major Eogcrs, with a party of provincials, took \ 'ssession of a Canadian house, from which he attacked the pursuer- and checked the pursuit. C.npt. Grant then secured an- other position below; a line of communication with the fort was formed, and the retreat of the detachment thus protected. Rogers and his party were brought off under a fire from the boats, and at length, after six hours' fighting, .the .vhole party reached the fort. The loss of the Enrrlish on this disastrous night was fiftv- nine, including the commander Dalzell ; the loss of the Indians was supposed to be about fifteen or twenty. The Inlians were pveatly elated by their victory; messages were sent out, fresli warriors came in, and the siege was pressed witii renew'jd vigor. One of the schooners, meanwi .e, had gone to Niagara. On her return, some Iroquois were landed at the mouth oi the river, and conve3'ed to the Indians the information that she was manned by only ten men. A large band of Indians in canoes collected and surrounded the vessel. They had ap- proached close to the vetsel in the darkness before they were dis- covered, and climbing up the vessel's side, made a furious attack upon the crew, in disregard of the musketry that was poured upon them, The caj)tain was killed, and several of the men were wounded, and the assailants began to crowd the deck, when Lieut. Jacobs ordered tiie men to fire the magazine and blow up the ship. The Indians heard the order and instantly leaped over- board and sw.'.m in every direction, to escape the threatened ex- plosici., and the vessel sailed up the river to Detroit."* The ♦Fiom the "Western Annals. P!^ 136 Tvttle's Centexxial Northwest. \W \ ■ v: siege was pressed from May till October. At length, r.cws reached the Indians that a British lorce, under !Major Wilkins, was approaching. This news had the effect to scatter and dis- hearten the Indians. At length, Pontiac was informed, by a let- ter from Neyon, commandant at the Illinois, a French officer who was compelled to reveal the truth to the confiding savages. This letter plainly revealed the hopelessness of French assistance, and called upon Pontiac to espouse the English cause. The great chieftain was mortified. His great scheme had fallen. He broke camp, and threatening the English with a return in the spring, he passed down to the Maumee. CHAPTER XII. FRENCH ILLINOIS. The Illinois Country Ceded to Great I'lituin — Johnson's Disastrous Expedi- tion — Sketch of the Illinois Country — Lait of the French. De'JUOIT and F'M't Pitt were the only outposts that withstood the fur}^ of the Indians, and these held out only under the great- est dangers and hardships. The latter was relieved by the cele- brated expedition of Col. Henry Bouquet. In the following spring, 1764, Pontiac again led the western tribes against the border posts and cottlemcnts, but the expeditions of Brodstrect on the one hand, and Co\ Bouquet on the other, put a stop to their incursions. Besides the settlements and posts we have spoken of, there were six settlements of the French cast of the Mississippi, what was called Illinois, which, though not included in the capitula- tion of Montreal, were ceded by the trcaiy of Paris to Great Britain. They were, Cahokia, at the mouth of Cahokia creek, less than four miles below the site of St. Louis; St. Philip, forty- five miles below Cahokia, on the Mississippi ; Kaskaskia, on Kas- kaskiu river, six miles from its mouth ; Fort Chartres, about fif- ■ «i '■TW'"'"', FnAXCH Illinois. 137 tocn niilos northwest from Kaskaskiaj on the Mississippi ; Prairie du Kochcr, near Fort Chartres; and Vincennes, on tlie Wabash. All these settlements were under the government of St. Ange de Belle Rive, commandant at Fort Chartres, subordinate to M. D'Abadie, at New Orleans, who was director-general and civil and military commandanu of the province of Louisiana, under the king. It was known that Louisiana east of the Mississippi had been surrendered to the Ensrlish ; it was not knowvi that Louisiana west of the ]\iississlppi had been ceded to Spain, and accordingly, immediately after the capitulation of Canada was known in Louisiana, movements were set on foot to extend the settlements and power of France beyond the Mississippi. The most important of these, was the settlement of St. Louis. On the 16th of March, 1763, after the cession of western Louisiana to Spain, D'Abadie was appointed governor of Louisiana. Short- ly after his arrival, on the 29th of Jane, at >' "v Orleans, he granted to Pierre Ligeuste Laclede, and his ass' tos, under the name of " The Louisiana Fur Company," a charter containing " the necessary powers to trade with the Indians of Missouri, and those west of the Mississippi, above the Missouri, as far north a . the river St. Peters," with authority to establish such posts as they might think fit in furtherance of their enterprise. Accord- ingl}-, on the 3d of August, Laclede with his party, including Au- gustc and Pierre Chouteau in his family, both then very young, left New Orleans, and on the 3d of November, reached St. Oene- vievc. At that period there were only two settlements of the French west of the Mississippi, above the post of Arkansas. On the present site of New Madrid, a trading post was established as early, according to tradition, as 17-10.* The early inhabitants were chiefly hunters and traders; and, from the great number of bears in that region, their principal occupation was the chase of that animal, and the preparation and sale of bear's oil, which they collected and shipped, by the Kaskaskia traders, to New Orleans. From this circumstance, and from the fact that it was situated on a bend of the li'.a^r, it was named in keeping with French Creole humor, " L'An.se d' la Gresse " (greasy bend). On a beautiful plateau of alluvion, consisting of some five thousand ♦ Peck's Compilatiou. ■ikfiLiiiiiLi. h f m 138 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. acres, and extending some three miles below the present town of that nanie, the old village of Gt. Genevieve was located. It was settled as an agricultural hamlet about 1755, but, in addition to its agricultural advantages, its proximity to the mines, and its beautiful situation on the ^Mississippi, invited settlers ; and a con- siderable accession to its population was afterward made by the .Vrcnch, who retired be3'ond the Mississippi immediately after the treaty of Paris, to avoid the rule of the British, !Laciede found the position of St. Genevieve too far from the mouth of the Mis- souri to serve his purposes; no house, indeed in it, was found large enough to accommodate his stores. Having been offered bv the commandant the use of the store at Fort Chartres for that pur- pose, he proceeded to that })lace. where his party spent the winter. In the meantime, he explored the western side of the Mississippi, and cho'-.o a site on its wf^otern bank, eighteen miles below the mouth of the Missouri. It was a grove of heavy timber skirting the river bank, and behind it, at an elevation of some thirty feet, there extended a beautiful expanse of undulating prairie. Return- ing to Fort Chartres, he collected his party, increased by some fami- lies from Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and the other French villages, and on the loth of February, 1764, landed at the site he had chosen, took formal possession of it in the name of France, and laid off tlie lines of a tov.m which li'' named St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV.* The position of the new town was inviting; the French of the Illinois were deeply dissatislied with the cession of the treaty of Paris, and to avoid living under the government of their hereditary enemies, and, as they hoped, to remain under the protection of their mother country, many of them crossed the river and located themselves at, or near St. Louis. The hamlets of Vide Pochc. or Carondelet, established by Dc Tergette, in 1767, six miles below St. Louis ; Les Petites Cotes, now St, Charles, established by Blanchctte, in 1769 ; Florisant, established by Demegant, between St. Louis and St. Charles, in 1776; and the portage des Sioux, established about the saiue time, eight miles above the mouth of the Missouri, were also places around which dissatisfied Frenchmen assembled. In the early spring of 1761, Capt. George Johnston with a ■* Peck's Compiliition. \v; regiment on the 27 Fort Oxar Mississipp was attack men, and After this the folio concluded, army, was s^ion of the sissippi, \ and retired to St. Louis people until Capt. Sterlii mained, and remained oi Maj. Farmci excessively the colony, rived at Kas he establishe met and i;elc 1768. The 1 unpopular, left the coun Oeo. li. Clark niandant. A detailed in what was work entitled the Mississipp don in 1770, sissippi on th( Wabash and ] this tract of c( "The air, ii ■^ T i,^n.i! ij . ■*«li^' French Illinois. 139 regiment of troops set out to take possession of Louisiana; and, on the 27th of February he dispatched Major Loftus to occupy Fort Cliartres. The latter proceeded with his detachment up the Mississippi a considerable distance above Red River, whore he was attacked by hostile Indians, slain with a large number of his men, and the detachment broken, and disheartened, returned. After this the attempt to occupy the Illinois was abandoned until the following year, when a general peace with the Indians was concluded. In the spring of 1765, Capt. Sterling of the British army, was sent, by way of Detroit, to the Illinois to take posses- don of the posts and settlements of the French, east of the Mis- sissippi. When he arrived, St. Ange surrendered Fort Chartres, :mC\. retired with his garrison and many of the French inhabitants to St. Louis, where he acted as commandant by the consent of the people until superseded by the Spanish governor, Piernas, in 1770. Capt. Sterling received the allegiance of the Frenchmen who re- mained, and established British rule over them. Capt. Sterling remained only a short time in Illinois and was succeeded by Maj. Farmer, who was succeeded by Col. Reed. The latter was excessively tyrannical and becoming exceedingly unpopular left the colony. He was succeeded by Lieut. Col. AYilkins. who ar- rived at Kaskaskia in 1768. In the spring following his arrival he established courts of justice a.id appointed seven judges, who met and i;eld their first court at Fort Chartres on the 6th of Dec. 1768. The trial by jury was denied and the courts soon became unpopular. It cannot well be ascertained just when Col. Wilkins left the country or who succeeded him, but in 1778, when Col. Geo. R. Clarke took possession of it, Mr. Rochclave was the com- mandant. A detailed and interesting description of the French settlements ill what was kno\vn as the country of the Illinois, is given in a work entitled " The Present State of the European Settlement on the Mississippi," by Capt. Phillip Pitman, and published in Lon- don in 1770. He speaks of the country as bounded by the Mis- sissippi on the west, by the river Illiriois on the north, the rivers Wabash and Miami on the east and the Ohio on the south. Of this tract of country he writes as follows : "The ail', in general, is pure, and the sky serene, except in the "m ■- I; ■•,'!l '?!■■ Mil ■f^k-W Pi liO TuITLE's CeSTENKIAL NoiiTIIWEST. month of Marcli, and tlie latter end of September, when there are heavy rains, and hard gales of wind. The months of May, June, July and August, are excessively hot, and subject to sudden and violent storms. January and February are extremely cold, the other months in the year are moderate. The principal Indian nations in this country arc the Kaskasquias, Kahoquias, Mitclii- gamias, and Peoryas ; these four tribes are generally called tlio Illinois Indians. Except in the hunting seasons, they reside near the English settlements in this country. ■ They are a poor, de- bauched, and detestable people. They count about three hun- dred and fifty warriors. The Pianquiehas, Maseoutins, Miamics, Kickapous, and Pyatonons. though not very numerous, are a brave and warlike people. The soil of this country, in general, is very rich and luxuriant; it produces all sorts of European grains, hops, hemp, flax, cotton, and tobacco, and European fruits come to great perfection. The inhabitants make wine of the wild grapes, which is very inebriating, and is, in color and taste, very like the red wine of Provence. In the late wars. New Orleans and the lower parts of Louisiana were supplied with flour, beef, wines, hams, and other provisions, from this country. At present its commerce is mostly confined to the peltry' and furs, which a;e got in traffic frona the Indians ; for which are received in return such European commodities as are necessary to cany on that com- merce, and the support of the inhabitants. "Fort Chartres, when it belonged to France, was the seat of government of the Illinois. The headquarters of the English commanding officer is now here, who, in fact, is the arbitrary gov- ernor of tliis country. The fort is an irregular quadrangle ; the sides of the exterior polygon are 490 feet. It is built of stone, is plastered over, and is only designed as a defense against the Indi- ans. The walls are two feet three inches thick, and are pierced with loopholes at regular distances, and with two portholes for cannon in the faces, and two in the flanks of each bastion. The ditch has never been finished. The entrance to the fort is through H very handsome rustic gate. Within the walls is a banquette raised three feet, for the men to stand on when they fire through the loopholes. The buildings within the fort are, a commandant's and commissary's house, the magazine of stores, corps de garde. ^'^^^^W" Fbekcii Illinois. Ul and two barracks ; these occupy the square, Witliin the gorges of the bastion are a powder magazine, a balcehouse, and a prison, in the lower floor of wliich are four dungeons, and in tli<' upper, two rooms, and an outhouse belonging to the command;; . The The commandant's house is thirty-two yards long, and ten broad, and contains a kitchen, a diningrocm, a bedchamber, one small room, five closet? for servants, and a cellar. The commissary's house (now occupied by officers) is built on the same line as this, and the proportion and the distribution of its apartments are the same. Opposite these are the storehouse and the guardhouse ; they are each thirty yards long, and eight broatl. The former consists of two large storerooms (under which is a large vaulted cellar), a large room, a bedchamber, and a closet for the storekeeper ; the latter of a soldiers' and officers' guardroom, a chapel, a bedcham- ber, a closet for the chaplain, and an artillery storeroom. The lines of barracks have never been finished; thcj' at present con- sist of two rooms each for officr d three for soldiers ; they are each twenty feet square, and hu,e betwixt them a small passage. There are fine .spacious lofts over each building, which reach from end to end ; these are made use of to lodge regimental stores, working and entrenching tools, etc. It is generally believed that this IS the most convenient and best built fort in North .imerica." In 1756, the fort stood half a mile from the bank of the river ; in 1766, it was eighty yards. In two years after, Capt. Pitman states : " The bank of the Missis.sippi, next the fort, is continually falling in, being worn away by the current, which has been turned from its course by a sandbank, now increased to a considerable island, covered with willows. Many experiments have been tried to stop this growing evil, but to no purpose. Eight 3'ears ago the river was fordable to the island ; the channel is now forty feet deep. In the year 1764:, there were about forty families in the village near tlie fort, and a parish church, served by a Franciscan friar, dedicated to Ste. Anne. In the following year, when the English took possession of the country, they abandoned their houses, except three or four poor families, and settled in the vil- lages on the west side of the Mississippi, choosing to continue under the French government." About ihe year 1770, the river made further encroachments, and in 1772, it inundated portions :i. : i'l. 11 '.i(\ ll!.,;i (.11 ' 142 Tuttle's Cextexxial Northwest, AA&,kil of the American bottom, and formed a cliannel so near this fort, that the wall and two bastions on the west side, next the river, ■were undermined and fell into it. The British garrison aban- doned the place, and it has never since been occupied. Those portions of the wall which escaped the flood, have been removcil by the inhabitants of Kaskaskia and adjacent settlements for building p\irposes.*' Capt. Pitman gives us the following description of Kaskaskia. His spelling of the name of the jDost is Caseasquias : " The vil- lage of Notre Dame de Caseasquias, is by far the most consider- able settlement in the country of Illinois, as well from its number of inhabitants, as from its advantageous situation. Mons. Paget was the first who introduced water mills in this countr}', and he constructed a very fine one on the river Caseasquias, which was both for grinding corn and sawing boards. It lies about one mile from the village. The mill proved fatal to him, being killed as he was working it, with two negroes, b}^ a party of Chcrokees, in the year 1764. The principal buildings are, the church and Jes- uits' house, which has a small chapel adjoining it; these, as well as some other houses in the village, are built of stone, iiud, con- sidering this part of the world, make a very good a}:)pearancc. The Jesuits' plantation consisted of two hundred and forty ar- pents of cultivated land, a very good stock of cattle, and a brew- ery ; wdiich was sold by the French commandant, after the coun- try was ceded to the English, for the crown, in consequence of the suppression of the order. Mons. Beauvais was the purchaser, who is the richest of the English subjects in tliis country ; he keeps eighty slaves ; he furnishes eighty-six thousand weight of flour to the king's magazine, which was only a part of the har- vest he reaped in one 3'ear. Sixty-five families reside in this vil- lage, besides merchants, other casual people, and slaves. The fort, which was burnt down in October, 1766, stood on the sum- mit of a high rock opposite the village, and on the opposite side of the Kaskaskia river. It was an oblongular quadrangle, of which the exterior polygon measured two hundred and ninety by two hundred and fifty-one feet. It was built of very thick, squared timber, and dovetailed at the angles. An officer and * Peck's Compilatiou. FuExcii Illinois. 143 twenty soldiers are quartered in the village. The officer governs the inhabitants, under the direction of the commandant at Char- trcs. Here are also two companies of militia." Captain Pitman also describes Prairie du Rocher. He says ut tliis right was not extended to the settlers on lands granted by the English crown. The criminal laws of Eng- land were introduced into Canada, and the crown reserved to itself the right of establishing courts of civil, criminal and eccle- siastical juri.sdiction. The enter})rise of the people was not wholly confined to the fur trade. As early as 1773, the mineral regions of lake Superior were visited ; and a project was formed for working the eoj)per ore discovered there, and a company in Kngland had obtained a charter for that purpose. A sloop was purchased and the miners commenced operations, but soon found, however, that the expenses of blasting and of tron.sportation were too great to warrant the prosecution of the enterprise, and it was abandoned. In 1783, several influential merchants, who had been individually engaged ill the fur trade, entered into partnership for its more successful prosecution, and established what was styled -the Northwest Fur Comj.(any. In 1787, the shareholders appointed from their num- ber special agents, to import from England such goods as might be required, and to store them at Montreal. This plan of con- ducting the trade was not dissimilar to that which had been pur- sued by the French. Stoz'chouses were erected at convenient places on the borders of the lakes ; and the posts formerly occu- pied by the French were used for the same purpose. Agents were sent to Detroit, Mackinaw, the Sault Ste. ^Nfarie, and the Grand Portage, near lake Superior, who packed the furs and sent them to Montreal, for shipment to England. The most important point of the fur trade was the Grand Portage of lake Superior, Uere the proprietors of the establishment, the guides, clerks and interpreters messed together in a large hall, while the canoe men were allowed only a dish of " homiu}'," consisting of Indian corn boiled in a strong alkali, and seasoned with fat. Thus, this inter- esting trade, which had been carried on for more than a century, still cor ters of t But tl tent, and ■ n the se Jind Nor( clearly d^ made rep Selkirk, 1 sou's Pay the two c c '-npaniej hi' s, and trade migl The An ing tliis ev situation, \ within its 1 ments u23o ginia. Def ]ioints of d Indian war munition, a est Americi and scalp t murderous ( commander.- troit, and th brought. I expeditions joint expcdil to attack L ascend the marched to without fight Indians. Tl: were all mast ■f^^r The Revolution in the XoRTinvEsr. 147 still conlinued to circulate in its ordinary channeld along the wa- ters of the lakes. But the spirit of mercantile rivalry was carried to a great ex- tent, and unhappily excited the worst passions of those inlorestcd .n the several^ companies. Tlie eniployi's of tlu; Hudson's Bay and Nortliwcst companies, the boundaries of which were not very clearly delincd, (jftcn came into active and desperate connict, and made repeated attacks upon the trading posts of each other. Lord Selkirk, however, having placed himself at the head of the Hud- sou's Bay Company, succeeded at length in uniting the stock of the two companies, and this put an end to the strife. These two c '".ipanics held dominion over the territory bordering on the lal '3, and studied only to keep it a barren wilderness, that their Imde might be preserved and prolonged. The American revolution was already bursting forth ; but, dur- ing this eventful struggle, much of the northwest, from its remote situation, was but little affected by the war, though the Indians within its borders were employed to harass the American settle- ments upon the frontiers of New York, Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia. Detroit and Ivlichilimackinac were, during this period, the points of deepest interest in the lake region. At these posts the Indian warriors were assembled and furnished with arms and am- munition, and from thence they were dispatched against the near- est American settlements, to burn and destroy, and to massacre and scalp the defenseless inhabitants. On their return from such murderous expeditions, tliese savage allies were met by the British commanders in the council houses of Michilimackinae and De- troit, and there paid a stipulated price for the scalps which they brought. In some instances the Indians were supported in these expeditions by the regular troops and local militia. One of these joint expeditions, comnT^nded by Capt. Byrd, set out from Detroit to attack Louisville. It proceeded in boats as far as it could ascend the Maumee, and then crossed over to the Ohio, and marched to Euddlc's Station. This post surrendered at once, without fighting, under the promise of being protected from the Indians. This promise, however, was violated, and the prisoners were all massacred. A small stockade, called Martin's Station, ■1 ^t m ' i 148 Tuttle's Centeskial NoiiTiin ±:st. I: was also taken by the same comrnnnder, and liis march through the whole region was attended with the iitmost consternation. All along during *,he revolutionary struggle, the loyal colonists o[ Canada instigated the Indians to a miserable war upon the border settlements. Dunmore's expedition did much to discour- age the natives, but it was not until the celebrated expedition of Col. Geo. R. Clark penetrated the western wilds, that the English and Indian power, as arrayed againc-t the r' uggling colonists, who were lighting for independence, was broken. It was in 1775 that Col. Clark's attention was first directed to the French settle- ments (under English rule), in what is now Indiana and Illinois, and in the following spring 1 3 visited them, with a view to having them brought under the jurisdiction of his own colony. In pur- suance of this end he assembled the people at IL.rrodstown, Ky and requested them to elect delegates, with power to treat with the assembly of Virginia respecting the political affairs of tlie country. 1 .is at that time the intention of Col. Clark, if suita- ble conditions could be procured, to have the inhabitants of these w-estern settlemen*^ ; declare themselves citizens of his own state, or to establish an independent gcvurnment consistent with the interests of tae American ca-'.se. The meeting was held at Ilar- rodstown on June 6, 1776, and George Rogers Clai'k and Gabriel Jones elected delegates to the assembly of Virginia, with instruc- tions to p''esent a petition Lo that body, praying the assembly tc- accept tl.em as such. The papers were jircpai ed and in a few days they set oi"it for AVillianr^burg in the hope oi.'arriving before Ine assembly, then sitting, should i . They proceeded on their iourney a« far a^^. Bottetourt county, and there learned tliat they were too late, for the assenibly had already aajourned. At this ]^oint they resolved to wait for the fall session. When it was convened. Messrs. Clark and Tones presented their credentials. The assembly resolved that the western delegates could not take their seats as members, but that their busincr.s should be attended .;o. "It .-/as late in the session," says Clark, "before we got a complete establish men'.; of a county by the name of Kentucky." He continues: "The commandants of the different towns of the Ihinois and AVabush I knew were busily engaged in exciting the /^ii,. mly!r^m•l^■'•'wr^^^r- aaau. The Revolution lv the Northwest. 149 Indians. Their reduction beeanie my first object — 'expecting, jDrobablj, that it might open a field for further action. I sent two young hunters to those places (in the summer of 1777) as spies, with proper instructions for their conduct, to prevent sus- picion. Neither did they, nor any one in Kentuckj'", ever knov; my design until it was ripe for execution. They returned to Harrodstown with all tlie information I could reasonably have expected. I found from them that they had but little expectaion of a visit from us, but tliat things were kept in good order, the militia trained, etc., that they might, in case of a visit, be pre- pared — that tlie greaicst pains were taken to inflame the minds of the French inhabitants against the Americans, notwithstanding they could discover traces of affection in some of the inhabitants. When I left Kentucky, October 1, 1777, I plainly saw that every ej'e was turned toward me, as if expecting some stroke in their favor. Some doubted my return, expecting that I would join the army in Virginia. I left them with reluctance, promising them that I would certainly return to their assistance, which I V.ad predetermined. On my arrival at Williamsburg, I remained a considerable time settling the accounts of the Kentucky militia, and making remarks of everything I saw or heard, that could lead me to the knowledge of the disposition of those in power. Burgoyne's army liaving. been captured, and things seeming to wear a i)lcasing aspect, on December 10th, I communicated my design to Grov. Henry. At first he seemed to be fond of it ; but to detach a party at so great a distance (although the service ])erformed might be of great utility) appeared daring and hazard- ous, a:, nothing but sccrcsy could give success to the enterprise. To lay tne matter before the assembl}'', then sitting, would be dangerous, as it would soon be known throughout the frontiers ; and probably the first prisoner taken by the Indians would give the alarm, which would end in the certain destruction of the })arty. IIj had several private councils, composed of select gen- tlemen. After making every inquiry into my proposed plan of operations (and particularly that of a retreat in case of misfortune, across the Mississippi into the Spanish territory), the expedition was resolved upon ; and as an encouragement to those who would enirnge in said service, an instrument of writing was signed, ■r-T^ 150 Tcttle's Ce^'tekxul XojrrnwEST. wherein tliose gantlemen promised to use iheir influence to pro- cure from the assembly three hundred acres of land for each in case of success. The governor and council so warmly engaged in the success of this enterprise, that I had very little trouble in getting matters adjusted ; and on the second day of February, 1778, received my instructions, and £1,200 for the use of the expedition, with an order on Pittsburg for boats, ammunition, etc. Finding from the governor's conversation in general to me, on the subject, that he did not wish an im])licifc attention to his instruc- tions should prevent my executing any thing that would mani- festlj'- tend to the good of the public, on the fourth I set forward, clothed ^vith all the authority that I wished. I advanced to Maj. William Smith £150 to recruit men on Ilolston, and to meet me in Kentucky. Capt. Leonard Helm, of Fauquier, and Capt. Joseph Bowman, of Frederick, were to raise each a company, and on the L-^'st?] ' T February arrive at lied Stone Old Fort. " Bein£ \v r in the country where all arrangements were to be made, I appointed Capt. William Ilarrod, and many other officers, to the recruiting service ; and contracted for flour and other stores that I wanted. '•* * I received information from Capt. Helm, that several gentlemen took pains to counteract his interest in ve- cruiting, as no such service was known of by the assembly. Consequently he had to ^end to the governor to get his conduct ratified. I found also opposition to our interest in the Pittsburg countr}'. As the whole was divided into violent parties between the N'irginians and Pennsylvanians, respecting the te ritor}^, the idea of men being raised for the state of Virginia affected the vulgar of the one party ; and as my real instructions were kept concealed, and only an instrument from the governor, written de- signedly for deception, was made public, wherein I was author- ized to raise men for the defense of Kentucky, many gentlemen of both parties conceived it to be injurious to the public interest to draw oil men at so critical a moment for the defense of a few de- tached inhabitants, who had better be removed, etc. These cir- cumstances caused some confusion in the recruiting service. On the twenty ninth of March, I received a letter from 'May Smith, by ex[)rcss, inforniing me that he had raised four companies on Ilolston, to be marched immediately to Kentucky, agreeably to Iiis ordei they had With £ to the k troops, at Clark, ow o[iemtioti; where the conquest ( He move says Clarl, of the tow after whic hou.sc, wh< kia river, i were in for arms, but 1 foundation men in tow present all the more ir of the divi into diffcre at a certain to be imiu( who could street and tants that < down. Tl time we hat to prevent c case of oj>p( mentioning. the inhabit; Koa to be s( but, dosign( every quartc night aroun i: ', I I Hill I !T^ The Beyolutiow ix the XonxiiwEST. 151 Iiis orders ; another express from Kentucky informed mo that they liad gained considerable strength since I left that quarter.'' With such forces us he could raise, Col. Clark moved forward to the falls of the Ohio, where he disclosed liis plans to his troops, at which tuaiiy of them deserted him. At this point, Clark, owing to the weakness of his force, resolved to commence operations in Illinois, where the settlements were smaller, and where the Indians were less an object of terror. At this time the conquest of Vincennes was among the possibilities of the future. lie moved toward Kaskaskia; and, ''on the fourth of July,'' says Clark's memoir, " in the evening, we got within a few miles of the town, where we lay until near dark, keeping spies ahead, after which we commenced our march, and took possession of a house, wherein a large family lived, on the bank of the Kaskas- kia rivor, about three-quarters of a mile above the town. We were informed that the people, a few days before, were under arms, but had concluded that the cause of the alarm was without foundation ; and that at that time there was a great number of men in town, but that the Indians had generally left it, and at present all was quiet We soon procured a sufficiency of vessels, the more in ease to convey us across the river. * * With one of the divisions I marched to the fort, and ordered the other two into diirerent quarters of the town. If I met with no resistance, at a certain signal, a shout was to be given, and certain parts were to be immediately possessed ; and the men of each detachment who could speak the French language, were to run through every street and proclaim what had happened, and inform the inhabi- tants that every person who appeared in the streets would be sliot down. This disposition had its desired effect. In a very little time we had complete possession, and every avenue was guarded, to prevent any escape, to give the alarm to the other villages in case of opposition. Various orders had been issued, not worth mentioning. 1 don't suppose greater silence ever reigned among the inhabitants of a phice than did at this at present ; not a per- son to be seen, not a word to be heard from them for some time , but, designed I3', the greatest noise kept up by our troops through every quarter of the town, and patrols continually the \Yholo uight around it, as intercepting any information was a capital i 'M 0;l IIS 152 TuTTLe's CeNTEXNIAL NoiiTIIWEST. object ; and in about two hoars tlic whole of the inhabitants were disarmed, and/infornied that if one was taken,-, attempting to make his escape, -he shoukl be immediately put to death." After Col. Clark, through bloodless means, had excited the ter- ror of the French inhabitants of Kaskaskia, he surprised them and won their firm confidence and lasting friendship by perform- ing many acts of generosity unexpected by them. On the fifth of July, he caused a few of the principal men of the village to be arrested and put in irons. This occurrence caused the priest of the village, Father Gibault, and several of the principal set- tlers, to ci'l upon Clark and plead for liberty to assemble peace- ably in their litt^" church, and take leave of each other. Col. Clark calmly replied that he had nothing against their religion ; that they might do as they had requested, but that they must not venture out of the town. Accordingly the trembling Frenchmen assembled at the church, •where they laid the burden of their troubles at the foot of the cross. After a long and devout service, they returned to their dwellings. * A deputation of the principal citizens again waited on the conqueror, and represented that the inhabitants could submit to the loss of their property, knowing that their situation was the fate of war, but that they desired not to be separated from their wives' and children, and that some clothes and provisions might be allowed for tlioir support. Iii rcpl}'. Col. Clark asked the Frenchmen if they regarded the Virginians as savages. "Do yoii think," said he, " that Americans intend to strip women and chil- dren, or take the bread out of their mouths ? ^fy countrymen disdain to make war upon helpless innocence. It was to prevent the horrors of Indian butchery upon our own wives and children, that wc have taken arms and penetrated into this remote strong- hold of British and Indian barbarity, and not ihe desj)icable pros- pect of plunder." He told them that the king of France had united his powerful arms with those of America ; and that the war for independence would not probably long continue; that they were at liberty to take which side they pleased, without the least danger to either their property or their families. Nor would their religion be a source of disagreement, as all religions were re- garded with equal respect in the eye of the American law, and ill ' Pi'll! '. 1 The IIevolvtiox in the KonrinrEST. 153 that any insult offered it would be immediately punished. lie concluded by telling them to go and inform theii' fellow citizens that they were at liberty to conduct themselves as usual, without the least apprehension ; and that their fricutls who were in con- finement should be released immediately. This speech dispelled the gloom that was resting on the minds of the inhabitants, and, together with tlie intelligence that an alliance between France and the United States had been effected, induced them to take the oath of allegiance to the state of Virginia. So effective was the impression which Clark produced upon them, that a volunteer company of French militia joined his forces. Ilaving brought the settlements of Illinois under the jurisdiction of Virginia, Col. Clark next turned his attention to Vincennes. Believing that Father Gibault was inclined to the American interest-, he con- sulted him on the subject of excluding the British power from that post. The priest at once suggested a plan of operations. The governor of Vincennes, he said, had gone to Detroit on busi- ness ; and the inhabitants could easily be induced to declare then^- selves on tlic side of the Americans. He offered to eh_age in the work of accomplishing this result. Clark was pleased with the plans ; and the priest, with some attendants, immediately set out for Vincennes. Having arrived, they spent a day or two in ex- plaining the nature of the war to the people. The French inhabitants unanimously acceded to the proposal, and went in a body to the church, where the oath of allegiance was administered to them in the most solemn manner. The American flag was at once unfurled over the fort, and an Ameri- can oflicer was appointed to the command. These events made a great change in the little settlement of Vincennes. The Indians were at once both astonished and delighted, and the white inhab- itants put on new hopes. The cause of the United States began to prosper in the northwest from that hour. As soon as the news of the bloodless conquest of Vincennes reached Clark, at Kaskas- kia, he appointed Capt. Helm to the command of the post, as also agent for Indian affairs in the de])artment of the Wabash. It was about the middle of August when Capt. Helm left the latter place to assume comnuxnd at Vinccpnes. He took with him a speech and a belt of wampum from Col. Clark for the ''Grand T:- i I'.ri m i i: 'T "7^^^ 154 TuTTLEfs Centexntal XonTinvEST. Door," as the leading chief at Vincenncs was called. Arriving safely, he was received with acclamations by the settlers, and with promises of friendship by the Indians. The British interest lost ground daily in the northwest, and in a short time the influence of the Americans reached all the settle- ments on the AVabash and the St. Josephs of Lake Michigan. Gov. Henry of Virginia, was constantly informed as to the progress of these events, and in October, 1778, the general assem- bly of that state passed an act providing that all the citizens of the copiiionwealth of Virginia, " who are already settled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct count}', which shall be called Illinois county; and the governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the coun- cil, may appoint a county lieutenant, or commandant-in-ehicf, in that couni}^, during pleasure, who shall appoint and commission so many deputy commandants, militia officers, and commissaries, as he shall think proper, in the different districts, during pleasure ; all of whom, before they enter into officf, shall take the oath of fidelity to this commonwealth, and the oath of office, according to the form of their own religion. All civil officers to which the in- habitants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of peace, and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a ma- jority' of the citizens of their respective districts, to be convened for that purpose, by the county lieutenant or commaudaut, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by the said county lieutenant or commandant-in-chief." But before the provisions of this act could be carried out, the British lieutenant governor at Detroit collected an army consist- ing of about thirty regulars, fifty French volunteers and four hun- dred Indians. ^Marching this force down the Wabash, he took possession of Vincennes in December, 1778. When this force ap- peared before Vincennes there were but two Americans at the post. Tliey were the commandant, Capt. Helm and a man named Henry. The latter had a cannon well charged and })laced in the gate of the fort, while the bold Helm stood by it with a lif];hted torch in his hand. When Gov. Hamilton and his invading army approached within hailing distance, Helm shouted " Halt ! " and added : " N'^ -.uan shall enter here until I know the terms I " The Britisl The fort w and the Fn cennes bee west becan semble in t his position join him at Sketch of the Vincennc Clark anc It was 1 Biitish had Hamilton h cannon, and to meet at I of the west joined by t from the m troops undc reinforcemci have plenty discipline, 1 visit* Fro reach the f " Col. Clark ner, cut off States. He * Clark' m^'^^ ClajiK'^ Expeditiox. 155 The Britisli officer replied, " you shall have the honors of war." The fort was then surrendered, Capt. Helm was made a prisoner and the French inhabitants were disarmed. No sooner had Vin- cennes been retaken by the English than Clark's situation in the west became indeed, dangerous. Indian war parties began to as- semble in the vicinity of his forces in Illinois, and to strengthen his position, he ordered Maj. Bowman to evacuate Cahokia and join him at Kaskaskia. CHAPTEE XIV. CLARK'S EXPEDITION. Sketch of the Celehrated Expedition of Gen. Geo. Rogers Clark — Capture of Viucenncs, Kaskasliia and other Posts — The Memorable Contest between Clark and Hamilton at Vinconncs. It avas not long before Clark received information that the Biitish had weakened their position at Vincennes ; that Gov. Hamilton had but eighty men in his garrison, three pieces of cannon, and some swivels mounted; that the hostile Indians were to meet at Post Vincennes in the spring, drive the Americans out of the west, and attack the Kentucky settlements in a body, joined by their southern friends ; that all the goods were taken from the merchants of Vincennes for the king's use ; that the troops under Hamilton were repairing the fort and expected a reinforcement from Detroit in the s})ring; that they expected to have plenty of all kinds of stores; that they were strict in their discipline, but they were not under much apprehension of a visit* From this report Col. Clark concluded that if he could reach the place undiscovered he could succeed in taking it.f " Col. Clark's was indeed a critical situation. He was, in a man- ner, cut off from aiiy intercourse between himsclfand the United States. He knew that Gov. Hamilton, in the spring, by a junc- * Clark's Memoir. " f Tutlle's History of Indiana. ri '^ ii I iii 11 156 T utile's Centennial Northwest. tion of his nortbcrri niul southern Indians, would be at the head of such a force that his little army would not be able to maintain possession of the country. Further than this the threatened war on the borders in the following spring could not fail to ruin Ken- tucky, should the enemy be permitted to rnahc the necessary preparations in peace. In this critical situation, Col. Clark could see but one course, which was to attack the enemy in thcii quarters. He immediately gave orders to prepare for the enter- prise. Although it was a bold venture, the inhabitants of Kas- kaskia gathered about him with great enthusiasm, volunteering, donating provisions, etc. Plenty of provisions were soon prc)- vided, and every man was completely provided with all he could desire to enable him to withstand the coldest weather. It was resolved to send a vessel round by water to carry the artillery and stores. This vessel was to be armed so that she might force her way if necessary. For this purpose a large Mississippi boat was purchased and completely fitted out. Two four-poundcrs and four largo swivels were placed in position, and forty-six men were assigned to man her under the command of Capt. Jolin Eogers. He embarked on the fourth of February, with orders to force his way up the Wabash as high as the mouth of White river, and there to remain in s et until farther orders ; but if he found himself discovered, to do the eneriy all the damage he could, without running" too much risk of losing his vessel, and not to leave the river until he had lost all hope of the arrival of the land forces. Col. Clark placed much reliance upon the aid he was to receive from this vessel. She was far superior to any- thing the enemy could fit out without building a vessel ; and at the worst, should they be discovered, they could build a number of large pirogues to attend her, and with such a little fleet, annoy the enemy considerably. Every thing being ready on the fifth of February, after his men had received a lecture and absolution from the priest. Col. Clark crossed the Kaskaskia river with one hundred and seventy men. The weather was very wet, and a great part of the plains covered with water several inches deep. The march was exceedingly disagreeable and difTicult. In the face of these obstacles, it became an object of Col. Clark to keep his men in spirits. ' I suffered them,' says Clark, ' to shoot game 1 I I I ^PIPIIl Clark's Expedition. 157 on all occasions and feast on it like Indian war dancers — each company by turns inviting the others to their feasts, which was the case every night.' Perhaps Col. Clark stimulated his men most by setting a brave example, wading as much through the mud and water as any of them. Thus, insensibly, without a murmur, were those men led on to the banks of the Little Wabash, which they reached on the thirteenth of February, having passed through great difficulties and suffered indiscribablc hard- shi^xs. A camp was formed on a small elevation on the bank of the river, and without waiting to discuss plans for crossing the river, Clark ordered the men to construct a vessel, and pretended that crossing this stream would be only a piece of amusement, although inwardly he held another opinion. The vessel was finished on the evening of the fourteenth, when, freighted with a select company, she was sent to explore the ' drowned lands' on the opposite side of the river. The men who embarked in this enterprise were privately instructed what report to make, and, if possible, to find a piece of dry land. They fortunately found about half an acre, and marked the trees from thence back to the camp, and made a very encouraging report. On the fifteenth the work of crossing the river commenced. Fortunately the day was unusually warm for the season. At this point the channel of the river was about thirty yards wide. A scaffold was built on the opposite shore, which was about three feet under water. The baggage was then ferried across and placed on it. The horses next swam across the river and received their loads at this scaf- fold. The troops were all ferried across in safety, and without any important accident the little army was again on the march in water about knee deep.' 'By evening,' says Clark, 'we found ourselves encamped on a pretty height in high spirits ; each party laughing at the other in consequence of something that had happened in the course of this ferrying business, as they called it. A little antic drummer offered them great diversion by floating on his drum. All this was greatly encouraged, and they really began to think themselves superior to other men, and that neither the rivers nor the seasons could stop their progress. Their whole conversation was now concerning what they would do when they got about the enemy. They now began to view tlie main Wa- __J t :! \ 158 TuTTLi'fs Centennial Noutiiwest. bash as a creek, and made no doubt but such men as the}' wore could find a way across it. They wound themselves up to such a pitch that they soon took PostVinccnnes, divided the spoils, and before bed time were far advanced on their route to Detroit. All this was no doubt pleasing to those of us who had more serious thoughts." Here Clark discovered that the whole Wabash valley was overflowed, and that the enemy could easily approach him if they discovered his whereabouts, and wished to risk an action. They marched for several days under a d ching rain, and through mud and water, licaching the AV abash, they constructed rafts for the purpose of crossing the river on a food-stealing cx].)cdilion ; but they labored all day and night to no purpose. They then com- menced to construct a canoe, in which, when finished, a second attempt v.'as made to steal boats. This expedition returned in a .'^hort time, having discovered two fires within a mile of the little army. Clark immediately dispatched the canoe down the river to meet the vessel that was supposed to be coming up with sup- plies, with orders to hasten forward day and night. Tliis was the last hope, as their provisions were all gone, and starvation wa? at hand. The soldiers were much cast down, but on the following day they commenced to make more canoes, when, about noon, the sentinel on the river brought to a boat with five Frenchmen from the fort. From these persons they were informed that their presence was undiscovered at the fort. The hardships of this day were in a great measure I'elieved by a deer which had been killed by one of the men. On the following day, Clark succeeded in getting the little army across the Wabash, and he detennincd to reach the fort, and, if poissible, to capture it that night. From this point we will let Col. Clark tell the story of the march and the siege, in the language of his own journal : "lliis last day's march through the water was far superior to anything the Frenchmen had any idea of. They were backward in speak- ing ; said that the nearest land to us was a small league, called the sugar camp, on the bank of the river. A canoe was sent off and returned without finding that we could pass. I went in Ihh' myself and sounded the water ; found it deep as to my neck. I returned with a design to have the men transported on board the canoes to t day and ei the bushes matter of c a day's pi(j to the trod ran to hca I unfortun the whole their confi me to do poured on marched in and fell in, of sheep, theirs ; it £ cheerfullv. deepest pai men inforn and found ground, wli the sugar c; half an ac took up ou river, appei they might night. Th provisions, some of on conduct ; t till the wal the [ollieer it. I neve give satisfa a propositi vantage ; 1 done, and The mo5 ■■^il-s^ssJSftH! w^r^yimf Clark's ExvEuiTioif. 159 canoc3 to tlio sugar camp, which I knew woukl expend the whole day juid ensuing night, as the vessels would ])ass slowly through the bushes. Hie loss of so much time to men half starved was a matter of consequence. I would have given now a great deal for a day's picnision, or for one of our horses. I returned but slowly to the troojw, giving myself time to think. On our arrival, all ran to hear what was the report. Every eye was fixed on mc. I unfortunately spoke in a serious manner to one of the oflicers ; the whole were alarmed without knowing what 1 stvid. I viev-od their confusion for about one minute — whispered to those near me to do as 1 did; immediately j)ut some water in my hand, jioured on powder, blackened my face, gave the warwhoop, and marched into the water without .saying a word. The parly ga/.ed, and fell in, one after another, without saying a word, like a llock of slice}). I ordered those near me to begin a favorite song of theirs; it soi)n jiassed through the line, and llio whole went on cheerfully. I now intended to have them transported across tl • deepest part of the water; but when about waist deep, one of I., men informed mc that he thought he felt a ])atli. W'' examined, and found it so; and concluded that it kept on the highest ground, which it did ; and by taking pains to follow it, we got to the sugar camp without the least difficulty, where there was about half au acre of dry ground, at least not under water, where wo took up our lodging. The Frenchmen that we had taken on the river, appeared to be uneasy at our situation. They bogged that they might be permitted to go in the two canoes to town in the night. They said that they would bring from their own houses, jtrovisions, without a possibility of any persons knowing it ; that some of our men should go with them as a surety of their good conduct; that it was impossible we could march from that place till the water fell, for the jjlaiu was too deep to march. Some of the [officers?] believed that it might be done. I would not suiler it. I never could well account for this piece of obstinac}', and give satisfactory reasons to myself or anj'body else, why I denied a proposition apparently" so easy to execute, and of so much ad- vantage ; but something seemed to tell me tliat.it should not be done, and it was not done. The most of the weather that we had on this march was moist > f; \ II '■ ' u I TF ■\ i ■> 100 Tvttlk's Cjcxtkswial Nohthwest. ixiiil warm for the season. This was the coldest niglit wo had. Tlie ice, in tlie morning, was from one half to tlircc-(juartors of an inch thick near the shores and in still water. The morning was the Tmcst we had on our march. A little after sunrise I lectured the whole. What I said to them I forget ; but it may ho ca.'^ily imagined by u person that could possess my afTections for tlicn at that titne. I concluded by informing them that passing the plain that was then in full view, and reaching the opposite woods, would put an end to their fatigue — that in a few liour.s they •would have a sight of their long wishcd-for object — and imme- diately stepped into the water without waiting for any reply. A huzza took phice. As wc generally marched through tiie water in a line, before the tliird entered, 1 halted and called to Major Bowman, ordering him to fall in the rear with twonty-livc men, and put to death any man who refused to march, as wc wi.shed to have no such person among us. The whole gave a cry of appro- bation, and on we went. This was the most trying of all the difTicuitics which wc had experienced. I generally kept fifteen or twenty of the strongest men next myself, and judged from my own feelings what must be tlrat of others. Getting about the middle of the plain, the water about middeep, I found inj'se'f sensibl}' failing ; and as there were no trees nor bushes for the men -to suj^port themselves by, F. feared that many of the most weak would be drowned. I ordered the canoes to make the land, discharge their loading, and play backward and forward with all diligence, and pick up the men ; and, to encourage the party, sent some of the strongest men forward, with order.s, when they got to a certain distance, to pass the word back that the water was getting shallow ; and when getting near the woods to cry out 'J.and!' This stratagem had its desired effect. The men en- couraged by it, exerted themselves almost beyond their abilities, the weak holding by the stronger. * * The water never got shallower, but continued deepening. Getting to the woods, where the men expected land, the water was up to my shoulders ; but gaining the woods was of great consequence; all the low men, and the weakly, hung to the trees, and floated on the old logs untd they were taken off by the canoes. The strong and tall men got ashore and built fires. Many would reach the shore, ! « Ill ; i 1 ; 1 1 1 1 mamm ¥mmw0jmm^am I ■nMiwijiWiiw n and fa] support of gron swercd by tlie .'] liglitful Pro vide I lip to tO' It was They gn was ncai etc. Thi im media I care; mo part to tin rades. T gave new canoes, an called the and town, Every mai anything - policy, and dicr had r another, w display oui not a pei'fec full of du( f^hooting th our active j ]M'isoner, in did. The i to that whi( that of the fort, and th; nation \va.s case of defc upward of si 11 Clark's Expedition. 161 and fall with t.r.cir bodies hulf in the water, not being able to support tlicmselves without it. This was a deb'glitful dry spot of ground, of about ten acres. We soon "«uind that the fires an- swered no purpose ; but that two strong nicn taking a weaker ono by the arms was the only way to recover him — and, being a de- lightful day, it soon did. But fortunately, ns if designed by Providence, a canoe (;f Indian squaws and children was coming up to town, and took through a part of this plain as a nigh way. It was discovered by our canoes as they were out after the men. They gave chase and took the Indian canoe, on board of which was near half a quarter of a b'ofTalo, some corn, tallow, kettles, etc. Tliis was a grand prize, and was invaluable. Broth was immediately made and served out to the most weakly, with great care ; most of the whole got a little ; but a great many gave their part to tlie weakly, jocosely saying something cheering to their com- rades. Tliis little refreshment, and line weather, by the afternoon, gave new life to the whole. Crossing a narrow, deep lake, in the canoes, and marching some distance, we came to a copse of timber called the "Warriors Island. We were now in full view of the fort ami town, not a shrub between ns, at about two miles distance. Every man now feasted his eyes, and forgot that he had suiTered anything — saying that all that had passed was owing to good policy, and nothing but what a man could bear, and that a sol- dier had no right to think, etc. — passing from one o.Ktrcme to another, which is common in such cases. It was now we had to display our abilities. The plain between ns ai"^ the town was not a pci'fect level. The sunken grounds were covered with water full of ducks. We observed several men out on horseback, sliooting them, within a half a mile of us, and sent outas many of our active young Frenchmen to decoy and take one of these men ])iisoncr, in such a manner as not to alarm the others, which they did. The information which we got from this person was similar to that which we got from those wc took on the river; except that of the British having that evening completed the wall of the fort, and that there were a good many Indians in town. Our sit- uation was now truly critical — no possibility of retreating in case of defeat — and in full view of a town diat liad, at this time, upward of six hundred men in it, troops, inhabitants and Indians. 11 \4¥ • 4 111 niM ^.K? 10:i Tcttl's Cextexmal NoirnnvEST. 1 i The crew of tlic galley, tliough not Qfty men, u'ould liave been now a R'iiiforceincnt of immense magnitude to our little army (if I may so call it), but we would not think of them. We were now in the situation that I had labored to get ouiv-clves in. The idea of being made prisoner was foreign to almost every man, as they expected nothing but toriin-e from tlie savages if they fell into their hands. Our fate was now to be determined, probably in a few hours. We knew that nothing but the most daring con- duct wouUl insure success. I knew that a number of the inhabi- tants wished us well — tliat many were lukewarm to the interests of either — and I also learned that the crand chief, the Tobacco's son, had, but a few days before, openly declared, in council with the British, that he was a brother and friend to the Big Knives. These were favorable circumstances ; and as ihere was but little probability of our remaining until dark indiscovered, I deter- mined to begin the career immediately, and wrote the following placard to the inhabitants : ^'' ^ To the InlaihUants of Post Ylnccnnes : Gextlemex : Being now within two miles of your village with my army, determined to take your fort this night, and not being willing to surprise you, I take this method to request such of you as are true citizens, and willing to enjoy the liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses. And those, if any there be, that are friends to the king, will instantly repair to the fort and join the hairbuyer general, and fight like men. And if any such as do not go to the fort shall be discovered afterward, they may depend on severe punish- ment. On the contrary, those who are true friends to liberty may depend on being well treated ; and I once more request them to keep out of the streets. For every one I find in arms on my ar- rival, I shall treat him as an enemy. [Signed] Gr. R. Cr.AiiK:.' "Iliad various ideas on the supposed results of this letter, T knew that it could do us no damage, but that it would cause the lukewarm to be decided, encourage our friends, and astonish our enemies. * " We anxiously viewed this messenger until he entered the town, and in a few minutes could discover by our glasses some stir in eveiy street that we could penetrate into, and great numbers running or riding out into the commons, we sup- posed to view us, which was the case. But what surprised us was, th of the ' SUpp'.)S( and tliii A little view of selves ii thought eating ;i did not with the imderpr and nuic were con thing tli;i be show this from ccedingl\ town ; bu ourselves w-ere in, n appeared i person tha which the pairs. Th low plain frccjuent ra level, (whic crally run ; tagc of one completely showed con I'oles procui ble ajipeara on the AVar their horses about more moved and i m^i T" Cl . I UK 's Expedition. 1G3 was, that nothing had as yet happened that h;id the appearance »j£ the garrison being alarmed — no drum nor gun. We began to suppose that the inft)rmation we got from our prisoners was false and that the eneni}' already knew of us and were prepared. " * A little before sunset we moved and displayed ourselves in full view of the town — crowds gazing at us. We were plunging our- selves into certain destruction or success. There were no midways thought of. We had but little to say to our men except incul- cating an idea of the necessity of obedience, etc. Wo knew they did not want encouraging, and that anything might be attempted with them that was possible for such a number — perfectly cool, under proper subordination, pleased with the prospect before them, and much attached to their ofl'icers. They all declared that they were convinced that an implicit obedience to orders was the only tiling that would insure success, and hoped that no mercy would be shown the i)crson that should violate them. Such language as this from soldiers to persons iu our station must have been ex- ceedingly agreeable. We moved on slowly in full view of the town ; but, as it was a point of some conser|uence to us to make ourselves appear as formidable, we, in leaving the covert that we were in, marched and countermarched in such a manner that we appeared numerous. In raising volunteers in the Illinoi.s, every person that set about the business had a set of colors given him, wdiich they brought with them to the amount of ten or twelve pairs. These were displa3'cd to the best advantage; and as the low plain we marched through was not a perfect level, but had frcfjuent raisings in it seven or eight feet higher than the common level, (which was covered with water), and as these raisings gen- erally run in an obli(p;e direction to the town, we took the advan- tage of one of them, marching through the water under it, which completely prevented our being numbered. But our colors showed considerably above the heights as they were fixed on long poles procured for the purpose, and at a distance made no d(!spica- ble appearance; and as our young Frenchinan had, while we lay on the Warriors Island, decoyed and taken several fowlers, with their horses, olTieers were mounted on those horses, and rode about more completely to deceive the enemy. In this manner we moved and directed our march in such a way as to sufTer it to bo ■'n4 i i r*^ '•kW mg^ 104 TuTTLE's CeNTK};SIAL yoUTIIWKST. (lark before \vc Lad advanced more than lialT way to the town. Wo then suddenly altered our direction, and crossed ponds where they could not have suspected us, and about eight o'clock gained the heights back of the to\?n. As there was yet no hostile appearance, we were impatient to have the cause unriddled, Lieut. Bayley was ordered, with fourteen men, to march and fire on the fort. The main body moved in a different direction, and took posses- sion of the strongest part of the town. The firing now commenced on the fort, but they did not believe it was an enemy until one of their men was shot down through the port, as drunken Indians frequently saluted the fort after night. The drums now sounded, and the business fairly commenced on both sides. Keinforee- ments were sent to the attack' of the garrison while other arrange- ments were making in town. ^ -" We now found that the garrison had known nothing of us ; that, having finished the fort that evening, they had amused themselves at different games, and hr.d just retired before my letter arrived, as it was near roll call. Tlio placard being made public, many of the inhabitants were afraid to show themselves out of their houses for fear of giving offense, and no one dare give information. Our friends flew to the commons and other convenient places to view the pleasing sight. This was observed from the garrison, r .id the reason asked, but a- satisfactory excuse was given; and as a part of tlie town lay between our line of march and the garrison, we could not be seen by the sentinels on the walls. Capt. W. Shannon ai.d another being some time before taken prisoners by one of their [scouting parties], and that evening brought in, the party had dis- covered at the sugar camp some signs of us. They supposed it to be a party of observation that intended to laiid on the height some distance below the town. Capt. Lamotce was sent to inter- cept them. It was at him the people said thoy were looking wbou they were fsked the reason of their unusual stir. Several sus- l^ected persons had boon taken to the gariison ; among them was ]Mr. Moses Henry. Mrs. Ilenay went, under pretense of carrying him provisions, and whispered him the news and whi;t she had seen. Mr. Henry conveyed it to the rest of his fellow prisoners which gave them much pleasure, particularly Capt. Helm, who amused himself very much during the siege, and I believe did 1 much d our stoi cre^v wf have be time of ^\■el■e to receive the gre; produce men. riors, ini to join u men. II ly dispos wished h on the ni dians in ; miglit ha] we might night — \^ " The o continued little bcfo; It was kej. tlic young- men kept quaiiitcd v relative to floors of St above the \ troops lay of the wall town, some in the darl ings, ditche and did no ■:ould not a them suflici . Clauk's ExPEDiTioy. 165 much ilaningc. Ammunition was scarce with us, as tlic in(>st of our stores .lad been put on board ol; the galle\". Though lier crew was but few, such a vcinfor ;cment to us, at this t>ine, wouhl liave bec'.i invaluable in many instances. But, fortuaateb', at the time of its being reported that the whole of the goods in the town were to be taken for the king's use (for which the owners were to receive billi>), Col. Lcgres, Maj. Bosseron, and others, had buried the greatest pa."t of heir powder and ball. This was immediatel}' produced, and we found ourselves well supplied by those gentle- men. The Tobacco's son being in town with a number of war- riors, immediately mustered them, and let us know that he wished to join us, saying that by the morning he would have a hundred men. He received for answer that we thanked him for his friend- ly disposition, and as we were sufficiently strong ourselves we wished him to desist, and that we would counsel on the subject on the morning ; and as we knew that there were a number of In- dians in and near the town that were our enemies, some confusion laight happen if our men should mix in the dark; but hoped that we might be favored with his counsel and company during the night — which was agreeable to him. " The garrison was soon completely surrovincled, and the firing continued without intermission (except about fifteen minutes, a little before day), until about nine o'clock the following morning. It was kept up Vy the whole of the troops — joined by a few of the young men cf the town, who got permission — except fifty men kept as a reserv e. '^ '■'■ " I had made myself fully ac- quainted with thf situation of the fort and town, and the parts relative to each. The cannon of the garrison were on the upper floors of strong blockhouses at each angle of the fort, eleven feet above the surface ; and the ports so badly cut that many of our troops lay under the fire of them within twenty or thirty yards of the walls. They did no damage except to the buildings of the town, some of which they much shattered; and their musketry in the dark, employed agai'.i&t woodsmen covered by houses, pal- ings, ditches, the banks of the river, etc., was of but little avail, and did no injury to us except wounding a man or two. As we «;ould not all'ord to lose men, great care was taken to preserve thcni sufliciently covered, and to keep up a hot fire in order to '■3! •■ \'l IGCj Tuttle's Cjjxtjjxxial XoiirinvKST. intiiniilatc llic cuciny as well as to destroy tlioin. The embra- sures of their cannon were frequently shut, for our riflemen, find- ing the true direction of them, would pour in such volleys when they were opened that the men could not stand to the guns — seven or eight of them in a short time got cut down. Our troops would frequently abuse the enemy in urder to aggravate tbem to open their ports and 'fire their cannon, that they might have tlie pleasure of cutting them dovn with their riLles — fifty of which, jierliaps, would be leveled tac moment the port flew open ; and I believe that if they had stood at their artillery, the greater part of them would li".»e been destroyed in the course of the night, as the greater part of our men lay within thirty yards of the walls; anil in u few hours were covered equally to those within the walls, and much more experienced in that mode of fighting. «• •'^ * Sometimes an irregular fire, as hot as possible, was kept up from diJierent directions for a few minutes, and then only a continual scattering fire at the ports as usual ; and a great noise and laugh- ter immediately commenced in diflerent parts of the town by the reserved parties, as if they had only fired on the fort a few min- utes for amusement, and as if those continually firing at the fort were only regularly relieved. Conduct similar to this kept, tlie garrison constantly alarmed. They did not know at what moinent they 'might be stormed or [blown up?] as they could plainly dis- cover that we had flung up some entrenchments across the streets, and appeared to be frequently very busy under the banks of the river, whi(;h was within thirty feet of the walls. The situation of the magazine we knew well. Capt. Bowman began some works in order to blow it up, in case our artillery should arrive; but as we knew that we were daily liable to be overpowered by the nu- merous bands of Indians on the river, in case they had again joined tlio enemy (the certainty of which we were unacquainted with), we resolved to lose no time, but t'y get the fort in our pos- session as soon as possible. If the vessel did not arrive before the ensuing night we resolved to undermine the fort, and fixed on the spot and plan of executing this work, which we intended to commence the next day. "The Indians of different tribes that were Inimical had left tlic town and ncighboi'hood. Capt. Lainottc continued to hover about iiii Clark's Expeditiok. 167 it, in order, if i>o.s.sible, to make bis way good into the fort. Par- ties attempted in vain to surprise him. A few of Ids part}' were taken, one of which was Maisonville, a famous Indian partisan. Two lads that captured him tied him to a post in the street, and fought from behind him as a breastwork — supposing that the enemy would not fire at them for fear of killing him, as he would alarm them by his voice. The lads were ordered by an oilicer, who discovered them at their amusement, to untie their prisoner and take him oil to the guard, which they did ; but were so inhuman as to take part of his scalp on tlie way. There hnppened to him no other damage. As almost the whole of the j)cr.sons who were most active in the departmcu. of Detroit were either in the fort or with Capt. Lamotte, I ^"'- Kti'omely uneasy for fear that he would not fall into our puwci- — ' jowing that he would go oS. if he could not get into th'.- I'uil ...■ ' '^ course of the night. Finding that, without some unforseen accident, the fort must inevitably be ours, and that a reinforcement of twenty men, altliough considerable to them, would not be of great moment to us in the present situation of affairs, and knowing that we had weakened them by killing or wounding many of their gunners, after some deliberation, we concluded to risk thj reinforcement in preference of his going again among the Indians; the garrison had at least a month's provisions, and if they could hold out, in the course of that time he might do ns much damage. A little before day, tlie troops were withdrawn from their position about the fort, except a few parties of observation, and tho firing totally ceased. Orders were given, in case of Lamotte's approach, not to alarm or fire on him without a certainty of killing or taking tho whole. In less than a quarter of au hour he passed within ten feet of an officer and a party that lay concealed. Ladders were flung over to them, and, as they mounted them, our party shouted, ^lany of them fell from the top of the walls — some within, and others back ; but as they were not fired on, they all got over, much to the joy of I eir friends. Bat, on considering the matter, they must have been convinced that it was a scheme of ours to let tliein in, and that we were so strong as to care but little about them or the manner of their getting into the garrison. ^ * Tlie firing immediately commenced on both sides with redoubled Hit ■: v^ 'xm U i • ' '. i\ nil 168 Tittle's Clxtexxial XonTinyEsr. vigor, and I believe that luoi'c noise could not have been made by the same number of men — tlieir shouts could not be heard for the iircarnis; but a continual blaze was kept around the gar- rison without much being done until about daybreak, when our troops were drawn oil to posts prepared for them about sixty or seventy yards from the fort. A loophole then could scarcely be darkened but a rifle-ball would pass through it. To have st' 1 to their cannon would have destroyed their men without a pio )a- bility of doing much service. Our situation was nearly similar. It would have been imprudent in cither part}' to have wasted their men without some decisive stroke required it. "Thus the attack continued until about nine o'clock on the morning of the twenty-fourth. Learning that the two prisoners they had brought in the day before had a considerable number of letters with them, I supposed it an express that we expected about this time, which I knew to be of the greatest moment to us, as we had not received one since our arrival in the country ; and, not being fully acquainted with the character of our cncni}', we ■were doubtful that those papers might bo destroyed — to prevent ■which I sent a flag (with a letter) demanding the garrison." "We include here a copy of the letter which Col. Clark ad- dressed to the r)ritish governor: "Sir: In order to save yourself from the impending storm th^it now threatens you, I order you immediately to surrender yourself, with all your garrison, stores, etc. Vor if I am oblig^xl to storm, you may depend on such trcji'tment as is justly due to a murderer. Beware of destroj'ing stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are in j-our pos- session, or hurting one house in town — for, by heavens I if you do, there shall be no mercy shown you." In answer to this bold letter. Gov. Hamilton sent this reply: " Lieul;. tjUV. Umiiilton begs leave to acquaint Col. Clark that he and his garrison are not disjiosed to be awed into any action unvvorth}' T^riiisU Bllbjects," When this refusal was received the firing was resumed and con- tinued until evening when a flag appeared with this proposal : "Lieut. Gov. Ila nilton proposes to Col. Clark a truce I'm' tlireo days, during which time ho promises there shall l)c no defensive works carried on in the garrison, on condition that Col. Clark shall observe on his part a like cessation of any defensive work ; III ClA nK's EXI'EDITIOS. 160 that is, lie wi.slies to confer with Col. Clark asi soon as can be, and promises that whatever may pass between them and another ^icr- son, mutnally agreed upon to be present, shall n-main secret until matters be fniislied, as ho wishes that whatever the result of tho conferenoe may be, it may tend to the honor and credit of each party. If Col. Clark makes a diHicnlty of coming into the fort, Lieut. Gov. ]Iamilton will .speak to him by the gate." Col. Clark refu.scd to discontinue the siege, and oiTcrcd to meet the British oflicer at the church with Capt. Helm, who was then a prisoner in the fort. The meeting was had, and after much argument, terms of capitulation were agreed upon, and on tho following day the garrison was surrendered, and the bold Clark took possession of the fort. Soon after, the vessel with the stores and provisions arrived in good condition, and the Americans at Vincennes \verc rejoicing over their exploit. Seventy-nine prisoners, and stores to the value of $50,000 were obtained b}' this bold and desperate enterprise, and tho whole country alo)ig the Mississippi and tho Waba.sh was not only se- cured to, but remained ever after in the peaceful possession of the Americans. Gov. Hamilton was sent to Richmond, and his men permitted to return to Detroit on parole of honor. Six were badh', and one mortally wounded on the part of the British, and only one man wounded on the part of the Americans. The gov- ernor and some others were sent prisoners to Virginia, where the council ordered their confinement in jail, fettered and alone, in punishment for their abominable policy of urging barbarians to greater barbarism, as they surely had done by offering rewards for scalps, but none for prisoners, a course which naturally re- .sultcd in wholesale and cold blooded murder ; the Inilians driv- ing captives within sight of the British forts and then butchering them. As tlijs I'igid confinement, however just, was not in accor- dance with the leriuH of IfainiUon's surrender. Gen. Phillips pro- ti'stcil III rogard to it, and Jefferson having referred the matter to the I'liinlMillnlL'r-lu chief, Washington gave his opinion decidedly iigiiiliHi II, III t'onHt'([Uoiico of which the couiicil of Virginia re- leased the Detroit " hair buyer" from his irons." Clark returned to Kaskaskia, where,- in consequence of the competition of the tra- * Spark's Washiugtou, vi, 315. >i : nU\] 170 Ti TTL/j's Ci:srK.\yiA l XoiirinrnsT. dcrs, lie fouml himself more cnibarrassod from the depreciation of the paper money which had been advanced him by Virginia than lie had been by the movements of the British ; and where lie was forced to pledge his own credit to procure what he needed, to an extent that influenced vitally his own forture and life thencefor- wanl. After the taking of Yincennes, Detroit was undoubtedly within tlie reach of the enter[)ri.sing Virginian, had ho been but, able to raise as many soldiers as were starving and idling at Forts Laurens and McTiitosh. In his letter to Mr. .IclTerson, he says, that with five hundred men, when he reached Illinois, or with three liundred after the conquest of Post Vincennes, he could have taken Detroit. The people of Detroit rejoiced greatly when they heard of Hamilton's capture. Gov. Henry having promised him a rein- forcement, he concluded to wait for that, as his force was too small to both conquer and garrison the British forts. But the re- sults of what was done were not unimportant; indeed of very great importance. CHAPTER XV. BRITISH, INDIANS AND AMERICANS. The Sh-uirgli' for ilie Northwest Ijctwcen English, Iiuliniis and Americans, continued — The Americans Triumphant — Peace — The Ordinance of 1787. Dl'iiixa THK revolutionary war and for several years after, the British posts in the lake region, such as Niagara, Presquc Isle, Detroit, etc., were instrumental in keeping up a disastrous border ■war from which the Americans cause sufTcrcd much. The pious ^Moravian missionnries, on the banks of the Muskingum, did not escape the hand of the English at Detroit. They were suspected of holding a secret correspondence with the congress at Philadel- phia, and of contributing their influence, as well as that of their Indian congregation, to aid the American cause. Deputies were therefore sent to Niagara, and a grand council of the Iroquois was assembled, at which those Indians were urged to break up BiiiTisii, IsDiAxs AM) AMKJ^Ic^^'S. 171 the Iiitliiin con^'rogatinn cullccled by tlic ^^()^avialls. Tlioso tribes, not wiriliing to buvc iiiiylliiiig to do with it, soiit a nio.-isage to the Chippewas and Ultawas, with a belt, slating that tliey gavo tho Indian congregation into their hands "to malco sonpof." In 1781, these Moravian missionaries arrived at Detroit, when they were brought before Dc I'eyster, the coniinanilant. A war council was held, and the council house conii»letely lilled with Indians. Cap't. rii)e, an Indian chief, addressed the assendjly, and told the eoniniandant that "the English might light tho Americans it they chose ; it was their cause, and not his ; that they had raised a quarrel among themselves, and it was their business to fight it out. ^riiey had set him on the Amerii;aii.s, as the hunter sets his dog upon the game." By the side (,>f the British commander stood another war chief, with a slick in his hand, four feet in length, strung with American scalps. This warrior followed Capt. Pipe, saying: "Now, father, hero is what lias been done with tho hatchet you gave me. I have made tho use of it that you ordered mo to do, and found it sharp." Such were the scenes at Detroit that occurred frequenll}*, from the close of the Pontiac war till tho advent of the "stars and stripes." During tho whole course of the revolutionary war, the savage tribes in this vieinitv were instigated to commit the most atrocious cruelties against the defenseless American settlements. Every avenue was closed whereby a diUcrent influence might be intro- duced among them, and they were made to believe that tho Americans were only seeking to possess themselves of their lands, and to drive them away from the territory they had inherited from their fathers Hiii at last the cause of America was tri- umphant, and tho treaty of Versailles, in 1783, opened tlie way for the settlement o' the iiorthwest, but no sooner was a treat}- of peace concluded, than new troubles began to arise. We have seen how, during the revolutionary war, the western outposts of Great Britain were instrumental in sending the savages against tho weak settlements ; and, now that the Americans had been victorious, England refused to withdraw her troops from the gar- risons in tho lake region. Uowevcr, by tho second article of Jay's treaty, in 1791, it was provided that the British troops should be withdrawn from all tho pjsts assigned to the United States by the !.(■ '^'4 3 M I. :i; m * .;w5, ;ft..vT .n*k €> ^V> %^, o^. ^^t>^S. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. {/ .> c^ if >' c- {< &. 1.0 I.I 1.25 lib* 116 IIIIIM U III 1.6 c^ 'e^A >, o / Photographic Sciences Corporation i\ #> V -^\^ 4i>^ A \ 6^ ^ v-.^>^ % ij^ '% ^^\N 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 %^ L

f ",',..!!' sec I unl frcj CX( thel ordi ex Li ancll Tlu anvi . -L. ' jjL-" j *g ! WMJ B Ma« LJiIlnUJir - t^- BiiiTisH^ Indians and Amlbicaxs. 177 I "There sliall be appointed, from time to time, by congress, a secretary, wliose commission shall continue in force for four years, unless sooner revoked ; he shall reside in the district, and have a, freehold estate therein in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of his office ; it shall be his duty to keep and preserve tlie acts and laws passed by the legislature, and the public rec- ords of the district, and the proceedings of the governor in his executive department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six months, to the secretary of congress. There shall also be api)ointcd a court to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the district, and liuvc each therein a freehold estate in five hundred acres of land while in the exer- cise of their offices ; and their conunissions diall continue in force during good behavior. "The governor and judges, or a majority of them, sball adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original states, crimi- nal and civil, as may be necessary, and best suited to the circum- stances of the district, and report them to congress from time to time; which laws shall be in force in the district until the organi- zation of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress ; but, afterward, the legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit. "The governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint and commission all ofiicers in the same be- low the rank of general officers ; all general ofiicers shall be ap- pointed and commissioned by congress. " Previous to the organization of the general assembly, the governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preser- vation of the peace and good order in the same. After the gen- eral assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of magis- trates and otheo civil ofiicers shall be regulated and defined by the said assembly ; but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor. "For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made shall have force in all parts of the district, and 12 I v::iU :li., mi i:#yi i::i::l i ' 178 TcTTLK's CEyTESS'IAL XORTIIWKST. ■■■'iri for the execution of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions tliereof; and he shall proceed from time to time, as circumstances may re(piirc, to lay out the parts of the district, in which the Indian titles shall have been extin- guished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to sucU alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature. "So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the gov- ernor, they shall recci"e authority, -with time and place, to elect representatives from tlicir counties or townshijis to re[)rescnt them in the general assembly : provided, that for every five hundred free male inhabitants, there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabitants, shall the right of representation increase, until the number of representa- tives shall amount to twenty-five; after which, the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by tlie legisla- ture : provided, that no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or un- less he shall have resided in the district three years ; and, in cither case, shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same: provided, also, thr^t a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a cit- izen of one of the states, and being resident in tiie district, or the like freehold and two years' residence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a represeiitative. " The representatives thus elected shall serve for the term of two years ; and, in case of the death of a representative, or re- moval from office, the governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of the term. " The general assembl}-, or legislature, shall consist of the gov- ernor, legislative council, and a house of representatives. The legislative council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five years, unless sooner removed by congress ; any three of whom to be a quorum ; and the members of the council shall be nominated and appointed in the following manner, to wit: As soon as representatives shall be elected, the governor shall ap- =:ri'r- BiiiTisti, Ism Ays axd Americans. 179 point a time and place for them to meet together ; and wlien met they shall noiniiiato ten persons, residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres of land, and return their names to congress, five of whom cong)'ess shall aj)- point and comtiiis?ion to serve as aforesaid ; and whenever a vacancy shall happen in the council by death or removal from office, the house of representatives shall nominate two persons qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to congress ; one of whom congress shall appoint and commission for tlie residue of the term. " And every five years, four months at least before the ex- piration of the time of service of the members of the council, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as aforesaid, and return their names to congress ; five of whom congress shall ap- point and commission to serve as members of the council five years unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative council, and house of representatives, shall have authority to make laws in all cases, for the good government of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this ordinance es- tablislicd and declared. And all bills, having passed by a ma- jority in the house, and by a majority in the council, shall be refer- red to the governor for his assent; but no bill, or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue and dissolve the general assembly, when in his opinion, it shall be expedient. " The governor, judges, legi.-lative council, secretary, and such other officers as congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or affirmation of fidelity and duty to office — the gov- ernor before the president of congress, and all the other ofiiccrs before the governor. As soon as a leorislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to congress, who shall have a seat in congress, with a right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary government. " And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and constitutions are erected ; to fix and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and govern- i': >M 180 TrTTLE's Ckni'ESNIal NonTi[\rf:sr. ■v.i\ merits, wliicli forever licrcnftcr sliall bo formed in the said terri- tory; to provide also for the cstablishineiit of states, and pcriiia- nciit government therein, and for tlieir adnussion toasliaro in tlie federal councils on an ctjual footing wilii the original states, at as early periods as may be consistent with the general interest. "It is hereby ordained and declared by the authority aforesaid, that the following articles shall be considered as articles of com- j)act between the original states and the peoj)le and .Uatcs in the said territory, and forever remain unalterable, unless by connnon consent, to wit: "No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner shall ever be molested on account of his mode of woi-ship or religious sentiments, in the said territory. " The inhabitants of said territory shall always be entitled to tlie benefits of the writ of habeas co r2) us innl of the trial by jury, '^f a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature ; and of judicial proceedings according to the course of common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offenses, where the })roof shall be evident, or the presumption great. All fines .shall be moderate; and no cruel or unusual ])unishment shall be inflicted. No man shall be deprived of his liberty or prop- erty, but by the judgment of his peers or the law of the land ; and, should the public exigencies make it necessary, for the common preservation, to take any person's property, or to demand his par- ticular services, full comjiensation shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of riglits and propert}', it is under- stood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in tlic said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever iu- tei'cfere with or aflect private contracts or engagements, bona Jide, and without fraud, previously formed. " lleligion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, .schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their lands and property .shall never be taken from them without their consent ; and, in their propcrt}', rights and liberty, they shall never be in- vaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by congress ; but laws founded in justice and humanity, shall, from I., I Bmnsif, TsiuAXs am> AMKiuc.iys. 181 iiiiio to time, 1)0 iiKulo for prcvcatiiig wrongs being done to them, and for preserving pence and friendship with them. "The said territory, and the states whieh may bo formed tliert in, shall forever remain a ])art of this confederacy of the Unib d States of America, subject to tlio articles of eonfederatioi , and to such alterations therein as sliall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and o'-l jjinces of the United States in congress pr-,- sembled, conformable thereto. Tlie iidiabitants and seith'rs in the said ten.tory shall bo subject to pay a part of the federal debts contracted, or to be contracted, and a i)roportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by con- gress according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall bo made on the other states ; and the taxes, for paying their proportion, shall bo laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the district or districts, or new states, as in the original states, within the time agreed upon b}' the United States in congress assembled. Tho legislatures of tlujse districts or new states shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States in con- gress assembled, nor with any regulations congress may find neces- sary for securing the title in such soil to the bona fide purchasers. "No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and, in no case, shall nonresident proprietors be taxed hiijrher than residents. Tlie navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and tho carrying places between the same, shall bo common highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of_ tho said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of an}' other states that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impostor duty, therefor. " There shall bo formed in the said territory, not less than three nor more than five states; and the boundaries of the states, as soon as Virginia .shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the ?ame, shall become fixed and established as follows, to-wit : Tho vestern state in the said territory, shall bo bounded by tho Mi.ssis- ;,i[.pi, tho Ohio, and Wabash rivers ; a direct line drawn from the Vs'abash and Post St Vincent's due north, to the territorial lino bt'tweeu the United States and Canada ; and, by the said territo- rial line, to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. i •1 ■ 1 1 'lir'i iHii •» it III tl '1: iiij :ii j J '.: Ml JM .4;. 182 TutTLe's CENTEyNIAL KORTIIWEST. f : ■;■ ii^u; " The middle sUitc shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post St. Vincent's to the Ohio ; by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami, to the said territorial line. The eastern state shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line: proviikd, however, and it is further under- stood and declared, that the boundiirics of these three states shall be subject so far to be altered, that if congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two states in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. " And, whenever any of the said statos shall have sixty thou- sand free inhabitants therein, such state shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the congress of the United States on an equal foot- ing with the original states in all repects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and state government : provided, the constitution and government, so to be formed, shall be republican, and in conformity to the princii)le3 contained in these articles ; and so far as it can be, consistent with the general interests of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when tiiere may be a less number of free in- habitants in the state than sixty thousand. "There shall be neither slavery or involuntary servitude in the said territot-y, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, where- of the party shall have been duly convicted : i^^ovided always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or ser- vice is lawfully claimed in any one of the original states, such fugitive may be lawfull}- reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid," With this general collection of events touching the history of the northwest, in a general sense, we proceed to present historical sketches of the several states separately, and wherein we have omitted the mention of important events in tlie foregoing, the de- ficiency will be supplied in the following chapters. In many in- stances we have skipped over events in the history of Ohio and ^Michigan in this general sketch, preferring to leave subject matter for connected state histories. Chronology of the Nouthwest. ISD CHAPTER XYI. CHRONOLOGY OF THE NORTHWEST.* From 1512 to I80O. lists. In this year Toncc do Leon discovers Florkln. ir. Id. Florida is visited l)y Diego Miniclo. l.'HtO, The natives are cniitured for slaves by Vi>»- iiuez tie Ayllou — And Florida is visited by I'amijhilo de Marvaez. The St. Ijtwronoo river is entered and ex- plored for a cous'tdenible dislaueu by .lames (;artier. ir,3S-44. De Soto asks leave to conqner Florida— lie readies Tampa bay— Thenee to Appalacliee bay —Thence to (je.irgia — His jvniniey on the Alabama— He rainDles to tlie .MisKis,ip- jii — His journey and death — His followers attempt to reacli Mexico liy water— Do liied- nui |)resents an account of De Soto's expe- dition, to tlie king of Spain. mas. French colonists settle in Florida. 1.I6-.T. Pedro Mclandoz de Avilez establishes St. Au- pusfiue — .\vile/. In' order of Hie kiiij; of iSpiiin, exterminates tlu; IHiguenots of FUir- ida— Dominic detionijres, a Krencli Catlio- lic, avenge* his couiitrynion. mos. Quebec founded by S. Chainplaiu. 1013. Montreal Island settled. mm. Lo Caron explores Upper Canada Charles I grants Carolina lo Sir Itobert Heath. ir,:i4. First Mission i"i\undi'd on the eastern shore of Lake Huron— iiieliieuf, l.alleniani! and Dan- iel, missionaries, arrive at lake Huron. /«."?.?. Mlssionories visit llie .sault Ste. Mniie. in:{(}. St. Joseph, St. I.(>ui iiul St. Ignatius mis- sions established. tntn. Itaymbault and Pif;art follow to tlie west. Hi4 I. Canadian envoys first meet northwest, at the Sault Ste. Marie. Iii47. Sieur de I.oiijjneville. with a small i.-mpany, it is said, was at Fox Hlver Kapids ^doub't- lul.) •Compiled from Albach's work, and otlier works. 1034. Father Simon T,e Moine discovered the Onon- dat;o saline— Fur tradi'ra troni Montreal pen- etra'o the western lakes. Two French traders passed the winter on tho shores of Lake Superior. 1000. Rene Mesnard coasts the southern shore of Lake Superior — Mesnard establislies the missions of Ste. Theresa and Chegoiinei,'on. 1001. Mesnard perished in tlie forest, of cold and hunger. 1003. Colonel Wood's alleged travels. loor,. Tracey made viceroy of New France — Allouez founds Urst permanent station ou Lake Su- perior. 1007. La Salle flrtt arrives in Canada from France. 100s. Claude Dnblon and Jaciiues Marquette plant iiiisi5iou of Ste. Marie. 1070. X. Ferret is ordered west by the intondant to i>ropose acoii'-Ti'ss of Lake Indiana— Al- leged trivels of Captain liolt. 1071. (.irandco'.iiicil at the Sault Ste. Marie— French take formal jiossession of the Northwest- ilininelte establishes permanently tlie mis- sion of St. Ignatius. 107 S. AllcMiez and Dablou visits Green Hay and all tlie wesierii shores of Lake Michigiin. 1073. Marquette and his companions leave 'Macki- nac to seek the Mississippi -They cross from Fox river to Wisconsin — Tliev reach .Mississippi —They meet Illinois Imlians — llii'v reach Arkansas— 1 hey li'ave on return to Nlackinac— Marquette and doliet at Des Moiiu's (as supposed) — Marquette at and al.ine about t.'liicago. 107.'. Marquette dies on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan— La Salle returns to France. 1070. La Salle again in Canada and rebuilds Fort Fiontenac. 107 7. La Salle visits France a second time. 107S. La Salle and Tonti .r Canada— They ar- rive at liuebec— They cross Lake Ontario— mM I i:: 'I i 1' ! ;-!■ 181 Tuttle's Centexnial Northwest, rnrsons from Now Erglnnd Baid to have explored the Southwest, i079. Ln Salle Kines hie st.iicK in I.nke Ontario — Tlie GrilHii trails up Lake Kric tliniu'ili the straits to Huron— La .^alle and liis (larly encounter dreadful slurnis on Lake Hu- ron — The (•rililn niiraeuloucly saved, ar- rives at Maekiniie — The parly wei'.'h anelior and sail to lireen Day — 'i'lle (iriiliii laden and t^eiit hack to Nia^'nra— La falle with p«rt of his men conuneuix's voyage up Lake Aticliij;an — They reiicli the head of Lake Michii;an and discover llie .St. Josephs riv- er — ])urin;r Novemlier liuild Foit .Miainics at niouthof St. .losephs river — lieinlorced by Tonti, they ascend the St. JoBejdis and cro8« tu Kaukakee. JCSO. Ltt Salle and his party in' Peoria lake — La Sail*, r.nder great 'depression of mind, biiildn and names l-'ort (revecieur — Henne- pin Bent to explore the Mississippi — La Sallo coiiiniences his journey, relurnin;; tvi Canada— M. Heniu'iiin on the upper -Mis- sissippi —Touti eominei.ees luiildiiK l'"ort St. Louis — Hostility of the Iroeiiois obliges Touti to leave the'ccuintry — La Salle re- turns to lllinoi.s — Hennepin returns to Canada. lOSl. La Salle and Tonii meet at JIack'.nac — La Salle a third time jroes \vest«ard— He is at St. Josephs again — He goes by I'hicago to Illinois river — He finds i'ort Crevecaui in good condition. JOS-i. La Salle poes from ('liic!n.'o westward— : He is on banks of the Misissippi — He descends Alississippi — He discovers mouths of iMis- sissippi — He takes possess, on by process verbal— He returns to SI. Josi'idis, of Blichigan — He intends to ascend the .Mis- sissii pi with u colony. La Salic leaves Illir.ols for Quebef — Ho im- mediately sails for France, at Itochelle, in Ueeember. ir,s4. La Salle sails from Frauci' for mouth of Mis- sissipi>i — He reaches St. Domingo — He sails from St. Domingo lor mouth of .Mis- sissippi — He discovers the main land — The Iriquois place themselves under Eng- land. f«.V.>, La Salle in the Gulf of Mexico— He sends iiarly on shore to go eastward for mouth of ilississippi — He reaches Matagi'.da Hay — Heaiijeii sails for France, Leaving La siille in great, distress — La Salle huiiding in Texas ; unfortunate — He in persLrii searches for the Mississippi. KiHO. La Salic returns to Matagorda Tlay —He goes again li" seek the .Mississi|)pi —Tonti goes ws ami is killed bv those men — His mur- derers quarre! and t.ay one anollier — Seven of La Salle's best ciiinpanions leave the main body — The seven proceed toward Mississippi, and reach Arkansas — Tlii'y reach Fort St. Louis, ou the Illinois river — La Salle's death was not published until next year. loss. La Salle's former companions leave Fort St, Liuils for (Quebec — Thence they sail for France, and arrive at liochelle, in Uctober — l'ivi)ulalioii of all French JSorth America, about Vi,MO. }ns9. War of the European .dliancc — D'Ibervillo victorious ou Hudson's luiy. D'lhcrville invades English colony of New York, jr,n;i. l{ev. Oravler, a missi(.nary at Kaskaskia, Illi- nois — Kaskaskia founded by (iravier; date unknown — L'ahokia setlleineiit iirior to Kaskaskia; date likewise unknown. Treaty between France and England, and peace of Uyswick. D'Iberville appointed governor of Louisiana — Uieiiville appointed iiiteiideiit of Louis- iana — Dr. Ooxe sends two vessels toward tlie Mississippi. ntuo. D'Iberville at the Hay of Mobile — He enters the Jlississijipi — lie sails for France — Sounds Mississippi and meets English — F(Ml L'Huillier built on Blue Earth river, ^Minnesota. 1 700. D'Iberville returns Irom F'rance — He goes up the .Mississipjii to Natches — He sends Lo Seur to St, i'eter's, ill search of copper mine. ITOI. De La Motte Cadillac fiuiiuls Detroit — D'lbcr- V ille founds a colony on .Mobile river — Iro- quois agaiu jilace themselves under Eng- land. Fort built on the llaj of Mobile. / 70.~. Colony much reduced by sickness. D'Iberville at Havana, on a voyage to France — Bienville, governor pro tein. 1707. First grant of lands at Delroit, i70S. D'Artaguette in Louisiana. 1 7 to. Governor Spotlswood, of Virginia, explores the Alleghanies. 1712. War betwe('ii tlie French and their allies, and the t)ttagauiie and Mascoiitens Indians — Monopoly vjf Louisiana granted lo Crozal — Tiiscarnras admitted in confederacy with Iroquois. ]7t:t. Treaty of Ftreeht. leaviiiij boundary between colonies uusetlled. 1714. Fort lioeulic (Natchez.) commenced. J7I7. Crozat reslgi, , his privilege of monnpolv — I'ort Charlrits commenced; llrst a wooden strucliire— Louisiana trade granted ti; Com- pany of West— New Orleans commeiiced — .lohii Law connected with Company of the West. Ji,' i ClIEOXOLOGY OF THE KoRTinrEST. 185 17 ts. Einitrrnnts nnpnipiit llio prpulatlon of Now t>rreiui3 — liciiuiilt loaves FniDcu lor Illi- uoiti. 1 1 10. Company cf the West iiuulo Company of the ln(lie.-< — tJov. Ki'illi, of reiniHylvaiila, urges the buililing a fori oil Lake Krie. Law inado minister of lliiance — Slock of t'ompaiiy of the Indies worth 'JO.")! ))i^r et. — Sloek eoniincnees depreciation — ('om;)any of the Indies l)ankriil>t - t harlevoix arrives in America aijd lands at (Quebec ~ Henaiilt huys slaves at St. Domingo for workini.' mines in Illinois — Jline l.a Motle. Missou- ri, discovered and wrought — Spanish iiiva- (•ioii of ,Mis-;oiiries from Santa Fe — Sjian- iards totally (hd'eated and all except a single individual slain — J-u llarpu explores Wa- shita and Arkansas. 17St. Charlevoix at Montreal — He is at the Falls of Niairara — lie is at Fort de I'ontchai train (l)otrolt)— He is at Maekiiiae — He is at the Fort, on St. Josephs river — lie is at the source of the''lieakiki (Kankakee) — He is at I'iiiiiteoiiy (Peoria) — He is at Kaskas- kia— He is at>;atchez. 17-ii. English erect a trading post at Oswego — t harlevoix at >iew Orleans- And at Hi- loxi. 1720. Iroquois a third time place themselves uiuler England. 17i7. English build a fort at Osw<uf — lie reaches I''reuch comniandant at Lo Hieuf- (iroat number of boats containing French army I'asses Oswego — Washingtoii leaves French commandant to reluru to Virginia. iii{4. Washington at Gist's house, on Mononga- hela — Washington at Williamsburg, tho the capital of Virginia — Troops called into service by Virginia — French fort at Venan- go tlnislied — Ei glish comuience building a fort at the junction — Controcieur de- inani'.s surrender of the English — I'hisigii Ward caiiitulates; is permitted lo leave, to- gether wilh his men and stores — Virginia troops moving westward — Washinutoa crosses Alleghenies — He attack* and kills .lunionville — New York sends f^tiOO to Virginia -^Washington at Fort JJecossity— He surrenders Fort Necessity -- He retires to Mount Voruon — French liold the wholo West. Franco )iroposes a eomiiroinise — Uraddock lands at .Mexandria in Virginia — Franco and Englaini send lleets to Aiiiorica- Urad- dock's army marehes by two routes west- \ m 186 TVTTLEfs CeNTEXXIAL NoiiTHWEST. wnrd — KxpcilitiiSn ngairiBt Kova Scotia IcavuH liDstoii — iJraiiridcU nriivc'« nt t'ort t'liiiilKTliiiKl -lie miirtlu'C fiDiii l'"ort C'liiu- lu'iliiiKi — He ruiiclies tlio Jloiuiiigulit'la — Ho ruciDStiU!? ^loiioiigalicla, inrt'lK Froiich Hiul ImliaiiH, anil i^ tlul'uatuil — JlraiUlock (tiua at till) lireut Muailows. 1 71:.irdered to givo up Lower Louisiana to Spain. 170.T. * Sir William Johnson makes treaty at German F'lals — (ieorge I'rogan goes westward — Cioghan made prisoner at the Wabash — lapt. Stirling, for lingland. takes jiosses- sion uf illinois — Proclamation of Uov. tiage. 1700. First families known to bo nt Pittsburgh — "t^ii. lec Bill '" passed in the British Par- liaiii ,' — Capt. .lonatlian Carver explores the unknown Northwest — Settlers ai;aill cross the mountains — Walpole eomiiany proposed — Col. James Smith visits iveii- tiicky — Capt. Pitman arrives m Illinois — Mason and Dixon's line tiuished to Uunker Creek. 1707. Western Indians grow impatient — Franklin labors lor Waljiole company — FMnley visits Kentucky — Zeisberger f\>iuu!s Mission on the Allegheny — Gen. Botniuet died at Pen- sacola — -Mason and Dixon ceased surveying line between Peniisyivaiiiaand -Maryland — Fnglish traders lirst visit the Assiniboiuje river. iros. Treaty of Fort Stanwix; grand acquisition of lands from Indians — Capt. Pitman still at Illinois — Capt. Carver returns from North- west— Indian treaty at Pittsburgh — Severe l)enal laws, to prevent settlement on Indian lands. 1709. Mississippi company proposed — Boone and others start lor Kentucky; they reach lied river, of Keimickj — Boone mudo prisoner by the Indians. 1770. Grave Creek settlement. In Virginia, first madi — Moravians invited to Big Beaver — Moravians leavi' -\lle'_'lu'ny and remove to Beaver — Treaty of Lochaber — Ohio com- pany inerired in Walimle CiUhpany - Wash- ington visits the west — The Za s found Wheeling — Spain takes p,,ssession of St. Louis and L'pper Louisiaua- The Long Hunters explore the west. 1771. Boone returns to North Carolina— The Long Hunters still abroad. 177a. Indiana murdered by whites on Lower Kaiia- wlia— Moravians, "invited by Indians, re- move from Beaver to Tuscnrawa — Gen. tiage's proclanialioii against settlers on Waliash- Moravians found Schoeubrum on Tuscarawa. n7:f. Boone and others start to settle Kentucky- He and coinpaniuis attacked by Indians and reliirn — Hullilt. M"-\lee and otliers de- scend the Ghio—Bullitt and others survey ut Falls and Kentucky river --Gen. Thinnp- 1 ■'i|?v CiinoxoLOur of the Northwest. 187 poll siirTi'}-s till' vnlley of Licking — Gen. Ij.viiiiui i^oos ti) Natcliuz — I'lirciiii.-'o by llli- luiisi ciiiiiiniiiy in Illinois — l!;|j; Dono I-ick, near tin; Ohio, discovered — Kennedy, from Kai^kHHkia, asceiidH Illinois river inseiireli of 11 copper mine — Jle de-icrilxs riiiiia of u fort at Donthwuht end of Lake I'eoriu. 7774. Jnmes llnrrod in Kentucky— Contentions between fennsiylvania and Virginia — (.on- nolly call.'' out niiliiia, and usurps civil au- thority— St. I'lair arrests Connolly and conipanions — Connolly and as-^ociatos are relea(lunvanese" attacked by Connol- ly — Several Indian traders murdered — Ak'Donald attacks Wapatoinica — Troops under Lewis march diwii Kanawha: tliey leucli I'oiiit rirasant — Italtle of Point I'leasiuit — Duumore makes an iinpo|)iilar peace — Simon Uirly considered a valiant .loldier — He acts in concert with Virgiu- iuus against Indians. 177.",. Treaty of VVataga: purchase by Transylva- nia company — Hoone returns to Kentucky, and founds Hoousboro — llemlersoii aiid associates arrive at Jloonsiioro — Ilender- Hon calls representatives to the: llrst legisla- ture in the west; representatives liold their session under a large tree — Ciuy .tohnson inllncnees Iroquois against Americans — Oiieidas and Tuscan.iras adhere to Amori- ci; — Congress forms three Indian depart- ments — Meeting of ' '■"missioiiors and Indians at I'ittsburi' ounolly arrested in Maryland— Purchase by Wabasli com- pany on Wabash river — Ciijit. John Neville takes possession of Fort Pitt -'•rovincial government of Peunsylrania denounces Judge Crawford —A very larsje meeting at llannastowu of citizensof \\esteru Penn- eylvauia. 1770. Monongalia ciimty, Virginia, made from West Augusta— Ohio county, Virginia, erected from West Augusta district — An attack on Detroit proposed In congress — WashingtDii advises the employment of In.lian- — Indi- ans generally incline to the liritisli — Con- gress authorizes the employment of Indi- ans — IndiaiiB drive olViveutiuky settlers — George Uogers Clark moves to Kentucky — Kentnckinns choose delegates for Virginia assembly — Clark and Jones are their rep- nisentatives — Clark procures gunpowder from Virginia council — Virginia admits Kentucky among her counties -Clark and Jcnies return from A'irginia liy I'ittsburgh — Jones is killed by Indians — Clark returns to Ilarrodsburg — Kenluekv sett'-ments made Kentucky county, Virginia — Fort Ap- pleby built at Kittanning. 1777. Cornstalk (Indian chief i murdered at Point Pleasant — Congress of Indians and British at Uuwogo— Kentucky iiUostud with uortli- ern Indians — Kentncky electa (legally) bur- gesscb to Virginia assembly — Logan's sta- tion assailed by Indians — Clark sends spies to Illinois — Logan crosses the mountains for gunpowder — Itowmnn, v\\\\ one hun- ilred men, comes west from Virgiuiu — Fort Henry (Wheeling) atiaeii.'d — First court in Kentucky, at llarroelsburg — The attack on Detroit urged in congress —Clark opens his iilaii of coniiiiering Illinois to Ciov. Henry — Ilarrodsburg attacked by Indians. Orders issued to Clark to attack Illinois — Jloone laKeii prisoner at Salt Licks, on Licking river — Boone taken to Detroit, thence to Scioto — I. lark succeeds in gath- ering a small army at Louisville — tJlark liasses falls of t.)hio, and descends to F'ort Massac — ISooiie escapes from Indian cap- tivity— Clark marches from Ohio river towards Kaskaskia — He conquers Kaskas- kia, as likewise Caliokia —Vincennes joins Hie American cause — Mcintosh sent to command at F'ort I'itt— F'ort .Mcintosh, on the upper Ohio, built — New Jersey objects to laud claims of Virginia - lioniie makes an incursion against Indians on Scioto — lioonsboro besieged by Itritish and Indi- ans— F'ort Laurens Imilt on the Tnscara- . was — Clark holds council with Indians of Hie Illinois- Treaty willi Delaware Indians at I'ittsluirgli — Virginia grants Henderson and company the (ireen river land — tiov- ernor llauiilion, from Detroit, retakes Vin- cennes. 1779. Boundary between Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia settled — Clark is noliiled of the cai>- tiire ot Vincennes - C'lark's e.xlraordinary march from Kaskaskia — Clark's miracu- lous recapture of Vincennes — (iovernor Hamilton sent a pritoner to Virginia — Slate of Delaware objects to land claims of Virginia — Americana suspect and attack the Iroquois — F"ir;it selllement of Lexing- ton, '>'entucky — Virginia passes additional land laws — Mary land objects to land claims of Virginia— Iji'odliead's expedition against the Allegheny Indians — Sullivan's expedi- tion against the Iroquois — llowinairs ex- pedition against Indians in Miami valley — Fort Laurens on Tuscarawas abandoned — Indians treat, wi'ih Mrodliead at Fort Pitt — Kogers and Uenhani attacked by Indians — Land comiuissiouera oi>en their sessions iu Kentucky — Congress asks Virginia to re- consider laud laws — Continued Indian out- rages about Fort Pitt. 17 SO. Hard winter — Great sutl'ering in the west- New York authorizes a cession of western lands - Fort Jeti'erson built on the Mis- sissiiipi- Oreat emigration to the south- west— , Virginia grants lands in Kentucky for education— S(, Louis attacked by lirit- ish and Indians — Louisville established by law — Ityrd with a large force invades Ken- tucky^ Clark prepares to attac.j the Slia- wanese — iMark builds block house opposite the mouth of Licking — Marclies thence to Upiier Jliami — ClarK del'eats the Shawa- nese and destroys their property — liattle of King's mountain in North Carolina- Scarcity of provisions; almost famine at Fort Pitt — Southwestern boundary of Peuusylvania ileliuitely established. 17H1. Laws of Virginia prevent sale of provisions ont of the state- Keuewed eflorts for an expo. |-'. _(.:ill ivM 188 Tuttle's Centennial Xorthwest. (lltiiiii nsninst Detroit/— Virglnin makes her first act of oossion — Spaniiii'il-* from St. Louis tnko lAiit St. Joseph-', near l.ako Michigan — Jay iiistructcil that, tie may yit'ld till! navi(,'atioii of .Mississiiini — New Voi'k cedes hei' western liimls — JtroiUieail attacks Delaware Indians on Muskingum — »oses terms of cession to Vir- finia — Congress forbids all pnrcha.ses of ndian lands — Congress instructs Indian commissiiuii'rs- Virtjlnia f^rants Clark and his soldiers lands — Virj'inia authorizes cession on terms proposed — British leave New York (taking slaves)- Col. Daniel Brodheiid opens lirst store in Kentucky, at Louisville. 17 S4. Col. James Wilkinson opens second store in Kentuekv, at Lexinj^ton —Treaty of peace ratilied bv llic United States ^Virginia gives deed of cession — Indian commis- uioncrs reinstructed — Pittsljurgh resur- veyed; jiopulation increases — Treaty of peace ratitied by EngUnul— Virginia retnses to comiily with'treaty — England refuses to deliver up western posts —Treaty with Iro- quois at Fort Stan wix — Logan calls a meet- ing at Danville — First Kentucky conven- tion meets - Kentucky receives many emi- grRut^j — MayBvllle, Ky., fettled. ns.i. Treaty with Delawares, etc., at Fort Mcin- tosh — Severe penalty against settling north of Ohio river — All previous sidtlers'forceil I'roin theirhomes — OlHcersof IJr.tted Stales eiijoiniMl to prevent families crossing Ohio— An attempt to settle at mouth of Scioto in deilanee of law — The aggressors are killed by Indians — Ordinance for the snrvi^y of w'estern lands pasted — Second Kentucky convention meets — Don (iardoiini comes from Siiain — Third Kentucky convention meets- ,V colony emigrates from Viijiinin to Illinois — (ireat confederacy of northern li .Hans farmed by Brant — ^'Fort llarmar built at mouth of 'Muskingum - First sur- vey of lanils in the northwest territory (congress laud) — Morgantown, Virginia, established. 1780. Brant visits England to learn purposes of minister.s —Virginia agrees to independence of Kentucky —Putnam and Tui)per call meeting to form Ohio company — Treaty with Siiawauese at Fort Finney "(month of Jliami) — Ohio company of associates formed — (iovernor of Virginia writes to congress res])ecting Indian invasions — The negotialion about Mississippi before congress — Itesolution of congress produces cession by Connecticut — Cougrcas author- izes the invasion of northwestern territory- Pittsburgh (iazette commenced; llrst print- ing in Ohio valley — Jay authorized to yield navigation of Mississippi at a delluile term— I'ursuant to invasion of northwest- ern territory, Clark marches to Vinc(;nnes — Clark ascends the Wubasli to Vermillion river — Kentuclvi| (('■if coll his Ind forll ei tl bia [_ 1 olil a''ef jFaA to a| muk Moii A I ml tuck lllol ville Chronology of the Nohthwest. 189 Kentucky dulmtcd in cnnsrcss — New Eng- lunik'iH of Dliio C'onipuny liiml at MuMkiiiL'- uni — Mariultii iinil Irt iivuniu'8 niinu'il willj pDnij) and liaf,'uaMlry — AilinifiUiin of Kon- lucky i-ffuHcil liy rongross — ISt. t lair rcacli- es lliu NoriliwcMcnrj'criilory— Sixlli Kon- tueky convunllou niccls —Viixt law ul" Jh I) !■ t li w u H 1 1- 11 Tcrrilory pul)! !yniiiu's HlnrlH for tins wui>t — l.o»anlivillu (t'inciiinati; iilaiiiu'd and ciiivfynd — First couil lu'Ul at Marletla— .Syininurt reachu!' hi." jiilrcliu^e; is overjoyed — Another (,'rand Indian council in the Northwest— Indians forhid treaties with separate nations — Sev- ei til Kentucky convention meets — Colum- bia I'ettled l)y".Stite« and others — Dr. L'on- 1 oily in Kentucky, as a sjiy and Uritish n";ert — The founiler of lincinnati leaves Maysviile — I'incinnatl reached according to McMillan — Virginia passes third act to make Kentucky independent — (Jol. (ieorge Jloigan, jf New .Jerssy, at New iladrid — Almanacs llrst printed at Lexington, Ken- tucky— (ireat emigration west; about live tliousand persons pass Fort llarniar— Mays- ville, Kentucky, establishes a town. 1 7S». Treaty of Fort Ilarmar concluded — Wilkin- son goes to New Urleaiis again — Uaniel Story llrst clergyman and teacher at .Mariet- ta— Syinmes' eeitlement threatened by In- dians — The force sent to protect Syninies goto I.osantiville — Major Doiijjhty builds Fort Washington at LosantivilTe ^t'incill- iiati) — Western scouts willu'irawi-. by Vir- ginia— Kiglith Kentucky convention meets — (iov. Miio, of New Orleans, writes to Se- bastian—Congress empowers president to call ou> western militia — I'resident author i/.es (iov. St. Clair to call out militia — Gen. jlarmar reaelies Fort Washington with three hundred troops — Thomas llutchins, L'nited States geograiiher, dies at I'itts- ■ biirgh — Fort Steuben (,or blockhouse) built near Charleston, on upper Ubio river. 1 7I>0. G(-v. St. Clair arrives at Losantiville and nami's it Cincinnati; descends the Ohio to Fort Steulieii (JetVersonville); luoeeeds to Vii.ceiines. and crosses prairies to Kaskas- kia — Anioiiie (iamelin sent to upper Wa- bash Indians — Indian hostilities take pUkce — St. Clair calls out western militia — Ninth Kentucky convention meets— Troops gather at Fort Washington tcincinnati — Jlarmar leaves Fort Washington and march- es northward— Col. Hardin, with the ad- viniee, reaches Miami villages — Main army reaches Miami villages — Camp at Miami village; men behave uiisoldierlike — Col. Trotter is sent to reconnoiter tlie Indian haunts — Hardin attacks Indians; not suc- cessfully— Me desires another trial with Indians; is again viefeated — 1I(! loses all contldence in the militia; is dissatislled witli Col. Trotter, and inarches oil return to Fort Washington — Army halls at vild Chi'- licothe; soldiers disobedient — Militia men are punished by wliipiiing- Harniar repri- mands Col. Trotter and Jlajor Mc.Mulleu — Mtiliny of Keiituckians quashed: army pro- ceeds " to Fort WashiiiL-'loii — Western iu- liabitants p('iitioii congress to light Indians Intlieirown way — Massy and otliers con- tract to settle Majirhester. i7in. Big Bottom settlement destroved by Indians — Excise lijid on ardent spirits by congress — lieu. t;harles Scott authorized' to luarclt against Indians — Proctor starts on his western mission; reaches liulValo creek, and is refuse' a vessel to cross lake Krle — Fam- ily of Kirkpatricks attacked at morning worshiii and murdered by Indians in Ann- strong county, I'eniisylvania — St. Clair at F'ort vVashington prei'iaring his expedition — i'roctor aoandons his mission and re- turns— (Jen. Charles Scott marches against Wabash Indbms — .Meeting at JJrownsville, rennsylvania, against excise — Wilkinson inarcii'es against Kel river Indians — Excise ollicers of Allegheny and Wushiiii'lon coun- ties, I'ennsy.vania, assailed — .Meeting at rittsburg to oppose excise law — St. Clair commences his march northward; builds Fort ilamillon on Creat Miami— He and Jintler disagree — St. Clair builds Fort Jef- ferson in Northwestern territory; marches nortli, towards head of .Maiimee; arrives at a branch of Wabash, supposed to be the St. Mary's; is attacked and defealed, iiid army disoVgani/.ed — Portion of the army returns to Fort Washini;ton — Feelde garrisons are left at Forts Jetfersiui and Hamilton — Ter- ror of Indian invasion expressed by western Pennsylvania and Virginia — .Massacre of Jolly's" family, near Wheeling. I'eaco olTered by the United States to western Indians, through the Senecas — Pond and Stedman sent west as iieacemakers — Brant invited by governmeict to 1 hiladelphia — Wilkinson sends a party to the Held of .St. Clair"8 defeat— (iallipo'lls settled by de- luded French colonists —Iroquois chiefs visit Philadelphia— Instruciioini issued to Truman — Kentucky admitted into the union as a state — Excise law amended, though not to satisfaction — lleiidrick, a Stockbridge Indian chief, sent west — In- structions issued to Kufus I'utnam —True- man and Hardin leave Fort Washington — Pennsylvania purchases from congress the Triangle trad — Uen. Wayne moves west- ward—Brant, pursuant to invitation, visits Philadelphia — Fire lands given to siifl'erers by Connecticut — (ireat anti-excise meeting at Pittsburgli — Itufus Putnam makes treaty with Indians at Vincennes — Great Indian council at " Graiid illdize"^ (Fort Betlancei — Adair attacked near Fort St. Clair — (Jp- positioii to excise law diminishes — United States troops at LegionviUe, on the Ohio. ■ United States legion goes down to Cincinnati — Last Indian depredation in Kentucky — Pickeriiii; and others appointed to treat with Indians at Maumee — Unsual prepara- tions for a council and treaty at Sandusky -—Citizen Genet reaches the United States — Cimimissioners for council with Indians reach Niagara — (ienet is presented to Washingtoii — First Democratic Society in Philadelphia — Commissioners correspond with (iov. Simcoe — They meet Brant and hold a council — Commissioners at Elliott's house, head of lake Erie — Indians arrive at Elliott's and meet commissioners — Ini'i- aiis ('.(■cline nieetiiiL; Americans at Sandusky — Final action of the commissioners and In- dians — Wayne leaves Cincinnati with his legion ; encamps at (.'reenvibe, and is joined bv Kentuckians under Scott — I.owry and It'oyd attacked near Fort St. l^lair — French emissaries sent west — Field of St. Clair's defeat visited b" Wayne — Fort Hecovery built on St. Clair's battle-ground — Western people dissatislled with governiueut — Op- 1 i' i l i ! 1 if '• t i i If m 190 Tuttle's Cextexxial XonnnrEST. i"; ■ ■- position to I'xcli'f'foi'bk'r — First scsflon of lifiiliiclty iissi'iiilily at Fraiilil'iirt — llnuit Hivus ttiu true cliaructcrof tlie UritiHli. I"(irt liiiill at I.o Hd'iir (WatorfordK l.y Major J)oniiy — Wliiclty riolH ri'ronmu'iici' — I.onI Doll lii'Mtor's H|Hii'i'li to imii«ii« — Tlic Mill- l,'o t'li'iik Afhoilalioii foriiinl — Wayiio pri'- jiarcs lor Ills oaiiipaiyn — (iov. Siiiuor buiiilN a fort oil MaiiiiU'i! — Di'inoeralic soiii'iy foriiiud at I'iltKliiirs,'li — SpaiiiaiilsoH'i-r lu'lp to Imliaii!4 — Frciu'li wniis.iarirs I'orcrii to loavi! tlif wi'Ht — t'oiitcst rospi'cliiig I'ri'Hiiir Isle — Jiidiaiis alt.uk Fort Kocovi'iy — Siilis commt'iicuil against whisky riolurs — (lath- I'riiiK alioiit Ni'Villi'"s house — Nevilles liollse liiinit — Mietiiijr 'it Miiino creek — Mail rohlieil by Hradloni — C'liarles Scott, with tlfleeii hiriidied men. ^oiiis Wayne — (ireat |.'alheriiig at liiaddoek s Held — Wash- ington issues proclaiiiation against insur- gents — Wayne inarclus toward Maiiniee — lie sends his last message to Indiana — lie coinniences l)iiilding Fort Dellaiice — He Imilds Fort Deposi;— 11. meets and con- quers Indians — His en . spoiidence with I'ol. Caiiipliell — lie thnateiis Fort Miami — Ho returns to Fort Deliaiiee and finishes It — He marches to head of Mauinee — Fort Wayne bu.lt at head of Maumee — Commis- cioners of government meet whisky insur- gents —llrillsh try to prevent Indians mak- ing pence — Vote taken upon obedience to the law ill I'eiinsylvania — Vote not satis- factory to the government -Washington calls I'uit mlillla of four slates — (icii. I,ee man lies with militia against insurueiits — The most guilty malcontents esca|ie ny Higlit — The less giliUy surrender witliout resist- unco — Indians ask for peace of Col. Ilani- tramck— Last depredation by Indians in western Virginia— Sandy Lake Fort, Min- nesota, erected. J?.'>.7. Block-house bnilt at Presqn' Isle (Krlc), by (ieii. Irvine — Indians sign i)reliiiiiiiariesof a- treaty — rrisoners are interchanged — Connecticut jin^pares to sell her reserve — t'oniicil of (ireein illu opens— The Karon de C'arondelet writes to Sebastian — .lay's protracted treaty tlnished — Treaty t)f (.Jreen- ville signed — Coiijicli with Indians at tireenvilTe closed — (iraiit by coniiress to (iallipolis settlers — Connecticut sells west- ern reserve to land company — I'inckney concludes a treaty with bpiiin — Dayton, Ohio, laid out by Ludlow. 1 7««. Chillicothe, Ohio, laid tlv> and settled — Sebas- tian visits the southwest — Cleveland. Ohio, laid out and named — Hritish surrender jiosts in the northwest — Dililciilties with Spain recomiiience — (!en. Wayne died at Pres(iiie Isle (Krie) — First paper maiiiifac- tory in the west — Dayton. Cliio, first iioim- latcd — Congress donates land to Kbi'iiezer Ziiiie — Fort Maiden. Canada West, build- ing commenced — Tract of land granted to the Zanes. inn. Power visits Kentucky and writes to Sebas- tian—Daniel lioone moves west of Missis- sippi — Occupyiu" claimant law of Ken- tucky passed -^ t levelai.d, Ohio, llrst popii- latetf — Itrooke county, Vir'jinia, erected - British Hulijects from Detroit settle near iort MaUlen. 170S. William Henry Harrison made aecrctary of Northwest Territory — Alien and nedliion laws passed — Nullifying res(dntions in Ki'iitueky - Hepreseiiiatives lor Nortlvwest Territory first chosen — Washington iiii- ludnted'i second I line i comiuanderlii-cliief of Aiiiericaii army — Steiilieiiville, Ohio, founded; sireiMs surveyed at riiilit angles — Transylvania I'liiversiiy established at Lex- ington. Kentucky — Aniliertsluirg, adjacent to Fiwt Maiden', settled hy llriuiiib fioui LHtroit. 1 «.'»». Oreenshurg, Pennsylvania, ineornorateil ft borough — Kepreseiitalives of Northwest 'I'erritory meet — I!e|ireseiitallves nomiiiato candidates forcoiiiicll — Asseiiiblyof Norlh- wi'st Territory organize at Cineliinali — W, H. Harrison appointed delegale in congress from Nortewe.-; Tel rltory - /.anesvillii laid out and settled on Zaiies tract. 1.SOO. Great increase o( iiroduets sent from Ohio river — Indiana 'I'erritory f.irmed — Con- necticut ylcdds Jurisdiction I'f lier reserve — I'nited S'tale> gives Connecticut patents for file soil -- Treaty of St. lldefonso — Assem- bly of Northwest Terriloiy meets at I liilli- collie— First missionary in Connect lent re- serve — Lancaster. Ohio, surveyed and set- tled — Congress authorizes the )iresideiit to make iiupiiry for copper mines in north- west — President John Ailaiiis apiioints an agent to examine the south side of lake Su- perior— A number of new counties luadu In western Pennsvlvaiila. J HO I. W. H. Harrison appointed governor of Indiana Tiuritory — St. Clair reappointed governor of Northwest Territory — Li'glslature of Nortliwest 'i'erritory au'iiiii at Cincinnali — Wortliiimton made agent to jirocure a state (ioveriiiiieiit for Ohio — Canoiisliiirg, Penn- sylvania, ini-orporaled a lioroiii.'li ~ Heaver, Pennsylvania, incorporated a liorough — Louisiana ceded by Spain to France. ISO-i. University nt Athens, Ohio, established — First bank In Kentucky — Congre-is a'jree that Ohio may become a stati' — The Span- ish liiteiidant forbids tlie use of New Or- leans by Americans — Convention meets and forii'is a constitution fur Ohio -- Coii.~ii- tntioii f'lu- Ohio tlnished — Clneinnati incor- porateda boroiiuh — JetVerson colleue, Penn- Hylvania, chartered and organized — Cou- ,. '1111011 at Pittsburgh to foriii an e.xiHirting company — Advent of French swits to In- diana. iso;i. Congreso approbates the constitution, and declares t)liio a stale— New Orleans mad" free lor Ameruan shlppiiiu' — Livln..;stou and Monroe In France: piireliase Louisiana — Lands located for .Miami Fniversltv — Miami Kxiiorting Comically at Clr.clnnati chartered— rnlted Stales M-uate ratify tin! purcliase of L^tiite Jei;islatiire — ij'irBt inhabitants In X'-iua. ilhio - Uarm.)- nv J CnnoyoLocY of tui-: XoRTinvEST. 191 1 ' >f '^flii nio Society nettle In ItiitK'r county. Pcnn- Hylviuilii— Klttii;iiiinj;, I'l'nnsylvaiihi, niii- Vfjeil und settlvil. IHO.T. Mlclilu'iin Tonlt.iry lornicil — Detroit (olil town) Imrnl to tlio ttnuina — lliiii'- vi; it to the wi'st-Ccniinil iiHKcnilily inrct in Inilianii 'I'l'i-rilory — 'rcciiniHcli luurtliu I'roiilicl lic- >.'in to iulliu lu-c the ImiIIiuih — Indnine cell all llu'ir lanil in norllicahlern Dliio — IMke H>'ci'nils anil rxplorrs thu MinMiHHii)i)i aliove ^t. Aniliony's - I'ikc iniriliaHcs land I'oi- miliiaiy Hlaiiiins on nppcr .MinHlHclppi — Stcubchvillf, Ohio, incorporated u lioroiij,'li. ison. Gront oclipm of tliii xiin, Juno Kith — Rmr n«ain active; writcn lii WilliiiiHon — Span- lards cross the Saliinu river — liiirr again (iocs west; is ^it JMltslinrijIi — I.eH Ih and ('larl< ri'tnrn Croni (_lr<-).'.in — Daviess tries to arri'st Itnrr — Sebastian I'onnd iruilly by K(!nliielvy lefzislainri' — liurr's men descend the Ohio ri\er — His t)iiats and stores ar- rested — liiirr meets his men at the niuiith of I'nmlieriand — l*i lie's expedition to lieads ol A rliniisas—W'asliington College, I'eniisyl- vania, incorporated. I Hit 7. Burr yield? to civil aniliority of Missis^ip))!— lleeseapes and is sei/.id — llis trnd at Itichnionil — I'eliiioii fur Shivery in Indi- ana territory — Hank of Kentucky chartered — ^Urant, the celebrated kinj; of .Mohawk Indians, dies — Merriweather Lewis ap- pointed {.'overnor of I'pper Louisiana — (jl. C. iloreau arrives at I'lllsburgh. I SOS. Baiik of Marietta. Ohio, clnutered — Tiaiik of Clullicoliie, Oliio, duirlered — Teciimihe and the I'ropliet remove' to Tippecanoe - Alaiiison. Indnina, settled — Hev. David Zeisberj;er, .NIoravian missionary, dies, aged eif;hly-seven — Harrison's Urnt mlerview Willi icunilhe. ISOU. Vincen ■■' Is I'our weeks without n mail— III- imiis " erritory formed — .Miami University chartered — Settlement made at Itoone's Lick. .Missouri — Missouri Fur Company formed at St. Louis — (iov. Lewis, of .\lis'- Bouri, alarmed at Indians; caHls out milnia. tsio. Second interview of Harrison with Tecumthe — -V trapper and hunter, named Colter, de- scended .Missouri via Jellerson river, tluf e t'.iousand inik's aloiii; — .Monks of La Trappo locale at the Ureal Mound on American Uottoni, HlmoiH. 1811. I'itfstniriiih .Mairazlne .Mmannc i)nl)lished by I'ramer, Spear & liichliaiim — Company oi' rangers organized in Illinois — -Mammoth Ciivit discovered in Kentucky — Tecumtlie goes to tlie .Sonlli — Harrison jiroposi^s to visit Indians — Harrison marches toward 'I'ippi'canoe— First sleamboat (named .New Ork'ansi leaves I'ittsburgli — Hallle of 'I'ip- lieeanoe — (ireat eartli,iuakes l)egiii - Wesl- ern people generally in coiisiernation — HuIsoh'm Hay Company's grant to Lord Selkirk - .Meiidville -Xciidemy iucorporuled l)y act of asbcinbl.v , .March 'JU. 1H l*w, tiov. .Meig.s, of Ohio, calls' for L200 volunteers or militia — Oen. llnll marches from Uay- lon, Ohio — Declaration of war against Kngland — ririlisli at .Maiden informed of the declaration of war — Hull encounters a tedious and tiresome march through the forest ; he arrives at Miiumeo, near Hie head of Lake Krie; sends men and goods l)y water lo Detroit; first informed of dechira- tion of war — .\inericans cross lo .Sandwich, Canada — Mackinac siirprisedand taken hy the lirilish — American army relnriiH toDe- troil — Hiock reaches Maiden, and advances to Sandwich; he crosses to Detroit; Hull surrenders -.\ delachmeiil of Hull's army del'eated at Hrownstown — .Massacre of trooiis and families near Cliicago — Fvirt Harrison attacked by Indians — \V. H. llur- risoii appoinle I coinmander in Nortliwest — (iov, Kdwards and (ieii. Hopkins' plan to coiuiner Indians — (len. Hopkins with a large force at Vincennis; lie marches up Wabash and crosse* at Fort Harrison: en- ters the prairies, and marches lo meet Kd- wards; lii- olllcers are disobi'dienl, revolt and return to Konluiky — Ivlwards attacks the Indians on Illinois river — llol)kin8 makes an expedition to i;pi)er Wabash — Lonl Selkirk plants colony on l{cd river — llojikins attacks Indians on I'once I'assu (Wild Cat) river — (Jeiierals Winchester nnd llarrison meet at Fort Wayiii^ —Winchester marches I,) Fort Detlance — llarris,m makes head(|nariers at Franklintoii, Ohio — Cid. Campliell attacks Indiuus on .Mississinewa — Inhabilants at river Jtaisiii importune Winchester for aid — Massacre of families at IMgeon crc'ek. Scott comity, Indiana, tiy Indians — Ohio legislature selects ■'High Jl'.nk "" of Scioto river for capital — Little 'riirtle, till' famoua Miami Indian war chief, dies — Name of rjsper Louisiana changeil to Missouri territory. Winchester marches down Mauniee to the rapids — Winchesier again imporliined for help ; sends troops to Fienchlowii — Hritisli at Frenchlown lirst defealed — Americans del'euted at Frenchlown with great loss — Massacre of tlie wounded at Frenchlown — Harrti.oii relreats lo Forlage river: he re- turns to Mauinee and builds Fort Meigs — Fort Meigs liesleged — lien. Clay reaches Fort Jleigs; Dudley's parly lost — ItritisU return lo .Maiden — Brilishlleet prepare to atlack Krie — Fort Stepheinoii besieged — Siege of Fort Stephenson raised — Perry's vessels first leave Krie harbor — Victory "by Perry on Lake Krie — lirilish troops evacu- ate .^lalden; cilizeiit- remain at Amherts- bn;g — .Vincricans take possession of .\m- herisburg and make it headiiuarters — American governinent reestahfished ill Lower -Michigan — lialtle of the Thames in Camuhi — liutlalo iMiriit by the Hritisli — New Albany, Indiana, founded — < Vevay, settled by Dufours — Alonks of La Truiipo leave Illinois and return to France. 1SI4. Holmes' expedition into Canada — John eleven Syinmes dies at Cincinnali — Kxpe- ditioii under C'roghan against .Mackinac — tiov. Clark's cxpcilitioii to Prairie du Cliien; Fort Shelby built — Lieut, lampbell sent, to reinlorceFort Slielby: is attacked by In- dians at l„'pper l{Kpids,'del'ealed and rerurns to St. Loliis — Fort Wayne rebuilt — Maj. Tavliir's exiiedilion on upper .Mississipjii — He meets Indians at Kock Island— Is at- tacked by Indians: defealed and letreals — Second grand Indian treaty at (irceiiville, Ohio — .M'.Vrihur's exi)editioii into Canada — Treaty of (ihent, preliminaries of peace with Kiiglaud— Fort Krie taken by Ijeu m li ii-ii- 'f 192 TvTTLii's Centennial NoRTinvEST. l!r(i« II — KviiiiMvillp, Imlinnii, nirvpyc'il mil Hoillid — ik'H'laiid, Ulnu, iucoriioiiitud a ln)roiiyh. /.V/,J. Tronty Willi I'ljilit Iiidliui tillii'H at Detroit — Viiiiuus liciilios Willi Jiidlaun — Ohio luxus batikiiij,' caidlal. tHUI. Act of coiiKri'HS oxc'liidiin; foiiifjiuTS from In- dian trade — I'll I.- Iiiii'trh isi liiconioriiled a t'lly — I'oliinibux made tapltul m' Ulilo — Hank of Miawiieetuwn eliarlerud — (ieueral IjaiiJiiiij! law uf Uliio (lafMed — Indiana ad- mitted into tlii' niiKMi — Terre llimie, Indi- ana, pettiemeni made — ](ieliinond, Indiami, fiiiiiided and settled liy •• Friend» Society " — Lord Selkirk e(;iuiireis Norlhwewl Coui- l>any; talieH Fort W illi.iin — Kxplonlou of eteaail"" Washington, Voiut llurman. IHll. First steamlioat at St. I.oiiln — Kortliwest of Ohio imrdiased from Jlldiall^' — lulled Stales Itiink open luanehes at I'iiRinnali iind t'lilllicothe — Ailei:heuy Culle^'e at Jleadvillu, I'ennsylvania, ineoriiorated — Fort Dearliorn, at Oliiuai,'!), relniilt — Uutlor, I'euut'ylvaiiia, incorporated a ljuruu;;li. IStH. Illinois becomes a suite — (ien. St. Cluir dies at Ills residence in VVestmondand county, I'ennsylvania —(ien. U. It. I lark dies near Louisville, Iventneivy — llislioj) Diiboiiri; ar- rives at St. Louis — First niamifactory of Ihie rtour at I'rairie dii Chien —Treaty at St. Mary's, Uli.o, with Wyaudot, Seiieca aud SUawanesu Indians. IHIU. First steamboatson the .Missouri river — First steamboat on Lake Krie — Military j-ost es- tnbllslied nt Council Ithifl'a — Fxpedltloii to the Yellowstone river — Conn st of Uliio with the I'liited Slates liiiiik — Indian treaty at lOdwanlsville, Illinois — (,'inciii- jiali iiicorixirated a city — Ureat depression in linaneial all'airs in "I'ennsylvauia — Fort Snellins; built at nioulli of St. Peter's — Fort Crawford liuilt at I'rairie du Cliieii — <;iti/,ens of Missouri Territory move for Btate government. IS'iO. Indinnn legislature ap|ioiiit coinniissioncr.s to locate seat of government— NulUllcatloii resolutions of Oliio - Coiistilutlon formed for Missuri statu — Compress refuses Mis- souri coustltutl,)n— Uov. Cass visits Luke Superior aud upper Mississippi. IH-il. Missouri received into the union liy procla- mation of president — Indianapolis made permanent scat of government for Indiana — Kpideniio fever at St. Louis, Missouri; great mortality — Kitliiniiing, I'euiisylva- uia, incorporated a borough. Oliio moves in relrtion to sdiools and cnuiils — I'oimlallon of St. Louis diminished by sickness aud linaneial depression. is'i:t. steamboat Tennessee sunk near Natchez — Illinois moves in relation to canals — Com- mencemcut of Btoue paving streets in St. Louis. lS-i4. Slavery contest in the stateof Illinois — Sem- inary establishi'dat IJlooniington, Indiana — St. "Louis revives and recommences im- piovemeuts — From Uecember uutil March, IS'i'), mostly warm, Hunshine weutlier at Ciucinnati.' Olilo passes canal and school laws— Gov, Clark holds council with (Js,j;e Indians — tien. ilaines Wilkinson dies La I'liyelle, In (llanii, pliinnid and surveyed — First legls lalion at indiaimpolis ~ SlaJ. (jen. La I'ay- elle ascends ihr Ohio river. Steatnbi>at .Mechanic sunk on his jiassage — I'nited States grant ;t(Ki,lKKi acrns to Illinois for ca- nal — Lu Fayette, Indiana, begins to popu- late. iH'HS. First stcainbont on Lake Michigan — Kcnyon College founded at (iaml'ier, Dhlo — West- ern iieservo College, at Jliidson, Ohio, cliarlered. lH'i7. Congress donates lands for Wabash and Krio canal— Fort Leavenworth (Kansas), built and garrisoneil — First seininary built and opened in lllliiids — J''lrst '{nimmai school at South Hanover, Indiiina — From Decem- ber until March, l«i-<, rain fell nearly every ilay. IH'JH. Kxtraordinary increase of lead mining at Ga- lena, Illinois. SteubeiivlUe female seminary established — Fort Leavenworth tbreatened by Indians. is;so. Treaty with Keokuk at I'ralrlo du Chlen — Attempt to drive Hlack lluwlc west of Miss- issippi. 1HHI. I'niiishment by hard labor and imprisonment commencedin Illinois — ISlack Hawk is hostile, and is driven across the Misslssip- jii — lilack Hawk War commenced — Legid- latuie of Indiana authori/es making Wa- bash and iirie canal — Illinois militia aro sent against lllack liaw'.i-- lulled States troo)(» sent again- 1 Hlack liawk — Dlack Hawk makes treaty at Fort Armstrong, aud contlrms the treaty of 1(*W. lS3-i. Great flood of the t>bio river — Indianians commence Va-\u and Wabash canal — First steamboat at Chicago — MiiysviUe, Ken- tucky, incorporated a city — College edillcc at Soutli Hanover erected and charter ob- tained — Granville (Unptist) College, Ohio, chartered — Scoolcrafis expedition to tlio source of Mississippi — Indians reassert their riglits, and. war is resumed — lilack Hawk, ill great force, returns east of Miss- issipid — Stillnian and jiarty defeated near Hock river — iilack Hawk defeated on Wis- consin; also on Mississippi — He is deliv- ered to f lilted Slates government — Cholera among Scott's troops and along the lakes — Final treaty with Sac and Fo.x Indians — I'irst eiiidemic cholera on Ohio and Missls- sipiu — Two liundriul I'. S. soldiers die of cholera at Fort Gratiot. First settlement made in Iowa — E.xtrnorll- iiary meteoric slorn; in November —Tniuble about boundary between Ohio state and Michigan territory — (iovernor of Ohio sends militia trooiis to the border — Stock- bridge and lirothertown Indians emigrate to Michigan territory. 1834. John O'Connor condemned and executed nt Du Umjue, without law — Oberliii institute, Ohio, chartered, with university privileges ) in '''"'i""'' "'^'""K''^'''^ ''i'''"*''^ "'" cipn''lUiitiiiii, but (illoiH tfiiim — Obfiliii lii- Htitiite ()rt,'aiil/,t'd an a culli|,'c.' — Mllwaiikuo, Wlscuusiii, BUrvoyc'd (previously sottludj. JS30. Madison, Wipoonoln, iilamiod and purveyed — Coriiiilaiiter, Hriieca Indian L'liief, dios, ayod about uiii' Imiidred years — 'I'lie coiidi- liuiis ollcri'd by C(iiij:rct^« lo Micliimiu ru- jectud — lillii()i« and Jliili'nan Canal coni- nicncud — Ti rrilory of WiHcoiisin (iiicliulin>; Iowa) oi'piiilzed -Cleveland, Ohio, incor- jioiateda city — Mania of iand and town lot trading in Chicago — jNineriean Cannel Coal Company iliarlered, Indiana — lleallicrly war in western Missouri — Nicollet explores Mississilipi to its source. is:i7. Michigan com])lies with the terms of coiiKress and becomes a state — Internal inij)rove- niont svstein ndoptod in Illinois — Itiots at Alton, "III iiois: U('V. Klijali I". Lovejoy killed — Chlca!,'o is incorporated as a city — State house of .Missouri, at ,IelVerson City, Ouriit — Asl)ury uiiiver- ity, at (ireoii Castle, Indiana, chartered — Kxplosion of tho Bteamer •' Dii liui|uc" olT Muscatine bar — Steamboat "lien Shcrrod" burnt on Miss- issippi n\er. J.V.M. Explosion of tho steamboat "Moselle" near Cincinnati " —Territory of Iowa organized — Contest with Mormons in Missouri — Death of (iov. William Clark of Missouri — Indiana I'niversitv, at I!looniiiii;ton, Indi- ana, chartered— l'"lnancial lillaiis at Chica- go in a des|ierate. condition — Exceeding drought ; Ohio river scarcely navigable fioui July until January, 183'.l. ISHS.IO. Trouble between Jlissouri and Iowa territory about boundary — Militia forces sent lo the border by each government. 1S30. Bank commissioners apjiointed in Ohio — Mormons retreat to Illinois, and locate at Commerce —They ehaiigc the name of their new location to is'auvoo — The llrst steam •irrival at Sault Sle. Marie: (the •■ I,exii g- toni — Stockliridge and lirothertown Indi- ans, in Wiseonsin territory, made citizens of the United Slates. Iowa City located and made scat of govern- ment. 1S40. I'resbytorian Theological Seminary removed to New Albany, Indiana — Bloody trasiedv ntBelleviie, Iowa; seven men killed — (Jreat ]iolitical excitement in the presidential can- vass. Ili41. Death of W. 11. Harrison, president of the 'j'nited States — l'ul)llc improvements cease in IlUr.jis — (ireat depression in linancial niatter» throughout the west — Smith Slaythe and Lyman Crouch hung, witliout trial, in Keuiucky — Bethany college found- I j3 ed l.v Hev. Alexander Campbell, D. V). — \Vai)asli and Krict canal compKled to I.ii Fayette — Lake sleanilioat "Ivrie" burnt; more Ihun one hundred lives lost. 1S4-i. Fort Ues Moines, Iowa territory, built and garrisoned — Cincinnati astronomical soci- ety founded - Col. John C. Frcmoiil's e.\.- peditiou left St. Louis, Kxccsslvcly cold and protracted winter. JSi.l. Illinois banks closed by legislature — Corner stone of Cincinnati oljservatory laid — Dreadful massacre of the Chippewa Imliuus by^the Sioux, in Miniiesota. JS14. Steamboat "Shepherdess" ?iink near St. Louis — Cireal tlood of .Mississippi and -Mis- souri rivers^ Steamboat navigation over the American Botloi.i — American Bottom submerged sixty-tlve miles — State consti- tution lormed for Iowa not accepted by congress — Capt. J. Allen ascends L)es Moines river to its source — Steamboat "Lucy Walker" exploded near New Al- bany. JS4.-!. Banking law in Ohio for state and indejiend- eiit ban.is — Illinois negotiates with bond- lioh'ers to tinisli canal — CoiiHagration of one-fourth of i'itlsburgh—Wirteniberg Col- lege, at Springlleld, Oliio, chartered. JS4(i. Public improvements of Illinois resumed — Convention in Wiseonsin prejiare a coiisli- tutlon for state — Constitution lor Wiscon- sin rejected by jieople — Milwaukee, Wis- consin, eharteied by lerritt)rial legislature— Meadville Theological school incorporated. IS47. Collision of schooner and steamboat near Conneaut, Oiiio- Convention in Illinois forms a new constitiitiini — Charter of As- bury Iniversity, Indiana, amended — Friends" High school established at Kieh- mond, Indiana — Kxplosion of steamlio'it "A. N. Jolinslon " near Manchester, Ohio- Steamboat " Flnrnix" burnt on lalve Mich- igan. 184S. Constitution of Illinois adopted by the peo- ple— Michigan and Illinois canal com- jileted- Wisconsin forms a constitution which is accepted by congress — Culilorniu gold hunting commences. 1S49. Minnesota territory organized Cholera is again epideni'c on Mississiipi and Ohio rivers — Kpidemic cholera and great lire at St. Louis — 0"I'lain river tbranch of hi nois) llowed from its course — I'acitie rail- road convention at St. Louis — Migration to California, via .Missouri rivt ., commences— Steamboat "Virginia" exploded, between Wheeling and Steubcnvilie — Ohio moves for a new constitution. 1850. Uf. Rev. Benedict Joseph Plagot. (Ir.-t Catho- lic bishop in tlie west, dies at Loiii-jville, Kentucky — California goly iiu'unn ol daiiiH und >teaiiil>oat locks, at iiiiideraK.' expeiiHc— KiiHt lliree nioiitliH of thin year nimli eolder tliaii iiHiial Lowest water ever known al llie lieaJ of llie Ohio river— rolltleal exelteincnl alleiuling thu preHlduntlal caiiipalyn intence.* •Thin l«l)le iH nalH," •'lllntiiry of Ohio," and other works. coniiilled from Winci Western An- umiii," '• lllsiury of CHAPTER XYII. TERIUTORIAL HISTORIES — OHIO. First Settlomcnt in Ohio — Cession of Virginia anil Connccticnt — Progross of Settlcnicnts — Dayton — Cleveland — The Tei-ritoiy of Uic Nofthwest — The Town of Manchester Laid Out — Second Grade of Government — Oliio Admitted as a State. INTRODUCTORY. At this point, we will pause to observe that, for convenience, we have classified the subjects which fall under our attention in the following pages, so that reference will be had to either both by classes and by states. For instance, the educational interests of the northwest are presented in one department, but the depart- ment is divided into states. The same plan obtains with refer- ence to the internal improvements, laws and courts, etc. Hence the reader will by no means iiiid all that pertains to any one state in consecutive order, but in different places. This plan enables us to bring kindred interests together, securing both com- parison and contrast, and at tl^.e same time preserving distinctl}'', state boundaries. We will first direct attention to a condensed nar- tative history of each state; then the internal improvements, edu- cational interests, etc., will be taken up in the order of their im- portance. 1 li..™»:i Tkrhitoiu. 1 1. If IS tohies — Onio. 195 The Rnglish built a trndiiig post on the Great ^fiaml river, in 1740, which may be regarded as the first settlement of Ohio. Previous to this, however, the French had explored the country, and had established a trading post on the lower Ohio, within tho present limits of the state of Illinois. The French and Indians destroyed the English po.st on the Miami, in 1752, and made some prisoners, who were carried captives into Canada. As we have observed in the foregoing general .sketch, the territory was for a long time a matter of dispute, both the French and the English claiming the right of po.sscssion. The Ohio Company, with its charter from the British king, claimed the right of occu- pying the country, and the French at the .^ame time were active and bold in their efforts to prevent English settlements in it. "It was this quarrel," says James D. McCabe, Jr., in his Great Republic, " which first brought Washington forward as a mili- tary leader. The territory was inhabited by Indian tribes, who were friendly to the French, and hostile to the English. They made frequent incursions across the Ohio against the settlements of the whites in Virginia, and were in their turn frequently at- tacked in their own homes by the English. During the revolu- tion, they were the allies of the British, and waged a bitter war- fare upon the western settlements of the Americans. This gave rise to several memorable campaigns by the American forces west of the Ohio, in which the savages were severely punished. After the close of the revolutionary war, several of the states became involved in disputes as to the right of soil in this terri- tory, which were only settled by the cession of all the state claims to the United States. Virginia, in ceding her claims, re- served nearly four millions of acres, nc u* the falls of the Ohio, as bounty lands for her state troops, and Connecticut reserved a similar tract, near Lake Erie, which wa sold to actual settlers. The sale of these lands laid the foundation of the school fund of Connecticut." The town of ^Marietta was founded by the New England Ohio Company, in 1788, and three years la* -^r, 168 French colonists founded Galliopolis. Other settlements were started, and in a short time the country began to take on civilized appearances. The Indians, however, continued very troublesome, and Gen. 196 Tuttle's Centennial Nobtiiwest. Ilarnicr made a camiDaign agai ist them in 1700. lie subdued them in some degree, but by no iucans conquered them, and Gen. Arthur St. Clair, then governor of the new "territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio," marched against them with a force of 3,000 men, but was surprised and defeated, with a loss of 600 men. In .179-1, Gen. Anthony "Wayne, an ofTicer of revo- lutionary fame, succeeded Gen. St. Clair in the command of the army, and conducted a campaign into the Indian country, and overpowered the Indians, compelling them to beg for peace. Gen. "Wayne's campaign had the effect of producing peace on the borders. Meanwhile the settlements in Ohio increased; Cincinnati %vas already a thriving post, and the Ohio was beautified for many miles ■with good farms. The southwestern shore of lake Erie was also opening up its resources to enterprising settlers. Meanwhile, a government was provided for the territory northwest of the Ohio river by the celebrated ordinance of July 13, 1787. On the 7th of August, 1789, an act of congress was passed to give full cfl'ect to the ordinance of 1787, and to adapt it to the constitution of the United States, providing for the organization of a government consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial departments. During this period, however, other settlements had been taking place in Dhio, which in their influence upon the destinies of the state were deeply felt — that of the "\^irginia reserve, between the Scioto and Little ^[iami rivers, that of the Connecticut reserve, and that of Dayton. In 1787, the reserved lands of the old dominion, north of the Ohio, were examined, and, in August of that 3'car, entries were commenced. Against the validity of these entries, congress, in 1788, entered their protest. This protest, which was practically a prohibition of settlement, was withdrawn in 1790. As soon as this was done, it became an object to have surveys made in the reserved region, but as this was an undertaking of great danger, in consequence of the Indian wars, high prices in land or money had to be paid to the surveyors. The person who took the lead in this gainful but unsafe enterprise was Xathaniel Massie, then twenty-seven years old. He had been for six years or more in the west, and had prepared himself in Col. Ander.^on'."^ o.T:ce for the details of his business. The town thus laid off by raKH •umeut ■tnients. place ic state Scioto (I that niiiion, yeai-, ill tries, ell was 1790. rveys :iiig of ces ill 11 wlio lianiel years ireonV 11' by Tl niiiTOBL I L His Tories — Ohio. 19T !N[a?.sie was situatcJ some twelve miles above Maysville, and was called Manchester; it is still known to the voyager on the Ohio. From this point, Massie and his companions made savveying ex- peditions through the perilous years from 1791 to 1796, but though often distressed and in danger, they were never wearied nor afraid ; and at length, with Wayne's treaty, all danger of i.m- ])ortanee was at an end.'''^' Colinecticut, as has been stated, had, in 1786, resigned her claims to western lands, with the exception of a roseived tract extending one hundred and twenty miles be- yond Pennsylvania. Of this tract, so far as the Indian title was extinguished, a survey was ordered in October, 1786, and an office opened for its disposal ; part was sold, and, in 1792, half a, million of acres were given to those citizens of Connecticut, who had lost property by the acts of the British troop.?, during the revolutionary war, at New London, New Haven and elsewhere; these lands are known as the " Firelands " and the " Sufferers' lands," and lie in the western part of the reserve. In May, 1795, the legislature of Connecticut authorized a committee to take steps for the disposal of tl.e remainder of their western domain ; this committee made advertisement accordingly, and before autumn had dispo.sed of it to fifty-six persons, forming the Con- necticut Land Company, for one million two hundred thou.sand dollars, and upon the 5th or 9th of September, quitclaimed to the purchasers the whole title of the state, territorial and judicial. "These purchasers, on th-e same day, conveyed the three mill- ions of acres, transferred to them by the state, to John Morgan, John Caldwell and Jonathan Brace, in trust ; and upon the quit- claim deeds of those trustees, the titles to all real estate in the western reserve, of necessity, rest. Surveys were commenced in 1796; and by the close of 1797, all the lands east of the Cuyahoga were divided into townships five miles square. The agent of the Connecticut Land Company was Gen. Moses Cleveland, and in honor of him the leading city on the reserve, in 1796, received its name. That township and five others were retained for pri rate sale, and the remainder vvore disposed of by a lottery, the first drawing in which took place in February, 1798. Wayne's treaty also led at once to the foundation of Dayton, and the peopling of ♦McDonald's Sketch of General Massie — Western Annals. w V'l 14 •4. H !;';r i \ I 3i il5 ^jjMtifrt* ','J11.'*J1'!* 19S Tuttle's Cextexnial NoRTmy'EST. that fertile region. The original proposition by Symmcs hud been for the purchase of two millions of acres between the Mi- amis; this was changed very shortly to a contract for one mill- ion, extending from the Great !Miami eastwardly twenty miles ; but the contractor being unable to pay for all he wished, in 1792, a patent was issued for 24S,5iO acres. But although his tract was by contract limited +^ward the east, and greatly curtailed in its extent toward the north, by his failure to pay the whole amount due. Judge Symmcs had not hesitated to sell lands lying between the eastern boundary of his purchase and the Little Mi- ami, and even after his patent issued, continued to dispose of an imaginary right in those north of the quantity patented. The first irregularity, the sale of lands along the Little Miami, was cured by the act of congress in 1792, which authori;ied the exten- sion of his purcl^ase from one river to the other ; but the f les of territory north of the tract trt. ..sferred to him by congress, were so entirely unauthorized in the view of the government, that in 1796 ii refused to recognize them as valid, and those who had be- come purchasers beyond the patent line were at the mercy of the federal rulers, until an act was procured in their favor in 1799, by which preemption rights were secured to them. Among those who were thus left in suspense during three yeans, were the sct- tlei's throughort the region of \,hicli Dayton forms the center. Seventeen days after Wayne's treaty, St. Clair, Wilkinson, Jona- than Dayton and Israel Ludlow contracted with Sj'mmes for the seventh and eighth ranges, between Mad river and the Little Miami. Three settlements were to be made, one at the mouth of Mad river, one on .Lo Inttlc Miami, in the seventh range, and another nn the Mud river." '"^ On the 21st of September, 1795, Daniel C. Cooper started to survc}'' and mark out a road in the purchase, and John Dunlap to run its boundaries, which was done before the 4th of October. Upon the 4th of November, Mr. Ludlow laid off the town of Dayton, which .was disposed of by lottery. From 1790 to 1795, the" governor and judges of the Northwest territory published sixty-four statutes. Thirty-four of these were adopted at C"ncin- nati during June, July and August of the last named year, and * Western Annals. Tehhitorial Histoihes — Ohio. 199 were intended to form a pretty complete body of statutor}' pro- visions ; they are known as the Maxwell Code, from the name of the publisher, but were passed by Gov. St. Clair and Judges Symnios and Turner. In 1796, the Ohio settlements progressed rapidly. Nathaniel Marsie founded Chillicothe, and secured considerable capital and energy to his enterprise. One hundred in and out lots in the town were chosen by lot, by the first one hundred settlers as a donation, according to the original agreement of the proprietor. " A number of in and out-lots were also sold to other persons de- siring to settle in the town. Tlie first choice of in-lots was dis- posed of for the moderate sum of ten dollars each. The town increased rapidly, and, before the winter of 1796, it had in it sev- eral stores, t iverns, and shops for mechanics. The arts of civil- ized life soon began to unfold their power and influence in a more systematic manner than had ever been witnessed by many of its inhabitants, especially those who were born and raised in the fron- tier seltloments, where neither law nor gospel were understood or attended to. There were three places in Ohio called Chillicothe by the Indians, one of which was in the neighborhood of this town site. It is a Shawanese word, and denotes ^^j^ttce or site. Old Chillicothe was on the Little Miami, and the other was on or near the !Maumee, or Miami of the Lake. The Shawanese nation, which originated from the Carolina?, Georgia and Florida, was divided into four tribes — tlie Piqua, Mequaehake, Kiskapocoke and Chillicothe tribes." * These were the days of the old northwest territory. In Sep- tember, 1796, Winthrop Sargent, secretary of the Northwestern Territory, proceeded to Detroit, and organized the county of Wayne, and established the civil authority in that quarter. Tiiis year, also, the settlements in the Muskingum, Scioto, and Miami vallevs were much extended. The immigrants from the New England and middle states came into the west by way of Brownsville and Wheeling. At Brownsville, many fitted up flat boats, and descended the Ohio to Limestone, and other points in Kentucky, or else landed on the north side of tlie Ohio. Otiicrs proceeded by bnd from AV heeling, to that section of the territory ♦ Western Annals. 'I 200 TuTTLE's CeXTLSXIAL XOItTHWEST. tlicy had selected for tbeir future homes. The colonies destined for the valleys of the !Muskinguin and Scioto chiefly passed by this route. Small vilhiOTs and farming pcttlcments were made on the banks of the Ohio, and its tributaries below the Muskingum. Symmcs' ])urchasc, on the Miami, underwent rapid clianges. Cincinnati had increased its population and improved its style of building. In 1792, it contained about thirty log cabins, beside the barracks and other buildings connected with Fort Washing- ton, and about two hundred and fifty inhabitants. The first house of worship, for the first Presbyterian church, was erected. In the beginning of the year 179G, Cincinnati had more than om hundred log cabins, besides twelve or fifteen frame houses, and a population of about si.\; hundred persons. Within the Virginia military land district, which lay between the Little Miami and Scioto rivers, several new settlements were made, and surveys were executed by Nathaniel Massie, the enterprising pioneer of the Scioto vallev, over the most fertile lands westward to the Little Miami, as far north as Todd's fork, and on all the branches of Paint Creek, and eastward to the Scioto, lie performed much service as a pioneer in extending the settlements and boundaries of civilzation in lliis ]iart of Ohio.'"' As early as 1790, jNIassic laid out the town of Manchester, before mentioned, and by March, 1791, he had a f jmplete stock- ade around the ])lace, and about thirty families within it. " Emi- grants from Virginia," says Ilcv. J. ]\[. Peck, an early writer, '^advanced in great numbers into the Scioto valle}', and settle- ments extended on the fine lands Ij'ing on Paint and Deer creeks, and other blanches of the Scioto. At the same time the pioneers . of civilization were gradually extending settlements along the Muskingum, as far as the mouth of the Licking. It was in this year that Ebenezcr Zane obtained the grant of a section of land as the consideration of opening a bridlepath from the Ohio river at Wheeling, across the country by Clullicothe, to Limestone, in Kentucky, which was located where Zanesville now is. The United States mail traversed this route for the first time the fol- lowing year. Before Uie clo.se of the year 1796, the white popu- lation of the Northwestern Territory, now included in the state of * Peck's Western Annals. TEnmroiiiAL Histohies — Ohio. 201 Ohio, had increased to about five thousand souls of all ages. These were chiely distributed in the lower valleys of the Musk- ingum, Scioto and Miami rivers, and on their small tributaries, Nvithin fifty miles of the Ohio river. With this progress of settle- ments, the end of the Indian war by the treaty at Greenville, and the deliver}^ of the northern posts by the British, under Jay's treaty, all apprehension of danger on the part of the whites ceased, and friendly intercour.se with the natives succeeded. Such disafTected Indians as persisted in their feelings of hostility to the Americans, retired into the interior of the northwestern wilderness, or to their allies in Canada. Forts, stations, and stockades, ^became useless, and were abandoned to decay. The hardy [lioncer pushed further into the forest, and men of cnter- j^rise and capital in the older settlements became interested in securing claims and titles to extensive bodies of fertile lands, and sending out colonics for their occupation. Settlements were made and towns and villages planted in western Virginia and Kentucky. When Winthrop Sargent, the secretary of the Northwestern Ter- ritor}', in 179S, was appointed to the charge of the Southwest Terri- tory, AVilliani Ilenry Harrison was appointed in his place. lie held this position until elected to congress. The Northwestern Territory, as may be seen by a refcionce to the ordinanr a of 1787, Avas to have a I'cprcsentative assembly as soon as its inhabitants numbered five thousand. Upon the 29tli of October, Gov. St. Clair gave notice by proclamation that the required population existed, and directed an election of representatives to be held on the third Monday in December. The representatives, when assem- bled, were required to nominate ten persons, whose names were sent to the president of the United States, who selected five, and •with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed them, for the legislative council. In this mode the country passed into the second grade of a territorial government. The representatives of the Northwest Territory, elected under the proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, met at Cincinnati on the 22d of Januar}^,- 1799, " and under the provisions of the ordinance of 1787," says the writer from whom we last quoted, "nominated ten persons whose names were sent to the president of the United !! '■;} fu V f > ii! I ': i! ? \< h t i^ < I .'A' 202 TuTTLE's CEXTEyXIAL NonTUWEST. States, On the 2d of March, the president selected from the list of candidates, the names of Jacob Burnet, James Findlay, Henry Vanderburgh, Robert Oliver, and David Vance, and on the next day the senate confirmed their nomination as the legislative coun- cil of the Northwest Territory. The territorial legislature again met at Cincinnati on the 16th of September, but for v^'ant of a quorum was not organized until the 24th of that month. The house of representatives consisted of nineteen members, of whom seven were from Hamilton county, four from Ross, three from "Wayne, two from Adams, one from Jefferson, one from Washington, and one from Knox. After the organization of the legislature, Gov. St. Clair ad- dressed the two houses in the representatives' chamber, and recom- mended such measures to their consideration as, in his judgment, were suited to the condition of the country, and would advance the safety and prosperity of the people. Congress made Chillicothe the capital of the Northwestern Ter- ritory, and on the 3d of November, 1800, the general assembly met there. On this occasion, Gov. St. Clair remarked: "My term of office and yours, gentlemen of the house of representatives, will soon expire. It is, indeed, very uncertain whether I shall ever meet another assembly in the character I now hold, for I well know that the vilest calumnies and the greatest falsehoods are insidiously circulated among the people, with a view to prevent it. While I regret the baseness and malevolence of tlie authors, and well know that the laws have put the means of correction fully in my power, they have nothing to dread from rae but the contempt they justly merit. The remorse of their own consciences will, one day, be punishment sufficient. Their arts, may, how- ever, succeed. Be that as it may, of this I am certain, that be my successor who he may, he can never have the interests of the people of this territory more truly at heart than I have had, nor labor more assiduously for their good than I have done ; and I am not conscious that any one act of my administration has been influenced by any other motive than a sincere desire to promote their welfare and happiness." However, St. Clair was reappointed governor, in 1801. From 1799 to 1803, the territorial legislature met annually, though it -Wl ,;; i Territorial Histories — Indiana. 203 Tnade but few laws, owing to the extensive powers confeiTcd upon the governor by the ordinance of 1787, and the very arbitrary manner in which he vetoed every bill passed that seemed to cross his line of thought. lie erected new counties at his pleasure, fixed county seats, and issued divers proclamations, enacting laws by his own authority. From these and other like acts the gov- ernor became extremely unpopular. The territorial progress of Ohio was surprisingly rapid. With- out going into the dry details of legislative history, we find the people of the territorj-, early in 1802, in convention at Chillicothe, preparing a constitution, which was accepted by congress, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Ohio was admitted into the Union as a sovereign state. CHAPTER XVIII. TERRITORIAL HISTORIES — INDIANA. "Wlllliam Henry Harrison — Land Office — Indian Troubles — Tecumsch and tlie Propliet — Indian Complications — The Battle of Tippecanoe — Ter- ritorial Affairs — Legislation. iif ;::i In 1800, when the territorial government of Indiana was organ- ized, although a few places in the state had been settled for over fifty years by whites, yet the country was a wilderness.* Its numerous rivers were not disturbed except b}'' an occasional canoe loaded with furs, ^ hich the Indians and half-breeds propelled with oars. Its scattered settlements were filled with scenes and inci- dents of border life, many of which were full of romantic situ- ations. In the meanwhile, however, a considerable traflfie was carried on with the Indians by fur traders at Vincennes, Fort Wayne, and at different small trading posts which were estab- lished on the borders of the Wabash river and its tributaries. "The furs and peltries which were obtained from the Indians," says Dillon, " were generally transported to Detroit. The skins *Tuttlc'3 History of Indiana. r..:,| 204 TuTTI.e's CiCXThWNIAL NoiiTllWEST. ■were dried, compressed and secured in packs. Each pack weighed about one hundred pounds. A pirogue, or boat, that was sufTi- cicntly large to carry forty packs, required the Uibor uf four men to manage it on its voyage. In favorable stages of the Wabash river, such a vessel, under the management of skillful boatmen, ■was propelled llftccn or twenty miles a day." Soon after the organization of the territorial government of In- diana, William Henry Harrison, the governor of the territory, turned his attention to making treaties vtith the Indians, relin- quishing their claims to the territory. lie entered into several treaties with the natives, by which, at the close of the year 1S05, the government of the United States had obtained about forty-six thousand square miles of territory, including all the lands lying on the borders of the Ohio river, between the mouth of the Wa- bash river and the western boundary of Ohio. After i)assing to the second grade of government, in 1807, the territorial statutes were revised, and under the new code, treason, murder, arson and horse stealing were each punishable by death. The crime of manslaughter was punishable by the common law. Burglary and robbery were each punishable by -whipping, fine, and in some cases by imprisonment "not exceeding forty years." liiotous persons were punishable by fine and imprisonment; the crime of- larceny by line or whipping, and in some cases by being bound to labor for a term not exceeding seven years. Forgery was pun- ishable by fine, disfranchisement, and standing in the pillory. Assault and battery, as a crime, was punishable by fine not ex- ceeding one hundred dollars. Hog stealing was punishable by fine and whipping. Gambling, profane swearing and Sabbath breaking were each punishable by fine. Bigamy was punishable by fine, whipping and disfranchisement. The code provided for the punishment of disobedient children and servants by the fol- lowing section : " If any children or servants shall, contrary to the obedience due to their parents or masters, i-csist or refuse to obey their lawful commands, upon complaint thereof to a justice of the peace, it shall be lawful for such justice to send him or them so offending to the jail or house of correction, there to remain until he or they shall humble themselves to the said parent's or mas- ter's satisfaction. And, if any child or servant shall, contrary to 1 • t: >«]- ,I.LU-U.«'W TKiiiiironiAL Histories — IsDiANA. 205 his boundcn dut}-, presume to assault or strike liis parent or mas- ter, upon complaint and conviction thereof, before two or more justices of the peace, the offender shall be whipped not exceeding ten stripes." By the act of congress of 180-1, three land offices wore opened for the sale of lands in Indiana territory'. One of these was located at Detroit, another at Vincenncs, and another at Kaskuskia. By an act of congress approved 1807, a fourth land ofTice for the sale of Indiana lands was opened in Jcffersonville, Clark county. This town was first laid out in 1802, agreeably to the plans suggested by Mr. Jefferson, who was then president of the United States. •* " In his annual message to the territorial legis- lature, in 1806, governor Harrison congratulated the people upon the peaceful disposition of the Indians. lie was inclined to the opinion that they would never again have recour.sc to arms, unless driven to it by a series of injustice and oppression. They did, as we shall see, again resort to arms, and it is not improper, even at this late day, to make the inquiry as to whetlicr or not they were not driven to do so by the very policy which governor Harrison pointed out as dangerous in 1806. In the same message the gov- ernor remarked that they were already making complaints — complaints far from being groundless. The laws of the territor}^ provided the same punishment for offenses committed against Indians as against white men, but, unhappily, there was alwaj-s a wide difference in the execution of those laws. Tlie Indian was, in all cases, the sufferer. This partiality did not escape their ob- servation. On the contrary, it afforded them an opportunity of making strong comparisons between their own observance of treaties and that of their boasted superiors. All along, from 1805 to 1810, the Indians complained bitterly against the encroachments of the white people upon the lands that belonged to them. The invasion of their favorite hunting grounds, and the unjustifiable killing of many of their people were the sources of their discontent. An old chief, in laying the trouble of his people before governor Harrison, remarked : ' You call us your children ; why do you not make us as happy as our fathers, the French, did? They never took from us our lands; indeed, they were in common be- tween U3. T..ey planted where they pleased, and they cut wood ♦History of ludiaua. : -1 > I i\m\ i ii •' ! h '.■' Ik . l) Bi\' 206 Tuttlk's Cks'texkial XoiiTinVEST. •where they pleased; ami so did we. But now, it a poor In- dian attempts to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from tlic rain, up comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the tree as his own.' •' These complaints were notgroundles.^, nor will any fair minded person blame the savages for lifting up the hatchet in iheii- de- fense. Indeed, at this time, it was the only thing in their charac- ter worthy of admiration. Surely here was an opportunity for an Indian patriot to leave a name worthy of remembrance and ex- ample among the nations of civilization. Nor Wiid the oftportuni- ty neglected. La\v-lewas-i-kaw, no doubt at the suggestion of his brother, the sagacious warrior, Tecumsch, took upon himself the character of a prophet, and assumed the name of Pems-quat-a- wah, or the Open Door. Thus was the crafty Shawanee warrior enabled to work efTectually, both upon the superstitious and the rational sides of the dissatisfied tribes around him." The Prophet was a good orator, somewhat peculiar in his ap- pearance, and withal, well calculated to win the attention and re- spect of the savages. He began by denouncing witchcraft, the use of intoxicating liquors, the custom of Indian women intermar- rying with white men, the dress and habits of the white people, anil the practice of selling Indian lands to the United States. "lie told the Indians that the commands of the Great Spirit required them to punish, with death, those who practiced the arts of witch- craft and magic. He told them, also, that the Great Spirit had given him power to find out and expose such persons; to ci.re all kinds of diseases; to confound his enemies, and to stay the arm of death in sickness, and on the battlefield, llis harangues aroused, among some bands of Indians, a high degree of superstitious ex- citement. An old Delaware chief, whose name was Tate-a-bock- o-she, through whose influence a treaty had been made with the Del%wares in 1804, was accused of witchcraft, tried, condemned, and tomahawked. His body was then consumed by fire. The wife of the old chief, his nephew, who was known by the name of Billy Patterson, and an aged Indian whose name was Joshua, were then accused of witchcraft, and condemned to death. The two men were burnt at the stake ; but the life of the wife of Tate- e-bock-o-she was saved by her brother, who suddenly approached TEitmroiiiAL Histories — Indiana. 207 ■:t''l! her, took licr by tlio hand, aTitl, without meetnig with any oppo- sition from the Indians who were present, led her out of the coun- cil house. He then immediately returned and cheeked the grow- ing inOiienco of the prophet by exclaiming, in a strong, earnest voice: ' The evil spirit has come among us, and wc arc killing each otlicr.' ''* As soon as Gov. Harrison was made acquainted with these events, he sent a special messenger to the Indians, strongly entreating them to renounce the prophet and his works, which, to a small extent, destroyed the prophet's influence. In the spring of 1808, having aroused nearly all the tribes of the lake region, the prophet, with a considerable number of followers, set- tled near the mouth of the Tij)pccanoe river, at a place which af- terwards bore the name of the Prophet's Town. Taking advan- tage of the influence which the prophet was exerting over the tribes, as well as of his own popularity as u warrior, Tecumseh ac- tively engaged himself in forming the various tribes into a con- federacy. In his speeches before tlie many Indian councils that he assembled, he proclaimed that the treaties by which the United States had acquired lands northwest of the river Ohio, were not made with fairno.ss, and should be considered void. He said that no single tribe of Indians was invested with the power to sell lands •without the consent of all the other tribes, and that he and his broth- er, the prophet, would oppose and resist all future attempts which the white people might make to extend their towns in the lands that belonged to the Indians. Early in 1808, Gov. Harrison sent a speech to the Shawanee tribe, warning them not to listen to the prophet. This act wounded the pride of the native orator, and he assured the speech bearer that he was not in league with the Brit- ish, but friendly with the Americans. In August, the prophet visited Vincennes and remained there for several weeks in friend- ly interviews with the governor, but it was not long after before both Tecumseh and the prophet were in open accord with the British interest. In the face of all these troubles, Gov. Harrison continued to prosecute the work of extinguishing Indian titles to the lands in the Indiana territory with very good success. In 1810, the "land title controversy" absorbed the attention of the officials, and was the means of much spirited discussion. The question of ♦Dillon's Early History of Indiana. ? \"i\ 208 Ti'TTLfj's Ckxtexnial Nortiiwest. a division of tlio territory of Tiuliana was iliscusacil In ISOO, 1807, and in 1808, and, in 1801), congress passed an act declaring that "all that part of the Indiana territory lying west of the Wabash river and a direct line drawn from the said NVulmsh river and I'ont A'inccnnes, duo north to the territorial line between the I'niied States and Canada^" should constitute a separate territory, antl bo called Illinois. This occasioned some confusion in the govern- ment of the territory' of Indiana, but indue time the new elections \vcre confirmed and the new territory' started ofT on a journey of prosperity which its people arc still i)ursuing with great uilvantage. During the year 1810, the movements of Tecumseh an, Y: -i^r:ri;:i?wti_tigtiimimKm aa^? ThL niTOUIAL Ills TORIES — IXDIAXA. 209 many Indians as lie could collect at that place." Gov. Harrison, in July, ISIO, made an attempt to go in the friendship of the Prophet liy sending him a letter, olfering to treat with him per- sonally in the matter of liis grievances, or to furnish means to send him, with three of his principal chiefs, to the president at "Washington. The bearer oC this letter was coldly received, both by Tccumseh and the Prophet, and the only answer he received was that Tccumseh, in the course of a few days, would visit Vin- cennes for the purpose of holding an interview with the governor. Accordingl}' on the twelfth of August, 1810, the celebrated Sha- wanee chief, with seventy of his principal warrio '^ marched up to the governor's door at Vinccnncs, in Indian file. They were directed to a small grove near the governor's house, where, from that time until the twenty-second of August, Gov. Harrison was almost daily engaged in holding councils and interviews with tliem. In all of his speeches, Tccumseh was haughty, and some- times arrogant. On the twentieth of August he delivered his celebrated speecli, in which he gave tlie governor the alternative of returning their lands or meeting them in battie. It was while the governor was replying to this speech that he was interrupted by Tccumseh. svho manifested great anger, declaring that the United States, through Gov. Harrison, had ''cheated and imposed on the Indians." When Tecumseh first rose, a number of his party also sprung to their feet, armed .vith clubs, tomahawks and spears, and made some threatening demonstrations. The govern- or's guards, which stood a little way off, were marched up in haste, and the Indians, awed by the presence of this small armed force, abandoned what seemed to be an intention to make open attack on the governor and his attendants. As soon as Tecum. As remarks had been interpreted, the govci'nor reproached him for his conduct, and commanded him to depart instanly to his camp. Tlie next day Tccumseh repented his rash act, and requested the governor to grant him auotlier interview, and protested against any intention of offense. Gov. Harrison consented, and the eo.,ncil was reopened on the twenty-first, when the Shawanee chief addressed him in a resjicctful and dignified manner, but re- mained unniovable in his polic3^ The governor then requested Tccumseh to state plainly, whether or not the surveyors who 14 1^ !• I fi it It. I' I ^ 210 Tuttle's Cextexxial Northwest. miglit be sent to survey the lands purciia.sed at the treaty of Fort Wayne, in 1809, would be uiolested by Indians ; and whether or not the Kiekapoos would receive their annuities. Tecumaeh re- plied : "Brother, when you speak of annuities to re, I look at the land, and pity the women and children. I am authorized to say that they will not receive them. Brother, we want to save that piece of land. We do not wish you to take it. It is small enough for our purpose. If you do take it you must blame yourself as the cause of the trouble between us and the tribes who sold it to you. I want the present boundary line to con- tinue. Should you cross it, I assure you it will be productive of bad consequences." This talk terminated the council, but on the following day the governor, attended only by his interpreter, vis- ited the camp of the great Shawanee, and in the course of a long interview, told him that the president of the United Spates would not acknowledge his claims. " Well," replied the brave warrior, "as the great chief is to determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit will put sense enough into his head to induce him to direct you to give up this land. It is true, he is so far oflf he will not be injured by the war. lie may sil still in his town, and drink his wine, while you and I will have to fight it out." . When the new territorial legislature convened in 1810, Gov. Harrison, in his message, called attention to the dangerous views which were held and expressed by the Shawanee l^rophct and his brother, Tecumseh;* " to the pernicious influence of alien enemies among the Indians ; to the unsettled condition of the Indian trade; to the defects in the revenue laws, the judiciary system, and the militia laws ; to the policy of extinguishing Indian titles to land, and to the subject of popular education." The ^'ovcnor further remarked that although much Iiad been done toward the extinguishment of Lidian titles in the territory, much still re- mained to be done. There was not yet a sufficient space to form a tolerable state. The eastern settleuTents were separated from the western by a considerable extent of Indian lands; and the most fertile tracts that were within the territorial bounds wero still their property. Almost entirely divested of the game from which the} had drawn their subsistence, it had become of little * Dillon's'Early Ilistorj* of Iiuliar.a. i*i#*- TERmTORIAL IIlSTOniES — INDIANA. 211 use to them; and it was the intention of the government to sub- stitute, for the pernicious and scanty supplies which the chase affords, the more certain support which is derived from agricul- ture, and the rearing of domestic animals. By the considerate and sensible among them, this plan v\."^ considered as the only- one which would save them from utter extirpation. But a most formidable opposition was raised to it by the warriors, who would lever agree to abandon their old habits, until driven to it by ab- solute necessity. As long as a deer was to be found in their for- ests, they would continue to hunt. It was, "therefore, supposed thoG the confining them to narrow limits was the only means of producing this highly desirable change, and averting the destiny which seemed to await them.* "Are, then," continued the gov- ernor " those extinguishments of native title, which are at once so beneficial to the Indian, the territory and the United States, to be suspended upon the account of the intrigues of a few indi- viduals? Is one of the fairest portions of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few wretched savages, when it seems /''..■tiued, by the Creator, to give support to a large popula- tion, ";i t' be the scat of civilzation, of science, and true re- lig" VI ' . : the same message the governor referred to the neces- sity (if >...;>• i.hing a popular system of education. Among the acts passc:' '/this legislature, there was one which authorized the president and directors of the Vincennes library to raise the sum of one thousand dollars, by lottery. A petition v, as sent to congress for a permanent seat of government .^or thj territory, and commissioners appointed to select the site. With the begin- ning of the year 1811, the British agent for Indian affairs adopted mf^^sures calculated to secure the support of the savages in the •>-■ ■'■ .N'hich, at this time, seemed almost inevitable. Meanwhile Ui-. Tr -i-is.;!'. did all in his po\\'er to destro3'- the influence of Tecumsch and the Prophet, and thus break up the Indian con- fedcrac}^ which was being organized in the interests of Great Britian. It soon became a difiicult matter to preserve peace be- tween the pioneer settlers of Indiana and the followers of the Prophet. Straggling parties of Indians occasionally committed depredations on the property of the settlers. I^ow an Indian * Gov Harrison's Message. i% pk' ■■■■ I:;i1 212 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. was picked off and then a white man was tomahawked in return. Thus matters were progressing when Gov. Harrison sent a speech to Tccumseh and the Prophet, warning them of the danger of a war which their actions wouhi inuncdiatcly bring upon them. This speecli was long and i. ; ' • ' -iblc in its tone. Its bearer was politely received by Tecu. ,vho sent by him to Gov. Har- rison a brief reply, stating that iiu would visit Yincennes in a few days. He arrived, accordingly, on July 27, 1811. He brought with him a considerable force of Indians, which created much alarm among the inhabitants. On the day of the arrival of Tccum- seh, Gov. Harrison, in adopting various precautionary mcnsures, reviewed the militia of the county — about seven hundred and fifty well armed men — and stationed two companies of militia and a detachment of dragoons on the borders of' the town. In the course of the interview which took place, at this time, between Gov. Harrison and Tccumseh. the latter decla''ed that it was not his intention to make war against the United States — that he would send messengers among the Indians to prevent murders and depredations on the white settlements — that the Indians, as well as the whites, who had committed murders, ought to be forgiven ; that he had set the wliite people an example of forgiveness, which they ought to follow; that it v;as his wish to establish a union among all the Indian tribes ; that the nortliern tribes were united ; that he was going to visit the southern Indians, and that he would return to the I'rophet's town. He said that he would, on his return from the south, in the next spring, visit the presi- dent of the United States, and settle all causes of dinicully be- tween the Indians and him. He said, further, that ho hoped no attempts would be made to make settlements on the lands which had been sold to the United States, at the treaty of Fort Wayne, because the Indians wanted to keep those lands fur hunting grounds. Immediately after his interview with Gov. Harrison, Teeumseh, with about twenty of his followers, departed for the south, for the purpose of inducing the tribes iu that quarter to join his confed- eracy. "In the year 1811," says Dillon,* "a lawsuit, in which Gov. Harrison was plaintiff, and a certain William Alclntosh ♦Dillon's Early History of Indians —Davison's Life of Uurrison. (f (Jj-.*..->«^»ffWf i^***^^ TEiiniTORiAL IIisToniES — Ikdiaxa. 213 I was defeiulant, was determined in the supreme court of tlic terri- tory, at Yineennes. T!ie jury, in the case, found a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and assessed his damages at the sum of four thousand dollars." The defendant, Mr. Mclnto.sh, was a wealthy resident of Vinccnncs, a native of Scotland, well educated, and a man of considerahle influence among those who were opposed to the treat}' making policy which had distinguished the adminis- tration of Gov. Harrison. The suit at law was instituted against !McIntosh, for asserting " that Gov. Harrison had cheated the Indians out of their lands ; and that, by his conduct in so doing, he had made them enemies to the United States." To satisfy the verdict of the jury in this case, a large quantity of land, owned by the defendant, was sold, in the absence of Gov. Ilarrison. The governor, some time afterward, caused about two-thirds of the property to be restored to Mr. Mcintosh, and the remainder was given to some orphan children. Gov. Ilarrison, after exhausting every possible means for main- taining peace with the Indians, determined to resort to military measures. Such were his instructions froii the President. Hi" first movement was to erect a new fort on the'^Yabash river, and to break up the assemblage of hostile Indians at the Prophet's town. For this purpose he ordered Col. Boyd's regiment of in- fantry to move from the falls of the Ohio to Vinccnncs. On the twcnty-flCth of September, 1811, when the military expedition that had been organized b}' Gov. Ilarrison, was nearly ready to march to the Prophet's town, several Indian chiefs arrived at Vin- ccnncs from that place, and declared that the Indians would com- ply with the demands of the governor and disperse. Tliis, how- ever, did not cheek the military proceedings. The army, under the jom.mand of Harrison, moved from Vinccnncs on the twenty- sixth of September, 1811, and on the third of October, having encountered no opposition from the enemy, encamped at the place where Fort Ilarrison was afterwards built, and near where the cit}' of Tcrre Haute now stands. On the night of the eleventh of October, a few hostile Indians approaohcd the encampment and wounded one of the sentinels. This caused considerable excite- ment. The army was immediately drawn up in line of battle, and small detachments were sent in all directions, but the enemy 4; •ati&i 1 ll ( §' -1 i •ni) 'I I ■ 214 Tuttle's Cextei^sial Northwest. if I f could not be found. At this point the governor sent a message to tlie Prophet's town, requiring the Shawanees, Winnebagoes, Pottawattoniies and Kickapoos, who were at that phace, to return to their respective tribes. It also required the Prophet to restore all the stolen horses in his possession, and to deliver up the mur- derers of white people, or to give satisfactory proof that such per- sons were not then, "nor had lately been" under his control. To this message the governor received no answer, unless that an- swer was delivered in the battle of Tippecanoe, Tlic new fort on the Wabash was finished on the twenty-eighth of October, and on that day, at the request of all the subordinate officers, it was called Fort Harrison. This fort was garrisoned with a small number of .lien, under Lieut, Col, Miller, and on the twenty-ninth the re- inamder of the army moved toward the Prophet's town. This force amounted to about nine hundred and ten men, and it was composed of two hundred and fifty 'cgular troops, under the com- mand of Cul, Boyd, about sixty volunteers from Kentucky, and about six hundred citizens of the Indiana territory. About two hundred and seventy of the troops were mounted. With this army Gen, Harrison marched to the Prophet's town, where the celebrated battle of Tippecanoe was fought, and the Indians completely humiliated. This triumph over the Indians broke up the power of the Prophet for the time being, and temporarily relieved the frontier settlements from Indian depredations. This temporary re- lief, ho.vever, was fully ended when, in June, 1812, the United States declared war against C'reat Britain. Tliis event was not unexpected by the citizens of the Indiana territory ; and from the hour that it occurred, or was made known in the northwest, scat- tering bands of hostile Indians began to commit depredations on the frontier settlements. Tecumseh had forsaken the soil of the United States, and settled in Maiden, Ontario, where, counseled by the English, he continued to excite the tribes against the Americans. In the early part of the month of September parties of hostile Indians began to assemble in considerable numbers in the vicinity of Fort Wayne, and about the same time a large force attacked Fort Harrison, while oiher bands of Indians passed through the territory of Indiana to the counties of Clark and I, ¥'- t^Uiitrnm ff ^ w vfi 131 TiniinroRiAL IIis Tories — Indiana. 215 Jefferson, where they massacred twenty four persons at a place which was called "the Pigeon-roost Settlement.'' The attack on Fortliarrison, which at that time was command- ed by Captain Zachary Taylor, is described by that hero in his re- port as follows : " About eleven o'clock I was awakened by the lu'ing of one of the sentinels. I sprung up, ran out, and ordered the men to their posts — when niy orderly sergeant, who had charge of the upper blockhouse, called out that the Indians had fired the lower blockhouse. * * The guns had begun to fire pretty smartly from both sides. I directed tlic buckets to be got ready, and water brought from the well, and the fire extinguished imniediatel}', as it was perceivable at that time ; but, from debili- ty, or some other cause, the men were very slow in executing my orders. The word "fire! " appeared to throw the whole of them into confusion, and by the time they had got the water and brok- en open the dour, the fire had unfortunately, communicateu to a quantity of whisky, * * and, in spite of every exertion we could make use of, in less than a moment it ascended to the roof, and baffled every effort we could make to extinguish it. As that blockhouse adjoined the barracks that made part of the forti- fications, most of the men immediately gave themselves up for lost, and I had the greatest difficulty in getting mj^ orders executed. And, sir, what from the raging of the fire — yelling and h.owling of several hundred Indians — the cries of nine women and child- ren (a part soldiers' and part citizens' wives, who had taken shel- ter in the furt), and the desponding of so many of the men, which was worse than all, I can assure you that my feelings were un- pleasant. And, indeed, there were not more tlian ten or fifteen men able to do good deal ; the others being sick, or convalescent ; and, to add to our other misfortunes, two of the strongest men in the fort, and that I had every confidence in, jumped the pickets and left us. But my presence of mind did not for a moment for- sake me. I saw by throwing off a part of the roof that joined the blockhouse that was on fire, and keeping the end perfectly wet, the whole row of buildings might be saved, and leave only an entrance of eighteen or twenty feet for the entrance of the In- dians, after the house wa.s consumed ; and that a temporary breast- work might be erected to prevent their even entering there. I m m •I 216 TUTTLI'fs CKNTE^'^'IAL NOUTIIWEST. t m\ convinced the men that tins might be accomplished, and it ap- peared to inspire them with new life; and never did men act witli more firmness and desperation. Tliosc that were able (while the others kept up a constant fire from the other blockhouse and the two bastions) mounted the roofs of the houses, with Dr. Clark at their head (who acted with the greatest firmness and presence of mind the whole time the attack lasted, which was about seven hours), under a shower of bullets, and. in less than a moment threw off as much of the roof as was necessary. * * Although the barracks were several times in a blaze, and an immense quantity of fire against them, the men used such exertions that they kept it under, and before day raised a temporary breastwork as high as a man's head, although the Indians continued to pour in a heavy fire of ball and an immense quantity of arrows during the whole time the attack lasted. '"^ * After keeping up a constant fire until about six o'clock the next morning-, which we began to re- turn with some effect after da3'light, they removed out of the reach of our guns. A party of them drove up the horses that belonged to the citizens here, and, as they could not catcli them very readi- Iv, shot the whole of them in our sight, as well as a number of their hogs. They drove ofi! the whole of the cattle, which amounted to sixty-iive head, as well as the public oxen." During the absence of Gov. Uarrison on military duty, the func- tions o): governor of the territory of Indiana were discharged by John Gil'son, the secretary of the territory. On the first of February, 181'' the legislature convened at Vinccnnes, when the seat of government was moved to Corydon, and the session was prorogued by Secretary Gibson to meet at the latter place in De- cember of the same year. In 1813, Mr. Thomas Posey, who was at that time a senator in congress from the state of Teimessee, and who had been an ofTicer of the army of the revolution, was ap- pointed governor of the territory of Indiana, to succeed Gen. Har- rison. The new governor arrived in Vincennes, and entered upon the discharge of his ofiicial duties, on the twenty-fifth of May, 1813. During this year there were several expeditions set on foot in the Indiana territory, against the Indian settlements, but these will be considered so fully in tlie Secoxd Paut of this work as to make a reference to them here inexpedient. The general as- I ii TERUrrORIAL IlwrOBIES — IXDIAXA. 217 scmlly of tlic Iiuliaiia territory met at Coryuon, iu December, 1813, where the new governor delivered his firrit message to the legislature. During this session of the territorial legislature several laws were passed, and the general welfare of the settlements pro- vided for. In the following year, owing, prineipally, to the great success of the army under Gen. Harrison in the northwest, the settlements in Indiana began to improve. Tl\c fear of danger from the incursions of the hostile Indians had, in a great measure, subsided, and the tide of eastern emigration again began to flow into the territory. In January, I'^li, about one thousand Miamis, in a state of great destitution, assend)led at Fort Wavne for the })urposc of obtaining food to prevent starvation. They met with ample hospitality, and their example was speedily followed by others. These, with other acts of kindness, won the lasting friend- ship of the Indians, many of whom had fought in tha interest of Great Britain. General treaties between the United States and the northwestern tribes were subsequently concluded, and the way was full}- opened fo)' the improvement and settlement of the lands. The last regular session of the territorial legislature of Indiana was held at Corydon, convening in December, 1815. Owing to the sickness of Gov. Posey, who lived at JefTersonvillc, he was un- able to be present, but his regular message was delivered to both houses in joint session by his private secretary. Col. Allen D. Thorn. In this message he congratulated the people of the terri- tory upon the general success of the settlements, upon the great increase of immigration to the territory ; recommended light taxes, and a careful attention to the promotion of education and the im- provement of tiic state roads and highways. He also recommended a revision of the territorial laws, and an amendment to the militia system. During this session, which lasted only a month, several laws were passed, and measures adopted, most of which were cal- culated to promote the desired change from a territorial to a state government. On the fourteenth day of December a memorial wa-" adopted praying for the authority to adopt a constitution and state government. This was laid before congress by the territorial dele- gate, Mr. Jennings, on the twenty-eighth of the same month, and on the nineteenth of Aprd, 1816, the president approved a bill, m m *' )' I it I Mi' .|Li 218 T utile's Centennial Northwest. enabling the pcoi)le of Indiana territory to form a constitution and state government, and providing for the admission of such state into the Uniun on an equal fooling with tlie original states. CHAPTEll XIX. TERRITORIAL HISTORIES — MICUIGAN. Tecumscli's War — Organi/ation of the Micliijxan Territory — Gov. Hull Ap- pointed — Hull Invailcs Canada — Tlio British and the Amuricaus Cou- teuding for Detroit — Hull's Inglorious Surrender. Tecumseh's wau had its full cllect upon the infant settle- ments in the Michigan territory, and upon the outposts of civili- zation in the lake region. The Michigan territory was organized in 1805, and William Hull was appointed governor. When he first arrived at his post, Detroit was about the only place of im- portance in the country, and it was but a weak trading post. In the same year it was destroyed by fire, and, on being rebuilt, it ■wa§ left without a stockade which had previously surrounded it. However, the hostile appearances of the Indians caused the gov- ernor to have it rebuilt. In September, 1809, a special council of the Ilarons was cal^'^d near Brownstown, and, at the instigation of their principal chief, Walk-in-the-water, they freely spoke of their grievances to Gov. Hull. Tlie speech addressed by this chief to the governor, set- ting forth the title of his tribe to a large tract of territory near the Detroit river, which was claimed by the United States, under the treaty of Greenville, shows how dissatisfied they were with this treaty, and with the encroachments of the Amcrioan pcoi)le. In the midst of all these evidences of war, the territory of ^Iichi- gan remained in a comparatively defenseless state. There were at this time, in the whole territory, but nine settlements of any importance ; nor were the inhabitants of these villages calculated to show any considerable resistance to the approaching incursions of the savages. These settlements were situated on the rivers Tehhitoiual Uistohies — Miciiioan. 219 Miami arnl Ilaisin, on the Huron of lake Erie, on the Ecorse, llonge and Detroit rivers, on the Huron of St. Chiir, the St. Clair river, luid tiie island of Afaekinaw. In addition to the.se there ■were, here and there, groups of huts belonging to the French fur traders. The villages upon the Maumee, the Kaisin and the Hu- ron of lake Erie contained a po[)alation of .nbout thirteen hun- dred ; the post of Detroit and the settlements on the nvers Kougc and Ecorse, and on the Huron of lake St. Clair, numbered about two tliousand two hundred; the islaud of itackinaw about one thousand. Detroit was garrironed by ninety-four men, and Macki- naw by sovent3'-nine. Thus, the entire population of the state was only about four thousantl eight hundred, four-fifths of whom ■were French, and the remainder Americans. An Indian war be- ing now apparent, a memorial was presented to congress, setting forth the defenseless condition of the territory, and praying for aid from that body. This memorial was signed by the principal inhabitants of Detroit, and sent to AVashington on the 27th of December, 1811. Tecumseh had collected his warriors, and was now ready for action. The first hostile demonstration was in the shape of marauding parties, going from one settlement to anodier and committing depredations. On the banks of the Kalamazoo river a smitli's forge had been erected, where hatchets and scalp- ing knives were made by the savages; and, at no great distance from this, the Indian women were cultivating corn with which to supply the warriors with. food. All the plans having been fully matured, the contest at length began on the banks of the Wabash, at tlie Prophet's town. The Indian warriors from ill quarters came to join Tecumseh, and the English, on the oppo- site shores, looked on with deep interest upon what was passing, regarding the savages as important allies in the conflict in which they expected shortly to be engaged. A body of troops was col- lected in Oliio, consisting of about twelve hundred men, raised by order of the president of the United States ; and this number was largely increased by volunteers. These troops were formed into three regiments, under the commtind of Cols. McArthur, Finelly and Cass ; and a fourth regiment, about three hundred strong, under Col. ^Miller, afterwards joined them, the whole be ing under the command of Gen. Hull, the governor of Michigan. I .1 ^ 220 TcTTfj'fa CnsTEKSiAL Northwest. "Witli this force, Gon. Hull niarclicd from Dnytoii towards Detroit.'* " Wliilo under niarcli, near tho river Hiiisin, on the od of July, 1812, Gen. Hull received dispatelies from Washingtou City, au- uonncing the declaration of war against Kngland. Two days after, they reached tlie river Huron, where a floating bridge \\*a.s con.structed, so that the entire army, with all the baggage and stores, passed over in safety. On the 5th of July, the army passed tho Indian council ground at Brownstown, crossed t! river Rouge, and encamped at Springwells, about three miles be- low Detroit. The fourth regiment marched to the fort and (X'ou[)ied it on the following day. The volunteers took up their position near the fort, anel a movement was made to procure a large num- ber of boats for the purpose of transporting tho army into Canada. Orders were accordingly i.ssued for the army to be in readiness to cross the river early on the following mori ing; and, at this time, the army moved up the river to a point opposite the lower end of Hog island. It was now daylight, of a delightfully bright suiu- mer morning. The whola line entered the boats, which had, on the previous evening, been taken from o})posite tho fort, at a point near Sandwich, in order to mislead the enemy as to the place se- lected for their advance. The army was not attacked on landing in Canada, as they expected, and marched down tho road along the bank of the river, to a point o]ipositc the town, presenting a fine appearance from the opposite shore. The inhabitants, nearly all Canadian French, welcomed the troops as friends, and white handkerchiefs and flags waved from every house, and many greet- ed the army with shouts of, ' We like the Americans I ' A vacant, unfinished two-story brick house, belonging to Col. Baby, with extensive grounds, became the headquarters and intrenched camp of the northwestern army in Canada. The roof of tho house was shingled, the floors laid, and the windows in; otherwise, it was entirely unfinished. A partition cif rough boards was put up on each side of the hall, which I'an entirely through the building. Gen, Hull, with his aids, occujjied the north half of the house; Gen. James Tajdor, quartermaster-general of the army, with his two assistants, occupied the south side. The councils of war were held in the second story, over the room occupied by the com- * Tuttle's History of Michigan. TmiuiTOBiAL IfisTOiiiKs — MiciuaAN. 221 mantling goiioi'ul, access to which was liad by a rough stairway. Gen. Hull aiul his son, Capt. Hull, lodged most oi the time at headquarters; Gen. Taylor, being unwell, lodged in Detroit." While in Canada, Gen. Hull issued a prochunation to the peo- ple of Canada, in which ho i)romised i)rotcction to life and prop- erty, if the inhabitants maintained a strict neutrality, and an- nounced that if resistance was made, the w;ir would be prosecuted to extermination, lie warned them tliat no white man caught fighting by the .side of an Indian would be talceti prisoner, ^ut would instantly be put to death ; and closed with the hope that c Divine Kuler would guide them in their choice to a result -ySt comj)atible with their rights, interests and happiness. This address is said to have been written by Gov. (then colonel) Cass. The troops quartered at Sandwich for four weeks, during which time a detachment under Col. McArthur marched up the Thames river, and returned with large supplies of flour, wheat, beef, cattle, and about a thousand shccj). The following sketch of Hull's disgraceful speculations in Michigan territory is condensed from Tuttlc's History of Michigan : "The latter were all sent over the river, and were permitted to range at large upon the extensive common back of the fort, where they remained until after the surrender of the army, when they were killed by Indians, and the meat appropriated to their u.se. A reconnoisancc in force, under Cols. ^IcArthur and Cass, marched to the vicinity of ^Maiden, where they dislodged a picket guard, posted at the bridge over the Canard river, fourteen miles from camp, and four miles above Maiden. Another reconnoissance by the light infanry and a small detachment of tlie Fourth U. S. regiment, commanded by Capt. Snelling, was made about the twentieth of July, by which it was ascertained that the enemy had witlidrawn his outpost at the Canard bridge, and had stationed a vessel, named the Queen Charlotte, off and near the mouth of the Canard river, in a posi- tion of t)bservation. A plan was formed, by these oHicers and others to construct some floating batteries, place a twenty-four pound gun upon each, and, with the .addition of a few gunners and sailors then in Detroit, to descend along the shore of the river on the first dark night, and cai)ture the Queen Charlotte. This project met with a refusal at headquarters, and all that could be ■^■-^-1 T" t 222 TutTLE's CeNTEXXIAL NOBTnWEST. obtained was a permission to make a furtiicr reconnoissance, and ascertain tlie exact position of the vessel. In making this ivcon- poisance, it was intended, if possible, to carry her bj boarding, but tlie attempt, for the want of the batteries and sailors, and ow- ing to the niglit brightening after twelve o'clock, did not succeed, " A.t this timCj the British had posted a small Indian force on the line of communication betvveen Detroit and Onio, and had captured a bearer of dispatches from head»^uartcrs, as well as pri- vate correspondence, which of course were taken to Maiden. Gen. Hull, therefore, ordered Major Vanhorne, of the second regiment of volunteers, with two companies of infantry, a part of a company of volunteei cavalry together with a part oi a ride company, to escort the mail awd dispatches; as well as a few gen- tlemen, belonging to the commissary department, returning to Oliio. lie proceeded down the same road the army hud marched np on its approach to Detroit, and, on reaching a point nearly oppo'ite ^Maiden, about the center of Grosse Isle, was attacked, and, iuter the loss of many brave men and officers, compelled to retreat back to tlie fort. This, together with the reception at head- quarters of the news that Fort M';,":kinaw had been captured by Koberts, seemed to have shocked the commanding general, and to have divested him of all control over his fears. From the twentieth of July, the army w;;. in hourly expectation of ortlers to march on Maiden. The enemy's weakness was well known, and it is believed that the English would have made but a small resistance. But time passed on, and no such orders wore given. On the evening of the seventh of Auignst, marching orders wei'e given. At eleven o'clock, tents were .struck and loaded, and tho wagon train was moving; but, instead of moving down tlio road, in the direction of the enemy, it was driven to the landing, and taken by ferry boats across the river, and stationed on the com- mon, north of the fort. Orders were issued during the nigiit to break up camp, and tho army recrossed to Detroit. This act cre- ated astonishment and indignation among the soldier.s, and it was freely whi.spcred that Gen. Hull had disgraced liimself and the army. This act of Hull's Is the more astonishing, when we con- sider that the enemy's force war^ known to him to be slight, and huurly becoming weaker. It had already been reduced by dcser- wm'A \ ■TtntniToniAL Histories — Michigan: 223 m ■ tion from six hundred and sixty Canadian militia to one hundred and sixty ; from one hundred Indians, under Tecumseli, to si::ty, and having but two hundred and twenty-five reguhirs. It was also known to Hull that the British oflieers had already sent their most valuable eflects on board their vessels in the port, prepara- lory to a jireeipitate evacuation of the post. Such were the forces, and suci' the comlition ot the British. Now let us see what was the strength of the American army. According to the official report of t!ie brigade major, acting as adjutant general of the army, the forces numbcrcl 2,300 eflfeetive men, well supplied with artil- lery, independent of the guns of the fort and advanced batteries. As wu have already seen, there was an abundance of provisions, and nothintr v as wanting to secure the most favorable action of the troops. B .t, with this superiority of numbers, with the ene- my already defeated with alarm. Gen. Hull ingloriously sur- renders Detroit and his Vvhole army to a handful of English ! " But we shall see more particularly how this was done. On the ninth of August a strong detachment was marched down the road, with orders to attack the encm}--, who had crossed from ]\Ialdcn ir. ^orce, and taken up a position nearly opposite the center of Grosse Isle, cutting off the road of communication with Ohio. The detachment reached them at three o'clock in the afternoon, and immediately charged upou their lines, and drove them three miles to their boat:5, when, as it had become dark and wa'^ rain- ing, the most of them escaped to Maiden. In this action, some say that the fo ■je:s were about ef][ual ; but it is probable Luat the Americans had the strongest force. The British brought into the held a large part of ihcir regulars, together with all the Indian contingent, tlic whole being under the command of Maj. ]Muir. The following day, the Americiin detachment, after sending for- ward the mails and dispatches, returned to.the fort. The Ameri- cans lost sixty-eight men in the battle ; the English loss was some- what less. This action is known as the battle of Brownstown." This light developed the fact, that a largely increased Indian force had gone over under the flag of the Shawanee chief, who had circulated the news of the fall of ^Cackinaw among the tribes, and summoned ihem tc his aid with promises of plunder. He had' now one thousand men under his command. " A su.spieion, ™'' 221 Tl'ttle's Cextesxial XonTinvEST. iiiii^ strongly grounded and deeply felt, on tlic part of the most active antl intelligent of the volunteers,"' says Col. W. S. Hatch, " had now risen to such a ])oint, that there was no longer any confi- dence reposed in the valor or patriotism of the commanding gen- eral. A consultation was held, and it was decided to get up a ' Hound Jiobin ' — a written document, signed hy names in a ring or circle, so as not to show who signed it lirst — addressed to the colonels of the Ohio volunteers, requesting the arrest or displace- ment of the general, and devolving the command on the eldest of the colonels, !N[cArthur." ^I'his was on the twelfth of August, and on the following day, it was reported that an armistice, or, at least, a temporary cessation of hostilities, had been agreed upon by the British authorities and the American armies on the Niag- ara and northern frontier ; and that Maj. Gen. D rock, governor of Upper Canada, an officer of high reputation, had arrived at Maiden, to conduct operations in that quarter. " The suspicion and distrust of 'the army," says Col. Hatch, " was increased by Gen. IIull's peremptory refusal to allow that distinguislied ofiiccr, Capt. (afterwards Col.) Snelling, to cross the river in t^.ic niglit, to carry and destroy an unfinished battery, which was being con- structed on the opposite bank, under the direction of Capt. Dixon, of the ro\-al artillery. This was the only battery of any conse- quence established by the enemy, and the only one that injured the Americans. It opened on the afternoon of the fifteenth, and continued its cannonade during the morning of the sixteenth, ^vbcn one of its bails .-truck, and instantly killed, Lieut. Ilanks, v.'ho had been in command at Mackinaw. The same ball passed on and mortally wounded Surg, lleynolds, of the third regiment of volunteers. On Thursday, August thirteenth, it was ab.solutely necessary that the greatest vigilance should be maintained, and that the outlying pickets should be largely increased. At eleven o'clock of this evening .i boat was discovered approaching the fort from the Canadian side of the river, and, as it neared the shore, two men were noticed sitting aft, and two more at the oar.s. On hc'iwj, challenged, the boat came up, and one of the gentlemen gave the countersign. " He was well known, and known to have the con- fidence of the commanding general more than any other officer," u i I : 'i w ■ i li J..,- : i i 1 .-'■■>' ^■;'. /«:■ V. ♦w M rw " ■*w | g id »W W I ' IT ; * J r «Hi n m H ;i. ilffi; Terbitoihal Histories — Michigan. 225 says the same authority, already quoted, "and, in almost every instance, had been intrusted with the duty of intercourse by flag with the enemy. The other gentleman appeared, as near as could be judged by the dim light, to be young, well formed, and of military bearing. They directed their steps to the headquarters of tlie commanding general, remaining Lhere three hours. They then returned to the boat, and crossed to the Canadian sliore. The boat came back; but one of the gentlemen only was with her. lie gave the word, and passed on. At that time, on that night, the capitulation c^f the fort and the surrender of the north- western army was agreed upon. The parties to that agreement were Gen. null,_ and, on the part of the British, ^[aj. Glegg, one of the aids-de-camp of Gen. Brock" Col. Hatch further sub- stantiates his views as follows: "This is a historic fact, which Maj. Glegg, if alive, will corroborate, as, after the war in 1815, at a hotel in Philadelphia, he communicated his participation in the rcL, as above stated, to the late quartermaster general of the northwestern army, Gen. James Taylor, of Newport, Kentucky." Previous to this time a reinforcement of two hundred and thirty men, under the command of Col. Henry Brush, of Chillicothe, Ohio, conveying supplies, including one hundred head of cattle, had arrived at tlic little French settlouient at the crossing of the river Raisin, thirty-five miles from the fort. Here they halted, in consccpienee of the threatening attitude of the enemy, and reported to the commanding general, who issued orders on the afternoon of Frida}', the fourteenth of August, for a detachnient of about three hundred and sixt}' men, under command of the colonels of the first and third regiments of Ohio volunteers, to rr.arch at twilight on the line of a circuitous route or trail, which passed by the river Eouge, several miles above its mouth, and continued far into the interior, passing the Huron, and striking the Raisin, and passing down that stream to Frenchtown. Ac- compan^-'ng the order was the information that Col. Brush had been ordered to move from his camp up this route, and would doubtless be met bciiween the Rouge and Huron, and at a distance not exceeding twelve miles from the fort ; but the detachment was to continue its march till he was met. "Tlie officers of the detachment," says Col. Hatch, " believing tliat they would meet 15 'H •'I'J :| . I ;f : :U: Mi :\U i' ■* -**'-!-■ ll'l; 226 Tuttle's Cextesxial XoJiTinrEST. Col. Brush and party, and return with it to Detroit by two or thrco o'clock A. m., and, desu'ing the troops to march light and rapid, directed that no food or baggage be taken along, not even their blankets, nor would they remain for supper. This order at the time excited no particular suspicion. The course adopted was attributed to timidity, overruling sagacious and ])rompt mili- tary conduct on the part of the commanding general. But hero all were deceived, as no order had been sent to Col. Brush to movo in the direction stated, or to movo at all. Tlic sole object of the movement was to reduce the active force at the fort, preliminary to carrying into effect the capitulation which had already been agreed upon ; to get rid of a large number of officers and men known to be keenly sensitive to an honorable success, and had been openly hostile to the inaction of the army when in Canada, and to the recrossing the river, and wdio, if present, would have re- sisted to the extremest point, regardless of all or an}' conse- quences, any attempt to surrender the fort or the army." The de- tachment left the fort at dusk, and entered the woods just in the rear of the common. They continued their march until thirty-five miles from Detroit, when, ascertaining that Col. Brush had not started from his camp, they returned. As they neared the fort a brisk cannonading was heard, from which it was supposed that the enemy had cros.sed the river below the town and made an attack on the fort, "If the firing had continued until the detach- ment had reached the little settlement on the river Rouge,'' says the same authority, " it would have entered by the Springwclls road, and have come in on the left flank and rear of the enemy ; and, doubtless, as we believed, would have captured the entire British forces, as they would have been between the fires of our volunteers in front of the fort, and ours in the rear. Entertaining: these exhilarating hopes, although without food for so long a. time, the troops composing this detachment, without exception, appeared stimulated by the anticipated and hoped for conflict. With these high and cheering expectations, they not only marched in double quick time, but actually kept up with the slow trot of the horses for at least twenty miles, when the cannonading ceased. iWe resumed this unusual march, and, without once halting until •we arrived, at about midnight, at the edge of the woods which we "TJ^^^T. mm m m m m fmr m mm ' l ' i>«kimimmM t . Tlsritoria l His Tories — Michigan. 227 entered the night before ; when, to our utter astonishment and in- dignation, we beheld the British flag floating horn the flagstaff of the fort and the Indians in the extensive common before us, tn':- ing horses and cattle." The fort of Detroit and the northwestcin army had been surrendered. The detachment that we have just followed was also included, as well as that under Col. Brush, at the Raisin. Col. Brush, however, decided that he would not be surrendered. lie detained the British flag sent to inform him of the capitulation, only long enough to obtain supplies for his soldiers, and the whole force v/as then started for Ohio, which they reached in safety. On the 17th of August the British celebrated their success by firing a salute, using the cannon belonging to the fort. A provis- ional government was established by the British at Detroit, and a small force placed in the fort. The Indians, who were numerous, and claimed large rewards for their co'^*~""\tion, and who were but slightly, if at r.ll, restrained by the gu ._..n, carried plunder and devastation into almost every house, and through almost every farm in the territory. The miserable inhabitants had no alterna- tive but to submit, or incur the ha.iiard of more aggravated out- rage. Mo>t of the citizens of Detroit were sent into exile, ^nd distress and ruin appeared to be the inevitable lot of all. CHAPTER XX. TERRITORIAL HISTORIES- (conttnu, il.) ■MICHIGAN. Michilimackinac — Contest for this Northern Post — Gen. Cass appointed- Governor — Progress of the Territory — State Govcnmicnt Organized. About one year after the memorable massacre at Michilirnac- inac under the conspiracy of Pontiac, the British sent troops iinder Capt. Howard, to garrison the fort. Soon after this the fort was removed. In 1779, a party of British officers from the post of Michilimackinac visited the Island of Mackinaw, which lies in SI m m (■111,. 1..II' 1! rt \i >H n^^ 228 TUTTLEfs CeXTEXNIAL NoiiTfnVEST. the straits separating the two peninsulas of Michigan, for the purpose of selecting a suitable site for the fort. This done, they gained permission from the Indians to occupy it, and the fort was removed to the island in the summer of 1780, the troops talcing possession July fifteenth. The removal of the inhabitants from the mainland was gradual, and the fort was not completed until 1783. Ill 1795, when the British gave up Fort Mackinaw to the Americans, they repaired to the island of St. Joseph, which is situated in the St. Mary's river, about twenty miles above Detour, and there constructed a fort. At the commencement of the war of 1812, the fort was garrisoned by a small detachment of British regulars, under command of Capt. Eoberts. At this time the garrison of Fort Mackinaw consisted of only fifty-seven effective men, under the command of Lieut. Hanks. The walls, which had been built by the English in 1780, and which are still stand- ing, were surmounted by a palisade of cedar pickets, about ten feet hicjh, intended as a defense against the Indians. To make it impossible to scale this palisade, each picket was protected at the top by sharp iron prongs. Through it were numerous port-holes, through which a leaden shower of death might be poured upon any loo that should come near. Two or three guns, of small calibre, were planted at convenient places upon the walls, and one small piece in each of the three block houses. When the war of 1812 was declared, the Americans were, for some cause, slow to notify the western outposts, while the British were very prompt.''* "With almost incredible dispatch, a messenger was .sent to the island of St. Joseph, situated in the St. Mary's river, bearing a letter to Capt. lioberts, containing the information of the declaration of vrar, and also the suggestion of an immediate attack on Fort Mackinaw. Eoberts was bat poorly prepared for an enterprise of such moment, yet, entering warmly into the views of his superior officer, and being cordially supported by the agents of the Northwest Fur company, he was not long in de- ciding upon his course. The Ottawas and Ohippewas, two neigh- boring Indian tribes, soon flocked to his standard in large num- bers. The French, jealous of the Americans, still further aug- mented his strength ; and, in the short space of eight days, he had ♦From Tattle's History of Michigan. TKIlJilTOlilAL HlSTOUlES — MlCIIIOAX. 229 a force, naval and military, of more than a thousand men at hig command. On the sixloenth day of July he embarked for ;N[ackinaw. But all tliis was unsuspected by the little garrison and the inhabitants of Mackinaw. The first intimation which they received that all was not right was from the conduct of the Indians. In obedience to the summons of Capt. lloberts, they •were going toward the Sault in large numbers. This caused some uneasiness, and Lieut. Hanks, witli the citTzens of the place, made every effort to learn from them the object of the;;* journey. Several councils were called, but in vain. Scegenoe, chief of the Ottawas, was questioned closely, but not a word could be elicitedfrom him which in any way explained their conduct. " Failing to get any satisfaction from the Indians, they next called a public meeting of the citizens, where it was resolved to make yet another effort to unravel the mystery. One Mr. Dous- man, an American fur trader, had, sometime before, sent two of his agents into the Lake Superior region, to trade with the Indians for f'ur.s. He had heard of their return to the Sault, but knew of no reasons why they had not returned to his headcpuirters at ^fackinaw. He, therefore, on the sixteenth of July, under the pretense of ascertaining the reason of their dehi}'', but really to learn what it was that called so many of the Indians in that di- rection, set out for the Sault. He had not gone far before he learned the wliole truth ; for meeting Capt. lloberts' expedition, he was taken prisoner, barely escaping with his life. In the evening of the same day, when the expedition was nearing the island, it was proposed by Capt. Roberts to send one Oliver, a British trader, to the people of the town, to inform them of his approach, and conduct them to a place of safety. Mr. Dousmau now urged upon Capt. lloberts that the people would, perhaps, be slow to believe such a report from a stranger ; and, anxious for the safety of his friends, asked leave to return on that mission himself. This he was permitted to do, having first taken oath that he would not give information of- their approach to the gar- rison, lie returned to the harbor, in front of the town, and an hour before day, proceeded to the house of Mr. A. R. Davenport, and rapped loudly at the door. Mr. Davenport, on learning who I I I St' |!|;i •kt.' ft- , t ■ : 230 TuTTLE's CEXTEXyiAL NORTint'EST. ii| iii|i ■was at the door, rose hastily, and went out, where he learned from his friend that war had been declared, and that the British had come to take tlie fort, being already upon the island. Tiio news spread rapidly from one settler to another, yet the fort re- mained in ignorance of danger, for none dare betray the secret. Word was circulated that if the citijcens took refuge in the distil- lery, they would be safe. Like wildlire, the message went from mouth to mouth, until every man, woman and child were on their way to the place of promised safety. " Meanwhilr, Ca})t. Kobcrts proceeded to the northwest side of the island, landed his forces, and began his march toward the fort. At the farm near the landing they took possession of a number of cattle, and before the dawn of day, reached the hollow which may be seen a ?hort distance to the rear of the fort. Upon a little ridge, which separates this hollow from the parade ground, they planted a gun in the road, and anxiously awaited the ap- proach of day. The dawn appeared, and the unsuspecting garri- son began to move. As Lieut. JTanks looked out from his quar- ters, he was surprised at the unusual quiet that prevailed in the town below. No smoke was seen curling from the chimney tops and no footsteps were heard in the streets. This looked stravjge, and he ordered Lieut. Darrow, with two men, to go down and as- certain the reason. When this officer arrived at the distillery, the truth fla.sbed upon him. Under a strong guard whica had been sent by Capt. Roberts, the inhabitants of the place were awaiting the decision that would again make them subjects of tho British Crown. Darrow entered the distillery, and shooK hands with its inmates; but when he started to return to the fort, the guards proposed to make him prisoner. Taking a pistol in each hand, and demanding permission to return, he faced the guards, and followed by his men, walked backwards till beyond their reach, when lie returned, without molestation to the fort. But Lieut. Hanks did not have to wait for the return of Darrow, to learn the state of affairs below, for the sharp report of a British gun soon told him all. The r(>port had scarcely died away, when a British officer, with a flag in hand, appeared and demanded a surrender, emphasizing the demand by a statement ot the over- whelming numbers of the in\'ading army, and a threat of indis- cr ui g an cd Di .vhich were enacted in the one capacity, lie was obliged to execute in the other. How well he performed his task, the con- dition of the state when he resigned his office, after eighteen years of service, abundantly testifies. In 1817, Gen. Cass made a most important treaty with the Indians, by which their title was extin- guished to nearly i\\ the land in Ohio, a part in the state of Indi- ana, and a portion in the state of Michigan. This was not only the most valuable treaty that had at that time been made with the Indians, but was of the utmost importance to tlie territory of Michigan. It attached the isolated population of Michigan to the state of Ohio; made the territorial government, in a fuller sense, an integral prrt of the federal union, and removed all apprehen- sion of a hostile confederacy among the Indian tribes along the lake and riv'ei" frontier. Up to this time there was not a road within the bmits of /die territory, save the military road along the Detroit river. But, now that the Indian settlements and lands could not be interposed as a barrier to the undertaking, Gen. Cass resolved to bring the attention of congress to the necessity and advantage of a military road from Detroit to Sanc'usky. He pointed out the i)eculiar political and pecuniary advantages of such an undertaking, and congress immediately authorized the W: !';;■ :it m I' ».:iy.<:./' w 't.l' 236 Tuttle's Cextexxial Northwest. road to lie built over tlic route indicated ; taking in its course wliat was known as tlie Black Swamp, then a trackless morass for teams and wagons, but now one of the most fertile regions of the countrv. Two events occurred in 1819, which may be regarded as start- ing points of Michigan progress. The first was when the steam- boat, the AYalk-in-the-Water, made her appearance on Lake Erie, crossing that lake and passing up to Mackiiiaw. The second was the granting to the people of Michigan the privilege of electing a dele- gate to congress. These events were great advances in the hopes and prosperity of Michigan. By the first, a new and valuable means of commercial, intercourse was introduced ; and, by the latter, a new channel of communication was opened, through which the people could communicate to congress and the national government their wants and situation. Again, what was, jier- haps, of as great in.^ ^vtance as either of the above events, fur- ther sales of public lands ,vere ordered and made. This would cause settlements to be made further into the interior of the pen- i:.sula, and land, now studded, at long intervals, on the banks of her lakes and rivers, by the Frenchman's hut, or the solitary post of the fur trader, would soon become the sites of towns and vil- lages, teeming with commerce and civilization. The census taken about this time showed a population in the Michigan Territory of 8,890. Detroit contained 250 houses and 1,450 inhabitants, exclusive of the garrison. The island of !N[ack- inaw, which continued to be the central mart of the fur trade, had a stationary population of four hundred and fifty, which oc- casionally increased to not less than two thousand, by the Indi- r.;is and fur traders who resorted there from the upper lakes. The settlement at the Sault Ste. Marie contained fifteen or twenty houses, occupied bj' French and English families. The territory now rapidly increased in population ; roads were built, and general improvements went forward ; settlers were ex- tending themselves along the rivers St. Clair, Raisin and Huron, and settlements were made where now stand the cities of Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Jackson, Tecumsoh and Pontiac. But they were not yd free from the annoyance of the Indians. The P'oxes and Sacs annually made their appearance to receive thousands of TERniTORiAL Histories — MicniQAX. 237 dollar.s of presents from the British agents at !Maldon. It was no unfrequent occurrence for tliem, as they passed along, to commit depredations upon the property of the whites. Tliis annual trib- ute also had a tendency to create and strengthen an attachment and sympathy between the Indians and the British government. It became obvious, then, that some measures were necessary to 2)ut a stop to this custom, and to remove the Indians as far as possible from British influence, so annoying to the settlers even in time of peace, and in time of war so dangerous. In 1823 congress passed an act changing the form of territorial government. This act abrogated the legislative power of the governor and judges, and established a legislative council, to consist of nine members. These members were to be ap- pointed by the president of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, out of eighteen candidates elected by the people of the territory. This council and the gov- ernor of the territory were invested with the same powers which had been before granted by the ordinance of 1787 to the govern- or, legislative council and house of representatives of the north- western territory. By this law the term of a judicial office was limited to four years, and eligibility to ofTTice required the same qualifications as the right of suffrage. This act met the cordial approbation of the people of the territory. They were now in- vested with a more compact and energetic government. An in- terest was awakened in the minds of the people in the affairs of their government, and they began to experience that sensation of citizenship which underlies the growth and prosperity of all civil- ized communities. Tlie first legislative council convened under this act, met for the first time at the council house at Detroit, on the seventh day of June, 1824. Gov. Cass then delivered his message, briefly reviewing the progress of the territory since his administration commenced, and marking out what he considered the proper line of policy in its existing condition. Amongst other matters to which the governor called the attention of the council was that of schools and education — a subject not so much discussed or generally appreciated as since. In the course of this vear. Gov. Cass called the attention of the general irovern- ment to the mineral resources of the Lake Superior country, and rill ' m \^ ' 'F! 238 TvTTLifs Centexnial Northwest. asked that steps might be taken to procure from the Indians the privilege of exploring and mining in that country. In conipli- ancewith this recommendation, the senate passed a bill conferring authority on the president to appoint a commissioner to treat M'ith the Indians for this purpose, The house, however, refused to concur ; but at the next session of congress the bill passed both houses. This was the fir.st legislation which led to the com- mencement of mining operations on Lake Superior. In November, 1S26, the council again convened. Daring that session they were called upon to consider a question which, sev- eral years after, threatentl to embroil the territory in an armed conflict with the state of Ohio. This was in reference to the dividing line between Michigan and the contiguous .states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. A discussion of this question is, however, more properly reserved for a future chapter. " In the meantime, a change had been made in the manner of selecting the minor officers of the territory. All the county ofli- cers. save those of a judicial character, were made elective by the people, and all executive appointments were required to be ap- proved by the legislative council. An act was also j)assed cm- powering the governor and council to divide the territory into townships, to incorporate the same, and to define their rights and privileges. The country was now rapidly increasing in wealth and population. A new impetus had been given to the growth of the whole northwest, by the o2)cning, in 1825, of the Eric canal from Hudson river to Buffalo. The effect of the completion of this magnificent enterprise was to cheapen transportation, and give to the west the foreign merchandise of which it stood in need, at a greatly reduced price. At the same time it had the effect of enhancing the price of the agricultural products of the west in a still greater proportion. Consequently lands increased in value, and new facilities and new motives were ofifered for scUlcment. The "Walk-in-the- Water was now found too slow and of insufficient capacity to accommodate the travelers and their goody over the rough waters of the lakes. To accommodate this increase, the Henry Clay and other steam vessels were built. To meet the increasing demand for land, new surveys were made, and large tracts of land thrown upon the market. Capital began to flow in at fo sn pr w; * 1; TininiTouiAL IIistoeies — Michigan. 239 i and seek investment in tlic fertile acres which were thrown open for settlement. Improvements, local and general, were made; the small settlements began to swell into villages; public edifices and private mansions were projected and built; the echo of the woods was supplanted by the busy hum of commerce; and rich fields of golden grain, and other products of agricultural industry, were to be seen on every hand, and were harvested and ship].ied to the .seaboard. Michigan now began to be considered the asylum and the retreat for all who would better their fortunes by industry. In the meantime, in order to meet the claims of the increasing population of the territory, new privileges of a political character had been granted them. The legislative council was increased to thirteen n^embcrs, to be chosen by the president, from twenty-six selected as candidates by the people. This change was made in 1825. In 1827 an act was passed authorizing the electors to choose their representatives directly, without the further sanction of either the president or congress. The power of enacting laws was given to the council, subject, however, to the apprc "1 of congress, and the veto of the governor of the territory. Upon this footing the government of the territory remained until the organization of the state government."* In 1631, Gov. Lewis Gass was appointed secretary of war in the cabinet of Prest. Jackson, and he thereupon retired from the ofTice of governor of Michigan, having served in that capacity for the period of eighteen years. He had been appointed six times, running through tlie- presidcncjMif Madison, !N[onroe, and John Quincy Adams — without a single representation against him from the people in all* that time, or a single vote against him in the senate. He had, in the meantime, faithfully discharged his duties as Indian commissioner, and had concluded nineteen treaties with the Indians, and acquired large cessions in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. The people of the territory fully ap- preciated his worth at the time, as was more than once manifested in after years. He was succeeded by Gen. Geo. B. Porter in July, 1831. On the si.xlh of July 183-1, the office of governor became va- cant, by the death of Gov. Porter. By the provision of law ♦llibtory of Michigan. 11 240 Tuttle's Cextexxial Northwest. for the government of tlie territory in case of the death, removal, resignation, or necessary absence of the governor, the secretary of the territory was required to execute the powers and perform all the duties of the governor during the vacancy. The functions of the office, eonscquenth', devolved upon the secretary, Stevens T. Mason. Coteraperaneous with the question of forming a state govern- ment, that of the southeastern boundry of the .state became im- portant, and caused much bitter feeling between Michigan and Ohio. After the boundary contest which was conducted with no great credit to the officials of Micliigan, the territorial govern- ment was succeeded by a state government and Michigan was ad- mitted into the union a soverign state. CKAPTER XXI. ; TERRITORIAL HISTORIES — ILLINOIS. Illiuois under the Fivnch — Englisli Virginia — Territorial Government Formed in 1809 — The Chicago Massacre — Horrible IjiUcliery of the Garrison — Indian Treachery — Formation of tlie State Government. The great event in the northwest in 1809 was the organiza- tion of the territory of Illinois. The people of this section had, at several period.s, been left without a government. As we have already observed, it was, originally a portion of ancient Louisiana under the French monarchy. By the treaty of France with Great Britian, in 17G3, all Canada, including the Illinois country, was ceded to the English. However, British authority and laws did not reach Illinois until 17(35, when Capt. Sterling in the name and by the authority of the British Crown, established the pro- visional government at Fort Chartres. In ITGG the passage of the celebrated " Quebec bill "as it was called, })laced Illinois and the Northwest territory under the local adminis'tration of Canada. But the memorable conquest of the country by Clark in 1778, brought it under the jurisdiction -' Virginia, and in the month of TEiiiiiroiuA L His touies — Illinois , 211 October of that year the legislature of that state organized the county of Illinois. The cession of the country to the Continental congress was made in 1784, and the ordinance which provided for the erection of the territory northwest of the Ohio was adopted in 1787, and the governor and judges who exercised, in one body, legislative and judicial authority, did not go into operation until July, 1788. Still the Illinois country remained without any or- szanized government till March, 1790, when Gov. St. Clair or- ganized the county that bears his name. Hence, for more than six years at one period, and for a shorter time at other periods, there was no executive, legislative, and judicial authority in the country. The people were a "law unto themselves," and good feelings, harmony, and fidelity to engagements predominated. From 1800 they had been a part of the territory of Indiana. In all the territories at that period, there were two grades of territor- ial government. The first was that of governor and judges. These constituted the law making power. Such was the organization of Illinois in 1809. The next grade was a territorial legislature ; the people electing the house of representatives, and the president and senate appointing the council. By an act of congress, of February 3, 1809, all that part of Indiana territory which lies west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from that river and Post Vinccnnes, due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was constituted into a separate territory, by the name of Illinois ; and the first grade of territorial government was established. For eight years Illinois had formed a part of Indiana, and the principal statutes of that territory were reen- acted by the governor and judges, and became the basis of statute law in Illinois. The principal event, or wc may say, the most shocking event that occurred during the territorial existence of Chicago, was the massacre at Fort Dearborn (Chicago) in 1812. A small tradin"- post had been established at Chicago in the period of French ex- plorations, but no village formed ; and it will be remembered that at the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, the Pottawatomies, Miamia and other nations agreed to relinquish their right to a piece of land, six miles square, at the mouth of the Chicago river, " where a fort formerly stood." The United States erected a small fort 10 1 f i 1 i : s- ; I..' 1- : I 1 ',!« If !t - i* ■I!^i:'^ ]»!:' I 'I 1 2i-3 TuTTLE's CEXTEXyiAL KonTim'EST. upon the site of tlic present city of Cliicngo, in 1804, called F)rt Deai'hnrn. It stood in the same place where the fort was erected in ISOo, but was of a diftcrcnt construction, having two block houses on the southern side, and, on the northern side, a sally port or subtcri'ancan passage from the parade ground to the river. In 1812, the fort was garrisoned by Capt. Ileald, commanding, Lieut. Ilclm, Ensign Konan, Surg. Voorhces and .sevcnty-fivc men, very few of whom were effective. The Indians in the vicinity had always manifested a friendship for the officers and soldiers of the garrison. However, the prin- cipal chiefs and braves of the Pottawotomic nation visited Fort !^[aldcn on the Canada side, annually, received presents to a large amount, and were in alliance with Great ]^>ritaiu. Many Potla- watomics, Winnebagocs, Ottavvas and Sliawanoes were in the bat- tle of Tippecanoe, yet the principal chiefs in the immediate vicin- ity were on amicable terms with the Americans at this post. Besides those persons, attached to the garrison, there was in the fort the family of Mr. Kinzie, who had been engaged in the fur trade at that spot from 1804, and a few Canadians, or oigit'jes, with their wives and children. On the 7th of April, 1812, a band of hostiV "Winnebagocs at- tacked ]\Ir. Lee's settlement, at a jjlace called Ir .-dscrabble, cbout four miles from Chicago, and massacred a 'Mr. "White and a Frenchman in his employ. Two other men escaped. For some days after this there were signs of hostile Indians, and repeated alarms at the garrison, but the whole passed oil' in (juiotncss until all apprehension was dismissed. On the 7th of the following August, W^innemeg, or Catfish, a friendly Pottawatomie chief, ar- rived at Chicago (Fort Dearborn) bringing dispatches from Gov. Hull, the commander-in-chief in the Korthwest. These des- patches announced the declaration of war between the United States and Great IJrit.iin ; that (icn. Hull, at the head of the arm\f in the Northwest, was on his way from Fort "Wayne to De- troit, and that the British had possessed themselves of Mackinac. His orders to Capt. Ilcald were, "to evacuate the post, if practi- cable, and, in that event, to distribute the property belonging to the "United States, in the fort and in the factory or agency, to the Indians in the ueighborliood." '"' * ■Western Annals. Ti:niiiTomAL Historiks — Illixots. 243 Chief Arinnomog, aftci' delivering lii.s dispatches, repaired to the lioiisc of Mr. Kinzie and stated to him that he was acquainted \yh\i the purport of the communications he had brought, and begged liim to ascertain if it were tlie intention of Capt. Ileald to evacuate the post. He advised strongly that such a step should not be taken, since the garrison was well supplied with ammuni- tion, and with provisions for a six months' siege. lie added that it would be far better to remain until a reinforcement could be sent to their assistance. If, however, Capt. Ileald should decide on leaving the post, it should by all means be done immedi- ately. The Pottawatomics, through whose country they must pass, being ignorant of Winnemcg's mission, a forced march might be made before the hostile Indians were prepared to inter- rupt them. Capt. Ileald was immediately informed of this advice. He said tliat it was his intention to evacuate the post, but that inasmuch as he had received orders to distribute the United States property, he would not leave until he had collected tho Indians in the neighborhood, and made a fair division of the property among tliem. AVinnemeg then urged the expediency of marching out and leaving all things standing. Possibly, ho said, while the savages were engaged in apportioning the -spoils, the troops might effect their retreat unmolested. Mr. Kinzi strongly supported this advice, but it did not meet the approbation of the command- ing officer. The order for evacuating the post was read on the following morning at parade. For some reason, Capt. Ileald relied on his own judgment in this matter, and refused to hold a council with his ofliccrs. In the course of the day, finding no council was called, the officers waited upon Capt. Ileald, wishing to be informed as to what course ho had determined to pursue. When they learned his intention to leave the fort, they remon- strated with him, setting forth the dangers that such a measure would incur upon the garrison. It was highly improbable, they said, that the command would be permitted to pass through the country in safety to Fort Wayne. For, although it had been said that some of the chiefs had opposed an attack upon the post, planned the preceding autumn, 3-et, it was well known that they had been actuated in that matter by motives of private regard to i p. ; i ^ 2i4 Tuttlk's Ckntkxxial XonrinrKST. one family, and not to any general friendly feeling towards tlio Americans ; and that, at any rate, it was hardly to be expected that these few individuals would be able to contol the whole tribe, who were thirsty for blood. In the next place, their march must necessarily be slow as their movements must bo accom- modated to the helplessness of the women and children, of whom there were many with the garrison ; that, of their small force, some of the soldiers were superannuated and others invalid ; therefore, since the course to be })ursucd was left crctional, their advice was to remain where they were, and fortify them- selves as strongly as possible. Succor from the other side by the peninsula might arrive before they could be attacked by the British from Mackinac, and even should there not, it were far better to fall into the hands of the latter, than to become the victims of the savages. Capt. Ileald's reply was, that a special order had been issued by the war department, that no post should be surrendered with- out battle having been given ; and that his force was totally inadequate to an engagement with the Indians. That he should, Tuiquestionabl}', be censured for remaining when there api)eared a prospect of a safe march through, and that upon the whole, he deemed it expedient to assemble the Indians, distribute the property among them, and then ask of them an escort to Fort Wayne, with the promise of a considerable reward upon their safe arrival — adding, that he had full coniidence in the friendly professions of the Indians, from whom, as well as from the soldiers, the capture of Mackinac had been kept a profound secret. From this time the officers held themselves aloof, and spoke but little upon the subject, though they considered the project of Capt. Ileald little short of madness. The dissatisfaction among the soldiers hourly increased, until it reached a high degree of insubordination. Upon one occasion, as Capt. Ileald was con- versing with Mr. Kinzie, upon parade, he said, " I could not remain, even if I thought it best, for I have but a small store of provisions." " Why, Captain,'' said a soldier, who stood near, forgetting all etiquette in the excitement of the moment, " you have cattle enough to last the troops six months." "But," TEiiiiiToni. I /, //"/s ToniKS — I/J.ixois. 245 replied Capt. llcald, " I have no salt to pmsLi've tlio beef witli." " Tlien jerk* it," said the man, " as the Indio.ns do thcii- venison." Tho Indians now became daily more unruly. Entering the fort in defiance of the sentinels, they made their \Yay without ceremony into the quarters of the ofhccrs. On one occasion, an Indian took up a rifle and fired it in the parlor of the com- manding officer, as an expression of defiance. Some, were of opinion, that it was intended, among the young men, as a signal for an attack. The old chiefs passed backward and forward, among the assembled groups, with the ai)pearancc of the most lively agitation, while the squaws rushed lo and fro in great ex- citement, and evidently prepared for some fearful seene.f Any further manifestation of ill feeling was, however, suppressed for tlie present, and Capt. Ileald, strange as it may seem, continued to entertain a conviction of his having created so amicable a dis- position among the Indians, as would insure the safety of tho command, on their inarch to Fort Wa3'iie. In the midst of this excitement, a messenger arrived among the Indians from Tecumsch, with the news of the capture of Afaclcinac, the defeat of Van Horn, and the retreat of Gen. Hull from Can- ada. He desired them to arm immediately, and intimated that Hull would soon be compelled to surrender. Matters continued in this state until the twelfth of August, when 11 council wa.s held with the Indians who had collected. None of the military officers attended except Capt. Ueuld, al- though requested by him to do so. Tliey had been informed that it was the intention of the 3'oung chiefs to massacre them in council, and as soon as the commander left the fort, they took command of the blockhouses, opened the port holes and pointed the loaded cannon so as to command the whole council. This, probablj-, caused a post})onement of their horrid designs. At the council tlie captain informed the Indians of his inten- tions to distribute, the next day among them, all the goods in the storehouses, with the ammunition and provisions. He requested the Pottawatomies to furnish him an escort to Fort Wayne, prom- * This is done by cutting the meat in tliin slices, phicing it upon a scaffold, and making a slow fire under it, which dries and smokes it at the same time, i Western Annals. 246 Tuttlk's Ces'tlwsi.il XouTinvEST. i\ , I' ising tlicm a liberal reward upon llieir arrival tlicrc, in ailditiou to the liberal presents they were now to receive. Tlio Indiiuis ■were profuse in their professions of good will and friendship, as- sented to all ho proposed, ainl ])rouiised all that lie desired. The result shows the true character of the savages. " Xo act of kind- ness, nor ofterof reward, could assuage their thirst for blood." Mr, Kinzie, who well understood the Indian character and their do- signs, waited on the commander, in the hope of showing him his real situation, lie tohl him that the Indians had been secretly hostile to the iVmericans for a long time ; that since the battle of Tippecanoe he had dispatched orders to all his traders to furnish no anununition to them, and pointed out the wretched policy of Capt. Ileald in furnishing the enemy with arms and anununition to de- stroy the Amei'icaus. Tliis argument opened Ileald's eyes, and he resolved to destroy the anmiunition and li(iUor. On the thir- teenth the goods were distributed, and the litjuor and aminunition destroyed. ^leanwhilc, Capt. Wells was hastening forward fi'om Fort "Wayne to aid the garrison at Chicago, lie had heard of the or- der of Gen. Hull to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and knowing the hostile intentions of the Pottawatomies, he had made a rapid rcarch through the wilderness, to prevent, if possible, the expo- sure of his sister, Mrs. lleald, the officers and garrison, to certain destruction. But he came too late ! The ammunition had been destroyed, and the provisions were in tlio hands of the enemy. lie, therefore, urged an immediate departure, and, accordingly every preparation was made for the nuirch of the troops on the following morning. On the day of Capt. Wells' arrival another council was held with the savages, in which they e.xjiressed great dissatisfaction at the destruction of the lifjuor and aMmunition. "Murmurs and threats were heard in every quarter." Among the chiefs and braves were several who, although they partook of the feelings of hostility to the Americans, yet retained a personal regard for the troops and the white families in the place. They exerted their utmost influence to allay the angry feelings of the savage warriors, but to no purpose. Among these was BUiclc Partridge, a chief of some distinction. The evening after the sec- ond council, he entered Ueald's room and said : " Father, I come Ti:iti!iri)iii.\L llisToiUKs — Illixois, -247 to deliver up to 3'()ii tlio medal I wear. It was given mo by tlio Americans, and I liavo long worn it in token of mutual friend- ship. ]}ut our young men arc resolved to ''mbrue tlioir hands in the blood of the whites. F cannot restrain them, and I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to net as an enemy." The ammunition that had been reserved — twentyiivc rounds to a man — was now distributed. The baggage wagons for the sick the women and children were ready, and, " amidst iho surrounding gloom, and the expectation of a fatiguing march through the wil- derncs.-^, or a disastrous issue on the morrow, the wlu)le jiarty, ex- cept the watchful sentinels, retired for a little rest." At length the fatal morning of the fifteenth of August arrived. The sun rose in splendor above the jjlacid bosom of Lake Michigan, the air was balmy, and excepting the distressing apprehensions of the garrison and tlu'ir families, the morning was delightful. At an early hour Mr. Kinzic received a message from Topc- ncebe, a friendly chief of the St. Joseph's band, informing him that the Pottawatomies, who had promised to be an escort to the detachment, designed mischief. !N[r. Kinzichad placed his family under the protection of some friendly Indians. This party em- barked in a boat, and consisted of Mrs. Kinzie, four children, a clerk of Mr. Kinzie's, two servants and the boatmen, with two Indians as protectors. This boat was intended to pass along the southern shore of the lake to St. Joseph, while M'-. Kinzie and his eldest son had agreed to accompany Capt. Ileald and the troops, as ho thought his influence over the Indians would enable l"'m to restrain the fury of the savages, as they were much attached to him and his family. Topenecbe urged him and his son to accompany his family in the boat, assuring him the hostile Indians would allow his boat to pass in safety to St. Joseph's. The boat had but reached the lake, when another messenger arrived from the same chief to detain them wdicre they A'cre. At nine o'clock the troop.a, with the baggage wagon;., left the fort "with martial music and in military array." Cajt. Wells, at the head of his band of ^fiami.s, led the advance, with his face blackenM after the manner of Indians ; the troops with the wag- ons, containing the women and children, the sick and lame, fol- lowed, while, at a little distance behind, wcj the Pottawatomies, Mr i -"'9 n PM I ) 1 ■ I 'I I '' w ■ '■■■* I I 248 Tvttlk's Centesxial NoUTinVEST. about five hundred in number, who had pledged their honor to cpeort them in safety to Fort Wayne. The party took the road along tlie lake sliore, and on reaching the point whert. a range of sand hills commenced, the Pottawatomies defdcd on the right into luo prairi..', so as to bring the sand hills between them and l,he Americ."auN They had marched about a mile and a half irora the fort, when dpi. Wells, wlj, witli his Miamis, wa^ m advance, rode furiously back and exclaimed : " They are about to attack U3 , form instantly, and charge upon them !" Uui these words liad .scarcely been uttered, whon a volley of balls from Indian mu.skets, behind the sand hills, poured upon thorn. The troops were formed as quickly as possible, and charged up the bank. One man, a veteran soldier of seventy', fell as they mounted the baiik. The battle became general. The Miamis fled at the ("atset, though f/apt. Wells did his utmost l.;' induce them •J stand their ground. Their chief rode up to the Pottawatomies, charged them with ! eacher\', and, brandishing his tomahawk, declared, " he would be the first to head a party of Americans and ])unish them." lie then turned his horse and galloped after his companio.is over the prairie.""' The American troops charged upon t!io Indiiins in a gal'MU manner, and "sold their lives dear- ly." Mrs. .Helm, wife oi Lieut. Helm, was in the thickest of the action, and behaved with singular presence of mind. Indeed every woman present acted with great composui'e. Mrs. Helm, in giving an account of the battle, or the ma.ssaere, said that the horses pranced and bounded, and could hardly be restrained, as the balls whistled around them. She drew ofT to one side and gazed upon Lieut. Helm, her husband, who was as yel unharmed. She says: " I felt that m}- hour wns come and endeavored to foi-get those I loved, and prepare myself for my approaching fate. AVhile I was thus engaged, the surgeon, Dr. Y., came up ; he was badly wounded. His horse had been shot under him, and he had received a ball in his leg. J-Jvery mu.scle of his countenance was quivering with the agony of terror. He said to me, ' Do you think they will take our lives? I am badly wounded, but I tliink not mortally. Per- haps we might purchase our lives by promising them a largo reward. Ho you think thero is any cluaice ?' ♦Wcstcru Annals. Ti:nR[ToiUAL Uistoiues — Illinois. 2i9 " ' Dr. Y.,' i:aid I, ' do not let us waste the few monients that 3'et remain to us in such vain hopes. Our fate is inevitable. h\ a few moments we must appear before the 1 ■ : of (iod. Let us endeavor to make what jireparation is yet in oar power.' ' Oh! 1 cannot die ! ' oxelaimed he; 'I am not fit to die — if I had but a short time to prepare — death is awful ! ' I pointed tu ensign lionan, who, though mortally wounded, and nearly down, was still fighting with desperation upon one knee. " ' Look at tl.'at man,' said I, ' at least he dies like a soldier ! ' " ' Yes,' re|)licd the unfortunate man, witli a convulsive gasp, 'but helms no terrors of the future — he is an unbe- liever! ' " At this moment a young Indian raised his tomahawk at me. B}' springing aside I avoided the blow wliich was aimed at my skull, but which alighted on my shoulder. I seized him around the neck, and, while exerting my utmost efTorts to get possession of his scalping knife, which hung in a scabbard over his breast, I was dragged froni his grasp by another and older Indian. " The latter bore mo, struggling and resisting, towards the lake. Notwithstanding tlie rapidity with which I was hurried along,,! recognized, as I passed them, the lifeless remains of the unfortunate surgeon. Some murderous tomahawk had stretched him upon the very spot wlierc I had last seen liim. " I w^as immediately plunged into the water, and he'd there witli a forcible hand, notwithstandirig my resistance. I soon per- ceived, however, that the object of my captor was r> j to drown me, as he held me firmly in such a position as to place my head above the water. This reassured mc, and regarding lilm atten- tively, I soon recognized, in spite of the paint, with wliich he was disguised. The Black Pariti&je. "When the firing had somewhat subsided, my preserver bore me from the water and conducted me up tlie sand banks. It was a burning August morning, rnd walking through tlie sand in my drenched condition, was inexpressibly painful and fatiguing. I stopped and took ofl my shoes to fiee them from the sand, with whicli they were nearly filled, when a squaw seized and carried them olT, and I was obliged to proceed without them. Vv'hen we Lad gained the prairie, I was met by my father, who told mc that 250 Tuttle's CiiyTEyyiAL XonTinvEST. my husband was safe, and but slightly wounded. The}- led me gently back toward the Chicago river, along the southern Ijank of which was a Pottawatomie encampment. At one time F was placed upon a hor.sc without a saddle, but soon finding the motion insupportable, I sprang off. Supported partly by my kind con- ductor, anil partly b}- another Indian, Pce-so-Uan, who held dang- ling in his hand the scalp of Cajit. "Wells, I dragged my fainting steps to one of the wigwams. "The wife of Wau-hee-nce-jnali, a chief frotn the Illinois river, was Standing near, and seeing my exhusted condition, she sei/'.ed a kettle, dipped up some water from a little stream that flowed near, threw into it some maple sugar, and stirring it up with her liand, gave it to me to drink. This act of kindness, in the midst of so many atrocities, touched mc most sensibl v, but my attention was soon diverted to another object. The fort had become a scene of plunder to such as remained after the troops had marched out. The cattle had been shot down as they ran at large and lay dead or dving around. " As the noise of the firing grew gradually less, and the stragglers from the victorious party dropped in, I received con- firmation of what my father had hurriedly communicated in our leuconter on the lake shore ; namely, that the whites had surrendered after the loss of about two-thirds their number. The}' had stipulated for the preservation of their lives, and those of the remaining women and chidrcn, and for their delivery at some of tlie British posts, unless ransomed by traders in the Indian country. It appears that the wounded prisoners were not considered as included in the stipulation, and a horrible scene occurreil upon their being brought into camp. "An old squaw, infuriated by the loss of friends, or excited by the sanguinary scenes around her, seemed po.ssessed by a demo- niac ferocity. She seized a stable fork a; d assaulted one miser- able victim who lay groaning and writhing in the agony of his wounds, aggravated by the scorching beams of the sun. AVith a delicacy of feeling scarcely to have been expected under such circumstances, Wmi-hec-nee-^nch stretched a mat across two poles between me and this dreadful scene. I was thus spared, in some degree, a view of its horrors, although I could not entirely close Tj-:ni!iToj;iAL IIi^touies — Iluxois. 251 my cars to the cries of the sulTcrcr. The folk)wing night five more of the wounded prisoners were tomahawked." But why dwell upon this ])ainfal subject? Why describe the butchery of the chikh\ii, twelve of whom, i)laced together on one baggage wagon, fell beneath the merciless tomahawk of one young savage? This atrocious act was committed after the whites, twenty-seven in number, had surrendered. Whf(Hoii» Cyrus 0. Carpeoterj/ V - I m HI' Ti:inuToni.iL JI isroh'tns —M'jscoysry. 'J57 unsettled tliG prices of every species of pergonal jM-opcrty, peizcd upon the unsold public domain, which was transferred by niillinns of acres from tlie control of the government and tlio occupation of the settler, to the dominion of the speculator, --although on the wane in the last month of that year, was still omnipotent, and 'exerted a marked inliucncc upon many of the members of the Belmont legislature. Nearly four weeks were spent in skirmishing outside the lt>gis- lativc halls, uhen, on the 21st of November, the battle was for- mally oiiencd in the council, and the bill considered in committee of the whole until the 23d, when it was reported back' in the form in which it became a law, fixing on Madison as the seat of govern- ment, and providing that the sessions of the legislative assembly should be held at Burlington, in Des Moines county, until ISrarch 4, 1839, unless the public buildings at ^ladison should be sooner completed. Gen. Henry Dodge was the first governor of the territory of "Wisconsin. He was succeeded by -Tames Duane Doty, who was succeeded by Gov*. N, P. Tallmadge. Ileni'y Dodge was reap- pointed governor to succeed the latter i;i 18-15. The jn'ogress of the territory under these several administrations was rapid, and in 18-lG, Hon. Morgan L. Martin, delegate to congress in the house of representatives, gave notice for leave to introduce a bill to enable the peo[)le of Wisconsin to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such stxate into the Union. On the loth, he introduced such a bill; which was read twice, and referred to the committee on territories. After amendments a bill was agreed upon "n hw*ii houses. In the same year the governor of Wisconsin issue 1 his jM'oclamation for the election of a hundred and twenty-five mc'ibci-.= to a convention to form a state constitu- tion. The estimate ol population assumed by the legislative as- sembly for fixing a basis was a hundred and seventeen thousand ; but the excess exhibited by the census over this estimate resulted in a more numerous body than had been anticipated. The con- vention met at ]\[adison on the fifth day of October, 1816. D. A. J. Upham was elected president, and Lafayette Kellogg secretary ; and after forming a constitution, and adopting it, they adjourned on the 16th of December. This constitution was submitted to 17 !'■ S ..^>m:i •iU ^ nT^ Va ^ /a m. ''^A e. CJ, oY ■■■> o / /A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT 3) 1.0 "-IIIM IM •a IM 1 2.2 IM J6 3 I.I 11 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ fjl ► f^ \ iV v> ^9) .V 'O .v^ >. '•'r "^^^ ■^\> "^^ Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 872-4503 %^ "is M m 268 Tvttll's Cextexxial KoRTinVEST. popular vote on the first Tuc; dny of April, 1847, and was rejected, — ayes 14,119, noes 20,23c). The second con.stitiitipnal conven- tion met at the capitol on the loth of December, 1847, and was organized by the election of ^[organ L. !N[ariin as pr>..Mdent, and Thomas McIIugh secretary, and continued in session ur.til the first day of February. The result of its labors was the constitution submitted to the people on the second ^Monday of March ensuing (1848), which, having been duly ratified, constitutes the present fundamental law cf the state ; the vote being 16.0G7 for its adop- tion, and 6,252 against it. With this constitution "Wisconsin was admitted into the Fnion on the 29th of May, 1848. In closing this account of the territorial history of Wiscon-sin, it may be p''oper to say, that Wisconsin has successively been un- der the government of Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and ^fich- igan. The territory once belonged to Virginia; or, at least, she has now the full credit of having ceded it, together with all the territory northwest of the Ohio river, to the United States. Up to the year 1800, Wisconsin was under the authority of the terri- torial government established in Ohio. In that year she was attached to Indiana territory, and remained so until 1809, when the Illinois territory was organized, extending north to lake Su- perior, and, of course, including Wisconsin. When Illinois took her i)laee in the Union, in 1818, our territory was finally attached to Michitran, and remained so until the organization of the terri- torial government of 1836. It will thus be seen, that, within the space of one hundred and sixty-six years, Wisconsin has been successively ruled by two kings, one state, and four territories, and is now in a condition to govern herself, and all brought about without any great internal exciting events to produce these revolutions. Tlic people have submitted to each change without a struggle or a murmur. To summarize: Wisconsin has been under the government of France from 1670 to 1759, eighty-nine years; of Great Britain, 1759 to 1794, thirty-five years; of Virginia and Ohio, from 1794 to 1800, six years; of Indiana, from 1800 to 1809, nine years; of Illinois, 1809 to 1818, nine years; of Michigan, 1818 to 1836, eighteen years: total, one hundred and sixty-six yeans. The Black Hawk War. 259 CHAPTER XXIII. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. Sketch of Black Hawk and Keokuk — Causes tlial Led to the War — History of the Contest — Tlie Bravery of Black Hawk — His Fall, Arrest and Im- prisonment — Incidents of the Liberation. Before pa.'^sing on to note tlio principal events in the history of Iowa territory, let us pause to glance at an account of the Black Ha'/k war. This war is connected with the history of Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin alike, and may properly be consid- ered separately at this point. Black Hawk, the Sac chieftain, was born at the principal Sac village on the Rock river, in the year 17G7. As with many other distinguished warriors, he was not a chief's son, but rose to that station through his own ability. At the early age of I'iteen he distinguished himself by killing an enemy, and was at once permitted to paint himself after the cus- tom ot the Sac braves. At a later day he was also permitted to wear feathers according to the ancient customs of his tribe. As early as 1783, he united in an expedition against the Os- nge.^, and had the high fortune to kill several of the enemy. For this brave act he was now permitted, for the first time, to join in the scalp dance. Subsequently he became the leader of a small band of his own tribe, and again performed acts of great valor. Ilis band was soon increased, and jircsently he found himself at the head of more than a hundred braves. With this band he marched to an Osage village on the Missouri, but finding it de- serted, most of his followers became discouraged and returned home. Black Hawk, hoxNCver, with only half a do;';tn followers, pursued the enem}', and after several day's march, succeeded in overtaking a small party and killing one man and a boy. Secur- ing their .scalps, he returned home, being greeted with additional respect. In 1786 he was again marching at the head of two hundred ,/.'^^!", "-"'-'\j ■km (i-iil '"':;T; T utile's Cemexnial Northwest. braves into the country of the enom}'. On this occasion he mctti party quite equal to his own in nuniborrf, and a battle took place in whicli he was victorious, having killeJ one huiKlred and losing only nineteen. Nearly a score of the enemy fell by his own hand. This successful event had a two fold result — that of keeping tho Osagcs in check and winning glory for Black llawk. The Sacs, with this brave at theif head, now turned their attention to the Cherokees, who had committed several depredations ui)on them. A battle was fought between the.se tribes upon the Merrimack river, below St. Louis, in which IJlack Hawk's father was killed, but the Cherokees were defeated and compelled to retreat with a loss of twenty-eight men, the Sacs losing but seven. So great was his success at this battle that he was immediately promoted to the high station of chief. In the year 1800, '• he made another excursion," says Mr. Con- clin, " against the O.sages, at the head of about live hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, who had joined him as allies. After a long march they reached and destroyed about forty lodges of the enemy, killing many of their bravest warriors, five of whom were slain by the leader of the invading army." In 1802, he waged a successful war against the Chippewas, Kaskaskias and Osages, killing over one hundred warriors. In 1803, Black Ilawk made a visit to St. Louis, to see his " Spanish father." lie was well received, but found many sad faces because the United States were about to take possession of their country. Soon after, Lieut. Pike visited the camj) of Black Hawk, made several presents, and delivered a speech to the Sacs, telling them that their American father would treat them well, lie presented them with an American flag, which was hoisted, and requested them to pull down the British flag and give him their British medals, jtromising to give them others from their Ameri- can father. This, however, Black Hawk declined, saying that his people wished to have two fathers. Soon after, the building of Fort Edwards near the head of the Des Moines rapids, ga.'c great uneasiness to the Sacs. They sent a deputation to that fioint, which returned with un.satisfactory re- ports. Black Ilawk now placed himself at the head of a strong force and marched to Fort Madison, which stood ou the west bank TiiK Black Hawk Wah. 2G1 f of the Mi.-riis.sippi, some distance down the Des Mijiiics. This fort was garrisoned with about fifty men. Black Hawk's spies havini; ascertained that the soldiers marched out of the fort everv morning for exercise, ho determined to conceal his party near tlic place and shoot tiicni down. On the morning of the proposed at- tack several soldiers defded out upon the plain, and three of their number were instantly shot down. The Indians then opened fire upon the fort, but being unable to accomplish anything in this way they returned to their village. Upon the opening of the war of 1812, the Sacs tendered their services to the United Slates, but their ofi'er was declined. They had not been as liberally supplied with presents by the Ameri- cans as they had anticipated, and in the meantime the British agents had ''artfully fomented their discontent, and labored to win their confidence by the most liberal distriUxtion among them of goods and ardent spirits." Soon after the declaration of war a British trader appeared among them with two boats loaded with goods. The British flag was immediately hoisted, and the trader told Black Hawk that he had been sent by Col. Dixon, who was then at Green Bay, with a large quantity of goods, and who was desirous that tiie Sac chieftain should raise a party of warriors and join him. Black Hawk had but little difficulty in raising two hundred braves. At the head of this band he marched to Green Bay, where he found Col, Dixon encamped with a large body of Indians from various tribes, who had already been furnished with arms and ammunition. Dixon received Black Ilawk with many marks of respect, told him that the English were about to driv<3 the Amcticans from their hunting grounds, and placing a medal about his. neck he said, " you are to command all the braves that wdl leave here the day after to-morrow to join our braves near Detroit." Arms, clothing, knives and tomahawks were now distributed among Black Hawk's band, and at the appointed time five hundred warriors left Green Bay on their march to Detroit, to join the British army. This was in August, 1812, shortly after the massacre at Fort Dearborn. Black Hawk was unsuccessful among the British, and being tired with successive defeats, he returned to his village on Rock river, where, in all probability, he would have remained neutral •1'f ^■^'n '<; -' m ■■■i \ i,.{ ' % TUTTLES CEyTEXyjAL XoitTinVEST. had it not been for the murder of his adopted son. By this hi\v- Icss act he was again roused to vengeance againt the Americans, and after remaining a few days at the village, and raising a band of braves, prepared for offensive operations upon the frontiers. The party, consisting of about thirty, descended tlie !Mississii)pi in canoes to the site of old Fort Madison, which had been aban- doned by the American troops and burned. Continuing their course they landed near Cap au Gis, where they killed one of the United States rangers, but were finally dispersed by a detach- ment from Fort Howard. The Indians, however, returned to the contest and a battle ensued between Black Hawk's party and the troops of Fort Howard, under Lieut. Drakeford of the United States rangers. In this battle the Americans lost ten killed and several wounded, the loss being about equal on both sides. In 1815, when the Indians along the Mississipj)i valley had been notified of the peace between the United States and England, they, for the most part, ceased hostilities; but Black Ilawk and his band, and some of the Pottawatomies, were not inclined to live in peace. In the spring of 1810 they, in connection with the British, captured the garrison at Prairie du Cliien, and attacked some boats that were ascending the Mississippi to that point with troops and provisions. One of the boats was captured and several of the crew killed. The boats were compelled to return. In 1816, however. Black Ilawk and his tribe concluded a peace with the Americans, by which the hatchet was buried ; and now, we hear but little of this wonderful Indian until the hostilities which broke out in 1832. Soon after this treaty the United States government built Fort Armstrong, upon Rock Island, in the Mississippi river, and but a few miles from the Indian village where Black Hawk resided. The Sac Indians were jealous of this movement, for they loved to look upon Piock Island as one of their choisest resorts. They bad a traditionary belief that this island was the favorite residence of a good spirit which dwelt in a cave in the rocks on which Fort Armstrong was afterwards built. This spirit had often been seen by the Indians, but after the erection of the fort, alarmed by the noise and intrusion of the white man, it spread its beautiful wings and departed. The Black Hawk War. 20)3 ■•u y In the autumn of 1818, Black Hawk and some of Lis band went on a visit to their British father at Maiden, and received many presents from him. A medal was given to Black Hawk for his fidelity to the British, and lie was requested to make an- nual visits with his hand, and receive such presents as had been promised him by Col. Di.xon in 1812. These visits were regularly made down to 1830. In the latter year Black Hawk and his party encamped at Two llivers for the purpose of hunting, and while there were so badly treated by some white men, that his prejudices against the Americans were greatly revived. In the ensuing summer the Americans urged the whole of the Sacs and Foxes to remove to the west side of the Mississippi. This policy was urged upon them by the agent at Fort Armstrong. The principal Fox chief, and several of the Sac chief.^, among whom was Keokuk, assented to the removal. The latter sent a message throuch the village informing the Indians that it was the wish of the great father, the President, that they should all go to the west side of the ^Ossissippi, and he pointed out the Iowa river as a suitable ])lace for their new village. There was a parry among the Sacs called the " British Band," who were bitterly op- posed to a removal ; and they appealed to their old leader, Black Ilawk, for his decision on the question. lie claimed the ground on which their village stood had never been sold, and that, there- fore, the Americans had no right to insist upon the measure. Bl: k Hawk was now becoming old, and he felt that his power in the tribe was waning before the rising popularity of Keokuk, his rival. He now resolved to place himself at the head of a band, and, if possible, recover his influence. However, during the following winter, whih Black Hawk and his party were absent on a hunting expedition, several white fam- ilies arrived at their ^'illagc, destroyed some of their lodges, and (Kjmmenced making fences over their cornfields. As soon as the old Sac chieftain hoard of this movement, he promptly returned to Rock Island, where he found his own lodge occupied by the whites. He next went to Fort Armstrong and made complaint to the interpreter, the agent being absent. He next visited the prophet, Wabokiesheik, or White Cloud, whose opinions were held in much respect by the Sacs. This distinguished man urged M m m S il ^j|:^^ m ;« 1^1 IMM 'V'-rj- ■if!'' ^1; i 1 7 1 .*♦ i ^ ■ 1'' !'« 1 ijHif rl. 1 lul r. :3 1 264 Tuttle's Centennial NonTHWEST, Black Hawk not to remove. Lut to i)crsuaJc Keokuk aiul liis party to return to Rock river. Black Hawk now returned to bis liunting party, and in the spring when the band returned to tlicir viHage, tl:cy found the ■white settlers still there, in po.ssession of their lodges and oorn- iields. About the same time Keokuk visited Bock river, and did all in his power to persuade the remaining Sacs to accom))any liim to tlic new village on the Iowa, but Black Hawk said it would be an act of cowardice to yield up tlieir village and the graves of their fathers to strangers, who had no right to the soil. Keokuk's influence was exerted in vain, and he returned to the western village. Tiie settlers beiran to increase, and it would seem that the Sao village on Rock river was the principal point of attraction. At this place the Sacs had had their principal village for more than seventy years. Their women had broken the surface of the sur- rounding prairies with tlielr hoes, and inclosed with a kind of pole fence many fields which were annually cultivated by them in the raising of corn, beans and squashes. They had also erected sev- eral hundred houses of various dimensions, some probably one hundred feet in length by fort}- or fifty feet broad, which were constructed of poles and forks, arranged so as to form a kind of frame, which was then inclosed with the bark of trees, which, being pealed ofl! and dried under a weight, for the jjurpose of keeping it expanded, was afterwards confined to the walls and roof by means of cords composed of the bark of other trees. Tin's was, indeed, a delightful spot. On the northwest rolled the majestic Mississippi, while the dark forests which clothed the island of Rock river, with its several ripi^ling streams on the south coast, formed a delightful contrast which was rendered still more pleasing from the general declivity of the surrounding country, as it sinks gradually away to the shores of these rivers. This ancient village literally became the graveyard of th) Sac nation. Scarcely an individual could be found in the whole nation who had not deposited the remains of some relatives in or near this place. Thither the mother, with mournful and melancholy step, annually repaired to pay a tribute of respect to her departed oil- spring, while the weeping sisters and loud lamenting v,'idov;s Tin: Black Hawk Waii. 20d jollied tlio procession of grief, sometimes in accordance witli tlieii" own feelings, no doubt, but always in pursuance ol an establishcil custom of their nation from time immemorial. On these occa- sions they carefully cleared away every spear of grass or other vegetable which they found growing near the graves, and made such repairs as seemed necessary. They also carried to the grave some kind of food which they left for the spirit of the deceased, and before they concluded these ceremonies they often, in a very melancholy and lamenting mood, addressed the dead, inquiring how they fared, and who, or whether any one jjcrformed for them the kind ofTiccs of mother, sister or wife, together with many other iiK^uiries which a frantic imagination happened to suggest. This being one of the most important religions duties, was scrupulously observed by all the better class of this people." The settlers who establi-shed themselves at llock river, in viola- tion of the laws of congress, and the provisions of all treaties, committed various aggressions upon the Indians, sucli as destroy- ing their corn, killing their domestic animals, and whipping the women and children, f Tiic}' took with them as articles of tralfic, whisky and other liquors, and by distributing it among the sav- ages, produced all the horrors of debaucher}'. Black Hawk remonstrated against this, and, upon one occasion, he, with two of his companions, entered one of the houses where the liquor was kept, rolled out a barrel of whisky, broke in the head and emptied the contents Upon the ground. Thus matters continued for several years. The settlers were pushing their claims in de- fiance of the rights of the Indians, and the latter could obtain no redress. According to the treaty which defined the rights and wrongs of this matter, " as long as the lands which arc now ceded to the United States remain their property, the Indians belonging to said tribes shall enjoy the privilege of living and hunting upon th'^m." None of the lands in the vicinity of llock river were brought into market by the United States until the year 1829. Previous to this date, of course, the white settlers there were tres- passers of law and justice. In the latter year, however, a tract of land at the mouth of the Rock river, including the Sac village, * Chronicle of North Amcrictm Savages. t Life of Black Hawk. I ..:j.| w : m ■ 'Si L it 266 Tcttlk's Ckxtesxial XoRTnWEST. was soltl. This was done with a view of removing tlie Sac In- dians to the west side of the Mississippi. Tiicreforc, in the spring of 1830, when Blacjk Hawk and liis band returned from the winter's hunt to occupy their lodges, and prepare for raising tlieir crop of vegetables, they found that their lands had been inir- chased by the settlers. Black Hawk, greatly disturbed by this change, apj)lied to the Indian agent at that point, wishing redress, but was informed that since the government had sold his land, he had no longor any right to it. Tlie chief still refused to cross the river, and in the course of that season he visited Afaldeii, to talk with his British father on the subject. He also called upon Gov. Cass, at Detroit, on the same subject. Both of these persons told him that if he remained quietly upon their lands, the Ameri- cans would not interfere with them. Consequently Black Hawk returned home determined to keep possession of his old village. But it was late in the fall when he arrived ; his people had gone to the hunting grounds, and he was not long in following them. During this winter, Keokuk exerted his best influence to induce them to desert Black Hawk and follow him to the new village on the Iowa, but without success. Tlicy were so firmly attached to theirold chief and to their ancient village that they returned with him to it in the following spring of 1831. The traders at Kock river now attempted to induce Black Ilawk and his band to leave by making him presents, and after a long persuasion the old chief agreed to go, provided the government would distribute six thousand dollars' worth of goods among his people. This the government promptly declined to do, and threatened to send an armed force to drive him from the village if he and his people did not leave at once. The squaws had planted their corn, and it was beginning to grow, but the settlers, claiming that the Indians had no right to the ground, plowed it up again. Matters had at last come to a crisis. The old chief could stand it no longer, and he notified every settler to leave the village at once. Meanwhile, not satisfied with their eijcroachmcnts upon the rights of the sav- ages, the settlers united in a memorial to the governor of the ter- ritory of Illinois, in which they declared that the Sac Indians "had threatened to kill them; that they had acted in a most out- rageous manner; threw down their fences; turned horses into V'lT' The Black ILdvk Wab. 267 llicir cornfields stole their potatoes, saying the huul was tlieira, iind that they had not sold it ; levelled deadly weapons at the eit- izcns, and, oti some occasions, liurt the citizens for attempting to prevent the destruction of their property." " One of these eight alllicted memorialists," says Mr. Conklin, " swore the other seven to the truth of their statements, and, with an earnest prayer for immediate relief, it was placed before hi3 excellency on the nineteenth of May." But this was not the only complaint. Every day reports were coming in to the governor's offtce representing the lawless acts of "Gen. Black Ilawk" and his "British band.'' These repre- sentations had the desired effect. A strong force was sent against the Sac Indians, and they were driven in terror to the west of the Mississippi. Before passing on to the consequences of this measure, let us glance, for a moment, at Keokuk, Black Hawk's rival, who figures conspicuously in our narrative. He was a native Sac, and was born near Hock river village, about the year 1780. Like Black Hawk, he was not a chief's son, but worked his way to the distinguished position of chief by his own native force of charac- ter, bravery and address. He began to manifest rare qualities at a very early period of his life. While but a youth he engag- ed in a battle against the Sioux. In the engagement he encoun- tered and killed a Sioux warrior, with his spear, while on horse- back ; and, as the Sioax are distinguished for their horsemanship, this feat was looked upon as marvellous. A public feast was made in commemoration of it by his tribe, and the youthful war- rior was from that day ranked among the greatest Sac braves. During the war of 1812, and before Keokuk was old enough to be admitted to the councils of his nation, the American gov- ernment, as wc have already seen, sent an expedition against the Peoria Indians. During the advance of this detachment, a rumor reached the Sac village on Rock river, that the expedition would also attack the Sacs. This news threw the whole tribe into con- fusion. A council was immediately held, and all agreed to aban- don their village. As soon as Keokuk heard of this decision, he advanced to the door of the council house and asked to be admit- ted. This being granted, he next demanded permission to speak, m 11 'ri^i^j.rl !1; rlW^*''-'* !."!■[. 41 4 1 ill .■iT; 268 TuTTLE's Ct:ifTENXIAL XoliTllW'EST. which was also freely granted him. lie said that he had heard their decision with suritrisc and regret; that ho was opposed to a flight, until the strength of tlie ciieniy coidd be ascertained. Ilo said, " make mo your leader ! Let your young men follow me, and the pale faces shall be driven back to their towns. Let the old men and tlie women, and all who are afraid to meet the white man stay here, but let your braves go to battle." Tiie speech had a magic elTect, and every warrior present declared that he was ready to follow the gallant Keokuk. lie was chosen at once to lead them against the enemy. Of course it turned out that the rumor was without foundation, and there was no enemy to battle with, but the eloquence and bravery of Keokuk placed him very high in the ranks of the Sac braves. But it was not long before events transpired which gave I'im an opportunity to display his warlike s[)irit. At one time Keokuk was hunting with a party in the country which lay between tlie Sac and Sioux villages. As is well known, these tribes had been at war for many years. Unexpectedly a party of Sioux came upon them, mounted and ready for battle. The Sacs were also mounted, but the situation and numbers were both in favor of the .Sioux. Keokuk instantly formed his men into a compact circle, ordered them to dismount and take shelter behind their horses. By this ingenius movement they were enabled to screen themselves from the flying missiles of the Sioux. It also placed them in a position by which they could avail themselves of their superior skill as marksmen. The battle was a long and hard one, but Keokuk was triumphant, and routed the enemy with great loss. lie had many other opportunities of showing his military skill, and was almost always successful. Keokuk's eloquence and ability in civil matters were quite equal to his military talents. Some of his speeches arc splendid evidences of his sagacity. While Black Hawk led many of the Sac braves against the Americans in the war of 1812, Keokuk and a majority of them remained neutral, but in this he was ex* posed to great danger. He requested the agent of the American government to send to his village, on the west side of the Missis- sippi, a white man who understood the Sac language, and who might bear witness to his sincerity and faithfulness to the whites. TiiK Black Hawk Wau. 209 Such u person was sent. The excitement among the people, kin- dled by the power of Black Hawk, every day increased, until Kcfiknk stood upon a mine liable to be exploded uv .. single spark. Jle was in peril of being slain as the friend of tho Amer- icans; but lie remained calm and unawed, ruling his turbulent little state with mildness and iinnness, but at tho •■ Hi ■ i'.^" I ^r^'ip The Black Hawk Wah. 273 another ycW, and ordered my brave warriors to charge upon them, expecting that we wouhl all be killed ! They did charge. Every man rushed and fired, and the enemy retreated in the utmost con- fusion and consternation before my little but brave band of war- riors. After pursuing the enemy for some distance, I found it useless to follow them, as they rode so fast, and returned to ni}- encampment with a few of my braves, about twenty-five having gone in pursuit of the enemy. I lighted my pipe and sat down to thank the Great Spirit for what he had done. I had not been long meditatinu: when two of the three young men I had sent out with the flag to meet the American war chief entered. Aly aston- ishment was not greater than my joy to see them living and well. I eagerly listened to their story, which was as follows : " ' When we arrived near to the .encampment of the whites a number of thein ru.shed out to meet us, bringing their guns with them. They took us in the camp, when an American who spoke the Sac language a little, told us that his chief wanted to know how we were, where we were going, where our camp was, and where r>lack ITawk was. We told him that we had come to see his chief ; that our chief had directed us to conduct him to our camp, in case he had not encamped, and in that evont to tell him that he (Black Hawk) would come to see him ; he wished to hold I •mcil with him, ashe had given up all intention of going to war. At the conclusion of the talk a part}' of white men came in on hor-cback. We saw by their countenances that something had happened. A general tumult arose. They looked at ns with indignation, talked among themselves for a moment, when several cocked their guns; in a second they fired at us in the crowd ; our companion fell dead. We rushed through the crowd and made our escape. ^Ye remained in ambush but a short time before we heard yelling like Indians running an enemy. In a little while we saw some of the whites in full speed. One of t!icn\ came near us. I threw my tomahawk and struck him on the head, which brought him to the ground. I ran to him and with his own knife took off his scalp. ' I took his gun, mounted his liorse, and took my friend here behind me. We turned to follow our braves, who were running the enemy, and had not gone far before wc overtook a white mati whose horse had mired iu a 18 27i 1 Pi .4 "Mr Tuttle's Centexxial Xortiiw'est. '4 111 " w ¥: fivvamp. ^[y friend alighted and lomaliawkcd the man, who was apparently fa.st under his horse. lie took his sealp, horse and gun. By this time our party was some distance ahead. We fol- lowed and saw several white men lying dead on the way. After riding about six miles we met our party returning. We a.sked them how many of our men had been killed. They said none, after the Americans had retreated. We inquired then how many whites had been killed. Tiiey replied they did not know, but said we would soon ascertain, as we must scalp them as we go back. On our return we found ten men beside the two wc had killed before we joined our friends. Seeing that they did not yet recognize us, it being dark, wc again asked how many of our braves had been killed. They said five. We asked who they were. Tliey replied that the first party of three who went out to meet the American war chief had all been taken prisoners and killed in the encampment, and that out of a party of five who fol- lowed to see the meeting of the first party and the whites, two had been killed. We were now certain that they did not re(Hig- nize us, nor did we tell them wlio wc were until we arrived at our camp. The news of our death had reached it some time be- fore, and all were surprised to see us again.' " " The precipitate flight of the troops under Maj. Stillman," says Conclin, " has no justification." No effort was made to rally the troops, and all the baggage of the arm\', blankets, saddle-bags, camp ccjuipage and provisions fell into the hands of the Indians. Black Hawk, finding that his peace flag had been fired upon, and being intoxicated with his success, determined on war. Indeed, with the provision and other supplies which he had secured in this contest, he was not jioorly qualified for the undertaking. IIo apscmbled his braves and began active preparations for a border war. He immediately sent out spies to watch the movements of Gen. Atkinson, and prepared to reuiove his women and children from the scat of war further up the Rock river, where, as he thought, they would be secure from the whites. In passing to this point he was met b\' a band of Winncbagocs, who, liaving heard of his victory, signified a willingness to join him. But meanwhile the defeat of the troops spread consternation throughout the settlements of Illinois. The Indian forces wera The Black Hawk Wah. 275 ■ ' ^ ■ greatly misrepresented, and everywhere Black Hawk and his band were spoken of as bold and cunning warrior?. Gen. Atkinson at once fortified his catnp at Dixon's Ferr}', and the governor of the state issued a call for more mounted volunteers. The secretary of war sent one thousand troops from the east under Gen. Win- field Scott, who was to have the command of the campaign against the Black Hawk forces. And now wc come to the horrors of another border war in which many frontier families wore massacred or carried away into captivity, torture and death. The catalogue begins with the In- dian creek massacre. At this point a party of hostile Pottawato- mies, thirty in number, fell upon a little .settlement on Indian creek, one of the tributaries of Fox river, and murdered fifteen mon, women and children, taking two prisoners, the Misses Hall, who were afterwards returned to their friends by the Wiiuieba- goes. It was, indeed, a war of detail. A party of Indians stole the horses belonging to Capt. Stephenson, who resided not far from Galena. The captain pursued them with twelve men. A battle ov skirmish ensued, in which six Indians and three soldiers were killed. Soon after, u party of eleven Sacs killed five white men at Stafford's farm. Vengeance followed ; Gen. Dodge followed and overtook them in a swamp, when they were all shot down and scalped. Three soldiers fell in the contest. On the twenty- fourth of June, 1832, the Indians made an attack upon the fort at Buffalo Grove, not far from Dixon's Ferrj', The post was garrisoned b}' one hundred and fifty men, commanded by Capt. Dem.ent. In this contest many of the soldiers and forty horses were killed. After accomplishing thi.-, and seeing that they could not take the fort, they commenced a retreat. They had not gone far when they were overtaken by a detachment under Col. Posey. This is Black Hawk's account of the contest which followed : " We concealed ourselves until they came near enoi.gh, and then commenced j-cUing and firing, and made a rush upon thcin. About this time their chief (Posey), with a party of men, rushed up to the rescue of those wc had fired upon. In a little while tliey commenced retreating, and left their chief and a few braves, who seemed willing and anxious to fight. They acted i'...i '1 'I Mr! i.'; 270 Tuttle's Centexsial XonTinvEST. ! I I I : ! I like braves, but were forced to give way when I ruslietl upon them with my braves. In a sliort time the chief returned with a large party. lie seemed determined to fight and anxious foi battle. When he came near enough, I raised the yell, and firing commenced from both sides. The chief, who is a small man, addressed his warriors in a loud voice, but they soon retreated, leaving him and a few braves on the battlefield. A great number of my warriors pursued the retreating party and killed a number of their braves as they ran. Tlie chief and his braves were unwilling to leave the field ; I ordered my braves to rush upon them, and had the mortification of seeing two of my chiefs killed before the enemy retreated. This young chief deserves great praise for his courage, but fortunately for us, his army was not all composed of such brave men." The numbers on both sides were about equal in this engagement. On the fourth of Jul}', the army under Gen. Atkinson, consisting of four hundred regulars and over one thousand mounted volunteers, arrived at the foot of Lake Koshkonong. Two brigades of volunteers, under Gen. Dodge, pursued the Indians from this point, and overtook them on the twenty-first of July, about sundown, on the bank.s of tlie Wisconsin. An attack was made, resulting in the route of the Indians, with a heavy loss. One of the troops was killed and eight wounded. " The exact loss of the Indians in this engage- ment cannot be ascertained. One account," says Mr. Conelin, "places the number at sixteen." BLack Hawk sa^-s that he had but fifty warriors with hiin in this engagement, the rest being engaged in assisting the women and children in crossing the AVis- consin to an island, to protect them from the fire of the whites. Tliis was undoubtedly a mistake, as one of his own men gives the number engaged in the battle at sixty or seventy. " A party of Black Hawk's band, including many women and child rem, now attempted to descend the Wisconsin upon rafts and in canoes, that they might escape by reerossing the Mississippi." But in this attempt they were overtaken and attacked by troops which had bean stationed on the banks of the river. Many of the savages were killed, some were taken prisoners, others escaped to the neighboring woods, where they soon perislied from hunger, Another party, among whom was Black Hawk, having it is said, ■T" ^W': The Black Hawk WAii. 277 abandoned all idea of continning tlic war, and being unwilling to trust tlicmaclvca to a capitulation, started across the country, lioping to escape west of the ^Mississippi. In this route they lost many of their people from starvo,tion. Reaching the ^lississippi, a number of the women and children undertook to descend the river in canoes to Prairie du Chien. ^Nfany of them were drowned in this attempt, and those who did reach their destination were found to be in a starving condition. But let us turn to Black Hawk and his party. On the first of August, while in the act of crossing the Mississipjii, he was attacked by the steamboat War- rior, with an armed force on board. In this engagement the Indians lost twenty-three killed, and a great many wounded, while on board the Warrior, not one of the gallant little crew was killed, only one being slightly wounded. On the following morning, the whole of Gen. Atkinson's army was upon them. The Warrior also assisted, killing three by the first shot. In Atkinson's army nine were killed and seventeen wounded. The Indians were, of course, cruelly put to flight. Gen. Atkinson was not satisfied with his triumph upon the AVisconsin, but pushed forward with his whole army in pursuit of the Indians, making forced marches over a rough, uneven countiy. On the morning of the second of August, when within ten miles of the Mississippi, it was ascertained that the enemy was then on the bank of the rivCr in their front, preparing to embark, at a place called Bad Axe. Arrangements were at once made for au attack. Gen. Dodge's squadron was placed in front, followed by the infantry, and these by the brigades of Henry, Alexander and Posey. The^'' had proceeded in this order for about five miles, when they discovered a small party of Indians, and immediately fired upon them. This band retreated to the main body on the bank of the river. In order to prevent the Indians from escaping, Gens. Alexander and Posoy w'cre directed to form the right wing of the army, and to inarch to the river above the Indian encamp- ment, and then to move down along the bank. Gen. Henry formed the left wing, and the United States infantry and Gen. Dodge's squadron occupied the centre. In this order the army descended into the valley, which was covered with weeds and Lcavy brushwood. Gen. Ilenry was the first to discover the i' \.m i:-r-:'i f' ] '■•'. m 1 ; I I ! Mi: I : ' I ! 278 2'uttlk's Cektewxial NonrmvEST. enemy. lie opened a heavy fire upon tliein, wliicli was rcturncJ. Gen. Dodge's troops and the United State.s infantry joined him in tlic aetion, and the wliole, witli (Jon. Henry's men, rushed upcMi tlie savages, killing them witliout niorey. Only a few of them eseaped. Meanwhile, the brigades of Alexander and Posey, whieli were approaehing along the river's bank, fell in with anotlier party of lu'-.ans, putting them to rout with great .slaugliter. The Indiana were driven to the edge of the river, where they hoped to esca})C by swimming to the opposite side, but they were shot in the water, until nearly all had jterished. Among the few who eseaped was Blaek Hawk. Gens. Atkinson, Dodge and Posey, de.scended the Mi.s3issippi to Prairie du Cliien in the Warrior, and there awaited the arrival of the mounted volunteers. The latter arrived on the fourth. The few Indians who escaped in this battle, reached the western side of the Mississi})pi, only to fall a jirey to the tomahawks of their enemies, the Sioux. The loss of the Indians was about a hundred and fifty killed, thirty-nine women and children taken prisoners. The American loss did not exceed ten killed and fifteen wounded. .Soon after this fatal battle, ])lack Hawk and the pr()})hut Wa- bokieshielc, who had escaped into the country of the Sioux, were captured by two chiefs belonging to the Winnebagoes, and deliv- ered as prisoners to the Indian agent at Prairie du Chien. The prisoners were all conducted to Fort Darracks, a few miles below St. Louis. Soon after, Gen. Scott arrived at Kock Island from the cast, and made some investigations into the causes which led to the Black Hawk War, from which it was made to appear that the wliole contest might have been avoided. On the twenty-first of September, Gen. Scott and Gov. Rey- nolds concluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes. For the faithful performance of the jirovisions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the Prophet and six other chiefs of the hostile band, should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. All t!ie other i)ri.s()ners were set at liberty. The hostages were confined in Fort Barrack?, and put in irons. "We were now confined," says the old chief, Black Hawk, " to Thl Black Hawk War. 270 tljc baraacks, and forced to wear the ball and chain. Tliis wa:J extremely mortifying and altogotlier usciless. Was tbo Wiiitc Beaver (Gen. Atkinson) afraid that I would break out of liis bar- racks and run away, or was he ordered to iiiOict this i)unis]iineiit upon me? If I had taken him prisoner, upon the Held of battle, I would not have wounded his feelings so much by such treat- ment, knowing that a brave war chief would prefer death to dis- honor. But I do not blame the White Beaver for the course he pursued. It is the custom among white soldiers, and, I sujipose, was a part of his duty. " The time dragged heavily and gloomily along throughout the winter, although the White Beaver did everything in his power to render us comfortable. Having been accustomed, throughout a long life, to roam through the forests, to come and go at liberty, confinement under any such circumstances could not be less than torture. " We passed away the time making pipes, until spring, when we were visited by the agent, trader and interpreter, from Eock Island, Keokuk and several chiefs and braves of our nation, i...a my wife and daughter. I was rejoiced to see the two latter, and spent my time very agreeably with them and my people, as long as they remained." Keokuk made exertions to obtain the release of Black Ilawk, pledging himself to be responsible for his good conduct. But while the rival chief was endeavoring to effect this, an order arrived from the secretary of war to have the prisoners sent to Washington city. Accordingly they set out, and reached the national capital in the latter part of April, 1833. They were im- mediatelv sent to Fortress Monroe, " there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." The chiefs were much dissatisfied with this part of their reception, and remonstrated bitterly. The Prophet said: " Wc expected to return immediately to our people. The war in which we have been involved was occasioned by our attempting to raise provisions on our own lands, or where we thought we had a rigiit to do so. We have lost many of our people, as well as the whites. Our tribes and families are now exposed to the attacks of our enemies the Sioux and Menominees. We hope, therefore, to be j)crmitted to return home to take care of them." . ' 1. 2S0 TiTTLhi's Cesi'kssia l Xoimi ir/wr. I ; ;i .w ' i. T 1 Black Hawk concludcil liis coniplaiiit byso.ying: "Wo ilid not expect to contiucr tlic whites. No ; they had too many horses, too many men. I took up the hatulict, for my part, to roveiigo injuries which my people could no longer endure. Uad I borne them longer without striking, my people would have said Black Hawk is a woman. lie is too old to be a chief, lie is uo Sac. These reflections caused mo to raise the war-whodp. I .say no more of it ; it is known to you. Keoki.k once was here, and when he wi.shed to return to his home, you were willing. Black Hawk expects that, like Keokuk, we shall be permitted to return, too." The president assured them that their women and children should be protected against their enemies, and that us soon as he was satisfied that peace was restored to the frontiers, he would set them at liberty. It was on the twenty-sixth of Ajiril that the chiefs entered Fortress Monroe, at Old Point Comfort, where they remained until the fourth of June, when they were released. When about to depart. Black Hawk waited ujion the commandant of the fort, and said : "Brother, I have come on my own part and in behalf of my companions to bid you farewell. Our great father has at length been pleased to permit us to return to our hunting ground.*. Wc have buried the tomahawk, and the sound of the rifle will here- after only bring death to the deer and the bufTalo. Brother, you have treated the red men very kindly-. Your squaws have made them presents, and you have given them plenty to cat and drink. The memory of 3-our friendship will remain until the Great .S])irit says it is time for Black Hawk to sing his death song Brother, your bouses are as numerous as the leaves of the trees, and your young warriors like the sand upon the shofe of the big lake that rolls before us. The red nuin hath but few houses and few warriors, but the red man has a heart which throbs as warndy as the heart of his white brother. The Great Spirit has given us our hunting grounds, and the skin of the deer which we kill there is his favorite, for its color is white, and this is the emblem of peace. This hunting dress and these feathers of the eagle arc white. Ac- cept them, my brother. 1 have given one like this to the White Otter. Accept it as a memorial of Black Hawk. When he is far m TiiK Black Hawk War. 281 away this will serve to reiuiiKl you of him. ^^!ly tlio Groat Spirit blfss yoii niul your cliililrcu. Farewell." ()u the 5th of June, IJlaek ITawlc and his five ci)iu[)anion3 left the fortresd uiuler the charge of Maj. John Garland, of the United States army. Before leaving tlie 2)lace they vi.sited Norfolk and the navy yard ;it Gosport. They were taken on hoard of .some of the war ships, and Black Hawk expressed a desire to sec the chiefs who commanded them. In the journey to the west, Black Hawk was conducted through the principal cities of the cast, and in every place to which he was taken ho received great attention from the odleials and from the people at large. Fort Armstrong had been chosen as the projier place for the ceremonies of the liberation of Black Hawk and his party. Its central position enabled the commander to assemble the surround- ing Indians at short notice, runners being sent out for that pur- pose. The first to arrive was the friendly Keokuk and his band. He ascended the Mississip[)i by water, and led the van with two large canoes lashed side by side, handsomely decorated, with a canopy erected over them, "beneath which sat the chief and his three wives, with the American flag waving over them. More than twcnt}' canoes followed the chieftain, each containing from four to eight of his warriors, whose shouts and songs swcp*- over the transparent waters of the Mississippi and were echoed from shore to shore.'-' W\Q little fleet passed slowly up the river, opposite the camp of' the captives, and landed on the west side of the river. At this place Keokuk and his party spent several hours in arranging their dress, painting and equipping themselves for the occasion. When this important duty had been completed the}' crossed the river. Peaching the bank the great Keokuk turned to his followers, an^ said: "The Great Spirit has sent our brother back; let us shake lands with him in friendship." Ho then approached Black Hawk, followed by his warriors. The old chief was seated in front of his temporary lodge, surrounded by his followers, and api)earcd to be decpl} iiTected b}' the scene. Now the rivals met face to face — Keokuk in his glory and Black Hawk in disgrace, fallen, forsaken ! But the proud ruler did not exult in his well-merited triumph. Approaching the old chief, Keokuk stretched forth his hand in friendship, which Black Ilawk ■'! ' ■M'.i' I ;( 1 :i; 1 ill lii 282 Tvttle's Cektexxial Northwest. grasped with a degree of cordiality. Keokuk and his followers then took scats, which was followed by a long silence. The pipe was lighted and passed from hand to hand, followed by friendly sentiments expressed by both ])arties. At length Keokuk arose and shook hands with the fallen chief, saying, "We will return to-morrow." He then recrossed the river to his own camp. On the following day, the grand council for the libei'ation of the captives was held. " It presented," says Mr. Conclin, " the novel spectacle of a chief, compelled by a third power, to acknowl- edge the authority of a rival, and formally descend from the rank which he had long sustained among his people. Fort Armstrong presented a commodious room for the ceremonies of the day, and it was fitted up for the occasion. About ten o'clock in the fore- noon, Keokuk and one hundred followers recrossed the river and proceeded in martial array to the garrison. They were conducted into the council room and shown the seats which they were to occupy. Keokuk was seated with Tashepahow (ihe Stabber) on one side, Wapellar (the Little Prince) on the other — the former a chief of the Sacs, the latter of the l*V)xcs. The remainder of his band took their seats in the rear, and maintained, throughout the ceremon}^, jtrofound silence." In a few minutes Black Ilawk and his followers came into the couneil. As they entered, Keokuk and the two chiefs by his side rose and greeted them. The old chief and his associates were seated directly o])posite Keokuk. Black Hawk was accom- panied by his son, Nasinewiskuk, and both a})i)eared to be dis- pleased. They had, the day i)revious, oilcred great objt otions to the council, saying it was altogether unnecessary and would be very painful to them, and it was now with the greatest reluc- tance that they came into it. For several minutes a profound silence reigned over the assem- bly, at the end of which Maj. Garland rose and addressed the couneil. lie said he was pleased to see the Sacs and Foxes greet Black ITawk with fricnd.ship, and he believed that hereafter they would live in peace. At this point Maj. Garland caused the speech delivered to Black Hawk at Baltimore by the presidi;nt to be again interpreted to him. This ended, Keokuk rose, ana after shaking hands with those around him, said : The Black Uawk War. 283 "I liavc listened to tlic talk of our great father. It is true \vc pledged our honor, with those of our young braves, for the libera- tion of our friends. We tliought riiuch of it ; our eouneii:^ were long ; their wives and ehildren were in our thoughts ; wlieu wc talked of them our hearts were full. Their wives and ehildren came to see us, whieh made us feel like women ; but we were men. The words whieh we sent to our great father were good; he s])oke like the father of ehildren. Tlie Great Spirit made his heart big in council. We received our brothers in friendship ; our hearts were good towards them. They once listened to bad counsel ; now their ears are closed. I give my hand to them ; when they .shake it they shake the hands of all ! I will shako hands with them,, and then I am done." Maj. Garland again rose and said that th..' president, their great father, would hereafter recognize Keokuk as the principal chief of the Sac and l^'ox nations, and that he wished and expected that Block IJawk would conform to his (rival's) councils. All unfriendly feelings between them must be buried, and the band of Bhx'jk Hawk must be hereafter merged in that of Keokuk. And just hern \ cannot resist from making a single comment: Was it not enough that Black Hawk, whose once powerful band of warriors had beim shot down by American soldiers, had been left without any followers, that he had suffered the shame of a long, and, in some respects, merciless confinement? Why crush out the List spark of ])ride within him? On hearing the words of Maj. Garland, the old chief, who had suffered his captivity and imprisonment with fortitude, lost all control of himself and became deeply excited. The great spirit whieh had borne him through the daring struggles of his great war, and made his name terrible wherever it was spoken, sud- denly returned and burst forth with great violence. He leaped to his feet, M'cmbling with anger, his eyes sparkling with rage, and exclaimed : " I am a man ! an old man ! I will not conform to the councils of any one ! 1 will act for myself! None shall govern me ! I am old; my hair is gray. I o;ice gave councils to my young men. Am L to confcrm to others? T shall soon go to the Great Spirit, wliere I shall bo at rest. What I said to our great father, I say again. I will alwa.ys listen to Lim. I am done." Mea Ill) 2S4 Tcttle's Centennial Nohtiiwest. |iii It 'ii I ni! i'» I ■M' This speech created great excitement in the council, and the interpreter was directed to explain to Black Hawk that the presi- dent had only requested him to listen to the counsel of Keokuk. But the old man was displeased and would make no reply. Keokuk approached him and whispercu, "why do you speak so before the white men • I will speak for you ; you trembled. You did not mean what you said." Keokuk then took his place, and remarked to the council : "Our brother has again come to us, has spoken, but he .spoke in wrath. His tongue was forked. lie spoke not like a man — a Sr.c. He knew his words were bad ; he trembled like the oak whose roots have been wasted away by many rains. He is old — what he said, let us forget. He says be did not mean it ; ho wishes it forgotten. I have spoken for him. ^yh"lt I have said are his own words, not mi 3. Let us say he spoke in council *^o-day — that his words were good. I have spoken." Several other speeches were made, after which Maj. Garland rose and told Black Hawk that he was at liberty to go where he pleased ; that the people of the United Stated, as well as himself, were pleased with the uniform good conduct of all the captives while among them; that they were convinced their hearts were good, but they had listened to bad councils. Tlxe majoi-, in conclusion, e aid he hoped that peace and harmony would long exist between them. Black Hawk rose in reply, and made a short and appropriate speech, asking the reporters to draw a line over the speech he had made. He said he did not mean it. The council was then broken up. In the cvcnii;g of the .same day. ^[nj. Grarland invited the prin- cipnl chiefs t> his own quarters, and, after treating them to cham- pagne, all indulged in speeches. Black Hawk, who was the last one who spoke, said : "I feel that I am an old man; once I could speak, but now I have but little to say; to-day we met many of our brothers ; we were glad to see them. I have listened to what my brothers have said ; their hearts are good ; they have been like Sacs since I left them; they have taken care of my wife and children, who had no wigwam ; T thank them for it; the Great Spirit knows that I thank them. Before the sun gets behind the hills to-morrow, I shall see them : I want to sec them. When I left them I ex- The Black Hawk War. 285 pected soon to return ; I told our great father when in Washing- ton, that I would listen to the counsels of Keokuk. I shall soon he far away. I shall have no village, no band. I shall live alone. What I said in council to-day, I wish forgotten. If it has been put on paper, I wish a ma'-k drawn over it ; I did not mean it. Now we ar-i alone, let us say we will forget it. Say to our great father and Gov. Cass, that I will listen to them. Many years ago I met Gov. Cass in councils, far across the prai- ries, to the rising sun. His counsels were good; my ears were closed ; I listened to the great father across the waters. My father listened to him whose band was large. My band was once large ; now I have no band. I and my son, and all the party, thank our great father for what he has done. He is old; lam old ; we shall soon go to the Great Spirit, where wc shall rest. He sent us through his great villages. We saw many of the white people, who treated us with kindness. We thank them; we thank you and Mr. Sprague for coming with us. Your road was long and crooked. We never saw so many white men be- fore. When you were with us, wc felt as though we had some friends among them. We felt safe ; you knew them all. When you come upon the Mississippi again, you shall come to my wig- wam; I have now none. On your road home, 3''ou will pass where my village was once ; no one lives there now; all are gone. I give you my hand; we may never meet again. I shall long remember you. The' Great Spirit will be with you and your wives and children. Before the sun rises I shall go to my family; my son will be here to see you before we go. I will shake hands with my brothers here, and then I am done." On the following morning Black Hawk crossed the river and wasted no tunc in reaching his wife. The other Indians also repaired to their vil- lages. In addition to this, it will be proper to add that in September, 1838, while on his way to Rock Island to receive his portion of the annual payment, lie took a heavy cold, which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fever, which terminated his life on the third of Oct'iber, after an illness of only a few days. His wife, who wa? devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sick- ness. She said on the day before he died, " he is getting old, he m \m '>.» i H :'ti 11 i ! '1 i I'll I'li Ml; 1^ • 286 TuTTLE's CEyTEXXIAL XoRTinVEST. must (lie. ^Nfonotali calls him home." After liis death, he was dressed in the uniform presented to him by the president while in Washington, and buried. " The grave was six feet deep, and of the usual length, situated upon a little eminence about fifty yards from his wigwam. The body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a scat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane given him b}' Henry Clay, ■was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons." CHAPTER XXIV. TERRITORIAL HISTORIES — IOWA AXD MINNESOTA. Iowa, in 1838, was read}' to form a territorial government and thus to take the first step toward a place in the union. In 1838, -the legislature of Wisconsin convened at Burlington, on the fir.-t of June, and continued in session till that portion of the territory west of the Mississippi was cut off from Wisconsin, and formed a separate government. There was an act passed by congress on the 12th of June, 1838, by which it was provided, "that from and after the third of Juh' next, all that part of the territory of Wisconsin that lies west of the ^Mississippi river, and west of a line drawn due north from the head waters or sources of the Mis- sissippi to the territorial line, was, for temporary parposes, consti- tuted a separate territorial government, and called Iowa." This law made provisions, that there .should be " nominated and by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appointed by the president of the United States, a governor, secretary, chief justice and two associate judges, a United States attorney and marshal. The governor was appointed for three years, and tho other ofiiccrs for a term of four years. The governor was re- quired to reside in the territory, was the commander-in-chief of the militia, was rquired to perform the duties of superintendent Territoihal Histories — Iowa. 287 of Iruliaii afTair?!, and all laws passed by the legie^lature were to be approved by him, before tlicy should take effect, and he was invested with the power to grant pardons; and he was " to nomi- nate, and with the advice and consent of the legislative council, appoint all judicial officers, justices of the peace, sheriffs and all militia officers, except those of the staff, and all civil officers not provided for by the organic act. It was further provided, that the territory should be divided into throe judicial districts, and the governor had the right to define the judicial districts of the territory, and assign the judges appointed to the several districts, and appoint the time for holding courts in the several counties, till otherwise provided by the legislature ; each of the judges was required to live in and hold the courts in his own district, and the three judges were required to meet at the seat of government once a year, and together hold a supreme court. It was also made the duty of the governor to " declare the number of mem- bers of the council, and house of representatives to which each of the counties was entitled," and the first election was to be held at such time and places, and be conducted in such manner as he might direct. Robert Lucas, who had been governor of Ohio, was appomtcd governor; William B. Conway, secretary ; Francis Gehon (the old marshal of Wisconsin), marshal ; Cyrus S. Jacobs,* Charles Ma- son, Joseph Williams and Thomas S. Wilson, judges. Gov. Lucas ccused the census to be taken, and apportioned the members of the legislature, and issued his proclamation for an election of delegates to congress, and members of the legislature. The governor made Burlington the temporary seat of govern- ment, and convened the first legislature of Iowa territory on the 12th of November, 1838, consisting of thirteen tnembers of the council, and twenty-six members of the house of representatives. During Gov. Lucas' administration the southern boundary question created much difficulty between Iowa and Missouri, but the contest was finally settled, to the credit of Gov Lucas, who, although he stood boldlj'- to his own convictions, proved to be in the right. ♦Jacobs, soon after lie wiis uppointed, in a political difficulty, was killed, and Isaac Van zVllen appointed in his place. I it f ll'i ■-: m r Ji' ,1 4 \i ?»•'■ '1 \-}r' Hi 111: r ! V'--'- f '• 288 Tuttle's Cextexxial XoiiTinrEsr. The democratic administration of Van Burcn having given place to the whig government of Harrison, on the 25th of ^[arch, 1841, John Chambers was appointed territorial governor of Iowa to suc- ceed Gov. Lucas. Tlic latter, after retiring fi-om office, removed to tlie land adjoining Iowa City, which he had purchased from the government when it was first brought into market, where he spent the most of his remaining days in the management of his farm, the care of his family and the education of his children. Under Gov. Chambers' administration the capital was moved from Burlington to Iowa City. The propriety of assuming the responsibility of a slate government was discussed at an early day ; and this question was brought before the legislature, and on the sixteenth of February, 18-12, a law was passed providing for a convention, and the taking of the necessary steps for the estab- lishment of a state government. The convention was to consist of eighty-two members, and to meet on the first ^Monday of the next Xovembcr ; but before the law was to be in force it was to be submitted to the vote of the people. But it seems that the people did not at that time feel disposed to assume the responsibility of a state government, for at the next election, the proposition was voted down. In the fall of this year there was another treaty held with the Sac and Fox Indians, at their agency, and on the eleventh of October, 1842, an agree- ment was signed for the purchase of all their lands in Iowa. By the provisions of this treat}', the Indians retained the right to oc- cupy all that part of their lands ceded, " which lies west of a line running due nonh and south from the Painted, or Bed Hocks, on the White Breast fork of the Bcs Moines I'iver, for the term of three years." In consideration of the grant of lands, the United States agreed to pay these nations, yearly, an interest of five per cent, on the sum of eight hundred thousand dollars, and pay all their debts which at that time amounted to two hundred and fifty-eight thousand, five hunarcd and .sixty-six dollars and thirty- four cents. As soon as it was known tliat this treaty had been made, there was a great rush of immigration to Iowa, and large numbers marked out and made temporary settlements near the boundary line of the Indian country, so as to be ready on the first day of the next May to move into the new purchase, and se- Territouial Histories — Iowa. '289 lect choice locations for their claims. The winter of 1842-3 was noted as the cold winter. Snow about a foot deep fell on the night of the ninth of November, most of which lay on the ground till the next Ajiril. During most of the winter the snow was from two to four feet deep, and a great portion of the time, the thermometer was about twenty degrees below zero. At the commencement of the j'car 1842, there was a great crisis in money matters. !Most of the banks through the country had suspended si^ccic payments in the fall of 1840, and many of them at this time were afraid to make their accustomed loans; money everywhere became scarce and property went down in value faster than it had gone up, and it was almost impossible to sell at any {)ricc. In addition to the general crisis all over the country, early in the year 1842, all the Illinois, Wisconsin, and a great portion of the ^Michigan and other western baidcs failed. The loss sus- tained by the failure of banks, and the hard times occasioned by the general panic in the monc}'' market, created a great prejudice against all banks, and the sentiment prevailed to a great extent, in favor of a strictly hard currency ; and this was made, to a cer- tain extent, in man}' parts of the country, and particularly in the west, a political issue. Provisions were made for a convention to form a constitution in 1844, and the convention met in October, in Iowa City, and formed a constitution. About the same time that Iowa sought to become a state, Florida formed a constituiii-n, and made applica- tion for admission to the union, and on the third of March, 1845, congress passed an act admitting Florida and Iowa into the union as sovereign states ; but the act curtailed the boundaries of Iowa, and instead of adopting the boundaries as defined in her constitu- tion, enacted that they should " begin at the mouth of '-^t. Peters river, thence up that river to the parallel of latitude, passing through the mouth of the Wakaton or Blue Earth river, thence west, along said parallel to a point where it is intersected by a meridian line seventeen and a half degrees west of Washington, thence due south to the state of Missouri, thence to the north line of that state till it strikes the Dc^s Moines river, thence down that stream to the Mississippi, thence up the Mississippi to the place of beginning — making the western boundary of Iowa on a line with the western 19 , I mm\ i m^ r ii.;>; i vfi'^^ , i'! .:^i i' '» I L 200 TirTLE's Centesxial XojiTinrEST. boundary of Missouri, and cutting oil nearly all the western slope of the state, as the boundaries were subsequently established. The opponents of the constitution oilered this curtailing of the state as a reason why the )"ieoj)le should not adopt the conslitu- tution. '^riiis argument seemed to luivc much force, especially with the whig party; and to counteract this opposition, brought to bear against adojjting the constitution, lion. Aug. C. Dodge, who was then the delegate of the territory in congress, prcparcjd a circular and had it sent all over the territory, in which he gave it as his opinion, that Iowa could never get a better boundary than the one which had been given her by congress ; but the constitu- tion, contrary to the expectation of all leading democrats, was voted down. However, in 1845, provisions were made for another con- stitutional convention, whi'jh convened, in Iowa City in May, 18-16. Having framed a constitution, it was taken before the people, and adopted. Clark, who was the last territorial governor, upon re- ceiving the olTicial vote, adopting the constitution, i.ssued his pro- clamation lor an election of state oflicers and members of the legis- lature. This election was carried on with a great deal of spirit on both sides, but the democrats succeeded in electing all the state ofTicers and a majority of the representatives in the senate, but were not so fortunate in electing members to the house. For ijovernor, Ansel Briggs received 7,026 votes, and Tho.s. McKnight, 7,379 votes. TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA. OuK SKETCHES of the territorial history of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska, are necessarily very brief in onler to give place toother matters of greater interest. The state of Minnesota derives its name from an Indian word, signifying "sky-tinted- water." The territory was first entered by a Frenchman named Daniel Gregsolon du Luth, in 1078. In 1071), Father Hennepin, and two others, who had formed a part of La Salle's expedition, spoken of in previous chapter.?, accompanied the Indians to their village, 180 miles above the Falls of St. Anthony. Ten years later the territory v.'as taken po.ssession of in the name of the French king, by Perrot and his companions. They built a fort TF.niiiToin. 1 /. UiH ToiiiEs — Misxesota. 291 on the shore of lake Pepin, jii.st above its entrance. "In 1G95, a second fort was built by Le Sueur, on an island in the Mississippi, just below the mouth of the St. Croix. In 1700, he built a fort on the Minnesota. The fur traders now came into the territory in great number?, but no permanent settlement was made for pur- poses of colonization. In 1763, Capt. Jonathan Carver, of Con- necticut, visited Minnesota, and publi.shed a description of the country. In 1800, that part of the present state of Afinnesota lying east of the Mississijipi river was included in the territory of Indiana. In 1S03, the purchase of Louisiana placed the United States in pos.session of the lands west of the Mississippi. Fort Snclling was erected in 1819, and garrisoned by the United States. The territory was alrcadj' tlie scat of an active trade with the In- dians, and the government had some trouble in enforcing its regu- lutions among the traders, ifinuesota was explored in 1820 by Gen. Lewis Cass, and in 1823 by Maj. Long. A third exploring party was sent out in 1832, under Ilsnry R. Schoolcraft, who dis- covered the source of the Mississippi river. Frequent surveys and explorations were made after this, until the region became very well known. In 18-12, the town of St. Paul was founded, and emigrants commenced to settle in the territory. In 1840, the territory of Minnesota was organized by congress. The popula- tion was estimated at 4,857 .souls, and one half of the lands in- cluded in the new territory were still the property of the Indians. Emigrants eanfc in fast, however, and in 1857, the population was ascertained by a census to be 150,037. In 1856, congress author- ized the people of the territory to form a state constitution, wliich was done, and on the 11th day of May, 1858, Minnesota was ad- mitted into the Union as a sovereign state."* * Great Republic. I ■ . i i| !>" I I 292 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. CHAPTER XXV. TEUllITORIAL HISTORIES — KANSAS. Enrly Kansas — Gov. Ri^edor — The Kansas-Nebraska Act — Territorial Con- llicls of Kansas — Slavery Agitation — Kansas made a State. By the pas.sage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, tlie territorial government of Kansas was establi.slicd. This was in 1S54. When the territory was organizcil, the only inhabitants witliin its boundaries, except Indians, were a few trader.s, missionaries and Indian agents. Up to this time the western border of Mis- souri was considered the outline of civilization. In the early part of May, 185-i, before tbe territory was thrown open to settlement, the people from tlie western border of ^lissouri hastened over the line to occupy the best portions of the country. In this way set- tlers soon became numerous, itnd in the spring of 185i, meetings ^ere held among the squatters at which resolutions similar to the following were passed ; WiiEKEAS, Wo the citizens of Kansas territory and many otlier citizens of the adjoining state of Mis.souri, contemplating a squat- ter's home on the plains of said territory, are assei bled at Salt Creek Valley for the purpose of taking such steps as will secure safety and fairness in the location and preservation of claims. Therefore, Beit resolved: "1st. That we arc in favor of a bona Jh.le squatter sovereignty, and acknowledge the right of any citi- zens of the United States to make a claim in Kansas territorv, ultimately with the view of occupying it. " 2d. That such claim, when made, shall be held inviolate so long as a ho7ia fide intention of occupying it is apparent, and for the purpose of protecting and defending such claim, we agree to act in concert, if necessary to expel intruders. " 3d. That every person of lawful age wdio may be at the head of a family, who shall mark out his claim of 160 acres, so that it n ; i TERiiiTORiAL Histories— ■ Kansas. 293 may bo apparent how the same lies, and proceed with rcasonahlo diligence to erect tlicreon a cabin or tent, shall be deemed to have made a proper claim, " 4th. That an}-- person marking out his claim shall be deemed 10 have forfeited it unless he commences his cabin, or pitches his tent within two weeks thereafter, unless tlic same bo on lands which prohibit it by military or Indian reservations. "oth. That all persons now holding claims shall have two weeks from this daj', in which to make the improvements con- templated by the foregoing resolutions. " 6th. No person shall be protected by the squatter association who shall hold in his own right more than one claim. " 7th. That a citizen of the territory bo appointed as register of claims, who shall keep a book in which he shall register the name and description of all squatters, and their claims, and the dates of making the 'same, for which registration he shall be allowed the sum of fifty cents for each claim, to be paid by the claimant. " Sth. That we recognize the institution of slavery as always existing in this territory, and recommend to slaveholders to intro- duce tlicir property as early as possible. " Oth. That we will afford protection to no abolitionists as set- tlers of Kansas territory." These were the first resolutions passed in the territory, and as they were in reality passed by Missourians, they appeared jioor inducements to free'state settlers. The first attempt at founding a city in the territory of Kansas was that of Leavenworth. On the 13th of June, 1854, an organization of thirty-two persons was effected, consisting of pro.slavery and free state men. They pro- cured two quarter sections of land where the city now stands. This was divided into one hundred and seventy-five shares, that at first sold for $250 a piece. Over $4,000 were immediately ex- pended in clearing off the land ready for settlement. It was not until three years after, however, that the title was secured, but af- ter the settlement of Leavenworth commenced, it grew rapidly and .soon became a place of importance. Atchison was laid out in the same year by a similar association. While the advocates of slavery were thus busily engaged in Kansas, the friends of free labor were not idle. The fierce debates if \ r I '.I ! I iii i sai Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. in congress had nircady directed tlic attention of the people in the nortliern states to this territory. The pre.«s of the country pro- cLiinicd the beauty and fertility of tlie country, and emigrant aid societies were formed in New England and elsewhere to promote the settlement of Kansas by free state men. By the middle of the year 1854. emigration began to arrive from the northwestern free states, and, through these means a settlement was formed in the neighborhood of tlie pre.senl citA' of Lawrence. Topcka was also settled this 3'ear, as also Manluittan and Gras.shopper Kails. The settlement of Kansas progressed rapidly in 1854, and in that year it was evident the conllict between slavery and free state interests would culminate in open hostilities. For the first four montlis after Kan.sas was opened to settlement, there was no general government over the territory; but sijuatters in various localities would get together and adopt rules and regulations to which all would sub.scribe. By these rules all questions pertain- ing to claims were settled, and a record of them kept. Peace and harmony prevailed among the settlers, and there was no dif- ficulty, only when some wandering Missourians would seek to disturb free state men in the possession yi their claims. People were intent in the construction of their new homes, and the ques- tion of slavery attracted little attention Presses began to bo in- troduced of a stamp that would have done honor to an older country. Prosperity and good will existed among all classes. But the mischief makers in Mis.souri were busy at their work, soon, indeed, to disturb the growth and harmony of the rising state. In 1854, the following ofliccrs were appointed by the pres- ident to oi'ganizie and administer government in Kansas: Andrew IT. Reeder, of Pennsylvania, governor ; Daniel Woodson, of Vir- ginia, secretary; Samuel D. Lccompte. of Mar^dand, chief jus- tice; Sanders W. Johnson, of Ohio, and Rush Elmore, of Ala- bama, associate justices; J. B. Donaldson, of Illinois, marshal; Andrew J. Isaacs, of Louisiana, district attorney ; John Calhoun, of Illinois, surveyor general of Kansas and Nebraska; S. Cun- ningham, of 'Missouri, superintendent of Indian afTairs. Gov. Reeder was born in Easton, iNurthampton county, Pennsylvania, on the r2th day of July, 1807. He received a thoroughly classi- cal and legal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1828 Teiihitouial Uistouiks — Kawsas. 295 The appointment of ls\\\ Rocilor met with tlic hearty ajiprnval of the democ.-ritic ])rep3 throughout the hind. The south h;ul con- fidence in ^fr. Pierce, and felt sure that he understood the man of his selection ; tbo north lioped from Mr. I^ceder's character that justice would be administered in the territory. All felt safe that the governor would have much influence in determining the institutions of the fi'Miro state, and the eyes of the nation were upon him. On arriving at Leavenworth, he met with a warm re- ception from the towns people. Stepping from the Polar iStar upon the levee, he was greeted by a vast concourse of citizens, a speech of welcome and a navional salute from the fort. Gov. l^eedcr at once made an extensive tour through the terri- tory', to ascertain the character and needs of the people. Every- wliere he met a most cordial welcome. However, he soon became very unpopular with proslavery men, and in 1855, he was re- moved, and Hon. Wil-on Shannon, of Ohio, was appointed in his place. But we may notice some of the events under Gov. lleed- cr.* " An election for a territori;d delegate to congress was held November 29tli. The jiolls were taken possession of by armed bands from !Missouri, and out of 2,871 votes cast, it was subse- quently estimated by a congressional investigating committee that 1,729 were illegal. On Mach 30, 1855, another election for mem- bers of the territorial legislature was held, and the polls were again taken possession of hj large bodies of armed men from Mis- souri who, after electing proslavery delegates from every district, returned to their own homes in the adjacent state. From the in- vestigation by the congressional committee, it appeared that out 6,218 votes cast at this election, only 1,310 were legal, of which 791 were given for the free state or antislavcry candidates. From six of the districts, evidence of the illegal nature of the proceed- ings having been laid before Gov. Reeder, lie set aside the returns and ordered new elections in tho.se districts, which resulted in the choice of free state delegates, except at Leavenworth, where the polls were again seized by ^Mis.sourians. Gov. Reeder soonaftpr visited "Washington, to confer with the federal authorities, and after his return, his removal from the office of governor was an- nounced, July 26, for the alleged reason of irregular proceed- * American Cj-clopedia, vol. X, p. 104. I . <■■ ■h I II 1 ii H . iil ■>■■ ■:% ■ 1 III I if' il iiiK Hi! i 296 TuTTLE'S CeXTENXIAL XoiiTHWEST. iiigs ui the purchase of Indian lands. The territorial legislature assembled at Pawnee, Jaly 3, and remained in session till Aug. 30. One of tlieir first acts vas to expel tlie free state men chosen at the second elections ordered by Gov. llceder, and to give their seats to the proslaverj men or' 'finally returned. They also passed an act making it a capital offense to assist slaves in escaping either into the territory or out of it ; and felony, pun- ishable with imprisonment at hard labor ^rom two to five years, to conceal or aid escaping slaves, to circulate antislavery publica- tions, or to deny tho right to hold slaves in the territory ; also an act requiring all voters to swear to sustain the fugitive slave law ; and they also adopted in a body the laws of Missouri. AVilson Shannou, of Ohio, was appointed governor in place of Mr. liced- c)-, and assumed office, Sept. 1. A few days later a convention of the free state party was held at Big Springs, and, after protesting against the acts of the legislature, nominated ex-Gov. Keeder as delegate to congress, and appointed Oct. 1/ as the time for hold- ing the election, when Gov. Reeder received about 2,-iOO votes. At the same time, delegates were chosen to a constitutional conven- tion, which assembled at Topeka, Oct. 28, and sat till iS'ov. 11, when they promulgated a constitution for the state of Kansas, in which slavery was prohibited. The contest between the free state and ])ro3lavery parties now grew to such a pitch of violence that several men were killed on each side, and the people of Law- rence began to arm for self defense. The governor called out the militia. A large number of Missourians enrolled themselves as Kan.sas militia, and Lawrence for ."ome days was in a state of siege ; but the difficulty was tf^mporarily adjusted by negotiation, and the !Missourians retired to their own state. On Dec. lii, the people voted upon the question of accepting tiie To})eka constitu- tion, and it was accepted with only forty-five votes against it, exclusive of Leavenworth, where the polling was prevented by an inroad from Mis.souri. On Jan. 15, 1856, an election was held for .«tatc odicers and a legislature, under the Topeka consti- tution, and Chas. Robinson was chosen governor. The legislature met at Topeka,, ^[arch 4, and after organi>:ing and inaugurating the governor and other officers, adjourned to July 4,. Early in April a considerable body of armed men, from — v!' Tehritohial Histories — Kaks is. 237 Georgia, Alabama and other southern states, led by Maj. Buford, arrived in Kansas. On the 17th of the same month, a special committee of the United States house of representatives, appoint- ed about a month before, and charged to investigate the troubles in the territory of Kansas, arrived at Lawicnce. The result of their investigations was a rcpori by a majority of the committee, Messrs. Howard of Michigan, and Sherman of Ohio, in which they said: "Every election has been controlled, not by the actual settlers, but by citizens of ^Missouri; and as a consequence, every oflicer in the territoiy from coiistible to legislator, except those appointed by t''c president, owe their positions to nonresi- dent voters. None have been elected by the settlers, and your committee have been unable to find that any political power whatever, however unimportant, has been cxerci.sed by the people of the territory." Mr. Oliver of ^Nfis.souri, the third member of the committee, made a minority report, in which he said : " It must have been apparent to all, that the report of the majority was not only ex parte and onesided, but highly partisan in its charactei''from beginning to end. This appears all through the paper, in the man- ner of their statement of all things referred to by them as facts, many of which statements of facts thus m.ade rest upon no evi- dence whatever collected by the committee. There is no cvidenco that any violence was resorted to, of force employed, by which men were prevented from voting, at a single election precinct in the territory, or that there was any greater disturbance at any election precinct than frequently occurs in all our state elections in exciting times." On ^lay 5. the grand jury of Douglass coun- ty found indictments against Reedcr, Robinson, L, ne and other free state leaders, for high treason, on the ground of their pai'tici- pation in the organization of a state government under the Topeka constitution. Reeder and Lane escaped from the terri- tory, but Robinson was arrested and kept in prison for four months. The United States marshal took Bedford's men into pay, and armed them with government muskets. Lawrence w.^.s again besieged by a large force, and in May 21, under a promise of safety to penson and protection to property, the inhabitants gave up their arms to the sheriff. The invaders immediately cn- terrcd the town, blew up and burned the hotel, burned Mr. Rob- ii i 'I I \i H t I I ! I 298 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. inson's house, destroyed two printing presses antl plundered sev- eral stores and houses. A state of civil war now spread through the territory, the free state party being furnishec with contributions of arms and money from nonslaveholding states. On May 26, a light occurred at Pottawatomie in which eight men were killed, and on June 2, another at Palmyra or B'ack Jack, which resulted in the capture of Capt. Pate of South Carolina, and thirty of his men. Similar aflair.-!, attended with more or less lo.ss of life, c'^'"'- tinued to occur for three or four months. Parties of emigrants from the free states on their way tlirough Missouri were in many cases stopped and turned back. The free state legislature met at the appointed time (July 4), at Topeka, and \\as forcibly dispers- ed by United States troops under Col. Sumner. On August 1-4, the free state men assailed and took a fortified post near Lecomp- ton, occupied by Col. Titus with a party of proslavery men, and captured Titus and twenty other prisoners. On August 17, a treaty was agreed to between Gov. Shannon and the free state men, by which Shannon restored the cannon taken at Lawrence, and received in exchange Titus and the other prisoners. A few days later Shannon received notice of his removal from office, . JohnW. Geary of Pennsylvania, being appointed in his stead. Mr. Woodson, the secretary of the territory, and acting governor before Geary's arrival, on Acgust 25, issued a ])roclar;iation de- claring the territory to be in a state of rebellion. He collected a considerable armed force at Leeompton, while anotlier bod}', amounting to 1,150 men, assembled under the lion. David At- chi.son, late United States suuator from Missouri, at a point call- ed Santa Fe. On August 20, a detachment frum Atchison's army attacked Osawatamie, which was defended by about fifty men,' who made a vigorous resistance, but were defeated with the loss of two killed, live wounded and seven prisoners. Five of the assailants werj killed and thirty buildings were burned. Thr next day a body of free state men inai'dicd from L wre've ^) at- tack Atchison's army. On their approach the latter retired or.a withdrew Ihs forces into Missouri. On September 1, the annual muii.jipal election took place at Leavenworth. A party chielly from Alissouri, killed and wounded several of the free state men, burned their houses, and forced about 150 to embark for St. SH.t ' '-=r'mf^\ TEnniTOiiiAL IIisToiiiEs — Kansas. 299 Louis. On Sept. 8, Gov. Geary arrived at Lecompton, and Rob- inson and the other prisoners held on a charge of treason were released on bail. The governor on assuming office issued a proc- lamation calling upon all boaic== of men to disband. lie also promised protection to the free state men who accordingly laid down their arms. The Missourians, liowever, immediately assem- bled to the number of upward of 2,000, forming three regiments with pieces of artillery, and marched to attack Lawrence, under command ot a member of the ]\[issouri legislature. Gov. Geary with his force of United States soldiers interposed between them and Lawrence, and finally prevailed upon them to retire. During the retreat, a free state man named BafTum, was shot down by a man named Ilaynes, almost in the presence of the govern'^/, who subsequently caused tlie arrest of Haynes on a charge of murder. The United States district judge Lecompte, who was noted as an active partisan, liberated Ilaynes on bail, and afterwards on habeas corpus. Thereupon, Gov. Geary forwarded a representation to V',\v?hington demanding tho judge's removal, and about the ,mid- c.e o' December, James C. Harrison of Kentuck}^, was appointed .■• )i-. place. Gov. Geary now reported to the president that yc ■'.<.•• c., id order were completely reestablished in Kansas. L- t .' -.1. 6, 1857, the legislature elected under the Topeka con- stitution met at Topeka, and organized next da; . The United States marshal inimediately arrested the ]n'eside'it of the senate, the speaker of the house, and about a dozen of the leading mem- bers, whom he carried prisoners to Tecumseh, on the charge of " having taken upon themselves the office and public trust of legislators for the state of Kansas, without lawful deputation or appointment." The houses being left without a quorum, met ■I. i:ext day and adjoiur.od till June. Shortly afterward the territorial legislature, composed entirely of proshivery men, chosen at an election in which the free state men had declined to partici- pate on the ground of its illegality, met at Lecompton, and among other acts, passed one providing for the election of a convention to frame a state constitutfon for Kansas. Meanwhile the house of representatives at Wasliington had passed a bill declaring void all the enactments of the territorial legislature, on the ground that they were "cruel arV. oppi'essive," and that ''the said legislature 300 TuTTLe's CeXTENXIAL NoitTIIWKST. m I \ )l was not elected by the legal voters of Kansas, but was forced upon them by nonresidents." This bill, however, did not pass the senate, and thn*^, body refused to confirm the appointment of Harrison in the pla " ^ compte, who thus remained chief jus tice of Kansas, never . s, been actually dismissed. Upon this Gov. Geo.ry resigned his v/iiice and quitted the territory. Rober'. J. AValker, of ^lississippi, was a])pointcd liis successor, with Frederick P. Stanton, of Tennessee, for secretary. The election for delegates to the constitutional convention was held on June 15. The free state men generally took no part m it, on the ground that the legislature whicli ordered it had no legal author- ity, and that if they attempted to vote th.ey would be defrauded and overborne by intruders from Mis.souri. About 2,000 votes were cast, while the legal voters in the territor}', by a recent cen- sus, numbered about 10,000. At the territorial election held a few months later, the free state men, being assured by Gov. Wal- ker of protection from intruders, went to the polls and cast about 7,600 votes to 3,700 votes thrown by the opposite party, electing Marcus J. Parrott delegate to congress, together with nine of the seventeen eouncilmen, and twenty-seven of the thirty representa- .tives. An attempt was made to change this result by means of a false return from Oxford, Johnson county, a place containing eleven houses. It was alleged that at this place, 1,62-i persons had voted, and a corresponding roll of names was sent in, which, on examination, proved to have been copied in alphabetical order from a Cincinnati directory. This return, wliich, if accepted, would have changed the party character of the legislature by transferring fiom the free state to the proslavcry side eight repre- sentatives and three eouncilmen, was rejected by Gov. Walker as a manifest falsification. Soon after the territorial election, the constitutional convention met at Lecompton, and adopted a con- stitution, four sections of which related to slavery, declaring the right of owners to their slaves to be inviolable, and prohibitin<' the legislature from passing acts of emancipation. This provisiim alone was to be submitted to the electors at an election to be held on December 21. Tlie ballots cast were to be indorsed, "Consti- tution with slavery," or " Constitution with no slavery ; " thus securing, in any event, the adoption of the constitution, several iMSSF'l Tebritorial Histories — Kansas. 801 clauses of which, beside those thus submittctl, were highly object- ionable to a majority of tlie people. A provision was inserted in the schedule annexed to the constitution, preventing any amend- ment of that instrument previous to 186i. The promulgation of this constitution caused great excitement in Kansas. Gov. Walker condemned it in the strongest manner, and proceeded at once to Washington to remonstrate against its adoption by con- gress ; but before his arrival there the act had received the ap- proval of the ^Dresident. Gov. Walker, soon after his arrival in Washington, resigned, and J. W. Denver, of California, became governor. At the election of December 21, for the adoption or rejection of the slavery clause, the vote returned was 6,143, more than half of which were from countiefi along the Missouri border, whose total number of voters by the census did not exceed 1,000. Against the slavery clause there were 509 votes, the free state men generally abstaining from voting. The constitution being thus nominally adopted, an election for officers under it was to be held on January 4. The territorial legislature, at a special session, passed an act submitting the Lecomplon constitution to the direct vote of the people on the same day with the Lecompton state election, and the result was a majority of 10,226 votes against it. Congress, after long discussion, referred the matter to the people of Kansas at an election on August 3, 1858, when tlie Lecompton constitution was again rejected by 10,000 majority. Meantime the territorial legislature had called another convention to meet in April, to frame a new constitution, which was submitted to the people and ratified by a large majority, though by a small total vote. Shortly after the rejection of the Lecompton constitution by the people, Gov. Denver resigned, and Samuel Medary, of Ohio, was appointed in his place. The territorial legislature met in January, 1850, and passed an act submitting to the people the question of calling still another constitutional convention. The election was held March 21, aad tl e result was a majority of 3,881 in favor of holding a convemon. An election was accordingly held for delegates, and the invention thus chosen met at Wyan- dotte, July 5, and adjourned July 27, after adoj^ting a constitution prohibiting slavery. This constitution was submitted to the pop- ular vote, October 4, and was ratified by about 4,000 majority. '"!U q '1,1 111' i'l" ' 'Itl 1! hi 'i !;i i;i 1 iiii 302 Tuttle's Clwtkxnial Northwest. Tlie first state election was IkHJ under it, December 6, and resulted in the choice of Charles liobinson for governor. Thus Kansas outlived her territorial conflicts, and at last arrived safely, though considerably scarred, upon a finn state constitution, and was num- bered among the- sovereign states of the Union. A sketch of the state history will be found further on. NEBRASKA. But little can be said concerning the territorial history of Ne- braska. The territory was organized in 1851, by the celebrated Kansas-Nebraska act, but Nebraska did not share the territorial conflicts with Kansas. The early settlers flocked in from the various states with a mixture of foreign element. The Germans and Irish collected in towns and farming settlements. Slavery never gained a foothold ir the territory. There were from 10 to 20 household servants in the southern part of the state at an early day, but the legislature in 18(31 passed a bill prohibiting slavery, over the governor's veto. "When the territory was first organized, the only inhabitants were Indians. The Omahas, about 900 in number, had until a late day, a reserve on the Missouri ; the Paw- nees, numbering about 4,000 had a reserve on the Loupe ; the Otoes had a reserve on the Big Blue; they numbered about 800. The Ilalf-brceds of the Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Otoes, by treaty of July 15, 1830, obtained a reserve which they occupied until a late day. Above the Niobrarah the Poiicas in Yankton, Sioux still held several reserves in 1860, and in the north and northwest portions of the territory, many tribes ran wild during most of the territorial existence. While Nebraska was a territory, military posts were maintained among the Indians, such as Forts Kearney and Laramie on the Platte, and Forts Union, Pandall and Benton on the Missouri. In 1860, the population of Nebras- ka had reached 28,842, and four years later congress pa.ssed an act enabling the people to form a state government, a constitu- tion was ratified by the people in 1866, and on the Otli of Febru- ary, 1867, Nebraska was admitted into the L'nion as a state. We have omitted, at this point, much concerning the historical records of Nebraska, but these deficiencies are supplied in the state record further on. Sta te Histories — Indiana. 303 CHAPTER XXVI. STATE HISTORIES— INDIANA.* Administrations of the GoTcrnors of Indiana from Jonatlian Jennings to Tliomas A. Hendricks — Internal Improvement Troubles — Public AlTairs — Progress of the State, Historical and Statistical. The first election under the state constitution of Indiana, occuned on the first ]\ronday of August, ISIG, and Jonathan Jen- nings was elected governor; Christopher Harrison, licutenrnt governor, and William Hendricks was elected to represent the new state in tlic house of representatives of the United State.=!. The first general assembly, elected under the authority of the state constitution, commenced its session at Corydon on the 4th of Nov- ember, 1816. John Paul was called to the chair of the senate, pro tern., and Isaac Blackford was elected speaker of the house of representatives. On the 7th of November the oath of office was administered to governor Jennings and lieutenant governor Har- rison, in the presence of' both houses. Thus was the territorial govcrmcnt of Indiana exchanged for a state government on the 7th of November, 181G. During the ses- sion of the legislature, James Noble and Walter Taylor were elected to represent the state of Indiana in the senate of the United States. Robert A. New was elected secretary of state ; W. XL Lilley, auditor of state, and Daniel C. Lane, treasurer of state. The session was adjourned sine die on the third of Janu- ary, 1817. The inhabitants of the new state first turned their at- tention to farming, to agriculture, which remains the principal in- dustry of the state. New farms were opened, new settlements were founded ; orchards were })lanted ; log and frame school houses were erected, churches were built, and very soon towns and cities be2;an to flourish. " Thus was inatiaurated that a;reat era of prosperity which can only terminate in future greatness. * Oliio, which should have been taken up first in regular order, will be found further on. mi ;ll ' ' ' i*l<- 30-t Tuttle's Centennial Xobtiiwest. "Withal, a sense of security prcvadcd the minds of tho people, TIio hostile Indians, as we have seen, had been humbled. Their power and pride had been broken, and the tomahawk no longer exeited the fears of the pioneer settler of Indiana. The settlers dwelt in safety in their little, plain, log cabins, and actuated by a faith in that future prosperity which they have lived to enjoy, they cultivated their small fields without the aid of armed sen- tinels. Tlic numerous forts and block liouses, which had once been made desolate by merciless slaughters, were now converted in- to storehouses, dwellings, or in some way made to serve the purpose of trade. But it must not be supposed that this great prosperity has been attained without difficulty. Indiana has had her inter- nal improvement troubles ; her financial embarrassment; a cur- rency panic ; a commercial depression ; her dark days ; but these have all pa.ssed. They were unequal to the per-sistent energies of a free people. In 1316-17, whan the state was in itsinfanc}', and the citizens were not wealthy, and when the number and value of the objects of taxation were miserably smxll, and the inexhaust- able resources undeveloped, it was difficult to raise the revenue necessary for the su})port of the government. The burden upon landholders was indeed heavy ; the funds for county purposes •were derived mostlj' from a poll tax, taxes on lands, town lots, horses, carriages, clocks, watches, and to license venders of merch- andise." * The .■ venue troubles of the state seemed, for a time at least, to check the progress of the state. In November, 1821, Gov. Jen- nings convened the legislature in extra session, to provide for the payment of the interest on the state debt, and a part of the princi- pal, amounting to twenty thousand dollars ; but the meaiis for payment were scarce and uncertain, and in this year the industries of the state suflcred great embarrassment from dishonest specula- tion in high places. Gov. William Ilen'^ricks succeeded Gov. Jennings in the ad- ministration of the affairs of the state in 1822. Ilis term extended to 1825, during which time the state enjo3'ed considerable pros- perity, lie was succeeded by James B. Ray, who also had a very successful administration. In 1830, the current of emigration wa^ * Ilistorj' of Indiana, p. 180. State Histories — Ixdiana. 305 still flowing into the state and spreading itself tliroughout the limits of the territory, affording the surest indications of a contin- ued growth and prosperity. These assurances were considerably supported by the great increase of agricultural productions, facili- ties for transportation, and increasing wealth, enterprise, intelli- gence, tetnpertMicc and morality ; anc'' A the general and rapidly accumulating n^asses of the people. During these months, the people were daily cheered by witnessing from twenty to fifty wagons, containing families, moving through Indianapolis and other large towns, on their way to the valleys of the White and Wabash rivers. Ii was estimated that every da}', daring the year 1826, over thirty families settled in the state of Indiana. It is only from a contemplation of these facts that the reader can form any correct idea of the rapid growth of the siate. At no former period within the history of the state had the people enjoyed a more ample reward for the various agricultural products than in 1830. This market was created from various causes, but mainly from the existing wars. Mr. Eay was succeeded by Noah Noble, in December, 1831. The latter held the office of governor until 1837. It was during the first year of Gov. Noble's administration that tlic work of internal improvement was begun, a work over whicli the state became bankrupted in treasur}-, but from which it finally emerged in triumph. The principal feature of the inter- nal improvement system was tiie Wabash and Erie canal. Work on this and other projects was commenced under Gov. Noble, but in 1838, when David Wallace succeeded him, funds were found to be exhausted, and the prospect of public affairs full of forebod- ing. At the close of this year, Go/. Wallace, in addres.sing the legislature, used these words : "Never before — I speak it advis- edly — never before have you witnessed a period in our local his- tory that more urgently called for the exercise of all the soundest and best attributes of grave and patriotic legislators than the present. * * The truth is — and it would be folly tc conceal it — we have our hands full — full to overflowing ! and tlierefore, to sustain ourselves, to preserve the credit and character of the state unimpaired, and to continue her hitherto unexampled mn'-ch to wealth and distinction, we have not an hour of time, nor a dol- lar of money, nor a hand employed in labor, to squander and dissi- 20 i ■-, ■ ':' !!» i : ii I Ml? ■,-■ :i 300 TvTTLIc'ii CeXTEXXIAL XoiiTtlWEST.' putG upon mere objects of iilleiicss, or taste, or amusement." The condition of the state at tliis time was truly eritical. There hail been borrowed by the state, for internal improvement purposes, three millions, eight hundred and twenty-seven thousand dollars — one millii.Hi, three hundred and twcnty-sevm thousand for the Wabash and Eric canal, and the remaining two and a half mil- lions for the benefit of other works. Upon the whole of this sum, with a very inconsiderable exception, the state paid an annual interest of five per cent., which of itself was an unbearable burden. To meet this demand, the state had but two small sources, inde- pendent of taxation. These were, first, the interest arising from the balances due upon the sales of canal lands, and secondly, the proceeds of the third installment of the surplus revenue, both amounting, in 1838, to '.ibout forty-five thousand dollars. This was all the visible means with which the state had to pay the enormous sum of two hundred thousand dollars, without resorting to direct taxation. At the close of 1839, labor wa? suspended on all the works, and the contracts were surrendered to the state. In ISIO, Gov. Wallace was succeeded by Samuel Bigger. This and the year following were dark years for the state of Indiana. "With the assembling of the legislature in 18-41, the state had reached a crisis in its affairs which had been ex})ected by many, but which many had expected to avoid. Indiana, until that year, had succeeded in paying the interest on her public di bt, and at the previous session of the legislature, ample provision was sup- posed to have been made for its payment, but circumstances be- yond the control of the agents of the state rendered it impossible lo obtain the necessary funds, and at this period the people were compelled to acknowledge the unwelcome truth that the credit of the state had not been sustained. In this connccticjn we shall briefly glance over those measures, the unfortunate issue of which involved the state in the difficulties to which we now rofei-. * In the year 1827, the state of Indiana obtained from tlie general government a grant of land to aid in the construction of the Wa- bash and Erie canal, with a view to connect the Wabash river with lake Eric. A portion of this grant was surrendered to the state of Ohio, on the condition that she would construct the canal ♦From Tattle's History of Indiana. State JIistoiuks — Indiasa. 307 from tlic bouiulary of Indiana to the lake. This canal had been cc)m[)lctod read}"- for navigation from Lafayette, on the Wabash, to the eastern line of the state, Tliis work was not generally re- garded as a part of the system of internal improvements adopted in 1836. In the month of January, 1836, the legislature of Indiana passed an act to provide for a general system of internal improve- ments, embracing a number of expensive works. Tlic extent and condition of these works, including the Wabash and Erie canal, at the clo.se of the year 18-tl, with the total disbursements thereon, may be summed up as follows : 1. The Waba.sh and Erie canal, from the state line to Tippecanoe, one hundred and twenty-nine miles in length, completed and navigable for the whole length, at a total expenditure of $'2,0-11,- 012. This sum includes the cost of the steamboat lock afterwards completed at Delphi. 2. The extension of the Wabash and Erie canal from the mouth of the Tippecanoe to Torre Haute, over one hundred a:id four miles. The estimated cost of this work was $1,500,000, and the amount expended for the same, up to 1841, was $108,855. The navigation was at this period opened as far down as Lafayette, and a portion of the work performed in the vicinity of Covington. 3. The Crosscut canal from Terre Haute to Central canal, forty- nine miles in length, estimated cost $718,672 — amount expends to 1811, $120,070, aiid at this period no part of the work was iiavigable. •1. The White Water canal, from Lawrenceburgh to the mouth of Nettle creek, seventy-six and a half miles — estimated cost $1,675,738 ; amount expended to that date, $1,099,867, and thirty- one miles of the work was navigable, extending from the Ohio river to Brookville. 5. The Central canal, from the Wabash and Erie canal, to In- dianapolis, including the feeder dam at Muneietown, one hundred and twenty-four miles in length — total estimated cost $2,299,853 ; amount expended, $568,016; eight miles completed at that date, and other portions nearly done. 6. Central canal, from Indianapolis to Evansville, on the Ohio river, one hundred and niuety-four miles in length; total esti- . 1^ .;i I , l! .' 1 ! '■^" i- 1' ■ f' ■ i ■ '.-■ ■ ■■ 1 i . i m :i HI • t'i*'' ., ^-^ m .»y i 308 TuTTLE's CjiNTHyNJAL XOUTIIWEST. m.'itotl cost, $3,532,394; nmount expended $831,302; nineteen inile.s of wliieli was completed fit that date, at the southern end, and sixteen miles extending south from Indianapolis were nearly com})lcted. 7. Erie and ^fiehigan eanal, one hundred and eiglitytwo miles in length ; estimated cost, $2,024,823: amount expended, $156,- 324. Xo part of this work was finished in 1841. 8. The Madison and Indianapolis railroad, over eiglity-fivc miles in length, total estimated cost, $2,046,000, amount ex- pended $1,493,013. lload finished and '.n o[ieration for about twenty-eight miles; grading nearly fiwished, and twenty -seven miles in addition, extending to Edenburg. 9. Indianapolis and Lafayette turnpike road, soventj-'-tlireo miles in length, total estimated cost, $593,737, amount expended, $72,182. The bridging and most of the grading was done on twenty-seven miles from Crawfordsville to Lafayette. 10. New Albany and Vincennes turnpike road, one hundred and five miles in length, estimated eost, $1,127,295, amount ex- pended, $054,411. In 1S41, forty-one miles were graded and macadamized, extending from Xcw Albany to Paoli, and twenty- SQven miles in addition, partly graded. 11. Jell'ersonville and Crawfordsville road, over one hundred and sixty-four miles long, total estimated cost, $1,051,800, amount expended, $372,737. Forty-five miles were i)artly graded and bridged, extending from JeH'ersonville to Salem, and from Green- castle north. 12. Improvement of the Wabash rapids, undertaken jointly by Indiana and Illinois; estimated cost to Indiana, $102,500, amount expended by Indiana, $9,539. There had also been paid to the board of Internal Improvements, for instruments, etc., to date, $36,504. By summing up the foregoing, it will be seen that the whole length of these roads and canals was one thousand two hundred and eighty-nine miles, only two hundred and eighty- one of which had been finished in 1841. The estimated aggre- gate cost of all the works was $19,914,424. The amount ex- pended for all purposes, to that date, was $8,104,528. The state debt, at this time, amounted to $18,469,140. In reference to this condition of the public debt, as well as the means to be employed 1 St. I TK IfisroniEs — Indiana. 309 for ^o^llcin,^^ it, Gov. Bigg(>r, in 18-il, remarked: "Tt is duo to (iiirsc'lvcs, ill tills state of our afTairs, t(i examine into some oC tlio l)roininent causes wliicli liavc [irodueed tlio present embarrass- ments. The first of these is duiibtless to be found in tlio number of largo and expensive works embraced in the system of internal iiii[»r()vements and their simultaneous prosecution. Also the un- expected increase in the prices of provisions, labor, and materials, was such that a sum much greater than the original estimate was refpiired for the construction of the public woi'us. Two great errors were committed in the progress of the .system. The first was, paying the most of the interest out of the money borrowed. This subjected the state to the payment of compound interest, and the people, not feeling the pressure of taxes to discharge tho interest, naturally became inattentive to the policy which was pursued. Had the legislature commenced by levying taxes to defray the interest as it accrued, its amount would have been a certain index to the sums expended on the works. This of itself would have done much to check extravagant expenditures. Tho second error was selling bonds on credit." This led to very disastrous results. The administration of Gov. IJigger closed iu a very dissatisfactory manner, though from no fault of the governor. lie was succeeded by James "Whitcomb in December, 1843. During tho administration of Gov. Whitcomb, tho war with Mexico was thrust upon the United States and prosecuted to a glorious triumph in the acquisition of immense tracts of lands in tho south and west. Indiana contributed her full ratio to the troops that were sent into the Held, and in a spirit of singular promptness and patriotism, adopted all necessary measures to sustain the general government. These new acquisitions of ter- ritory opened for discussion the question of slavery, in which Gov. Whitcomb expressed himself opposed to any further exten- sion of the " National sin." It is due to the memory of Gov. Whitcomb to state that through the judicious operations of his government, the public credit of the state was redeemed. Meas- ures of compromise between the state and its creditors were adopted by which, ultimately, the public works, although incom- plete, were given in payment for the claims against the govern- 'WW livi i ij: '' I': i: ■> ?:;; , ■! 11 t '!: /■: ', ■ * -(•ti -1 310 Tvttle's Centexxial Northwest. incnt. la tins and other ways, the state was again phiced upon respectable footing in the nation. Gov. Whitcomb was succeeded as gov'crnor by Joseph A. Wright, in December, 1849, havi'g faithfully discharged the im- portant duties devolving upon the ofhce, until called, in Decem- ber, 18-48, to represent the state of Indiana in the senate of the United States. Lieut. Gov. Paris C. Dunning was acting gov- ernor from December, 1848, to tlie same month in 1840. Th-^ administration of Gov. "Wright, was a successful one. He en- dorsed the oorn])vo'"aise measures enacted by congress on the slavery question in 1850 ; an.l in closing his mossago of this year he remarked : " Indiana takes her stand in the ranks not of southern destiny, nor yei. of northern destin}-. She plants hcr- .self on the basis of the constitution, and takes her stand in the ranks of American destiny." It was also during Gov. Wright's 1 itful administration that the state of Indiana started oi fully upon the great mission of education. It was in 1852 that the township system was adopted, wliich has become a truly wonder- ful success— th 3 boast of thv^ state. The reader is referred to another part of this volume for a complete history of the superior educational advantage,} of Indiana. It was also during Gov. "Wright's administration that the second constitutional convention was held, and a new constitution adopted. A general banking law v/as adopted in 1851. This gave a new impetus to the com- merce of the state, and opened the way for a broader volume of general trade. This banking law, however, gave '-ise to many abuses. The currency was expanded, a delusive idea of wealth prevailed, and, as a consequence, much injurious speculation was indulged. In 1857, the charter of the state bank expired, and the large gai^ _, of the state in that institution were directed to the promotio.i of jommon school education. Gov. Joseph A. >Yright was succeeded by Ashbel P. "Willard, in Janv.ary, 1857, as gov- ernor of the state of Indiana. Gov. Willard, in one of his messages, thus 3ums up the history of the state bank of Indiana: "On the 28tli January, 1834, an act was approved establishing a state bank. Said act, by its terms, ceased to be a law on the first of January 1S57. Under this law the bank commenced and continued its operations as a Sta te Histories — Indiana. 311 ,,(:. ■< corporation authorized to issue and circulate notes, discount paper, and transact all other ordinary banking business until the first of January, 1857. At that time its outstanding circulation was $-1,208,725, with a debt due to the institution principally from citizens of the state of $6,005, 3G8. Between the first of January, 1857. -uid 1859, the bank redeemed nearly its entire cir- culation, and provided amply for the redemption of that which has not been returned. She has collected from most of her debt- ors the money which they owed. * * * The state was inter- ested in the bank. She invested in its stock $1,390,000. The money to make the investment was procured by the issuing of five jicr cent, bonds, the last of which will be payable July 1, 1860. * * The report of the commissioners shows that its nominal profits arc $2,780,60-1.36. By the law creating the sink- ing fund, that fund was appropriated, first, to pay the principal and interest nj)on the bonds; second, the expenvses of the com-' missioners; and lastly, the cause of common school education." On the 3d of October, 1860, before his term of office expired. Gov. AVillard died at St. Paul, Minn., after which, for the remain- ing po/tion of the term the duties of governor devolved the Lieut. Crov. A. A. Hammond. lie was succeeded by Uenry S. Lane, who resign h1 to accept the United States scnatc^rship, leaving the duties of governor to be discharged by Lieut. Gov. 0. P. Morton. The administration of the latte. ."as full of im- portaot events. With the beginning of the y. ir 1861, the war for the union commenced. In this war Inc.iana acted a noble part, contributing very promptly her quota of men and means. O. P. Morton was succeeded by Conrad Baker, as governor in 1868. The latter wrs succeeded by Thomas A. Hendricks, in 1873. The governt^rs of the territory and state of Indiana from its organization to tlic present are; Territorial Governors. Arthur St. Clair, governor northwest territory; William 11. Harrison, from 1800 to 1812; Thomas Posey, from 1812 to 1816. Gt.vcrriors of the State. Jonathan Jennings, from 1816 to 1819 ; Jcr.at!:;in Jennings, (secon other thau an odious light. The value o" the Upp'.*r Peninsula w.iS then unajiiireciated. Copper was known to exist there, it is true; but in what quantities no one could tell. It was looked upon as a barren waste, too moun- tainous lor cu'tivation, and of })roblematical value 1 >r any pur- ])Ose. Beside.,, the work of excisio t by congress, it ivas thought, hat! proceeded far enough. By the act ot lb02, congress had given tiic eastern tract, belonging origin;., y to ^Michigan, of more than a thousand squc..e miles, to Oiiio. By the act of 1816, it had given to Indiana a tract of between eleven ar.d twelve hun- dred square niiles, originally belonging to Michigan. And now f*ongress required her to purchase ner admission into the union by agreeing to a still further excision of most valuable territorv. This was the view talcen by the people at the time. Gov. ^fason, nvverihele.«s, ib.:ued a call for a special session of the legislature, to meot in Detroit, on the eleventh of July, 1836. On the twen- tieth, ;mi act was approved providing for the election nf delegates to a convention, to accept or reject the i)ropositiou of congress. It provided that fifty delegates should b'> elected, ainl that the convention should be held at Ann Arbor, on the twenty -sixth of mm Sta te Ills TOBIES — Michigan. 323 on of J"iy, state or nor along as a sec- ;iilty had SeptcinLer. This convention was composed of a full representa- tion of both political parties. It met on the day appointed, and, after being in session four days, it decided to reject the proposi- tion of congress, so far as it related to the boundary question The vote stood twenty-one for acceptance, and twenty-eight for rejection. It then appointed three delegates, to repair to Wash- ington at the next session of congress, to cooperate with the rep- rentatives in securing measures for the promotion of the general interests of the state. The dissent of the convention was very unsatisfactory to a large portion of thv'^ people of the state. Two formidable parties had grown out of the discussion of the ques- tion. Although a decided unanimity prevailed with regard to the justness of the cluini of Michigan to the territory in dispute; yet, under the circumstances, the expediency of retaining or re- linquishing her right had become a matter of serious contention. A year had already elapsed since the formation of a state consti- tution, and half that period had been spent by her delegation to congress in fruitless solicitation for admission. Many began to despond. One party seemed to consider the participation in the benefits of the union paramount to all other considerations. This idea bad greater weight at the time from the fact that a large amount of surplus revenue was about to be distributed among the several states. This, it was supposed would be lost tu the state by a too iong delay in scouring admission. Therefore there was much to lose by dela}-, and nothing to gain. "With the other par*v these reasons had little or no weight. Rather than submit to the injustice of having so important a portion of her domain wrested from the state, they were inclined to submit to the incon- i-enienccs which might result from delay, till a more favorable action of congress. They placed full reliance in the ultimate action of congress, and hoped that a sense of justice would event- ually compel that body to admit the state unconditionally. They also argued that the state, having a present right to admission, would have an equitable right to her proportion of the surplus revenue, which congress could not refuse to grant whenever she was admitted. " Thus stood parties when the convention decided to reject the proposition of congress. The dissatisficHj party thereupon resolved 324 TuTTLES Centexxial Nokthwest. '11 i il that anotlier convention should bo lield, without v/aiting iov an- other call by the legislature. During the autumn, two respect- able pi'imarj' assemblies of that portion of the people assenting to the conditions were held, one in Wayne county, and the other iu the county of Washtenaw, two of the most populous counties in the state. A second convention of the people was proposed for the trial of the question, and the governor was requested to call the same by proclamation. Although the convention was ap- proved of; yet, as it was wholly unauthorized by law, the gov- ernor declined to take such a step. A convention, however, had been decided upon ; and, on the fourteenth of November, a circu- lar from the proper oflicers of the assenting party was issued, which recommended the qualified voters in the several counties to meet on the fifth and sixth of December, and elect delegates to attend a cc 'vention ; that the number of delegates be twice the number elected tr the popular branch of the legislature ; and that the election be «jondueted at the proper places by the same offi- cers, and according to the legal formalities governing other elec- tions. The election was held, and a convention had, and after considerable discussion as to the legality of the proceedings, con- gress, on the 2Gth of January, 1837, declared Michigan '' one of the United State.*;, and admitted into the union on an equal foot- ing with the original states, in all respects whatever." From this point the history of the state of Michigan i-, of necessity, a mere compilation of information from official docu- ments. There is nothing to render the naraiive attractive. Since 1837, Michigan has grown in wealth and population in a remark- able manner. Her institutions have risen to a high d'^grec of perfection. Michig.in performed a noble part in the war for the union. The number of men furnished by the state during the war was ninety thousand seven hundred and forty-seven. Of these, 07.468 were natives of the United States; of British Amer- ica, inclusive of Canada, 8,8SG; of Europe, 14;393. In regard to color they were divided as follows : white, 88,941 ; colored, 1,661 ; Indians, 145. When it is remembered that the total population in the state, in 1854, was but 805,379, Michigan may well bo proud of her war record. The number of enlisted men who died in action or of wounds was 3,920. Tlie number who died of disease Sta te Histories — Michigan. 825 an- pect- gto r iu s in for call ap. ?ov- lad was 9,133. The number of commissioned officers who died of wounds or in action was 2-19. The number who died of disease was 97. Tlie total of all classes was 13,405. The state legisla- ture, from time to time during the war, passed laws for the pay- ment of bounties to soldiers enlisting. These bounties ranged from $50 to $150. The quartermaster-general paid out in all nearly $2,000,000 for this purpose alone. He also paid $60,000 as premiums for procuring recruits. Aside from these amounts, he paid out $815,000 for other purposes connected with the ''var. Concerning the war record of ^lichigan, I condense from my History of Michigan, published in 1872, as follows : Besides these expenditures by the state, the aggregate amount expeiuled by the several counties of the state for war purposes is something enormous. The amount paid for bounties by the counties prior to December 19, 1863, and liabilities ; also liabilities under the act of 1865, amounted in the aggregate to $2,015,588. The ag- gregate expenditures and liabilities of the various townships, cities and wards of the counties of the state for war purposes was $8,157,7-18.70. The amount expended hy the counties of the state from 1861 to 1867, for the relief of soldiers' families, was $3,591,248.12. Aside from the expenditures of the state govern- ment and of the municipalities, large sums were contributed by various benevolent societies, organized for the j^'irpose of afford- ing relief to sick and wounded soldiers. The Micliigan Soldiers' llelief Association' is said to have been the first of the kind put into the field, and the last to leave it. It was organized in 1861; and continued in operation till 186G. It was a source of great benefit to the. soldiers of Michigan, giving them many comforts and necessaries of which they would otherwise have been de- prived. Its field of operations was in and around Washington, and was composed of citizens of Michigan who resided there, in- cluding the congressional delegation. It funds were at first raided by assessments on its individual members, but were after- wards largely augmented by contributions from all parts of the state. The cash contribued amounted to nearly twenty five thou- sand dollar.?. This was exclusive of specific contributions of clothing and hospital stores, which were always furnished, with great liberality, by the various aid societies in the state. The » ■. ■ill iiu'li *:f1 •■,11 '■ ■ i. liiii M' ^ !.! U !} Ilh: ! I I .; ili» ill J ;' 2«: 326 Tuttle's Centennial North west. services of tlie members of the association were in all cases ren- dered gratuitously. In addition to the Washington association, the people of the state organized, in 1802, the ^lichigan Soldiers' Relief Associa- tion. It continued in successful operation during tlic war, col- lecting and sending to the front such articles as were most needed by the sick and wounded soldiers. It also received §3,000 in cash, which was expended in furnishing relief to sick and desti- tute soldiers; in paying rent for the Soldiers' Home, in Detroit, and in providing refreshments for returned veterans. The Michigan Soldiei./ Aid Society was another most useful association. This was a branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. It was organized in November, 1801, and kept its office open till 1800, and after that continued to supply destitute soldiers and soldiers' families. It forwarded to the front and dis- tributed at home 6,317 packages of articles which had been con- tributed in kind. From the date of its organization to 1868, it had expended in cash the sum of $28,129. These societies were largely aided, in 180J:, by the Ladies' Aid Society of Kalamazoo, under whose auspices a "sanitary fair " was held, wdiicli netted the handsome sum of $9,618.78. In addition to the aid furnished by these societies, there were large amounts of both money and supplies sent by private parties. In fact, the history of the world docs not furnish a parallel to the liberality with which the union armies were sustained, and the soldiers lelieved, by contri- butions front the people. Volumes would have to be written to give an adequate idea of th3 inunensc labor performed by these societies, and to enumerate their deeds of Christian charity. The state, with the same loyal ])romptness that brought her to the rescue of the general government, soon threw oil her enormous war debt, and was not long in regaining her usual commercial strength, which had been weakened during the wai-. For sketches of the modern features of the great state of Michigan, the reader is referred to other portions of this volume. In this connection, we speak of that only which is historical. The following is a list of the names of the governors of Michigan, as also the early French commandants of the post at Detroit : During^French Rule. — Sicur dcMcsey, appointed 1663 ; Sieurde IMj^i^ State IIistobies — Wisconsin. 327 II- ic Courcclle, 1065 ; Sicur tie Frontenac, 1672 ; Sieur de Barre, 1682; Sieui- Marquis do Nouville, 1685; Sieur de Frontenac, 1689; Sieur Chevalier de Callieres, 1699 ; Marquis de Vaudreail, 1703 ; Jfarquis do Beauharnais, 1726 ; Sieur Compt de la Gallisoniere, 1749 ; Sicur de la Jonquierc, 1749 ; Marquis du Qucsne de Mcn- neville, 1752 ; Sieur do Vaudreuil dc Cavagnal, 1755. Duriufj British Rule. — James Murray, ai)pointed 1765 ; Paulus Emelius Irving, 1766; Guy Carleton, 1766 ; Hector T. Cramahc, 1770; Guy Carleton, 1774; Frederick Ilaldsman, 1774; Henry Hamilton, 1774; Henry Hope, 1775; Lord Dorchester, 1776; Alured Clarke, 1791 ; Lord Dorchester, 1798. Governors of Mk/u'r/an Territory. — Williani Hull, appointed in 1805; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. Borter, 1829; Stevens T. [Mason {ex officio), 1834 ; John T. Horner {ex officio), 1835. Michigan State Governors. — Stevens T. Mason, 1835; William Woodbridge, 1840; J. Wright Gordon (acting), 1841; John S. Barry, 1842 ; Ali)hcus Felch, 1846 ; William L. Greenly (acting), 1847 ; Epaphroditus Eansom, 1848 ; John S. Barr;) "350; Robert McClelland, 1852 ; Andrew Parsons (acting), 1853 ; Kinsley S. Bingham, 1855 ; Moses Wisner, 1859 ; Austin Blair, 1861 ; Henry H. Crapo, 1865 ; Henry P. Baldwin, 1869 ; John J. Bagley, 1873. CHAPTER XXVIII, STATE IIISTOltlES — WISCONSIN — MINNESOTA — IOWA. «: WISCONSIN. TllEiiE is nothing remarkable in the history of the state of Wis- consin. On the 29th of May, 1848, the state was admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the other states. Nelson Dewey was elected governor of the new state, and the political organization moved off with considerable promise. There have been a few political jars in the government, but aside from this the political history is dry and uninteresting. The following list of the officers of the state and territory, will be useful : I " 1'! ' ' i 328 TuTTLE's CeXTEXNIAL NoiiTIlWEST. ' Territorkd Governors. — Henry Dodge, appointed by Andrew Jaekson, April 30, 1S3G ; James Duane Doty, appointed by Jolin Tyler, Sept. 30, 1841 ; N. P. Tulmadge, appointed by John Tyler, June 23, 184-1 ; Henry Dodge, appointed by James K. Polk, April 8, 1845. State Governors. — Nelson Dewey, Lancaster, from June 5, 1848, to Dec. 31, 1840 ; Nelson Dewey, Lancaster, from Jan. 1, 1850, to Dec. 31, 1851 ; L. J. Farwell, Madison, from Jan. 1, 1852, to Dec. 81,1853; Wr.' A. Barstow, Waukesha, from Jan. 1, 1854, to Dec. 31, 1855 ; Coles P.ashford, Oshkosli, from Jan. i, 1856, to Doc. 31, 1857 ; Alex. W. liundall, Waukesha, from Jan. 1, 1858, to Dec. 31, 1850 ; Alex. W. Kandall, Waukesha, from Jan. 1, 1860, to Dec. 31, ISGl ; Louis P. Harvey, Shopiere, from Jan. 1, 1862, to Apr. 19, 18(i2 ; Edward Salomon, Milwaukee, from April 20, 1862, to Dec. 31, 1863 ; James T. Lewis, Columbus, from Jan. 1, 1864, to Dec. 31, 1865 ; Lucius Fairehild, ^kladison, from Jan, 1, 1866, to Dec. 31, 1867 ; Lucius Fairehild, ^'^adison, from Jan. 1, 1868, to Dec. 31, 1869 ; Lucius Fairehild, Madison, from Jan. 1, 1870, to Dec. 31, 1871 ; C. C. Washburn, La Crosse, from Jan. 1, 1872, t(j Dee. 31, 1873; W. R. Taylor, Cottage Grove, from Jan. 1, 1874, to Dec. 31, 1875 ; H. Ludington, Milwaukee, from Jan. 1, 1876, to MINNESOTA. It was three years from the time that the territory of Minnesota was proposed in congress, to the final jjassage of the act. On the third of March, 1849, a bill was proposed, organizing the territory of Minnesota ; at this time the territory was but a wilderness, in- habited only by Indians and wild beasts. Mr. E. D. Neil, in his History of ^Minnesota, thus describes the condition of the territory when the government wa.s organ- ized in 1840: " At Wapashaw was a trading post in charge of Alexis Bailly, of whom mention has been made, and here also resided the ancient voyageur, ot. fourscore years, A. Rocque. At the foot of lake Pepin was a storehouse kept by Mr. F. S, Richards. On the west shore of the lake lived the eccentric Wells, whose wife was a bois brule — a daughter of the deceased trader, Duncan Graham, The two unfinished buildings of stone. StA TE His TORIES — MlXKESOTA . 329 on tlie beautiful bank oppoRitc the renowned ^laiden's Rock, and the surrouiidinti; skin lodges of his wife's relatives and friends, presented a rude but picturesque scene. Above tlie lake was a cluster of bark wigwams, the Dahkotah village of llaymneecha, now Red AVing, at which was a Presbyterian mission house. The next settlement was Kaposia, also an Indian village, and the resi- dence of a Presbj'terian missionary, the Rev. T. S. Williamson, M. D. On the east side of the Mississippi, the first settlement at the mouth of the St. Croix, was Point Dcuglas, then, as now, a small hamlet. At Red Rock, the site of a former Methodist mission station, there were a few farmers. St. Paul was just emerging from a collection of Indian whisky shops and birch- roofed cabins of hnlf-brecd voyageuns. Here and there a frame tenement was erected ; and, under the auspices of the Hon. 11. 'M. Rice, who had obtained an interest in the town, some ware- houses were being constructed, and the foundations of the Ameri- can House were laid. In 1849, the population had increased to two hundred and fifty or three hundred inhabitants, for rumors had gone abroad tliat it might be mentioned, in the act creating the territory, as the capital." On the 27th of May following, Alex. Ramsey, the first govern- or of the territory, arrived at St. Paul, and put the machinery of the new government in motion. After a territorial existence of eight years, !Minnesota was enabled, by proper congressional legislation, to form a constitution preparatory to taking her place in the union. This was in February, 1857. A constitutional convention was held in July of the same 3'ear, a majority of the delegates being Republican. " At midnight;'' savs Mr. Neil, '•previous to the day fixed for the meeting of the convention, the Republicans proceeded to the capitol, because the enabling act had not fixed at what hour on the second Monday the conven- tion should assemble, and fearing that the Democratic delegates might anticipate them, and elect the ofiicers of the body. A lit- tle before twelve A. M., on ^Monday, the secretar}' of the terri- tor\' entered the speaker's rostrum, and began to call the body to order ; and, at the same time, a delegate, J. W. North, who had in his possession a written request from the majority of the dele- gates present, proceeded to do the same thing. The scjcretary of ■ -i:::^\\ i::I' " ll 1 ■ It jM M \'K. n lii!' I !;i 1 I \ 'I .i • I'll' ' i; '" !' ! I !( I S I i|. 330 TuTTLEfs Centennial NoiirnwEsT. the territory jmt a motion to adjourn, anel the Democratic mem- bers present voting in the afllrmative, they left tlie hall. The Republicans, feeling that they were in the majority, remained, and in due time organized, and proceeded with the Vuisiness specified in the enabling act, to form a constitntion and take all necessary steps for the establishment of a state government in conformity with the federal constitution, subject to the approval and ratification of the people of the proposed state. A.fter sev- eral days, the Democratic wing also organized in the senate cham- ber at the capitol, and, claiming to be the true body, also i)ro- cccded to form a constitution. Both parties were remarkably orderly and intelligent, and everything was marked by perfect decorum. After they had been in session some weeks, moderate counsels prevailed, and a committee of conference was appointed from each bod)', which resulted in both adopting the same con- stitution on the 29th of August. According to the provisions of the constitution, an election was held for state officers and the adoption of the constitution, on the secoml Tuesday, the 13th of October. The constitution was adopted by almost a unanimous vote. It provided that the territoi-ial officers should retain their offices until the state should be admi ' A into the union, not an- ticipating the long delay which has been experienced. The first session of the state legislature commenced on the first AVednes- day of December, at the capitol in the city of St. Paul ; and dur- ing the month, elected Ilcnry M. Rice and James Shields as their i-epresentatives in the United States senate. On the 29th of January, 1858, Afr. Douglas submitted a bill to the United States senate for the admission of Minnesota into the union. On the first of February, a discussion arose on the bill, in which Senators Douglas, "Wilson, Gwin, Hale, Mason, Green, Brown and Critten- den participated. Brown, of Mif^sissippi, was opposed to the ad- mission of Minnesota until the Kansas question was settled. Mr. Crittenden, as a southern man, could not indorse all that was said by the senator from Mississippi ; and his words of wisdom and moderation during this day's discussion arc worthy of re- membrance. On April the seventh, the bill passed the senate with only three dissenting votes ; in a short time the house of representatives agreed to the action of the senate, one hundred State IIh^touies — Miunesota. 331 Til ami fifty-eight out of one hundred and ninety-six votes being cast in favor of admission, and, on May 11th, tlic president ap- proved the act, and Minnesota became one of the United States of America." The political history of the state of Minnesota does not contain any very interesting situations. The records of progress which ha ve been made in the institutions and industries of the state are of more importance to the readers of this volume, and these will be found further on in this volume. Following is a list of those who have served in the ofticc of governor of the state and terri- tory, and an account of the several apportionments of the state and territory : lerriloriul Governors. — Alexander Ramsey, June 1, 1819, to May 15, 1853 ; Willis A. Gorman, ]\[ay 15, 1853, to April 23, 1857 ; Samuel Medary, April 23, 1857, to May 2-i, 1858. On July 7, 1819, Gov. Alex. Ramsey, by proclamation, fixed the following council districts for the territory, which had not then been divided into counties: 1. The St. Croix precinct, of St. Croix county, and the settlements on the west bank of the Mis- sissippi, south of the Crow village, to the Iowa line. 2. The Stillwater precinct, of the county of St. Croix. 3. The St. Paul precinct (except Little Canada settlement). 4. Marine Mills, Falls of St. Croix, Rush lake. Rice river, and Snake river precincts, of St. Croix county, and La Pointo county. 5. The Falls of pt. Anthony precinct, and the Little Canada settlement. 6. The Sauk Rapids and Crow Wing precincts, of St. Croix coun- ty, and all setdemeuts west of the Mississippi, and north of the Osaka river, and a line thence west, to the British line. 7. The country and settlements of the west of the Mississippi, not included in districts 1 and 6. Total, council, 9 members ; house, 18 members. In 1851, the territory iiaving been divided into counties, it was apportioned by the second legislature in to council districts, as follows : 1. Washington, Itasca, and Chisago counties. 2. Pre- cincts of St. Paul and Little Canada. 3. Precinct of St. Anthony Falls. 4. Counties of Wabasha and Washington, and precincts of St. Paul and Little Canada, jointly (Wabasha county to be one representative district). 5. Benton and Cass counties. 6. Dako- ta county. 7. Pembina county. ,1 I ., 332 TvTTLK's CkNTHSNIAL XORTinVEST.' !!»rii Nl II ■•1 ■i ft 1 ' i :~4 1 ! 1 Tn 1855, the followi'iij^ apportionment was tnnilc : Fir>t eonn- cil district — Wa.sliiiiglon, Itasca and Cliisago, .Su|)erior and Doty counties. 2. Precincts of St. Paid and Little Canada. 3. Pre- cinct of the Falls of St. Anthony. 4. GoodhnC', Dodge and Freeborn counties. 5. Benton and Cass, Todd, Stearns and Wright. 6.' Dakota, Scott and liicc. 7. Pembina county. 8. Houston, Fillmore and Mower. 9. Winona, Olmstead and Wabasha. 10. Le Sueur, Steele, Faribault, l^hio Earth, Brown, Nicollet, Sibley, Pierce and Renville. 11. li nnepin (west). Car- ver and Davi.s. Total, council, 15 members ; house, 38 members. State Governors. — Henry U. Siblc}'. ^Fay 24, 1858, to January 2, 18G0 ; Alexander Kamsey, January 2, 1800, to July 10, 1863 ; Henry A. Swift, July 10, 18G3, to January 11, 186-1 ; St(!phen Miller, January 11," 1804, to January 8, 1860; William B. Marshall, January 8, 1866, to January 7, 1870 ; Horace Austin, January 7, 1870, to January, 1874; Cushman K. Davis, January, 1874, to . IOWA. WiiEX Iowa was erected into a separate territory in 1838, Eobert Lucas was appointed governor of the new territory by president Van Burcn. He was succeeded by John Chambers, who received his appointment from President Harrison, and. .served four years, and until succeeded by James Clarlc, appointed by President Polk in November, 1S45, who held the office till December 31, 1840, when the .state government went into opera tion with Ansel Briggs as governor, who served as .such until Dc cember, 1850, one term ; the terms of office of the governor.s, un der the former con.stitution, being for four years. He was sue ceedcd by Stephen Hempstead, who served one term, ending De cember, 1854. The next was James W. Grimes, who served as gov ernor from December, 1854, to January, 1858. During this official terra another constitution of the state was adopted, which reduced the term of governor from four to two rears, makino; it bcsrin on the second Monday in January of the even 3-ears, and shortening, by about one year. Gov. Grimes' gubernatorial career, which came to a close in January, 1858. Ralph P. Lowe was the first gover- nor under the new constitution, and served one term, ending S T. i Ti: HlSTORIKS — lo WA . 333 January, 1S60. lie was succeeded by Samuel J. Kirkwood, who was the first executive of Towa honored by a reelection, an inno- vation which has thus far been continued to his successors. Gov. Kirkwood's second term closed in January, ISCi, and he was fol- lowed by William >[. Stone, who also served as governor two terms, ending January, 1808, when he was succeeded by Samuel Merrill, whose term exi)ircd in January, 1870, and who was reelect- ed and served to January, 1872. Cyrus C. Carj" 'Uter was his suof^^s- sor, and served two terms until January, 1876, followed by Sam- uel J. Kirkwood, wiio had served two terms as governor, from 1860 to ISO-t. Ilis third term expires January, 1878. It will be seen that Iowa, since she has become a separate ter ritory, has had eleven executives — three territorial governors, during a period of seven years and a half, ending December 31, 1846 ; three state governors under the old constitution, acting dur- ing a period of eleven years, ending January, 1858; and five state governors under the second constitution, acting during a period of eighteen years, completed January, 1876. Note. — In the forcgoiug cliaptors wo liave followed the history of all the states conteui plated by our work, down to the date of their admission into the union, and, in addition to tliis, we liuvo given brief historical .sketches of In- diana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and 5IiniK'S(jta, from tlie date of tlieir admission into the union down to the present. Two causes operate against our giving similar sketches of the other states. In the first place there is but little of interest in llie political rec'ords of those states, except tliat of Kansas, and this state is not strictly speaking included in the northwest, and what wo shall have lo say concerning it will bo more of a descrii)tive and statistical character than historical, except what has already been said concerning its territorial existence. In the second place, the want of space compels us to discontinue our historical records at this point, as it was the original intention that at least one half of this volume should be devoted lo a description of the internal improvements, educational interests, commerce, nmnufactures, towns and cities, etc., of the northwest. AVe shall now take up eael> state in geo- graphical order, beginning with Ohio, and present a brief description of the various industries and interests of each, laying particular stress upon two points, viz: the description of cities, and an account of educational interests. 334 Tuttle's Ct:sTi:syiAL NourinvicsT. CIIAPTKIl XXIX. THE STATE OF OHIO. Poiniliilion — Mnnufacturinij; — Commcrco and Railroiuls — Eilucation, etc. ■Ptt'i V V:| •! Population. — Tn 1788, the first pcrmnnent settlement wus iTiacle in Ohio at Marietta, by parties from New Englanil. " Tlio second settlement was made in the same 3'ear at Columbia, near tiie mouth of the Little Miami river, and in the next year Cincin- nati was founded. The " Virginia Military Reservation," between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers, was .settled by revolutionary veterans and others from Virginia, and the " Connecticut Re.serve," in the northeast part of the state, attracted many citizens froni Connecticut, who made their homes along the shore of Lake Erie. Before the close of 1708, eight counties had been organized, and the white male inhabitants numbered over 5,000." In 1800 the population was 45,30,5 ; in 1810, 230,760; in 1820, 581,205; in 1830, 037,003; in 1840, 1,510,407; in 1850, 1,080.320; in 1800, 2,330,511, and in 1870, 2.00."i,200, of whom 2,202.707 were natives of the United States, including 1,813,000 natives of the state, and 372,403 natives of foreign countries. Of these, 12,725 were born in British America, 3,000 in Austria jiroper, 12,778 in France, 182,880 in Germany, 36,501 in England, 81,074 in Ireland, 7,819 in Scotland, 12,030 in Wales, and 12.727 in Switzerland. ^[anufacturing. — The manufacturing industries have greatly increased during the last ten years i)reccding 1870. In 1800, the nuniber of cstabli.shments was 11,123 ; the capital invested, $57,- 205,303, and the value of products, $00,800,270. In 1870, the establishments numbered 22,773, using 4,586 steam engines, of 120,577 horse power, and 2,157 water wheels, of 44,740 hor.se power. Tlicrc were employed 137.202 hands, and wages paid were .$40,060,488. The capital invested was $141,023,004 ; the materials consumeil had a value of $157,131,007, and the products a value of .$200,713,010. The principal products were : Agricul- Tin: State of Ohio. 335 tural implements, $ll,907,3()() ; boots ami shoes, $0,059,940; bread, crnckerri, etc., $2,202,818; cariientcring and building, $0,- 805,(153 ; carriages and wagons, $5,049,500 ; freight and passenger cars, $2,555,055 ; men's clothing $12,'jt)7,440 ; rectified coal oil, $5,3^8,473; flour and meal, $21,092,210; furniture, $5,794,370; rolled and forged iron, $13,033,109; .:ails and spikes, $2,097,848; pig iron, $10,950,938 ; iron castings, $7,318,102 ; stoves and hol- low ware, $3,221,298; leather, $7,230,332; distilled licpiors, $7,- 022,050: malt liquors, $5,753,000; sawed lumber, $10,102.780 ; machinery (not specified), $4,198,942 ; steam engines and boilers, $4,801,341; packed i)ork, $10,055,950; paper, $4,010,483 ; sad- lery and harness, $2,074,208 ; sash, door and blind, $3,410,998 ; soap and candles, $2,970,544; tin, copper and iron ware, $3,214,- 285 ; tobacco, $2,380,583 ; cigars, $2,000,183 ; and woolen goods, $3,187,815. CoMMKRCK AND Kailroads. — Tho Commerce of Ohio, and the grand network of railroads upon which it moves, have reached a colossal magnitude. "In the year ending June 30, 1871, there were imported into the four custom districts of the state (Cleve- land, Sandusky, Toledo and Cincinnati), from foreign countries, goods to the value of $3,314,378, which yielded $209,737 duties. The direct exportation amounted to .$1,743,843. The vessels owned within the .state numbered 1,148, of 164,200 tons burden." In 1872 the mileage of railroads was 5.309 miiCS, against 4,598 miles in 1870, and 2,598 in 1800. The following are the princi- pal lines : The Atlantic and Great Western Kailroad, from Sala- manca, N. Y., to Dayton, and thence to Cincinnati (417 miles); the Central Ohio Ilailroad, from Bellairc to Columbus (137 miles) ; the Cincinnati and Indianapolis Junction liailroad (98 miles); the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley Railroad (148 miles); the Cin- cinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland Kailroad (215'- miles); the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Mailroad (471 miles); the Cleveland, Mount Vernon and Delaware Kailroad (114J miles); the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Kailroad (225^ miles); the' Dayton and Michigan Kailroad (142 miles); the Little Miami Kailroad, from Cincinnati to Springfield, and several branehe.s (196 miles'!; the Marietta and Cincinnr.ui Kailroad (283| miles); the Pittsburgh, Fort AVaync and Chicago Kuilroad (408 miles) ; if ! ; n i !i t I i Ir ! .: In 33G T-jitle's Cextuxxial Xohthwj-jst. the J'itkljurgli, Ciiit'iiiiiaU and Saint Louis liailroad (201 miles); and the Sandusky, Mansllcld and ^Newark Railroad (IGOi miles). " Tl.c canals wore built at the expense of the state, and iicve a combined ]cnc;th of 7o() miles The Ohio and Erie Canal runs froni Cleveland to the valley of the Muskingum, thence to Colum- bus aiui drwn the Sci'-'.o to Portsmouth. The Waba;di and Erie Canal follows the valley of the Mauniee to Fort A\"ayne, and thence extends to Tcre Haute. The Miami Cana^ branches from the Wtibash and I'^-ie, 13 miles above Deliance, and runs up the valley of the Auglaize river. In crossing the watcr.shed, it is sup- plied from a reservoir situated })artly iu Mercer and party in Au- glaize counties, which covers an area of 17,000 acres. l"'rom this point tlie canal passes down into the Miami valley to Uamilton, and thence to Cincinnati." Education, Ciiakities, ktc. — There is perhaps no better sys- tem of public ."^chools in the United States than iu Ohio. "Each township has :^ board of education, and each subdistrict a local board of trustees, whicii manages its school aflairs, subject to the control of the township board. All public schools are required to bo in session at least 2-1 weeks during the year. The probate judge of each county appoints a board of school examiners, which has v>ower to rriant certificates to teachers for a term not exceedins: two years. In 1S65 a state board of examiners was created with power to issue cerlificates for life to teachers eminent for learning, skill and experience. Irreducible or special school funds were created by the sales of the lands appropriated by congress for school purposes. The state pays annually six j)er cent, interest on these funds to the counties and towns." The repori for the school year ending August 31, 1872, shows: The total receipts from the funds and the taxes amounted to $9,81JJ,71o, and the expenditures for school ])urposes to §7,3So.SoG, The number of scIkjoI houses in townships was 10,686, and in separate districts 978, having an estimated value, including grounda, or $17,108,190. There were employed 22,061 teachers, and there were enrolled in the schools 708,800 pupils, while the dail}' average attendance was -±08,538. The Ohio University, a state insMtution, founded in '804, is located at Athens. At Oxford tuere is the Miami Uni, oijity. Jj ; si 1, '■?? 'I'- w 1 1 ;:■ >: f ', 1 -^ ' .r ■I! M: ! ■!• 'f I I, ill i 6, f 18 '-'i If'l. Mil ■1' INQRAVU ESPICIALLY FCR TUTfLCS CENTENNIAL NORTHWEST. I ilT The State of Ohio. 337 Oberlin College is at Berlin ; the Baldwin University at Berca ; Kcnj'on College at Gambier ; Denison University at Granville, etc. Ohio has no state normal schools. 01 the nine normal schools, but one, the "Southwestern," receives subvention from the state school fund. The number of colleges, universities and academies, in 1871, was 03; nor is there any lack of technical and profes- sional schools. Ohio has a line system of charitable and correctional institu- tions. These are the State Penitentiary, at Columbus, which in 1871 had 955 convicts ; the lieform Farm School for Boys, at Lancaster ; the Reforri and Industrial School for girls; the Long- view Asylum for Lunatics, near Cincinnati, with 575 patients in 1871 ; the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Colum'ous ; the Northern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Ncwburgh, near Cleveland ; the Southern Ohio Lunatic Asylum, at Dayton ; the State ^ -y- lum for Idiots, the Asylum for the Blind, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, all at Columbus. Ohio is well stocked with libraries. These are the Ohio State Library, at Columbus, 36,100 volumes ; Public Library, at Cin- cinnati, 33,958 volumes ; Young Afen's ^[^rcantile Librar}^, at Cincinnati, 33,175 volumes ; Cleveland Library Association, 10,000 volumes ; Cincinnati Law Library, 6.000 voliimcs, and Akron Library Association, -1,000 volumes. Columbus is the capital of the state. It had a population in 1870 of 31,27-1. TliG following is a list of the principal cities with their populations, in 1870 : Cincinnati, 216,239 : Cleveland, 92,829 ; Toledo, 31 584 ; Dayton, 30,-47S ; Sandusky, 13,002 ; Springfield, 12,C52 ; Hamilton, 11,081 ; Portsmouth, 10,592 ; Zanesville, 10,011, and Akron. 10,006. The following places had a poiMilation between 5,000 and 10,000 ; Chillicothe, Canton, Steu- benville, Youngstovvn, !Manslield, Xenia, Newark, Pitjua, Pome- ro}-, Ironton, Delaware, Trcmont, Circleville, Woo.ster, and Mas- sillon. The folic ving had fi'om 3,000 to 5,000 inhabitants : War- ren, Lima. Norwalk, Mt. Vernon, Bellairc, Middleton, Paines- ville, Bellefontaine, Urbana, Elyria, Bucyru.s, Alliance, New Phil- adelphia, Gallon, Gallipolis, IfilLsborough, Findlay, and Lancaster. GovEKNMEN'T. — As we have already seen, Ohio was formed mi ^s^ T ':;■• |: \: ■: '• I'll 338 Tuttlk'h Cexteknial Northwest. i 1 1 1 : 1 from the Northwestern Territory ceded to the United States by Virginia, in 1783, and admitted into the union as a state in 1803 : "Tlio governor, lieutenant governor, and treasurer are elected by the people for two years, and for the same period the secretary of state and attorney general ; but their elections take place in alter- nate years. The comptroller of the treasury and the state school commissioner are elected for three years, and the auditor of state for four years. The three members of the board of })ublic works are elected for three yetvs, one going out of oflice each year. Tlie members of the legislature — senators and representatives — are elected for two ycftrs. In 1872, the senate con.sisted of 36 mem- bers, and the house of representatives of 105 members. The judicial power of the state is vested in a supreme court, courts of common pleas, district courts, probate courts, and justices of the peace. The supreme court consists of five judges, chosen by the people for a term of five years ; one judge retiring from office each year. The judge having the shortest time to serve is chief justice. This court holds at least one term each year at Columbus, and .such other terms as may be provided by law. The state is divided into nine conmion pleas districts, one of which is formed by Hamilton county. The eight other districts are each divided into three subdistricts, for each of which one judge is elected for a term of Ave years. District courts, composed of the judges of the common pleas courts of the respective districts, and presided over by one of the judges of the supreme court, are held in each county at least once in each year. White male citizens of the United States, 21 years of age, who have resided in the state one year are entitled to vote. " by The Static of ixdiana. 339 of or- ool CH/VPTER XXX. THE STATE OF INDIANA. Population — Miinu''acturcs ■ Coiiimcrce — Riiilroiuls cniment. Eilucation — Gov- PoruLATlON. — The state of Indiana was admitted into the union in 1816. The territory when organized in 1800, had a popu- lation of o,G-±l. In 1810, the population was 24,520; in 1820, it was 1-47,178; in 1830, it was 343,031; in 1840, it was 085,866 ; in 1850, it was 988,416 ; in 1860, it was 1,350,428, and in 1870, it was 1,680,637. Of this number, 1,655,837 arc white, 24,560, colored, and 240, Indian. The population is thus distributed in referenee to nativity : born in the United States, 1,539,163, includ- ing 1,044,575 natives of the state; born in foreign countries, 141,- 474. Manufacturing. — The manufacturing industr}^ of Indiana is largely developed, and is growing rapidly. In 1840, the value of all products was .f 41,840,434 ; in 1870, $108,617,278. The last census reports 11 847 establishments witl. 2,881 steam engines (of an aggregate of 76,851 horse power); 58,852 hands, and $52,952,- 425 invested in capital. The raw materials used amounted to $63,135,492, ar.n the wages paid, $18,366,780. The mo.st impor- tant manufactures were: agricultural implements, $2,128,794; boots and shoes, $2,699,114: carriages and wagons, $3,448,959 ; freight and passenger cars, $2,577,726 ; men" ; clothing, $2,261,- 374; flour and meal, $25,371,322; furniture, $3,826,930; forged and rolled iron, $2,S45,005 ; pig iron, $1,191,834 ; iron castings, $2,592,908 ; leather, tanned and curried, $2,461,549 ; whisky, $2,- 038,420; beer, $1,315,116 ; sawed lumber, $12,324,755 ; machine- ry, including steam engines and boilers, $3,881,0/4 ; piacked pork, $2,780,021, and woolen goods, $4,212,737. Commerce and EAiLKOArs.— Indiana has a very healthy com- merce which is aided by a magnificent network of railroads, and :, i I' w. I t I Hi 340 Tvttle's Centennial NoRTinrEsT. by an extensive system of canals. Of tlie latter, the Wabasli and Krie Canal, is the most extensive. This eonneets the Ohio river with the great lakes. The Whitewater Canal extends from Ha- gcr.stown to Lawreneeburgh, is seventy-five milts long, and pa,s.«es by Brooksvillc, Connersville and Cambridge. Indiana had, in 18G2, 2,175 miles of railroad, and ten years later, 3,529. The following ore the most important railroad lines : Chicago, Cincin- nati and Louisville liailroad, connecting La Porte with Peru (73 miles); Cincinnati and Lidianapolis Junction Railroad, connect- ing Hamilton, Ohio, with Indianapolis (98 miles) , and Conners- ville with New Castle (25 miles); Cincinnati, llichmond and Fort Wayne Pailroad, (-12 miles) ; Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central liailroad, connecting Columbus, Ohio, with Indianapolis, (188 miles), liradford Junction, Ohio, with Cliicago, (231 miles), Richmond with Logansport (107 miles), and Logan.sport to Illinois state line (61 miles); Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad (132 miles): Indianapolis, Cincinnati and La Fayette Railroad (179 miles); Indianapolis, J'eru and Chicago Railroad, connecting In- dianapolis with Mieiiigan City (101 miles); Indianapolis and St. Louis Railroad (72 miles); Indiana])olis and Vincennes Railroad (117 miles); Jefferson, ^ladison and Indianapolis Railroad, con- necting Louisville, Ky., wliith Indianaiwlis (110 miles), Madison with Columbus (45 miles), Jefferson vi He with New Albany (G miles), and Columbus with Cambridge City (Oo miles) ; Louisville, New Albany and Chicago liailroad (288 miles); Ohio and Mis- sissippi Railroad, connecting Cincinnati with East St. Loui.s, 111, (340 miles), and North Vernon with Louisville. Ky. (53 miles) ; Terre {fante and Indianapolis Railroad (90* miles); Toledo, Wa- b«»I) and \Ve--tern Railroad, connei^ting Toledo, Ohio, with Camp Poiiit, 111. (4511 miles), and inte:.sectiiig the north part of the state; and the White Water Valley Railroad, connecting Valley Junction, Ohio, with Ilagerstown (70 miles). Kducatiox, Cuauitjes, K'J'C- Indiana has the largest school fund of any state in the union. In 1870, the sum cx])ended for . The number of school houses was 5,111 ; 109 more than in the preced- ing year (18G9). The value of school houses was $0,243,797 ; total resources for school purposes, $3,154,221." The charitable and correcti(jnal institutions of Micliigan are apace with her educational progress. The asylum for the deaf, dumb, and the blind, at Flint, was opened in 1854. Mechanical instruction has lately been introduced, which enables the pupils to qualify themselves for self-support after leaving the institution. The a.sylum for the insane at Kalamazoo had, in 1872, 400 pa- tients. The State lieform school at Lansing, to which youthful delin(|uents arc committed, is maintained at a cost of over $30,000 per annum. The State Pri.son is located at Jackson, and had, in 1870, 003 convicts; in 1871, 027, and in 1872, 589. For the last four years it has been more than self-sustaining. GoVEiiXMENT. — The state of Michigan was admitted as u state TiiK State or fr.i.ixois. 845 ou], .1 into the union, in IS.IT. The A)llowing ofTiccrs arc clioscn bicn- niiilly, by popular vote : Governor, lieutenant governor, seere- t:uy of state, treasurer, auditor general, superintendent o[ public instruction and adjutant general. The legislature meets bien- nially, in the odd years, and consists of a senate of thirty-two members, and a house of representatives of one hundred mem- bers. The rpialifieations to vote are : Tie must be above the age of twenty-one years ; must have resided in the state three months, and in liis election district ten days. The judicial power is vested in one supreme court, circuit courts, ])robato courts and justices of the peace. The supreme court has suj)ci'intending control over all inferior courts, and consist of four judges, who are chosen by the voters for eight years, one judge retiring every second year, unless reelected. The judges of the circuit courts are chosen for six years. Lansing is the capital of the state, and, in 1870, had a population of 5,2-11. The following are the principal cities of the state, with their populations in 1870: Bay City, 7,064; Niles, 4,630 ; Coldwater, 4,381 ; Battle Creek, 5,838 ; Marshall, 4,025; Flint, 5,386; Hinsdale, 3,518; Jackson, 11,447; Grand Bapids, 16,507; Lapier, 1,772; Adrian, 8,-138; Manistee, 3,343; Big Bapids, 1,237; Monroe, 5,086 ; ]\[uskcgon, 8,002; Pontiac, 4,867; Grand Ilavcn, 3,147; Holland, 2,319; East Saginaw, 11,350; Saginaw, 7,460; Corunna, 1,408 ; Owasso, 2,065; Port Huron, 5,973 ; St. Clair, 1,790 ; Ann Arbor, 7,363 ; Ypsilanti, 5,471 ; Detroit, 79,577, and Wyandotte, 2,731. CHAPTER XXXII, THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. Population — Mauufuctui cs — Railroads — Commerce • ities — Government. - Educational — Char- Manufactures. — Illinois is now a manufaC'Uring as well as an agricultural state. In 1870, there were 12,597 manufacturing establishments, against 4,268 in 1860 ; and the total value of pro- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.5 tt III 2.2 2.0 111™ \A. 1111.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14560 (716) 872-4503 ^v •1>^ A ^\^ \ WJa ii ! |i< m ; i , ll 846 TuTTLifs Centennial Northwest. ducts had increased during the decade from $57,580,887 to $205.- 620,672. The manufacturing industry employed, in 1870, 2,330 steam engines, with 73,091 horse power, and 82,979 liands, and consumed raw materials to the amount of $127,600,077. The capital invested . was $9-l,o68,057, and the amount of wages paid was $31,100,244. Tlie counties most largely engaged in manufacturing were: Cook, including the city of Chicago, which turned out products to the amount of $92,518,742 ; Peoria, with $8,844,493 worth of goods ; then follow Adams, Hock Island, St. Clair, Kane, McLean and Winnebago. The products in detail amounted to the following values : Flour and meal, $43,876,775 ; packed pork, $19,818,851 ; agricultural " imple- ments, $8,880,390 ; distilled liquors, $7,888,751 ; men's clothing, $7,429,363 ; planed lumber, $7,290,465 ; sawed lumber, $4,546,- 769; carpentering and building, $6,785,264 ; boots and shoes, $4,443, /94; malt beer, $4,154,224, etc. Eailroads and Commerce. — Illinois is favorably situated for commerce. The great lakes afford an outlet for the produce of the state to the east, and the Mississippi river to the south. A canal, 100 miles long, has been constructed from Chicago to Peru, connecting the waters of Lake Michiojan with those of the Mis- sissippi. A network of railroads connects every portion of the state with the great commercial centers of the country. The ag- gregate mileage of railroads has increased from 2,998, in 1862, to 6,904, in 1872. II. V. Poor's Railroad Manual, enumerates fif- teen lines, the most important of which are : Tlio Belleville and Southern Illinois liailroad, connecting Belleville with Du Quoin (56 miles) ; the Chicago and Alton Eailroad (359 miles) ; the Chi- cago, Burlington and Quincy Eailroad (706 miles); the Ciiicago, Eock Island and Pacific Eailroad (544 miles); the Illinois Central Eailroad (707 miles), connecting Cairo with Dunleith, and Centra- lia with Chicago; the Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Eailroad (202 miles), connecting Indianapoli.s, Ind., with Pekin ; the Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville Eailroad (83 miles) ; the Eock- ford, Eock Lsland and St. Louis Eailroad (319 miles); the St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute Eailroad (219 miles); the St. Louis, Vaiulalia and Terre Haute Eailroad (158 miles) ; the Toledo, Pe- oria and Warsaw Eailroad (246 miles), and the Western Union Thk State of Illinois. S47 H Kailroad (180 miles), connecting Racine, Wis., with Savannah and Port Byron, 111. Education, Ciiaiiities, etc. — The school system of Illinois is excellent. In 1870 there were 11,050 public schools, with 20,097 teacners (8,791 male, and 11,806 female), and 677,623 pu- pils. "The total income of these schools was $7,810,265, mostly raised by taxation and public funds. The eighty classical, pro- fessional and teclinical schools had 371 teachers and 11,755 pu- pils, and the 705 other not public schools, 8,888 teachers and 78,397 pupils. The six universities had fifty-six teachers and 1,277 students, including 148 females. The State Industrial Uni- A^ersity, founded by act of the legislature in 1867, and located in Cliampaign county, was o])ened in 1868. It has over 1,000 acres of improved farming lands, foriy acres of which have been set apart for gardens, nurseries and specimen orchards. The remain- der is to be used for experimental and stock farms. The course of this institution is science, literature and arts. Neither the classical nor modern languages are taught. The State Normal University was opened in October, 1857, near the city of Bloom- ington, and is in a prosperous condition. The penal, reformatory and charitable institutions of Illinois rank among the most advanced in the union. " The State Peni- tentiary is located at Joliet. A board of commissioners, having charge of the institution, is appointed by the governor, and this board selects a warden, who has the general management of the prison. The labor of the convicts is leased to persons engaged in special pursuits; but the state retains complete control of their discipline and government. The State Orphan School for juve- nile oiTenders is located at Pontiac, and though but recently or- ganized, is expected to exercise a salutary inlluence. The other charitable institutions of the state are mostly located at Jackson- ville, and comprise the Institution for the De f and Dumb, which receives pupils between ten and twenty-one years of age ; the State Hospital for the Insane, which can accommodate 500 pa- tients, and has a large r.nd productive farm ; the Institution for the Blind ; the Institution for Idiots and Imbeciles, and the Soldiers' Orphan Ilo.ne. The erection of a State Inebriate Asylum has i '■ 348 Tuttlp:'s Centennial Northwest. f i'l^' PI !■ i •k been recommended to the legislature by Gov. John M. Piilmer, and is likely to be ordered." Government. — The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer and superintendent of public instruc- tion, are elected by the people for four years. The general elec- tion is held on the first Tuesday in November. The senate consists of fifty-one members, elected for'four years; the house of representatives of one hundred and fifty-three members, elected for two years. The legislature meets biennially on the first Monday in January in the odd yeans, 1871, 187o, etc. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only, and LKJiisi.sts of three divisions, corresponding to tlie three divisions of the state. There are twenty-eight circuit courts. Each county has a county court. The state capital is at SpringfieM. Chicago is the metropolis of the state and there arc fort^'-two incorporated cities in the state. CHAPTEH XXXIII. THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. Population — Manufacturing — Railroads — Commerce — Government - cation. -Edu- PoPULATiON, — The state of Wisconsin was first settled at Green Bay in 1669, by the French. In 1840, the population of the state was 30,945 ; in 1850, 305,391 ; in 1860, 775,881, and in 1870, 1,054,670. This number includes 1,051,351 whites, 2,113 colored persons and 1,206 Indians out of tribal relations. The Indians uving on reservations, or agencies, numbered 10,315. In regard to nativity, the population was distributed as follows : Born in the United States, 690,171, including 450,272 natives of ihe state; 5,714, of Connecticut; 12,233, of Illinois; 6,415, of Indianna ; 2,423, of Iowa ; 1,582, of Kentucky ; 8,931, of Maine ; 10,403, of Massachusetts; 5,302, of Michigan; 2,103, of Minne- The State of Wisconsin. 249 I'M. sota; 1,380, of Missouri; 4,908, of New Ilampsli've ; 3,194, of New Jersey; 105,697, of New York ; 23,164, of Ohio; 21,358, of Pennsylvania; 1,152, of Ehode Island ; 16,421, of Vermont, and 2,059, of Virginia and West Virginia ; and born in foreign countries 364,499, including 25,603 natives of British America ; 4,486, of Austria; 162,314, of Germany; G,069, of Switzerland; 2,701, of France ; 28,192, of England ; 48,479, of Ireland ; 6,590, of Scotland ; 0,550, of Wales ; 5,990, of Holland ; 40,046, of Nor- way, and 2,799, of Sweden. Eailroads and Commerce. — The state of Wisconsin pos- sesses rare commercial advantage? in the lakes and rivers that surround and penetrate it. " There are exported from the ports on lake Michigan, especially from Milwaukee, large quantities of grain, flour and lumber. The foreign commerce, however, of the state is small ; the exports and imports amounting in 1872 to only $1,595,079." The first railroad was built in 1850. Ten years later the rail- road mileage was 905 ; in 1870, 1,525, and in 1872, 1,878. The principal lines are the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, which, with its various branches, has a length of 1.396 miles; the Mineral Point Eailroad, from Mineral Point to Warren, Illinois, ■with a branch from Calamine to Platteville (51 miles) ; the She- boygan and Fond du Lac Railroad (80 miles) ; the West Wis- consin Railroad, from Elroy to St. Paul, Minnesota (197 miles) ; and the Wiscon.sin Central Railroad, from Menasha to Ashland. (260 miles), with branches from Menasha to Appleton City and from Stevens Point to Portage City. Education, Charities, etc. — The state of Wisconsin has made very liberal provisions for all cla.sses of educational insti- tutions. The public schools are under the supervision of a state superintendent of public instruction, and county and city super- intendents. "In 1872, the number of children over four and under twenty years of age was 423,717, of whom 266,789 attended public schools, and 15,618 private schools. There were in the state 4,979 public school houses and 9,304 teachers. The valua- tion of school houses was $3,295,268. The state has three nor- mal ..chools, one at Platteville, one at Oshkosh and one at White- it''- i.' ULUiisKi '■'t 'iif*'i 3d0 TuTTLtfs Centexnial NoilTinVEST. water. The state university, at ^[adison, is in a prosperous con- dition, and had, in 1870, twenty-seven professors and 462 stu- dents, of whom 124 were females. It embraces a college of letters, a college of arts, a preparatory department and a female department. The college of arts is the agricultural and seientilic college of the state. 1'iie other institutions for higher and pro- fessional education embrace twelve colleges, five academics, one law school and three theological schools. The state mair.tains the following institutions for the support and education of the unfortunate: the hospital for the insane, at Madison ; the insti- tution for the education of the deaf and dumb, at Delavan ; the soldiers' orphans' home, at MadLson, and state reform school, at Waukesha. There is an institute for the blind, at Janesvillc. The state prison, at Waupun, in 1872, had 186 convicts, being a less number than at any time during the six preceding years." Government. — Originally, Wisconsin formed part of the ter- ritor}'' of the northwest. The state was admitted into the union in 1848. " Every male person of the age of twenty-one years and upward, belonging to either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the state for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified voter at such election : 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Persons of foreign birth, who shall have declared their intention to become citizens of the United States. 3. Persons of Indian blood, who have once been declared by law of congress to be citizens of the United States; and 4. Civilized persons of Indian descent, not members of any tribe. The legis- lative power is vested in a senate and assembly. The assembly, according to the constitution, shall never be less than fifty-four nor more than one hundred, and the senate shall consist of a number not more than one-third nor less than one fourth of the number of members of the assembly. The members of the assembly are chosen annually for one year, and the senators annually for two years. The executive power is vested in a governor, who holds his office for two years. A lieutenant gov- ernor is chosen at the same time and for the same term. There are further chosen at the time and places of choosing the mem- bers of the legislature, a secretary of state, treasurer, and an TiiJi: State of Wisconsin. 361 W attorney general, who bold their olTiced for the term of two years. The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, circuit court?, courts of probate and justices of the peace. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only; but in no case removed to the supreme court shall a trial by jury be allowed. It has a general superintending control over all inferior courts, and has power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari and other original and remedial writs. It holds at least one term annually at the seat of government. The state is divided into twelve judicial circuits, for each of which a judge is chosen by the qualified electors therein. Tlie circuit courts have original jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, and appellate juris- distion from all inferior courts and tribunals, and a supervisory control over tlie same. A circuit court is held at least twice in each 3'car in each county of the state, organized for judicial pur poses. There is chosen in each county by the qualified electors thereof a judge of probate, who holds his office for two j'ears ; and the electors of the several towns elect justices of the peace, whose term of office is also two years." * Madison is the capital of the state, and is one of the most beauti- ful cities in the whole northwest. The other cities with their population, arc Milwaukee, 71,440; Oshkosh, 12,663; Foud du Lac. 12,764; Racine, 0,880; La Crosse, 7,785; Watertown, 7,550; Janesville, 8,789; Sheboygan, 5,310; Manitowoc, 5,168 ; Green Bay, 4,666; Appleton, 4,518; Kenosha, 4,309; Beloit, 4,396; Porfage, 3,045, and Beaver Dam, 3,265. *Fi^in Centennial Gazetteer. ■ :',■ V / ••■!J:| Iblh :.H t ^■■■^•■^ 'A ■I'M 1 ^■^ III III 352 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. 1 I I I I I Population CnAPTER XXXIV. THE STATE OF MINNESOTA. ■Manulactures — Hailroails — Commerce — Govcrnmeut- ciitiou, etc. ■Edu. Poi'ULATioN. — The population of Minnesota has had a rapid growth, and will continue to have in the future. When it be- came a territory, in 1840, there were but 4,057 inhabitants; in 1850, there were 6,077; in 18G0, 172,023, and in 1870,439,706, thus showing an increase during the last two decades of 2,766, and 156 per cent respectively. In 1870, the population consisted of 438,257 whites, 759 colored persons and 690 Indians out of tribal relations; there were, besides, 6,350 Indians living on res- ervations and at agencies. The nativities, according to the cen- sus, were as follows : natives of the United States, 279,009 ; of the state, 125,759 ; of Connecticut, 2,359 ; of Illinoij?, 10,979 ; of Indiana, 7,438 ; of Iowa, 3,970 ; of Kentucky, 1,733 ; of Maine, "9,939 ; of Maryland, 719 ; of Massachusetts, 5,731 ; of Michigan, 3,742; of Missouri, 1,447; of New Hampshire, 3,271; of New Jersey, 1,348; of New York, 39,500; of North Carolina, 438; of Ohio, 12,650 ; of Pennsylvania, 11,966 ; of Rhode Island, 564 ; of Tennessee, 320 ; of Vermont, 6,815 ; of the Virginia.s, 1,812. and of Wisconsin, 24,048. The foreign born population numbered 160,697, of wh'om were born in Austria, 2,647 ; in Bohemia, 2,166 ; in British America, 16,698; in IVnmark, 1,910; in France, 1,743 ; in Germany, 41,346; in England, 5,670; in Ireland, 21,746; in Scotland, 2,194; in Wales, 944; in Holland, 1,855; in Luxem- bourg, 1,173; in Norway, 35,940; in Sweden, 20,087, and in Switzerland, 2,102. Manufactures. — Minnesota has already made considerable progress in manufacturing, and her great advantages in this re- gard promise much for the future. There is no end to the water power of the state. In 1870, Minnesota had 2,270 manufactar- _ 3'///i' State of Minnesota. OiiO ing establishments, which employed 246 steam engines of 7,OSi3 horse power, and 11,290 workmen. The capital invested in manufactures was $11,993,729; the wages paid, $4,052,837 ; the cost of raw materials consumcu, $13,832,902, and the total value of products, $23,110,700, an increase for the preceding decade of 693 per cent The principal products of industry and their value were; Boots and shoes, $Go3, 163 ; carpentering and building, $1,067,- 203; carriages and wagons, $5-49,fi6S; cars, $783,300; flour and meal, $7,534,575, and sawed lumber, $4,299,102. Railroaps axd Commerce. — Minnesota has a favorable situa- tion, geographically, for commercial enterprises ; with lier lake and river and lines of railroad communication, she has access to all the world. " St. Paul is the only customs district in the state, and had in 1S71, 62 steamboats with 10,864 tons, and 77 barges with 9,195 tons. During the season of 1870, 10 steamboats were trad- ing with Duluth ; in 1871, the number was increased to 26. The export of grain, reducing flour to wheat, was, in 1871, 2,297,966 bushels. On the Eed river three steamers were plying between Breckinridge, Moorhead and Fort Garry. The first mile of rail- road \vas completed in 1862, and ten years later Minnesota had 1,612 miles, of an a.sscssed value of $84,135,332, carrying 774,289 tons of freight and 641,711 passengers. The following are the principid lines: Southern Minnesota llailroad, from Grand Cross- ing, on the Mississipi, through the southern tier of counties (167|- miles), with a branch from Wells to ^Mankato in course of con- struction ; the Winona and St. Peter llailroad, running about 20 miles north of and parallel with the above road (200 miles) ; the Hustings and Dakota llailroad, from Hastings to' Glencoe (74 miles); the Minneapolis and St Louis llailroad, from Minneapo- lis to Carver (27 miles), and soon to be completed to a point on the Iowa Central llailroad ; the St. Paul and Sioux City llailroad (270 miles) ; the Mijwaukee and St. Paul llailroad, from !Minne- apolis and St. Paul, southward through Iowa to McGregor on the Mississippi river, and thence to Milwaukee (152 miles in Minne- sotp);'the Chicago and St. Paul llailroad, from St. Paul to Wi- nona on the Mississippi river; the St Paul, Stillwater and Tay- 23 i:.i::i '*•■ ' m >!! 854 TuTTLE's CeNTENXIAL NoiiTIIWEST. lor's Falls Railroad (20 miles) ; tlie Lale age of fourteen, and the best teachers in the land are secured. No plea, short of idiocy or ill health of the severest kind, could be accepted as an excuse for nonattendancc. The crown prince submits to the same law which is obligatory on the son of the licasant, and the system works marvelously. At tlic age of four- teen, unless the professors have pronounced that the talents of the lad are of such an order as to demand special culture for science ■y -- 111 36S Tuttle's Cextennial Northwest. llii <'i r »•; \ t p< or for letters, ever}' person must be taught the trade to wliicli his aj)tituclcs best fit him. The jnrescnt emperor, and his son who will be his successor, are both printers, and, should occasion arise, can earn a living working at case. That is a part of the Prussian .system of education — every man must be prepared for earning a livelihood. Arrived at the age of eighteen, it is assumed that the young man has learned liis trade; but he must now learn to be a soldier, and the next five years of his life sees him facing the hardships c. .J mastering the discipline of the camp, aided in his pursuit by all that can be clleeted for him by the best gym- nastic culture, and his faculties contiimously developed by study of the best works of the first masters in tactics, fortifications and all the mysteries of war. "When the Prussian army entered France, almost immediately after Louis Napoleon had uttered his ill-omened order « Berlin, it was found that two Germans, on an average, weighed more than three French soldiers, and every man was as nearly perfect as discipline could make him. The fire of youth, tamed, and subjected by culture of a fierce and warlike kind, had become strength, and every soldier not only carried a baton in his knapsack, he was obliged to study, every evening, the map of the new country over which he was to march the fol- lowing day. The series of victories which culminated in the re- duction of Paris was not won by the geni\is of Von Roon, Von Moltke or Prince Bismarck, but by the system of training which they directed, that had built up a nation of giants in the Ger- man peoples, irresistible as the legionaries that conquered Home. In art education, in science of every grade, the like faithfulness has resulted in similar successes ; and our best engineers, artists, scientists and men of letters to day, are the men who have gradu- ated in German schools. These facts are of immense importance in determining the value of education. Columbus has no com- pulsory cnjictments as to school training; such action would be foreign to the genius of our people, unused to the dictation of king or kayser, but every inducement likely to convert the youth of the city into students is liberally ofTered, and the results have been proportionately good. In the 3'ear 1871, one half of the children of school age in the city were enrolled as pupils, and of the five thousand six hundred and eighty-three thus entered, i ; ; ': Pdincipal Cities of Ohio. 309 there was an average uttcndancc of four tliousancl. Tlio hi-^h school is rcmarlvably well attended, and the support enjoyed by tlie State University and the Starling Medical College testifies to the high tone of the populati(Mi in city and in state. There are many newspapers published in the city, but to give a detailed description of eighteen i)ublieations would require a volume, and it would be invidious to make distinctions in favor of a few. The talent which is employed on the ))rcs3 in Colum- bus is equal to that of any city of its size in the Northwest. ClNClNXATl. — This city is the metropolis of the state of Ohio, and it is one of the loveliest cities on tliis continent. In some re- mote age, at a distance of time which it would be folly for us to speculate concerning, the Ohio river must have been a much broader stream than it now is, carrying down an immense body of water from the vast inland lakes — ^ which are still represented on a scale much more ituignificent than the lakes of other continents — to the sea. As the river diminished in volume, it cut deeper into the earth's crust, and the present channel is the tliird clearly indicated in the changing proces.s. There arc two planes above the river banks; one about fifty feet above the level of low water mark is called " Tlio Bottom," and the next, about sixty feet higher, is called " The Hill,"' above wh'ch towers Mount Auburn, two hundred feet higher. Cincinnati occupies the bottom and the hill, the latter elevated plane being the most densely inhabited part of the city, and the ascents toward the hills last mentioned, such as Mount Auburn, arc beginning to afford clovernooks of comfort and loveliness to the merchant princes who multiply their wealth in the metropolis. Tiie city is very well laid out, and its site gives exceptional facilities for drainage. The river rises and falls at different seasons of the year from the lo./est mark to the highest, about fifty feet, and the city authorities have caused the shore to be paved from low water mark. Fixed wliarves would be an inconvenience where the changes are so considerable, and the plan resorted to, indeed the only plan pos- sible under the circumstances, consists in the use of wharf boats, which rise and fall with the stream, requiring only to have their moorings adjusted as the occasion requires. The drainage for the 24 iHlBl' E^i: I ,1 tt I 370 Tuttlk's Cestess!al NonTinvEar. '\M W II ^1^ 11'*!? ';,;( -iia i!i!| sevcnil elevations on wliidi the city \a built, find:? its natural channel in the river bed, and although eventually some inconve- nience must arise from that circumstance, there has been nothing to connplaia of to tlic present time. The gigantic proportions of this nation need have no other illustrating fact than the distances between our great cities. German principalities by the dozen, could be packed into odd corners in our states, an*! nobody would bo crowded, added to which it may be observed that the annual reve- nues incidental to those petty .sovereignties would hardly make a ripple in the monetary tide of Wall street. Compared with tho vast distance between tho Golden Gate, tiirough which the Pacific ocean flows to lave the shores of San Francisco, and the roolc bound coasts of ^faine, daslied by the big waves of the Atlantic, the distances are trivial which it falls to our lot to record, but the Englishman, who is accustomed to think of the journey from Liv- erpool to London as something great, will place a far diirerent estimate on such measurements. From Cincinnati to Pittsburg is just four hundred and si.\ty-si.\; miles, und from Cairo, Illinois, is nearly six hundred miles. The first settlement upon the site of Cincinnati took place but a few years after the vindication of our Independence, in tho year 17SS, one year before the French Bastile was ra/.ed to the ground, where t!ie French soldiers who had fouglit the good fight under La Fayette, and had seen for themselves the possibility of a self governed people, realizing the blessings of security for property and life, were able to sympathize with the wrongs of their coun- trj'^men, and to see the want paled cheeks of women and children momentarily drooping toward the grave. The men wdio had fought bravely to build up a government on this side of the At- lantic were marching onward to the time when they would just as resolutely struggle to break down a throne, an aristocracy, and a blind prescription, which for centuries had consolidated wrong. The old kingdom had reached a point at which it must burst its bonds or die. The utmost limits of ta.xation had been reached, and still the treasury was bankrupt, the people starving, the monarchy tottering to its fall. That was the experience in France ; how widely different was the aspect of affairs which greeted the observer here ! A handful of colonies, which twenty years before would have treated a proposition to separate from England, as an Vnisru'AL Cities of Ohio. vn evidence of insanity, eompcllc.l in dcfenso of manliood and lionor to take Uf) arms, ]iad established tlieir independence, won recognition of tlieir rights from the oldest monarchies in Europe, nnd while almost every family had lost some loved member, in tlie conflict which had humbled the pride of the richest nation in the world, had still sufficient energy to plant new cities, capable of deveIopn\eiit inio the dimensions of an empire. The first twelve years of Cincinnati's growth only aggregated about seven hundred and filty people within its borders, and it was not until four years after the French empire had been a sec- ond time broken up by foreign troops, and Napoleon had been sent to St. Helena to die upon that inhospitable rock, that the slowly advancing community on the banks of the Ohio was in 1819 incorporated as a city. The growth of the place was still elow until the Miami canal was built in the year 1830; but that event gave a new impetus to its prosperity. Ten years later the Little Miami Kailroad was constructed, and from that time until now a wonderful succession of enterprises has gone on, centering new lines of road at this point, demanding and supplying new capital, to build up industries and employ labor from all parts of the civilijjod world. When the census was taken in the year 1870, it was found tliat the population consisted of a little over five hund.vd Austrians, nearly fifty thousand Germans, over eighteen thou.ijuid Irishmen, about eight hundred Scotchmen, two thousand Frenchmen, more than eleven hundred British Americans, three thousand five hundred Englishmen, and nearly one hundred and thirty-seven thousand native born Americans. The advance of the citv of Cincinnati had be2n wonderful after the first railroad was opened. Wo have seen ihat the event in question dates from the year 1840, and it will give little trouble to glance at its prog- ress for the three decades next ensuing. The population in round numbers was one hundred and fifteen housand in 1850 ; one hundred and sixty-one thousand in IS' ', and in 1870, two hundred and sixteen thousand. From the commanding hills which look down upon the city of Cincinnati, the view is ex- tremely fine. The river frontage of the human bee hive is about ten miles in length, and it is evident that e^'ery foot of that vast area will come to be of enormous value. The streets cross each ■■-I illlii!! 'I ■I iiii'i i i!iS' i lii 372 Tuttle's Centexxial Northwest. other at right angles, and are laid out with perfect regularity, the portion of tlic city nearest to the river being devoted to business premises almost entirely. Many of the establishments have erect- ed handsome structures, commodious enough for all pui'poses; but through all the charms of architectural design, there is evi- dent a purpose to make the most of the space available, to carry on a business of vast extent, whose possible expansion may task the powers of the arithmetician. The stone commonly used in the more elegant of tliese buildings is a fawn colored freestone, which is quarried near the banks of the Ohio, about twenty miles above Cincinnati. Butler street, in Cincinnati, is joined to Sara- toga street in Newport, Kentucky, by a bridge two thousand two hundred and fifty-two feet long, resting upon eight piers. A (ierman engineer designed and constructed this fine suspension bridge, which is sustained by massive towers, two hundred feet high, and more than one thousand feet distant from each other. The Colussus at Rhodes, some time one of the wonders of the world, pales into insignificance hy comparison with what are thought works of small moment in the hands of modern cngineer.s. The road over the Simplon was a work whicli better deserved praise than any other work in which Napoleon ever engaged his masterly intellect; but it may well be doubted whether the com- merce b}' that route in ten years will equal the average six months business over this great thoroughfare. Cincinnati takes high rank, considering its age, among the manufacturing and commercial centers of the world. There are successfully estab- lished, shoe factories, clothing factories, manufactories of furniture, establishments for the manufacture of forged and rolled iron, and iron castings, tanneries, breweries, distilleries, manufactories of en- gines, boilers and machinery, manufactories of cigars, of soap and candle.'', of tin, copper and sheet iron ware, besides immense print- ing and publisliing establishments, and a large aggregate of cap- ital invested in pork packing, and in the preparation of animal oil. Add to all these enterprises the handicrafts which custom- arily flourish where men come together in this country with the means as well as the desire to secure home comforts and luxuries, and it will be seen that the amount expended annually in wages must be enormous. PiiiNcii'AL Cities of Ohio. 373 31" the com- The importance of Cincinnati as an entrepot of commerce '.vill best appear upon a brief recapitulation of the means of transit and dispatch which arc in use among its merchants and people. By theOliio river the city is connected, without a break of any kind, with New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico, and its water carriacje docs not end even there, as the Miami canal joins the city to Lake Erie, making close connections with New York. The value of water carriage for heavy freights, which do not demand rapid dispatch, will not rec^uire to be elucidated. In the year 1871, the city had in use an aggregate of steamboats, barges and canal boats, amounting to four hundred and twenty-three, with a tonnage of very nearly seventy-five thousand. But the river and canal, and lake, carry only a small per centago of the wealth which is produced, and required for consumption, in the city and its prosperous suburbs. The northern terminus of the Kentjcky Central railroad carries away a considerable amount of produce from city and country, bringing back to the artisan, the manu- facturer, and the agricuh irist such returns as arc demanded, with a speed which might have seemed magical, could it have been realized a century ago. There aiv^ many termini in this city, the Cincinnati and Louisville company, the Ohio and Mississippi, the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and La Fayette, and nine other railroad companies have each a terminus here, p.nd of course a competing line which accommodates the ever growing commerce of Cincin- nati. The first demand for the growth of a community is fa- cility for intercourse and traflic with Uie world. Without these the petty neighborhood sinks down into the status of a village, and cannot rise above its manners. The people, satisfied, with such a condition of affairs, may be as conientcd as was K.isselas in his happy valley, but they will probably be almost as ignorant, and alwaj's prone to " Mistake llie rustic murmurs of their woods, For the big waves which echo round the world." M ! if\ . i ^ -.1,; I i: i- ! , I Commerce is the great civilizcr and benefactor to all classes in every community, which has risen to the distinction of producing more than it requires of some one commodity, which it would exchange for the superfluities of another people. 374 Tuttle's Centennial NoRTiiwEsr. Next to that great demand, and only second to it, so far as life must exist before it can be educated, comes the necessity for scliools. No city can hold its place which docs not provide libor- ally for the rising generation in this respect. Allow the children of one generation to go untrained, and unless foreigners come in to supply the vacuum caused by ''iC consequent lack of intelli- gence and skill, the city so unmindful of its duties must suffer in its material resources to the extent of seeing its indus- tries transferred to other wharves, factories and streets. The value of education does not consist merely in the capacity to read, and write, and ci])hcr, but it bodies itself foi'ch in a thousand ways, in the readiness with which the mind acquires knowledge in every field, and trcnsmits its qualities with an always increas- ing ratio to succeeding jenerations. It has been observed that the chiL'';en of weavers have special fitness for the work which their progenitors followed. The econ- omy of nature prompts the saving of force, by cutting down to the merest rudiment, the muscle or the nerve that has fallen into disuse, and by the operation of another branch of the same law, the muscle that is specially active grows always more and more in strength and adaptability, until the point is reached where further improvement is imp-yssible. The Lj'ons silk weaver is a silk weaver and nothing else on God's earth ; every faculty is absorbed in his loom and its results. When he grows richer he will have more looms, and all his children will be weavers. The outcome is no''; brilliant, but it is the result of the .same law wliich blinds t'lt; fish which are accustomed to swim in underground rivers, as in Kentucky, and which diverts to other channels of activity, or to inerlia, what might have been mental power in former generations. The capacity to grow by training is correlated with the tendency to deteriorate by neglect, and it is a wise provision to which we must accommodate ourselves, or suEer the inevitable consequences. Cincinnati long since made its election as to the future by pro- viding liberally for education. In the year 1871, there were fif- teen primary schools in the city, with one hundred and seventy- five teachers, and very nearly eight thousand pupils. There were, at the same time, three grammar schools, with two thou- PniNciPAL Cities of Ohio. 375 as life itj for e liber- ildi'on ioine iu hitelli- suH'er Indus- Tho to read, lousaud sand two hundred pupils and fifty-eight teachers, and two high schools with two hundred and twenty-four pupils under the su- pervision of ten teachers. Besides these very excellent institu- tions, there is an evening school, which is tolerably well attended, and a normal school vvliich, at tho time named, had thirty-four pupils and four teachers, consequently, there were, then, in tliat one city an aggregate of thirty-eight jiublic schools, presided over by five hundred and thirty-six teachers, with a roll of pupils ex- ceeding twenty-two thousand. Doubtless it would be easy to show that better schooling and more of it would be advantage- ous; but, under a free government striving to direct and control the will- power of Young America, it will not be easy to make the process more general at present. The process of selection, which, in the course of years, will prefer the best trained speci- mens of humanity, and leave the uneducated to be erased by neglect and misfortune, will, in the course of time, eliminate tlie idle and unimproved, so that the law will be fulfilled which says: '•To him that hath shall be given, and from him that hath not, shall be taken away even the little that he hath," so that the un- educated class will gradually perish. The charitable institutions of Cincinnati deserve notice. There are several hospitals, including the City Hospital, which was opened in the year 1809, St. Luke's Hospital, the Hospital of the Good Samaritan, St. Clary's Hospital, and the Jewish Hospital; all these arc in the city, and there is, besides these, a city infirm- arv — a very large and- remarkably handsome building — -which, for hygienic reasons, has been located about eight miles north of the metropolis. The Cincinnati Orphan Asylum occupies a beau- tiful site on Auburn Hill, overlooking the amphitheatre in which the city stands, and thnmgh which the river winds a stream of silver. The Union Bethel is, as its name implies, an institution in which sectarian aims have been largely put aside, and several admirable purposes arc served. The Widows' Home, tlic Home for the Friendless, the Woman's Christian Association, and the Young Afcn's Christian As.sociation tell each their own story in their distinctive names; but the purposes of mercy are particu- larly served at little co-;t by the establishment of a free reading room where per3or.'=! in needy circumstances, away from home and m li;il ii>ii 376 Tuttle's Cextexnial Northwest. friends, can, without seeming to be under an obligation, sec some of the best literature of the day, and, if they are so disposed, be supplied with writing materials to make notes of their studies, or to communicate with absent dear ones. The value of such little advantages ma}'' often prove beyond price, in arresting the atten- tion of persons- just on the verge of falling into temptation. In connection with the benefits just named, there is a room set apart for conversation, and another for music, in which, it may be said en passant, that the attention and the skill bestowed by those who are customarily participants, might be advantageously copied by assemblies in the more pretentious circles, where wealth, and cul- ture, andshodd\-. yawn and talk, while Verdi, Beethoven and Men- delssohn are tortured to the verge of despair. Cincinnati is not great in church building. The age of mag- nificent edifices seems to have passed away ; there will be but few cathedrals built, during the next hundred years, to rival such as those which engaged the attention of the religious and artistic world in the age of Leo X. Utility is the aim of to day, and elegance may be superadded, but magnilicencc is the dream of bygone times. There are many church buildings here, and some of tliem arc certainly fine, but none are superb. Tlicre are otlier public buildings better deserving comment, such as the court house ; the city buildings, occupying with the ornamenta' grounds on which they stand, a complete square ; the City Hospital, al- vead}' mentioned, a very handsome structure ; the Masonic Tem- ple, worthy of the descendants of the !^[aster TTiram ; the custom house and post office, and the House of Refnge, in Mill Creek valley. There is a very handsome bronze fountain on Fifth street, the design and workmanship being due to the ateliers and fouiidries of Munich, the capital of Bavaria. Tlie principal attraction to the lover of beauty is a graceful fignre of a woman, beautiful as the Venus de Medici, the surroundings arc allegorical rnd, there- fore, "caviare to the general," but the effect is very fine, and the streams projected by the fountain, when in play, are delightful. The taste for fountains is probably on the decline; there will perhaps never again be so much money expended on works of that desc ■"r>tion as were spent on tbo works at Yensaillcs, when U I St PnixciPAL Cities in Ohio. 377 Louis XIV almost beggared a nation to erect his palace and create a park in the desert; but hardly one traveler in ten thousand has ever seen those fountains with their interlacing waters leaping and dancing in the sunlight. Tlic waterworks of the city, which are located on the eminence known as Eden park, give an excellent supply for domestic and ornamental purposes. Eden park stands to the cast of the city on a very high hill, and it includes about one hundred and sixty acres, but the works designed arc not yet completed ; consequently it is at present principall}' attractive for its position, which commands a long reach of the river shore of Kentucky-, with Newport and Coving- ton in the distance, seeming to be ollshoots from the vast city at the base of the eminence, which has carried its street across the Ohio. It is intended that Eden park shall be a kind of paradise, with considerable improvements which will more tlian rival the New York Central park. There are two other parks in the city, named after the two great presidents, Washington and Lincoln, both very attractive ; the latter, with splendid avenues, a lake and an island, being much frequented by pleasure seekers. Cincin- nati is a very desirable place of abode ; the choicest amusements, tlie best lecturers, preachers, readers, and all the attractions of the heaa ?no?i(Z'?, unite with fine libraries, and the charms of successful commerce and manufactures, to rival the finest centers of popula- tion elsewhere; added to all which, there is a natural beauty in the site of the city and its surroundings which might well make an anchorite forswear his vows. Clevklanix— Tliis is the second city in size and importance in the state of Ohio ; its position on the southern shore of Lake Erie gives it the advantage of a sea port, as it can, and does, send its vessels, by way of the Welland canal, direct to all ports in Europe ; and quite a large business is done by ship-builders here, not only for lake navigation, but for commerce on all waters. Tlie Cuyahoga river flows into Lake Eric at the point where Cleveland is built, and that fact, added to the numerous coves into which the waters of the lake have fretted the shore, gives to the city an immense frontage available for wharves, storage and commerce by lake and sea. ;)■ !- 1 'If.' i 378 TuTTLE's CeNTENXIAL NoiiTHWEST. Next to Builalo, Cleveland is the greatest city by the Lake shore, and the distance is only about one hundred and eighty miles. The journey to New York from Cleveland is a little over six hundred miles, and the railroad facilities are first class. The northeastern terminus of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincin- nati railroad isin this city, as also is the northwestern terminus of the Mahoning division of the Atlantic and Great Western rail- road ; and the Cleveland and Pittsburgh railroad has here its norlhern terminal station. The Ohio canal connects Cleveland with the city of Portsmouth, on the Ohio river, consequently the facilities enjoyed by men of business for traflic from the lake to the ocean and through the interior of the state to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico, are complete. The size and the beauty of Cleveland, apart from its unsur- passed business capacity, would command admiration as one of the best centers of population in the United States. The plain on which it stands is from eighty to one hundred feet above the level of the lake, and the streets are regularly planned and grad- ed, crossing at right angles. River and Merwin streets, on the east bank of the Cuyahoga, are the principal localities for busi- ness ; the best retail stores, many of them very elegant, and the -banks and principal newspaper ofBces are on Sujicrior street. Commodore Perry, whose exploits on Lake Erie have long been the pride of his countrymen, i.s honored by the erection of a mar- ble statue in Monument S quaro, which is intersected by Superior and Ontario strcet.s. Tiie best drive for the citizens who emulate the 2 :13 of Goldsmith Maid is Euclid avenue, a boulevard three niles long and very wide, with stately maples on either side which .row their umbrageous shade far over the drive, constituting .' street one of the most beautiful in the country. Magnificent private residences standing in lawns, and open parks, form the margin of the road in which the beauty and the fashion of Cleve- land may be seen at the proper times, converting the locality into a very fair copy of Eotten Row. There is a great deal in fashion or such a title would never be an object of emulation, and it may be as well to mention how that name came first to be applied to the favored resort of fa.shion. AYhen Charles II was king of England, and he and all his courtiers were at least as familiar It ^< PjiiNOiPAL Cities of Ohio. 379 with the French language, as with tlieir native tongue, the road which the king used in his passage through the park was called lloute a Roi John Bull never yet condescended to talk French like a Frenchman ; out of the French phrase 'jxc/que chose, he made "kickshaws;" out of the name of the king's French mis- tress, Madame Carouaille, Duchess of rortsmouth, he invented the name fittest for the French king's spy, Madame Carrywcll, and out of the Route a Roi, the king's road, he made llotten Row, a much better descriptive sentence, considering the quality of the demireps and rascals that could be met there, but the name re- mains, the origin is well nigh forgotten, and wherever beauty and fashion most do congregate to enjoy mutual display in the diur- nal drive in our great cities, some man is sure to suggest the title of Rotten Row, and unthinking custom endorses the name. Euclid avenue is in danger of being so christened, but a more euphoni- ous and respectable ajipellation is to be desired. There are some very handsome private residences in this city, and the public buildings are many of them very grand, all of them at the veiy least, presentable. The marine hospital, the Cleveland medical college. Case hall, the building which contains the literary treasures of the Cleveland library association, a col- lection of more than twenty thousand volumes, the general post office, and, not last, but greatest, the union lailroad depot, make up an assemblage of public buildings such as few cities of its size can excel. The city was first laid out in 179G, but before that time there were sonfie few residences on the site. The first fifty yeors of its growth was very moderate, indeed ; in the year 1850, there were only about seventeen thousand people in the city, but the next ten years saw an increase to more than forty- three thousand, and in the year 1870, when the census was taken, the population had again more than doubled in ten years, the numbers then returned being nearly ninety-three thousand. The industries which employ this rapidly exj^anding city are numer- ous and profitable. There are coal oil refineries which give re- munerative work to numerous hands ; cooper shops, whiclx are necessary to supply the packages in which this article, duly re- fined, can be sent into the market; poik packing houses, which threaten to rival Porkopolis itself, iron foundries, rolling mills, 880 Tuttle's Cextexkul XoirniWEST. Im?' !:'i,ii- and the tliousaiul and one occupations which grow out of com mercc, manufactures and mineral resources. Not merely from the country immediately surrounding Cleveland, but from long distances, the produce of the west finds its way to this city, where the wool, grain, pork and coal oil of this region can be exchanged for the manufaetures and the greenbacks of the east. The .schools in this city are very good; there were fifteen pri- mary schools in 1871, employing one hundred and seventy-five teachers, mostly ladies, to preside over the training of about eight thousand scho]ar.s. There are several private schools in addition, where the course of tuition is unexceptionable, and the high school had at that time fifty pupils with two excellent teachers. The number of children attending school is much too small for the population of such a city, but until certain classes of men and women can be reached, more cll'cctually than they yet have been, no reniedy can be devised ; and wc have to fall back upon the sentence, first used to imply a more decided spiritual change : " Paul may plant and Apollos water, but God alone can give the increase." In the year 1871, there were more than thirty-two thousand children of school age in the city, but little more than thirteen thousand were enrolled as pupils, and of these only about eight thousand attended, or one-fourth of the number that should participate in the advantages of early training. They manage these things better in Prussia ; but, then, Frederick Wil- liam is a despot, and his people are obliged to obey the word of command. Some day we shall be forced to inquire, whether the children who are thus being neglected by their natural guardians have no rights which we are bound to respect ; and also, whether the slis;hted school house does not lead more or less directlv to the thrrnged penitentiary, and crowded asylums, vastly to the impoverishment of the nation. The Cleveland press has made for itself a national reputation ; some of the brightest men of the day being among the con- tributors to the several organs. Dayton. — This cit}' was founded on All Fools Day in 1796, but the mad cap frolic of that period of license was not exem- plified in selecting this site for the location of a town. This is PiiiNciPAL Cities of Ohio. 381 now the fiftli city in tlic state, with a po]iuhitioii of nearly forty tliousaiul, and it will contribute many clu/ice specimens of manu- factures to the Centenial Exposition. Dayton city is the seat of acIminstrationfor'Nrontgomcry county, and it is built at the point of junction between Mad river and the Great Miami, where the Miami canal adds immensely to the advantages enjoyed by the community. The waters of the Mad river arc brought by means of a canal into the city and utilized in supplying motive power to numerous manufactories engaged in producing carriages, freight and passenger cars, agricultural implements, flour and meal, clothing and cotton goods, iron castings, and hollow ware, engines, boilers, furniture, paper, and liquors, distilled and fer mcnted. The inland commerce of Dayton is very extensive and important, and it would be diflicult to select a city in which, considering its age, size and numbers, there is a larger average of prosperity. The population very nearly doubled in ten years from 1850, the rate of progression being about fifty per cent, in the decade ending in 1870, when over thirty thousand persons resided there. The railroad facilities of the city are very satis- factory. The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad ; the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad ; the Dayton and Michigan Railroad ; the Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland Railroad; the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, and the Dayton and Union Railroad, all have stations here, and five of the lines have here one of their termini, consequently there is an abundant choice of routes available here for the shippers of produce, who may wish to go farther in search of more profitable markets. The city is just sixty miles from Cincinnati, and one hundred and eighty-eight miles from Cleveland. Dayton is beautifully located and is a very handsome city, having numerous elegant public buildings and private residences, whicli adorn a site worthy of the best resources of art. The court house reminds one of the Parthenon, and it is built of pure white marble, or to speak more correctly, of a stone which so closely resembles marble as to present all the best features of Carrara quarries. Four miles from the city, the Central National Soldiers' Home is located jn a plat of ground six hundred and forty acres :i:-!--1 r./i/i' ^ I '■■'•, ■' ' fTih ;■ f ,1 ■, J 'i I Vil 882 T utile's Centennial Nohtuwest. in extent, liandsomely laid out in avenues, artificial lakes, shrubberies and nia/cy walks. TIic homo consists of several largo buildings under suitable direction, and the hospital is very liuely appointed. Tlie libi'ary is large and well assorted, and there are halls for reading and for music, as well as the head quarters devoted to tlie use of the chiefs of tlie official staff. '^I'he high qualities of the public schools in Dayton arc well appreciated by the better class of citi/x'ns and the teachers arc well sustained in their vocation, but here as well as cLsewhero, a large proportion of the children are only nominally participant in the advantages provided for them by the wisdom and bounty of the public. Tlie Cooper Female academy, established in thiscity, is doing a great work ia the education of women, foreshadowing the time, which should not be distant, when the training for the gentler sex will not be an exact copy of the system applied to their brothers, but will embody all that is best adapted to the cul- ture of the highest powers of womanhood, without such waste of eticrgy as must be involved, where a portion of the years devoted to rudimentary work is given to pursuits which arc to have no application in the practical work of life. There are several pri- vate academics in Dayton, and they are as a rule, very well con- . ducted. The churches in thiscity are elegant, some of them being mod- els of architectural beauty rarely excelled. The streets are well supplied with water, and lit with gas, and by way of completing the machinery for enlightenment and purification, there are six- teen new;-papers published in Dayton, two of which are dailies of considerable merit. Toledo. — The City of Toledo is the seat of justice for Lucas county, Ohio, and a port of entry on the western bank of the Mauinee river, opposite the mouth of Swan creek, and about four milc:'> from Lake Eric with which it is connected bv the "Wabash and Erie Canal. "Where the vast city now stands, there were, soon after the first settlement commenced, two business locations, one known as Vistula, and the other as Port Lawrence. There was at one time qui("c a vivid rivalry between the two landings, but the higher landing, Port Lawrence, has realized quite a suf- Principal Cities of Ohio. 383 ficicnt sliaro of prosperity to have no jealous fcolin,!j; in tlio con- templation of the good fortune of Vistula, or the lower landing, now both comprised in Toledo. From Port Lawrence, there is a line view over the hike, cotnnianding on clear days a prospect of many of the small islands which picturesquely dot Lake Erie. To this point, during the summer months, innumerable pleasure excur- .«ioiis come over the lines of railroads to avail themselves of tho advantiiges of steam vessels to visit the islands. Jay Cooke po.s- sesses an island which is very frequently visited as it forms a part of tho protection of Put-in-Bay, and is extremely beautiful. A moderately good rower can go round the island in about twenty minutes, and will find its shores embodying all the charms of an extensive line of coost. Here the waves have fretted the roeks until the lower strata have disappeared, leaving an overhanging roof which seems tlireatcning to topple over ; there an archway has been cut through a wall of rock which continues far down in the transparent waters to illuminate the deep, and while tlie boat- man is maneus-ering his tiny shallop to avoid a pinnacle of rock, which ciiallengcs admiration as an infinitesimal peak of Tene- rifife, he discovers that he has run into shoal water and is aground. Some of the islands on a clear da}-- have the beauty of Honolulu scenery, and you look of cour.se, in vain, for tlie Kanaka boatman with his unswampable outrigger, but the manneis of the people with whom the tourist conies in contact speedily remove that imprecision. Toledo is a very sub- stantia! looking city, and it has all the charms of a metropolis, in the number and variety of amusements with which its residents are supplied. Theatres, operatic troops, artistes in burnt cork, necromancers, and all the wonderful combinations of wdiich the mountebank is capable, find fullest appreciation here, if not among the resident population, then certainly among the young men from the country, who come here in search of pleasure. The very fine buildings which have been erected as residences for the wealthier section of this community would do no di.scredit to Brooklyn, or New Jersey, and the bustle in the streets testifies to an amount of business, more than stinicient to sustain such splen- dor of equipment. Tliere are excellent schools and churches here, and the public buildings, generally, are commodious as well as I mmw ' m 'li 384 TuTTUfs CESTl'.yKIAL NoiiTmVEST. w ) I if ' ^ * !■: i i! ' ■ 1 II: , : ' r i ''M •: 1'.) ;^. 1 ^r- '!, ■ •.'■ :'': \, ! I (i!ii ^^M ^^llh ornnt" in tlicir design, Tlic Mauuice rivor is a wide cstujiry which iifronis one of the best liarbors on tho shores of the hike, but tlie intricacy of the pa:ared aggregate more iiMf t-cvcn hun- dred miles, tlirough some f)f the finest agricultural land in the world, and two states are thus enabled to convey their produce to Toledo at a minimum of cost. Lake steamers and boats of various tonnage continue the traffic, distributing the cereals and other products in the eastern ports, and bringing back to Toledo, as the hcadiiuartcrs of the wide range of country named, the lux- uri^.5 and necessaries required by the agriculturists and traders, whose welfare is bound up in these argosies. In the old civiliza- tions, vast bodies of water were barriers to the race ; they are now the highwa3-s of the foremost nations. Toledo is for that reason the nearest neighbor to many of the ports, which would have been in the days of canoe navigation, or still more in the days of the wicker work, skin covered coracle, at a distance impossible to be traversed. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad The r ; 1 i : i ' 1 t t^^ Principal Cities of Ohio. 385 W, r rM li joins tlic Michigfin Soutlicii and i^orthern Indiana divisions at Toledo, and they arc here also tlie termini of the Toledo, Wabash, and Western Kailroad ; the Toledo and Detroit, and the Dayton and Michigan lines. There arc numerous manufactories estab- lished in Toledo, such as tobacco factories, manufactories of edge tools, saws, fdes, sashes, doors, blinds, steam boilers and engines, agricultural implements, carriages, and a vast variety of other in- dustries, which def}- enumeration. There are numerous banks in the cit}', three savings banks, four national banks, and a number of private institutions. The evidences of growth, presented by Toledo, meet the observer at every step. The city was i-ioorpo- rated in the year 1836, and three yea/s later the popu'ntion ex- ceeded one thousand ; in tlie year 1840, the residents numbered one thousand three hundred ; in 1850, three thousand eight hun- dred ; in 1860, thirteen thousand eight hundred, and in 1870, thirty-one thousand .-ix hundred ; a rate of progression seldom equalled. There arc sixteen newspapers published in Toledo, all of them well worthy of support, and the dailies arc known for their racy compositions all over the northwest. Sandusky. — This city is the seat of Eric county, Ohio, and a port -^f entry, standing on the margin of Sandusky bay, Lake Erie. The ground on which Sandusky city stands, rises as it recedes from the water line, sloping south from the bay, and the build- ings on the higher grounds have a fine view of the lake. The houses generally have a fine appearance, having been constructed from the beds of limestone whicli underlie the city, and which afTord a supply at once cheap, immediately available and exhaust- less. The position of Sandusky enables the merchants cf that citv to command the best facilities for commerce with all the lead- ing towns and ports opening on the lake, and its trade is exten- sive and profitable. Inland the business of Sandusky is also con- siderable, as it is the northern terminus of the Cincinnati, San- duskv find Cleveland Railroad, and contains also termini of the Lake Er: > division of the Baltimore and Ohio llailroad, and of the Sandusky line of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern llailroad. There are in Sandusky seven newspapers published, mostly well supported ; there are many churches, some of them de- a"* H-; fll i k-i^i I..'. I iit! I -' i ! « •'; r;.'i ■ 'i-ii^Sht— ■ 386 TcTTLE^s Cextexxial Kortiiwest. cidcdly liainlsomc edifices ; the stiects arc lined with shade trees; a handsoinc square occupies the centre of tlie city, and the manu- factures, which employ the population in addition to the large commercial interests, arc rapidly increasing. Tlio city is about five miles from lake Erie, its population in the year 1800, was a little over eight thousand, and in the next decade it had increased to thirteen thousand. It is now estimated at about eighteen thousand. SPRlNGFiEliD. — Springfield is the count}' seat of Clark county, Ohio, and it is built at the conduencc of Mad river and. Lagonda creek, about forty-three miles from Columbus. It would be diffi- cult to imagine a site better adapted for a great inland city, than chat on which Springfield rises, and the city itself is very line, many of the editiees seeming to have been suggested by the excep- tional loveliness of the situation in which the}'- are placed. The Luthei'an college of Wittenberg is located near this city, and the hardy Teutons avail themselves of its advantages as though the spirit of the great monk reformer, as well as his name, attached to them and their institution. The devil, at whose head brave Mar- tin Lutlier flung his inkstand, wag beyond doubt the demon of ignorant superstition, whose ghost he exorcised wlicn making his free and able translation of the Bible into the vernacular for his countrj men, and his followers could hardly render a more cs.sen- t!al service to his name than by associating his reputation with the enlargement and multiplication of their means for training, which will, better than all devices, lift them high and dry be- yond the reach of the old sea of darkness. The college is well conducted, and its curriculum is moderately high. Tlie two streams on which the city is built, Lagonda creek and Mad river, afford excellent water ^iowers for driving machinery, and very many jites have been improved by the establishment of flouring mills, factories for the production of agricultural inplomcnts, water wheels, and other mechanical contrivances, tlie manufacture of which affords employment to a large se(3tif)n of the pcopkv Commerce, as well as manufactures, flourishes in this favored spot, as the town h; s been niaih; the terminus of some lines of road, and a station on o'.hcrs, which exercise great influences in its favor. I "•■^UPPI^ Piuxcii'AL Cities of Indiana. 387 P H!!h'i^ Ic trees ; e inanu- lie large is about D, was a ncreased cii^htecu : county, Lagonda Ibediffi- ity, than ,'crv line, lb excep- ed. The J and the lOUgh the itached to rove ^[ar- lornon of aking his ar for his ore cssen- itioR with training, d dry be- i^c is Nvell The iwo ^lad river, and very f flouring iplemcnts, mufacture lie people, i'orcd spot, [ road, and its favor. I The Atlantic and Great Western railroad; the Cincinnati, San" dusky and Cleveland ; the Xenia and Springfield branch of the Little Miami railroad ; the Columbus, Springfield and Cincinnati, and the Springfield branch of the Cleveland. Columbus, Cincin- nati and Indianapolis railroads connect witli tlii.. city and assist to c.t"r\ to good markets the produce of the fert'le and populous c •! .♦ y which Springfield is surrounded. Manufactures and agncu'turc are, in this spot, lin'.ced with commerce to build up a very prof;perous community, the growth of which, already rapid, will certainly go on with accelerated speed. The first note we can fill 1 of the population of Springfield was in the yea" 18-iO, when the number slightly exceeded two thousand; in the year ISoO, the population was over five thousand ; ten 3-cars later onl}^ two thousand had been added, that being the decade of arrcdted tlevelopment everywhere, as a result of the great rebelli(.)n, then in process of incubation, and in, the year ISTO, the numbers were twelve thousand six hundred and fifty-two. Probably there are not less than sixteen thousand ))ersons now in Springfield, and with tlieemploymen' ■>[ iacreasing capital, the ac^.umulation of numbers will bo yet V -• -vi "d. There are seven newspapers published in Springuc I, • • ' v.i .-st of them are well conducted, as well as apparently susui; c . ly advertisers and readers. CHAPTER XXXIX. PRINCIPAL CITIES OF INDIANA. Imliaaapoi- ".>T.DSvilIn — Fort Wayne — New Albany — Madison — La Fayette — Ten-e Haute. Indianapolis. — Indianapolis is the geographical center of the state of which it is the capital, and many favoring circumstances have combined to make it not only the commercial and manufac- turing metropolis of the state of Indiana, but also the largest strictly inland city in the union. The rise of Indianapolis has been very rapid, all things considered, and yet it has been steady. i. M 388 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. k :, ijiif i V0\ < x\ ^ !' m ■f 1; il!i If W ' i In the }eav 1819, the first white settlement was made on the site of the present city, and in the following year, 1820, the scat of government was there loeated, although it war- not found con- venient to remove the archive;- f the state from Corydon, until four years later. The legislatuio its first session in Indian- apolis in 1825, and the incorporaii f this beautiful city took place in 1836. Indianapolis is veritably " The City of the Plain," but there seems to be no reason to anticipate an evil fate for it on that account. The land on which the town was originally platted is a plain of vast extent and great fertility, over which railroads can be constructed for miles without further trouble than is involved in marking ofi the track and placing the sleep- ers in position. As the city has increased in size, building lots in successive cdditions have been brought into tlie market, with no further inconvenience to the latest comer than the necessity t,o make rather a longer walk or ride to his homestead ; and there is no reason to suppose that the work of extension will not continue for an illimitable period. On every side there is land waiting only to be occupied for building purposes, and pending that time, being made useful in the hands of the farmer and gardener, who can repeat his operations further afield whenever circumstances shall expand the area of city industries, and with it the home market for all the more delicate productions of the soil, under the direction of his enterprise and skill. There is no city west of the Alleghanies which has before it a more glorious prospect than Indianapolis, but many years elapsed after its first settle- ment before there seemed to be any likelihood of very raoid de- velopment. Compare London of to-day, with its population of nearly four millions, with Indiana})olis and its population of about one hundred thou.sand, and the younger city must " pale its inef- fectual fires;" but take into the account that the city of London had probably an existence when Jesus was crucified, nearly two thousand years ago, and that Indianapolis only sprang into being about fifty-seven years since, and the admiration which was given to the richest city in the world becomes sensibly abated. Sixty years ago the red man was " monarch of all he surveyed," in the almost untrodden wilds, where now the city rears its palace homes, its gigantic factories, and its splendid churches, where FpdNcirAL Cities of Ixdiaxa. 389 schools arc laving the foundation for a more substantial civiliza- tion than our own, and where the shriek of the steam whistle, or the clangor of the warning bell, cautions every obstruction to clear the track, or be borne down beneath the wheels of an inex- orable progress. In that sense Indianapolis becomes a wonder. The first settlement, as we have seen, commenced in the year 1819, but, seven years later when the capital of the siate was established there, and the legislature was in session, there were only about seven hundred and sixty residents in the town, and tlie chief items in the business records for that year were whisky for the genus homo, and powder wherewith the aforesaid homo could bring down his game, to soak in more whisk3^ That year it was asserted that $10,000 worth of goods had been sold, and it appeared that over two hundred barrels of whisky figured in the bill of particulars. One hundred kegs of powder were sold dur- ing the i-;ame year, probably to men who found their meat mar- ket on the prairie near at hand. In the year 18-iO, the govern- ment sinned lilvc David of old, by causing the people to be counted, and it appears that there were then about four thousand residents in Indianapolis, the numbers having increased to that jioint, irom twelve hundred ten years before. When the census was taken in 1850, there were over eight thousand, and the next ten years showed an increase to about nineteen thousand, When the last cnunieration was made, there were about fifty-two thou- sand, and the extraordinary activity which has been manifest during the last few rears leaves little room for doubt that Indian- apolis has now very nearly, if not quite, a population of one hun- dred thousand. Indianapolis stands on the west fork of White river, on the line of the ^ Kliana}^)olis, Cincinnati and La Fa3'ette Railroad, and by a wise arrangement, which earlier or latci' will be followed in every progressive city in tlic world, all the trains that arrive in, or depart from Indianapolis, must make their number at the Union Eailroad Depot, the immen.se structure — four hundred and twenty feet long — liaving been prepared expressly to afford the public this convenience. The Indianapolis and St. Louis Eailroad makes its terniinus here, after a run of two hundred and sixty-one miles from the ■.•!i:i 'H||| % i. Ml ]>% ^^ I 890 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. latter city ; and the St. Louis, Vandalia, Tcrro Haute and Indian- apolis line finds here the end of its journey and ilic beginning. Tiiis is the northeastern terminus of the Indianajiolis and Vin- cennes road, and the northern terminus of the JefTersonville, [Madison and Indianapolis line of travel. I'he Cincinnati and In- dianapolis Junction Railroad, the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis, the Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago, and the Indianapolis, Bloom- ingtonand AVestern Raih-oads all come to this depot, deliver their living freight, their merchandise, and their intelligence as to all the transactions of the world at large, every da}'^ in the week and eve/y week in the year, to the number of seventy-eight trains joer day, r.nd about six hundred thousand cars per annum. It will be readil}' seen that an immense advantage accrues to the public from this act of centralization which brings all the trafTic of the city to one focus, but of course there ,,ould be many difllculties to be overcome before a similar arrangement could be perfected iu a city like New York, where every foot of ground is owned and occupied, and might be minted in the process which would render a change of ownership necessary. Indianapolis, standing on a plain, can be apj)roachcd from any ])oint without an unfa- vorable gradient to be overcome, and the curved lines of the practised engineer can bring every train to its proper position, upon its own time, to take and to return its precious burdens. The city is laid out regularly, like most modern cities, unlike the Babylon of ^Manhattan, whose roads were made by the cows as they marc'r.ed homeward with their lacteal treasures, chewing the cud in their leisurely way, never reflecting that man, the civ- ilizer, must move along beside their paths. The streets generally cross each other at right angles, but there are four streets whicli start out diagonally from a circle in the center of the city. There are somewhere about fifty churches in Indianapolis, all of which are commodious enough to accommodate their average congrega- tions, and many are very substantial and elegant edifices. There are numerous public buildings which deserve notice, the more es- pecially when we consider how brief a time has elapsed since the beginning of all this grandeur, ocven years after the location of the seat of government here, there wore little more than seven { ! Principal Cities of Indiana, 391 liundrcd persons in the city, and it was difllcult, in 182i, to find proper receptacles for the archives of the state. Tliere is no such diflicidty now. The state hou was erected in the year lS34r-35, and it contains the governor's olhcial residence, the arcliives and muniment rooms, the state library and the halls of the assembly, being a building in every way wortliy of the purposes which it serves. The State Lunatic Asvlum was first built in 18-18, but has been enlarged and augmented by additions of various kinds and dimensions since that date. Perhaps it would be asking too curiouslv, if the records were examined to discover whether the original consumers of that two hundred barrels of whisk}', and their immediate descendants, have increased the demand for space in that institution, and, if so, whether the " worm of the still " had any share in preparing them for the positions they occupy. The State Institution for the Blind was founded in the year 1817, and it is in every way a credit to the state, the management being superior to the average of such establishments ; but it is antici- pated that before many years have passed additions will bo made to the buildings now in use, or, possibly, a new asylum will be constructed. The Asvlum for the Deaf and Dumb is a state in- stitution which was founded in the year 1818, and the number of claimants upon this charity is very considerable ; but, up to the present time, the provision made has been adequate to deal with all the most urgent cases. A Magdalen Asjdum, or reformatory for women and girls, is located a short distance east of the city, and it appears, upon an examination of statistics, that very ex- cellent results have been attained where the advantages of the asylum were taken hold of before a long career of vice had hard- ened the oil'ender to insensibility. Society has much wherewith to blame herself, in these da^'s of fierce competition and high pressure life, when the "sin of great cities" can reckon its armies of vice by the hundred thousand, and yet it does not devolve npon individuals to cflcct reforms, in thousands of cases, in which ameliorating circumstances could be brought to bear. The purity of the houseliold must, if possible, be defended at all hazard.s, and, therefore, the rigid rule which is so often denounced when good women " pass by on the other side,'' unmindful of their err- ing sisters, is not without some show of defense. The state can, t ■. W^- 13? : •1. I ' ' 1 .1 • ■:ii ■ i '1; 1 ifiM m m » I 4. tJl iniis fs 392 Tuttle's Cestennial Northwest. and probably will, in an always increasing ratio, assume the re- sponsibility of providing for those who wish to lead better lives, a temporary retreat, a Zocws j;e?n'teH//tc, where the virtuous resolution may mature, and from whence, when the fair results of their own industry have accumulated sufficiently to bear the cost, the person declared convalescent in a moral sense, may remove to other districts to build up a better record. The United States Arsenal is just one mile north and by east from the city limits, and the establishment is well adapted to the purpose which it is meant to serve. The United States Post Office is a fine building, and contains, in its upper story, accommodations for the United States courts. The Masonic Uall is not what would be called a showy building, but it is an edifice of good type, and of course is devoted to the best forms of benevolent action. AVhile speaking of deeds of benevolence, it is due to Indian- apolis charity that we should mention that there are three orphan asylums established in the city: one for native born white chil- dren, one for colored children, and one for Germans. There is also a home for friendless women, a Catholic reformatory for women, and a free dispensary, where the maladies and diseases common to rich and poor can be treated without cost by men of first class ability, in any case in which necessity demands the ap- plication. The Northwestern Christian University has its location here ; and a great deal of very creditable work is effected in this institu- tion, the curricul 'ti being tolerably severe, and the facilities offered to students as nearly as possible perfect in their kind. Eventually, no doubt such sectional establishments will merge in larger unsectarian eiforts, in which all classes of the community may join ; but for the present, such institutions offer tlie only means available for reaching those who can thus be educated and prepared for the highest duties. The Odd Fellows have a fine hall in this city, and it is available for almost every enlightened and benevolent purpose ; and the Academy of Music is very pop- ular as a resort for the pleasure loving crowd, who can find in this city, as in most others of metropolitan growth, facilities for amusement, coupled with instruction, every evening in the work- ing week. PiiiNCii'AL Cities of Isviaxa. 393 The graded sijliools oC Indianapolis arc famous for the admir- able system and tact with which they arc administered; and the best proof of the value of the means employed can be found in the successful working of the several establishments from the primary to the high school, in which latter young men can be pre- pared for any pursuit in life, if they will earnestly avail them- selves of their facilities. One-half, at least, of our best public servants are self made men, and, in spite of the malicio-v innuendo, the self made man docs not always worship) his maker. Abraham Lincoln was self made, and he was one of the most modest men that ever challenged the world's admiration. The aniount of schooling that came to him within what is known as the school age was barely twelve months, at odd times; but there was in him an absolute hunger for development. The great physical strength which ho possessed was not enough to satisfy the One type of nervous power which he had inherited frotn the organiza- tion of his mother, and, therefore, he bent every energy to the cultivation of his mind, when, by any means, the opportunity came in his way. Was he the hired man upon a farm, he could be found when his work was done, reclining in some shady place in summer weather, with a book, storing his mind with lessons of wisdom and fortitude against the day of trial. Clerking in a store, piloting a flatboat, which he had himself built, or splitting rails, it mattered not what was his occupation, there was always some time which could be given to mental culture; and he, like others similarly endowed, was only self made to the extent that, without the watchful eye of the experienced master to assist him, he rudely applied the means for his own development by studying the thoughts of other men, in their printed form, and by discussing with Others his views and their own, until there was hardly, among the best educated men with whom he came in contact, one person his equal in patient practical sagacity; and that faith, without which the best gifts of the race become a mockery and a snare. Young men of moderate capacity, able to do for them- selves such work as Abraham Lincoln accomplished in bridging the chasm, over which the backwoodsman passed to the highest honors of the presidential chair and a martyr's death, have a won- derful aid in such well graded schools as they find provided in ;! "'t '- i ;(,.' \\l:M llh M 394 TuTTLifs Centennial Noutiisveht. ■■■ III.' i \ ' I m ludiiuiapolis; iind soiiio, at leas', of tlicir mimbcr in that city, ap- {icar to appreciate the boon in which they parlicipiite. 'I'he num- ber of ehiklreii who are entirely lui^hooled is not very large in this city, but an immense numbcr; t years since the first nttumpt was inatlc to establish pork packing ns one of the .staples (jf tliis eity; like many other first essays the result was not flattering nor prolitable ; but perseverance wins suc- cess, and the busitiess done in this state during the year just ended, must liavc cost nearly eight hundred thousand hogs their precious lives, and have given to the finances o[ the state, and to that part of Illinois, which makes Indianapolis the center, little less than $1), (500,000. The value of such an industry must be apparent to the most superficial observer. The value of stock in the country, which makes its principal trades and .shipments here, represents in the several items of detail, nearly $-10,000,000 !';»■ exportable surplus annually, leaving untouched the enormrjs capital stock, which may be relied upon for an always increasing supply. The area of country from which stock can be I'aised in such j)r()fitable abundance, grows cereals also in inunense quantity, and almost every other exportable commodity in i)rofusion, but our readers shall not be exhausted by further figures. Indiana produces black walnut in vast forests, and the enter- prise of its caj)italist.s, combining with the skill of its workmen, has built up a large trade in furniture. It very soon became ap- parent to the persons who were most interested, that it would be wiser, and more economical in every sense, to apply the skill of the artist, and the labor of the workman, on the sjiot where the timber was native, and to export first class furniture to all parts of the union, than to export the raw material to be .shaped into elegant forms elsewhere. The consumer is certainly benefited by the vast growth of this industry in Indianapolis. The great man- ufacturers procure the best designs from France, and from the eastern states, to enable their productions to compete with the elegance of the best establishments in other lands, and many of them have commenced to employ artists of their own to furni.sh designs, combining the highest beauty of outline and finish, with the fullest realization of utility. With so much enterpri.se and skill, and a practically unlimited reproductive capital, there is no reason why the furniture trade in the capital of Indiana should not grow into enormous proportions with corresponding ])rofit. The lumber trade, in woods of all kinds, gives a large aggregate of employment and remuneration, but there is a reasonable de- ,«-':l -;!-, :!l-' ' ! Piiiycii'AL Cities of Indiana. 397 siro to conocntrato upon its own cities and towns, tlic wages fund which is now being di.slriljutcd over tlie wliole country, necessary to convert tjjc crude matter to its liigliest use, and the design will necessarily prosper. Til is brief description of the material resources of the city of Tndianupolis is necessarily incomplete ; many items of large im- portance have been omitted in the enumeration, because it was thought better to describe one or two lines with some particulari- ty, than to go on with a dry catalogue of the articles produced and manufactured for use and shipment. '^^ \ the city was first located, the country, in which Indian- ape lids, was a dense forest, and nearly the whole area was a plain, with just suOicient rise and fall in the surface to accumu- late stagnant pools and marshes in contiguity to each other. The consequence of that configuration and those circumstances was that malaria largely prevailed, everybody had or expected to have chills and fever, and veiy few were disappointed. Since settlement has prevailed, the condition of the surrounding country has much improved. The agriculturist has denuded much forest land to make liis farms ; planting timber of the best kinds only in the positions best adapted to favor his pursuits, and the continuous breaking of soil for purposes of cultivation, tends alwaj's to the hygienic improvement of the earth and atmosphere. The medical faculty can now testify to the healthful condition of the state, and with every progressive year there will be still further advances in that respect. There are thirty-four newspapers published in Indianapolis, and many of them have a national repute, but pursuing our usual course, we leave the fourth estate to speak for itself. EvANSViLLE. — The site of this city was first settled upon in the year 1812, but in consequence of many small incidents and accidents, which need not be here recorded, there was no consid- erable settlement for many years afterwards. Evansville was the seat of justice for Warrick county for about one year from 1813, a number of lots having been donated to the county on that condi- tion ; but in the year 181-1, the legislature removed the county seat elsewhere, and Evansville fell into a very depressed condition until r ifi' I- Sf»^ rim\\« I 1 )*' 1 1*' m III : 'CI- ! 398 Tuttle's Cextexmal Northwest. after 1817, npparently without liopc fortlic iutnrc. After that date' there was a determination evir.c"'! to make Evan-:villc a tovvn. 'i Le site was fresh ])h\tted, trustees were appointed, and generally a goahcad spirit was evineed, which augured well for development; but in the year 1819, there wore only one hundred residents on the town site, and most of those depended on trade with the pioneers and hunters, with whom peltry was currency. The first school ever taught in Evansville commenced in a very hiformal way, in the year 1818, but it was not until six years later that a school house was erected, and long after that the building continued to be avail. -ble for public meetings and for religious worship. The necessity for ameliorating in{lue;ice5 in this region was seriously felt for many years, as there were hun- dreds cf boatmen who made this their port of departure for their periodical ^rips on the lower Missi'-sippi. Naturally enough, this hardy class of men, accustomed to hard \vork and many priva- tions when . loat, wished to enjoy life in their own fa.shion after one voyage had ended, and before another began. They were certainly a rough set, fitted only for living on the outskirts of civ- ilization ; yet in manv /expects superioi to the average " rousta- bout," on the same river to-day. The pen and ink skctcli of "Jem Bludso," the engineer of the Prairie Belle, wlio died "hold- ing her nozzle agin the bank," that night when the boat was burned, ma}' stand as a counterfeit presentment of a large class arnon? those boatmen, not bad men absolutelv, but rough and un- conventional to a surprising degree. The poet said of the .nan whom he depicted as "going up in the shiokc that night of the Prairie Belle" with the constancy of a martyr hero, that: "He wau't no saini, them cngiuecrs Is pretty mucli all alikc,-^ One w'. of realization was still more dilatory ; but in this desultory way the town became recognized as a center of contact with the busy world, and a post of supply for a very wide region of country, watered by the White river and the Wabash. In and aft r the year ISo-i, there were much larger in- dications of progres.s. Indiana had concluded to establish a state bank, and one of th^. branches of that institution was located here The canal system made its southern terminus here, joining the town to the line of the Central, the Eric and Wabash, and for some time the prosperity of E\-ansville passed the bounds which the mos' sanguine had allotted. To have real estate there was equivalent to having " .'truck ile," in the regions which at a later date brought " shoddy " into prominence, Close following upon this accession of paper p"o.sperity ear ^ the revulsion of 1837, and Evansville wo'=' swailovel up by eastern creditors in part liqui- dation of overwhelming indebtedness. Still the population did no'u fall to the old lov standard, the natural advantages which hr '1 been the basis of so much rash speculation could not be " fool^jd away," and for the advancement of material interests; it was an advantage rather than otherwise, that the property had fallen into the liands of capitali.sts, who were bo ind to develop their new possessions, if they were ever to come out even. In the 3'car 184:0, the population was a little over two thousand, and the in- crease was slow for four or five years, then signs of more rapid development set in once more. A man staggering up a strange stairway in the dnrk, with a heavy load upon his back, is not a bad representative ci the efforts cf a people to push ahead in a new country, with the iriprovements which arc essential to their prosperity. At i^rst the stairs can be dimly perceived, as the ' f: ' ■ n mm- ,|i||t 400 Tuttle's Cextexnial Northwest. m ■ r !l !'! d li. ' l^> i i%y m i 1- il -.f liglit slants in from the passage, and tlic buRlen wliicli is being borne docs in-t seem opjivessive. Confidence increases with every step which announces substantial progress, the load which is being sustained taxes the strength of the bearer, but hope tells " a flat- tering tale" of ends being achieved M-hich will contribute in the future to comfort and enjoyment; the way is dark now, but still the weary plodder continues his ascent, step by step, until the landing is reac'ncd, and then comes the calamity ; as accustomed to step up, he makes a false move, and with a crash suggestive of an earthquake, the heavily laden man falls prone on the floor all but crushed by the weight which he had so pluckily carried. Just so is it with the jirosccution of improvements, the first needs are supplied with an effort, and there are returns which fully sat- isfy investors that they are on the right track. The successive steps which are to be taken can be seen with difficulty, and every outlay brings its fair compensation. Then the way becomes darker, and tlie faith of the climber more elastic. The load in- creases at every step, but he bears it liko a man, until the end or his possible progress has been reached, and then lik ) his ellow on the stairs, he boldly steps once more and comes down liicc an avalanche. He has put all his force into a venture for which -there v;as no warrant, in f;ict he has made a canal or a railroad where there is no population to give leturns, his stock is worth- less, his last red has long since disappeared, and as he lies there discomfited by his failure, he remembers the distich of the poet: " IIojic springs eternal in the liinnan breast, IMun never is, but always to be blest." However much the original projectors of die canal works may liave suffered in the contingent collapse, there was no collapse for the work actually accomplished, and whether under one set of property holders or another, there was some progress to be recorded ever\' A-eai". The canal was brought up to Tcrre Ilaute under a legislative land grant in 1856, and sulxsecpiently, under another concession, the work was brought to the Ohio at Evans- ville. Before that event occurred, the city had been incoi- porated, wharves h:,d been constructed, and in the j'car 1850, the first railroad was commenced, known as the Crawfordsville and Evansvillc Kailroad. Tlirec j'cars later the city commenced the -TKJ 3llOW an oatl rth- lere nay ipso set ' be vute idcr ars- tl 10 I IWf ■' ' I! i % i I j I -1 " ill' Hi '!'! «! t IH 1111': i! ' t I ' ' I'f I : li 'en given if the great Li.-zt had presided. ll;iilwpys followed i:. rapid ouccessiun. The Toledo, Wabash : nd Western Eailro'id, the Fort Wayne, Jacks i and Saginaw, the Pittsburgh, Fort ^\''ayne ana Chicago, and other h.ies and connections meoc and intcr^cct here, affoi'dmg unrivalled facilities for the transac- ts oi of shipping and other business, and the growth of the city h IS been proportioned. Fort Wayne is the only large city in Allen county, and aP the best signs of gro'.vib in tlpt area can be seen typified in the high- est form in the county seat. 1'herc are nine newspapers of vari- ous value, but all good, and reasonably well supported ; but it is in public schools tlat tlie city and the county shine preeminent, the vigor oi .he people having found its highest utility in provid- ing for die training and education of youth. There are thirteen (■<, !■ ■"»— r— "IFIniiJ" I Principal Cities of Indiana. 411 well appointed schools in tlic city to afford accommodation to the youth of a population of nearly twenty-six thousand, which has risen to that point within twenty-five years from a total ol about four thousand in the year 1850. Tiic scliool buildings are valued, with their furniture and appointments, at $185,000, and there are seventy-five teachers presiding over the education of three thou- sand five hundred pupils. The high school is an admirable structure of brick, star;ding in beautiful grounds which, for tlieir ornamentation, as well as for the space available for perfect ven- tilation, are alike excellent. On this spot the author of Festus might be content to remain, unsaying his resolve, " I'll to the mountains. I do hate To think the thoughts, .ind brcalhe the breath of other men." The several ward schools are some of them only temporary and rented structures, but many of them arc owned by the citi.?;ens, and the grading of the schools as a whole merits the highest ap- ^i.'obation. The attendance of children is not so great as the magnitude of the interests involved make desirable, but in that respect Fort Waj ne is fully up to the average of cities, and no better results can be looked for until the adult population can bo more fully impressed with the value of early training. That must be a work of time in Fort Wayne as well as elsewhere, and all the influences of the press, the pulpit and the platform should be made to converge toward success in that particular. There are twenty churches in Fort Wayne, many of them being very handsome. The Episcopal church is said to be one of the most beautiful in the state, and the Koman Catholic cathedral, greater in dimensions, is not far behind in elegance of design. The other churches are commodious and costly enough for their several con- gregations, and there are other buddings, such as the county court house, the county jail, and others of less note, which help to make this city well \\orth3'^ of a visit, for its architectural as well as its commercial and manufacturing importance. New Ai.hany. — Tliis city is the scat of justice for Floyd county, Indiana. Its position, only five miles below Louisville, on the right bank of the Ohio river, is not without advantages in some respects ; but the growth of the city would have been much nmm '!•: i i Hii :||l i< lill^i^ ii? f ;!• ph I m It I 412 Tittle's Centexxial Nohtiiwest. more rapid had there been " no rival near the throne." The falls of the Ohio are only three miles above New Albany, and the im- mense value of the water power thus placed at the disposal of en- terprising men and manufacturing companies must eventually bring into one vast metropolitan city, devoted to manufactures, commerce, and the arts, the two populations which arc now draw- ing in opposite directions, and wasting vital force in rivalry. The city of New Albany is one hundred miles from the capital of tlio state, and one hundred and thirty-six miles from Cincinnati, with which city it has abundant means of communication. Tlie city was originally laid out in the year 1813, and for some time the growth of the infant settlement was very slow indeed ; but the facilities ofl'ered by the Ohio river early induced the location of manufactures, which have in no inconsiderable degree helped to make New Albany th.> center of industry and commerce that it now is, with two lines oi railroad competing with the river and each other for the carryinj^ ' ade of the place. The commerce on the Ohio river is very considerable, and it is to a large extent commanded by New Albany. The lines of railroad alread}^ re- ferred to are the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, and the Louisville and New Albany branch of the Jcflersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad. The amount of shipping eileeted by these lines and the river is very large indeed, and the local trade arising out of that abundance of produce handled, builds up the financial success of New Albany. When the city was originally platted, and the lots sold by auction, in the year 1813, there wa:i an announcement made by the parties engaged in the transaction that twenty-five per cent, of all the purchase money realized should be placed in the hands of trustees, to the amount of $u,000, as a permanent school fund for the city. The promise so made by the original platters of New Albany has been religiously ob- served, and in addition thereto, there were abundant reserves allotted for churches, county and other public buildings, and a very elegant site was designated as a park. The high school which now flourishes in New Albon}', and is one of the most attractive features to men of family and good judgment, was thus provided for sixty-three years ago, and the foundation of the establishment dates from about sixty years since. During the whole of the time 3 PniNcii'AL Cities of Ixdiaxa. 413 The falls (1 the im- ).sal of en- cntually u facta res, o\v d raw- ly. The tal of tho lati, with le citv time the but tlie )cation of helped to ce that it ■iver and merce on e extent I'eady rc- and the Madison "ected by eal trade Is up the riginallj here waa uisaction realized f $5,000, so made uslj ob- reserves :s, and a -)1 which tractive fo vided i.shmeat be time ■which has since elapsed, the institution has been improving in efliciency and repute. The progress of Floyd county has been the progress of IS^ew Albany almost from the firot, and the county scat will long continue to be the most important city in that re- gion. The year 1814 saw a large emigration to Kew Albany. There was a moral and intellectual tone about the place which could not fail to attract settlement, and the men and women that came in pursuit of such advantages possessed the highest qualifi- cations for founding a state. The city had undoubtedly other charms, such as its position on the Ohio river, ,"nd the very sa- lubrious atmosphere which combined with the well drained land to supply the requisites of hygiene, when added to the unbounded supply of first class water. These advantages have all been turned to the best account, as the vi.-itor may see in the beautiful city, on comparatively level ground, with streets broad and well graded for traffic and for drainage, adorned with rows of very fine shade trees, and completed by the erection of substantial business premuies, and very attractive residences. The city is illuminated with gas, and the facilities offered by the Ohio river have been availed to procure a supply of water for domestic and general con- sumption, whicli, for many years to come will meet all require- ments. The county buildings have been erected at very consid- erable cost in this city, and their style displays sound taste. Many of the cities in the old world were built without any re- gard to the natural beauty of the scene which becomes in modern days almost a sine qua non. Some few traders having won the ])romise of protection from the superior of a monastery, or from the owner of a castle, to whom in some way tribute was paid, commenced to work at their several trades, and to bide the time when their skill would command attention. There was the origin of a citv. Accident might have concentrated upon the spot all the charms of natural beauty, and just as possible the site hap- pened upon might be devoid of every attraction, but the semi- security wliieh its [losition ensured, all such minor considerations were merely accidental, the people there concentrating their in- dustries, sons of Franklins, who held their lands in fee, sons of serfs who held their lives on sufferance, serfs themselves who might be taken and sold as slaves, women who might be degraded 1 \ ! 'I :>'r ■;^!S*-P(^ V. i(: IP 4U Tuttle's Centennial Noutiiwest. by the mere will of brutal masters, irrespective of their aspira- tions, were not mindful of the aesthetic charms of a situation, the one thought being security to earn their bread, preserve iheir lib- ert}', and secure for their offspring better conditions. It would have been wonderful if under such pressure tliere had not been cities l)uilt in positions which would now be condemned as sites for the erection of dog kennels and stables. The one purpose, security against marauders, covered every other consideration, and some of the more vigorous thinkers looked ahead to the time when it might be possible to erect walls of circumvallation, be- hind which the sturdy burghers might defend themselves, their families, and their possessions, against the baron himself, and all his retainers, if necessary, with the weapons then used in war. Cities on hills would have advantages for defense, but they would be comparatively inaccessible for commerce, and in any case the requirements of taste and love of beauty, if gratified at all, would owe the fact to accident lathcr than design. In this country, speculators in search of investments act on very diflfercnt bases. They find a spot which unites all the charms of an unrivalled site, as in New Albany, where a beautiful plateau, above high water mark, dips toward the Oh.io, or some other river which promises advantage, and where the present beautj* and future util- ity combine to assure commercial, agricultural, and manufactur- ing success; they plat their town, sell their lot.s, link, if possible, their own names with the enterprise, o\\ the same jirinciple on ■which ubiquitous John Smith penknifes his name on the cliin of the Sphinx, and they are ready for some new venture in the like direction.' There is a great deal of business tact and artistic skill displayed in locating cities, that they may bring profit to their projectors. New Albany was specially favored in the type of people that founded and sustained the settlement, if only for the schools, churches, park and public buildings which were provided for in the original allotment. The facts thus indicated helped to determine the character of the population now in the city. Tliere are two benches, or plains, practically the first and second bottoms of the once mightier stream, which now sweeps away towards the north, affording the sites on ^vhich New Albany was platted, and may grow almost without limit. These benches slope downwards Principal Cities of Indiana. 415 towtard the river, but the stream lies far below their lowest level, consequently there is perfect drainage, and no danger of swamp or submergence. The Silver Hills close in the scene to the west and northwest, rising to about five hundred feet in their greatest altitude, and winning their name from the bright mist which seems to hamr over tlie several eminences as an irradiating; dorv. There is the efl^cct of a fine amphitheatre, thus closing in the pic- ture, and the spot is such an one as might attract the poet or artist to make his home, where the swift slave of commerce can bring tlic latest i.-sues fi-om the press, and the sympathetic words of .chosen friends, while the slumberous woods invite the soul to re- pose or contemplation. The men who have located upon these hills are not poets in the Longfellow or Whittier sense of the word, but they cannot live on such hallowed ground, without becoming pen- etrated by that sense of the beautiful, out of which poesy springs in succeeding generations. Some of the finest farms and resi- dences in Floyd county are located on those hills, which consti- tute part of what are known as "The Knobs" of Floyd county. Probably they are remaneis from some former time, when the whole country was of a much higher level, and the work of de- nudation which has proceeded, has left these hills protected, by local causes now unknown, to stand out in an eccentric fashion entirely their own. Freestone underlies the soil on those hills, and the remainder of those knobs are made up, with little varia- tion, of clay, sandstone, slate and iron ore, presenting a very rug- ged surface, but on the' whole well adapted for the cultivation of fruit, for grazing, and for agricultural purposes generall}-. The scenery observable from the hills back of New Albany could hardly be surpas.sed, even in the dreams of the poet, and im- mense variety is one of the least of the charms. Louisville, little more that five miles distant, the falls of the Ohio, and the bridge crossing the river at that point, little more than e([uidistant from J!^!"ew Albany and the larger city, Jeffcrsonville in the distance, and away, looming up into the sky from Kentucky, the hill system of that state, contrasting remarkably with the "Knobs" of this county, make a panorama once seen never to be forgotten. The meteorological effects of these wooded hills in the vicinity of New Albany, are said to be very marked. Just as the protect- '^1 u ! : ff m ■ Mi 416 TvTTLE's CsyTEKKlAL NoRTHWEST. ing wire properly insulated, saves the building to which it is at- tached, from the levin bolt, so it is claimed that these elevations protect the city at their base, from violent storms and hurricanes. Louisville and Jeffersonville, neither of them far distant from New Albany, have been repeatedly visited by gales of wind, and de- vastating storms of rain, accompanied b}' electric disturbances, while the "Knob" surrounded community have slept in peace. We know so little of the causes, which combine to produce metoreological eflects, that it would be folly to speculate upon the facts thus stated, or to do.iiore than merely mention the circum- stance for additional verification, preparatory to the solution which will come when the growth of intelligence, and the perfec- tion of our observations shall fit us to read the signalement of nature. The residences upon those hills are not all farm houses, very manj'- of the merchants and manufacturers of New Albany have secured sites " for the cottage of gentilit}''," about which Coleridge waxes eloquent in " The Devil's Walk," and the cottage orne^ whether it owes its origin " to the pride which apes humilUy," or not, is certainly an additional charm to the exquisite amphi- theatre west and northwest of the city. New Albany is a beauti- ful city in which to make a home. The river navigation com- manded by New ^Mbany is said to afford to her population facil- it}* for commerce with more than nine millions of people distrib- uted over fifteen states in the union, and possessing property in farms, in stock and farm products valued at $1,610,000,000. Such advantaores added to the incidental benefit of railroad communi- cation, which brings the New Albany merchant and manufacturer en raiiport with the markets and the bourse oi the world will not fail to build up on the bank of the Ohio, at this point, a still greater entrepot. We have seen what are the roads already oper- ating in the city, but it may be as well to glance at the projected works, some of them already well nigh completion, vvhich will make this exquisite spot a plexus of commercial nerves, to and from which will flash in days to come, the words of fire which make and expand nations. The Louisville and Cincinnati branch of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad has sought and procured a right of way into New Alban}-, to make a terminus here ; the Louisville, New Albany and St. Lom'" now being constructed, riiii; Principal Cities of Indiana. 417 will have a tenninus here, and among other roads projected, the Tcrrc Iiautc and New Albany ; and the New Albany and Cin- cinnati railroads liave given fair evidence of their buna Jidcs toward the public. Toledo, Oliio, has given an earnest of its intention to sustain I'aihvay coininunieation with New Albany, and the inter- vening country which will be traversed must add to the wealth of the cities at each terminus. The rapid transit to Lake Erie, thus secured, will prove a conquest of rare value, and the intertwin- ing of roads, which already unite at t.venty diilerent points to afford convenience for travel and traffic from and to the city on the banks of the Ohio river, must go on increasing without present limit. Manufacturers have come to assist in building up the city ; here arc located some of the most extensive ii)j)licd with water from the Ohio river, and the rpiulity as well as the (piantity available for use, are such as to satisfy the most exigcant. There are two large public buildings, the court house, a county institution, and the United States Hospital, a building due to Washingtonian provision. There are three public schools, in which the system of grading is good, and .several })rivato acad- emies, which maintain a very spirited competition. There are two public libraries here, not very pretentious, but moderately well stocked with standard work.s, 'J'he managers have the same story to tell here as hns been heard by every inquirer in every city cast and west, that there are three competitors for Lady Audley'a Secret, and for such works, for every inquiry as to an encyclopedia or scientific resmne. Still the libraries arc good as they cultivate a taste for reading which may some day a.scend through biographical literature to higher planes of tliought and cultivatiDn. There are thi'ce ne\vsj)apcrs published in the city, and they deserve perusal. Churches are numerous, and they are well supported, as well as being ornamental to the city. Madi.^on has good railroad communications with every part of the state, and with the country at large, and its commerce on the river is very much a.ssisted by that fact. The ^fadison division of the Jeil'ersonville, Madison and Indiana])olis llailroad has its termi- nus at this point, and a very large shipping business is eflected here, from which results almost as a matter of course, a consider- able accession to the local trade. There arc several foundries and machine shops busily employed in the city, and flouring mills prepare immense quantities of breadstuffs for exi)ortalion, be- sides which there are .several pork packing houses, which con- tribute toward the nearly $10,000,000, at which the annual com- merce of Aladison is estimated. The city is not merely the ship- ping center of an area of territory in its own county and state, but by the river it pienetrates into other states and makes its fit- ness to aid in their pursuits subsidiary to the building up of its own fair proportions. Madison was once more ambitious than it now 13, but it has never been more substantially prosperous. ^^pnpp PmsciPAL Cities of Indiana. 423 La Fa^'KTI'H is a growing city on iho Wabash river, and the KOiit of justice for Tipj)uc'anoo county, in tiic state of Indiana, stnnJing on the left banic of the river, about sixty-nix miles from the capital of tlie state, and about one hundnnl and twenty-three miles from Chicago. Near this location, some of tlie best fighting ever attempted b^' the Indians in their desire to build up their nations as an impassable wall against civilization was made, but the well known battle of Ti])pecanoe, near where that river joins the Wabash, ended all thoir dreams of emj)ire. La Fayette is several miles from the scene of that decisive defeat, pleasantly laid out on rising ground, which naturally carries its drainage to the river AVabash. There arc many line buildings here, without reckoning the private residences of citizens and the substantial edifices devoted to commerce. The court house is very handsome and commodious, and there are four school houses public, besides private establishments in greater number. There are fourteen churches and seven newspapers, and the population is cstimatcMt at twenty thousand. There is a public well in this city which might make the fortune of a do'/en German cities, devoted to bath- ing, drinking and gaming. The boring was made to find drink- ing watci', and at a depth of two hundred and thirty feet a stream of mineral water was found which is said to I'esemble the cele- brated Blue Lick springs, of Kentuclv}^, and to be a spccilic for very many diseases. The stream is apparently interminable, and has been used ever since the first discovery for bathing as well as for drinking, being ample for all purposes. Confirmed dyspeptics say that they find relief for their otherwise incurable malady by the use oi! La Fayette water. Men who have lived in warm climates, using stimulants until the merest vestige of serviceable liver remains in their organization, claim that they have been able to galvanize the diseased residuum into new life by the same means, and the vast luimbcr of people who cultivate nervous fan- cies, until they can lit themselves with every disease known to the faculty by merely recapitulating the symptoms pertaining thereto, fmd the spring all but infallible. La Fayette does quite a large grain trade, and by the Wabash canal it is connected with the Ohio river and LakcFrie, whereby it can procure cheap transit for its shipments. When speed becomes more decidedly an object, i.'i! 1 1 ill IMIWHII 421 Tri TLij's Ci:xTi:xNiAL XonrnwEsr. m\iU m ii :f c^ 1. im ',;' i': is I'lic railrcad facilities of the city suHici' for bouu'lless extension. 'l.']\e Toledo, AVj'.basb and Western railroad intersects the Louis- ville, "N'ow Alban}' iind Chicago railroad at this point, and the sliij)ping business Iransacted by those lines is so considerable that it is anticipated i'ani thcr« will be additional lines in operation shortly. The wat;;i powers uvailab''c at La Fayette will se-vo for an inimon.su increase of the manufacturing enterprises nrnv being prosecute',!, and the deposits of iron and coal whicli are within easy n.ach seem to indicate a great fviture in that direction. There are -.cry extensive beds of clay in this neighborhood also. There •"•o seven hew.spapcrs published in La Fayette, and the 1 juc of the press generally is metropolitan, such as becomes a place whicli is destined by the forces of nature to become the home of a great community. F'or many of the facts which tend to illustrate the peculiar fe'iturcs of the city aud county, \ve are indebted to the ' joui'nals, which are vjiy well conduclod. More tliiin a century a,L o this county was the scene of many adventures, in -.vliich whi:o men were alternately victorious and defeated in ilicir contact with the savage. Whenever the military powers of France or England made a demonstration in force, there was little siort of annihilation for the red men ; but after famil- iarity hat bred contempt for the savage, und the forces left at the outposts had been reduced to the lowest point of tenuity, the Indians would contvive by stratagem to become masters of the sit- uation. There was no American settlement here until the year 1823, but the defeat of Tocuniseh by Gen. Harrison, about seven iniles from the site of La Fayette, occurred in 181L The popula- tion of the Indian settlement was estimated at two thou.sand, of all ages, but the defeat then sufl'ercd broke the force of flie Miami confederacy, and the fragments scattered in all diieetions. The first organization for county purposes dates from the year 1826, tln-ee years fi'om th'; date of settlement, whcii Crawfordsville was the seat of justice for Ti})i'eeanoe county. La Fayette was first platted in the year 1825, with the expectation that it would be- come the county seat; but the town plat was little other than a dense forest, and there were rival sites, either of which must have appeared at that time more eligible. The liberality of the men who had laid ofl the town, or purchased the rights of the men who PnixriPAT. Crni:>! of Isdiaxa. A-2.0 assunu'il tlint responsibility, ilrtcrminod the location, anil llie county generally has since approved the choice. Tlie Wabash valley was at that time a spot much favored by settlers, and \nx. started as riv.-ds to the present couiity seat; but wlicn the "Wabash and Erie canal was completed to this point, many of the rival sites were abandoned by the projectors and residents, in a very natural desire to partake in the sunshine of prosperity now pouring in upon La Fayette. The first great anxiety of the people of th'^ young city was to secure educational advantages for the young, and out of small beginnings valuable results have been achieved. The first school house was a log cabin of the rout^hest description possible, where everything must be accomplished with- out help from the more settled districts. This was in the winter of 1827, and the school master was a flautist of .some merit, as well as a teacher of singing, the three " ll's," and all the accona- plishmcnts. Subscription schools, at from $0.00 to ,$8.00 per year, were commenced in 1829, and a much higher instruction was offered to the pupils; but few were found anxious to master the dry and uninLercsting prolixities of the grammar and geography of that day. There are not many who ar j fascinated by such pursuits now. As years passed on, a brick church was erected, with a room attached for school jjurposes. Then, when the Presbyte- rians became more numerous, the school house was absorbed by the church, and the whole edifice was used for lectures as well at: for worship, whenever the kind fates brought to the village some one or other of the co'jnoscenti from neighboring or distant c"*' ^s. After this a regular school house was erected, but the schoolmas- ters were very often changed, as the position, unfortunately, does not command large emoluments in young communities. The taste for lyceunis and intellectual pursuits of every kind was manifested in many ways, as the county scat grew in importance, and a dis- cussion society was one of the most valuable developments in the series, from which it is claimed that many of the ablest men in the county drew their inspiration. Schools multiplied under the auspices of diflerent sections of the (.;ommunity. The Catliolics had their institution, the Baptists and Presbyterians each had theirs, and several private acadcnnes were commenced with fair prospects, laying the foundatiou for the public school system, I :;^^ MM lip if. \ 1 f 1!' ii!' 426 TuTTLf's Cente^'nial Northwest. wliicli is now brought to nio.st unusiKil perfection in La Fa3-eLt'.'. Tiio sclioci! ])roperty of tlie city is now estimated at over 31''>0,0UU ; there arc over forty teachers engaged in the work of tuition, and the average attendance is nearly two thousand five hundred, whicli, when considered in addition to tlie numbers taught in the several private institutions, leave a small margin for the entirely untaught. The Indiana state agricultural college, more frequently spoken of as " the Purdue University," in consequence of the liberality of a citi;icn wlio gave §200,000, in money and lands, toward the endow- ment of the institution, is one of the most creditable organizations in the state. Tlie county is one of the best agricultural regions in Indiana, and it seems peculiarly appropriate that the college which is destined to prepare 3'oung men for the pursuits of the farmer should be here located. Full}' half a million dollars and a large endowment of land, besides buildings, form the basis upon which the university starts into usefulness, and the outcome of such wise expenditure cau hardly be doubtful, as long as seed time supposes harvest. Teuke Haute is the scat of justice for Vigo county, and it stands on the eastern bank of the Wabash river, with a popula- tion of about twenty-eight thousand, the latest census bearing date in 1870, showing a total of more than sixteen thousand. The city is handsomely laid out on land somewhat higher than the surrounding prairie and full}' sixty feet above the low water level of the "Wabash. The prairie which adjoins the site of the city is very beautiful in point of scenic effect, and its fertility has passed into a proverb. The city was first laid out in 181G, and settlement commenced immediately afterwards. The county seat was located here in 1818, a large donation of town lots having been given to the county in consideration of that advantage, and things looked well for the young settlement until tlie river sud- denly fell in 1820, the wells failed, and sickness became almost universal. For nearly seventeen years the hygienic reputation of Terrc Haute continued at a very low ebb, but the drainage works carried out in the year 1837 gave a new status to the city. The first court house, erected in 1821, continued in use until 1866, when the present building was first occupied and still remains an Piiixcii'AL Cities of Isdiana. 427 ornament to the count)- .seat. The log huts wliich were the only habitations of the original Terre JIaute, wouh! be a very mai'kcil contrast with the elegant buildings now standing on the same site, but pioneers learn to be very carele.'^s about appearances when essentials are provided. The residences of the men who are now building up the wealth of Terre Haute are among the most com- fortable looking and in some cases handsom.c, that can be found in any town of its si/ce in the state. Most of tho.-;c luxurious homes are located on grounds sufficiently extensive to allow of shrubbe"' '. and ornamental trees, croquet grounds are all but in- dispen.s '. ; .djuncts, and the heroines of the mallet and ball iu the suburbs of Terre Haute can aiive odds to most male players of the healthful game. The munc of the city, Terre Haute (High Land), would carry the reader back to the eighteenth century, and some doubtful settlement by the French, but the fact is unquestionable that there was no settlement here until long after France, in the days of the first Napoleon, had sold its last acre of American possessions to the United States. The high land, upon which the city is built, is laid out in rectangular streets and blocks, and along the principal streets wdiich are wide and Well graded, there are umbrageous lines of shade trees which add greatly to the summer beauty and comfort of the scene. The town hall is a very neat structure, and it is used for city busi- ness of all kinds, more especially it is the center to which local politicians crowd when the mayor and council have to be re- elected, or ]'eplaccd, or when some of the many questions which periodicall}'' arise in every community, just as whooping cough, measles and croup affect children, come up to be discu-ssed with manifold words, in an inverse ratio to the wisdom of the dispu- tants. There is a fine bridge over the Wabash at this point, the traflTic over which fully justifies the expenditure incurred in its erection, and as the city grows into amj)lcr proportions, with the fuller development of the contiguous coal mines, and the manu- facture of iron from the abund;'it ores which invite hi. man labor, the bridge will be an always improving public convenience. There are excellent stone quarries near at hand, where building materials of the best kind can be procured, and in some of these exposures the manufacture of quick lime will oecome a large ; I 428 Tl'TTLIj's CkKTEXSIAL XoitTIIWEST. 1 source of profit. Tlic AVabash and Erie canal gives to tlie city nil the opportunities desired for the transport of heavy freight, and it is also the i^nnthcrn terniiims of the Evansville, Terre Haute and Chicago Kailroad, tlic nortlicrn terminus of the Evans- ville and Crawfordsville Euilruad, having stations on the Indian- apolis and St.' Louis, and on the St. Louis, Yandalia, Terre ILiutc and Indianapolis Railroads, b}' virtue of which it enjoys all the shipping facilities tliat a growing center of mining and manufac- tures, in the midst of a rieli and p'>[)ulous agricultural communi- ty, can de.^irc. To do full justice ii tlie number and value of the manufacturing, mining and farming interests in and around the city of Terre Uaute would convert our book into a catalogue and an allliction to the general reader, in whose interests we pause at this poini with a merely cursory recognition of their value and importance. There are nine news})apers i)ublished in Terre Haute, three of which are dailies and weeklies, and all the papers are woi-thy of support from tlie parties represented. Tlie growth of the city, within the past twelve year.s, has been stupendous. At that date the place was supposed to be full grown ; it had at- tained and it held the distinction of representing the interests of the county ; it was a shipping point much favored by agricul'u- rists, and the local trade transacted was large and profitable, but the advent of railroads, the opening of now mines, the establish- ment of blast furnaces, and the consequent expansion of com- merce, so completely changed the aspect of alTairs that the oldest inhabitant, could he rise from his long sleep, would hardly recog- nize his old homestead or tlic place on whicli it was originally built. The manufacturer is the great benefactor to Terre Haute, because he gives joy to every household, the members of wh.ich arc employed in fabricating his f-irtunc. The biast furnaces, with their caiiacity for sixty tons of iron daily, and the rolling mills which deal with the same iiiaterial, increasing the valui' of the export by every expenditure in skilled labor, arc lighting fires by innumerable hearths, in the light of which chil;l;-en will be taught the law of loving obedience, and nicn will learn that the capitalist and the workman are bound tcgether in an alliaT>ee which is essential to the welfare of both parties and to that of so- ciety at large. The greatest trading houses in the union have •^ser-rc r m PnixcTPiL Cities of IxDiAy.i. 429 their representatives on this spot, uiid an urncnint of wholesale business is effected here v/hieh mui\es Terre If.;iuU5 metropolitan for a large section of country, and gives a higl tone to llie coni- inunity generally. Tho water works, which have been constructed to supply the city, deliver three millions of gallons daily. That fact alone, without refeicncc to any other item in the record of progress, would show to the ea[)ablc observer that a great and wise community is here located, preparing to enjoy life and to guard its privileges. The State Normal School is located at Terrc Haute, and the management of that institution is an earnest that the educational interests of *he rising generation will be in good hands for many years to come. There is room in the establishment for one thou- sand pupils, and the number customarily in training comes very near filling the bill for which the state provides. Tlic shipping of pork and grain, and iron and fiour, and the manufacture of nails are of great moment, but the true test of the progress made by a nation is the care bestowed upon the liighest form of wealth — ^ humanity itself — hence the school is the proof of social advancement. "The Terre Haute School of Industrial Sciences" is a new form of intellectual enterprise to which a citizen of no- ble aspirations is devoting a fortune and a life. The sciences thus to be applied to the business of life will become ten times more iiujiortant 'n such connec' ion, and the men and ^-omcn who thus procure an insight into the arcana of nature will become better and more profitable nif^mbers of society ever aftei'. The schools and churches in tins 'ity are well ndniinistered and sup- ported, and the schools are excellently graded and taught. '^m mml i!ll J^IP' 1^1 Hi ; ins *!■; 480 TuTTLifs Ci:sri:xsiAL NourinvEST. CHAPTER XL. PRINCIPAL CITIES OF ILLINOIS. Springfield — Chicago — Quiiify — Peoria — Galena. Fl'KlXGi'MELD. — Thi,^ city is the capital of the state of Illinois, and, in commercial importance, wealth and population, it stands fourth in its list of cities. Springfield is the seat of administra- tion for Sangamon county, and it stands about three miles .south of Sangamon river, very near the geographical center of the state, uitety-five miles from the city of St. Louis, and one hundred and eighty-five miles from Chicago, tlic metropolis, not only of lUi- noi.s, but of the great Northwest. Springfield stands in the cen- ter of a very fertile country, largely improved and very product- ive, to which it is the port of shipment and market, and from that source a very considerable local trade arises ; but there arc other circumstimces which still more eiFcctually build uj) the greatness of the state capital. Tlie city is laid out rectangularly on the plain of a vast prairie, which extends in every direction, and tlie buildings, public as well as private, are of a very high order. The streets wide and straight, adorned with shade trees, and lending to residences which stand in the midst of .shubberics. with the bloom of the choice,«l plants, in their respective seasons, making the air delicious, have procured for Springfield the title of '• The City of Flower.'?.'' The houses in which the principal citi- zriis reside are showy and substantial, betokening much wealth and a generous* desire to muke the whole world aware of that fact. The business premises are of a character indicating much profitable trade, and the tone of the cornmunity is unquestionably high. Springfield became the state caj)ital in the year 1840, and the capitol building, since erected, is often referred to as a model of architectural beauty. The edifice stands in an enclosure of about three acres in the center of the city, profusely adorned with lree.«, which, in the leafy season, partially embower the su]icrb outlines of the State House and legislative chambers. h\ this building mmimm Pjaxrii'AL CiTiKS OF Tllixois, 431 I Abraliam Lincoln, then a young lawyer, first met Stephen A. Donglas, popularly- known as"M'hc Little Giant," long before either of tlicni thought that the events arising out of the " Le- coin{)ton corupromise" would concentrate the attention of the whole union upon their utterances. At that time the slave power was unbroken and apparently impregnable. Tlie Whig party dared not approach the great question, which more or less agi- tated every heart ; the Democrats were masters of the situation ; the right of j^etitic-n was denied, so far as the peculiar institution of the south was concerned, and it was even forbidden by con- gress that matter I'eferring to the abolition of slavery should be sent through the post ofTiec. The young giant, Stephen A. Douglas, a man of fir ' - ::'..ss talents and attainments, speedily became the idol of me I' :' ■ cratic party in Illinois, and his interests were safe in t.icii .a . ' There is no reason to believe that he was not thoroughly conscien- tious and in earnest in the course which he pursued in identifying himself with that body of politicians ; as the mass of men, even the mass of talented men, do not reason from first principles to their convictions, b.it having allowed thenisolves to be swayed by feeling and sympathy with their surroundings, to the adoption and declaration of certain views, they are, from that moment, bound, with very rare exceptions, to the maintenance of the .shib- holdh of their party, as much as the soldier is held by his cspril g- cnrcor witli all llie powers of the logician, tlio tmitorand tlio ilotn- iigogue. His manner upon the ])latfurin was superb, and he was Kuppcrtcd by the most efTective organization in llie country, wit'.i a wide hiliUnle in tlic statement of his views, proviiled lie couhl win success on the great issue to whicli the party of the slave owners and tlieir friends were committed, by interest as well as by ]>assi(jn. Abraliiisn Lincoln, as ambitious as his opponent, and, as events proved, much better able to read the future, had none of the grace which adorned his rival. AVhen Mr. Douglas had fin- ished his oration, covering many artfully prepared pitfalls for the advocate of the other side, the plain, shrewd face of Mr. Lincoln, and his somewhat awkward figure, as he came down to the front of the platform, suggested many doubts to the friends of the republican party, whether he was not overweighted in the race. The ancients valued as the hii^hcst art that which concealed the fact of art having been emploj'cd, when they said : " Ars est celare artan.'^ There was no appearance of art, or art culture, in the man about to speak. Ilis words were simple, and at times almost hesitating. Men wi.shed to sec him win, but they could see no probability; and while they were still debating the possi- bilities in their minds, they were aroused from doubting to dis- cover that the speaker was a giant, and they had entertained an angel unawares. Never was such a transformation seen as that which they were enabled to realize. That face was no longer plain, it was beautiful with the light of intellect, and irradiated with moral force until tlie man was irresistible. Every pitfall was nvnided with unfailing skill ; every question was handled as by a man who had been nurtured in the schools and then trained by contact with the earth's wi.'^cst .sons, in the great arena of societv, and the same spirit which said, " Is not this the carpen- ter's son ? " made it difiicult to lieliove that the orator of the occa- sion had Ppojit but one year in a poor academy, away from inter- Cditlsn wllli liniil^H linlli ho wiifi far on t iwards manhood. The rnil^:|ilillci', thi' fiil'lM hiborcr, the boatman and boat builder, the store clei'k, the soldier on the frontier, the student using his every moment of leisure, the lawyer, careful to discriminate between, riidit and wrouLf before takincc his fee, the friend who never failed in an emergency, the man of deep religious instincts, who sought, S8 )f" 434 TvTTLi-fti CESTEyyfM. XunTinrh'sT. h .1 r •r boyoiul all else, to be on the sido of God and of justice, stood tlioro pleading for the right can.se, and it was natural that lii.s face and figure should be transformed "into something new and strange," such as could not fail to caiitivate !;is hearers. Long after this, when Stephen A. Douglas, broken by the de- fection of the men and the party lor which he had ftpont bis time and talents, was drawing near bis end, when the inevita- ble rebellion was far on toward its terrible outburst, the two law- yers met again, this time in the White House, where one sat as president of the imperiled union, and the other came as a friendly counselor, anxious for the welfare of the land. They were able to do justice to each other, for they were great men, and the state and the city in which they were mainly developed may well take pride in their talents and their strength. Springfield is very j)roud of having been the residence of Abraham Lincoln, until his official duties called him to a more troubled career and a martyr's death elsewhere, and when visitors desire to see "the lions "of that city they arc certain to include in their round of visits the picturesque cemetery of Oak Ridge, where the dust of the patriot statesman lies bui'ied, about two miles from the capitol, in which he served his first legislative session. On the streets facing and surrounding the capitol, the various public buildings of the city, county and state, have been erected. The court house is very handsome, but, as "Mvs. Afnlaprop sa3's, " comparishmcnts are odorous," and the beauty of the smaller structure suffers from its nearness to the more splendid neighbor. The state arsenal is in the same localit\-, and there arc many other buildings which would well rcpa}' deserijition, but we have given so much attention to men that their buildings can have lit- tle other than cursory mention. The L^nited States custom house and the court house are together. The high school is a com- manding structure. There arc numerous cluirches and several •ward schools, besides many private academies, and most of the churches arc beautiful edifices in their several order.s. The Illi- nois vStatc University is located here, and tha reputation of that home of learning has already extended far beyond the state in which it stand.s. The building is commodious and elegant, with every convenience for the wide range of studies proper to an in- I' in sew. II. CiTii:s or li.i.isois. 435 stitution of its class. Tlic city is well lit with gas; tlic liotola arc largo ami most of tliein very well coiuluctcd ; the supply of water is ample, and the railroad cominuiiicatioiiH arc cxeelleiit. Tlie Cliieagt) and Alton Railroad is liorc crossed by tlio Toledo, Wabash and Westei'n, and the Spriiigdeld and Illinois South- eastern Hailioad. The terminus of the Springfield and North- western Railroad is located here, and so is the Southwestern ter- rninns of the Gilinan and Clinton Railroad. The Toledo, AVa- bash and Western Ilailroad Company has here very extensive workshops, employing i\ largo number of hands, and tlic Spring- field watch man u fact ui'ing company in the same locality have extensive busines.s premises. Woolen mills, flouring mills, the manufacture of iron ware, and the possibilities arising out of ex- tensive coal beds, will give to the city a great futare as an indus- trial center. The population of Springfield is now variously es- timated, but it seems probable that ic does not exceed tv.'enty- two thousand. The first settlement dates from the year 1819, but the city was not laid out until three years later, and when the .set- tlement had attained its majority in the year 1810, at the time when the capitol was located here, the population was only about two thousand, six hundred. In the year 1850, the number had increased to four thousand, five hundred, the succeeding decade bringing the population up to nine thou.'^and and three hundred, the latest census in the year 1870 showing about seventeen thou- .sand and four hundred. There arc ten ncvvspai")ers published in the cit}', two of them dailies, and during the sessions of the legis- lature the skill and energy witli wliich they arc conducted augur well for the intellectual statu.'- of ;'-.)"inff field. Chicago. — More than two hmi !red years ago, James Mar- quette, a Jesuit missionary, bettci' known as Father Marquette, landed on the site of Chicago, the city now known as the metrop- olis of the northwest and fifth in rank in the union. Chicago is the seat of justice for Cook county, Illinois, and it stands on the western side of Lake Michigan; where the Chicago river used sluggishly to find its way to the lake, between low banks of black mud. There is no beauty in the Chicago river, but its utility may be allowed to have made ample amends in that re- %. ^% V^^'-T- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ ^ ^ A O ^j &? / t<'/ 1.0 :t I.I 1.25 IIM 12.5 ■ 50 U 6" iilllM |||m '- IIIIM 1.6 v: <^ /} 'c^l c*l A "% // '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation « mV"^ ^ \ #^ V \\ % V '%' 6^ <> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 .|)i the great Father of Waters. The man that swallowed the first oyster is commonly reputed to have been very brave, but the priest that dared venture with an expedition so small over un- known waters in an unknown land at the ri.sk of losing tonsure and scalp, mu.st have been at least as brave. Along the Missis- sij)pi, Father Manpiettc went as far south as Arkansas, and re- turning, he ascended tliC river Illinois, taking the Pes I'laines branch, from whence, b}- a second portage, his flotilla passed to tlic Chicago river, rcacliing Lake ^Michigan once more, after a voyage inconvenient in many respects, if not perilous, in canoes, over a distance of two thousand five hundred miles. The priest had been in communication with many tribes of Indians during his excursion, and generally they hail imprcs.sed him so favorably that late in the autumn of the following year, he started ujMm a missionary enterprise which ended with his life in May, 1075, ^^seg ji p an I ' -Jiiw PiiixciPAL CiTiicn OP' Illinois. 437 The Chicago river, by which the good man returned to Lake Micliigitii, in lG7u, was now his point of departure, and having with liis canoe and two boatmen, or voj/ufjcurii, proceeded about six miles up the stream, a halt was made for the winter, a hut liaving been erected for his use. There was no difficulty in pro- curing game at that time anywliere near the " Chekagou," as the river was then named and .spelled ; turkeys, deer and buffalo, with endless varieties of riinaller animahs, could be shot without the trouble of going further than the door of the primitive dwelling. Thus Father ^farquctte was the first white settler in Chicago, and his stay lasted through the winter of 1674-5, more than two hun- dred years ago. Kej>eutedly after that the Chic.igo river was used by La Salle and his followers, i)assing by the portage before mentiiincd to the Mississippi river, but no one was tempted to land on the black ooze which forms the basis of the city of Chi- cago. Notably there was an expedition in 1G70, and in 1(381, Baron La Salle again passed from Lake Michigan up the Chicago to the Iilin(jis river, descending thence to the river Mi.ssissippi, but La Salle's colony on the Illinois contained no man possessed of the idea that Chicago would be a good place to build up a set- tlement and a fortune. In the year 17G2, under the provisions of the treaty of Fon- tainbleau, between England and France, the territory became an English possession, and under the declaration of independence, July -1, 1770, the ITnited States of America became the sovereign power. The importance of this point as a trading post, induced the government to establish a fort at the mouth of the Chicago river in the year 1804, but in the hostilities fomented among the Indians by the British government iu 1812, Fort Dearborn was surrendered, and the brave com[)any of defenders were nearly all murdered in an Indian ambuscade about two miles from the abandoned post. Three men escaped through terrible hardships t.) tell the story of their comrades' fate. The fort was rebuilt in 1810, and strongly garrisoned ; but sixteen years elapsed after tliat time before the termination of the Black Hawk war, and the purchase treaty innnediately ensuing, threw the country open to .settlement. Northern Illinois and .southern Wisconsin did not attract a great tide of settlement for many years. There was a i It („!« \im 438 Tuttle's CexteniVial Northwest. small village clustering around Fort, Dearborn, and that com- munity was known as Chicago, but so small was tlic producing power of the settlers, that until the year 1837, and in that year, the supj)lies of flour came from the state of Ohio. In the year 1839, the juvenile city had got beyond the point of being self- supporti'ng in the matter of grain, as we find a record of a ship- ment of one thousand six hundred and seventy-eight bushels of W'lieat. The population of the place commenced now to increase rapidly. In the year following tlie first shipment of grain, there Aveie four thousand four hundred and seventy souls in Chicago ; in ten years that number had become twenty-eight thousand, the next decade saw an increase to one hundred and six thousand, in 1870, there were nearly three hundred thousand, and when the lire came, wdiich might have extinguished a community less eniiowed with vital energy, there were in all, probably, three hundred and fifty thousand souls in the busy hive of industry, which the devouring element, aided by strong winds, sought to destroy. Neither poet nor engineer would have been attracted to this spot by any charms which could be seen by the eye of sen.sc, but commerce came, saw and conquered, because the position more than atoned for every drawback. Looking from the lake upon the site of the present city, there were first visible, ridges of shifting sand and bej'ond that, in an apparently endless range, a kind of morass, supporting bluejoint grass, and at rare inter- vals, a clump of oaks of the kind commonly known as Jack oaks. The river i)artly flowed into the morass, supplying pools oi. which wildfowl found \\\q\\: hahitat^ and when the swamps could hold no more water, the remainder passed over the sandbar at the mouth of the river into lake Michigan. Within the shifting sandbar there was deep water, but the passage was seldom found twice in the same place, and outside there was no shelter for shipping. Out of such unpromising materials, the city, harbor and wealth of Chicago, have been built up by a courage and an enterprise absolutely invincible. When the city was begun upon the surface available for building, it was found impossible to procure basements and cellars, as the water came into every cavity just as rapidly as it could be made, and in some places, so unreliable was the land witluu the settled district, that it was PnixciPAL Cities of Illinois. 439 3om- cing year, year ^clf- liij)- sof •ease lere igo; an found neccfsary to mark such spots with a danger signal — a pLacard on a post, sunk in the ground, with the information, •' no bottom." Doubtless, the statement was an exaggeration; there must have been bottom somewhere, as there can be no water in a bottomless pit, but no man at that time hud ever found the bottom, altliough many had floundered to considerable depths. To build upon such land and to reside there afterwards demanded some pluck. "When channels were cut by the roadside for drainage purposes, the gutters fdled at once, and the surface became coated with that vegetation which is customarily found on stagnant pools. There was no fall for the water tliat oozed through the soil, and no outlet. Cholera of a terrible description became rife in the settlement. Men were struck down in a moment, and there was no help for them ; they died by the road- side, and strangers feared to approach them to administer the rites of burial. In the year 1825, an act was passed by the state legislature providing f-^n* the formation of the Illinois and Mich- igan canal ; but eleven years elapsed before the work was com- menced, and it was not until 1848, that it was completed. That undertaking drained the pest house, and the surface of the whole region was rai.scd to the extent of many feet, but even now, when very heavy buildings are erected in the metropolis of this state, it is found neccs.^ary to distribute the weight of the superincum- bent building over as large an area as possible. A large public building has recently been arrested in the course of erection in consequence of alarming subsidences, and the completion of that edifice, which will be proceeded with in the coming spring, will be little better than a tentrttivc experiment. In Euro[:'i great cities have been drowned and preserved for more than a tiiOt^jand years in mud, while in this country, mud is made the foundation for a n.iglity emporium of commerce. Cook county was organized in the year 1831, and two years later there was a congressional appropriation of §30,000 to im- prove the harbor by removing the bar, deepening the outlet and generally affording protection to siiipping. The determination to make Chicago an incorporated town was arrived at by a vote of twelve persons, only one man dissenting from that resolution, and in 183-1, it was furth,er resolved to supplement the income of the city ;i;i; I *i i i ■ ' t i 4-10 Tuttlk's C£ntex.\ial Northwest. l)y a loan of sixty dollars, to be c occasion, tliat: " The city fathers laid their heads together, and made wooden pavement for Cliicago." Up to the year 1870, the city had extended until it was six miles long, and rather more than three miles broad, but along the lake shore it was still more rapidly pushing its lines, and fully ten miles of fi'ontage were more or loss populated from Hyde Park to Lake View. All the spaces named had been filled up by gradual and rapid accretions of dwellings and business houses. Many cities live on paper for years, before the promising squares and parks become more than promises, but Chicago could have said with "Tojisy " that "she sposed shegrowed," and it was not until her gigantic dimensions compelled attention to health and recre- ation, that parks and public reserves for the several quartcre of the city were provided connected by avenues and boulevards, such as are now found intersecting the thronged streets of the ever widening city. The parks vvdre late in realization, but they are immensely valuable to Chicago and it"', environs. Chicago in its earlier days was almost entirely built of wood. There were no quarries in the muddy banks of its almost stagnant river, from which building materials could be obtained, and con- sequently when the population multiplied itself by six in every ten years of its early growth, and almost up to the year 1870, still mnlti])lied its total by three, in every decade, it was neces- sary to have recourse to the j)ineries of the north, for lumber, with which to house the people. Most of the houses were of a very fragile structure, adapted to give the largest appearance with , !.nii,| m^^ ^^^K^ ■^h;- W:M-f , I 44-1 TvTTLK's CkXTKSXIAL NoitTinfEST. the Icnst possible strength and capacity for comfort. These " bal- h)ou houses " were so liiiht tliat when better buildings \v<>re de- sired, on the sites wliieh they occupied, they could be and were removed further afield, to give place to other premises, a trillc more substantial, still of wood, and considered as only temporary. The city was known as "shanty town'' for many year.'!. Per- sons were allowed to build their valueless houses on the school section in the heart of the city for the consideration of a small rental, tlieir rooms were divided by such partitions as would as- sist the spread of a fire, the public buildings were roofed with shingles, and even where premises of a better class had been erected, they were connected with other edifices of an inferior con- struction, without the least regard to safety, and the number and extent of wooden coiniees which were everywhere ai)parent, in- vited the destroying element. It would be difiicult to find any- where an assemblage of corporate officials, more entirely obtuse than tliose who made ready the course for the flames wliich came to sweep away the good and the bad together. Still it is wonder- ful, that such rapid growth should have been so long preserved from dire calamity, considering the .soil on which Chicago rose, the temptation to use cheap and inflammable materials, and the recklessness which very generally manifests itself in young com- munities, brought together from every point of the compass?. While the cholera was prevalent, men had no time to stop to con- sider what kind of residences they would occu{)y, thei'c was a race to escape immediate prostration, and any shelter was better than none, in the presence of death. Then came the struggle for wealth wiiicli for a time kept men just as oblivious of the value of home comfort. Except in California, there had been no city so rapid in its development, and that speed rendered due care for health and safety almost an impossibility. In the year 1830, there was nothing on the site of Chicago ex- cept an Indian agenc\', directed and controlled from Wa.shington, if directed and controlled at all, and connected with that estab- lishment, more or less directly, there were just seventy persons forming a nucleus out of and around which the city grew. Before the fire, that number had increased to more than three hundred and thirty-four thousand, within the lifetime of one gen- uauj-miuiuBjii PiiisciPAL Cities of Illinois. 445 'se " bal- erntion, from tlic day that settlement actually commenced. There had been an uhsurpassable basis on which to build a city, refer- ring now, not to the soil on which buildings were erected, but having reference to the position, as commanding shipments from a broad area of agricultural lands, doited with farms, villages, and cities, stretching south and west from Chicago, and in the main, depending upon the city for supplies of all kinds, as well as ex- pecting to find here a market for its variety and wealth of pro- duce. Froni this point speedy transportation was possible to all I)arts of this continent and to the ports of Europe, even before railroads were multiplied as wo now .see them, hence the proverb, "all roads lead to Home," which dealt with a time of universal conquest, during the centuries when the Roman legions were roadmakcrs as well as soldier.-:, came in the northwest to be ap- plied to the rapidly expanding metropolis; and all roads really led to Chicago. The prairies were laughing with harvests in every section of the country, and all the produce, beyond what was demanded for home consumption, found its way to the city. Byron said : '' One morning I awoke and found myself famou.s." That was the case many years ago with Chicago, but its fame will endure longer than that of the hero of !Missolonghi, and the demon of Mrs. Stowe. The canal from Chicago to La Salle, the head of steamboat navigation on the Illinois river, which was opened for traffic in 18i8, made the city the best outlet of the Missldsippi valley ; and the little bayou of Lake Michigan, on which Chicago was located, combined all the advantages that could be desired, for the site, upon which was to be transacted the transfer and ex- change of commodities from all parts of the northwest, conveyed over the waters of the lake, or to be so conveyed, to distant ports in all parts of the world. Railroads came in due course to sup- plement the lake in building iip the greatness of Chicago. The Chicago and Northwestern railroad came first, but then known as the Galena and Chicago Union, which was opened to the Fox river, a distance of forty miles, in 1850. The result of that trial announced that the multiplication of railroads would convert the whole of Illinois into a vast garden, sustaining an immense pop- ulation, dependent upon the produce of her fruitful valleys. From that date, numerous competing companies have striven with ) :'t '! 1 440 Ti'TTi.hfs Cexticsslil North h'kst. I :'i I 1 cacli other for tlio supjiort wliioli tlic morcliMiits of Cliica.L'o can f?ivo or withhold, until it is hfinlly possible for nica going from New York, riiiliulelphia, Boston, Baltimore, or clscwliere on this continent, to India, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Pacific, to avoid a visit to the metropolis of the northwest oi route ; and every man visiting tliis country from afar looks upon Chicago as one of the points of interest which must not bu avoided ; one of those places "Which not to know, nrjjuos onr's self unknown." B}' and b}', in a not very distant future, the whole passenger trafiic, and very nearly all the more valuable merchandise, from Europe, intended for the other hemisphere, will be sent across this continent, coming by fast steamers over the Atlantic, traversing this vast area by the iron road, with a few days break of journey, to rest and see Chicago, then onward through Omaha to San Fran- cisco, to cross the Pacific, by boats equal to the Cunard line, land- ing the passenger and his valuable effects in "Far Cathay," or upon the gold fields of Australia, with a saving of time equal to at least one month on every journey, and a gjiln of comfort, as •well as of time, which cannot be assessed in coin. The future of Chicago will see wonders in this respect, and hundreds of thous- ands of emigrants of the better class, making their way to the ex- pensive lands of Australia, where one acre costs more than five in this conntry, and does not give better results, will conclude to rest here for the business of life, investing their capital in prose- cuting our enterprises, and assisting to build up the greatest na- tion that has ever existed on this globe. The lake navigation which is available for Chicago and for the cities and districts that find here their port of shipment, may be said to regulate railroad freights and travel over all parts of the continent, although such companies as the ^Michigan Central ; the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore ; the Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago ; the Lake Shore and Southern Michigan ; the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago; the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis; the Louisville. New Albany ami ''' .go; the Chicago, Danville and Vincennes ; the Illinois Ceniuil • 'he Chicago and Alton; the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy : the Chicago and PinxciPAL Cirir:s OF Illinois. 44i '"'i.t-'o can ii>,' from on tliis uid, and is of tlio I'm] sHi, I .■I [1)111 I •!■ Il I'HIT" PiiixciPAL Cities of Illinois. 449 i I city of Jcriclio, where the most oxtravagant man could only squander §200 j^er year, but because, with all the opportunities for extravagance which could be indulged ml Ubilmn, there was not the tone of good society, nor the openings for true culture within the limits of the great city. Thf.t statement is true no lon2;cr. Artists of the hin;hest merit make their home in Chicago, and the fruits of their labors command the highest rewards- not merely because ihcy arc reputed to be great painters or sculptors, and have become the fashion, but because there is a fair average of cultivated men and women in the city whose judgments have won sway in the community, and have procured for true art in its highest developments an appreciative audi( ncc. The press of Chicago has, at this time, engaged upon its several departments, men who could command positions on any of the leading papers in Europe, or in any of the foremost journals in America. That fact speaks volumes for the newspaper press which can reward such talent, and secure the ear of an extended and intelligent constituency, which will repay an outlay so praiseworthy. Then, again, the pulpits of Chicago arc filled by men, many of whom are worthy of the car of the whole world, so commanding are their talents, so wide is their philanthropy, so broad are their views on all the great questions which agitate the foremost minds of this peculiarly intellectual age. The character of the pulpits in any community tells the story of mental culture in the people. The mere dullard and the formalist who will thoughtlessly, or with a bigot's zeal, repeat the creed of a sect, will serve in many com- munities, winning the praise of "groundlings," as Shakspere terms them, by such antics as cannot fail to ''make the judicious grieve;" but in a city like Chicago, where the great unchu.-ched crowd must needs be reached, if ministrations are to be made use- ful, another type of man is demanded; one who can read the fore- most thought of the age with a glance of the brightest intelli- gence, and find the better than golden key which unites science with religion. There arc many such men in the v;, ious churches in Chicago, where preachings are not the dry and tasteless matter under which congregations sleep, but such living utterances as were addressed by St. Paul to the thinking crowd in Athens, in that day wKen he won their attention to Christ as to a newer and 29 if,.* 'il -: it * M !'H < I. a Ik ft*- ^ -«* !l!h! i ■:1: I SWay'i 'iHt ' i 450 Tuttle's Centexxfal, Nobtiiwest. higher philosophy than ever tlicretoforc had hccn licard by the Areopagitcs. When men speak to men from pulpit or platform the language of common sense, they are tolerably sure to be re- ceived among the best of their hearers at their full value; hence the efTectiveness of the church of Chicago, and the high tone, ever progressing which may be heard in the pulpit In that fact the oastlictical development of the metropolitan city appears more than in any other single feature that can be named. Most of the churches in Chicago are fine, many of them are very beautiful specimens of architecture, but after the manner of modern times; the chief excellence is looked for, not in the lesson of beauty and magnificence conveyed by stone and cement, but in the teachings oL the great exponent of the truth. There are not now such en- thusiastic followers of any man as were they who followed Peter Abelard to the banks of the Arduze, when he established "The Paraclete ;" bat the modern preacher is aided in his work by more intellecual appreciation, wdiich demands and procures a better general tone in the mind of the well defended and well cared for minister. Abelard was compelled by his enemies to wander from place to place, pleading even for life itself, because he had dared to utter his thoughts concerning the highest interests of mankind ; but no St. Bernard can endanger the life of the modern thinker, about whom the masses have encamped and set up their taber- nacle ; nor is it necessary that any Abbot of Cluny should ^d between the genuine soul and his antagonists. The spirit of the age suffices. The schools established by a community bespeak the tone of its best men and women, the ruling sentiment. In the year 1871, there were 80,280 oaildren of school age in Chicago, of whom only a little more than one-third, or 28,174:, were in average at- tendance, although one-half, or rather more, 40,832, were enrolled as scholars ; out the tone of society which provided the available facilities, and which governs Chicago in that respect, will never rest content until the entire population avails itself of the advan- tages which are offered free of special and individual cost to every child. Besides the public schools proper, there were at that time numerous other establishments devoted to tuition in various grades; the army of public instruction being apportioned in one Principal Cities of Illinois. 451 \ ' l»y tliG atform ) be rc- hcnce 1 tone, i.'it fact s more of the autiful times; \ty and normal school containing 587 pupils, presided over in their several departments by twenty-three teachers ; six evening schools, ac- commodating 1,232 scholars with forty-eight teachers; twenty- three grammar schools, containing 21,581 students, with a direct- ing force of four hundred and twenty eight teachers; and fifteen primary schools with 6.593 boys and girls in attendance, under the care oj. one hundred and twenty-three teachers. The uni- versity of Cliicago was first opened to the public in the year 1858, and, in the year 1871, there were fourteen professors and 277 stu- dents occupying one of the most elegant and commodious build- ings devoted to such purposes in the whole northwest. Connected with that establishment, the Dearborn observatory contains one of the largest and best constructed telescopes possessed by any institution in this section of the country. The academy of sci- ences, which suffered severely in the great conflagration, but is now once more in good working order, was organized in 1856, and incorporated nine years later; and its collection, taken altogether, is found immensely valuable by the student of nature who is de- sirous to apply his book knowledge to the animals, minerals, and botanical specimens, upon which the best thinkers base their speculations. The historical society, organized in 1856, contains a library of over 100,000 volumes, well catalogued and arranged for reference, and in addition thereto, valuable documents which will prove very serviceable to the historian in future times. Tiie law institute contains seven thousand volumes, mostly legal and technical, but in all cases just such works us may, if well used, constitute our young men jurists of civil and common law in any community in the world. The library of the Y. M. A. suffered terribly in the fire, but the perseverance of its officers and members has not only reinstated the society in its old usefulness, but many offshoots have since been established, and are now in good working order, giving reading rooms, well warmed and comfortably provided in every way, for the use of any persons desirous of such accommo- dation, from an early hour in the morning until late at night Only those who have realized the solitude which is possible for the friendless in great cities can appreciate such provision. There are three medical colleges in Chicago, the " Rush Medi- IM 1f 452 Tuttle's Ckxtexnial Northwest. cal College," the " Chicago Medical College," and the"IIahno- inann Medical College," the last named being devoted to the study and practice of Ilomeopathy, upon the principle that " like cures like," stilted in the maxim, ^' simiUu siiniliba-^ cumntur,'' an idea which must have procured ingress, ages ago, into the brain pan of the toper, who fast prescribed for himself '' a hair of the dog that bit him," as ihe cure for a drunken fit. The advantages which arise from such institutions need not be enforced. The man who is least inclined to indorse dogmatic allopalthy is well aware that to allopathic practitioners, he is indebted for the discoveries of Harvey and Jenncr, and for the medical jurisprudence of Hunter, with many other steps slowly won in the art of alleviating human suffering, since the days when the stump of the amputated limb was thrust into boiling pitch, as a terrible expedient to prevent the patient bleeding to death, and when the ailments incidental to some petty derangement of the digestive ajiparatus were looked upon as proofs of diablerie and witchcraft. The disciples of the globule may have more faith than is warranted by hard fact and practical experience in their infinitesimal medicaments, but their system of study is certainly revealing, more fully than ever before has fallen within our range of notice, the power which little causes may exert in changing tlic tone ami current of a life, and in the same ratio, the likelihood that simple alteratives, wisely used, may assist the forces of nature to throw off the pressure of impending disease. Very clearly the homeopathist is Ic^s likely to injure his patient by the presence of drugs in his system, than his allo- pathic brother, and in the end, when every student shall liave done his best, it is highly probable that the happy mean will be reached by a class of eclectics, who will take for the benefit of their cUnntelle, the advantages revealed by every system, combining the whole into an enlightened i)ractice, which will bo to the old pharmacopoeia what the polished marble is to the quarry from which it has been hewed. Theology, which used, in the era of Duns Scotus, to be almost the whole learning of the world, is now narrowed down very con- siderably ; bnt its professors are wiser than of yore, and witli their abated pretensions, have come also to greater usefulness. This branch of study is well supported by the many sided hu- ':^■>'mm0m mm > p» ^ PuiscH'AL Cities of Illinois. 453 manity of Cbicago. The Theological Scmii-ary is an institution of groat promise, and it flourishes beyond the modest expectations of its projectors. There is a fine chapel, a good library and ap- pro])riate lecture rooms, which, at their proper times, arc occupied by the })rofessors in charge of the several departments. Tlio Baptists and Presbyterians have similar institutions, which serve the purposes of their founders admirably, and are building up liabits of thought among the students, which must eventually prove of vast service to the world. Turning now from the several churches, colleges and semina- ries, tlic museums of art and science, the libraries of the several associations, and all the machinery of arduous schooling, wecome to the best form in which instruction can be given to society. When the Greeks were laboring upward toward the higiiest art culture the world had ever dreamt of, they made the theatres and the sports of all classes, conducive to the ends in view. Aristophanes may have mainly aimed at causing laughter, but the stage on which his writings were presented had previously been enriched by the works of the great masters of tragedy, and it was })art of tlic same .system of education, that the Olympian and Isthmian games should be interspersed with the competition bctv.'ccn poets and prose writers, such as find favor to this day in AVales, and wherever the Welsh are sufTiciently numerous lo estab- lish their national cisteddfodd. Tlie young men who contended for the prizes which were given for physical beauty and agility in the country of whicli Byron sadly wrote : " 'Tis Greece, but living Greece no more " — were witncs.ses of such trials of skill as have resulted in giving Homer to the world, whether from one brain and stylus, or from many. The sports in their proper relation, were of as much im- jiortance as the intellectual demand for " some new thing," which we, in our sadder and more sombre civilization, have toned down into a perpetual commentary on the weather, and an unwise ab- negation of enjoyment, among classes of men who aim to be the teachers of the generation. The player was for many years among our ancestors, a vagabond, and the laws tended to make him conform to the description. When brave Oliver Cromwell ruled the destinies of England, it was dangerous for a theatrical ,h;!. 4oi TuTTLE's CeNTENXIAL NOUTIIWEST. manager to attempt a show ; partly of course the rigor of that time was due to the general disloyalty of actors, to the Puritan regime, but the disloyaltj' was also in part a consequence of such rigor, and in any case the men who played, and the audience that at- tended, were in danger of being raided by troops and officials, and carried off to sit in the stocks, to stand in the pillory, and to endure such other punishments as the harsh goodness of the time could suggest. When John Philip Kemble, one of the founders of an illustrious family of players, walked the streets of London in the last century, he was occasionally howled at by children, who uttered in their sim])le way the blame and derision, with which their parents and older associates talked, of the " diverting vagabonds," among whom Shakspere, Ben. Jonson, and ^il lip Messingcr, with many other illustrious presonagea, stana re- corded. " lie's only a player,"' pleaded a young sweep when his master in the soot bag profession blamed him for throwing stones at Kemble, " lie's only a player." lint the gentleman in black was shocked at the want of charity in his disciple, and he chided him thus; "Never mind, if he is only a player. You let him alone. We are all born, but we're not buried, and you don't know what you may be before you die." There is a change in the status of phn-ers now, as we discover when men like Vandcn- hofl, Forrest, Macready, Sothern, and women like Mi. ; Cushmau, come before the footlights. But there are yet man} who are so unwise as to disparage their eflforts, or if that be not the fact, still to fear to be seen in attendance at theatres, where the best lessons of the day are given, in the language suited to the hour, and gener- ally with a grace and perspicuity of word and action, from which the wisest might learn. The great English orator, the Earl of Chatham, and liis son, the equally famous "William Pitt, studied elocution under Garrick. The Emperor Napoleon was the pupil of the great tragedian Talma. The Scotch church in the latter part of the last century, when the annual assembly convened in Edinburgh, or Glasgow, used always to adjourn early in the after- noon, to afford members an opportunity to attend the theaters at night ; and in France, although the church, with a persistent big- otry, refused to allow actors and play writers to be buried in con- secrated ground, yet such men as Bossuet, Bourdaloue, Massillon Fuis'cii'AL Cities of Illinois. -155 time \jlmc, |-igor, lit iit- •ial.s, [h1 to Itiino (iilors |l(ioil ircn, with and La Rue were glad to avail themselves of the lessons which the hcst pla3'ers could give, to make their sermons more effective. Apropos to the intolerance which denied to Voltaire and others, whose sin was play writing, the rite of burial in consecrated ground, it may not be amiss to digress, for just one moment, to mention tluit, when !N[olicrc died, the king was anxious to over- come the scruples of the Archbishop of Paris, but even to the monarch the priest was hard as j^lmant, and Louis scarcely wished to provoke a quarrel. Mi nst his majesty enquired : "IIow deep does your consecration "^Wt the land?" '-About six feet," was the answer. " Then bui^j^Ioliere eight feet deep," replied the wise occupant of the throne, "and nobody will be dis- turbed." There was a player refused proper rites of burial some years ago in this country, but the whole public responded to the indignant protest of the celebrated Rip Van Winkle, Joseph Jeff- erson, and " The Little Church Eound the Corner," stands " damned to immortal fame." Men are becoming more catholic in their apitrecialion of .service, and in Chicago, as well as else- where, theaters are accepted as means of education as well as of amusement. We can realize the age in which Henri of Navarre, the hero of a hundred fights, fell under the dagger of the assassin, Eavaillac, all the better for having seen liichelieu well presented as written by Buhver, and we remember for all time the worthy lesson : " III the hands of men entirely great, The pen is mightier tlian the sword." In the same way Evclijn in " Money," by the same writer, is as good as a sermon for millions of men and women, and " Caste," or "Ours," and the society pieces of today, as well as Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and the Midsummer Night's Dream, will con- tinue to keep the stage in their several ways, doing more than the work of the schoolmaster, for "children of a larger growth," throuffh inanv generations. The theatrical accommodation en- joyed by Chicago is second only to that alTordcd in New York city. Mc dicker's will comfortably seat about two thousand five hundred persons, and the pieces produced answer to the demands of the populace. If sometimes it might be desired that some plays of a higher type should hold the boards, the blame belongs til fS^' 456 TuTTLifs Ckstknsial Noutiiwest. largely to the directors of public opinion, who by tlieir influence restrain tlio b(\st iind wisest from attending such performances, and thus deiirivc the actor of the intellectual ar,(l a])preciativo public, before which he would always desire to exercise his pro- fession. The player docs not merely live to act, he must act to live, and the best interests of society demand that the theatre should be used to convey the highest lessons, in the most cfTicicnt way, promoting morality and religion, as well as advancing art, and literary culture. Ifooley's Opera House is not so large as McVicker's theatre, but it draws the most select audiences in the city, and there are other houses of less rejiute, all well conducted, contributing theirshare toward recrcatingand improvinghunianity. Lectures are very well attended in Cliicago, and many of the best names in American literature are customarily heralded co the public as participants in that kind of winter teaching for the masses. Parton, Bret Ilarte, and Beecher are among the men so distinguished, and almost every eminent person in war, letters, or state craft, is expected to lecture on .some congenial, or unconge- nial topic. Tlie existence of such a taste is a matter for congratu- lation, and the outcome of its indulgcp.cc will not fail to be found in improved intellectuality, and better views of life, tlian are likely to be enjoyed by men, who find their amusements in the area of the saloon, or in the disgraceful exhibitions of the prize ring. There are considerably more than one hundred nev/spapers and periodicals published in Chicago, representing every shade of religious thought, fr^m I'resbyterianism and Episcopacy, down to the Kcligio-Philosophical journal of the Spiritualists, and every tongue from the Scandinavian to tl>e politest Anglo-Saxon. Many of the dailies are known all over the Union, and their talents in various directions are such as to merit })raise, but it is o{)en to the readers of a,t least one of tlic dailies, to wish tliat a little moral power should be occasionally infused into its columns. Upon this city of Cliicago thus developed, and growing, with all the best features of human freedom and vigor, there fell in October, 1S71, a fate almost as terrible as that wliicli destroyed Gomorrah so many years ago, that the pillar of salt which stood to witness that conflagration has long since melted away. It was U ?! PnixciPAL Cities of Ilusois. 467 Sunday cvoiiing, October 8tli, when one Mrs. Lcary, living near the jnnetion of Jeirensoa street and De Koven, ventured with her lamp into the shed, where a caprieious cow was ailing, and before anybody knew anything beyond that faet, a jtortion of tlio city was lajiped in (lame. The wind was almost a hurricane when tho accident octMunnl : hay, roof and walls of the barn were one bright (lame in a moment, and ere many minutes had [)aHsed, tho devouring element was taking hold on more substantial struc- tures. The people were hurrying from their churches, and tho clangor of the bell did not disturb their devotional tendencies, save in the case of a few who became unpleasantly conscious that the glare shone out in the inmiediato neighborhood of their own dwellings. It was a time when minutes would ciTeet the ruin which customarily might occupy hours, as the fierce wind hurried along, scattering glowing embers among sun dried buildings as in(himma- blc as touchwood. 'J'he sound of the fire bell was no uncommon affair in Chicago, but this time the conflagration had commenced at a point where ^ — -and in a manner which — if an enemy had plamied the assault upon the greatness of the city, he could not more artfully and maliciously have combined his forces, " to make assurance doubly sure." Tlio.se " Jen houses had been stand- ing many years, a disgrace even to " Shantytown," and still there were no ofTicers empowered to compel their removal, until pande- monium set its fierce power to compel attention. The fire bell had rung out just twenty-four hours earlier, and for many hours the fire department had been employed combating flames, which then had hardly a breath to fan the embers, when the wind of Sat- urday came to be compared with that which raged on Sunday. People had stayed in doors all the day long because of the gale, but they had concluded to visit church in the evening, and there was no inducement to stand around in the cold night air, looking at the blaze of a cowshed. The fire departi'.ent came upon the first alarm, but the men were tired and sleepy, as since the conflagration of the previous nirrht, they had been occupied much of the time in re})airing damages and restoring their apparatus to its accustomed trim, appearance. The men were roused to do their utmost, for it soon became evident, even to the least skillful observers, that !■ \'^m 468 TUTTLlfs CeSTEMMAL NoitTIUVEST. Si' i ■ tliere wns going to be n gront dcsti'Lictioii of liuiiinn luibitationx. Among the earliest of those upon tlie spot, tlial Siiinl;i\ evenit)g, stood the writer of tliis Miciiioir. Mr.s. Leary's laiiiou.s barn and the residence attached were already beyond lielp, and nobody mourned tliat result, but it soon appeared that an inuiierisc gap would be made in the western division of the city before the flames could be mastered. Three alarms rang out upon the raging wind spreading the news wherever the current of air would carry it, that something more than " only a fire " had to be subdued. Houses were grasped by hooks and ropes, and willing hands by tlie hundred walked away with the liauling apparatus to make a gaj) over which the flames could not reach ; but almost before one such mi.s;,rable lire trap had been rc(Uiced to ruin, the •wind carried a flaming ember across the chasm, and there was anotl^ starting point for the destroyer. With something like the sfirtie spirit as that which possc.«sed the French soldiery in Moscow, when they saw the Kremlin on fire, and their own quarters bursting into flame at fifty })oints at once, the wretched inhabitants came pouring out from the fetid courts and rurrow alleys in which they had vegetated, some haggard and careworn, but too much scared to cry, some loaded with worthless items ■which would not have })aid for finding in the streets, some frenz- iedly breaking windows, under the impression that they were heljjing to abate the destruction, when they were establishing a drauglit of air through the blazing structure, which would laugh to scorn the best directed efforts of the firemen. The fireficnd was master of the situation, and it was evident that nothing effectual could be done to stay the flames until the river was reached on (jnc side, and on the ether, the scene of the Saturday- night's conflagration, ofl'ercd a gap, in the face of which, the blaze of ruin could burn itself out, ])owerless for further damage. Several blocks had been completely destroyed the jireccding night, making a broad margin near the river, that would be the end of the march of devastation. Many went home out of the wind and the smoke, when that conclusion had been reached, but the scene was too full of excitement and interest to permit an active minded man to retire from that terrible array of flame until the last ember bad been quenched. " Good night my l>oy," ewB''ff^^SffBSs Pitis'cwAL Cities of Illinois. 459 litations. pvonit)g, fiirri and iiuhody I'mneriHo If'Tc the ||'<'ii tlic |t of air |a(l to 1)0 willii)<'' O ijiaratiia t altiiost iiiii, the ''1(3 was iig like lieiy in ii' own re celled i: arrow c worn, •"^ items e frenz- y were •liing a laugh rc/icnd olliiiic 31' was ■urday 1, the mage. oding )e the f the , but it an lame oy," said an Kiigli.sli friend of the writer, wlio tlioiighl lie could sco where the end would be, ami would no longer deny himself siec]). When the lire died out at last, a few calcined bones and some molten metal were all that remained of tlie poor fellow, and his valuable watch, jewelry and coin, to tell the story of the long, long .sleep to which he had hurried. Througii block after block, of the western division of ilie eit}', the flames rushed ; one man, hurrying home from church, would rush into his dwelling, from which his family had already removed, in terror. His frantic impulse bore down all opposition, and he was gone into a house already burning, from which he never returned alive, 'i'ho stair- way was one blaze almost immediately after he hud ascended ; he was .seen at a window and his seared a.sj)ect told of the reali- zation of his peril ; he looked down to the street below as if con- templating a mad leaj); some idea of help or escape in another direction, called him from the aperture, and within what .seemed, in that fearfraught time, a few seconds, the walls were all ablaze, the roof had fallen in, and there was no longer a man in danger, only the charred remains of something that was hardly human to the sight. Within an hour from tlie first outbreak, planing milb and furniture factories had carried on the work of the demon until it seemed as though hell itself hud been loosed upon the city. . Large elevators with all their contents were gone ; thousands were homeless. One man looking for one of his children, whom he remembered bringing out from his burning home, made no account of all his other losses, in his anxiety to discover that child. An hour before, he owned the house he lived in, with one on either side, and in the rear, an immense workshop, in which he emi)loycd ten men and some ap})rentl(;es, building up a com})etence already large, and now he stood there without coat or hat, no longer the possessor of a dwelling or a dollar, but his only are was for his boy who had thoughtle.«sly wandered from his ide. The boy was found again, safe and unhurt, and his father lived to rebuild his fortune when the city rose from her ashes. The scene of the former night's ruin was already reached, but it seemed as if tb^re were a .series of whirlwinds circling in the centers of fire. The terrible heat produced a kind of vacuum, the vortices of the old philosophers were being realized, the : I :il I ■ ■ ' i ! ,'i ' . >■; I'rttdM ii \m .1 460 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. heated atmosphere ascended straight from the middle of t^c tor- nado of flame, and from every side the fierce and hungry air swept in to take part in the dance of death. It was a sight never to be forgoLtcn. Through every street that opened upon tlie scene of disaster came a rush of air to burst through tlio portals of flame, and supply the vacuum. The whole city was a furnace, and the gods had set themselves to make Vulcan's stithy too h<^t to hold him. The burnt district had no power to arrest the flame, the cinders of last night burned over agaiii fiercely as ever, the air had become inilammablc. Blazing timbers careered tliroui^h upper air, as if aimed from a catapult, to carry the baleful visi- tant over the river. The shipping was on fire at Van Buren, Polk street and Adams, the bridges were ablaze, the south side was a new area open to destruction, and despair usurped the place ■which had been filled by hope, until the river had been carried by the grand omp^ which seemed fated to destroy every vestige of habitation and wealth. It was now one on ilonday morning; tlie fire had been burning' about four hours, and the south side was on fire at two jwints, and in the seething crowd which rushed from place to ]ilace, the writer heard a hundred statements hazarded within ten minutes, which magnified the real danger into still more terrible propor- tions ; but unhappily, before the next twcntj'-four hours had gone b}'', the wildest exaggerations had been more than verified by the fact. The tar works were one mass of flame, near the gas house of the south division, and there was Greek fire spreading dismay on every hand. The better materials among which the work of ruin was now proceeding, seemed to have no capacity to stay the devastation ; a whole block was being consumed, before the be- wildered department could imagine what should next be done. The gas works, the armory, and the buildings adjoining on either side, were only heaps of ruins, and there were two bodies of lire in several ranks marching rapidly as the wind itself, east and north, across Fifth avenue to La Salle street, on the one hand, along Monroe, Madison and Washington streets on :he other. The handsomest buildings in Chicago were as tin.sel when the flames came licking rourd them. The Pacific hotel, si.x stories high, and every story lofty as art could imagine, or convenience PiiixciPAL Cities of Illinois. 461 'f t'lc tor- iiiigiy air ylit never "I'on tlie 1^' portals [•■I furnace, Vy too hot in-cst the \y as evei-, '\ through It-'ful visi- 'cn, PoIIc i(Jc was a '<-' jthice '1 eari-io(l vestige of 1 buiwiinL' '0 points, Jiace, the minutes, I ]:)ropor- lacl gone "' by tlie IS house ' tlismav woi-k of =tay the tijc be- 3 (lone. I eitlier of ilre St and hand, otiier. Ill the itories lieucc desire, was but a morsel when the jaws of flame were opened. The vast building was gone, and at the same moment the word was passed thiough tlie erowd, as if by spirit telegraphy, that the depot of the Mieliigan Southern Kailroad, tlie finest in Chicago, had gone up in the smoke, It seemed useless to fight with such monsters bent on destruction, as the two bodies of fire which were assailing the city in two points so wide apart frona each other, yet continuing the cordon of communication so completely that hardly a block escaped untouched. From La Salle to Clark street was but a step, and. the Chamber of Commerce, Farwell Uall, and the buildings intervneing were blackened and charred embers, noth- ing more. From some source now new energy had come to the councils of the firemen. When the fire was first reached, one block of the worthless structures, tliat only fed the flame, might have been destroved and the whole city saved; but there was no great man to see the emergency and to compel obedience to his will, in grappling with a foe so deadly, by the only means that could succeed. Now tiiat the palaces of banking ami commerce had been reached, there was the energy of desperation, but it came too late. The crash of gunpowder was heard, and as the report came with deafening force upon the ears of those who were near at hand, for at a distance nothing could be heard save the dullroar of the enemy, pile after pile of buildings toppled and fell over, but nothing availed to stay the destroyer now. The chasm \i'as as nothing, the tongues of flame darted over the cavity made by the fall of half a block, and before one could think of such a thing as possible, the next block was illuminated by the nimbus of de- struction. Afterwards, when the fire had died out in its own despite, because the wind had carried it where there were no build- ings to be consumed, it was found that the blazing embers had reached out two miles across the lake, and had fallen hot and smok- ing upon the crib of the wa^^erworks, as though striving to find a way over the lake itself to some new fields of industry wliich might be wrecked. With an enemy so masterful, aided by a wind so strong, what mattered half a block or a block of build- ings, where every house was blistered and smoke dried, waiting for the first tongue of flame only to surrender itself to the de- stroyer. The tv/o lines of flame which branched from the tar '['ill IN '«i;i. Vi i^x- 4G3 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. "works, burning with the avidity of Greek fire, had flung out lines without nuniber at every new street, running down the row of baildings on cither side with frightful regularity, without abating one stride in the onward march. Market, street, Wells, Franklin, La Salle, were gone ; Jackson, Quincy and Adams had been as- sailed at their river ends, and were looked upon as past hope. Hundreds who had looked on for hours with an impassive cool- ness, were now homeless and beggars, their roofs, their employ- ment, their clothing, almost their last coin, all gone together, uiid there seemed no pros^^cctof even a supply of food, when the night of horror should be spent. The grotto like coolness of Washing- ton street tunnel was no protection from the blast of hot air and flame wbinh was borne upon the gale, the roadway was burned and the blaze was drawn as itito a flue, far beyond the opening of the underground pa age. The coal yards had become one vast furnace, in which the masses of antliracite gave forth their gases to be carried in expanding masses of fire, as it seemed, more than two blocks away, where the destruction seized hold upon crisped buildings, which until now had defied the efforts of the foe. Men who had aggregated upon roofs, from wlience they had been able in perfect safety to contemplate the diorama of disaster, against which it had long since ajipcared that heroic energy was as noth- ing, found themselves suddenly in the ver}' center of the fight, and before long that struggle, like every other on that night of horror, ended in a stampede before the onrush of death. One aftei another, the great hotels were reached, and hundreds of guests and e»?^>Zcvf?s of every grade wci'e without shelter, out in the fire-laden night air, fleeing for life. Some few edifices which had been abandoned early in the night as bL'yond rescue, were spared by the advancing lines of destruction, because, just as the jaws of Eblis were yawning to engulf them, the pitying winds blew aside the current of annihilation to suj) on daintier food. The south division had one such structure north of the Handolph street bridge, and the two bridges on Kandolph and Madison streets were left passable, if not entirely unscathed. South Water street went up in flame, a terrible holocausc. Klevators teeming with golden grain, warehouses which contained the wealth of an empire, and the treasures of two hemispheres, were heaps of ■ in- t*y^;i PnixciPAL Cities of Illinois. 463 out lines J "J row of ft abutiiif |l'Vaiikliii^ been as- last liope. ^ive cool- einploj- [tlier, and lie night A a.sliin;r. t air and 5 burned )ening of *"ie vast c if gases ore than I cri.-^ped een able against as noth- e Jig lit, ^"'gbt of I- One i-ed.s of out in wliieli ', were as tbe winds food, Uolph idison Vater iiiiiig )f an ■ ia- ders, notliing better. The lumber exchange disappeared like "an unsubstantial pageant faded." Lake street, more eplcndid to the sight but not more rijli, followed in the same traek of ruin. The stone walls almost glowed with red heat, the basements were filled with red cinders, made up of I'afters, roof-tree, stairs and floors, and in the terrible illumination, unnumbered niillioPT of dollars had sailed away upon the cyclone, whic'.i added flame to whirl- wind. The Afassasoit, the Richmond, the i\'Tr.ins, and the Tremont houses had mmc, and the Illinois Central denot was a ruin. Then the Briggs, the Metropolitan, the Matteson and the Sherman swelled the tide of the shelterless. The flames stretched across to the court house almost without an effort, not destroying the structure entirely, but burning up the woodwork, until it became necessary to choose between allowing crime to roast in the prison cells, at the base of the building, and — the other alternative — • turning adrift upon society such horrible wretches, as might in- tensify the apjialling visitation, under which Chicago reeled to destruction. Some of these creatures fled as soon as their doors were opened, and were heard of no more, perhaps lured to de- struction by the possibility of drunkenness without cost, and then lying down regardless of danger to be trampled upon by men and horses, in some frightful rush before the fierco Moloch, which came on to uni.sh the work of obliteration. Some were seen later in the day armed to the teeth, defying owners of property to move theii- own wealth, or compelling them by frightful threats, to open safes which had resisted their ingenuity. Scenes were enacted which recalled in a thousand difl!crent ways the words of Robert Burns: " Man's inhumanity to man, ]Miikcs countless ungels niouin." Theaters, newspa])er ofliccs, churches, the opera house, went down, until only McYicker's establishment and the Tribune ofBce seemed likely to remain when the black wing of desolation should have folded itself down upon the rest of the locality in which they stood, biit it was " hoping against hope." About four in the morning the news came that the north side was falling into the lap of lire which had swallowed the rest of the city, and the m\\\ 464 Tvttle's Centennial Nohtiiwest. 'It' Vlf yet more dreadfal tidings followed that the water Nvorks had gone witli the rest, so that there was no longer a stream, however pow- erless, with which to eontinuo the battle. Four hours later the last theater and the lust newspaper oflicc followed each otlier down the red road of incineration, and the great avenues of Wa- bash. and Micliigan, cm})tied of their contents, were waiting to be possessed by the spoiler. Daylight was upon Chicago, but such (hu'light as had never slionc over a city in the vv(jrld'ri history be- fore. When ^foscow burned, a disciplined mass of men retired with fc'ome show of order, before an cuemy whose range of terror could be calculated at the worst. AVhen London was burned, the crazy buildings in narrow streets were but so many nuisances re- moved out of ilio way of the often I'ccunlng plague, and a moder- ate show of courage in the directing minds of the government might have staN'cd the ravages at almost any moment, but under a wortlile.ss king, as cold and callous as Xero, there were none to stamp out the conflagration. Here was a force superior to man's energies. The winds, neutralized in their general tenor, were all turned toward this livid vortex and palaces of commerce or of rest, which only a few hours before seemed fire proof, wore now burning like pitch pine. Daylight was upon Chicago, but it came down tlirough an overarching canopy of smoke, fretted with fire, in which it jcemed as if the air held carbon in mechanical equipoise, as a medium along which flame might traverse to the remotest point, fed by the stream of oxygen, in the hot atmos- phere. Xever such a da)' had the world seen, when con(|uering armies carrying cities by assault, api)lied the torch of war to tlie best evidences of civilization, and made rapine more terrible by savage brutality, within tlic roar of their hellisli tempest. It was a sight before wliich the worst;, pictures on the page of Dante paled aud went out, as poetry always must when it collides with actual existence. Drunkenness, and greed, and robber}-, perhaps murder, were in tlie streets, but none could pause to interfere with their course, in the terrible fiight for life, on which men and women had long since entered. Onward went tlie crowd. One man with a child seated on iiis shoulders, tugged one more with either hand, and anxious.y implored their mother to keep abreast of him, in the torrent, which was rushing toward the lake shore. r xronc 1 1 ['■ j. .!(■ i '• y\'l f ;, I ih ' i lip li ill i* PnixciPAL Cities of Illixois. 465 God only knovs the outcome of tlicir struggle. Here were men loaded with articles of furniture, for which they seemed to be more solicitous than for their own safety. One j)crson carried a statuette of Parian marble representing " Una and the Lion," whom her innocence and trust liad tamed, and all his sorrow in the mad rush of events seemed to have concentrated itself npon the fact, that the glass shade had been broken by some heedless passer-by. There is a ^Yondrou3 comfort for us all, in the freaks of insanity which sanctifies to every man some hobb}' behind which he is en- trenched against the world's worst calamities. There were plenti- ful signs visible now, for men had abandoned their masks, and faces could be seen every where. The ruffian was ai; no i)ains to wear the seeming of politeness, which at other hours he had worn, to some de gree, even in his worst haunts; and the hidden features of every character, such as Nathaniel Hawthorne said were only visible to the student, in the sun painted pictures of human kind, were here drawn \\\^ to the surface, and made prominent, before every eye, by the glare of tliis awful scene. If the eternal fire can thus brutalize the race, who would dare the risk of hell, for all the kingdoms of this earth, or the whole universe? " Booksellers How " went down under the flood of fire, about the same time as the Tribune building was destroyed, and powder was applied more freely than ever, to countermine the cnem}', using one ruin to hem in another, but nothing could arrest the advance. The knes which had diverged from the gas works came here once more within ran2;e of each other, having com- pleted their ghastly circuit, and from the vast \n\es of palaces aflame the heat struck terror into the hearts of thousands, who had accumulated their more precious articles of furniture b}' the lake .shore, and in the base ball grounds, in the assurance that nothing could harm them at that distance from any habitation. The Britons prayed to Koine for help, because they stood defense- less between the barbarians and the sea ; here was a foe worse, incomparably, than Pict or Scot, on the one hand, and on the other the waters of the storm-tost lake, w ith no Pome from which available succor could be hoped. The multitude broke and fled when the hot emissaries of ruin came hurtling down upon their household gods; it was useless to continue the battle, save for the 30 il I .1) ,\ ' 1)1 !»; . j = ('J I I ?^. :,i ■! !j!j 'i hi i I 'III' ii . If ip' ^ 466 Tuttle's Cextexmal XoiiTinvr.sT, rescue of life itself, ;uul there was joj unspeakable in many breasts, when in the midst uf that hail of devastation, they had passed through the park southward beyond tlie end of Washing- ton street, and could count their little ones alive in the groups by which they were surrounded, athirst, starving and liel])less, AVabash and Michigan Avenues, Terrace Row, and tlie l)eantiful churches which had adorned the city in this neighborhood had been resplendent with flanie for an hour or more, and they were now lying there black and smoking in irredeemable defeat. Some walls tottered in the wind, but men feared the swift de- struction in which their fall might at any moment involve the passcr-b}', and it was a relief when the vast edilices crumbled to their base. The water works were among the earliest buildings to succumb in the North Division, and after that event there was no lew nor hindrance to the onrush of tiiat awful lire, until the North Division was erased. The flames had entered the Wash- ington street tuimel, but when the body of fire advanced upon the tunnel in La Salle street, the tongues of llamc came through and danced with glee in the further extremity, reducing the wood- work to charcoal, burning the stonework into quick lime or pow- der. When such distances could be bridged by flame, under tho river, where was escape possible ? Swift flight, never pausing to look behind, was the only chance of .safety on tho north side, onee the fire made headway among the fragile edilices in that quarter. The Roman phalanx linked their shields together and moved on to victory, a wall of bra.ss, backed up by liercc and disciplined humanity. The fire phalanx on the north side linked together tongues of flanie, and marched onward an irresistible body, such as no human power could confront and live. The conflagration, in the quarter last attacked, was more unrelenting than elsewhere. The other quarters had been eviscerated, but something remained entire ; a head here, limbs there, the case, from which the living interior had been consumed ; but in the North Division, there was absolute destruction, and the people could only fly to the open country. The abating storm at one point, and the untiring work of a few friends in another, saved a residence in tho midst of a burning block, and a block in the northwest corner of the North Division, close to the river but in PiusciVAL Cities of Illinois. m tlie panic of tlie day men hardly dared to attempt salvage, in the face of that relentless carnival of ruin. The work of destruction went on until Fullcrt(jn Avenue, in the extreme north, was reached, and the fire died out for lack of fuel. The cemetery, near Lincoln Park was made a temporary bivouac on Monday night, but the enemy raided in upon living and dead, and the sleepers on the surface were forced to fly once more. There was no safety for the stricken crowd except on the open prairie to the north, far beyond where Fiither ^rarquettc once made his home, or out upon the bosom of Lake Michigan. When at last there was breathing time for the fugitives, they looked back upon tlio spot where so many millions of millions of dollars had been real- ized and expended, and they saw through the falling rain of Mon- day night, a huge, black, smoking wreck, which seemed more dis- mal than the " slough of despond," of which John Bunyan had told them, or the counterpart thereof, which many in those con- courses had seen, on which the pioneers of the once thriving city had commenced its era of unrivalled growth. In that wide area of overthrow, in which the elements had rioted in a desperate at- tempt to carry the earth back to its p)rimeval chaos, during the thirty hours that the fire raged and the wind howled until the heavens dropped tears of sympathy like a pattering rain, there appear to have been less than two hundred deaths, but how many were actually destroyed will never be known until the last dread- ful day of account reveals all m^-steries. The lire was stayed at last, and if the smoking embers were not quenched, there was a cessation of danger, and time for men to look about them, The homeless must be sheltered, the hungry must be fed, the naked must be clothed, however terrible the calamity from which the peo[ile had escaped ; and every church and public building of whatever kind, in which walls and a roof remained untouched by the destroyer, must now afford a home to the precious waifs and strays, which, within the last few hours, had been flotsam and jetsam on the tide of fire. The flood gates of pity were opened in almost every breast, in the depths of the terrible affliction which had overwhelmed the community. "The poor ye have with you always." and the poorest are oftentimes the best sympathizers, even within their powers, the best helpers I; ) * I 'V-:i: ^'f- 'Hi m\.- 111 ; ia|i!i 1 ■\ I 1 "ir I 4G8 TuTTLE's CKNTKySIAL NoRTllWKST. ciLso. Now all tlie city was poor, and in the common sorrow tliei'o \vas common pity. Once more, for a little time, nu'n"lia(I all tilings in common," as tliev liave when a crew from some sliii)- wreck e^rcape upon a raft, or when a beleaguered city must bus- Land its resources, by giving to every defender bis ration of diet, and sending the noncombatants awa}'. ^Flic city ft'd its poor and cared for the fatberloss and molberless in their aflliction until the news of the direful calannty had circled the earth, and answers came from every civilized land with iiromises of succor. The agony of those nights and that lurid, awful day were compensated for the liviii;^ by an outburst of practical commiseration, such as no former time had known. .The merchant whose means had been consumed, learned now the value of his credit, which could not be destroyed by fire, when biscreditors sent along the wires in- spiring words, which told him that he might rebuild his ware- houses, and procure such aid as he required to resume his avoca- tion. There were many such incidents in the history of Chicago, within the week that followed its destruction, and before the stone- work was yet cold, men were employed preparing the way for new liremi.ses, in which business could be temporarily resumed, pend- ing the erection of more spacious edifices, such as never until thcu had been erected in such haste, at such cost, for the purposes of commerce. The painful uncertainty of the first twenty-four hours after tlie rain commenced, came to an end when it became appar- ent that every laborer who would use his strength under direc- tion, could earn better wages in the blackened dchris than the average miner in Ca Cornia, and that every man that could build with brick or stone could command enough remuneration to re- kindle his own hearth fires. Lawlessness was repressed with very little dela}' as the streets were once more opened for traffic, and scoundrelism shrank back to its hideous lairs. Proclamations were distributed through the yet burning city on Monday after- noon, rallying all lovers of order to assist the authorities in pre- serving peace and protecting property, and on Thursday, Lieut. Gen. Sheridan was temporarily made director of the efforts of the citizens for the better realization of such objects. The city stood pledged to feed the hungry, and to protect the honest citizen in his vocation. Therein were the elements of final settlement, and PnisciPAL Cities of Illisois, 469 Uv tliero had all lie ship- fist liiis- lof diet, |tH)r and iiitil the laiiswcrs Jr. Tlie |)cnsatcd sueh as the end was near at hand. Ten days from the firo the city water works were in sunicicnt order to allow of a resumption of supply. Then within five days of that tinie the gas works could once more light the city in sueh parts as had been rescued from destruction. Speedily the newspapers of Chicago came out again, not precisely in their old forms, but under provisional arrangements which bridged the time of sorrow until tlie bright days came again, and every issue told of the noble deeds which, better than words, illus- trated the generous spirit of all nations. The banks reopened ten days after the fire, and there was no run upon their resources, Business fiowed once more in the old channels, builders were ready to employ every cajiable workman, and when the wintry frosts set in, which, under other circumstances, would have arrested building oj)eratioiis, immense fires were kept up to preserve the mortar and cement from freezing, so that the walls might be erected without delay, for a business la''ger and more prosperous than even Chicago had known. No yEtna, nor Vesuvius, nor llecla, throwing out pumice and vomiting lava, ever revealed the power of fire so stnaigcly as it was seen in the dchrlf; of Chicago ; but men could not pcusc to consider those items of distortion and agglomeration. The army of industry was in possession of the works temporarily held by the enemy, and every minute was worth gold in preparing a fortification against winter. On Tues- day there was a load of lumber hauled into the south division, to commence the work of rebuilding, and before twenty-four hours had elapsed a merchant had opened the store for which that tim- ber was designed. The abodes of wealth and fashion in Wabasli and Michigan avenues, in West Washington street. West Lake, Eandolph, Madison, ^Nfonroe, where, until then, trade had been " tabooed," were temporarily taken hold upon for business, and the rest of the city was given over to artificers in wood and metals, to be made once more the favored abode of commerce. The horse barn of the Southside railroad became a fashionable emporium, occupied by one of the largest dry goods houses in the northwest, and within a few hours it appeared to have been used for just sueh. purposes all its days. Before the end of December there were more than two hundred buildings of brick and stone being erected by the aid of innumerable fires in the city of Chicago, and the '•■' I ! ; r :H'ill masBSSiSKB- ? '!.' F ■!<■,' '' \'M ! I l^isj ! ! i 470 TuTTLt^S CLWTKyNIAL XoiiTllirt'ST. number of wooden erections cannot 1)0 nanietl. Tlic courage of a people bad been terribly tried, but it was equal to the emer- gency, and very soon the capital of all the world sought Chicago as an area for investments, where profits all but fabulous might be secured in rebuilding a fommerct! which, more surely than in any'formcr time, mu.st now command the resources of the vast, fertile valley of the ^Mississippi. The districts ravaged by the firo amounted in the aggregate to two thousand and twenty-four acres, and seventeen thousand four hundred and fifty buildings had been destroyed, many of them of vast extent — hotels, stores, depots, elevators, manufactories, including the homes of ninety-eight thousand live hundred people, the total loss in property being very nearly two hundred millions of dollars. The men who have seen Chicago since that fire, as it has, willi unparalleled rapidity, risen from its ashes, can but wonder that such devastation should be so speedily ellaced ; but there is yet an- other lesson which writes itself upon tiie minds of men, as they look upon the vast expanse of parks and palaces which stretches from the rivers' banks and from the lake shore far out upon the prairie, and that is the wonder that such a monition as the finger of fire has writ- ten upon the walls has not taught the government of that city to compel the removal of wooden buildings where they have so fearful a menace foi the whole community. The city is not even now be- yond .l;',:i,'jOr in that respect, and the men who administer its affairs have not the courage, or they lack the energy, to insist u})on the observance of proper and safe rules for building within the limits where special dangers must arise .from the erection of wooden dwellings and places of business. Fires, not to be compared ic devastation and extent with that of October 8 and 9, 1871, but yet tremendous, have since that time arisen among the wooden rookeries which di.sgrace that vast beehive, and it behooves the citizens some day .soon to rise in their might to a full recognition of their responsibilities, and taking the election of their olHcials out of the hands of wire-pullers and ward bummers, to secure, in the interests of property, life, andiosthetic development, a govern- ment in the city such as they would demand if they were legis- lating only for the welfare of their own private business. A city so great and prosperous, with a vitality so invincible and a future r- h y«jM«^tete{^' [i i m m m ;n >atBXt.9t9T BWWgWBWWgBWMBWa PnixciPAL Cities of Ilusois. 471 so grand, deserves that its beat men sliould watch over its interests and preserve it from tlie disgrace of bad and inefTicient govern- ment. 'J'he cliaritablo itistitulions located in Chicago deserve more lengthened notice than our space will j)ormit, and many of the minor benevolent societies, witli their machinery of mercy, must be omitted entirely, but enough can be said here to prove that the maxim, ''Charity covereth a multitude of sins," is not over- looked in the metropolitan city, Abou Ben Adhem was content at last, when the vision had humbled and gladdened his heart, to be enrolled in the list of those who "loved their fellow men," and in that category the citizens of Chicago have vindicated their right to be numbered, wherever the cry of sorrow has gone up, from Kansas and Nebraska, from districts overwhelmed by floods, from transatlantic Ireland, or wherever the sanctification of deep agony has called for assuagement. The United States Marine Hospital is a noble institution, well located and supported by the general government. The Cook County Hospital is sustained by contributions from a wide area as well as by occasional grants, and the city is not behind hand with her quota. The Magdalen Asylum says, by its action, to a wide class of offenders — to whom society should show its countenance of reproof, " more in sorrow than in anger" — what Christ said to the woman who was brought before him by the crowd of undetected sinners : " Go thou, and sin no more ;"' and although tlie operations of the managers are cloaked, in mystery, enough is known to assure contributors that the money expended in this benevolent manner is a vast gain to society at largo, in the fact tlu.L it saves hundreds aiuuially from the suffering and degradation of street life, to become useful and industriou.5 women. The Protestant Orphan Asylum indicates by its name the emulation which stirs the younger branches of the Cliristian community to uphold their claims to be recognized as practical religionists, by the care which the^ 'xtcnd " to these my little ones" who have lost their natural defenders. St. Joseph's and St. Mary's are the corresponding institutions sup- ported by the " elder church," and it is satisfactory to know that whenever extraordinary appeals are made to the public on behalf of the Catholic charities, there is always a liberal spirit manifested wi .M:: ;i j wMiM^m M '< :'i 1^ ii ']j W ^ § i 1 1 472 TuTTLi/s Cextennial NORTinVEST. hy i)rotestant mercliants and traders in the community. Male children only arc received at St. Joscph'.s, and females at St. Mary's. Tlie Home for the Friendless is devoted to the a.ssi.stance, temporalily, of deserving men and women who niiglit otherwise fall into evil company, and endure many discomforts, pending the timo will h comes with care m the career of every individual, when the desired opportunity can be secured to exchange labor for broad and shelter. One-half of all the discomforts endured by humanity arise from "square pegs being crowded into round holes," in the huny and bustle of life, and they must remain there, being once placed, as the rush of the rearmost ranks over their heads is an almost irresistible force crushing :heir ans^les out of form. This institution aims in ])art to distribute labor into its proper places, whei'c the best results can be attained. The S(j1- diers' Uome tells its own story '■'■ suns jihr use ^' as the French sa}'. It is to the disabled m.en of this state, who fought and bled for the Union, what tlic Hold des Invalides was to the veterans who had outlived aciive service, under the empire of the CJreat Napoleon, and the e.xist, nee of sucli a liome tells the patriot who may at any moment be called to risk life and limb in defense of altar and iiearth, that his exertions will not be considered as full}' paid by the stipend accorded to military duty. The Soldiers' ]Iome is well conducted, and the edifice is an ornameni to Chicago. When the fire panic in Chicago was being subdued by various organiza- tions for charity, as well as by the vigorous and extraordinary efforts of the constituted authorities, there came to the city long lines of cars and freight trains, bri-.ging men and women, clothes and provisions beyond enumeration, to meet the wants of the hour. Besides all these contributions towa. relieving the needy, immense sums of monev, amounting in the aggregate to many millions of dollars, were forwarded for distribution. Sums came from France at the moment when that gallant nation was obliged to buy off the invading host. From Prussia and Germany at large, just flushed with conqaest From the Emperor Frederick William, immediately after he had dictated his dispatch, thanking God for the slaughter of men. From Austria, from Ireland, from Italy, from Scotland, Wales, au'i i'higland, from the gold fields of Australia and New Zealand, fronj China and Japan, and from the PitixciPAL Cities of Illinois. 473 British possessicjns in India. Such arrivals rendered an organiza- tion ncccssar}^ to aid in the wise distribution, as it very often occurs, not only at such times, that the greatest sufferers are the least demonstrative, and in many instances loans were accepted by deserving men and women, who even in such an emergencj', had too much honest pritle to accept charity. Such loans were repaid by the beitcr class at a later date, and many of the remit- tances from distant points came too late to be used in immediate acts of charity, consequently the Eelief and Aid Society became a permanent organization, occupying valuable premises, drawing rents, and permanently endowed for the distribution of the unein- plo3'cd into j'^ch districts as v;ill gladly repay their labor with ihe current wages of the day. The society is one of tl;e most useful in the city of Chicago. The books of the institution lie open at all hours to I'egister the names of men wanting employment, with a columnar description of their trades and callings, and on corres- })onding pages the names in cxtenso of employers wanting help, with their "ddrosses, and the purposes, or avocations in which they are engaged. The value of such records which could be consulted by both classes at ail hours — without fee — will readily be perceived. Sometimes the society helps deserving persons who are in sore need, by procuring ihcm tools, or a passage by the railroads to distant points where their labor is demanded, and so well are the alTairs of the organization carried on, that cases of imposition upon the funds are comparatively rare. The second floor of the society's building is devoted to meet the requirements of wtnncn, not asking charity, but wanting direction, without cost, to the points where their services arc in demand. Illustrating tiie prevision exercised by the society, one case may be mentioned with advantage. A young Norwegian woman, singularly prepos- sessing in appearance, had come from Norway to be married to a countryman of her.=; who had been some few years in America. Unfortunately he had died just before her arrival, without making due provision for his betrothed wife, and she a)'rivcd in Cticago with just enough money to keep her at a first class hotel until she had learned the story of her bereavement. She was without money, among strangers, in a city where every man a'ld woman pursued some personal aim with n.etropolltan cager.iess, hardly i\ I 474 Tuttle's Cextexxial Northwest. pausing to notbe the signs of sorrow which were not obtruded with professional skill. A face so beautiful, coupled with igno- rance of the language of the country, and unacquaintance with the tricks resorted to in great cities by procuresses and their abet- tors, might have led to the ruin of the young woman, but for- tunatel}' she found her way to the ofhces of the society, and the lady superintendent, a practitioner of meJ'fi.ie, whose acquaint- ance ^Yith society gave her many oppi/r 'i.: r ■> serve the cause of mercy, found means to place the Ni rwc uiu in a good home, where her amiable demeanor and her talents make her invaluable, and there are few jiersons in Chicago, not n:Uive born, who speak the Anglo-Saxon tongue more attractively t';an the fair stranger does at this time. As a teacher of singing and music, she will amass a competency if she does not allow herself to be persuaded to grace a home which now "waits her acceptance. One instance is worth a hundred aphorisms, and the course of usefulness indi- cated in the ease described, illustrates the means which are daily in operation, to help deserving women in this city. If our large cities were better supplied with such organizations, there would be less need for the Magdalen asylums, for in the w- ■!:' of Torn. Hood : "Evil is wrought, by want of thought, As well as wiml of licart." The city has twelve cemeteries beyond the city limits, .i.aong which Graceland, Rose Hill, Calvary, rnd Oakwoods, are the chief; all of them arc more or less adorned with shrubs and mausoleums, and some bid fair to rival the luxuriance of Pere la Chaise. Tlie city has a police force more extensive and costly than efficient, because political ir^ T'^nces are more potent than the}' sliould be in manning and < ■ ag the d 'rtmcnt; but it maybe anticipated that such abuses will in am ^j of time be erased. Tlie lire alarm telegraph and the stea.i' ■> aj^naratus besjioak the fullest readiness on the side of the departments to C''>mbat with the continual!^ ^ ::prring fires to prevent the rook- eries, when they bum i.(>, invol- iu" the whole community in de- struction. There are numeiou.- squares and parks which serve the purposes of lungs for the mighty city, and others are in con- templation. The best of those now in existence are Lake Park, iMjk^"*ral references have been made to elevatorr, in this record of th*^ progress and vicissitudes of Chicago; and inasmuch as this volume will be read by many persons who are not personally in- timate with those wonderful contrivances for the dispatch of grain, we quote a graphic description of the commercial wonder for the benefit of European readers. A traveler comprehensively says : "An elevator is as ugly a monster as has yet been produced. In uncouthncss of form it outdoes those obsolete old brutes who used to roam about the semi- iqueous world, and live a most un- comfortable life with their great hungering stomachs and huge unsatisfied maws. The elevator itself consists of a big movable trunk — movable as is that of an elephant, but not pliable, and less graceful oven than an elephant's. This is attached to a huge granary or barn ; but in order to give altitude within the barn for the necessary moving up and down of this trunk — seeing that it. cannot be cui'Ied gracefully to its purposes as the elephant's \s curled — there is an awkward box erected on the roof of the barn, giving some twenty feet of additional height, up into which the elevitor can be thrast. It will be understood, then, that this big niovabi ) trunk, the head of which, when it is at rest, is thrust up into the box oi; the roof, is made to slant down in an oblique direction from the building to the river; for the elevator is an amphibious institution, and flourishes only on the banks of nav- igable waters. When its head is ensconced within its box, and the beast of prey is thus nearly hidden within the building, the unsuspicious vessel is brought up within reach of the creature's trunk, and down it comes, like a mosquito's proboscis, right through the deck, in at the open aperture of the hold, and so into the very vitals and Ijowels of the ship. When there, it goes to work upon its food with a greed and an avidity that is disgusting to a beholder of any taste or imagination. And now I must ex- plain the anatomical arrangement by which the elevator still de- ■ if 1 % ' I j '•'■! -I at ::'■■. . 1 1: a';';«=i M i . H ■ ■ ]|ji 476 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. vours and continues to devour till the corn within its reach has all been swallowed, masticated and digested. Its long trunk, as seen slanting down from out of the building across the wharf and into the ship, is a mere wooden pipe ; but this pipe is divided within. It has two apartments ; and as the grain-bearing troughs pass up the one on a pliable band, tliey pass empty down tlio other. The system, therefore, is Lhat of an ordinary dredging machine ; only that corn and not mud is taken awa}', and that the buckets or troughs are hidden from sight. Below, within the stomach of the poor bark, three or foui' laborers arc at work, helping to feed the elevator. They shovel the corn up toward its maw, so that at every swallow he should take in all that he can hold. Thus the troughs, as they ascend, are kept full, and when they reach the upper building they empty themselves into a shoot, over ■which a porter stands guard, moderating the shoot by a door which the weight of his finger can open and close. Through this doorway the corn runs into a measure, and is weighed. By measures of forty bushels each, the talc is kept. There stands the apparatus, with the figures plainly marked, over against the porter's eye; and as the sum mounts nearly up to forty bushels, he closes the door till the grains run thinly through, hardly a handful at a time, so that the bid.''.nce is exactly struck. Then the teller standing by marl c down his figure, and the record is made. Tlic exact porter touches the string of another door, and the forty bushels of corn run out at the bottom of the measure, disappear down another shoot, slanting also toward the water, and deposit themselves in the canal boat. The transit of the bushels of corn from the larger vcs.sel tu the smaller will have taken less than a minute, and the cost of that transit will have been — one cent. "But I have spoken of the rivers of wheat, and . must explain what arc those rivers. In the working of the elevator, which. I have just attempted to describe, the two vessels were supposed to be lying at the same wharf, on the same side of the building, in the same water, the smaller vessel inside the larger one. When this is the case, the corn runs direct from the weighing measure into the shoot that communicates with the canal boat. But there is not room or time for confining the work to one side of the Principal Cities of Illixois. 477 building. There is water on both sides, and the corn or wheat is elevated on one side, and reshipped on the other. To efTeet this, the corn is carried across the breadth of the buildinii;; but, never- thelesR, it is never handled nor moved in its direction on trucks or carriages requiring the use of men's muscles for its motion. Across the floor of the building are two gutters, or channels, and through these small troughs on a pliable band circulate very quickly. They which run one way, in one channel, arc ladeu ; they which run by the other channel are empty. The corn pours itself into these, and they again pour it into the shoot which com- mands the water. And thus rivers of corn are running tlirough these buildings night and day. The secret of all the motion and arrangement consists, of course, in the elevation. The corn is lifted up ; and when lifted up, can move itself, and arrange itself, and weigh itself, and load it.self." QuiNCY. — This is the county seat of Adams county, and it ranks second only in size and importance in the state of Illinois. It is located on the eastern bank of the world famed Mississippi river, foity-four miles from Keokuk, one hundred and sixty-four miles fnjiu the city of St. Louis, and two hundred and sixty-three miles by railroad southwest from Chicago. The city of Quincy is built on a limestone bluff one hundred aud twenty-five feet above the river, aud the extensive view of the Father of "Waters, aud of the countrv throuii-h which it flows, is one of the most beautiful sights in this region. The city is laid out in squares and blocks, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and the business premises are usually handsome as well as commodious. The pub- lic buildings, which will be more particularly referred to here- after, are ornamental to Quincy, and the private residences of the more wealthy citizens challenge admiration. The city is lit with gas and well supplied with water, and its population at the pres- ent time canr;ot be less than thirty-five thousand souls, as in the yea- 1850 the census showed 6,812, in 1860, 13,566, and in the yeav 1S70 there were more than twenty-four thousand, since which time six years of surprising progress have developed the resources of Quincy beyond the liopes of its best friends. As a center of railroad coinmuuicatiou the city rises daily into greater import- Mi iMikki'' ¥ It'," i • ' I ■ i>* mi Ml lilt; i.ii» V.t \U pi ail! ' f 478 TuTTLE's CKNTES'XrAL NoRTHWEST. fince. The main line and Carthage division of the Chicago, Bur- lington and Quincy llailroad has here an immense business; and here also tlie Toledo, Wabash and Western Railroad, the Quincy, Alton and St. Louis, the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the Mississippi Valley and Western, and the Quincy and Missouri Paciilc Hail- roads have each important stations. The Hannibal and St. Jo- seph has a very beautiful bridge across the Mississippi river at this point, and that fact assists materially in developing Quincy. There arc twelve newspapers published here, and three of them are daily, employing men whose brillant talents are recognized in journalistic circles all over the union. The educational facilities of the city are such as might be expected, where so many well conducted newspapers arc well supported by tlic population. The }>ublic schools are graded and well administered in every depart- ment, and there are many private academies in which the standard of training is very high. Two of the newspapers published in the city are printed in German, to meet the wants of a large section of the population of Quincy and the surrounding country. Tliere are no less than twenty-four churches in the city, a very fair pro- portion, considering how large is the average of every population, that will remain unchurched, " charm yo never so wisely." As usual whei'C the Germans form a large element in the population, "music hath charms," to which exemplary attention is given, and tlierc are no less than ten public halls available for such and sim- ilar entertainments. The court house, a county structure, is very large and really beautiful in its proportions, being more noticeable than any other of the edifices in the city, if we except three of the churches, on which large and wise expenditures have been made at various times, educating the eyes of thousands who never come within the sound of the gospel. The surroundings of Quincy arc made up of very fertile and beautiful land, which has been largely improved for agricultural purposes, and the facilities afforded for shipment at this point have resulted in building up a great local business, which is ra[)idly extciiding into metropolitan propor- tion.s, as its river communications by steamers and other ves.sclfc give especial opportunities for carrying the war beyond " pent up Utica," The river landings and wharves arc customarily thronged with steamboats, which bring the fruits and grain of other prairies Principal Cities of Illinois. 479 :ago, 13 ur- Jncss ; and |o Quincy, llississippi ;iiiG Jiail- f^l St. Jo- |i I'ivcr at Quine3^ of them I'gnized in Aieilities lain- well on. The y depart- standard icd ill the ?e sectioi: There fail- pro- 'pidation, b-." As puhition, ven, and and sim- !, is vciy 'ticeablo •e of the ■11 made [?i' come ncj are hii'gely Jed lor »t local ^ropor- V'osselfc, ini up onged 'usries to compete in the markets here with the productions of her own farming popuh\tion, before the lines of railway are called upon to give sliipmcnt to the liberal remainder. The rapid increase of commerce and m an u fact a res in Quincy makes the home market a considerable item in the calculations of the farming communities, whicli make this place the center of their trade. Iron, lumber, flour, tobacco, machinery and carriages are among the chief ar- ticles produced in the city, if we except the one hundred thousand hogs, whose carcasses are annually converted into excellent packed pork. The first settlement n.ade on the site of Quincy dates from the year 1822, and the name was adopted in honor of the celebrated John Quincy Adams, when that gentleman was inaug- urated as president, in the year 1325. The town v>-as laid out in that year by order of the county court, but the population in the vicinage was vdy small. The whole county of Adams had but three white persons living in its area at the time when Quincy was first settled, and the nearest mill — a horse mill only — was distant forty miles at a place called Atlas, to which each settler in his turn made a pilgrimage to procure corn meal. After the Black Hawk war in 1832, the countr}'- became much more widely settled, the enforced departure of the Indians being a desideratum among those inclined to colonize. The healthful situation in wdiich the city^s built, and the care bestowed upon improving the natural advantages of the site, leave no room for doubt that Quincy will long continue to maintain its exceptional reputation for salubrit}'. Peoria ranks next to Quincy in population, and it is the seat of administration for the county of Peoria. It stands on the western bank of the Illinois river, at the o-nlet of Peoria lake, one hundred and ninety-two miles from the point where the river discharges its volume into the Mississippi. It is claimed by some that the river forms the lake on which the city stands, while oth- ers, with as great a show of reason, claim tlio lake as one of the feeders of the river; but perhaps the best way to arrange an oth- erwise interminable dispute is, by admitting that " the reciprocity is not all on one side." Peoria stands about seventy miles north from the state capital, and a little over one hundred and fifty \ ,■■ yilHl,: II-' I 480 TvTTLE's CENTEXyiAL NoiiTinyEST. iM i!i 3;! miles from Chicago. Tlic city has first class railroad accornmoela- lions, in addition to the advantage of the river being navigable to this point, which gives free passage to the Gulf of ^lexieo via the ^Mississippi river. The lake system is o[)cncd to Peoi'ia by the canal, which connects the city with Chicago and liakc Michi- gan ; and the Michigan canal is almost as important to the manu- facturing interests as the railroads themselves. The railroad lines which have siation;? or termini at Peoria arc tlic Toledo, Peoria and Warstw ; the Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville ; the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Pock Island and I'ac-ific; the Peoria branch of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy ; the Peoria and Rock Island ; and the Indianapolis, IMoomington and Western Railroads ; many of these have termini, and in that fact there is conclusive evidence that the mo.st astute business men of the day anticipate great growth for Peoria. The manufacturing interests in this locality are very large and wealthy, embracing among many smaller but improving industries, foundries and machine shops, boiler works on a large scale, agricultural imi)lement man- ufactories, wagon and carriage shops, planing mills, breweries and distilleries, 'i'hc city stands on a plateau, rather more than two miles square, with bluITs very easy of access, surrounding the area, and affording numerous beautiful sites for residences. The river and lake afl'ord large quantities of excellent fish and. the cliarm of the scenery surrounding that large body of water will lead to a much larger settlement here of that ela.<^a of persons that can nfFord to choose their residences, guided only b} love of the beautiful in the surroundings. The scene, from the banks of the lake to the blufl's, majestic in form and crowned with hand- some dwellings, is truly captivating, and the cit}' intervening on the broad plateau is really well worthy of the position. The streets average about one hundred feet in width, and the lines of shade trees make the city resemble a park converted into a busi- ness area. The grading of the streets is perfect and the streets slope toward the river in length or in breadth so that everywhere perfcot drainage is secured. The city is far beyond the I'cach of an inundation, unless it assumes the proportions of the Noaehian deluge. A traveler, who recently visited the place, says of the c'.ty : " Peoria is the most be tiful town on the river. Situated VT-f^^^-' ^ PnIKCIPAL ClTIEii Of Tl.USOIS. 481 on rising ground, a broad plateau, extending back from the bluff, it has escaped the almost univcr.sal inundation. The river here expands into a broad, deep lake. This lake is a most beautiful feature in the scenery of the town, and as useful as beautiful, supplying the inhabitants with ample stores of lisli, and in winter with an abundance of the purest ice. It i.s often frozen to such a thickness that heavy teams can pass secureh^ over it. A sub- stantial dr-.wbridgc connects the town with the opposite shore of the riv'i'. Back of the town extends one of the finest rolling prairies in the state, which furnishes to Peoria its supplies and much of its business." When Father AFarquctte was on his way back from the Mississippi, completing his canoe voyage of two thousand miles, by his return to Lake Michigan, at his point of departure, St. Ignace, he landed and tarried a little while on the site of Peoria, where a coi;;->iderablc village of Indians then lived. ^I. Joliet, .who n-as a kind of traveling companion of the worthy Perc, was much pleased with the aspect of affairs here and would gladly have stayed longer, where the scenery, the quality of the fishing, and the temper of the natives, combined to multiply at- tractions. When l^aron La Salle ascended to this point from Lake ^ficliigan for the first time, in IGSO, he caused a iovi to be erected here, and under its protection a trading post was estab- lished, ami the colony of La Salle on the Illinois river continued to be a place of some importance from that time onward. The conquest of Canada, by the troops commanded by General Wolfe, until that officer fell mortally wounded at Quebec, on the heights of Abraham, involved a change of masters for Illinois, but the settlement was not remarkable for wealth nor attainments in 1796, when Uncle Sam had become the sovereign. It was then an Indian village, with variations, composed of Indian traders with squaws and half castes, some hunters, and Canadian French voyaijcnrs and nondescripts, many of whom had substan- tial reasons for not desiring to dwell in cities. Tiie Pcoriaco Indi- ans made up the bulk of the population, and they were as the In- dians seem fated always *^ remain, as long as they remain at all, p,seudo savages combining the vices of barbarism with the still more fatal vices of our civilization. The city, as well as being the most ancient settlement on the Illinois river, is also the most 31 , i, > \ ■''' i. .'! ' r- ! h: 11 :?•;• tn ■4-'^ W'.^ l-l>: lll^ :i \i^'^ illy li- 1!' ell iiii 1' li! I. 5" 4 ill f V \ ll t<* it r.i : 482! TrTTLi:'s Ci:kti:x\i.il XoRTinvKi^T. populous town on that strouin at the present time. Grain, pork, lumber and ice, in large fpianiities, arc sent by the river to Clii- cago and St. Louis, regular lines oi' steamboats J'lying constantly to St. Louis, except in thuse seasons when winter seals up the running streams in these latitudes. Tlie county buildings aro located liore, and the city hall deserves notice for tlie neatness of the structure. There aro twenty-eight churches in Peoria, many of the edifices being models of architectural beauty, and the pub- lic schools merit praise for the efTectiveness of the system of grading and tuition, under which the youth of the city are as- sisted to master the difTiculties of school life. The .settlement on the site of Peoria was in such ill repute in the year 1812, when the British troops raided in upon the city of Washington, that it was considered necessary to break up the evil a.«sociations, and the Indian village was purged as by lire. In the following year, Fort Clark was built near the lake, under orders from < iov. Ed- wards, and six years later actual settlement upon the town site commenced. Growth was slow until the fine country which sur- rounds Peoria became tiiickly settled, but the town was incorpo- rated in the year 1831, and thirteen years later Peoria became a city of the second clas.s. In the year 1850, there were five thou- sand people assembled within the city bounds, and in ten years from that time, the number had increased to nearly fourteen thou- sand. When the last census was taken in 1870, the population was 22,8-19, and assuming the same rate of progression to have continued, the inhabitunts of Pe()ria cannot fall far short of thirty thousand at the present time. There are thirteen newspapers published in the cit}', representing the interests of the city and county, and all of them appear to be well sustained. Three of the number are dailies, with weekly editions, and the talent dis- played fully equals the average of such iniblieation.s. The city is lighted with gas, and well su[iplied with beautiful water. Galena. — The name of this city signifies " leail mine " in the French tongue, and it is upon that branch of industry that the city has risen to such eminence as it now posses.«es. It is the seat of justice for Jo Daviess count}-, and was the residence of Ulysses S. Grant before the war of the rebellion called that gen- Wlfagemaimm^mmi •ifsr'm^tBmmfgmf^g^ rmsciPAL CrriF.a of Jujnois. 488 tlcman and officer from other avocations, to orusli the suicidal at- tempt of the south, (lalcma lies on the Fcvrc river, five miles from its junction with the Mississippi, and steamboats connect this center of mining enterprise with St. Loui.s. The mines are the miiinstay of the city and of the surrounding country, but the fiopuhition does not increase very rapidly. Tliere were six tliousand persons in Galena in the year 1850, and there was only an increase of a little more than two thousand in the next decade, the number decreasing to seven thousand at the time of the last censu.s. Tliorc are six newspapers published here, but lilcc every other place in which mining is the main reliance, the city is sub- ject to severe fluctuations. The city is built on the steep banks of the Fevrc river, the parallel streets communicating with each other by flights of steps but the effect as seen from the river is very fine. The railroad communication with Galena is moderate- ly good as the Illinois Central has a station at this point, seven- teen miles southeast of Dunlcath, and fifty miles west of Freeport. Chicago is one hundred and sixty miles distant, and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis can be reached by steamboat travel at distances of one thousand sir hundred and fifty miles ; and four hundred miles rcspectivel}'. The river on which Galena stands is more properly described as an arm of the Mississippi, up from whose waters the rocky bluffs ascend with an air of majesty, and the windings of the stream are very effective in a scenic point of view. There are numerous churches on the first ledge above the levee, and the terrace is much ad(-''^i by their presence. Al- thoufrh there is an abundance of stone to be had for the trouble of quarrying, most of the houses arc built of brick. The streets are well paved, and lighted with gas. It is needless to say that the drainage is perfect, as it would be impo.ssiblc to establish a mud hole on such a site. The county buildings arc in Galena, and they are tolerably graceful specimens of architecture. The jmb- lic schools are well graded ; and the buildings arc substantial, the management being perfectly satisfactory', but the average attend- ance is far below the number of children of school aEfc in the citv, who arc entitled to the advantages of tuition. There are some private school.^, but not enough to make the attendance sufficient, and the question confronts the philosopher and philanthropist at ■m 484 Tuttlk's Ckstkssim. NonrinvEaT. !t I » I ■ I •> \ If '1 every stage, in every village, town and city in the union, liow can we best employ the foreetJ at the disposal of society to indueo a free pooj)lc to fulfill their duties to their olTspring in this matter of education? The mere establishment of schools eflVcts nothing, unless the children can be brought under the influence of efTicient tutors, and a juvenile population daily running in the streets must come up in a large measure for diplomas of efTicicncy in our county jails. The city is one of tli„ oldest !•' the state, and it has the interest which must attach to a region in which thousands of men have won their bread in the bowels of the ear<" ' )r nearly half a cen- tury. The first settlement dates from j 'ty years ago, in the year 1826, midway between the birth of tiie union and its centen- nial annivensary ; and it is estimated that there remains enough lead still, to furnish one hundred and fifty millions of pounds annually for a term of years which the present generation will not be able to define. There is a considerable quantity of co{)i)er found with the lead ore in the Galena mines. Many other mining towns of less note, .some of ihem in Wisconsin, send their ores to this city for shipment down the ^[issi.ssippi, as steamers j)ly be- tween this mining center and all the river towns while the frost permits of such operations. We have already seen bow complete is the railroad communication between Galena and all points east and west throughout the union. The country around Galena does not impress one very favorabl}', as the hills arc largely want- ing in the green mantle which usually drapes the outline of the globe, and at the first glance the anti(j^uarian might imagine that be has come upon a settlement of juvenile mound builders. The mounds are there undoubtedly, but they are Lilliputian in bulk, compared with tho-^ie vast mausoleums and sacrificial altars in which the relies of the dead and gone possessors of this continent are found, and on a closer inspection, he finds that in the center of every mound, like a crater, surrounded by the debris of innumerable belchings forth of lava, there is an orifice which may afford some explanation as to the mode by which this configura- tion arises. The visitor climbs one of the numerous hills, and we may as well accompany him. There is a track worn by the heavy tread of men who are accustomed to leave " foot-prints on I'liis-cirAL Cities or lujsois. 4S5 the sands of time," and the pohit aimed at i.s soon reached. Tlio yellowisli mound i.s tlie wa.sle that has to he dug out by tlic miner in order tliut he may reaeli tlio ore, and one man on tlic top at- tends to a windlas.s, by wliieli lie witid.s up from the liole t!ic stuft whicli lii.s partners, a hundred feet below, continue to make ready, and to load into the tub used as a vehicle of conveyance. There are hundreds of these windla.'^.s men within sight, almost within hail, where we stand, but we could not lujld converse with tliem all if we trieil, and the first that we encounter can give us all the in- formation that is desired as to this business. We can see for our- selves that the tub com -; up loaded with ror>^. and refuse, and it is not difficult to distinguish between the material that will help to swell the mound and that which will give profit to the workers. The miners don't wi.sh to be disturbed by every visitor, but there are infiuences which will open even the doors of a mint ; so we are on our way to the bottom of the hole. There are some shafts much deeper than others ; many are only forty feet ; this is one slightly exceeding a hundred, and may go deeper still. But there is a loop on the end of the windlass rope, and one foot is made fast; you have a tight grasp with both hand.«, above your head, ujioa the faithful support to which your life is entrusted. "Lower away," is the word, and you are going steadily down, down, down, into Hades itself, so dark is the road below you. "IIow far is it from this place to hell ? " asked a would be facetious traveler of the class leading ^Methodist who tended the windlass. " Let go of that "rope. and you will be there in a minute," was the quick, if not ]>leasant, reply. The air becomes sensibly cooler as we de- scend beyond the range of sunlight, and the earth seems to close in around us; then there is a warmth, not entirely for want of ventilation, but an actual contribution of heat from the central fires, or from the slowly cooling rocks, which have retained a por- tion of the sun's ardor, if not of his radiance, during all the mil- lions of years which have elapsed since the solar system was shaped and set in motion. We are down now in the darkness on solid ground once more, but it is not entirely dark. A man stands there before, us with a candle set in a sconce of clay upon his headgear, and if it were not for his straight hair, his thin, com- pressed lips, and the gray eyes which patiently overhaul his ob- I (ft; I ;; 1 1 ||!T;,'>4 ''■ I. !l; h 486 TuTTLe's CEXTEyNIAL XoiiTHWKST. server, it would be easy to believe that the miner is a "gentleman of color." The aspect of the workman is due to his occupation; as Shakspcro sa^'s, that " the dyer's hand is subdued to the color in which he works." This mine is made up of many galleries or drifts, and away at the extremity oi; eacli there is a man at work, following his lode of metal through the earth, blasting the rock sometimes to procure it, and then removing the fragments with, his pick, until he has enough dchri)s to load a tub for the windlass man on the surface. Each "drift"' contains its man, but men don't always find the mineral for which they are searching. Miniiig becomes almost as alluring a pursuit as the gaming table itself. The poor fellows sometimes follow the vjnis faiuus luck down there out "f the sunlight, nK)nth after month, without pro- curing lead enough to pay for sharpening the pick, and stii. the idea is powerful as ever that a lode will bo found presently that will pay for all this labor. The miner does not call his vein a " lode" ; his term is ■' .oad," and very naturally so, because he i.s led by it as far as the vein traverse^ the rock until he reaches the confines of his claim, llis drive is from four to six feet high, and from three to four feet wide, without apparentl" any timber suj)- ports to prevent the superincumbent earth ''caVi.ig in," and bui-y- ing the human mole at his work. This man has found lead loag, long ago, :ind lie kindly allows you to see him at his work, strik- ing, lifting, driving, forcing in every way that seuins most likely to effect his purpose, to dislodge the mineral from the crevice of rock, into which it is wedged and fastened, as metal runs i;ito a mould. The colors which flash from Lh'> trcasui'c as it stands there waiting to be won are sometimv.'s brilliant as diamonds and opals, as the candle reflects its lij^ht on a hundred glancing facets, and you wish there were some richer results than lead to reward the patient labor of these sons of toil ; but when they win lead enough to keep their families in comfort they are content. Gold in the ravth docs not look always as brilliant as the mass of lead now before us, and the returns of the gold niincr are not nearly so steady as the more moderate earnings of the lead miner at Galena. The one mineral gives a profit to its workers, and to the nr.iiou ; the other is an absolute lo.ss U- the community. Mine load, and you will find, after the wages fund of tiu whole enterprise and all Prixcipal Cities of Illinois. 487 [entleman pupation ; J the color lillories or at woi'k, the rock |s wit!) Ids windlass but men Iscarchinc:. ■)ing iai)lo ^tluus luck Itliout pro- 'J stii. the entlj that li-s vein a . I'auyc he is aches the [thigh, and mber au])- and bu;y- lead loiig, ork, stnk- ost likel)' ;revioe of 11 ns itito a it stands oiids and ng facets, o reward win lead t. Gold s of load nearly so - Galena. '■ nr.Uoi. ; o-id, an('. ! and all of its expenses have been paid, there is a margin of gain to be divided among the promoters. Mine gold, and although some few will strike •' pockets,' and "jewelers' shops," the great ma- jority of hard working and hard faring men will not earn wages, na}'', worse than that, they do not get, in thousai.ds of cases, enough to pay for their stoies. The gold " finds" in California and in Australia have only sold at the best for about !{520 per ounce, and when the number of men working in the mines has been charged against the whole result, at wages which would readily be earned by easier work in their several trades and call- ings, it is found that the cost of the precious metal which will sell at $20 is a little more than $2G.2o. Perhaps when gold mining comes to be followed out more systematically by skilled workmen, with the aids of machinery, and under the supervision of able metallurgists, as is growing to be every day more and more the case in our quartz mines, there will be better results in that indus- try also. Certainly gold has been mined in the most reckless way that can be im'igined, and the waste of labor and capital in the process has bi en no more than might be expected in any pursuit in which persons, without special culture, would undertake to direct "enterprises of great pith and moment," in which fortunes could be expended in a ycir. When Galena was first made a settlement there were no white neighbors within a journey of about three hundred miles. Dubuque was mined much more ex- tensively than any other locality in the northwest for this mineral, and the French ma , who gave his name to that region began his operations in th- last century, when Spain still claimed sovereignty over the tract ol" territory m.der which he and his workmen pur- sued their toilful avocation. A visitor, who has given special attention to the mines at Galena says, concerning ihe indications of metal, which are sought with so much solicitude by the miner: "Veins of mineral in the same vicinity run in the general direction. Those in the vicinity of Galena run cast and west. The crevice which contains the mineral is usually perpendicular, and from one to twenty feet in width, extending from the first solid rock above the mineral to uncertain depths, filled with large, loo.se rocks, and a peculiar red dirt, in which are imbedded masses of mineral. These masses are t ; '-I -?%(***'! il i\ 5 tV'" t' r ;■ 488 Tuttlf's Cestexnial Northwest. made up of cubes, like those formed by crystallization, and nifiny of them are as geometrically correct as they could be made widi compass and square. Before the mineral is broken, it is of the dull blue color of lead ; when broken, it glistens like silver. Sometimes eaves are broken into, whose roofs arc frosted over with calcareous spar, as pure and white as the frost upon the win- dow pane, and from dark crevices in the floor comes up.the gurg- ling of streams that never saw the sun. The life of a miner is dark and lonesome. His drift is narrow, and will not admit of two abreast; therefore, there is but little eonversrtion, and no jokes are bandied about from mouth to rnoutli. The alternations of hope and disappointment give a subdued expression to his countenance. There are no certain indications by which the miner can determine the e.Kisteuce of a vein of mineral without sinking a shaft. Several methods are resorted to, such as the linear arrangement of any number of trees a little larger than the generality of their neighbors, which is considered an indication of an opening underground corresponding to their arrangement. Depressions in the general surface are also favorable signs, and there are yet some believers in the mystic power of witch-hazel and the divining-rod. In the largest number of cases, little at- tention is pa'.d to signs o.'ier than to have continuous ground — that is, to dig on the skirts of a ridge that is of good width on top, so that any vein that might be discovered would not run out too quickly on the other side of the ridge. On such ground the method of search is by suckering, as it is called. The miner digs a do/cen or more holes, about six feet deep, and within a stone's throw of each other, antl in some one of these he is likely to find a few pieces of mineral, the dip of certain strata of clay then in- dicates the direction in which he is to continue the search, in which, if he is so successful as to strike a lude, his fortune is made." Prixcipal Cities of Miciiigak. 489 CHAPTER XLI. TRINCIPAL CITIES OF MICHIGAN. Lansing — Detroit — Grand Rapids — Adrian — Saginaw son, etc. • Bay City — Jacli- Lansing. — Tlic earlier and more evcntfal days of the state of !Micliigan were not identified with the city in wliich the cai)itol now stands, and we shall, therefore, turn aside from the usual course be- fore describing Lansing, to say a few words of the state and its early histor}', which otherwise might escape our recording pen. The Jesuits were the earliest settlers in Michigan, some French mis- sionaries having established themselves in the country as early as 1030. Thirty yens later they extended th^ir labors from Lake Huron to Lake iinrior, and other missions were successively established in 1668, .aid in 1671 the latter being the -Mccial labor of Father Marquette, whoso lame is identified w.tb Chicago and the earliest navigation of the Mi^^sissippi. 'i'hc llurons who were converted by the Jesuits v»ere destroyed ki subsequent assaults by the L'oquois; and the Indians generally hav- preserved but little of the religious spirit which their 'oachers .-uove to enforce. Trading posts were established in conn: uiding situations, and gar- risons of French soldiers wore concentrated on points which were likely to be most cfTeetive in preventing disorder or massacre. The nearness of Detroit to the French i <- .sions in Canada, led to a colony being formed there in IT"' , out the beauty of the position and its fitness as a commercial basis could not sustain the community against the enmity of the Iroquois and their allies. In sj ite of a fort and garrison, the colony languished, Pontiac sought to c\'i)el all the white settlers from Michigan after the conquest of Canada b;, the British, and the scheme came very near being successful. Tiie organization of the tcrritor}' of Mich- igan was elTected in the year 1805, and Detroit was then the seat of justice ; but many viehssitudes were endured during the war of 1812, and the population of the territory was so scanty in the iil'ti I 'i i ir' '1 ■i 1 Jl iV 41 li ' 490 T'ITTLe's CEyXENNIAL NORTHWEST. year 1820, tliat Micliigan and Wisconsin, then united in one gov- ernment, bad less iluui nine thousand souls collectively. Twelve years later, Michigan became the center of attraction for thousands of families which were anxious to discover locations adapted to settlement, as the steamboats on the lakes had opened new views of' life, and entirely new possibilities for the population, in the state which enjoyed sucli exceptional navigation of vast inland seas. There was an increase of inhabitants steadily progressing, until in 1834, there were ninety thousand persons in the territory, inoluding the Wisconsin district, and in the year 1837, Michigan was admitted to the union. The war record sho-vs that during the great rebellion, i^Iiehigan sent more than ninccy thousand men into the field to uphold the government and the great principle whieh was imperilled and vindicated by that struggle. Lansing is the capital of the state of Michigan, having been Icrmally constituted the seat of government in the year 1850, prior to which time that honor and advantage had been enjoyed by the city of Detroit. Lansing is a city, and is situated on the banks of the Grand river, at the point where that stream joins the Cedar river, in Ingham county, one hundred and ten miles north- west of Detroit. The original i)lans of the city have not been carried out, but enough has been effected in that direction to show t!;at Lai -inr will become the home of a great and enterprising community, i^s its development proceeds. The streets arc very broad, and they intersect each other at right angles, the breadth being availed of to plant rows of shade trees which have an excel- lent efiect upon the appearance of the city, which otherwise might seem much too s ;attered ; ..n outline drawing instead of a state capital. Tiic railroad communications of Lr.nsing are excellent. The Detroit, Lansirig and Lake Michigan llailroad here forms a junction with the I'eninsular road, and the Lansing Division of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Eailroad. There is a largo manufacturing interest here, and the water powers afforded by the two rivcis are largely used by several miMs. There are flouring mills, saw mills, chair factories, a woolen mill, and sash and blind factories, which employ a number of hands, and the commerce of the city is considerable. It is claimed by many of the foremost residents in Michigan, that the Massachusetts of the Principal Cities of Michigan. 401 one gov- Twclve [Iiousands [lap ted to lew views [n, in tlie |st inland jgrcssiiig, territoiy, Michigan fat, durinsr (sand men principle ing been ear 1850, n enjoyed |tcd on the 1 joins the iles nortli- ! not been >n to show iterprising 3 arc very breadth an excel- 'isc might of a state excellent. e forms a ivision of "here is a afforded riicre are und sash and the many of ts of the west will be located just liere, with Lansing for its capital, and the intellectual tone of the city favors that belief, although there arc some parts of Michigan where it would be pardonable if force •were used to make the schools and educational institutions, een- erally, of more immediate value to the population. There are two newspapers published in Lansing, and they are moderately ■well supported. The population in the year 1850 was a little over twelve hundred, and in 18G0 the census showed an increase to three thousand, the latest enumeration indicating an increase of nearly four thousand in twenty years. It is probable that the population of Lansing slightly exceeds seven thousand now. Among the public buildings the state house is the largest and by far the most handsome. It stands in an enclosure of ornamented grounds which are in the season much frequented by beauty and fashion. The capitol is spacious and well worthy of the highly important interests which will be d,alt with in its chambers. The location of the state capitol at Lansing was first mooted in 18-47, when a gentleman who owned considerable property on the Grand river, oflored to give twenty acres of land, and to erect the state buildings at his own cost, if the seat of government was established at this point. The proposition attracted so much atten- tion, that although the grant of land and buildings was not ac- cepted, the location was determined upon the same year hy an act of the legislature. At that time there was only one family where the city now stands, but immediately after the town was platted, and the intention of the state government became known, one thousand persons, many of them from Lansing in New York state, moved into the locality. The fact of so many of the settlers com- ing from Lansing, N. Y., determined the name of the state capital. The State Agricultural College is an ornament to Lansing, and it is a very valuable institution for all who are interested in the success of farming. The professors who are employed in this college deserve to rank among the foremost in the state, and as a rule the number of students indicates very high appreciation of the advantages which can be conferred by such an institution. There is a college for ladies exclusively in this city, and it is very numerously attended, ihe general appearan^-c of the students show- ing a very high standard of intellectuality. It would be difficult '}'[ y\ . '■■: I ;. I I ■ : s- 1 ''I lh 494 Tuttle's Centexntal Northwest. not died out in the hardy race. Tlio defeat of Tecumseli by Gen. Harrison, and the victory achieved over the British forces by that ofTicer, on the banks of the Thames in Canada, only a few miles from Detroit, caused the city to be evacuated without dehiy ; and the original mishap was lost sight of in the subsequent glorious conduct of our tnx^ps. The old state house, which fell into disuse when Lansing became the capital of Michigan, is now devoted to science, literature and the arts; and its latter days are better than the first. The custom house is a fine stone edifice, bi.it it is en- tirely eclipsed by the new city hall, the high t'.^'. er of wi.'ich is visited by almost every person that makes a sUiy in the city. The coup (Tceil is magnificent, and the panorama that could do justice to the scene of beauty, unrolled many hundreds of feet below the spectator, here in tlie charming river, there on the lake, then stretching away on the other side into the l^ritish dominion, here striking ofl by avenue, railwa}' and road toward the interior of the state, with all the princijial residences embowered in trees, and the populous streets thronged by the moving caravans of commerce, would offer to the contemplative mind the hcau vital of modern civilization. Having spoken with becoming praise of the intellectual tone of Detroit, it is but the corollary of that fact to say that the public school system is well nigh perfect. There are one hundred and twelve })ublic schools, all provided with suitable buildings, and the grading of these institutions has been attended to with great success. The people have much cause to be proud of those establishments, but the statistics of education reveal the unhappy truth that a large per centagc of the children of school age in the city are not partakers in the training pro- vided for their advantage. The number of enrolled scholars is a little over eleven thousand, the children who should attend aggre- gating about twenty-seven thousand. There arc one hundred and fifty teachers engaged in the work. During the ten years ending in 1870, the population of Detroit increased from 45,619 to 79,577, consequently, considering the ra])id growth which has marked the community during the time which has since elapsed, it is safe to assume that tlie city has now a population of fully one hundred thousand. The number and elegance of the churches in this place furnish a never failing theme for comment. PnmciPAL Cities of MicnioAy. 495 by Gen. [s by that ew miles 'la}' ; aiul glorious Jito disuso [evoted to tter than it is en- wi-'ich is Uie city, coil 1(1 do Is f)f feet the lake, dominion, le interior 1 in trees, iravans of beau idtal ? praise of f that fact :t. Tliere ided with ! has been 1 cause to education ; children iiing pro- olars is a 11(1 an"irre- hnndrcd :cn years m 45,G19 'hich has elapsed, of fully churches There arc splendid facilities here for railroad travel and tralRc, and of course, the river and lake are alike available for commerce. The eastern terminus of the Michigan Central railroad, and of the Detroit and Milwaukee railroad are here, the freight depot of the first named company being a supcu'b establishment. The north- ern terminus of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the western terminus of the Grand Trunk railroad of Canada being also here, there are unrivalled opportunities for passengers and commerce. Detroit is the port of entry and the seat of justice for Wayne county. The commercial importance of the citv ap- pears upon an inspection of its imports and exports, the latter includ- ing grain, wool, pork, and copper ore, and the tonnage of enrolled and licensed vessels in the year 1871, aggregated more than .sev- enty-eight thousand tons, the clearances for that showing a total of 90-1,778 tons. The city is well lighted with gas, and the water supply is obtained from the river by a steam engine which deliv- ers it to a large hydraulic reservoir, from whence the city pipes are fed. The steam fire department is very effective, and the system of signals worked in the city, enables the people to locate the cause of every .alarm within a few doors at farthest. The benevolent institutions of Detroit include the House for the Friendless, the Industrial School, the Orphan Asylum, and three hospitals, the Harper, the Marine Hospital and St. Mary'.s. The Industrial School gatliers in all tlie vagrancy and rags among the juveniles of the city, and the little ones arc fed once every day and being taught to mend their clothe?, and make new garments, as well as to read, write and sin'j. The amount of good effected by such means is so great, that the expense of the operation is a mere bagatalle by comparison. Detroit has many ideas which are worthy of being copied. There are thirty newspapers, magazines and peri(jdicals ])ublished in the city, many of the papers jiosses- The manufacturing enterprise of Detroit is de- smg great merit. veloped in the manufacture of iron machinery of all kinds, loco- motives, window .sashes and blinds, leather and leather ware, fur- niture of the best kinds, lumber, lager, and iron and bra,ss works of every kind. Tlvere is one largo establishment in the city de- voted to the manufacture of iron from the ores which are shipped to this point ivom lake Superior, whore extensive mines are being iii'i ll' ' 1'! 1 " ' I' iJ li I' 1 ., Il I !i 11 !;; ,!■' ll^ Li^^i 1 L 1^1 496 TuTTU'fs CeSTESSIAL XoiiTinVEST. woi'lvod ; and nidrc than $2,000,000 worth of cci)pcr from tlie same range of country is annually smelted into ingot (;o{)i)er in Detroit. WJicn the French, in 1070, first erected a fort on the site now occupied by the city, the country around was occui)icd by Indian villages, the Ottawas, the Pottawattamios, and the IIu- rons, but when the Hurons had been converted by the Jesuits, that tribe was neai'ly destroyed and wholly scattered by the Iroquois. "When Canada was conquered from the French the British forces took possession of the fort in 1700, and after the close of the revolutionary war, Great Britain made many excuses for holding the fort until 1790, thirteen years after the delivery should have been made. There was then a village around the fort, and that had become a town in 1805, when a great fire de- stroyed almost every vestige, and a new plan was adopted in platting the elegant city which is now known as Detroit. Gr.\>'1) Hai'IDS. — This is a city which is very rapidly devel- oping, as its manufactures increase daily, its commerce is large, its railroad connections are very complete, and the citizens generally are wavy enterprising peo[)le. Kent county has its seat of justice in Grand liapids, and tiie population cannot be less than twenty- two thousand, upon the most moderate e.<>timato. ^n the year 1800, this little settlement on the banks of Grand river, had only about eight thousand people, and during the ten years next ensu- ino:, its numbers had increased to 10,507. The lines of railroad which are connected with Grand Rapids are the Detroit and Mil- waukee, the Grand Ivapids and Indiana, which crosses the river at this point conticcting this city with Kalamazoo and the north- ern parts of Michigan, besides whicli, a branch of the Michigan Central, connects this center of industry with the cities of Char- lotte and Jackson. Grand Rapids stands cast of Grand Haven, distant about thirty-two milcs,and it is fort^'-nine miles from Kala- mazoo. There arc eight newspapers published in the city, and the tone of the press is metropolitan. The rapids of Grand river probably suggested the establishment of lumber works at this point, forty miles from the mouth of the river, and the city has grown up rapidly on both banks. The stream is about nine hun- dred feet wide at the location of the city, and numerous works are m Principal Cities of Miciiiqan. i97 established where the current ean be turned to account as motive ]iowcr for flouring mills, foundries and saw mills. Small steamers run on the river above thj rapids to Lyons at a distance of fifty miles, and larger vessels connect with Grand Haven, tlif; city of sandhills, whence larger steamers cross the lake in every direction to Milwaukee, Chicago, and elsewhere. There are very handsome and commodious busmess premises in the city of Grand llapids, the bustle in its .streets, and the amount of capital invested in manufactures, alike testifying to the vast capabilities of its mer- cantile population. Persons arriving at this point from Grand Haven are very favorably impressed by the contrast whieli is abruptly presented. The streets are quite wide and in moder- ately good repair, but (Ires, which have several times attacked the city, will cause the quantity of Itiniber used for building purposes to decrease every year, the more especially as large quantities of building stone are quarried in the neighborhood. Lumber is one of the chief exports from Grand llapids, and gypsum or land plas- ter, as it is more frequently called, is procured here in considerable quantity. I'uilding stone, and lime which can be manufactured here, also figure among the shipments, assisting to make an im- mense aggregate of wealth conveyed by the river and the roads. There arc salt springs in this neighborhood, which produce a bushel of salt from every twenty-nine gallons of water, and the minimum of chemical impurities which are found in the manufac- ture place the .valine springs of this locality almost on a par with the larger and more numerous springs of the same kind in Kan- sas, considerably above the average of the sources of salt supply in Great Britain. The excellent quality of the article, and the nearness of the supply, causes quite a demand for this salt in Chicago, for packing purposes, and the manufactories increase their activity' continually. The Grand river flows throneh one of -the best timbered see- tions of the state of Michigan, and the lumber trade of Grand Rapids is the center of supply for an immense area, as all the means which facilitate easy and .profitable handling of immense masses of timber, and converting theai into the forms best adapted to serve the purposes of builders, are here jiossessed in perfection. So large i? the range of country from which supplies are pro- 33 ^•4\ '■A ; U i!' '1 'If' 'i" '\ m 408 TuTTLffs Ckstessial Xortuw'kst. cured, that it is claimed, iipiiaiciitly on a sound basis, tliat tlic reproductive powers of nature are fully c(iual to all the drain yet made u[)oii its resources, the young timber springing up all tlio more rapidly where the clearings are made, and speedily attain- ing such pr(»portions as will in a few years make it ■ ,i!uable for lumber of some kinds. The city is well endowed with churches, no less than fourteen of various capacity and orders of architec- ture, being now in good working order, and two other ediTices are projected. Three of the churches arc really hanu.iome buildings, and all of them taken togetiier arc suiricieutly commodious to meet the demand for church sittings in this locality. l''or Grand llapids, like many other plac's where the lumbrriii"- interests are large, confirms the idea that, as a class, lumbL 'iiuii are not the most strict in the observance of the Sabbath, no; tiie most steady in their vi.sits to the house of prayer. AVhethcr this arises from the business itself or from the natural tendencies of the men who generally follow this business, we leave the reader to decide for himself. '^I'lic city of (rrand Rapids was first settled in the year 1803, but there were only a few scattered residences to accommodate workmen and employers until the year L830, when the growing demands for luuiber indicated the permanency of the works upon tlie river banks, and a village was accordingly platted. In the year 1850, the population and the pro.spects of the place had made such advances, that the town was incorporated as a city, and its growth since that period has gone on in an increas- ing ratio. The city is now supplied with water from the river, and the supply can be increased sufiiciently to meet the wants of a population of one hundred thousand. The fire de- partment is vcr}' effective, and the best machinery is available for the rescue of life and property, as well as for the extinction of flames when a contlagration occurs. The site of the city is pronounced very favorable to health, a consideration of moment, in a state which has the reputation of being able to sup])l3' chills and fever for a continent;. Grand Rapids is lighted with gas, and the number and completeness of its hotels give it preeminence over most cities in western MiehiKan. V ' hospitable habitations of Adrian carry witli them remembran.;es of hearty welcome, and intellectual delight, whicli will not readily die. The number of churches in Adrian and I iio splendor of many of those edifices are marked features in the locality. The I^Iethodist Episcopal church is perhaps the hand- somest, as certainly it i.s the largest in the city, but where so many other buildings of the same kind arc beautiful, it seems invidious to make distinctions. College life gives a tone to Adrian society, and contributes largeh^ to the elegance of its social circles, as many of the professors and their families arc leaders of ion, v;ith- out in any sen.se derogating from their scholarly attainments, and with a manifest gain in their capacity to communicate to others a knowledge of the methods by which they have mounted the eminences of Parnassus. There are three newspapers in Adrian, and they are generally liigli tonod and well sustained. One of the dailies has a lady for associate editor, and the raciness ! PjiixciPAL Cities of Michigan/ 501 ^g freshets 1S53, the bearing its [e as iiship- Ick raisers, lopcncd the well as to [, witli the prably after lation iscer- "acturing or the pcoi)le. ;u and well e as well as men of ex- commercia] ajs are laid s, wliieli are :e of wooded of the intn'e t to I'leeity, ;ver so brief II earrj with ual delight, s in Adrian .1 features in ps tlic hand- icre so many ns invidious rian society, d circles, as >f (on, vnih- attainments, nunicate to vc mounted A'spapers in I sustained, the raciness of its style, the courage with which its opinions arc expressed, and the earnestness with which the journal enters into questions of tiio day, give to the columns of that paper vast influence with the reading public, and as an almost inevitable consequence a commanding claim upon advertisers, v.'bich mokes the commer- cial success of the undertaking one of the certainties, The popu- lation found in Adrian at the time of the last census in 1870, was just 8,438, and it may be safely assumed that it now exceeds ten thousand souls. The public buildings of the city are substantial, and the edifice which is devoted to collegiate pursuits commands the attention of travelers for many miles before they reach Adrian, so effective and so well placed is that architectural fea- ture, amid the beautiful surroundings of the place. Doubtless the elegance of that edifice has had some influence in elevating the style of the private residences here, which attracts the atten- tion of all observant visitors. The supply of water in Adrian is ample, and the city is illuminated with. gas. The opera house is very commodious, and during winter is largel}^ employed for lec- tures and other entertainments of an intellectual character, which customarily repay the promoters in a financial point of view as well as otherwise. Theatrical performances are on ]y occasional in the city, but when first class performers visit that locality, they are tolerably sure of an appreciative public, and the distance from Chicago, only two hundred and eleven miles, broken by many ex- cellent stopping places en route, secures quite a large share of all the best entertainments of every season for a place situated little more than three hours journey from Detroit, and only thirty- three miles from Toledo. The railroad station at Adrian is a point of junction for many lines r.nd the area covered by the iron roads, the depots which accommodate the large traffic, and the worksliops occupied by the employes of the companies arc very extensive. The amount of capital em[)loyed in the several flour- ing mills and manufactories along the river banks is considerable, and the hands employed in such cntcrj)riscs, added to those who depend upon the railroads for their support, make up a large item in the industrial population centered here, which supports tlie local trade. Farming enterprise has of late years been direct- ed largely into fruit growing, and in the season there are few I ■ ! &, I /■!!:r| r ■■ ' 1 RWBSBIBWHH MM ^ mi ^ m^ xdOimiii' Httliil § !' «-v: 502 TuTTLE's CeNTEKNIAL NuiiTIlWEST. ,>lf fill! ■' .«( cities in tlic state in which a per.-^on inclined for such enjoyment can more advantageously share in the gifts of Pomona. The school system in Adrian is excellent, the schools are well graded, and taken for all in all, there are not many cities in ^Michigan bet- ter adapted for the residence of families. Sagixav; is a city of considerable promise, situated on the banks of the river of the same name, which is formed in Saginaw county by the confluence of the Shiawassee river with Flint river, forming a navigable stream, which, flowing north, connects this city with lake Huron and the lake system generally. The dis- tance to lake Huron is only about twenty-four miles, and the ■wide, deep stream is traversed by fine steamers which convey pas- sengers and the more valuable kinds of freight to the busy center. Heavier and less valuable freights have their appropriate menus of dispatch b^'the same river, and the stream being navigable for at least six miles above the town, there will be, in the course of a few years, a still wider extension of the populated area. The river Saginaw, with its numerous tributaries, drains a largo pro- portion of the lower area of the peninsular state, and the country, which is watered by the many branches of the stream, comprises some of the best timbered and most fertile lands in Michigan. Agricultural pursuits flourish in every part of the surrounding country, and the city, which is the natural as well as the com- mercial center for an im-nense population, must expand into very great proportions. The city is the seat of justice for Saginaw county, and the buildings necessary for the tran.saction of county business are very creditable edifices, althou^di unlike most of the public buildings in some states, they do n<™]emind one of the Parthenon at a very considerable distance. The city stands in the township of the same nominaUg||, so that river, county, town- ship and city, are all Saginaw. Tljo lumber trade in this region is very extensive, as the presence of timber, water power, labor, capital and inventive skill cdfibine to afford facilities here for that line of business which can hardly be excelled in the world, and when the trees have been converted from the rude beauty in which they adorn the forest, to tlr grooved and planed plank of commerce, which may make the walls of the farm house, or the { :i Pjiixcii'jL Cities of Michigan. 503 flooring for a palace, there are unrivaled facilities for the convey- ance of the manufactured article to whatever points may afford the best market, without incurring the expense of railroad traflic. There are other very important industries which are prosecuted here, and the river will afford motive power and dyn, .lical force for an almost illimitable extension. Tliere may come a time when force will be made so cheap, that the velocity of a flowing stream will be of no account, except as a means for the supply of local demands; but the time is yet distant, and the population of Saginaw will have many opi)ortunities to grow rich, before the latent suggestion of science, the uriiization of wave power on every shore of oceans and seas, and the natural outflow of tliat sutjures- tion, the erection of works to employ wave power everywhere, will make it no longer necessary for man to start the sweat drop iipon his brow, except in directing his multifarious agents to their work. Tiie time will come, of course, when the waves in their unceasing beat, as well as the tides and the winds in their courses, must severally do the bidding of man, and in that confidence we quote the words of the poet, "Still may it wave." There arc many flouring mills here, which are employed by the vast sup- plies of grain, which require to be converted into the form best adapted to meet the demands of graminivorous man. This branch of enterprise is decidedly on the increase, as many of the mills arc increasing their powers considerablv, and there are some new works being started which will employ numercv h-inds in that busine-^s.. The quality of the product shipped fron this port will have the effect of still further increasing the demand for Saginaw flour. Planing mills are numerous and extensive, and a very large aggregate of capital is employed in this department of in- dustry, which supports quite a consi' in findinf' [ion in Lake lis continent rs of Lake li's^s variety. [City a fiords farmers as a ty can cfTeet \y in sending Ijrnand, to in- tlic carrying nd the Jack- of sliipments n ascend the e margin of nduce forms Lumber is nd the busi- robable that tiire will be c toilers on the county, ity, and tlie 111, however merous and ' one-half of id although those in tho public schools slill fall far short of the number which should re- ceive daily instruction and training. It is not easy to see how this can be remedied, but it is imperative that every good man and woman should consider the fact of paramount importance. There are several churches in Bay City, and the orders of archi- tecture are not of a kind to demand special notice, but the services therein are marked by deep earnestness among all classes, and the attendance is good. There are live newspapers published here, representing the views and interests of the whole county. Jackson is a very handsome city, and the scat of rdministra- tion for Jackson county, being situated on the banks of Grand river, which intersects the county, flowing from east lo west, through the northern area. The Michigan Centi'al Eailroad runs along the course of the Grand river, intersecting tho Michigan Southern, the Fort "Wayne, Jackson and Saginaw, and the Jack- son, Lansing and Saginaw railroads at this point, just seventy-six miles west of Detroit, and two hundred and eight miles east of Chicago. The population of Jackson city and county have in- creased very rapidly of late years, and the exceptional richness of the soil of the county, ndiich is being very rapidly taken up for agricultural purposes, will continue to compel growth in every relation. The Grand river aflords exceedingl}- valuable water powers, which are to some extent improved, but in the year 1870, the total value of manufactures for the whole county was under four thousand dollars. There are several flouring mills and otlier works located on the banks of the river, and there is good i-eason for believing that Jackson will now make very rapid progress. In the year 1860, the population was only -±,700, and within ten years the increase had brought up the numbers to 11, -1-17, but tlie vast acceleration of growth within the five years which have since elapsed must have brought the population up to twenty thousand souls, if not far beyond that point. The railroad depot in Jack- son, which is the site of so man}' intersections, as we have seen, is a very extensive building, containing telegraph oflices, the pas- senger depot, with very extensive accommodations for persons waiting for the cars, very handsome refreshment saloons, baggage departments, book stalls, and every convenience that foresight ••i.H iSBSB flf^ h'l-'a 2 ■ fl y t.-l •Ul :'fe 608 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. could suggest for the benefit of travelers. The traffic and travel along these lines is simply immense, as nearly all the railroad business of the state, from Grand Haven to Detroit, seems to pass through Jackson city. The school system in Jackson is well car- ried out by a board of able men, well qualified for the discharge of such onerous duties, and the teachers, who administer the ad- mirably graded institutions of this locality, arc well adapted to their several departments, but when all that has been said, we arc still confronted by the unwelcome fact that the attendance is far below the number which should be seen. Hardly one-half of the children of any city in the union, at this day, can be induced to attend .school with such regularity as will secure valuable re- sults; and many of those who are in regular attendance pursue their studies perfunctorily, if that can properly be called pursuit, which is in reality only tame acquiescence in a prescribed course. When Martin Luther and his classmates, the Minnesingers, were compelled to sing in the German streets, to procure the means to live, while they studied day after day, there was earnestness and holy zeal in their childish voices, which came afterwards out into the broad sunlight, in their manly and noble lives; but our boys and j-ls, lapped in luxuries, of which these grand souls never dreamed, feel that they have "Come to tliis world as a gcutlcmau comes, To apiutmcnls ready furnished," and it hardly beseems them to be in earnest about education, although the priceless jewel in their heads must fall into almost utter worthlcssness, without proper and continuous labor. Per- haps the low rate of remuneration wdiich is customarily bestowed upon tutors and professors in this country is one reason why children arc so lax in their studies. The girls have more zeal than the boys, because their gentler natures incline toward culti- vation ; but the boys know how small are the salaries paid to the very best talent procurable in schools, and they arc not tempted to embrace a pursuit which offers remuneration .=:o meager. It would be a wise expenditure on our part if every salary were doubled from this hour, and the fact made known that every man and woman in the community, and every boy and girl now grow- PnrsciPAL CiTiiJs of MwiiiaAN. 509 nd travel i railroad [lis to pass well car- disci laro'c o cr the ad- daptcd to n said, we [endance is ne-half of e induced al liable ro- ll cc pursue ed pursuit, bed course. [ngcrs, were ic means to cstncss and Irds out into ut our boys souls never education, into almost ;djor. Per- y bestowed oason why more zeal ward culti- paid to the ut tempted n eager. It salary were every man now grow- ing up under the system, might enter into competitive examina- tions from time to time, to prove their fitness for the task of tuition, with the certainty that the most able would carry off prizes worth winning in the battle of life. Every youth would strive then to press to the front for the rich rewards which would wait upon special fitness, and in the honor thus bestowed upon learning, society at large must be in every way the gainer. The best tal- ents would be engaged in tuition, and the very poorest would be stimulated to better work than can bo expected now, under a sys- tem which grinds the face of the teacher, and gives to him or her no inore pay than barely sufTices to keep body and soul tojiether. Time was, and that not more than three centuries and a half ago, when education led the way to the highest offices in the state among our ancestors, and Cardinal Wolscy was one of the latest fruits of that system, which brought men of comprehensive intel- lects to the front, giving them prominence in both churcii and state ; but education of the better sort is being divorced from state- craft, until it is a most unusual thing to discover among our lead- ing men the bright intellects which illumine th*^ world. Who would not be surprised if James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell llolmes, or Ralph Waldo Emerson should be offered as candidates for high olficc? Yet no man doubts that when supreme fitness becomes the test, just such men will be sought in their retreats and compelled to assume such responsibilities. Pericles was a philosopher, as well as a warrior and statesman. Socrates repre- sented his. people as a legislator before he figured as a soldier, and before anybody suspected that the wondrous sculptor had within that plain but marvellously endowed head the faith and the intel- lect which would raise him to the Christian level as a teacher of mankind and a martyr to his constancy in adoring the unknown God. The days must come again when learning and true fitness shall be the passport to every high position, and when that under- standing shall have been well established in the minds of the community, there will be no difiiculty in bringing to our schools ninety-nine oiie-hundredths of all the children of school age. We have "muzzled the ox which treadeth out the corn," and we won- der that there are not crowds of competitors for his ill-requited toil. We starve our scholars, while our quack medicine vendors WWW 610 TuTTLE's CESTKNyiAL NoRTinVliST. .!!:.:-:. m grow wealdiy, ami are lioiiored, and tlicii wo are surprised to discover that tlie rising generation i|iiit sc-Iiool with eager haste, to become quacks. The inventor of some ingenious machine, wliicli will abridge the toil of the laundress, may reap his reward in an ohl age in the lap of hixury ; but the scliool ma'am must pintih every day of her life, if she would avoid in the decline of her well spent vigor a jiraetical illustration '^f the afTccting lino, "Over the hills to the poor house." Our nostrum for remedying all the existing carelessness to school is, simply to increase the honors and emoluments of the school ma'am, and of her bettor paid male competitor, until they have no longer to endure the whims and caprices of the jicoplo, among whom they "board round," until they can afford to wear the insignia of comfort and competence, and can a (lord to surround thern.selves with the best books and thoughts of the world's greatest tneii. It has been said with truth, that, " The hnud tlmt rocks the crndle Ih the liand I hat moves the world, " and the motlior's influence cannot be underrated by a nation, with- out such loss as will speedily reduce its.gi-oatness to zero ; but the best mother has so many duties to perform that she is always ready to welcome the assistance which a well graded school affords, for the cflicient discharge of her onerous task. The re- muneration given to teachers in the city of Jackson, and through- out the county of which it is the seat, is not smaller than in the average of cities of the same size in Michigan, but everywhere throughout the state, intellect engaged in tuition is too nieagcrly rewarded, and throughout the whole union an improvement in that respect will be found advantageous to our national d(!volop- nicnt. There is a seminary for young women in Jackson, which is of exceptional worth, and it is tolerably well sustained by the long suffering and ill-paid class for which it is intended. AVo hojio to sec the dav when such seminaries will be the cynosure of all eyes in the community, and when for every woman and for every man, scholastic training will be the wise beginning of long lives of culture, from which must come brighter achiovemonts in science and mechanics, lovelier forms of poetic thought, and a better ca- pacity generally to sec the world as it is, in all its irradiating PuixciPAL Cities of Wmcuxsiy. ill glorj, as well as to make the most of its conditions. Tlie slate penitentiary is located in Jackson, and willun its walls are found iiundreds of hard cases that have graduated outside of the school house, to become a charge upon society as criininuls and ruffians, or as [11 isoiiors all their lives. We establish hygienic regulations at our jiurts for the prevention of the chance of in[ection reaching our children and ourselves from over sea. Personal liberty is a myth where our quarantine regulations are brought into opera- tion, aiul it iimst some day be perceived that we are allowing a far worse virus to aflect whole '.asses of our popuhition, because we are over .scrupulous about personal rights. The churches are numerous and very beautiful in Jackson ; indeed, the whole city is very handsome and well laid out; the streets, business prem- ises, churches and opera house .Uumiuated with gas, and well .supplied with water, which gushes fortli in fountains before the residences of the wealthy, making their green swards a delight to the eyes of the passers by. We have .seen that tip' population of th.e city in 1800 was 4,709, and within ten years it increa.sed to lljiil, consequently it is not diflicultto credit the assumption that at the present time the city has twenty thousand inhabitrjits. The highly improved soil of the count}^ supplies an immense amount of agricultural produce for shipment at Jackson, creating a large local trade, which will be increased every year by more rapidly developing manufactures, until Jackson must become a metropo- lis of a vast area. There are six newspaprcs published in the city, and two of them arc very ably conducted. CHAPTEll XLI.I. PRINCIPAL CITIES 01' WISCONSIN. ]\Iiulison — Milwaukee — Racine — Fond ilu Lac — Oshkosh — .lanesvillc. ^Madisox is the cajjital of the state of Wisconsin, and the seat of justice for Dane county. The spot selected for this twofold purpose is singularly beautiful, being an isthmus, all but sur- '' wm^fuamuumik M I! it 111 vm^m^. r >l if' 1 ,-t 512 Ti'rri.K's CnxTKyxiAL Xoimm'KST. rouiul(.'(l Ijy the /our lakes, known as Mcu(li)ta, Monona, Wan- bcsu and Kcgon.'^a. The lakes are also known under a nnnier- ical nuincnclatnre, not nearly so euphonious as the native luune.s given above. Fouitli lak(>, or Mendota, is nine miles long by six wide, ranging in some parts from fifty to seventy feet in depth. This lake is l)y far the largest, and the .shores are of white gravel, whieh can be seen throuLih the translueent water at eonsiderable di.stancc.s from the beaeli. The lake next in sisie is the Third lake, or Monona, whieh is more than five miles long l)y about two miles in width. 'JMic other two lakes arc oaeli about three miles in length, by two in breadth, and the beauty of thaieeno which they eidianee is not surpassed^by the site of any capitl|(,'ity in the uni(;n. The surroundings of the valley, in wliieli tl,|L;ity stands well nigb encompasseil by the several lakes, arc dWant hills, from whicli the capitol and the well formed streets whieh start from that point as a eommon ecnter, and the university on an eminence to the west of the city, constitute a very charming picture, elegantly set in the framework of lakes and groves." The isthmus on wdiich the city stands is only about three-quarters of a mile across, but it has been so well covered by streets and buildings, that the space .seems more considerable. The streets are broad and well formed, the sidewalks being mostly of wood, but in some portions of the city stone has been used for side- walks, with much advantage in appearance as well as in durabd- ity. The best view that can be obtained of the city is from the tower of the capitol, whence a series of panoramic views unfolds to the artistic eye a vision of loveliness which no dream of earth and water, tree and sky can jiossibly excel. Tlie public build- ings of the city are very fine, but of course the capitol is a long way ahead of all competitors, the court house being commodious rather than bcautifid, and the post ofTice, one of the type of buildings with which a general dispenser of such favors from Washington has very plentifully dotted the country, accommo- dates the pursuit of letters below stairs, while the upper .stories are devoted to the United States district court and to various ofTi- ces connected witli the general government. The court house is a county structure, and the first floor is devoted to the accommo- dation of county oflicials, the second floor being ajipropriated for % i I ■'-4 \v 111- iiumcr- imiiies by six (Icptli. grave], Milor.iblo lie Thinl |iy ill)' lilt it tlil't'O Lll( 'Clio l>ii||f'ity tljILity dWaiit :3tr- which ersity on clianning vcs." Tlic uart(,'i'.s (i[ roots and he streets of \V0(k1, for siilc- 1 (lurab'l- froiu the s unfolds I of cartli lie build- is a long amodious ! type of ■ors from iceomnio- •er stories rious ofTi- house is lecommo- riated for h 'P!^ i| 'I'/'l^)^ .*«■ '♦ ;.:■!;>?'' 'H !j ■ 'i 111 !l»i 111'' Principal Cities or Wiscoxsix. 513 court purposes and to tlio ante rooms and ofTicos inculcntal to such business. The county jail forms part of the same inchisure, but of course there has been no attempt to malaih are of excellent (piality, and are exported to ail the principal cities of the union, whore fashion and their fine texture have made them acceptable. Perhaps it would have been more in order to have commenced by giving the bearings of the city, but the name which it bears would still have required elucidation at a later stage, unless an item of history so interesting was to be overlooked (jutircly. We come now to treat of the general features of the metropolis of Wisconsin, the largest city in the state by un immense disparity, and the nineteenth city Principal Cities of Wiscoxsix. 517 in the union. Milwaukee is built on both sides of the river of the same name, which runs for a considerable distance, almost pa'-allel with the lake shore on the western side of Lake Michigan, the river coming in from the north, and being joined by the Menomonce river about ha^f a mile from the point where it pours its waters into the lake. The embouchure of the river, with the aids alTordod by engineering skill, lias given to Milwaukee one of the best, if not the best altogether, of all the harbors on the system of lakes, and in consequence ^rilwaukce is the best primary wheat market in the world. A member of the board of trade in the Cream City who has seen the board room crowded day after day by an excited mass of men while the operations of a "corner" have been worked out, says that "for courage and foresight, the men who form that body can compare favorably with their wealthier fellow gamblers, the gold board in New York cit}'." The amounts moved and the accruing profits are not so large as in the gold board of course, but the sums involved are very con- siderable ; and Milwaukee owes much of its wealth to the move- ments of the capitalists who at high noon and at three P. !^^. every day, save Sunday's and holidays, assemble in their spacious })remises to handle the staff of life, and to deal in vvcry other of the staple products of the soil. Large fortunes have been made and lost by individuals in the transactions under the (v;ji6 of that institution, but the general result is on the whole good for society. In connection with this brief reference to "longs" and "shorts,"' and without glancing further at the mysteries of "seller the month," it will be well to mention here ti-it Mdwaakee is es- pecially endowed with "elevators," those "..graceful but very valuable aids of commerce, of which we appended a description to our sketch of Chicago. The Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Co. have an elevator, one among many in the city, which v/ill hold one million five hundred thousand bushels ; and many of the other buildings of the same kind in private hands are immense. New York allows herself to be beaten in such matters, not only by Chicago but by the cities which are competing with her as })oints of shipment for Europe ; but the city of Milwaukee maintains ti steady course which will not be distanced by the general run of competitors. In the year 1862, the receipts of wheat and Hour, l! 518 Tcttle's Cextenxial NoRTinVES-^ 111 •• \ tm f'ii calculated as wheat, amounted to 18,000,000 bushels; and three years later the exports from the city and port aggregated 13,250,- 000 bushels. The storage provided is ample to deal with much greater quantities. During the year 1872, the imports to Mil- waukee from foreign ports amounted in value to §180,003, and the money value of the exports during the same year reached the vast aggregate of $1,464,972. Facilities for shipment in ^lilwau- kee are as good as can be desired for the present, and the expan- sive power which exists among the quiet, easy going citizens of the half German metropolis, will suffice to meet all the contin- gencies of growth. The city is eighty-five miles from Chicago, lying north by west from the vaster metropolis with which it is connected by first class railroads. The city is the terminus of the Milwaukee and Northern Eailroad ; of the La Crosse Division, and the Prairie du Chien Division, of the Milwaukee and St. Paul ; of the Western Union ; and of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad; besides being the head quarters of numerous powerful and commodious steamers, wnich, as long as the lakes are open, convey passengers and freight to all the principal ports. The harbors are commodious as well as safe, and accidents are com- paratively rare among vessels which have made their way from the bosom of the vast lake into the more sheltered waters of the estuary and river. Milwaukee is the port of entry, and the county seat for the county of the same name; but in the broad interests of its commercial importance, local politics are relegated to very small circles, during the greater portion of the year. Milwaukee was first settled in the year 1835, and its name very properly was taken from the native appellation nearly similar in sound, signifying " fertile or beautiful land." For very many years it was \('.vy slow in development, but those who came into the locality remained. Men could live in plenty upon very small earnings, and put by something for the future. Lumber came in abundantly, and where the spacious and elegant operahou.se now stands near the river in Oneida street were numerous workshops, in which cabinet makers were busily engaged in preparing furni- ture for the citizens. Numbers of ti,c workmen .so cngag';d had for their ultimate purpose, settlement upon the beautiful lands which were waiting only "to be tickled with a ho.', i^) laugh with a bar- PniNciPAL Cities or Wiscoxsiy. 619 I ii SI vest." When tlic workmen had earned a few hundred dollars, they would carry their purpose so far into eil'oct that lliey would locate a farm, build a log hut for their wives and families, lay in a small store of necessaries, fence and plant their holding, or part of it, as the case might be, and then return alone to the city to earn the means for the further prosecution of tlicir design, divid- ing their labors thus until the time came when their toilfully acquired and improved farms would profitably occupy all their time, and the labor of their families. Many of the best farms near the city of Milwaukee were procured by jr.st such safe and praise- worthy operations. When settlers came west, bent upon agricul- tural pursuits only, they were ready to give high valuations for the lands clearc!], i^ .icci] and planted, by the mechanic farmers, andthereupcr ' ■ ■ .;;e.u',-d out ata considerable profit, moved fur- ther afield, tool' i'.. '.iger farms with better capital and increased experience, fnd uli . •,; men of property, a kind of landed aristoc- racy on a small scale, or still better, " A bold pcii.santry their country's prklc, Which ouce destroyed can never be supplied." In that way Milwaukee increased its own importance, by .spread- ing its resources in reproductive labor over the surrounding coun- try, but the growth of the city was so slow, that it was not until the year IS-iG, eleven years after the first settlement, that the place had become sufiicicntly great to warrant incorporation. Col. Juneau, who was identified with the earliest movements of settlers, is still borne in mind by surviving pioneers, for the gen- erous and liberal aid which he gave to every step which promi.sed to incease the importance of the town, long before it was sup- posed that Milvvaukc'^ .vould become such a metropolitan city as it now is. The fine water powers of the rivers were improved by the establishment of flouring mills, saw mills and maimfactories, ferries were made available, connecting the two sides of the settle- ment, where there were yet no bridges over the river, and some of the best families in the modern city owe the foundations of their wealth to such enterprise. In four years from the date of incorpor- ation, that is to say in the year 1850, the pojMdation had increased to neaily tvrenty thousand persons, and from that time growth Ml iJ 520 TuTTLifs Centennial Northwest. ^ilifW \'.'h m became more ra))id. The ten years wliicli elapsed before tlic cen- sus of ISGO was taken, witnessed an increase to more than forty- five thousand, and in the year 1870, tlie latest authentic record showed a total of 71,450 souls. Considering how rapid has been the growth of Milwaukee since that date, it is safe to assume that it now contains one hundred thousand inhabitants, with as fair pros- pects of continued prosperity as any other city in the union. It is generally settled among casual talkers, that ^Nfilwaukcc is half Ger- man ; but in I'cality, the proportion of that element of the pojjula- tion is not so great, unless the consumption of lager is tlic test of na- tionality, in wiiich case it would be safe to say that three-fourths of the families are very German indeed. Figures are said to be the most deceptive factors in any calculation, except facts ; but when all that has been said, figures alone can help us to niaster the items in a census, so that we are entitled to give them some atten- tion. Figures show that in the year 1870, the native born ele- ments in the population i>f ^Milwaukee, aggregated 37,007, and the sum total of foreigners of every nationality, including Eng- lish, Tvish, Welsh, Scotch, French, German, Sclavonian and Dutch, among others too numerous to be particularized, only amounted to 33,773, of which the German element numbered 22,599. The Germans are good colonists ; when the}' come, they come to stay, and they find themselves surrounded by institu- tions which are in many respects an improvement upon the older forms and customs which they have left liehind them, in every sense. They arc readers and thinkers, with a very high regard for scholarship and learning; they love mnsie even bett(?r tlian pretzels, lagel" an4 snuer krmit ; they are law abiding and hospit- able, nnd only lllDsb ^IliJ llavu lived among them for years can appreciate the extent to which the domestic virtues are cultivated in their families, j'jven wlieli innler the inllucnce of lager, just en route from the hifr gartfti, YidUx or (Jarl is a good fellow, and a pleasant companion, us coniiiared with liis neigliboj' wliojins fillnd himself with bad whisky, and other sileh violent Iii(m.• PiusTivAL Cities of Wisconsin. 621 lilic ccn- 111 forty- )iiiaii and i/x'd, only ' numbered :;omc, tlicy by institu- 1 tlie older I, in every igli regard letter than md iiospit- ycars can cultivated lagcr, jijsl; low, and a I liiiH (iljnd *'\\\\iA. it, lUgli with will be I'c- wcr of the liquor, is also enliglitning tlio minds of tlio better informed, until it has be- come unfashionable to drink to excess, and many of the foremost intellects of the age are identified with the belief that the use of alcoholic stimulants in any form can be dispensed with by tlio whole human family, with manifest advantage. Lagcr, in that aspect, is a doomed item of consumption. It will die out like that abominable snufl: which used co discolor the noses of our an- cestors until within the last half century, and we may hope that it will carry with it to oblivion, all forms of nicotian abomination, such as wc find ruining digestion, poisoning breath, and making roadways barely passable, for those who think that God's foot- stool was not primarily meant to be a spittoon. The blufTs which ovcrl(K)k the rivers and the lake are the sites of very elegant and luxurious dwellings, which arc adorned by all the a/-', of the landscape gardener, in the spacious lawns and shrubberies which intervene between the traveled I'oads and the residences of the wealthy; and within those homes can be found copies of the best masters interspersed with the productions of the best artists o*' our own tunc, articles of verlu which might have adorned Ver .sailles, cultured tastes which can appreciate the best contributions to literature and music, and collections of books which only great wealth can compass, and enlightenment desire. The homes in ililwaukcc are not stifT and formal abodes, in which women talk " ologies," and men become every day more pedantic ; the music of the evening is a feast which renders still more piquant the con- versation, in which most can participate without trouble or em- barrassment, on the leading questions in art journals, scientific magazines, and advanced literature, and in tliat way better than in any other, Milwaukee is shaping the mind.-? of thousands who will be heard from in their day and generation. The foreign ele- ment contributes very largely to such results, and the population of the city is homogeneous to a greater than usual degree, where the two elements are so nearly equal in proportion. It is not pre- (f'lidcd that all the leading families are intellectual, hospitable, musical, and capable of pleasant conversation, but as a whole the population of the city is high toned and amiable. There are twenty-seven newspapers and periodicals published in the city, several of them being old established and very influential. First I III (Hi :iit m %. 522 TvTTLK's CeWTENXIAL NoiiTUWKST. class tulciit is employed on the leadiDg journals in furnishing matter for tlie editorial columns, which varies from discussions as to tlie site of ancient Troy, to the minutest items of general an(] local politics, and personal peccadilloes, dealt with in the liglitest style oi pcr.sijl(i;/n. The musical criticisms in the Milwaukee press arc usually very good, and customarily the writers have sulTleient exercise in that voeation to keep well up to their work. Tiiea- trical notices are also very well considered as a rule, and W9 know of no place where a mere pretender would be more likely to pro- cure his quietus than in the columns devoted to dramatic art in the journals of Milwaukee. Mixny of the publications which make up the aggregate arc publi.> \ r i/i exceed three intended for "aveii and the cialty " much ex])orts from e in its trade ; iring with its I'ge, so tliat it the princlj)al deserves spe- :s the higher e subservient he best flour- A'aukee leads the whole nortliwest in the extent of her rolling mills, and in conHequence the quantity of iron and ironware exported and supplied for home use is immense. The site of Milwaukee at- tracted attention in the latter part of the last century, when in the year 1785, a Frenchman named Alexandre La Framboise, came to this ijoint from Mackinaw and established a trading post, in which quite a large business was done with the Indians, but the Frenchman did not induce his countrymen to join him in making a settlement, and it was half a century later when the first white men came to the spot to make a home for themselves and their families. The opera house in Milwaukee is a very fine theatre, and when companies of actors or lyric artistes visit the city from Chicago or St. Louis, a very fair average of business is customarily done, but large as tlie city is, the population has never i^uccoeded in sustaining a regular company for more than a passing visit.- The academy of music is also adapted for theatrical and operatic performances, but it is only occupied by occasional visitors, at rare intervals. The musical societies among the Ger- mans hold their reunions in this building, and it is also used for lectures and for church services every Sunday. The hall is very handsome and commodious, and the front of the building is devoted to the Y. M. A., who have an excellent library and reading room for tlie accommodation of members. The lectures in the academy of music arc among the most successful agencies for the improvement of Milwaukee, as audiences of from fifteen to eighteen hundred are assembled in thi'- magnificent room to hear the soundest philosophy of the day applied to the business of the hour, and the number always anxious to share in the feast makes the cost a bagatelle to all participants. The building is very handsome within and without, and it is deservedly popular among all classes. Milwaukee is very well endowed with public buildings. The post office is a fine structure of the kind com- monly seen in tl^ great cities of the union, in which the in- terests of letters occupy the lower portion of the structure, and the United States courts and offices the upper floor. The custom house is also a fine building, constructed on the design favored at Washington for some years past, the material being Athens stone. The court house stands fronting Jackson street til'. M. j^^ i i ( ■ 526 Tuttle's Cijxtexxtal XoRTinrKsT. ■fi 'Vjv^ and Oneida, at the junction of Biddlc with Jefferson, and a hirgo open ground is devoted to park iiurposcs between the stru'-tme and Oneida street. The building itself is very imposing, and tlio courts, council chamber and offices of the city and county arc provided for in elegant halls, which are good testimonials to the taste of the projectors. The tSentind newspaper office is a very handsome and commodious building, adapted to all the purposes of an extensive, wealthy and prosperous company, engaged in every branch of printing and publishing, as well as running an admirable journal. The public schools of the city are numerous and well graded, so tliat the talents of the teachers can be well applied to the work of tuition with good results. !Many of the schools contain full machine V for teaching German as well as P]nglish, an ad- vantage wliicli will be highly appreciated a few years hence, but against! which some sections of the small politicians loudly pro- test. In connection with some of the schools there are societies in which the more advanced pupils participate in the ir.tellcctual delight of reading and hearing essays on set topics, and discuss- ing the facts and conclusions set forth by the writers. The public schools number seventeen in all, and many of the build- ings arc massive and well proportioned, adapted to secure the comfort and the health of pupils, while supplying every facility for the development of their minds. The number of private schools is steadily increasing, and the efficiency of the princijial establishments is a fact thoroughly admitted by all who arc ac- quainted with their appliances and modes of operation, but our already lengthened notice will not allow of more detailed men- tion. There is a female college in Milwaukee which is doing ex- cellent work under profes.sors whose attainments command the respect of every scholar. The churches in the city are very nu- merous. There were sixty edifices of the kind in 1S72, and since that time others have been erected. Emanuel Church, on Astor street, is one of the handsomest buildings in the northwest, and, when crowded, as it sometimes is, by an immense congregation, the auditorium is perfect in its acoustic properties. ^J'he building is of stone with lofty square towers, and the interior is son.owhat fantastically colored and ornamented, but the general effect is - ■'-nrrr^wr Principal Cities of Wis cox six. 527 very goc^'l, find tlie organ is by far tho finest in the state of Wis- consin. The Cathedral of St. John is also a very fine building, in which tho lloman Catholic Bishop ofBciates, and the number of other churches which would demand attention if we moved outside the limits already reached, obliges us to bring our re- marks on church architecture to a close. There are now over seventy-five ministers of the Gospel, of various denominations, in tho city, and nearly all of them have commodious and suitable buildings, some of which will soon be replaced by more curable and handsome structures. One of the churches, having no church building in which to conduct religious services, has for some months past rented the Academy of Music, and, in that splendid hall every Sunday from fifteen to eighteen hundred worshipers assemble to hear the Word of God expounded by one of the best beloved pastors in the city. The singing of the congregation is led by an able player -f the cornet, and, submit- ting to the direction thus easily assumed, the great host pours forth a flood of melody which carries the song of praise far and wide into the hearts of thousands in the busy city who might otherwise seldom participate in sabbath observances. Benevolent institutions abound in Afilwaukee, the Catholics liaving established many of their agencies of mere}-, by the aid of Protestants, as well as b}' the liberal contributions of their own flock. Tliere are two orphan asylums under their direction, housing, .clothing, feeding and educating many hundreds of the otherwise homeless little ones, and so excellent is the system of moral training that the boys and girls taught in these establish- ments can readily be provided with situations when they arrive at the proper age for being sent out into the world. It would be a sin for any person to regret tlio multi})lication of such noble works, and it is gratifying beyond measure to have the statement from the lips of the most prominent upholders of these charities, that the largest donations obtained within the fold have been etpialled, sometimes even surpassed, by the munificence of well known and energetic Protestants. Tlie Protestant Orphan Asylum stands on Division street, on the high bluff fronting lake !Michi- gan, and the institution is in cxecllcnt hands. Children of all ages are cared for by the painstaking matron, but infants arc cus- J l!' I p I 'i ' ? ■ '- m 1 \i s 'i:' J, ,1 i ■ ■ (I mmmm I 63i Tuttle's Centennial Nobtiiwest. engrcssod in the like traffic with similar results, only suffering some diminution in the fact that as the people have grown weahliier, many have-become more wise than were their fathers in reference to the " Ten thousiind casks, forever dribbling out their base contents," concerning which the poet Cowper became sadly eloquent in the last century. The meeting house of slabs, in which a faithful few assembled day by day to comfort and aid each other with advice and prayers, has grown almost beyond recognition, into " steeple houses," which plaintively raise to the sky, as a monument for Christian worshipers, the emblem of flame, which has descended to us from the fire worshipers in Persia, through the Baal frenzy and the beltane towers, which long preserved in Europe the mystery of the adoration of the sun. The simple meeting house is now rep- resented by almost a score of churches, with as many varieties of teaching, but all leading to the one Father, and perhaps there is, on the whole, as large an average of earnestness and utility in the ministrations now carried on as there was in the days of primitive zeal. Turning from the churches and the gay assemblages which may be found within their walls every Sunday, let us examine the homes in Fond du Lac, which have replaced the rude dwell- ings by lake and river in which the pioneers delighted to dwell. There are comparatively few splendid dwellings, no palaces, cer- tainly, although some of the wealthier class have surrounded themselves vvith art treasures and fine architecture, for the sake of the educating influence thus exerted. The bulk of the houses in the city are comfortable habitations, nothing more, most of the better class owning their homesteads, and being happily so placed as that they have no occasion to grudge themselves and their families the little elegancies and improvements which lengthen the day by economi/^ing its minutes, and by affording to every second some oisthctic charm. The tables are spread with the .sub- stantial viands which give power, as well as with the cleanness and felicitous neatness which make a spotless table cloth a de- light, and when the cloth has been removed, the lamps lighted, and the curtains drawn, so that the family may shut out the in- Principal Cities of Wisconsin. 535 \y suffering lave grown llieir fathers |iteuts," juent in the Iv assembled nd prayers, )ie houses," jr Cliristiau d to us from nzy and the mystery of 3 is now rnp- Y varieties of js there is, on itility in the ; of primitive blages whieh us examine rude dwell- .ed to dweU. palaees, cer- surrounded for the sake >f the liouses , most of the >ily so placed ss and their eh Ien\\ M^ 644 Tuttle's Ckstesnial Korthwest. tributing in various ways to the funds of tlic institutions with wliicli they arc connected. The best possible feeling subsists be- tween the several congregations, and occasionally all the churches, except tlic Catholic and the Episcopal, join in what are known as Union services for some common aim. Many of the churches are handsome, probably the best, with the exception of the Catholic, was the Congregational church, which was destroyed by fire in 1875, but it is being rapidly rehabilitated. The second M. E. church stood next in point of beauty and comrnodious- ness, and happily it still remains. The church came near being lost to the congregation in con.scquence of the decline in the value of city property, and the consequent paucity of funds in hands willing to assist; but the pastor of the church, a young man of earnestness and power, made special appeals to men of every shade of religious .thought, and, before lis pastorate came to an end, the building stood clear of debt, in first-class repair, and better fitted for the work of the Gospel than at any previous time in its history. The Baptist church is a very handsome building, and it has a very rich congregation. The Catholic church is a very fine structure, having in coiincetion therewith a seminary for young ladies, but the progress of the institution is not published to the world. Closely related to tuc oj)erations of the churches, the Y. M. A. have a flourishing .society in Janes- ville, connected with wlii>.li, in addition to devotional services, there is a good library and reading room, where books of refer- ence may be consulted, and current literature exchanged for the delitrht of fireside circles, during the long cvcninp;s of winter. The men who run the institution deserve much praise for the energy with which they keep their little society abreast of the times, and persistenily olTer to young men inducements which must have the effect, in many cases, of preserving youth from the evil consequences of bad company. A telegraph institute in this city attracts large numbers of young men as students, and most of these are identified with the Y. 'M. A. during their term of study until ready to go out on duty. The .schools of Jancsville have hail the advantage of first class teachers in all grades, although very many of the young men and women who have served in that capacity could have earned itutiotis with ^ subsists bc- tlie cliurches, luo known as tlio churches lion of the as destroyed Tiie second commodious- i(> near being cclino in the y of funds in H'ch, 11 young Is to men of )astorate came it-chiss repair, i any previous :!ry handsome iThe Catholic on therewith a, : institution is ! operations of ;iety in Janes- ional services, lOoks of refer- langed for the igs of winter. praise for the :ibreast of the ements whiclx '^outh from the istitute in this ents, and most their term of ;e of first class le young men i have earned VmscirAL CiTiKs of Wisconsin. 545 more money hy the same amount of attention and skill in almost any other profession. The high school is a very eommanding structure surmounted by a dome on the highest land within tlie city limits. The several floors of the mai^sive edifice are devoted to tlie several grades of tuition to which the high school is devoted, and until lately the head master was one who iiad obtained his own oduoation in the same instituti(ni. The man- agement is certainly first class, and the school board is composed of men whose hearts are entirely in their work. There are several ward schools which are run in connection with the high school, and the system of grading applies to all alike. Some few men object to expcnditiire for the purpose of educating the children of the poor, but the majorit}' can, of course, see that there is no object in which money can be more wisely s{)ent than in training the rising generation to make the best of their God eiven faculties. But for the education cf "Watt the steam engine might even now be only an interesting model for a polytechnic, and all the millions that owe their bread to that aid to industry must have been erased, humanly si)caking, by th'- onstantly recurring famines and plagues which told of a population that had passed the limits of subsistence. The steam engine drains our mines, improves marshes and morasses into farms, and plows the earth as well as the ocean, drawing nations closer together, exchanging products, so that wealth is practically increased, and in ten thousand ways the great civilizcr makes room and pro- vision for additional millions on the globe, and all these grand results come from the operations of science and education ; who then shall say, that the money expended in training and expand- ing the minds of youth is not the very best outlay in which we can indulge. There are several private schools in the city, but they are not of any great extent. The city is governed l)y a mayor and council, and on the whole the alTairs of the community are very well managed, although there are suspicions of log rolling occasionally, but l>raetically the taxpayers have no reason to complain. The city is lighted with gas of very fair quality, but the water supply of a place so populous must very soon demand attention. The Holly f^ystem of water works has been advocated by some of the fore- 85 II: , i ■ . 1 ■i '■■ ■ ,, '1; ■ f i ' 1 ' : 1 m. 546 Tl TTl.hfs CeSTKSXIAL XonTlUf'KST. most cili/.oiis, and may bo cari'icd out eventually, but. n con- siilorablo outlay and much tiuiu were lost in boring on the agri- cultural society's fairground for water, and some persons have not lost faith in artesian opcrationa for the city even now. Tho water of Hc^ek river is very good when it is secured at sonic dis- tance above the center of population, and it is evident tiiat the Jlolly system will be evi'utually resorted to, if such disasters as that which destroyed the Congregational church arc to bo avoided in the future. "Letting well alone" is very good policy some- times, but not when the water supply of a jxjpuloui: city is involved in the t)peration. The destruction of the asylnin for the blind at Janesville, two years since, was an event whieh no supply of water in the city could have prevented, and as it was, the two ciricicnt fire compatiies, with first class steam engines, did their best, but it is necessary always to bo prepared to make the best fight possible, where nothing but a supply of water may be required to extinguish the destroyer. Tiie asylum is now being rebuilt by the state under local supervision, and when finished, the edifice will be a great ornament to the locality. The number of children and youths of both sexes taught in the institution, and the methods used l)y tutors, some of whom are blind, make the asylum at all times worthy of a visit. Among oilier public buildings, the county court house takes high rank ; it stands in a very large enclosure fronting Main street and Court street, where trees are planted from time to time, and in which a grove, from the earliest days of the settlement, has been the scene of fourth of July celebrations, and the jn-rotcchnio display that is considered an indispensable incident on such occa- sions. The i)ark is quite a spacious affair, and the court house- is a very handsome building of stone with balustraded steps leading up to the suites of rooms devoted to the county treasurer, recorder and all other ofileials. The upper story is ai)portioned to judiciary proceedings, and the vast hall is used for all political gatherings which discuss the affairs of the })ublic from any stand point of party. Some very exciting scenes have been witnessed in that hall, but usually, even the politicians of Janesville are philosophers and philanthropists, so that nobody gets hurt. The cotton mill, recently erected at Janesville, is a large pile of PmsciVAL Cities of Wisconsin. 547 but. n con- 1^ on the agri- persons liuvo M now. Tho at sonio (lis- cnt tliat the h disasters as to bo avoided ]ioliey sonic- ulous city ia K! asyhun for vent which no and as it was-, •;teani engines, pared to make { (>[ water may isyluni is now ion, and when |to the locality. s tauglit in the e of wbom arc isit. irt house takes fronting Main m time to tunc, ! settlement, has the pyrotechnic it on such occa- the court liousu lustraded steps ounty treasurer, T is apportioned for nil political from any stand been witnessed f Janesvillc arc gets hurt. The a hvrgc pile of building adapted for extensive operation?, and tho macliincry and workmanship employed are so good that one firm in Chicago has bargained to take all the cotton cloth that can be made in the mill. The hands have been at work full time from tho finst start, and tiie capitalists, wlio went into the .speculation to benefit the city only, arc happy in discovering that they made a good investment for the benefit of their (jwn fund.s. So mote it be to the end of the chapter. A woolen mill was cstabli.sluid in Janes- villa many years ago, but for some cause the management never succeeded in making the works pay until they were so fortunate ns to employ a Scotchman who had had experience in Australia, and from that time until now the works have stood upon a paying basis, employing a large number of hands at good wages, buying largely in the wool market and .sending cloth of a cheap grade all over the union. There is a woolen mill devoted exclusively to the manufacture of tweeds and shirtings, mainly of wool, in tho lieart of the city, using the water power of Rock river, and the goods manufactured there will bear comparison with the best of their kind anywhere, considering prices, but the dyeing operations of the establishment arc open to improvement. It is very prob- able that what is now an individual enterprise will be converted into a larger work under the auspices of a company, in which ca.sc, the reputation of the Wheeler mills will go far and wide through ine union. There is a shoe factory recently established in Janesvillc and large numbers of both sexes are employed in attending to the wants of men, women and children so far as their understandings arc concerned. The institution has been a success from the beginning. There are other important works ■which stamp a nanufacturing character upon Janesvillc. In the Harris and Dot_^ works the wants of the agricultural community arc the basis n\ a which the companies work. The Harris works, as they arc called, arc run by a wealthy company upon a founda- tion made by a working man whoso name is given to the works. His ingenuity and persevcran. i attracted the attention of capi- talists elsewhere, and he was irivitcd to transfer his skill and industry to other centers, but the people were too wise to allow the charming of other cities to stand between tlicni and their opportunity. Lands were given, capital was subscribed and the ■' *! -l; gpwg=jaaagBfCWW! 548 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. works daily increasing in efficiency are always working full time to supply local demamls which are supplemented by orders from Europe occasionally, so excellent are the productions of the com- pany. The Doty works are great employers of labor also, and Janesville occupies a very good position as a manufacturing center. The business men of the city are courageous and intelli- gent, their city is beautiful, they deserve success, and they are very likely to secure their deserts. CHAPTER XLIII. PRINCIPAL CITIES OF MINNESOTA. St. Paul — Minneapolis — Wiuona — Du Luth. St. Paul stands on the north bank of the Mississippi river, six miles below the point where the Minnesota cmjitics itself iiitD the mightier stream, almost at the head of navigation, and about two thousand and eighty miles from the Gulf of Mexico. From this point vessels of small tonnage ply upon the Mississippi, but the larger steamers seldom pass beyond this city. The site of St. Paul was probably visited in 1G80, by Father Hennepin, a Jes- uit priest, who accompanied Daron La Salle in his vo3-ago into Illinois in 1079, and then placing himself and party under tlie guidance of some friendly Indians, accompanied them to their lodges, one liundrcd and eighty miles above the rapids, now known as St. Anthony's Falls. The Saint was honored by the worthy Pcrc, when his name was thus conferred upon the natural beauty which had no counterpart in his career, as St. Anthony could not be tempted to a fall, even when Satan assumed tlic guise of a lovely woman ; the anchorite was too mucli engrossed in his literary studies to be allured by such vanities, and lyrical history says that "The good Saint Anthony kept his eyes Firmly fixed upon his book." PjiiNciPAL Cities of Minnesota. 519 ing full time orders from of the com- (or also, and uiufacturiiig and intelii- Ind thej are ssippi rivor, ios itself into 1, and about xico. From . . i of tlic cnrtli ; tlic merely agricultural resources of the country woukl justify the expectation of much more considerable growth than is yet f(Mind in the beautiful city. Added tu the advantages of situa- tion which have been hinted at, which make St. Paul one of the 'busiest ports on the ujipcr ^Mississippi, the manufactories already established in the locality are numerous and extensive, but yet evidently only the beginnings of more considerable prosperity. Among the works which we find in full operation, employing a number of hands which goes on increasing every year, there arc many steam saw mills and flouring mills, planing mills, brass and iron foundries, and establishments of great extent for the manu- facture of boots and shoes for the million, which consume im- mense quantities of native leather. There are numerous other industries which employ thousands in the aggregate, but it would require a directory to give each deserving [jcrson and comi)any an adequate notice. Tlie main portion of tlie business of the city is transacted on the first terrace above the levee, the second bot- tom of the river, and the staff employed in maintaining the com- mercial relations of this rising metropolis represents a large aggre- gate of salaried people contributing in no small degree to the gen- eral and local business of St. Paul. Schools have commanded much attention from the jity, the county, and the state. The gen- eral interests of education were committed to the charsre of the secretary of state, until the year 1867, when a state superinten- dent of instruction was appointed, and since that time, the system has been administered by count}'^ superintendents acting under the su[icrvision of the chief, and cooperating with boards of trustees in every school district. There are 2,626 .school districts, and 4,111 teachers, providing forthe educpMonal wants of 110,590 pupils, besides which there are fifty private schools with fair aver- age attendances. The appropriation for .school purposes in the state of Minnesota in tlu year 1870 amounted to $857,816. The collegiate institutions of Minnesota are fairly represented in this city, and there is some expectation that the wants of the farming community will be provided for by the establishment of an agri- cultural college similar to that in I,ansing, Michigan, in which every pupil must work his own grounds, earn his own keep, and live upon the results of his labors, so that be becomes practically Principal Cities of Mixnesota. 553 an try would wth tlian is gcs of situa- 1 one of ilie ics already ive, but yet prosperity. Mnplo^'ing a ar, there arc .«, brass and or tiic nianu- :;onsunie im- lerous other but it would nd company ss of the city 3 second bot- ling the eoin- :i large aggrc- ee to the gea- eommanded te. The gen- charge of the 3 supcrinten- e, the system acting under h boards of lool districts, Its of 110,590 ith fair aver- rposes in the )7,816. The 3ntc(l in this the farming t of an agri- m, in which ni keep, and s practically as well as theoretically an agriculturist, !^[any of the colleges established to aid in forming and instructing the farminjj; class have failed to render practical service, although the least clTicient must do some good. The developments of agriculture during the last fifty years have owed to science and to mechanical improve- ments a complete revolution, as may be gathered from the fact that the imjilcments and machines used in husbandry at the present time have cost no less than $500,000,000, merely to sup- ply the demand in the United States. There was a time when machinery was thought to be the enemy of man ; when steam en- gines were first manufactured by Boulton and Watt in Birming- ham. English workmen destJ'ovcd both engines and manufactories by fire on many occasions, and when agricultural machinery was introduced, the rustic population in the same country co.abined to burn up the ricks, granaries and residences of the innovating class, but the progress of events has proved that the machinery which aids human labor lifts the laborer and the workman into comparative afiluence. Within the last twenty -ears in this coun- try, the quantity of manual labor re(iuisite for producing and at- tending to crops of the same extent and greater value has been reduced one-third, and at the same time the wages paid to men employed have been doubled in nearly every case, as a consequence of the supe. "or facilities acquired bj' the modern agriculturist. It has been asserted that but for .ne introduction of machinery to the harvest fields during the rebellion, it would have been impos- sible for the north to have sent into the field the millions of men ■who were demanded to settle that terrible strife, without absolute ruin to the agricultural interests of this continent, so that it would appear that the invention of improved reapers, mowers and rakers, assisted materially in putting an end to negro slavery. The num- ber of hands dispensed with from the farms all over the union, must find more lucrative employments elsewhere, or else ther-e would be a decrea.se of the sums paid for wages, instead of such an increase as we have seen, and all the time, thousands who were laborers only and under the old regime must have remained laborers to the end of the chapter are now becoming owners of estates, farming the illimitable prairies, and making food for the millions that will come to build cities, mine our coals, and our NT yi imil Hi 554 Tutti.e's Centexktal Northwest. iron ores, and carry manufacturing industries and inventive skill to their furtlicst limit. The men who are to run our agricultural colleges must come to their work with the full knowledge that the lads whom they are to make into first class, eucrgeiie, prac- tical, scientific farmers, will be called upon in addition to all their other labors, to hold the V)alancc of justice between all classes in this community, and to cleanse the Augean stable at Washing- ton, which might well seem a labor demanding Ilorcules. The farmer class, joining with the intelligent handicraftsmen in the cities, have it in their power to mould afresh the lax public opinion of the day, and to make it impossible fo' a class of men to live in luxury in Washington and elsewhe.e, as factors of bribery and im{)r'>per influences, in the lobbies of congress, and of every legislature. The function of the agricultural college is more important than that which belongs for the i)resent to any other educational institution, and it is well that in St, Paul, as well rs in other large cities, the matter is being considered by, good men and true. The public buildings of St. Paul are not splendid, especially the capitol, which is an edifice of brick, very plain and unattractive, but sufiiciently commodious for all purpo.ses, its di- mensions being one hundred and forty-three feet by fifty. The state arsenal is much more showy and elTective ; the opera house gives evidence that the jilcasure loving people of St. Paul have fully digested the old saw : "All work and no i)lay, Makes Jack a dull boy." The interests of learning are akso cared for among the adult pop- ulace of the city as may be seen upon a visit to the athajneum which has a fair librar}' available for the use of members and makes some provision to supply the pojnilar demand for lectures of an amusing, attractive and instructive kind. The material il- lumination and cleansing of the city and its people have been cared for by the establishment of gas works and water works which answer every demand admirably. Newspapers are numer- ous and good, there being in all twenty-one published in the city, the major portion in Knglish, but the German and Swedish sec- tions of the population are also considered in the supply. Ilotcls PRiyciPAL Cities of Minnesota. 555 ciitive skill agricultural jwlcdge that [crgctic, prac- )n to all their all classes iu it Washiiig- rcules. The suieu iu the r, VAX public class of men as factors of congress, and iral colle2;e is resent to any ^aul, as well :i'e(l by good not splendid, I'cry plain and irposes, its di- by fifty. The le opera house St. Paul have the adult pop- the athaineuni members and id for lectures he material il- plc have been water works ersarc numer- icd in the citv, Swedish scc- pply. nolcls in St. Paul are luxurious and well managed, quite a large section of the people preferi'ing hotel life to the cares of housekeeping. Churches are plentiful, and souic of them very handsome indeed. There are two asylums in the city, and they are exceptionally well managed, and the same must be said of the fine hospital which is in every sense a credit to the community. The State Reform School is located in St. Paul in which all the failures that have misused or avoided their chances in every other way are taken hold of by the strong hand of authority to be made useful in some degree during the terms for which they are com- mitted to duress, and it is said that some good is being eilected by such means. There are very many fine carriage drives in and around the city of St. Paul. Minneapolis. — The second city in the state of Minnesota oc- cupies both banks of the Mississi])pi river, is the seat of justice for Hennepin county, which was named in remembrance of the missionary who was probably the first wdiite man to see the falls of St. Anthony. The part of Minneapolis which stands on the east bank of the river was once known as the town of St. An- thony ; but there are bridges now uniting the eastern and western sections of a city which will become much more extensive. The city stands abreast of the falls about ten miles northwest from St. Paul, and is a manufacturing center of very great importance, as the water power available as driving power for mills a>id factories is immense. The manufactures of the city are estimated to ex- ceed eleven million dollars annually, and it is claimed that since the returns were made ui)on which those figures are founded, very considerable additions and improvements have been made. Mouldings, doors, sashes and lumber are among the largest items in the manufactures of the city; and besiiKs these there are cast- ings, woolen goods, flour, paper, agricultural implements, and a host of items which defy emuneration. The saw mills alone are said to produce over eighty thousand feet of lumber per year, and they employ a large average of labor. The population in the year 18G0 was 5,821, and at tlie last census, the result of ten years' growth showed an increase of 18,070 ; consequently it is probable that at the present time the population of Minneapolis is about ■i,i I.* !■ ■ fimsmmut I ill! '1 ii.a- I! i ' ''. V.l I ^■. ■' u 553 Tuttle's Centennial Northwest. 25,000 souls. There are no loss than fourteen newspapers pub- lished in the city, the major part being devoted to the Knglisli speaking pojjulation, but the German and Norwegian eiti/.ens have each their organs in the press. There arc some very line hotels in Miiineapoli.s, and the publie buildings, chiefl}' those be longing to the county, are decidedly ornamental. Tlie .schools are well managed by boards of trustees, and the attendance of children is decidedly good ; but still a large average of cliildren are never seen in any institution of the kind. Tliere are many private schools well conducted. The bridges across the river are very line structures. The churches are numerous, elegant, and well attended. The private residences of the citizens, the orna- mentation of the city, and the excellent grading of the streets, make the city a very desirable residence. The railroad connec- tions of the city are with the St. Paul and Minneapolis; the St. Paul and Pacific ; the Minneapolis and St. Louis, and the ^Nfin- ncapolis and Duluth Kailroad.s. The surrounding country is very fertile, the farming class enterprising and intelligent, and the ship- ments of produce from this point are considerable, and annually on the increase. WlxoXA city is the county seat of AVinona county, and is lo- cated on the southwestern bank of the Mississippi river, one hundred and three miles .southeast of St. Paul, and three hun- dred and seven miles west of Chicago, having excellent railroad communications, by which it is connected with those cities and nearly the whole of the union. Winona contains the western terminus of the La Crosse, Trempealeau and Prcscott Railroad, and the eastern terminus of the Winona and St. Peter Railroad ; and the city represents so vast an area of agricultural land, that its shipments of farm produce are very large. Usually, when land is first settled in this country, the new comers having no stock, nor other facilities for enriching the soil, pursue an ex- haustive system, which leaves the land completely impoverished in the course of a few years, especially where the proper rota- tions of crops are no^ followed ; but around Winona that system does not obtain, exclusively, and there are some very beautiful estates which are farmed as well as any land in the world, conse- in* spapcrs piib- tlic F-nglish Liian citizens me very line fly tliose be Tlie schools ttondancc of 3 of children re arc many ihc river are , elegant, and en«, the orna- f the streets, Iroad connec- polis; the St. uid the Min- ountry is very and the ship- and annually it}-, and is lo- ipi river, one id three hun- ?llcnt railroad osc cities and i the western ;ott Railroad, tcr Railroad ; ral land, that rsnally, when rs having no )ursue an ex- impoveriihed proper rota- a that system cry beautiful world, conse- PiiixciPAL Cities ur Mixxl-sota. 667 quently tlie city will long continue to be the largest wheat mar- ket in the state of Minnesota. The shipping of cereals will of course only continue in and from any city — unless it is metro- politan like Chicago, New York, and other such vast congregations of humanity — until the population can divert the stream to the maintenance of its own busy hive, engaged in lucrative manu- factures, and every year the necessity to employ manual labor on the farm is being confined within narrower limits, by improve- ments- in machinery. Twenty years ago many persons thought that the ultima thuk of inventive skill had been reached, and many of the old school protested vigorously against such revolutionary innoviHions; but if any first class farmer of the present day should be ofTered a complete set of the agricultural implements then in use, free of cost, on condition that he would use them exclusively on his farm, he would decline the offer with thanks, or if he persisted in their use, he would be beaten out of the market by the better machinery of competitors. Winona has already entered upon its manufacturing stage of growth, and will increase very rapidly within the next ten years without special effort. The site was first settled in the year 1851, and in the sixth year after its birth, in the year 1857, it was incorporated as a. city. When the first census was taken, in the year 1860, there were 2,46i persons congregated in the infant city, and ten years later, when the last census was taken, in 1870, the number had in- creased to 7,192. The present population of W^inona cannot be less than from ten to eleven thousand, and the city has the aspect of a busy and prosperous center. Lumber, timber and limestone are among the i^hipments from the city. The factories established in the place consist of planing mills, saw mills, iron works, car- riage making establishments and plow manufactories, besides numerous smaller branches of great importance in the aggregate. There are three newspapers published in Winona, and they enjoy a good circulation throughout the county, being tolerably well supported by advertisers and readers. The average of the mat- ter published is good family reading. The state normal school is located at Winona, and as a rule the attainments of students therein will bear comparison with the best schools in the union, however long established. The management of the institutioa 'Fin, :'i. 'ti, ;) n t 1 ■ ■ s '|;f P ' " i 558 Tuttle's Centessial NonTinvKST. has licon very rnnch improved witliin tlie last five years, and the good feeling whieli subsists between professors and pnpils is an augury of still belter results. Tlio public school system in Wi- nona is of course a part of the larger sclieino provideil for the whole state, and the graded schools answer admirably. The high school is quite a hands(jme building, and the management of tho schools is very good. Tiie state normal school deserves mention as one of the public buildings in Winona. There are some very creditable private schools in the city, and the attendance of chil- dren in the several establishments brings the population fully up to the average in that regard. The county buildings are located in Winona, and there are numerous churches, well supported in nearly every instance, many of the structures being ornaments to the rapidly growing city. m ;?!,1' I'j: V ■>•«...;■ ''m '•)• DiT LuTH was named after the first white man known to have entered the state of Minnesota, or rather the area now comprised in that state. M. Du Luth, a Frenchman, was in this territory the year before Pere Ilennejiin visited and namerl the falls of St, Anthony, in company with the friendly Tudiann, whom he had accepted as his guides, from the area now known as the state of Illinois. Du Luth is the seat of justice lor St. Louis county, and it is located at the western extremity of lake Superior, tsvelve hundred and thirty five miles, by the lakes, west of the city of Buffalo, N. Y. The Jesuits deserved much j)raise for their cour- age and constancy, in isolating them.selves from civilized society, more than two hundred years ago, when only to cross the ocean was an act of heroism in a Frenchman, with his constitutional b.orror of the maladi du mcr, in pursuing the forlorn hope of converting the Indian races. The worth}' fathers were geographers as well as missionaries, as their contributions in the form of good maps amply prove, and altogether in that era they were valuable mem- bers of the community. The city of Du Luth is picturesquely situated on a hill, whence a beautiful view of lake Superior can be obtained, and the mouth of the St. Louis river helps to make the outlook more charming. The growth of the city has been and still is extraordinary. Seven years ago a dense forest cover- ed the ground, where the busy hive of industry is now planted, ■cars, and the pupils is an stoin in "\Vi- iilcd for tlic y. The liigh foment of the 'rves mention [ire some very ilance of chil- ;ition fully up gs are located supported in ng ornaments vnown to have low comprised 3 territoiy the lie falls of St. whom he had as the state of lis county, and perior, twelve of the city of for their cour- k'ilizcd society, 'OSS the ocean tulioiKil horror i of converting hers as well as of good maps .'al liable mem- picturosqMcly Superior can lelps to make city has been forest cover- now planted, VmscivAJ. CiTiKs OF loyrA. 55 9 and in one year from that time when the census was compiled in 1870, there were 3,131 inhabitants in the place, and their intel- lectual vitality was attested by the flourishing condition of four newspapers. The centennial year will probably close on a popu- lation of nearly ten thousand souls, in the rapidly developing city. The eastern terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad is located in Du Luth, and tlic Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad has hero u thriving station. Mining enterprise in the Lake Superior coun- try will tend tt) develop Du Luth for very many years to come, as there are never ending stores of mineral wealth to be unearthed in ulnujst every section of that grand Iioking coast. There are many churches in active operation here, some of them quite hand- some, and several schools have been established almost from the beginning, but more are required. CHAPTER XLIV. TRINCIPAL CITIES OF IOWA. Dcs Moines — Davenport — Dubufpie — Burlington IJlufis. Keokuk — Council Des MoiXES was orginally famous as a fort, and was long known as Fort Des !Moines, having been selected by officers of the United States army, as an eligible site on which to establish a permanent military post, to preserve peace among the Indian tribes, and to prevent incursions of white settlers into their terri- tory. After the Black Hawk war and the contingent purchase from the Indians of part of their claims in what is now known as the state of Iowa, had been sup])lcmcnted by additional pur- chases to the extent of $1,000,000, the red man was cleared from the territory, and at the time fixed for entering upon and settling the country, the scene around Fort Des Moines was exciting in the extreme. The signal gun fired at Fort Dcs ^[oines at midnight preceding the 11th day of Oct. 1845, was repeated by hun- dreds of signal men, stationed in a cordon along the frontier .•!■ I. M II 500 TvTTufs Ci:\Ti:yxrAL NoiiTinvKST. jf tin! land oi proiiiiso, and thereupon every man within roach of the sound starteil on foot, on horsebaek or in whatever eon- veyanee lie iio.ssossed, to stake out, mark, blaze, or in some other way indieate tin: lot upon which it was his intention to l(;eato a claim. !^[o.st of the .settlers were providetl with pitch pine and other torches, and the work was accomplisheil in a very sys- tematic way, so that in the end when the lands were reguhirly surveyed and legal titles could be obtained by the population so hastil}^ spread (jvcr the land, very few disputes arose as to pre- emptions and in the only case in which one settler attem[)ted to take advantage of another, the primitive claim committee made it so warm for the intruder that he was compelled to come t(> terms and foreswear coveting the property that was not his own. The steamer Jone, with Capt. James Allen in conunanJ, was the first steamer that ever ascended the Des Moines river, and the captain made his debarkation at the mouth of the llaccoon river, on the site of Des ^^oines, in May, 18-i;]. The troops built a fort there, and for more than two years were '' monarchs of all they surveyed " in tin.' newly purchased territory. In the year 1850, there were oiilv fi'vc hundred and fifty-two people on the ground, but the ailvatiiages of the situation were beginning to bo appreciated, and in Kt'tiJ, the census showed an increase to nearly four thou.sand. Tlie last census, in 1870, enumerated over twelve thousand, and nujre than twice that number will soon be the estimated population of the city, lirooklyn, now a beautiful suburb iii l>es Moines, was, in ISIO, a vigorous rival for the honor of being the county seat, but Polk county went for Des Moines hy a considerable majority, and nine years later, in 1855, the state cajntal was located at this point, the geographical center of the state. The Des Moines river would have been made navigable by improvements to the point where the city stands but for tlie rapid development of railroads immediately after the city rcse into notice, and now the accommodation in tliat respect is so conii)lete that the river can be given up to the furtherance of manufactures without loss, 'i'herc are no less than six lines of railroad comi)cting for the carrying trade of the city : the Chicago, Rock Island antl Pacific; the Des Moines and Fort Dodge; the Keokuk and Des Moines; the Des Moines, Indianola and Mis- tliin reach of latcvcr coii- II .soiiu! other I'll to locate ' pitch pino III a very sys- lu regularly liopuhiiioii so .se as to pre- attorn |;tcil to iiiittee iiKulo I to conic t(> let his own. jnimanj, was cs river, and the llaccoon trooj)s built )narchs of all In tiie year )eopIe on the ginning to bo .'asc to nearly d over twelve soon be tlic V a beautiful rival for the vent for Dcs Iter, in 18o5, phical center i been made 3 city stands tely after the that respect furtherance 1 six lines of the Chicago, Dodge; the la and Mis- M i^^'^ i^m ^^ilN* , 1 V - . ,j. % rmm. mmmt PnixciPAL Cities of Iowa. 561 ^li ■-r:/ f } souri ; the Des Moines and Minnesota ; and tlie Dcs ^Moines, Winteiset and Sovth western. Besides these lines, all of wliieh are in full working order, there are otlicr lines which are now rcady or wliich soon will be ready to eommenee operations. " The situation of Des Moines is picturesque, occupying chiefly the vr\lley and slopes of the hills on bcLh the east and west sides of the river, the hills swelling into a grand semicircle of bluffs, which sweep the horizon on nearly all sides. From these bluffs fine views are obtained, and on their sides and summits are man}' of the most costly and elegant residences of the cit}*. From the western extremity to Capitol '^^ill on the cast, the sweep is grand and imposing, and is best witnessed from the elevations of Park Hill, south of the Raccoon river — a poirt commanding a view of the entire cit}'. The city is not compact except in its business por- tion, but scattered over considerable territory, the corporation limits extending two and a half miles from north to south, and four and a half miles from cast to west The traveler is apt to be deceived in the number of inhabitants, a;^ many of the residences are scattered far back on the wooded hills, v.'here Lhey are invisible from the business part of the city."' The level portion of the town plat suffices for all the business requirements of the present day, and there will be space enough to accommodate the demands of commerce when the city and the state possess ten times their present population. The distance of Des Moines from Chicago by railroad i.-^ just 357 miles ; from Council BlufTs and the city of Omaha, l-i2 miles; and from Keokuk, 161 ; Davenport is just 17-1 miles from this city; thus, "die situation of Des Moines, as to commercial advantages, compares favorably with any city in Iowa. Although it has not the river navigation, like the cities along the eastern border, yet, its location is central, in the midst of a large area unoccupied by any rival city, and in one of the richest agricultural districts in the country. Besides its railroad system — becoming more and more the rival of water navigation every year, and destined at no very distant day to supersede it almost entirely — gives it great ^.ommercial advantnges, the roads centering here and radiating into all parts of the country cast, west, north and south. While Dcs Moines has a just pride in being the seat of government of a state which, in comparatively I' M rl ?' •w(Jfc(»a5^Kj*».-r^ -ijer,- J- 562 TUTTL.^'S CeXTL'XXIAL XoiiTIlWEST. few 3'cai-?, lias attaincl to the ranlc of third in agricultural im- portance in the union, yet he- growth and stability by no means depend upon the location of the capital, and the advantages ■ derived fiom the business which it creates and fosters. She has resources of her own, derived from the rich surrounding ' ountry, the agricultural and mineral wealth of the viciuit. a; ler facilities and advantages for manufacturinrj." Tlie public buildings of Des Moines are vv..y fine ; the Lnitcd States court houac, post office, opera house and many of the bufi- ness blocks arc very handsome, the hotels of the citv being s'iceial features of which the people are justly proud. The streets are well laid out, and the aspects of the business thoroughfares te.-tify to a, very large amount of trade. The river flows through the heart of the city, the rivals of earlier days having becoinc one by com- mercial and manufacturing extension, and the beautiful stream is crossed upon four costly bridges, 600 feet in length, ^.hile the Raccoon river has two bridges, affording to South Des Moines and the ricli ,-'rairies beyond easy communication with the various parts of the cit}'. " Owing to the location of the capitol, the east side is scaiely less important than that west of tlie river, and ""' the future developuient and growth of the city, it will all become one compi-ct mass, with its continuous streets joined by bridges on both sides. The principal streets running east and west arc laid ont in this manner, and arc numbered from tlie river each way, east of the river being East Court avenue. East Walnut street, etc., and vice versa.''' Des Moines is divided into two dis- tricts for school purpo.ses, east and west, and each district has its independent school board. The west -rn distr-' . th t is to spy the site of Fort Des Moines, has four school buildings in all. <■■)•: taining twenty-eight rooms, and seats for 1,716 pupils. !' ■ number of children of school age is 2,728. The enrolled is l,7yi', or 6-1 1-5 per cent, of the whole number <1 ;ible, a considerably larger per cent, than is found in m('>, vi tlu' . i'ios of the United States, except Boston and San Francisco, vv!.;; the per centago is 95 and 81 respectively. The value of .school propert}- in the west district is ,$210,290. Tlic number of schools is twenty-four, viz. : one ungraded school, .thirteen primary schools, nine gram- mar schools, and one high school. The teachers employed are ;ultaval im- )y no means advantages ;. She lias ng rountry, t, . a tliG U nitcd of the UavA- being i?]'Ocial reets are well ■s testify to a iA\ the heart one by cona- iful stream is th, ^,hilc the ;s Moines and 1 the various pitol, the east river, and '-' ill all become cd by bridges and west are lie river each East Walnut into two dis- listrict has its ,!i t is to spy 1CC3 in all. '■•!; pupils. Tc- rolled is l,75ii, a, considerably of the United r; per cenlage )roperty in the is twenty-four, als, nine gram- employed are Principal Cities of Iowa. 568 t\\ enty-seven — four males and twenty-three females. The course of study ill all grades is thorough and progressive, and in the high school extends through four years, embracing the languages, natural pliilosophv -^nd the higher mathematics. Brooklyn, or Kast Des Moines District, has two brick school buildings, and a third is about to be erected. Tne schools arc prraded, embracing primary, intermediate, grammar and high schools. The building crntaining the high school is an elegant three-story brick struc- ture, and cost the district about $30,000, inclusive of furniture. The number of children of school age in the district is 1,570. Des IMoines is the center of a fine farming country, and ship- ments are very large from that source; but manufactures arc the chief reliance of the capital. There are thrcr immense packing houses in the city, eighteen hotels, six banks, one woolen tnill, one oil mill, two stoneware factories, two large establishments for the manufacture of school furniture, five machine shops and foun- dries, three plow manufactories, one of which manufactures fifteen hundred plo\^s every year, a brass foundry, two boiler factories, several planing mills, four carriage manufactories, two extensive marble works, a weight and scale factory, a paper mill, a spice mill, and flouring mills in abundance. The Holly systen". of water works is operated in Des ^loincs, and the j^eople are well served ; the city is lighted with gas, and the railroad corporations are expected to make gr.>at improv-'ments in their depot accom- modations very soon. K.any of the private residences in De3 Moines arc very elegant. The capitol building is estimated to have cost considerably more than .$3,000,000. The old state house was a very plain but commodious structure, and the wealth of the state could well ex- pond itself in such an edifice to adorn a capital on which nature had been so lavish. There are twenty-three churches in De.s Moines, and almost every great variety of Christian denomina- tion is represented in the host of worshipers. The number of ne'vspa])ers and publications in the city is lej^on, and many of the papers are above the average in point of merit and beauty in jiroduction. There are fourteen standard newspapers, besides a number of periodicals and occasional publication!^. The Des Moinci. university is an institution under the auspices of the '! !>. .1 1 ! > 'I 564 Tuttle's Centennial NonrinvEST. If--; ;ij; t¥'*''"''' U'i 11 mu Baptists, although it was first built and conducted by the Luther- ti.'s. It is a very flourishing establishment. There is- a literary a£..c a in Des Moines, which opens its library and reading rooni the public on every working day, and the building is much frequented. The citizens have opened i.n olfice, under the title of the " Citizens' Association," for the purpose of affording information to new comers, and to serve as a kind of registry of Avants, which has been found very useful already, and will be still more so. The public at a distance, desirous to procure relia- ble information as to the city, can procure the fullest detail on any topic under that heading from the officers of the association. There is also a society of old settlers, who desire to preserve the memories of the earlier days, when the grounds around Fort Des !Moines were still warm with the council fires of the red men, and only a few special favorites among white men were permitted to enter the much cherished region. Where the city now sits in beauty, was for a long time the council ground of the tribe of Iowa Indians who have left their name and their ashes as almost their only mementoes in the land. Coal is one of the produo':? of Iowa, which will help still further to enlarge the dimensions of the cap- ital, and the exposures of stone in many cases have led to the opening of quarries, which can hardly be excelled on this conti- nent for beauty and fineness of texture. The water powers of the Des Moines river are almost without limit, and the farming community on both sides of that delightful stream have an extent of country which can hardly be surpassed for I'^riility and variety of soil. DAVENrouT is the principal city in the state of Iowa, and i. e seat of justice for Scott county. It stands on the right bank of the Mississippi river, opposite to Rock Island, two hundred and thirty miles from St. Louis. There is a very fine bridge connect- ing the city with Rock Island. Back of the city a very hand- some bluff rises into majestic proportions, giving a remarkable back ground to Davenport. The upper rapids of the Mississijipi are near the city, and the water power thus offered for the use of mankind is stupendous. The city stands on n. plain inclined toward the river sufficiently for drainage, on which forest.- of '%: 4 PltlS'CirAL CiTIKS OF loWA. 565 y 11 ly ilie Lutlier- Q is- a literary and reading ic building is ice, under the of affording of registry of and will be procure relia- est detail on the association. preserve tbe ound Fort Des e red men, and •e permitted to :ity now sits in lie tribe of Iowa [ as almost their mdue':? of Iowa, sions of the cap- lave led to the 1 on this conti- ?atcr powers of md the farming 1 have an extent ility and variety )f Iowa, and i. e ic right bank of vo hundred and ; bridge coimect- lity a very hand- ig a remarkable ■ the Mississippi 3d for the use of a plain inclined which forest.- of timber used to stand, and to wiiich other forests of masts may yet come, unless railways, in course of time, banish all desire for river navigation. The bottom lands between the bluffs and the river vary from one to two miles in breadth. "At a point about three miles above the city the bluffs open out into a beautiful prairie called Pleasant Valley. Immediately back of the city of Davenport, the slope from the top of the bluffs to Duck creek is one of uncommon beauty and richness, being a rolling prairie covered with gardens, orchards and fields, in the highest state of cultivation. Duck creek, rising in Blue Grass, about ten miles distant from the city, passes through the whole length of Daven- port township, and running east empties into the Mississippi about five miles above the city. Its course is up stream, parallel with the Mississippi for a considerable portion of its length, and only one or two miles back from the river." The underlying forma- tion of Davenport is white or light gray limestone, which crops out on the river bank in many places, and, near East Davenport, presents to view perpendicular cliffs from fifteen to twenty-five feet in height. Coriiel'ins, agates and porphyry in various forms are found in and mixed with the dehrits of this formation. Look- ing at the amphitheater of hills enclosing the city, and contem- plating the city itself with its immense business houses, tall chimneys and busy thoroughfares, it presents every aspect of a prosperous commercial and manufacturing city. It is regularly laid out, with broad, ornamental streets, and, besides the county buildings and the city hall, contains many substantial and ele- gant edifices, among which is one of the finest opera houses in the west. The population of Davenport in 1840 was 600; in 1850, 1,848; in 1860, 11,267; in 1870, 20,038; and is now about 28,000. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific and the Daven- port and St. Pi\ul llailroads pass through the city. The old bridge connecting Davenport with Rock Island has recently been replaced by one of wrought iron, resting on massive piers of stone, which, besides a rail track, has accommodations for carriages and pedestrians. It vvas built partly by the United States and partly by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Company, at ;, cost of $1,000,000. Davenport has all the improvements of a modern city — gaslight, water works, and several miles of street >■]■'. Ii r 566 TuTTLE's CEXl'EXyiAL XoBrilWEST. ruihv;)}'. She lias an iinmen.sc water power, and is one of ihc largest grain depots of the U])per Mississippi. Where Davenport now stands a claim was made in the year 1833, but the partners in the venture quarreled and eventually sold their joint iiitere^sts to a third party for a mere bagatelle. The purchaser having in- duced others to take an interest in his venture, a town was pro- jected on the site, and in the following year, 1830, the town was laid out, but the first four years of its life only found and at- tracted a little population of four hundred. Col. Davenport, who.^e name is perpetuated in the appellation of the city, was an Englishman who very early in life identified himself with this country, and rose to military rank in actual service, fighting the battles of the union, lie was a man much respected by all good citizens, but his death was tragic in its features, as in his old aire Le was inurdered in his own house on Rock Island by several desperadoes, whose designs he had frustrated some time before. *' From 1805 to 1815 he was attached to the army. lie was with Gen. Wilkinson at the Sabine during the tnjuble with Aaron Burr, and in the war of 1812, in the defense of Fort Eric and at the battle of Lundy's Lane. lie accompanied the first expedi- tion (1805) which ascended the Mississippi to pacificatc the hostile Indians, and assisted in founding Fort Armstrong on Kock Isl- and. In 1818, he settled upon the island, where he resided till bis death. He was a partner in the American Fur Company till its withdrawal from the Mississippi, after which, till he rctire(l I'roni business, he carried on the trade alone with the Indians. lie "v\'as a man of excellent character, generous and whole-souled, and had an eventful experience in frontier life." The town of Daven- j)ort was incorporated by a special act of the legislature in the year 1838, and in the same year the first brick house in the city ■was erected. In the year 18-10, the place had become of sufli- cient importance to be nominated for the assembly of the firs', whig convention, and the bands of music present on that occasion did not all of them contribute harmony to the scene. Four years later the first steam mill was erected at this point, and in the year 1853, express and telegraph offices were in full work in the busy, thriving town. One firm, in 1851, in the city of Davenport, ran a bu!?iness which aggregated over $700,000 within the year. Their ono of tliG Davenport 10 ])artiiers iiit i!itere:^ts having la- wn was ])Vo- 10 town was and and at- I)avcnp(.'i't, city, was an .;lf with this fisfhtinsx the I by all good 1 his old ago d by several time before. He was with with Aaron ; Eric and at first expcdi- xtc the hostile on Kock Isl- le resided till Company till ill ho retired ! Indians. lie Ic-soulcd, and wn of Daven- latiire in the so in the eity ome of sufli- y of the firs'. that occasion I. Four years id in the year V in the busy, lavcnport, ran 10 year. Their PniNciVAL Cities of Iowa. 567 flour mills turned out o^.O barrels in a day, and, in the preceding y r, the i>roprietors of the Albion mills, being multifarious in their operations, packed 11>,000 hog.s. Thus the city was built up by first class energy from almost the beginning, and it has never gone back upon its record. Davenport has eight public school houses, many of which are costly and commodious build- ings, supplied with able and efficient teachers. The schools are under the nianagcment of a city superintendent and a board of education, and are graded in primai'y, intermediate, grammar and high school departments. In no city west of tie Mississippi, are the public schools in a better condition than in Davenport. Pains have been taken to elect men to regulate the schools who are in- telligent and of high moral character. There are many deservedly popular select schools, yet the interest in the common schools of the city lias gradually incrca.sed in proportion to the efficiency of their management, and experience demonstrates the advantages of a free school system, open to all classes, in which the rich and the poor alike have the o])portunities of an education. Tlie newspaper interest in Davenport is very strong, as there arc sev- eral really excellent journals representing the views of their re- spective parties with that smartness and admirable elTect which belongs specially to the press of the union. The city has many important manufactories, and, a fine quality of stone coal having been found here, many of the works are run by steam in prefer- ence to water power. Cotton cloth, and a very fine quality of woolens are manufactured here. The rapids, which extend along the Mississippi for about twenty miles above Davenport, seriously impede the navigation of the river during the sea.son of low wa- ter. There are many churches in Davenport, some of them occu- pying beautiful edifices and representing every shade of religious thought, from the Catholic and Episcopalian to the Svvcdenborgian and Unitarian. Griswold college is one of the most flourishing institutions here, and the Catholic college is also a success. DriU'QUE is a very flourishing city, and commercially it takes the lead of the whole state. The first settlement at this point was made by a colony of miners from Prairie du Chicn under Ju- lian Dubuque in 178S — one hundred and fifteen years after the • fHl ;1 J 7l crossed the main results ID coiiiiiiu(;(i force. It is M)0 worlii of tlieir openi- lof the river. I|ie, 1832, tl!(3 work, being uis, iiiid 2)ro- V Hawk wai-. •liasc opened IS named for wortlijs and more disj)os- rncnt permit-. 'd to inspect or tax u})on I an industry ndustry wcro ommunity in :>ut ten years five hundred nhcr coming )vv borne by 788. .Afany accustomed iled. Gam- ay, and the stol bullets. J these solf- s fi'om flc)"- G, doing, on i^cns, niitil year 183G, laugurated, ichigan was rej)laccd by efTective rule. Tiic first term of court in Dubuque was held in .Nfay, IS37, and a silver qmirler was the seal used on tlie occasion. The fourth of July, ISoO, was celebrated in Du- buque with great cdft, because it eommemoratcd the political birth of Wisconsin territory, as well as the grand declaration, and twelve days later a public dinner was given to Gov. Dodge, in tho same city. Dubuque, the commercial metropolis of Iowa, was, in those days, ambitious to ije made the capital (;f Wisconsin. The site on which Dubuque is built is a plateau or table-land, which rises, gradually from the river, and at the average di.stance of half a mile, swells into a semi-circular range of blufls, which rise about two hundred and fifty feet above the river. While tho business portion of the city is situated on the plateau, and is com- pactly and substantially built, containing costly and elegant blocks and one of the finest streets in the state, the most attractive part, fine residences, gardens and ornamented grounds, extend up the sides and over the blufTs, presenting a picturesque and beautiful appearance. Improvements in the way of decoration and grading have not only enlarged the area of land in front of the city, but have adiled an artistic effect to the general a.spcct of the place. Tlie low iands near the river have been raised at considerable cost, a large portion of which has been borne by the railroad com- panies, making room for a suitable location for their business and buildings. Tlie principal streets of the city are nearly in line with the cardinal points of the compass. Dub' ,c contains about twenty-five thousand inhabitants, and possesses the institu- tions, comforts, social appliances and business facilities which characterize any city of similar dimensions. The growth and progress of Dubuque city from the eHorts of a few lead miners scarcely more than forty years ago, to its present status among the flourishing commercial centers of the west, must be a matter of interest, not on'y to the present population, but to the public generall3^ We can not of course go into details. The most that we can do is to give a brief outline of important facts. Dubuque, the seat of justice for Dubuque county, was not able in 1850 to provide food enough for its own population, nor was the county self-sustaining in that respect. Now the shipments from Dubuque are over 100,000 barrels of fiour, 2,000,000 bushels of wheat, 500,- 1 i 1 i ^ i'.^^=i' «»MH \"Hf ■.I. ^..h 672 Tvtti.k's Ckstessial Nohtuwest. m- m ■ -Mm :>•■■ . ■ iUHk-^^-i I VLill m i mu i>?« i^i-^' .1^1! P*! I J J 000 bushels of oats, and nearly 100,000 buslicis of barley l)cr an- Mitn. The immense corn crop is converted into animal products at greater profit than by shipment of grain. Twenty million pounds of drcsscil jiork, 30,000 live hogs, and 10,000 head of cat- tle, are about average yearly shipments of these products. The ilnaneial revulsion of 1837 did not all'ect JJubucjue. Its resource was lead, produced steadily by the rr"- .-s and th< smelting fur- naces. This product commanded cash m the in..rkctsof St. Louis or New Orleans. In American mining districts paper n^'^ney is received cautiously; and the de[)reeiated bank note cu -y of the eastern states was despised. Gold and silver were ^ .'in cipal forms of money, and so continued for twenty years. The financial crisis of 1857 had a more di.'^astrous cfTect. The west at that time was flooded with nearly worthless paper money. Du- buque, in 18ou, had one wagon shop; but so great was the .subsc- fpient deve!o[)ment, that in 1809, eighteen wagon and carriage manufactories emjjloycd 150 men, and sold over 5,000 vehicles. The mill of thirty years ago has been succeeded by a dozen lum- ber mills, flouring mills, manufactories of wooden ware, planing mills, iroti foundries, machine shops and other branches, to such an extent that Dubuque now ships, with few exceptions, all the articles required in practical agriculture, household economy, and other practical industries ; and the manufacturing interests of Du- buque amount by assessment to $1:,000,000. There is a fine packing house in the city, in which four hundred hogs can be dressed daily. The city has been much aided by the extension of the iron roads over the country. The first railroad which reached the shore opposite Dubuque was the Illinois Central, in 1855; but the Illinois Central railroad company did not bridge the river in accordance with the terms on which the munificent land grant of 1850 was accepted, and the building of the bridge was delayed ten years, until another corporation, the Dubuque and Dunleiih bridge company a.«sumed the work. The bridge was com})leted in 18G5. The main bridge, 1,700 feet long, cost $750,000, and is built entirely of iron and stone. The first railroad westward was the Dubuque and Sioux City, commenced in 1856, and since ex- tended to the Missouri river. The Dubuque and Southwestern Principal Cities of Tow a. lai'Icy per an- lii.'il j)r()(lucts |onty iriillioii Iicad uf cat- Inluctd. Tho ItH resource Ksiiic'ltiiig fur- |.sof St. Louis [jier IP Micy is (;i ■>' of cro ^ .•in years. The Tiiu west at liDMcy. Du- r'as tin; subsc- aud carriage 000 vehicles, a dozen lum- ware, planing iclies, to such )tions, all the iJoonomy, and terests of J)u- ore is a fine liogs can be of the iron reached tlie n 1855 ; but ■ tlie river in and grant of rt'as dehiyed id Dunleith 5 comj)]ctcd ',000, and is Jstvvai'd was d since ex- luthwestern 673 now connects l)ul)n(iu(; witli Cedar Hapids. The Chicago, Clin- ton and Dubuque road, and tho Chicago, l)ubur De.*^. Moines county; and the railroads which serve the city ;uo the Chicago, Burlington and Quiney; the Burlington and .Mi.s- souri River; and the Burlington and Cedar Rapids. Burlington ranks as the third city in Iowa, looking at its conunercial import- ance; and for beauty of appearance and position it is hardly sur- passed in the state. The country which surrounds Burlington is called the Garden of lov/a." The city is illuminated w'tli gas, and many excellent newspapers, besides a ma3'or and council. The first settlement dates from 1883, and throe years later it was made the capital of Wisconsin territory. When Iowa was organ- ized in the year 1838, the seat of government was located here, and so continued until tlie following j'oar, when Iowa City bo- came the capital, and held it until the supei i(^r attractions of Des ^[oines City prevailed. The county buildings, the churches, tho university and thy schools, with many very hanch-omc business blocks, make up a very line architectural appearance for liurling- ton. Keokuk is partially the seat of justice for Lee county, Iowa, I Finxcir.iL Cities of Iowj. nd conncc- ;; of coun- 1- By the 's estimated sitiinrcd ^Vith lilKS' f near and dy to float et; with a ■with incx- ; south and oi- general city: and •ity i.s well 1 qualified the Baptist ! h'll I'isino- o Y churches", justice fn- he city a,o '1 and Mi.s- lUirlingtoii ial iiiiporf- lardly sur- I'Hngton is w-th gas, d council. Iter it was vas orffati- ited here, I City be- :i.s of Des '■clie.-!, tlio business Burlins:- ty, Iowa, I sharing that honor with Fort Madison, and is considered the fourth city ii; the state. Keokuk lies on ths western bank of the Mississippi river, about two miles above the mouth of the Des Moines, at the foot of the lower rapids, which, during the seasons of low water, interfere very materially with river navigation be- yond the site of the city. The construction of a canal, at the ex- pense of the general government, will almost entirely remedy the inconvenience and loss incidental to the rapids, and open an im- mense area of country to navigation by the larger class of steam vessels. The rapids are twelve miles in extent, the descent with- in tliat area being no less than twenty-five feet over successive ledges of limestone rock, which will afford unrivalled water power for almost any number of mills and factories along the banks of the mighty stream. The rapids are not, in a commercial sense, an unmixed evil for Keokuk, as the city is now the h^ni of navi- gation for large vessels, and all the cargoes thus brou'ght are un- shipped here for land transport and distribution; but wher tran- sit shall become possible without disturbing cargoes, and the vessels on the upper Mississippi can come to the port without difiiculty, the comnierce of this little center of trade and manu- factures must become more widely benclicial. Lee county has its commr ■'iial center in Keokuk, and that area is exceedinirlv fertile, hence there is a large quantity of produce annually shipped by river and railroad. The money va''ie of the farms of the county iu the year 1870, amounted to $7,7ud,725. In the same year, tlio farm products of the count}-, in luding additions to stock, were estimated as closely approximating to $2,000,UOO, and the manu- facturing wealth uroduced in the same area during the same time amounti'd to $2,G23,l.!'o. Fort Madison, the county seat proper, is twenty-four miles from Keokuk, but its population is not nearly so large as tlia*^ of the commercial center, although it has much commerce and some manufactures. The county is well settled, and agriculture commands first class skill in every department ; the increase of stock within the last few years has been very con- siderable, and miieh care is bestowed by stock raisers on the most valuable breeds of animals. The Keokuk Medical College, estab- lished man}' years since in this city, has been alma male/ to some of liie ablest physicians and surgeons in Iowa and the neighbor- F3gr_^».j»»-K»«»..«pga.iiiJ.i i-mim.wwwwww 11 •11 MIS 576 Tuttle's Centennial NonTinrEST. 'M • ■ I il ing states, the library and museum in connection tlicrevvith are very complete and valuable aids to the mastery of physiology and pathology, and the faculty comprises several of the brightest lights of the medical profession. The college is very well sus- lained, and its growing rejjutation will increase the average of its attendants. The inllucncc of the college is very perceptible in the intellectual vitality of Keokuk, and it conduces very materi- ally to the improvement of school training in every branch. In the year 18-i7, ten years after the city had been first laid out, there were just (340 inhabitants; but soon after that time there was a very rapid increase in numbers and importance, so that, in the year 18(J0, the population numbered 8,136, and in 1870, when the last census was tak-cn, there were 12,700 iidiabitants in Keokuk. There arc now probably about 18,000. Tlie city occupies the southeast corner of the state, and it is built at the foot and on the summit of a beautiful limestone bluff, which afTords excellent building stone, of the sort whicli hardens after being quarried, and is found c.xccedi: gly durable. The streets are broad and regular, containing many handsome residences and business blocks. The medical college is cjuitc an (vrnament and attraction to the lo- «>ality. Keokuk contains a seminary k c ladies, which deserves liigh commendation ; there are also man}' private academics, and the public school building cost $13,500. There arc twc.ve churches in the city, some of them conspicuously handsome. The name Keokuk, signifying " the watchful fo.x," was adijpted in honor of a distinguished Indian chief, who was the friend of whitj settle . during the Black Hawk war, and who deposed the rash and treacherous Black Hawk from his leadership of the braves after his ill omened hostilities came to an end. lie ranks among the most extraordinary men that have come to the front among tlie Indian tribes, and the Sac Indians gave him great rev- erence. The trade of Keokuk extends along the Des Moines, as well as along the ^lississippi, and the manufactures of the city are making rapid advances. There are now steam flouring mills in constant work, foundries that employ numerous wo-kmcn in all departments of that avocation, lumber yards, planing mills, brick yards and valuable quarries, in addition to numerous industries, small in themselves, but large in the aggregate. Pork packing i3 1 ■■ icrcvvith are [siology and e brightest •y well sus- eragc of its recptible in eiy niateri- raiicli. In l!tl out, there ere was a -liat, in the 0, when the in Keokuk, 'ceupies the ai,J on the Is excellent iig quarried, broad and iness blocks. on to the lo- ch deserves idcmics, and arc twc.ve handsome. I'as adopted he friend of deposed the 'hip of the He ranks to the front 1 great rev- Moines, as tlie city are ig mills in lien in all nills, brick industries, packing is } . ■ w > 1 lis .' 1 « ' 1 ' ■ \ \ 1 Hllffi! 1 1 I!'- . r •■■I Pbixcipal Cities of Iowa. 577 -*-_^^_ . ,__^ , , . ■■'■^'^ ^= =^ :ai P ^^^5ir iSv^^l "'^y;.#^M t»| m ^^spl« S ^ m ^: :==. ir ■: ^s a :b=r= =b: 1*^^ = ■ K--.-j=^= a r^^ — .. ..— . 1^'..- — rT.-, A^ '■==='. - v-^— ^ g=^ ''-L'.^^^ -Xr^, ,-,--==; ^ ^^^V q L^ 3 ^CjW^ ^s =^^i \ xSi'l ^^ \ ^-'•i ^ ^ ^ ■^ V) V ■ ul 11 ^ m i i 1 1 ^ i 1 M 1 ^%:^^8i 1 " -" T'- being extensively carried on in Keokuk, and hrewdries arc nu- merous. The state university deserves praise, if only for its med- ical department; but apart from that feature, it is a very admir- able establishment. Keokuk is sometimes mentioned as " the Gate City of Iowa," frt)n:i its position commanding thegreat rivers of the state. Tlic water powers of the city are largely used, but that wondrous aid to man's exertions will be still more largely availed of in the future as the capital cmploj'ed in manufactures is increased. The city is lighted with gas, and is governed by a mayor and council. The public schools are graded and well taught, under a board which lias displayed an intellectual interest in tuition. There arc six newspapers published in the city, and their tone on the great questions of the day bespeaks the high character of the city and county in which they circuUte. Many of the editorials would do honor to metropolitan journals, and the advertising columns show that they are in great favor with the trading, manufacturing and commercial public. A very fine bridge crosses tlic ^lississippi at this point, for railroad and high- way x;se, 2,300 feet in length. Couxciii Bluffs was long known as Kancsville, and is the capital of ruUawattamic county, Iowa. The city lies in the val- ley of the Missouri river, about three miles east of the stream, at the foot of very high, precipitous blufls which arrest the atten- tion of the traveler coming cast from the Golden Gale or bound for California. The railroad facilities of this city are unbounded, and the authorities of the city and of the county have at various times displayed great enterprise in contributing to the capital stock of railroad companies which have appeared likely to facili- tate the advancement of their locality in a commercial sense. In the summer of ISOi, the year after the Louisiana purchase had been completed with Napoleon, the explorers Lewis and Clarke ascended the ^Missouri river and held a council with the Indians on the Nebraska side of the river, about twenty miles above the site of Omaha. That point was known as Council Bluffs for many years after l'\irt Calhoun was established there, but the name of Council Bluffs was adopted by the settlement which had been known as Kancsville, quite late in the history of this cen- 87 V^ i;i'! i . 1 ■ l! 678 Tuttle's Centesnial Northwest. tmj. Ill tlie year 1824, there was a trading ])ost on the blufls where the city stand,-?, near the large spring waw known as the "Mynstcr," and the spot was designated as Hart's Blull, in com- pliment to the trader. The v(v/agciir.s tlien traflicking on the river were the employes of the American Fur Company, and were in no way interested in permanent settlement. Hart lixed his trad- ing post at the point named because of the water privileges 'af- forded by the excellent spring already mentioned. Tlie same at- tractions, and the great variety of game which could be procured. on the spot, seem to have induced a permanent settlement before the 3'ear 1827, and near the foot of tlie blufls, where the splendid business blocks of Broadway now stand, the Frenchman, Francis Guittar, used to find his breakfast without troubliiig the butcher. Deer, elk and Buffalo were then common on the prairies, and In- dians remained in the territorv until the winter of 1840-7, when they were removed to reservations, supposed to be permanent, in Kansas. The first family of white settlers came here in 1838, when Mr. Hardin, who had been appointed as government farmer among the Pottawattamie Indians, occupied the spot now known as Hardin's Bend. The farmer was preparing the way for the Pottawattamies, who were to follow him from the Platte purchase in Missouri. This gentleman with his sons remained as settlers when the Indians went towards the setting sun, and many agents and traders who had accompanied the red men from Missouri state remained in this locality. Two comjianics of troops came to this point in 1839 and built a block house on the bluff in the eastern section of the city, where the Catholic priests soon after- wards built a mission house. There were no other white settlers until the year 1846, when the place was suddenly overrun by Mormons, wlio had been driven out of Nauvoo upon the death of their prophet, .Ice Smith, by violence at the hands of a Gentile mob, in the year 1844. Some of the saijits endured much suffer- ing in Iowa and elsewhere on their way from Nauvoo, and Brig- ham Young made his way to the spot now known as Florence, Nebraska, but then called "Winter Quarters by the saints. This city site was for a long time the headquarters of the Mormons, Orson Hyde being in command of the f-ettlcment after Brother Brigh ini had gone off with other leaders towards Salt Lake. The Mormons carried things with a high hand, for some timoi P RISC I PAL Cities of Iowa. 579 n tlic blu/Ts 11 own as the uir, in corn- on tlic river uid were in c;l liiri trad- rivilegcs 'af- iriio same at- bo procured ment before tlie splendid man, Francis the butclier. iries, and In- SiG-7, when )ermanent, in ere in 1838, irnent farmer ; now known : way for the atte purcliasc id as settlers many agents om Missouri troops came bluir in tlio ts soon after- /hito settlers overi'un by n the death of a Gentile much SLifTer- )o, and Brig- as Florence, ;;iints. This e ^foi'mons, fter ]]rother Salt Lake, some time, over the Gentiles who came to settle among them, and when later in their career at this point a Methodist preacher denounced some of their practices and doctrines, B )ther Hyde cursed him from the altar, and expressed an opinion ihat the man would lose his life. The ^fethodist, not appalled in the slightest, called on Mr. Ilydn and told him that he (the prophet) should be held re- sponsible should his words be verified by the action of any of his deluded followers. The statement looked so much like business that Brother Hyde took off the curse, withdrew the pro[)hcc3', and the rival preacher survived. The Mormon settle- ment here was visited by Col. Kane of Pennsylvania, and, in memory of that event, the saints called the place Kancsville during all the years that they ruled in the land. The name con- tinued lon^ after thev were gone. Some of the Mormons made up a battalion of five hundred men for the Mexican war. and it is claimed * nembcrs of that warlike array found the first gold in Sacramento. Tlic Mormon population moved off slowly after 18i8, but there were six thousand live hundred here in 1840, and in the following year nearly eight thousand, as num- bers were coming in from nearly all parts of Iowa en route to Salt Lake C'ty. In 1852, orders ca- t for all the faithful to as- semble in Utah, and, as the time drew near for the final exodus, the Gentiles came in by the hundred to buy the farms and im- jirovements of the departing saints. Some of the Mormons ab- jured Brigham Young and held on to their improvements, others, following the son of the first prophet, held on to the Mormon bible, but foreswore polygamy, but the bulk of the settlement went on to Salt Lake City. Kancsville was in the cour.se of travel when the gold fields of California were opened up in 1840, and some of the roughest specimens of humanity that ever swung from the branch of a tree made th.cir abode in the settle- ment, plying their trade as gamblers, until vigilance committees were organized to rid the city of their presence. Some of the wildest scenes ever witnessed on earth were the outcome of the orgies of such desperadoes, and their exeesse.s, with brief inter- vals of quiet, were tpread over some years, and had not come to a conclusion when the saints made an end of their tarrying. The organization of the county took place in 1848, and all the officials were Mormons, from the postmaster of KanesvilU to the :!!■'• M \>\ > W' il • ifi ;i ,H- I I- 1 580 Tui'TLh^S CENTh'KSIAL NoRTHWEST. jiulgcs for the district. From that time the Gentile popuhitiou went on improving, and the gold mania increased tlie rush of merchants and traders to this spot. During the years 1851-2-3, the h;nds were surveyed here, and a land oflice was opened tc expedite settlement, after which time a feverish era of land spec- ulation followed, continuing and increasing until 1857, when the grand crash came, and many who had never dreamed of sj)eeu- lating were involved in the general ruin. Settlement had become general throughout Pottawattamie county during the years whoa the Mormons ruled, and the next hope of the people, after the crash of 1857, was that railways would repair all damages. That expectation has been more than rcali;ied, as since that era of dis- may the various railroad companies desirous to reach the trade beyond the plains in Oregon, Texas, and California, have multi- plied their lines of communication, converging to this point from all parts of the union until Council Bluffs seems to be a plexus of iron nerves upon which the welfare of the whole world depends. Gradual]|f a scheme was matured for carrying railroad enterprise over into Nebraska; a trestle bridge was constructed over the Missouri, and a locomotive engine, thus conveyed acros^s the mighty stream, was the forerunner of the Union Pacific Railroad, which has since made the whole world more than wise about con- gressioflw doings. With the nmltiplication of iron roads, the city has increased in wealth and population, and manufactories of various kinds have risen into immense business and exemplary profit. The name was changed to Council Bluffs when the city ■was incorporated, and the wealth of the community lias been testified by many operations since then known to all the world, more especially in reference to railroads. The bridge over the Missouri at this point is a very fine structure, and it is traversed by millions of passengers annually. The railroads that serve Council Bluffs are the Iowa Division of the Chicago and North- western ; the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific ; the Kansas City, St. Joseph's and Council Bluffs; the Burlington and Missouri; and the Union Pacific Railroad, having its terminus in Omaha, is connected with Council Bluffs by the fine bridge before men- tioned. There are other roads whicb serve to increase the pros- perity of the evergrowing city, but the principal only have been PnmciPAL Cities of Kansas. population 10 rush of 185 1-2-3, Is opened tc If laiul spec- |7, when the I'd of s])cou- |iad becoino [years whe.i [ic, after the ^gos. That t era of dis- h the trade )ave multi- point from bo a plexus •Id depends. -1 cnter])ri.so cd over the across the ic Eailroad, ' about con- roads, the I factories of exemplary en the city ■ lias been the world, c over tlio 3 traversed that servo lid JS'orth- msas Citv. Missouri ; Omaha, is fore men- i the pros- lave been 581 mentioned. Bricks and lumber were the first articles of mcr- chandise that engaged the attention of the people of Kanesville, . and that branch of industry i.s still prosecuted with success in the suburbs of the city of Council BIulTs, but so many other import- ant works have been added that these lines scarcely cliallengo attention. In the year 1800, the population of the city had fallen from Alorman totals to 2,011, and in 1870, the census only revealed an enumeration of 10,020, but the number must now be very much larger. The school system is excellent, the churches are numerous and well supported, and many of the buildings are very fine. The city is lighted witli gas, and well governed ; tho press is influential and very well deserves its success. The state institution for the deaf and dumb is located here, and is a beauti- ful building, and the court house, a county structure, is very handsome indeed. The city, once rioted over by some of the worst specimens of border ruffianism, is now one of the mosf orderly and prosperous cities of the union. CHAPTEK XLV. PRINCIPAL CITIES OF KANSAS, Topt'ka — Lcavcnworlh — Lawrence — Atch'soii — Wyandotte. TorEKA, signifies in the Indian tongue, " Wild Potatoe," and of course that valuable article of food is not verv large before cultivation brings improvements, hence, when in the early days of the settlement, in the year 1855, the free state convention was held there, the proslavery leaders hoped to overwhelm the nas- cent capital, and the cause which for the time it represented, in one torrent of ridicule, by rendering the name into " Small Po- tatoes." The witty efTervescence died out, but the city remained, and the cause of justice and freedom flourished, so that Topelca is now the capital of a free and prosperous state which has a pop- ulation of six hundred thousand, with abundance of fertile land and manufacturing and commercial facilities for " millions yet to m u . I i T !. - mUmtsL.- f,\ r.' i ., M in ' « I I n ' » i- -i f ) I I ti H 'll I i ii! I ,) •< "1 ill 582 Tuttle's C£\TIC\XUL NoiiTinVEST. be." Besides being tlie capital of Kansas, Topeka is the county scat of Sliawiiee, and is situated on the Kansas river, (57 miles west of Wyandotte and 21) miles west of Tiuwrenec. Tlic site is very fine, occuj)ying the south side of the river, willi rectangular streets, along which are planted handsome business blocks, de- voted to the service of commerce, and beautiful private resi- dences embowered in groves, which attest the sound judgment of the citizens. Kansas is not a treeless region, nor is it generally decimated by droughts and grasshoppers, but the long continu- ance of prairie fires during the incumbency of the Indians, who were lords of the soil until ISS-A-o, and in some parts of the ter- ritory much later, has to a considerable extent denuded the coun- try of forests and gr()ves, and therefore it was at one time much drier and more subject to desolating storms than it has been of late years. When settlement commenced, tree planting followed in. a measurable degree, and would have been prosecuted on a much larger scale but for the strife on the question, '' Bond or Free? "' which for many years combined nearly the whole of the residents to drive back the marauders from western ^lissouri. Even then, although the work of tree planting was tcmpovardy omitted by man, nature bountifully supplied his place, and in thousands of places self planted groves came into existence, as they had been trying all along to do, whenever tlie often recur- ring fires would intermit. The trees t/uus springing up in con- sequence of settlement offering a defense against conflagrations, and in consequence also of the v/ise e.iergies of the settlers, have modified the climate of Kansas to such an extent, that the rains which come are better distributed throughout the year, and much more moderate. Mesquit and buffalo grasses are giving way slowly to blue grass, timothy and clover, the buffalo wallows are being broken up for cultivation, springs bubble forth by the hundred, in districts once comparatively waterless, the creeks which seldom run more than a few months of the year, arc now seldom dry, and the rivers, once in'.ermittent to a degree which made them valueless for mills and factories, are gradually becom- ing constant aids to human enterprise. With so many incentives to plant trees, we need not wonder that the residents of Topeka have beautified their city by cultivating in many spots eloquent Pj{L\cii'al Cities of Kashas. 583 tlio county ', 07 miles The site i>^ 'ectangular blt)cks, dc- |iv.ito re.si- 'ulgmcDt of geiiernlly i,i,^ continu- (lians, who of the tcr- the coun- tiiiio miuili Ki.s been of ig followed :;uted on a , '' Bond or 'hole of the 1 Missouri, ieinjxji'ai'ily nee, and in xistence, as >ftcn recur- up in con- iflagration.s, tilers, have it the rains , and much giving way r'allows are th by the the creeks I", arc now ?rec which lly bceom- incentives 3f Topeka 3 eloquent reminders of " the forest primeval," an 1 certainly tlieir location is well worthy of all the pains they liav ; bestowed upon its orna- mentation. Until the year 185-i, when the Kansas-Nebraska act passed into law, this territory was devoted to Indian reservations, upon which no white man could settle without permission ex- pressly given by the red men, and only a few Indian traders and missionaries cared to examine the beauties of the soil, climate and i)osition. When that bill became law there was a rush to pos- sess the eountiy, ^lissouri and the south on the one part, demand- ing the territory whereon to erect a slave state, the Missouri com- l)romise having been repealed, and the eastern and middle states for the other part contending, irrespective of alx)lition sentiment, that Kansas should be admitted to the union as a free state only. A colony from the free state settlement at Lawrence first settled Topeka, in 1854-, and an offshoot of a place pronounced "Pestife- rous," by the ])roslavcry party was naturally inclined in the same direction. From the first moment the Topeka men looked to empire as their destiny, and their expectations have been fully reali/ced. Tiic state house, built of magesian limestone, is the most beautiful object in the charming city, and the money ex- pended in its erection has been very well bestowed. There is no building of its kind in the west with which the capitol at Topeka may not compare adv.mtageou.sly. The wants of the state for many years to come will find ample acconimodation in its fair proportion.s, and it seems to have especial loveliness in the fact that it crowns the triumph of right principles which attained victory through manful and heroic efforts. The city rises gradu- ally from the river, and is well drained, the roads being graded specially to secure that end. Lincoln College, one of the lead- ing educational institutions of the state, will hand down to a remote and grateful posterity, the name of a truly great man, and assist to develop in successive generations, wealth of mind, the highest form, anil the most enduring which can be assumed by riches. The Episcopal church has established here a college, knt'vn as the Topeka Female Institute, wdiich is very highly valued and much availed of, irrespective of the religious views favored by the founders, as with the exception of only a few bigots, the men and women of to-day would not send their oppo- -xoM a i-ijj, ''^f }i' i t H 684 TuTTLE's CEXTENNrAL NonTIDrKST. nents to Tophct for opinion sake, nor neglect tlic opportunity for inteilcctiuil and moral growtli, because they cannot swallow a I)articulur dogma. The value of niaiiliood and effort is being . read in the spirit i)f tliat ealliolic line written by Alexander Pope: "He can't be wrong, whoso life is in llic right." The United States land ofTicc IP located in Topeka, and there are many important mills and manufactories, wMch excrci.se an important iiilluenee in the development of the city. Foundries, railroad machine shops and flouring mills are among the princi- l)al industries, but there are hundreds of profitable avocations •which are building up the wealth of this pro.sperous commercial center. There is a large inland trade conducted here, and the fine qualities of the agricultural land in Kansas, much in advance of the average of fertile regions throughout the union, bring vast quan- tities of produce to Topeka for shijjnient. Coal and choice build- ing stone, with deposits of kaolin and gypsum, are items in the wealth producing exports of this city and the surrounding coun- try. The railroad lines which serve the city and district are the Kansas Pacific, and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, by which the other side of the continent is made conducive to the pro.sper- ity of Kansas. The Santa Fe trade is a very large item in the ag- gregate of business. As we have seen the first settlement was made in the year 1851, and when the free state battle had been won in 1860, the census revealed a ])opulation of only 7oO in the city just resting from its labors. The census of 1870 showed a .seven fold increase within ten years, the numbci's then being 5,790, and at the present time tliere cannot be less than ten thou.sand souls in Topeka. There are numerous churches in the city, some of them beautiful, and the jjractical cxemj)lifications of Christian- ity aifordcd by their pastors during the great struggle have en- deared congregations and ministers to each other. The school system is good and well sustained, and there are eight newspapers in the city, all bearing evidence of mental labor and devotion to the interests of the commonwealth. Leavenworth was a fort long before ^lio country in which it stands was thrown open for settlement, and when the territory was Pniscii'AL Cities of Kansas. 585 lortunity for It swalldw a [rt is being [iiRlcr Po^m : a, and there exercise an Foundries, the prinei- avocations eornrncrcial and the fine Ivance of tlic ^ vast qnan- clioice buiUl- ileins in the unding coun- striet are the Fc, by which i tlie prosper- tern in the ag- ent was made been won in ) in the city owed a seven being 5,790, ten tliousand ,he city, some of Cliristian- iTgle liave en- The school t newspapers devotion to ( in wliich it territory was first organized a portion of the military quarters was allotted for the use of the governor, Hon. A. II. Keeder. This city, or rather this fort, for at the time it was a fort only, was the base of supply from wliich tlic forces marched into Mexico daring the Polk ad- ministration, and the traders bound for Santa Fe whose caravans often numbered quite an army, devoted to conuucrcc, found at tliis point a good byo and a welcome. The first band of emi- grants that passed over the Eooky Mountains into Oregon h.-.d many friends in Fort Leavenworth, and Mormons and gold find- ers, who in succession passed over the so called "Great American Desert," could recall tlic civilities and aids which for the sake of humanity they had in many instanccii found at the fort. When tlio Nebraska-Kansas act came into operation and the tide of set- tlement began to flow this way, the commandant and ofTicci's of the fort laiti out a town, on what was practically an Indian reser- vation as well as a military reserve, and the irregularity was not fatal to tho'r enterprise; although a similar movement by the ofTi- ecrs at Fort Scott, when the city of Pawnee was founded, was treated as a gross infraction of right, and the settlement was de- stroyed by a thousand dragoons, brought from Texas for that especial work. The site was well chosen for a fort in the first ]:)^acc, and as a city afterwards, as tlierc is a natural levee of rock which forms the bank of tlie river Missouri at this point, and along the whole of the city front, and the surrounding country, now one of the best settled regions in the state, is remarkably fer- tile anel productive. This region was travelled over by the French, and also by S[)anish troops, long before there was any prospect of civilization, invading and possessing the land, and at several times within this century there were expeditions over the grou» .1 and the river, as well as trading ventures which kept alive the interest of all classes in the locality, but tliere were comparatively few persons in the eastern and middle states who knew that the country, described in the maps as a desert, was gener- ally the most fertile area on the continent, and could easily be made one of the best watered, without further hydraulic works than tree planting. When Mr. Keeder came to Leavenworth to inaugurate civil government, he found the people about Fort Leavenworth mostly Missourians in their instincts, and they. I I, . : 'it» !•■ (,-1 : 586 Tuttle's Cextenxial Northwe.st. knowing that he was a democrat, who had been appointed to office •/ their friend, president Pierce, coneliidcd that thej could run the government, using the Pennsylvania ajjpoiiitce as their stalking horse inerel}'. The governor could not ho used in that way, and in consequence he was very badly abused by his obtru- sive friends, who ass:tulted him in his office, threatened him with assassination, and eventually pro.-. ircd his removal I'rom the terri- torial dignity on a inunpcd u{) charge of irregularities. The character of Jicavenworth is now very much changed for the bet- ter, and it ranks dcscrvingly as the first city in the state. The county scat of Leavcnwortli is located in tlie city and the county buildings are noticeable for their neatness. The railroads which serve tlie city and county are, the Kan. ..s Pacilic, the Leavenworth, Atchison and Northwestern, and tbo Chicasro and Southwestern. The distance from this point to Kansas City, .slissouii, is just thirty-r/ne miles. The quantity of ship[)ing effected liere by the railroads and by steamers on the viver, is very !;reat indeed, and must go on increasing for many years, as the niireral qualities of the soil cannot readily be exhausted, and the intelligenv.'e of the agricultural popuhriun in Kansas cannot be satisfied with less than the highest deg:>'c of success. Tlie old fame of the fort as a base of supplies stands the city in good stead, and ]'.ufco .ireas of the west depend upon shipments of all kinds from this commercial metropolis. The schools of Leaven- worth are famous for exceptional excellence, being graded in a manner calculated to procure the best results from teachers and pupils, and in every respect well inanaged by an efficient board. Besides the public schools v.'hicli are located in excellent build- ings, thcic are numerous ])rivate schools which arc deserving of note, two commercial colleges, and a female seminary from which some of the brightest ornaments of th'! west have ix'ccived tiicir highest polish. There is also a medical college in Leaven ■worth, w'dch reclvons among its professors the best talent procur able in the west, for the work that is hcr(^ undertaken. Tliere is a fine theatre here, but the population is not large enough to maintain a dnxmatic com{)any regularly^, and the citizens are am- ply served with amr.semcnts by occasional visitors. The regu- lar settlement of Leavenworth only dates from 1854, but in the ■■ PinxcH'AL Cities of Kansas. 687 ^pointed to tliej- could tee as their isci] ill tliat )y Ills obtru- ed liim with )m the terri- •itica. The for the bet- 1 the state. ity and the 'he raih'oads Paeilic, the Cliicago and uiisas City, ol shij)()irig the -ivei', is \uy years, as hausted, and ansas cannot '^ss. The oM -ily in good mients of all s of Lcaven- gradcd in a teachers and icient boan\ ;Ilcnt build- deserving of linary from ivc received in Leaven ilont procur II. There is ^ enoiigli to ^ens are am- Tiie rogu- but in the year IRGO, tliere were 7,429 persons living in the city, and dur- ing tlio next decade that number increased to 17,873 ; the present population is probably little short of twenty-five thousand. The city carries on a Very jn'osperous trade on the Mississip[)i, a., well as on the Missouri river, and there is almost an illiniitable field for further growth. The city has flouring mills, saw mills, lum- ber yards, brick yards, breweries, a machine shop, and i'on furnaces. Very good samples of brown hematite ore have beuu found in the territory, but although eoal is quite abundant, the localiod of iron smelting works has not yet been thought advis- able. Old lead workings have also been found, but the mineral has not been obtained in quantities to j)ay for working. The churches of Leavenworth are very noticeable features, as well for their beauty of design in many cases as fM»:j:-^^^^ ) i- ! i 588 TcTTLic's Centexxjal Northwest. rufTiaiiism as Iladcs only could surpass. There are sixteen newspapers published in Leavenworth, circulating through the county, and in many cases far beyond the state in whicli thoy are produced. The territory was at one time disgraced by a eeiisor- ship of the press?, which would have rendered progress impo.'jsi- ble, could the evil sj-stem have been sustained, but the press of Leavenworth is to a large extent master of the situation, exer- cising a censorship over morals and manners which, in the main, is highly beneficial The city is about forty-five miles north- east of To[)eka, seventy miles south of St. Joseph, ^Missouri, and nearly five hundred miles from St. Louis. The city is well lighted with gas, and its municipal alTairs are regulated by a mayor and council. Among the finest work, noticeable in this part of the country, is ttie admirable cast iron suspension bridge wl)ich cross(\s the Missouri at Leavenwoith and carries the line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. The bridge, completed, cost the company $1,000,000. There are four miles of street railways in the city. The state normal school is one of the ornaments of Leavenworth, and the military jirison, in the Fort Leavenworth reserve, adjoining the city, is also a very noticeable feature; the two orphan asylums and St. Mary's academy, added to the twenty-seven churches and nine school buildings, give a splendid ar)pearance to this prosperous locality. Iawhknce was the first colony planted by the New England Emigrants' Aid Association, in 1804, in the territory, just opened to settlement by the Kansas-Nebraska act, and one of the earliest experiences of the settlers, while they were still occupying their tents on the site of the present city, was a demand from about one hundred and fifty roughs, who had come to the R])ot, in wagons, from the Missouri border, accompanied by a band, and carrying banners, that the settlers should remove their tents from ground wliich it was contended had been taken up by one of tlieir party. The demand was amplified afterwards into a claim tliat the wliolc of the party sliould leave the territory, uever more to return. Before the emigrants arrived the ground tad been occupied by other settlers, but the new comers bought out their predecessors, are sixteen through tlie lich thev are by a eciisor- ^ress impossi- it the press of tnution, excr- iii the main, miles north- li, Missouri, The city is ! roi^ulatcd bv the country, h crosses the the Chicago, 3mjilo;e(|, cost street railways I ornaments of ; Leavenworth iable feature ; added to the ive II splendid Now England y, just opened of the earliest cupying their om about one :)t, in wagons, and carrying from ground f their party. Iiat the whole are to return. occupied by predecessors, 4''}>: PniNCiPAL Cities of Kaxsas. 559 and there was literally nothing in the claim of the border ruffians but a pretext for an assault on a peaceful set of men. Much to the surprise of the assailants the little colony could not be scared, and the Missourians waited until their own ranks were consider- ably reinforced, extending the time, considerately, within which the intruders must retire, or endure the terrible consequences, in being groiuid to powder as between the upper and the nether millstone. "Rashly importunate," the Lawrence men would not take warning in spite of all the messages that their invaders sent, and at last, their tempers tried beyond endurance, the Missouri- ans went away in their wagons for fear somebody might get hurt; but they left word that they would come again, sometime within a week, and wipe out the colony altogether. They did come again after the lapse of a few months, when the legislature was to be elected, and nearly live thousand of the Missourians elected all the members of botli houses of the legislative assembly, all over Kansas, in every precinct except one. Lawrence was on that occasion the scene of most disreputable conduct, the judges of election w^ould have been hanged or shot, if they had not been called away by their friends, and pandemonium reigned for fully twenty-four hours among people generally accustomed to direct their thoughts elsewhere. Lawrence is the county seat of Douglas, and is situated on the Kansas river, thirty-eight miles from Leav- enworth. The river is crossed by a very handsome bridge, which cost $4:5,000, and the city is supplied with lirst-class rail- road accommodation by the Kansas Pacific, and the Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston roads, which form a junction at this point, multiplying the facilities for travel and traffic possessed by the inhabitants. The city sulYered .severely during the Kansas embroilment in consequence of the hatred of the Missourians who looked upon the settlement there as the headquarters of the abolitionists, and consequently omitted no opportunity to injure the people and the place. The proslavery men from the neighboring state carried the city by as.sault in 1856, and inflicted injuries to the extent of $15(VO00 to property alone ; and it is probable that the same party which did the damage in 'iJG inspired a still more abomin- able outrage in 18G3, when the guerilla leader Quantrell with a \':^^. i:\ Mi ' tf 590 TuTTLtfs CENTEySIAL NOL'TinVEST, band of desperadoes surprised the defenseless city, massacred one hundred and fifty persons in cold blood, burned niore than one hundred houses, sacked the wealthier habitations and csca})cd with their plunder. In spite of all its disasters the people have kept up their courage and the city still ranks as the second in the state. Its houses and business blocks are very handsome and substantial, and the city, built on rising ground whicii slo])es to- ward the river, is excellently drained. The streets are macada- mized, with fine sidewalks, and are shaded by fine rows of trees whicl, add much to the beauty as well as to the comfort of the site. Tiiere are many important works in operation here, includ- ing iron foundries, machine shops, planing mills, and tanneries, besides an immense variety of smaller establishments which pay a largo aggregate of wages. The population in the year 1870, when the last census was taken only amounted to 8,320, but at the present time there cannot be less than twelve thousand inhab- itants in Lawrence. The city has commercial relations with all the ";reat cities in Kansas anct the neighboring states and the aurri- cultural population in Douglas county may be said to contain the very cream of the farming community in Kansas. Lawrence is the location of the state university and the interests of learning are safe in the hands of that high toned community. There are manv churches, some of them very hand.some indeed, but when the ruITians sacked the place in 185G, and again in 180o, they showed the hatred of Vandals for everything that was most beautiful. All the earlier meetings which led the way toward the establishment of free government in the territory and state were held in Lawrence, hence the antipathy of Missouri was not without good grounds. The school system in Lawrence is very elficient, and the buildings arc fine. There are eight newspa[)er3 in the city, and they are well supported but not an iota better than they deserve, as their tone intellectually, morally and politi- cally is beyond praise. The dam, recently constructed acro.ss Kansas river here and now completed, gives a motive force for machinery equal to three thousand horse j^owcr. Si.K railroads center in Lawrence, and there are seventeen churches. The jiublic library is a fine building and the woolen mill is by many thought even more important. The pork packing estab- Prixcii'al Cities of Kansas. 591 nas.sacrcd one 11)10 tliaa one and c.scaj)cd people liavc second in the landsonie and lich sloj)es to- s are maeada- |; rows of trees onifort of the n liere, inelud- aiid tanneries, liineiits wliieli tlie year 1870, ) 8,320, but at lousand inliab- lations with all « and the agri- I to contain the i. Lawrence is sts of learnino: ily. There are eed, but when in 1803, they hat wa.s most he way towaril. tory and state issoui'i wa.s not wrence is very ;ht newspapers an iota better illy and politi- trueted across tive force for Six railroads liurchcs. The en mill is by lacking estab- lishment in Lawrence will add materially to the business of the city. Atchison is the county scat of Atchison, and was named in rcineinbrance of one of tlie Missourian leaders. Gen. Atchison, who was for some years United States senator for Mi.ssouri, and by accident became vice president of the union for a short time. The general never saw service, except in the guerilla war which was prosecuted against free state men in Kansas territory, but he was in great hope at one time that his labors in that field would secure him the vote of the south for the presidency, in which ease that section of the union would have been perfectly safe against the liberation of their human chattels. The city lies on the left bank of the Missouri, surrounded by bluffs and hills which give the place quite a picturesque appearance. Kansas city in Mis- souri is just forty-eight miles southeast from Atchison ; Topeka, eight3'-nine miles southwest, and St. Joseph twenty miles above on the river. In the troubles incideni. . to the struggle for su- ])remacy between free state men and proslavery men, Atchison, be- ing the headquarters of many friends of the border party, escaped spoliation. There are many manufactories established in the city employing large numbers of people, and the local trade is consid- erable in consequence of the large agricultural are>i which makes Atchison its center. The town makes very extensive shipments by the river as well as b}- the Missouri Pacific railroad ; by the central branch of the Union Pacific, which has its terminus here ; by the Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe railroad ; and by the Atciiison and Nebraska railroad. The population in 1870 when the last census was collected was 7,051, and is now probably very nearly ten thousand. There are four newspapers published here representing the public opinion of Atchison county and city, and they are all tolerably well conducted. The area of the county is about -115 square miles, r..nd it contains a population of about twenty thousand souls. The schools in Atchison are well con- ducted and tolerably well attended, but their system of grading will admit of soine improvements, which there is every disposi- tion to provide for. The average attainments of the teachers stand very high indeed. Churches are tolerably represented in Atchi- 592 TVTTLHS CeSTENXIAI, NORTHWEST. son, but some of the buildings must soon be removed to "■'ivc place to more elegant structures, such as the wealth of the city can very well afl'ord to erect. The tone of Atchison at the present day is sound to the core, and the city deserves all the prosperity which it so well enjoys. '■ 'I Wyandottk takes its name from a tribe of Indians once located in the territory of Kansas, but long since removed to hap- pier hunting grounds. The city stands near the mouth of the Kansas river where that stream ends its course of four hundred inilcs by emptying its volume into the Missouri, just at the point where the Kansas river becomes the boundary line between the two states, which were so long and so disastrously engaged in internecine strife. Wyandotte is the county seat of Wyandotte, but it does not increase very rapidly, being too near to Kansas City, Mo., for rapid progi'cssir.i in commercial importance. It is the eastern terminus of the Kansas Pacific Eailroad ; and lias .1 station on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, four miles west of Kansas City. There is a very fine bridge over the Kansas river at this point. Vessels have ascended the river froni the Mis- souri, to beyond the point where the Solomon and the Smoky Ilill combine to form tlie main stream, but the jiarties that cllect- ed the passage were not encouraged to attempt further exploits in the same line, and the Kansas can hardly be included in the list of navigable rivers in the union. The population of the city at the time of the latest cansus was nearly three thousand, and is now, probably over four thousand, the local trade being considerable. There are two newspapers published in Wyan- dotte, but the courage of the people, which would suflice to build up a fine commerce elsewhere, is spent at a great di.sadvantage, in a position where the city figures as little other than a railwaj' suburb of Kansas City. PiaxciPAL Cities of Nebraska. 593 )vcd to give the city can the present 10 prosperity CIIAPTEli XLVI. ndians oneo veJ to hap- iith of the ur hundred at the point between the y engaged in Wyandotte, w to Kansas rtance. It is 1 ; and has a niles west of Kansas river •om the Mis- l the Smoky 3s that efTect- tlier exploits Inded in the ation of the ee thousand, trade beincj 1 in Wyan- fTice to buihl isadvantage, an a railwaj' PRINCIPAL CITIES UP IS'EBUASKA. Lincoln — Omalm — Nebniskii City. Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska and the county seat of • Lancaster, fifty seven miles from Nebraska City, in a very fertile district, which is becoming populated by a very enterprising class of farmers.- Nebraska was a pait of the territory which was i>urchased from Napoleon in 1803, known as the Louisiana purciiase. There may be said to have been no emigration into Nebraska until the territory was thrown open to the competitive cITorts of north and south by the Nebraska-Kansas act of 1854, and at that time the main attention of both parties having been concentrated on Kansas, Nebraska e.-capcd the pestilent operations of the rufiians over the border. Emigration became very rapid after tlie struggle in Kansas turned attention from the region more lavoi'cd b}' nature, until the financial crisis of 1857, the result of over speculation in land and in everything that ofTered chances for legitimate gambling, whon Nebraska was severel}'' checked, but in the year ISG-l, the act enabling the citizens to form a state governtnent was passed, and a constitution having been formed before June 180(), and ratified in due course, the state was admitted to the union in February, 1867. Lincoln city sprang up very rapidly in the summer of 1867, and towards the end of the following year, the seat of government was transferred from Omaha, which, until then, had been tlie capital, to the fair and jironiising young rival, eighty miles to the southwest. The elegant residences and business premises of Lincoln sprang up •with wondrous speed, and the location of the cit\'- is certainly very advantageous. The legislature first met in Lincoln in Jan- uary, 1869, but the present state house was not erected until later. Tlie capitol cost $100,000, and is a very fine structure. The university in Lincoln promises well, and the state agricul- S8 mr':^ ,!>/ II i.tk .!(h 1 1 ' /;!'!-. '-^ "'^•ft:. ill '■ •■\ :\ N-Ml 1,.n ! 'M ! < - '3 "V 594 TuTTLffs Centennial Kohthwest. tural college is also located here. There arc several manufac- tories, and very extensive salines, the salt works being very suc- cessful in procuring an article of coinnieree from the salt springs in this neighborhood. There arc eight ncw.spapers published in Lincoln, the churches are already ornamental to the city, the schools arc well organized, and when the census was taken in 1870, the population was two thousand lour hundred and forty- one ; the present population is nearly four thousand. Omaha has been well advertised all over the world as the city which was located, or invented, or liberally endowed, or other- wise benciitod by the celebrated George Francis Train, but the city is a flourishing place notwithstanding, and it appears that the property of its benefactor in Omaha has been sold for unpaid taxes. Such is the gratitude of republics; they won't thank any- one for doing nothing. Omaha is the county seat of Douglas, standing on the western bank of the Missouri river, o})posite Council Blufls, and it is the eastern terminus of the l^nion Pacific Kailroad. The city contains other termini : the Omaha and- Northwestern, the naha and Southwestern, and b}- the bridge which spans the river at this point it may be said also to fjoasess a terminal station for the railroads which center at Council Blufls. When the river is hicrh, Omaha has steadv communi- catJffti with St. Louis, 820 miles below, and with various cities en route. The city stands on a plateau fifty feet above the Mis- souri level and is well built. In the year IStiO, its population was 1,801; before the next census, in 1871, it numbered 1(5, 083, and the population still increases rapidly. Its commerce and its manufacturing interests arc being developed with great suc- cess; the schools are excellent, its churches well attended, and its fourteen newspapers remarkably well supported. At some seasons of the year the ^lissouri can l.)o navigated far above Omaha. The city is fourteen miles from the mouth of Platto river. The bluffs rising beyond the business area will, in course of time, become the sites of innumerable handsome residences, adding considerably to the beauty of the scene which is now presented. The trade from this point to the mines, frontier ]iost3 and aero.=;s the plains, is large. The city was first settled in 185-1, Ill manufac- lig very suc- jsalt springs bublisliod in lie cily, tlic las taken in and forty- 1 as the city xl, or otlier- aiii, but the appears that 1 for unpaid 'l thank any- ()[ DougLas, VC1-, opposite I'nion Pacific Omaha and" liy the bridge IsO to [»03SC3S ■r at Council dv connnuni- various cities jovo the Mis- ts population bered 1(5,083, jmmcrcc and ih great suc- attcndcd, and d. At some cd far abovo, Litli of i'latto vill, in course nc residences, which is now frontier posts ttled in 185-1, St. Louis axd Kaxsas City, Mo. 695 after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act, and its name is bor- rowed from an Indian tribe. Kkbraska City is the second city in the state of Nebraska, and is the scat of justice for Otoe county. It is placed on the right or western bank of the river Missouri, twenty-eight miles below the mouth of river Platte. The city is built on ground which rises as it recedes from the river, and is thus well situated for drainage. Most of the buildings arc of wood, but the general aspect of the place is decidedly line, and better materials will come into use as the piesent structures require renewal. The county buildings are commodious, and the several churcher are vay attractive .specimens of architecture. There arc public halls for amusements, several schools well graded and the teachers are quite up to their work. In the j'car 1870, when the last census was taken, there were 6,050 inhabitants, but since that time there has been a large increase. There are several newspapers all well supported. Nebraska City does a good share of river trade, and also with the frontier towns. The Pacific railroads have very greatly injured the business which used to be effected with emi- grants crossinsr the plains. In the western section of Otoe county are valuable salt springs which will contribute very materially to enrich Nebraska Cit}'. as the salt works arc extended. The salt manufactured is excellent. CHAPTER XLVII. CITIES OF ST. LOUIS AND KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. St. Louis was founded in 17(U, by 'SL Laclade, a Frenchman, who established a fur company there under a charter of the French governor general of Louisiana, and named the place in honor of Louis XV, then king of Franco. In 1708. a Spanish officer by the name of Eeous, with a company of Spanish troops, took possession of St. Louis and upper Louisiana (as it was ■k '■if fi: ,t)'r i" ■'[ 696 Tuttjj:\s Ci:yrj:x\j.ih Xoir/Fiwi^sr. termed), in llie name of his Catholic mnjosty, and it remained under that sway until ^farch, 1804. The first briek lionsc was ci-cctcd in 1813, and in 1817. tlic lirst steamboat arrived. Tlio city is located on the \ve?t bank of the Mi.s.si.ssi[)i)i, 1,19-4 miles above New Oi'lcans, 774 miles below Minneapolis or the Falls of St. Anthou}', 128 miles east of .TcfTer.son City. 174 miles above the mouth of the Ohio aii'l 20 miles below the mouth of the ^lis.souri river, and is the ■ ;ro()olis of ^^i.s.souri, the largest city of the western states, and the third city, in regard to po[>uhitioii, in the L'nited States. The city rises in three successive terraces of limestone formation, the lirst twent}', the second sixty and the third two hundred feet above the floods of the ^[i8sissi^)pi. Tlie ascent to the first plateau or bottom, as it may be termed, is somewhat abrujit; the second and third rise more gradually and ppread out into an extensive j^lain, affording fine views of the city and river. The city extends fourteen miles along the river and nine miles inland, covering 35,000 acres or nearly fifty-five square miles ; the thickly populated portion, however, i.-' only four or four and a half miles in length, following the ilver, and about two miles in breadth. The city is well laid out, the streets being for the niost part sixty feet wide and witli few exceptions intersecting each other at riirlit angles. Front street, extending along the levee, is ui)wards of one hundred feet wide, and built tip on the side f:>cing the river with a range of massive stone warehouses, which make an imposing appearance as the city is approached by water. Fourth street, called "the fashionable promenade," contains the finest retail stores; but Front, Main and Second streets, ]iaralicl to each other and to the river, are the seat of tlu; largest and principal wholesale business. The streets back from the river and parallel to it, are known as Front, Main, Second, Third and so on to Fortieth street; and those on the right and left of Market street, extending at right angles with the river, arc mostly named from various forest tress, similar to the streets of Philidelphia, and large expenditures have been made from time to time, in grading and other improvements. Within the last ten years, the style of building in the city has so improved as to make it now one of the most beautifull\- and sub- stantially constructed cities in the country. Brick is the princi- St. Louis .\.\/> K.txs.is Cm', Mo. 697 t remained liouso wa.s rivod. Tlio 1,19-4 miles llic Falls of miles above outli oT tho largest city population, ny of suspense racticcd toward hundreds swept ith the ingenu- itself, tlie plan ning mad with and hurriedly ■■ The Sioux Massacbe. G05 executed. In other words, the fiends of hell could not invent atrocities more feaiCul than those savages perpetrated upon their liclpless and hapless victims. The bullet, the tomahawk and the scalping knife spared neither age nor sex, tl>e only prisoners tak- en being the young and comely women, to minister to the brutal lusts of their captors, and a few children." Thus in a little less than forty hours, as near as can be known, eiglit hundred whites were wantonly and cruelly slaughtered, and their Iumucs made a black and smoking desolation ; and in many cases the torch was applied and the maimed and crippled suITerers, unable to escape, were burned in the flames of their own habitations. And when the sun went down on that scene of fright, suffering and blood — wdien the sweet dew wei)t itself to sleep over the wide ruin wrought, and the pale moon looked out on the hushed and grave like stillness of the hour, it was a fitting moment for the nation to contemplate the propriety of putting a stop to such tragic scenes, such wanton, reckless sacrifices of life and treasure, by a class of wild beings to whom treaty and treachery mean the same thing — a fitting moment in which to decide wdicther it would not be wisdom to give the red men some portion of our territory which can be easily and readily guarded, like Florida, rather than to at- tempt to guard a wide and wild frontier against his torch, his restless tomahawk, and the keen edge of his unfeeling scaipirg knife. It may be said that in this massacre a few gills of whisky sot the train on fire and awakened the dire spirits of mischief and misery, which culminated in a ruin so wide and horrid. Well, 'u> it so, if it must, and let the alarm and the remedy be in kcepiiig with the conclusion reached. All this we leave to the wise coun- cils of the nation, and return to our narrative. "The alarm com- municated to the adjacent settlements by refugees flying from these sorrowful scenes filled the roads leading to St. Paul with thousands of men, w )nien and children in the wild confusion of a sudden flight. Bomcstio animals, including hundreds and even thousands of cattle, were abandoned, and only those taken which would expedite the movements of the terror stricken settlers. The savages, after accomplishing their mission of death, assem- bled in force and attempted to take F.)rt Kidgely by a cuuj) do. main. In this they were foiled by the vigilance and dctermina- f it' A n'i(::,.i^^ ■;i' 600 Tuttle''^ Ci:xti:\\xial NonriiWEST. tion of tlie garrison, aided by volunteers who had escaped from the surrounding settlements. The attack was continued at inter- vals for several days, but without success. The town of New Ulm was also as.sailed by a strong force of the savages, but was gallantly defended b}' volunteers from the neighboring counties, under the coniinand of Col. C. 11. Flandrau. Capt. Dodd, an old and respectable citizen of St. Peter, was among the killed at this point. Fort Abercrombie, on the Kcd river, also sulTcred a long and tedious siege by the bands of Sioux from Sacqui Parle, until relieved by a force dispatched by Gov. llumsey from St. Paul. The first advices of the outbreak reached St. Paul on the day succeeding the massacre at the Ijower Agency. Instant prepara- tions were made by Gov. Ramsay to arrest the progress of the savages. At his personal solicitation, Henry II. Sibley, a resi- dent of Mendota, whose long and intimate acquaintance with In- dian character and habits was supposed to r.-nder him peculiarly fitted for the position, consented to take charge of military oper- ations. He was accordingly commissioned by the governor, colonel commanding, and upon him devolved the conduct of the cam- ])aign in person. Unfortunately, the state of ^Minnesota was lamentably deficient in means and appliances requisite to cairy on successfully a war of the formidiibio character which this threatened to assume. The Sioux allied bands could bring into the field from eight hun- dred to a thousand warriors, and they might bo indclinitely rein- forced by the powerful divisions of the prairie Sioux. Those actually cngagevas little V('i-nni(.-nt iiy mc'ins pr'/roj)'- on to the •war department, and to the governors of the adjoining states. He authorized also the appropriation for the public use of the teams belonging to individual citizens and adopted such other measures as the emergency demanded. There were at Fort Snelling, hap- pily, the nuclei of a'cgiments that had been called into service. Col. Sibley left Fort Snelling with four hundred men of the Oth regiment, ^Minnesota volunteers, early on the morning of August 20tli. Upon an inspection of the arms and cartridges furnished, it was found that the former comprised worthless Austrian rifles, and the ammunition was for guns of a diflereiit and larger caliber. The command was detained sevi'/ ' days at St. Peter, engaged in swcdging the balls so as to fit >■ .jms and in preparing canis- ter shot for the six poundert;. ;\K.'.; '^nc arms' of a better quality •were received, reinforcement ^f ■: '..'rived, and the little army marched rapidly toward Fort Jlidgely, which it reached without interruption, and the troops went into camp a sh(;rt distance from the post, to await the reception of rations and to make final prep- arations for an advance on the hostile Indians who had drawn in their detached parties and were concentrating for a decisive battle." " Scouts were despatclicd to ascertain tlie location of the main Indian cam[), and upon tiicir return they reported no Indians be- low Yelhjw ^fedicine river. A burial party of twenty men, un- der the escort of one company of infantry and the available mounted force, in all about two hui,dred men, under the com- mand of ^[aj. J. II. Brown, was detailed to proceed and inter the remains of the murdered at the Lower Agency and vicinity. This duty was performed, fifty-four hodies buried and the de- tachment was en route to the settlements of Beaver River and had encamped for the night near Birch coolie, a long and wooded ra- vine debouching into the Minnesota river, when about dawn the following morning the camp was attacked by a lai'gc force of In- dians, twenty-five men killed or mortally wounded and nearly all tlic hor.ses, ninety in number, shot down."' But the firing was licard at the main camp although 18 miles away, and Col. Sibley marched to the relief of the suITering detachment and dis- persc'l the Indians at once, and after burying the dead, the whole column returned to camp. m ■m j.f 608 TrTTi.ifs Cestesxial Nortiiwest. Hero, waiting i^upplies .'ind drilling and disciplining the men, day after day passed away until ten days' rations liad arrived, when Cdl. Sibley marched in search of the savages, and in .i brief but hard fought battle, on the 2;]d of Se])tcmber, lyO'2, tlic Indians were fully defeated, broke and fled. It was called the battle of Wood Lake, commenced by the Indians and lasting two hours. Immediaiely after the action the Indians sent a flag of truce, asking jiermission to remove their dead and wounded. This was refused, and a message was sent to Little Crow, the leader of the hostile Indians, informing him that "if any of the white prisoners held by him received any injury at the hands of the savages, no mercy would be shown to the latter, but they would be pui'sued and desti'oyed without regard to age or sex." In the action at Wood Lake, ]\[aj. Welch, of the od ^[inne.sota volunteers, was severely wounded, and (.'a]>t. Wilson also, of the Oth regiment, and nearly forty iionconimissioned officers and pri- vates were killed or wounded. Col. Sibley had rea-^on to be proud vi the brave band of men under his command, and especially of Lieut. Col. ^farshall and ^[aj. I'radlcy, of. the Tth regiment, who distinguished themselves, the former k\uliug ;i charge of .scveu companies, which dislodged a portion of the enemy from a ravine where they had taken shelter. Lieut. Col. Averill and ^Faj. ^Nrcfyaren, of the Gth regi- ment, also performed ."^ignal .service, as did all the olFK'crs and men of bnih these regiments, and also the jioilion nf the ful, which fornu'in Little Crow in the war. A full record was kept of each case that was tried." ■ " The preparations for the execution of the guilty Indians were brought to a summary close, by an order from Pi-esident Lincoln prohibiting the hanging of any of the convicted men without his previous sanction." This interference of the presiiient produced an indignant clamor in the state, and through the representatives in Washington was enei'gctically protested against. Finally on the 2Glh day of December, 18(52, thirty-eight of the criminals specified by the president were executed on the same soafTold, at Mankato, under the direction of Col. Miller, commandant at that post. "The remainder of the condemned were sent to Daven- port, Iowa, early in the spring, where they were kept in confine- ment for more than a year, a large number dying of disea-e in the meantime. '• Those that remained were eventually dispatched to a reser- vation on the upper ^[issouri, where the large number of prison- ers taken by Col. Sibley, principally women and children, had already been placed. The president testified his approbation of the conduct of Col. Sibley, by conferring u{)on him, unasked, the commission of brigadier general of volunteers, and the ap- pointment was subsequently confirmed by the senate." Thus the Indian campaign of 1862 termirated; having done its work faithfully and successfully, although of necessity it entered upon that work without due preparation and equipment. And it is a matter of great credit to Col. Sibloy and to the ofB- ccrs and men under his command, that with so much careful skill and yet with such manly promptness, these boasting and reckless savages were subdued and their bhujk and bloody pro- gramme thwarted. For it is easy to sec that it was no common hour with the j-outhful state of ^Minnesota, arid that this Indian outbreak had an intimate relation to the stirring scenes which were crowding themselves in multitude upon the nation at that moment of rebellion, treason and war. For, it was then sus- pected, and has since been confirmed, that if this campaign of ■P The Siovx Massacbe. 611 lew were scd cap- wiio had was kept ans were Lincoln tln)Ut his oduced entatives inally on criminals ialTokl, at i)t at that Daven- n confinc- lisease in to a rcscr- of prison- Id re n, had obation of unasked, 1 the .ip- /ing done cessity it ^uipinent. o the ofR- ;h careful sting and oody pro- ) common lis Indian nes wliich )n at that tlum sus- ipaign of Col. Sibley had failed — if the column of troops under his com- inur.d had met with a reverse, there would undoubtedly have been a rising of the (Ihippewas and Winnebagocs against the whites, and many of the counties west of the Mississippi would have been entirely depopulated. Indeed, it seems that the dream that the nation was growing weak — bleeding to death — was running through the brains of savages as well as through the heads of men and nations which claim to be civilized; and that Little Crow, in a speech to his warriors, on the night previous to the battle of Wood Lake, stated the programme to be, "first, the defeat and destruction of the old men and boys composing (as he said) the command of Col. Sibley ; and second, the immediate descent thereafter of himself and his people to St. Paul, there to dispose summarily of the whites, and there establish themselves comfortably in winter quarters." Surely this was a grand pro- ject — a sublime plan of blood, pillage and triumph; but for- tunately for civilization, the people of St. Paul, the infant state of Minnesota, and her noble governor, it was not to be consum- mated. No, no, thank Heaven ! but the reverse in every im- portant particular. The raven's wing was broken — the trem- bling dove (the captives) released, succored and solaced ; and tlie enterprising, young and spunky state of Minnesota saw her foes at her feet, without the aid of men from abroad, and without withholding her share of men needed to put down a mammoth I'ebellion. The military authorities at Washington, and also Maj. Gen. Pope, comjiianding the Department of the Northwest, deemed it proper that a second campaign should be enicred upon against the refuirees who had been concerned in the ma.ssacres, and had fled to the bands of Sioux in the upper prairies, and found harbor and hospitality. In accordance with this idea. Gen. Sully, com- manding the district of Upper Missouri, and Gen. Sibley, com- manding the district of Minnesota, were .summoned to the head- quarters of the department at ^Milwaukee, Wis., to confer with Gen. Pope. There it was decided that these two commanders with a large force should, in the early spring of 1863, march from Sioux City, on the Missouri, and from a designated point on the Minnesota river, respectively, and that the two columns should 612 Tuttle's Centennial XoRTinvEfiT. 'F '! m- ^ i:!';?' OJG TuTTLK's CeNTEN.\I IL NOIITIIWEST. '^ «'i ■ ImII, the banks, librarie?, colleges, universities, scliools, arc testi- monies which no criticism can gainsay. The sjiirit which filled Faneuil JIall on every great occasion when the liberties of the people were endangered, has also built the wharves, docks, rail- roads, and bridges, which on every side attest the greatness of the ■commerce which they help towards fuller devcl()i)mcnt. Hero labor has been under no artificial ban, and the woikinan has seen nothing mean or unworthy in his avocation, provided it brought gain and comfort to his family as the return for assisting the gen- eral advancement. Therein consisted the essential dilTerenee be- tween north and south, and with all proper deference to an author- ity so great as Daniel Webster, the isothermal line cannot be quoted to render that mean and unworthy which stands now as ordained by (Jlod, the only safegu.'i'-oratioii 3 taken in 'ston with >7 ])eople, ; in 1850, our years Miat Bo3- 000 more. ; branches ricts, and tal of the Tjil' (JiiL-AT Centkxxial Exrosiiiux. 617 book lore available for the citizens of Charleston. The Massa- chusetts Historical Society constitutes an aid to the literature of the future, such as no city of the s'v/m has ever cx.;elled ; tlic Hor- ticultural Society ; the Medical College connected with Harvard University ; the Lowell Institute, with its bequest of $250,000 to provide free lectures on chemistry, physics and cognate subjects, in which the poorest man or woman may participate on the same footing with the wealthiest student ; each and all give to Boston material as well as u-sthctic aids toward the great eminences which may be scaled by culture. The banking capital of Charleston stood at $3,000,000 ; suppose it doubled by way of allowance for the drawback incidental to war; make it even $9,000,000, and still it shows but poorly beside the $-19,000,000 similarly invested in the great free city of Boston, with its sixty national banks, and nineteen savings banks. There are greater cities than Boston in the union which might be cited were it desirable to increase the disparity in numbers ; Philadelphia, New York, or even Chicago would serve to illustrate that phase of the question, but Boston and Charleston made their start in the same century, were identi- fied in the same early struggles, and the advantages of position are not overwhelmingly in favor of the "Hub of the Universe." The well graded schools and broadly diffused educational advan- tages, which make science, art and literature handmaidens of the poorer classes, form the best foundation uj)on which the enduring greatness of a truly enlightened people can be upreared ; and all these have been thoroughly embraced by the citizens of Boston. The comparison has been carried far enough to establish the fact that the progress realized by this nation is not ascribed to " the day we celebrate," nor to the declaration and laws to which we conform our lives, but to the spirit which has been evolved in the brave hearts and capacious intellects which have been concurrent with the other blessings for which we are thankful. . The Centennial celebration which will commence in Fairmount Park on the Fourth of July, will not be narrow and sectional ; the subjects of the grand daughter of George III, Queen Victoria, will assist to make the occasion " international and universal," as the directors and commissioners propose that it shall be; and from every civilized nation on the globe there will be numerous con- ,,tf jii inei- degroc ranch of )Ut rare nolitcd, ! distrib- nce mis- lorig the seed on changed will be •noerned n of the Jveiitual porrna- en to all •y kind ith rec- 1 to cx- nssistcd to become familiar as household words to the mass. Tho lil)rary contains more than ten thousand vobuncs, and a recently adopted rule excludes mere works of iiotii>n from the shelves of this supremely practical institution. Tlic annual reports of tho institute, which since the year 1S41 have averaged over ono thou.sand pages, cont.iu first class data upon which the reader may biiild a knowledge oi the progress of the art.s and sciences as they apply to tho b isinesa of every day life; and many parts of the later vc>li';.\ .■? arc wistingui.ihcd by their excellent precis of literary culture and ai'vancement, always avoiding tlie dcbu- tablo land of theolog) and jiolitical action. The building now in u.'sc will probably bo superseded before long by a structure much more vast and as ii'^rrly fire proof as the builder's art will permit in a city surrounded by moro or less innammablc edifiees; but the position extending from the Second to the Third avenue, and from Sixty-Third to Sixty-Fourth street. New York, could hardly be improved, when it is considered that the vast museum is to be an embodiment for yll time, of the inventions and im- provements which will assist and are aiding to develop agricul- ture, manufactures, the arts, progressive science, a living litera- ture, continuous invention and mechanical skill. The name of Horace Greeley was associated with the institute for five years as president, and before that timo Gen. Tallmadge had filled the same position for tweiity years. Such movements assist to make our nation great, and they arc reproductive to an astounding degree. So much experience in the work of exhibition, as this brief retrospect makes manifest, seeing that the American Institute is but one of many associations engaged in the great business of adult training, by similar shows and fairs on scales more or less vast and continuous, leaves no room for doubt as to the spec- tacular and commercial success of the Great Centennial wdiich will be inaugurated in rhiladeli)hia on the 19th of April, and ■will close on the 19th of October, after six months shall have been spent in the work of inspection by the picked men and women from the foremost circles of every nation on the globe. The progress of science, art and invention, during the hundred years now ending, may well challenge comparison for its record, » ■M'^- W m III 622 Tuttle's Clwtexxul Northwest. with the advances made in any previous thousand years within historic times, since man stood upon this footstool, with no me- chanical aids save his hands, arms, teeth, nails and other facilities of physical organization. There is a coronal splendor in the achievements of industry belonging to this time, which dims the escutcheon of all former ages, and there is a j)romise for the fu- ture which will tame down the tendency to self-gratulation, in the knowledge that our best showing will be but a speck by com- parison with the grander results which the corning generations will see, thanking God and taking courage in their progress. This nation may justly claim credit for the ingenuity and invent- ive skill of her citizens; but, in the larger thought of what soi- ence has done for the great commonwealth of hnmanity every- where, the special and particular may well be swallowed up. The advancement which is being realized by all mankind will be the therne of our Great Centennial, and, in view of that fact, it will amply repay our labor to glance for a few moments at some, only, of the myriad modiiications by which the workman is being changed from a toiling serf into a skillful adapter of scientific truths; and the dweller in a mud hovel in Europe is giving place to a more happily circumstanced generation on this continent, for whose benefit palaces of industry and delight arc being reared. Before starting out upon our broader view of [progress, it will be well to consider one item wdiich comes nearer home, the culture of cotton in this country, which will illustrate especially the in- fluence exerted by invention in broadening the base upon which the welfare of society at large is budded. It would not be pos- sible, in a lifetime, to follow every invention to its ultimate bene- ficial result; hence, it is more desirable that some one .'troke of skill should be fullv observed, in order that the rest mav come in for better general appreciation. Cotton which, prior to the War lor Tnde[)endence, had been cultivated in gardens as an orna- mental and curious growth in many parts of the colonies, was, in the year 1786, introduced into Georgia in the hope that ii would become in time one of the staple industries of that state, but the necessity to clean the cotton by hand was an almost insuperable obstacle in the wa}' of the producer. There had been sonic eight or ten bags of cotton shipped in 1784, but that quantity was I The Great Centekxial Exposition^. 623 within jio ine- Icilitics in the jms the [the fu- Ition, in |)y eom- ^rations Tlie seized by tlic authorities, because it was considered incredible that the Uniied States could have raised so much. India had long been the home of the cotton plant, and, for many centuries, the cloth produced therefrom had been treated as an especial luxury for the wealthy. Hand processes did not seem likely to make American growths formidable in competition with the earlier producers; but, in the year 1793, Whitney invented the Cotton Engine — almost immediately shortened into Cotton Gin — to clean.se the ni)er from the seed ; and, in the second year following (1795) 1,000,000 pounds of cotton were exported from Charles- ton, the metropolis of South Carolina. Science and invent'.on had begun to widen the domain of labor. The entire growth of cotton in the United States only amounted to two million pounds in 1791, the export being only 190,000 pounds; but, in the .year 1S60, the total crop amounted to 4,670,000 bales, and our own consumption had increased to 978,000 bales, as in our day, thanks to Whitney and other inventors, almost every one uses that ma- terial which was once the especial privilege of the rich. The civil war, which desolated a wide range of territory, arrested the culture of cotton as well as of other crops, but, in 1870, the growth had once again risen into respectable figures, throe mill- ion bales being raised, and two million exported. Steam en- gines, used as cultivators, will soon ircreasc the supply be^'ond comparison with the largest quantities ever yet produced, not only on this eontineni;, but in the whole of the cotton fields all over the worM. The manufacture of cotton, as at present conducted, is almost entirely dependent upon machinery invented and im- proved within otir centennial term. In the year 1776 there was no cotton mill in this country, and, in England, hand spinning ■was verv slowly giving way before the spinning jenny, invented by Ilarjjreaves in the year 1767, which permitted 120 threads to bj made with the same tin.-, and labor which, under the old sys- tem, could produce only one. Immediately after the war came to an end, in 178."), Arkwright invented the spinning frame, u still greater mechanical wonder than the work of Ilargreaves ; and, al- most at the same time, the powerdoom, invented by the Rev. Dr. Cartwright, may be said to have superseded hand weaving almost cntirclv. The groanings of the men and women wdio were inirae- 624 Tuttle's Centexxial Northwest. diatch' afToctccI by the new inventions were doleful enough, but the new rcrjlti-m was coming and there can be no new birth with- out pain and travail. Still the round of invention was not com- plete unless an advantageous substitute for human force could be applied. The Watt &. Boulton Steam Engine Works, which • were established in Soho, London, in 1765, had been the scene of man}' ingenious adaptations and improvements since the skillful optician lirst tamed the force of steam and made it available as the servitor of man. He had contrived pumping apparatus for mines which had drowned out the miners nearly a century before and had never since been fit for working; he had applied his in- vention to the draining of fen country which has, since that time, become the homes of successful agriculturists ; and there was but little difficulty, with the aid of his latest additions, in making steam engines applicable as the motive power for all the machin- ery which we have seen made ready for the manufacture of cotton. Without the cheapened raw material made possible by Whitney's Gin, the improved machinery for manufacture would have been out of joint; but all things were working toward the great end of human development. Our first cotton mill was established in Rhode Island in 1790, although prior. to that time there had been a cotton manufacturing company. There were, in 1870, no less than 958 cotton mills in the union, with a steam power equal to 47,117 horses, and water wheels of 100,000 horse-power, employ- ing 135,309 persons, of whom over 70,(100 were women and girls, the wages paid being nearly $10,000,000, and the value of the product $-177,489,739. A thousand indications on every hand tell us that the work done in the past but tamely shadows forth the wealth of production possible for the future of our race. Ilav- ins thus seen the trood resultant from machincrv in only one branch of industry, and even that but lightly sketched, we shall the better understand how largely the welfare of society is to be built up from the numerous discoveries and applications of scien- tific truth during the era with which our centennial celebration especially dcal.-s. The steam engine, long since invented by Xcwcomcn, proceed- ing upon the jumbled mass of contrivances possessed by the Mar- quis of Worcester, in the latter part of the sixteenth century, hac"" The Great Centkxxial Exposition. G25 ugh, but ill with- not com- CDuld be 1, which scene of e skillful lable as atns for i-y before cd his in- ;hat time, ■e was but making c machin- uf cotton. Whitney's have been eat end of blishcd in ; had been JO, no less r equal to ir, empioy- . and girls, luc of the very hand lows forth ice. Ilav- i only one I, we shall ty is to be 3 of scien- ;elebration 1, proceed- y the Mar- itury, hac" been improved and utilized by Watt in successive stages, until it came to the plane upon which it offered aid to mankind for sta- tionary works ; but it was not to end there. A Cornish engineer named Trevethick was just being ushered on the stage of life, from whom was to come the a])plicati()n of this power to traveling upon common roads, illustrated by his own journey to London from the extreme west of England, his native county, upon an engine which remains as a model of ingenuity, in a polytechnic institute in London. One of the Boulton k Watt engines, sta- tioned at the mouth of a coal pit near Newcastle upon Tyne, was to stimulate the faculties of an uneducated youth named Stephen- son, and to set him planning improvements of its structure, until as he tended the machine, hi.? mind expan'Ied into a conception of the system of iron roads which now spans the earth in every direction, and brings to our doors millions of people, with whom, but for such aids, we must have been distant strangers. Difficul- ties without number imposed upon the new inventor the delight- ful task of mental culture for himself, and many a journey to the institute at Newcastle to examine the models there, before he arrived at the discovery of the hot blast, which made the wonders of modern travel a possibility. "While civil engineers, full of the knowledge of the schools, and blessed with the advantages of pro- longed culture, were still debating whether it would be possible to make an iron wheel bite upon an iron road unless the wheels and the roadways were toothed, the whole mystery was being solved by the practical wisdom of the ex-coal miner, now recog- nized among the world's benefactors. The triumph of his genius, which carried the iron road across the quaking waste of Chatmoss, was local in its operation, but the major conception has revolution- ized society, even in China, India and Japan. The first steamboat by Fitch, the better adaptation by Fulton, and all the facilities for travel that have since rendered our rivers vast highways of com- munication, which, under some circumstances, will compete with the speed, and in almost every case more than eclipse the economy of commnnic:ition by means of the iron ribbon, were all poten- tially represented in the discoveries and invention by Watt, and in comparatively a few years the several wonders were to find evolution : the Fulton experiments at New Yovk in 180G ; the 40 i! H i:U ^ 626 Tuttle's Cektexsial Northwest. -!''■!»*■ t'-'-W i,'^ first adaptation of the same power to like purposes in England, six years later; steam earriuges struggling through their inf'intine ail- ments from 1814 to 1829, and from that day until our own time developing an always sturdier manhood, are all due — with a thousand other ameliorating powers, which will not now be enu- merated — to the cardinal suggestion of means whereby steam shall lift men forever beyond the necessities of ignorance and brutalizing labor; and although the great initiatory undertaking was ell'ected before our centennial period commenced, the grand appliances of that force are due to our era. The inventions by Arkwright and by Cartvvright are emphati- cally due to this epoch, and their power is experienced by hun- dreds of millions who could not name the inventors nor specify their works; while the populations of many nations are fed, clothed, educated and lodged witii an approach to luxury, in large part, in consequence of the increased consumption of raw material, and the reduced price of manufactures consequent upon such bcne(i- cent labors. In great things as in small, science has been increas- ing human happiness ever since its professors and students with- drew from the impracticable pursuit of the- elixir vikc, to seek for the more avaiTable blessings of mechanical invention, combined with the discoveries of the savanl. The superb ideas of Roger ]?aeon cost him an imprisonment which probably ended only with his existence. The life work of Faraday lifted him from the bookbinder's bench to the status of a prince an<^ - 'philoso- pher, who could claim kindred with the greatest souls of antiq- uity ; so vastly changed is the area of labor within the past six centuries. Looking back upon the Argand lamp from the supe- rior illuminati' g powers enjoyed by this generation, it seems but a small thing that an improved lamp was offered to the reader and the student, but if we could turn back the wheels of time for a hundred years, to the darkness visible which was due to the candle, enclosed or not enclosed in a lantern, little improved since the age of Alfred the Great, we could more highly appre- ciate the boon conferred by that costly production, compared with which, our kerosene lamp of to-day is almost as the sun it- self for brilliancy and cheapness. Science had barely attempted to apply steam to river navigation, before the air itself promised I'T. '! IgUuul, six .iiitinc; ail- low n lime with a Iw be enu- pby stciuu [rnnce and nlertaking Ithe grand c emphati- I by liun- lor specify hI, clodied, I'ge ])ai't, in \terial, and uch bcnefi- ;en increas- dents with- to seek for 1, combined IS of Roger ?nded only . liim from ^ " vliiloso- Is of antiq- ,he past six n the supc- t seems but the reader ;els of time ) due to the } improved rhly appre- 1, compared the sun iL- "• attempted f promised The Great Cextesxul Exposition. 627 to become a medium for successful travel, and the Montwolfier balloon soared toward the heavens, leading the thoughts of scien- tists and rnechanicianr- onward to a myriad schemes for iprosta- tion, which have already been utilized to some degree, and which may at any moment develop into aerial charioteering on a scale which would make the atmosphere a new realm for our dwelling place. While the treasures of mental eflfort were tlius slowly unfolding, the idea of educating the children of poverty by schools held on Sundays, and in villages where idle youth had too long* been neglected, prepared the way for a wider dominion to be possessed by literature; and we see the results around us, multiplying daily, as the momentum of intellectual progression increases. Brain culture, which had been the luxury of the few, has already become the necessity of the many; and in a propor- tionate degree, the once all pervading superstition has been rele- gated to a narrower field ; the pretensions of quackery have been submitted to a closer scrutiny, and the maxims of despotism have been narrowed in operation. The old system of signalling by beacon fires has been superseded many times within the century that we call our own, because through its vista we look back to the heroes and veterans of '76; but the first advance to the wooden semaphore with its moveable arms and dumb alphabet of limited range, is due to the mental activity of the last quarter of the last century, almost to its last decade. From that feeble step to our grander exploits with the subject lightnings, what an em- pii'e has been conquered ! ^Mesmerism, wnich had been the quackery of the court and the people in France, began to find scientific equivalents in galvanism and voltaic electricity, and to approach the modern aspects of the like fields of wonder, con- cerning which the best thinkers are still in doubt The rocks from which our ancestors quarried palaces, monuments and homes w^ere found to be possessed of higher claims upon the world's regard, as the art of lithography ofi'ered its aid to the modern distributor of pictured wealth among the masses; and it would be interesting to inquire how many millions of souls have since found their bread in the prosecution of industries thence made available. Soon afterwards we find the foundry at Bir- mingham, in which Boulton. the partner of Watt, carried on his :'< f li: I W'l;- G'2S Ti'TTUc's Centennial Xortidvest. numerous enterprises, illumitifited by the aid of gas. Priestley, and the little school of advanced thought which he represented in England, until the ignorant multitude drove him out and de- stroyed his library and apparatus, Vv'cre carrying on the work of discovery as to gases into practical application, and in that re- gion of labor it would bo curious beyond measure, if wc could see drawn up the millions that live by the manufacture of illu- minating gas, b}^ its distribution in the homes of the poor and the jialaces of the wealthy, and by all the myriad occupations which but for that invention might never have been placed with- in the reach of the toiling masses. Long before that light could be bronght into general operation, before gas had been brought into London streets — and that event dates from 180i — Dr. Jen- ner had discovered the system of vaccination, and had proffered to suffering humanity the means to ward off the ravages of small pox. We know but little of the extent to which that worse tlian plague, that continuous scourge, decimated and disfigured the race; the worst evidences of its abhorrent influence have passed away, thanks to the scheme offered by the benevolent physician, but before that end could bo attained he had been well nigh howled to dcatli by blasphemous opponents, who declared that it was irreligious on his part to avert an evil which the Supreme Being had appointed for wise but inscrutable purposes. Volta was busily constructing at the same time the Voltaic pile, with which his name is forever associated, and perhaps he sometimes paused to reflect that a similar work two hundred years before might have cost him his life as a wizard. Thus, the stately march of time went on to an always improv- ing music ; the men who h.ad for many years been accustomed on certain inhospitable coasts to exhibit false lights, luring ves.sels to destruction, that they might with the greater certainty procure the abominable gains of the wrecker, were, perhaps, disgusted when they learned that the practices of "the good old times" were being discounted by the invention of life boats and apparatus to preserve life and property; but upon the coasts of Cornwall and elsewhere, where such ghastly vocations were followed, the sons and grand sons of the old regime are now among the bravest to adventure their lives to save the distressed. C'ongreve rockets The Gui'JAi' Ckstessial ExvumrioiJ. 629 Priestley, represented out and de- tlie work of in tliat re- if we could turc of illu- tlie poor and occupations placed with- t light could )een brought )i— Dr. Jen- lad profTered ages of small at worse than lisllgurcd the ) have passed 3nt physician, ecu well nigh eclared that it the Supreme poses. Volta taic pile, wiih he sometimes years before ways improv- 1 accustomed luring vessels lainty [)rocuro ips, disgusted d old times" :ind apparatus s of Cornwall followed, the g the bravest greve rockets fall into rank near this point, and as we know they have since then often warned tlic lookout upon the shore of the dangerous proximity of the doomed vessel to the rocks, often also the same means have carried the life line from shore to ship, or the reverse, establishing communications by which the weak and ailing have been conveyed from out of the very maelstrom and hurricane of ruin to the protecting arms of family and friends. The science of mind, which was at the comnienccmcnt of our century a study entirely metaphysical, has become very largely a question in which physical construction supplies the ansvver within our time. The munia which at one period lowered phre- nology to the status of fortune telling by bumps or little better, has given place to a more slowly moving science of observation, which has already helped us in some degree to a comprehension of mental phenomena, and which may yet do more in that direc- tion. It is not pretended that the whole mystery of psycho- logical, action can be solved by the study of brain cells and grey matter, by the convolutions of the brain fiber, by the investiga- tion of temperaments, and by measurement of the crania, inas- much as the mystery of mysteries lies far beyond line and rule, " deeper than ever plummet sounded ; " but it is something that we are able to find always in physical forms, the basis upon which the sublimcst of all earthly marvels are elaborated, and for that advance we are indebted to the labors of this century. Then the toils of the miner and his peculiar dangers down in the deep interstices of the earth, whence foul gases burst forth to overwhelm and destroy him with choke damp, fire damp and their awful explosions, commanded the aid of science in the " safety lamp" offerecl to the workman by Sir Humphrey Davy, an invention based upon a discovery which, humanly speaking, has saved unnumbered thousands of lives. Miry streets which came near in many cates to make locomotion impossible, were in the year 181 D, first placed in good form by Macadam's system, which is now found operating in all parts of the world. Then Oersted was completing his experiments to demonstrate the power of the electro magnet, which eleven years later, in 1831, Faraday completed by the discovery of magnetic electricity, the reverse of the former proposition, submitting ;o the service of the -Jli> (:l?,i( 630 Tuttle's Centennial Nohtiiwest. % I? J -i: I world the current which now carries our messages to the realms of " far Cathay," and may hereafter convey them to the ))olo. Wliile such works were being })rosecuted on the other side of tlic Atlantic, it must not be supposed for one moment that this nation sat idly looking on. The little fringe of population, of less than four millions upon an area of country washed by the Atlantic, had grown steadily in importance, spreading every year over a wider range and increasirg the wealth which has since been applied to arts and science as well as to increase reproductive works of a more material dcscrij)tion. In the year 1817, the great Hudson and Erie canal was commenced, which we have seen completed and in operation since 1825, an immense undertak- ing worth}-- of the energies of a great people. Since that date we have transferred to our own roads the steam horse which Eng- land began to break into liarness in 1814, although Bucephalus was not properly tamed and set to work until 1829. Before the first railroad was operated on the other side of the Atlantic in 1832, connecting Liverpool with Manchester, the McCormick reaper gave a new aspect to agricultural enterprise on this side of the ocean, and from that time to tlic present inventions and improve- ments have been almost unceasing, until, as we have said, there has been seen a reduction of manual labor, unprecedented in any former era, without a reduction of one dollar's worth in the yearly proceeds of that branch of industry ; yt while the demand for farm laborers has diminished by one-tiiird, the wages for competent men in farm work has simply doubled within twenty years. Men who can look back forty years to the time when the tin- der box was in full bloom, when Benedict, rising in the night was- obliged to grope round for flint and steel, before his darkness could be illuminated, and then proceeded at peril of his knuckles to strike sparks from the awkward instrument at his disposal, can appreciate better than the more modern growths of men the ad- vantages which in 1834 were provided for household economy, in the lucifer match box. It seems hardly possible now to look back upon the old times, with their Hembrandt like eUects of flame glowing up from the tinder box, into the face of the anx- ious seeker after light, without expressing one's thanks to chem- The Great Cextenmal Exi'osirioy. C31 Ihc realms the ])ole. liJc of the that this |ulatioii, of 3(1 by tlie ;very year [sinec been Iproductive 1817, the 1 we have undertak- at date we ivhlch Eng- 3uccphahis Before the iticinl832, nick I'caper side of the id improve- ; said, there snted in any arth in the the demand 3 wages for thin twenty hen the tin- le night was- is darkness lis knuckles lisposal, can men the ad- economy, in low to look ke eEects of of the anx- ks to chem- istry for the match named after tlic father of mischief, worthy to liave been invented by Promellicus himself, who brought down fire from above. Railways were now being rapidly multiplied in France, Belgium and elsewhere, as well as in their first home, and in 1837, the first electric telegraph was operated by the inventive genius of Whcatstone, giving birth to a system of intereliango, ^'ompared with which, the fleetest couriers and tiieir facilities for communi- cation, such as provoked the world's wonder in England and i^ France, in the fifteenth century when the postal scheme was ii^ auguratcd in Europe, seems as though the tortoise should challon^ the eagle to a race. Men had reached a frame of mind in which slowness could not be endured. Pinizon's caravel "Pu(^<" might have been speedy enough for the companions ( . Columbus, who feared their ap- proach to the declivitous sides of the world; but men living in the age which had given birth to the Electric Telegraph, must have speedier means of crossing the Atlantic to enable Europe to take hold of the New AVorld, and be lifted into better conditions of life ; hence we find, in 1838, the Great Western steamer cro.s3- ing the Atlantic, from Bristol to New York, in fifteen days, and the good people declaring that wonders would never cease. Dr. Johnson used to say that "a voyage was a term of imprisonment, with a chance of being drowned; " there were now added further chances by no means pleasant, however problematical ; but the imprisonment was shortened from months to days, and the sur- roundings were so much improved that men forgot the confine- ment in the splendor of their floating palace. In the same year, Nasmyth's Steam Hammer was brought into action, exerting such a force as had never been known in any former mechanical experience, which could be controlled with such precision that the petals of a rose would not be bruised in its descent, or could be propelled with such fury that an iron-shod pile would be driven into the earth's crust as though it had been an aerolite, coming from remote space to find a home and refuge in the center of the globe. Still, side by side with the strong, came the beau- tiful, as the two should ever be mated ; and, just while the steam hammer was being perfected ready for work, Dagucrre was com- WW^S, m R m ip m 632. TuTTLE's CESTEifNIAL NoJiTJni'EST. pclling tlic sun to become our portrait painter, commencing an Jirt industry to wliicli every liouschoM is now indebtcid for some fcarij^f loveliness, or scjuic long reniemberod features, wliieli wfl^Jbe eliea})ly [)urcliased at ten litne.s their weight in gold, yet slwh as even kings could not command in the last century. The deathdike correctness of Dagucrrc has given place to higher art in pictures which almost seem to breathe; but, so rajiidly do the changes come from some good process to other and better means, that it is not too much to anticipate that, in the progress of art and scientific culture, the presentation of the living char- acteristics of the human face divine will, in the future, excel the j)aintings of the old masters. Europe commenced its career as an cxhibiter of tjte products of art and industr}-, in IS-il, at Berlin, and, of courtiajran immediate result followed in the acceleration of all the processes by which improvements might be attained in manufactures and artistic labors, but the rapid flow of discovery more and more dwarfs the capacity of the running pencil to note what is worthy of being admired. The discovery of the planet Neptune, verifying the calculations of Adams and Lc A^erricr, serves us to illustrate the exactitude with which scientific calcu- lations are carried out, not only in astronomical observations and speculations, but in all branches of inquiry in the century in which we live. But while the distant planets and the perturba- tions which mark their ])resencc are interesting the thoughtful student in one department, in another, human suffering com- mands all the energies of the sympathetic soul ; hence we find .iEther as an anaesthetic, introduced, in 1846, by Dr. Jackson, of Boston, Mass., to be soon followed by Chloroform and other such agents, and, under its shelter, bodies and minds debilitated by ,5 long suffering and sickness are protected from the i)angs of pain while operations essential to the saving of life ore carried through ^by skillful surgeons. Ambrose Pare could not have dreamed of 'such an exquisite helper for the strong, swift hand that could re- move a limb with i\\i minimum of suffering for the patient; yet this is only one of the many means by which agony can be re- duced to its lowest plane ; and for this boon the world is indebt- ed to the professional labors of a Massachusetts practitioner. The Union had served its apprenciship to the grand career which The Giih'AT Cestessial Exposition. Gas lomg an lor sonio I, which 111 gold, Iceiiturv. I |o liighei- )iilly do d better progress iig char- ;xccl the ecr as an t r.orlin, cleralion tallied in 1 i SCO very il to note lie planet 3 Vcrrier, ific calcn- itions and cntury in pertnrba- iionghtful ing com- 3 wo find ckson, of ther such la ted by of pain through earned of could rc- ient; yet m be re- s indebt- ctitioncr, cr which she has since illustrated; and, from the close of the first half century of national growth, there has been visible a succession of inventions ex('ecding all that the world had seen as tlie outcome of the iiigemiity of one nation in any period of industry. The Sewing Alachine, invented by Elias Howe, rc{)reserits an endless line of jiatcnts for improved construction, one maker following another in tlie same line of labor, until it seems as though there must come a time when mere volition will sufUcc to procure the elaboration of manufactures which once depended entirely upon the dexterity of the human hand and its powers of endurance. The dreams of France and Si)ain as to the auriferous character of this continent, seemed on the point of reali;cati()ii in 1847, when the goldfields of California were first made known to the world. ^J'lic wealth that was captured by Drake, Frobisher, Kaleigh, and Hawkins, from the Sj)aniard on its way from South America, and the yet larger quantities that reached Spain to sustain the extrav- agance of Charles V and Phillip IT, was hardly an atom by com- parison with the Paetolean stream, which flowed over this coun- try and the world, after the first discoveries in Sacramento Valley ; but the enervating influence which ruined Castile, never for one moment appeared in our histo'">' • and the only noticeable efl^ect seems to have been that with tne treasure which came from the New Eldorado, the banks and valleys of the Mississippi were made more valuable than would have realized the ])roudest anti- cipations of the hope elated, all but bankrupt France with its Mississippi scheme of the beginning of the eighteenth century. Nor was there in all that time of excitement the least indication of supineness as to discovery and invention. The men who rushed to the placers and gulches of California were as full of inventive capacit\- as they were of courage. Every process in the new field of labor was as it were by intuition carried back to first principle.;, and from that point upA'ards; mere brute force was discounted by scientific appliances, such as arc now copied on every goldfield on this footstool. Electric telegraph lines soon connected the remote camps in the Sierras, wherever a settled, commmiity could be found, with the more settled districts and throu'di these with the whole round of civilization. Commerce and government followed where enterprise bad led the way, and !1:ft i'i r 1 I 684 Tvrrufs Cextksnial Nohtuwkst, while tlio Ciiliforiiia mines were siill quite young, tlie adventur- ous diggers !c;irned from the occasional issues of tlio inetrojjolitaii prcsa lliat reached their tents, that the world from which they had temporarily fled was still continuing its wonderful career of new inventions. The Long Tom, the Chilian mill, and the rows of stampers engaged with them in ))rej)aring the lino particles of precious metal to be caught in the ripple, or made rcatly to he in- corporated in tlie amalgam could not close their ears to the afar oH eeliocs which told them of the achievements of telegraphy on land, and that alread}', in 1849, it had been successfully tested by submarine experiments at Folkstone, opposite to Boulogne. By successive steps, while still pursuing the iijnis fnlnus wealth, they learned, in 1853, that the first submarine telegraph had been laid down, to raise the hopes of humanity to tlie topmost pin- nacle, and then suddenly, with the words half spoken, to dash them down again; but only that the work better done might deserve a better and more enduring triumph. The greater plenty of gold was giving new courage to the .settlers in remote Iowa and in other newly settled territories, who could see markets for their produce at fair prices, and the wave of prosperity surged for a time over the whole land, giving an additional impul.sc to every form of indu.-try and research. Enterprises of great pith and moment depend upon the price of grain all the world over, and the union w.as rapidly massing the sinews of war for the grandest struggle known in history. Vast reproductive works were being projected daily and as speedily as they were launched upon the money market there were means found for their prosecution. The Niagara suspension bridge was crossed by its first locomo- tive in ISoo, and it is not easy to compute the number of such titanic forces that have since drawn the trafllo and the travel of the world across that vibrating roadway. When that item of news was transmitted to the kingdoms of the old world, there came back word that a light nearly as bright a.s the sun had been exhibited to the observing multitude in Paris?, as the latest product of electricity. Ericcson's caloric engine dates from 1855, and although no great results in that direction have yet followed, we cannot doubt that results will come ; when the motors of to-day will be to the competent looker on, as far behind Ivciitiir- ]ii)Iil;ui li they [u' be in- :lio afar hpliy on y tested )uIogiie. weal til, ad been lost pin- to dasli might !!• plenty >te Iowa rkcts for urged for to every [>ith and )ver, and grandest jre being upon the ion. locomo- of such le travel item of Id, there sun had as the tes from ave yet hen the ' behind TiiK (J in: AT Ci:\Ti:x.\'iAL Exposinoy. 685 11 tlic possibility of the futu'-o, na wc now arc beyond the old coach- ing experieneos, which were familiar to the early travelers across tlie plains. The builder of our ircm clad monitor was not a man liat would waste his energies upon a scheme which had nut u apacity to succeed. Still onward has been the motto of our 'century, the time which we propose to celebrate by an effort to exhibit in the mass, the monuments of God's goodiies^s to the race. With the discovery of our wealth of iron and coal came natural- ly a desire to improve our hematite ore, into tiie best product of the iron makers industry, and the process patented by Bessemer for converting iron into steel supplied the want of the time. The vast expansion of our iron and steel works in Indianapolis, ns well as in Pittsburg!), and in intermediate localities beyond num- ber, tells of the always increasing wealth of the world at large, as well as of comfortable homes, made happy, by the rewards of industry. The puddlcrs' energy is the starting point for an un- ending succession of industries which raise the human race by every step, beyond the reach of such want, as used in the olden times to decimate all nations, when there were none to help. Famines come now, but they are partial and slight by comparison and as they fall upon one community, the rest of civilization comes to the rescue with a love entirely modern, and an ability to relieve, such as the old world never knew. The weights to be raised and transported grew heavier with every year under the new growth, and additional facilities must be found to meet the demand for mechanical aid. The derrick invented in 1857 was the answer, possessing a strength which could be calculated with entire precision, and by the aid of the new giant, ponderous blocks of metal were immediately being lifted and transferred with le.ss noise and racket than a baggage clerk often makes in the transfer of a trunk filled with clothing. With the attriouto of irresistible strength there came also the gentleness which not seldom is found conjoined with power. Swiftness was wanted in some departments, as much as deliberation in others, and while these ponderous weights being set down with the ea.se which might mark the deposit of a feather, winged words of eloquence were bc:;ig transmitted with a speed equal to two thousand words per hour, under the combination system which took its rise in 1859. Bf, C3G Ti'TTLE'ii Ch'XTENNIAL KoilTIIWEST. .!i: :|R ■ li ■'■■ ''11 lUHil :il !-;4.-,, ■t'< .:■, ■■te:iffn;ii:; Safety for the traveler found care and consideration in the estab- lishment of the electro magnetic light at Dover, in the same yenr, and from the Pharos streamed a warning compared with which the light of that Pharos at Alexandria in its palmiest days was dark- ness, when its school embodied all the philosophy, and its library all the learning of the older civilizations, of which Archimedes was one only of the exemplars. The dresses of the women of our age owe the beauty of color, the softness of texture, and the enduring quality of fiber, where such are found existing, to the improved processes which have been made possible by science and art. That exquisite mauve, that brilliant magenta, that red which would bear comparison with the richest dyes of Tyre, are all the results of just such labor as will bcfurth.cred by our great centennial. Science certainly docs not pause to inquire as to the good and evil in the intentions and aims of its votaries. It is a powerful, but an irresponsible agent, in the hands of all men who are capa- ble of wielding its mysteries ; as potent in the hands of the pois- oner, as in the grasp of the philanthropist ; and as dangerous when misapplied as the devices of Satan. For many years scientists were of the opinion that the bottom of the sea could not bo reached; that there was in fact a line beyond which even a can- non ball would cease to descend, remaining in equipoise because of the increased density of the ocean at such depths; that idea is now finalh' set at rest, and not onl}' can we bring up the tiniest shells from the bed of the ocean, but we have succeeded in pro- curing photographs of that locality at various points, which under the microscope can give the fullest insight to the unknown land. Science, which has carried us to the uppermost realms of air, has also enabled us to probe and inspect the vast depths of the mighty waters, and it is still cur servant, to extend our realm into all regions save that in which religious thought takes up the strain, and the chain of causation falls from our hand3 in the immediate forecourts of the Great Cause and Architect of the universe. Tyndall's masterly production on " The Correlation of Forces," illustrates the limits within which science and its laoorcrs may work, in ascertaining tie economies of nature, -whereby heat may become light, or either of these manifestations develop into force ; The GiiEAT CsNTENmAL Expos iTrox. 637 jstab- jycnr, li the |t1ai-k- n-avy [lecies jcu of d the (o the iience it red V, are liTcat so that nothing shall be wasted, in the feast to which we are bid- den, but beyond that area of eGfort the darkness cannot be illu- mined, save to the eye of faith, which refuses to submit itself to blind material direction. One of the best features of the progress of this century, may be seen in the fact that our foremorit think- ers no longer dogmatize as to matters which remain unknown to science, until the gates open v.-hich will reveal every mystery ; and it is well for us that the antagonism once all powerful be- tween the inquirer and the worshipper, the savant and the church, have terminated in the broader perceptions due to mutual culture. There will be many evidences of that better condition of things, while the congress of fi'ce thought continues in the industrial tem- ples at Fairmount Park. Mo;intainous heights were at one time barriers more absolute than the ocean against international com- merce and intercourse; but the railroad over Mont Cenis termi- nated thaL era, and while we were still rejoicing and thankful for the wondrous achievement, it was suddenly put into the back- ground by the tunnel through the heart of the same mountain range. Science and mechanical invention, tired of the slow work of the excavator's pick, shovel, and tamping iron, set up a new power in the boring machine, which may some day answer like demands by piercing our vast mountain chains in as many direc- tions as there arc lines of road and cities to be served. Mountains are our servants, not our masters, opening to us at every point avenues toward mineral, commercial and social wealth, such as would have been incomprehensible to the people of the last cen- tury. The old means fail us in the presence of our larger oppor- tunies for expansion, but the new powers come at every call. The thirteen states with which we commenced our national life are already thirty-eight, and there are ten territories waiting at our portals for admission ; but the progressive action of our people is not expressed by the mere facts of organization, under institutions and forms of government; the great reality consists in the added power which makes every well trained man a greater force to assist the onward march of the roce. Our original territory of 820,680 s(piare miles has become 3,559,091 snuare miles: but the knowledge which makes the soil more productive; the skill which bridges our rivers, as rivers were never bridged before ; the genius 'I- m ■:>.;■ J''iN 638 TuTTLE^s Centennial Northwest. ■+;-.ir ■•J--- J i . ; ilii wliich can traverse oui- vast rivers with floating pahices swift as the wind ; whicli brings together our distant cities, connecting them by bands of iron; the science which enables thought to speak with thought around the world, before the momentary im- pulse has been forgotten ; the force which annihilates space and time, while still using both to advantage, are in their conjoined effects more potent than even the added population which before the next census will bring up our enumeration to fifty millions. Numbers alone do not make greatness, or the celestial empire should rule the world ; but the congregation of cultured minds, directing the engines of science ; compelling the adoption of sound rules in the furtherance of education, making every man and woman wiser, better, and stronger; raising up children that shall occupy still more advantageous planes for exertion ; these are the forces by which mank'nd in the aggregate must be ruled. Our great centennu.l wiil tell us something of the school system by which we are striving to discharge our most important duty, and although it cannot flatter us with the conclusion that we have done enough, it will undoubtedly show that we are moving in the ritrht direction, bv everv act that n^.ultir-lics the facilities and in- ducements toward studious lives, without convertinir our young men into monkish bookworms and copyists, lacking the physique and the morale of manhood. Adult tliought has long since as- sumed self control, in the support which is given to and withheld from portions oi the press, as well the diurnal issue of influential journals, as the more refined periodical literature of the day, and the books which seek admission to our libraries. It seems but a fev. years since Caxton and Wenkyn De Werdc submitted the book press to the will of our ancestors, and now there is not a topic possessing human interest, which is without its organ and its volume, disseminating knowledge among the mass by the jneans of the printed page, which {)crmeatcs .society almost as surely as light fills our horizon. The illustrated volume of to-day, which supplies the student with the knowledge commonly found in an encyclopedia, will compare in a singularly complete way with the limited informatioi' and the poor prcsswork of old Caxton's age; but the main feature of our advancement will be found in the daily newspaper which for an infinitely small amount, considcr- \m I'ift as acting it to 17 im- ;e and (joined llicfore ions, ■nipiro [ninds, sound n and t sliall ire the The Great Cicxtexxial Expos max. 639 ing t!ie service, places upon the table of the subscriber news from earth, sea and sky, and from the regions under the sea; tells him ■what is being done in courts and cottages all over the world ; de- scribes tlie cong ess of savants in Paris, or New York, as certainly as the movements of armies ; reveals the doings of barbarism in the heart of Africa, as well as the designs of civilization in Eu- rope ; explains the latest modes in dress, the dentifrice by which the teeth of beauty may be improved; the best forms of food with which they may be employed ; the accidents that endanger life, and the amusements by which it is mo'le enjoyable ; debating in thn interests of the whole community every item of progressive thought, every movement in science, art, manufactures and gov- ernment; and increasing in a more than geometrical ratio, the facilities by wliicli information can be made common to every reader. Tlie daily newspaper, in its best form, does all this, and even more than the broadest description could convey, while it ministers to the mental and material improvement of the genera- tion for which it lives. The files of the press upon which Frank- lin, Paine, Jellerson, Adams and Otis, and a little host besides, were engaged as jtrofessionals and amateurs, will present a very puny appearance by comparison with the " New York Herald," and the "Tribune" that Greeley has left us; but it may be doubted whether the whole of tlie presses in the Union to-day are exerting a more beneficial influence in political life, tlian did the few and small issues of the new^jpapcrs which heralded in the war of independence and free thought. American newspapers, in many respects, take the lead of journalisna throughout the world. The largest daily circulation known, has been attained by an Eng- lish newspaper published in London, which sells 160,000 ; but the New York Herald, on one occasion, reached 156,000, and in the aggregate^ it may be asserted with absolute safety, that the Union prints and circulates more copies than all the world besides. When the Declaration of Independence was signed, our popula- tion was small, and our means more limited, so that the newspa- per was higher in prict; and less eflicient in every commercial and social aspect, except in the relation of political freedom; but if tlie population, small as it then was, had required full supplies of journalistic matter, the demand would have exceeded the limited 640 TuTTLE's CeNTEXNIAL XORTIDVEST. vWH^ powers of tlic presses then employetl. The lever hand press worked by IJcnjaniin Franklin may stand as the best exponent of the mechanical means then used on this side of the Atlantic for the diffusion of knowledge; and the perfecting press of lloe, which operates u])on miles of uncut jiaper, and throws out fifteen .thousand copies printed on both sides witliin an hour, will ex- plain to the millions who will assemble in Philadelphia, why the modern newspaper can be made so much more eflicient than its predecessor sheets ; and why the responsibilities of journalism have increased in a ratio unexampled b}' any other branch of the forces of civilization. Carlylc said very trul}' that for the man of our age the best university is the collection of books; but there are millions who scarcely know how to discriminato between the Bciencc of Jules Verne and the ^[unchausenislns in which the grains of truth arc embalmed unless they are assisted by their familiar counsellors of the daily paper to make the distinction. The student that ?an read discriminatingl}', and remember wh.'it be has perused, is the learned man in our encyclop;edic era. For the vast majority the newspaper is almost the only book that time and inclination will make available ; so that it is an advant- age in most senses that tliere are six thousand such aids to culture published in various forms throughout the union. Steam in journalism as in most ot the more prominent and pi'ogressivc oc- cupations of the day is the great motor. Sixty-one years have passed since the London Times was first printed by steam, and now that great power has taken upon itself the labor of the press for all the principal new.spapers in the world, making a revolution in the development of literature and the increase of the reading public from which we may expect the most stupendous results. Without such increase as we have endeavored to portray in a few instances pervading ^he whole mass of civilized society, leavening the whole lump, the Helots of the southern states could not have been relieved from bondage as we have seen them in the interval between 18(51 and 18G5 ; norcould the community-, have so gallantly endured the heavy burden of emancipation, which gave heroic souls, the blood of hundreds of thousands of her bravest sons, and golden treasure such as the ancients might have considered a world's ransom. The mechanical progress nd press Ic'xpoiient untie for of Hoc, ut fifteen will ex- I, why the than its ism have the forces an of our there arc tween the which the by their istinction. nbcr \vb;it pa.'dic era. book that an advant- ri to culture Steam in p'essive oc- 'ear.s have 4eam, and f the press revolution he reading us results. )rtray in a d society, lern states sccii them imiiunit}-, mcipation, :)usauds of Mits might , progress i. n^^ 'm^^-''*' llli> }"• i .! •! 1 ■ ■ , a > 1 . i. • ' " ■' ■:■ i ■ i - n-i >■ Mm IHii a i o a ' d 1 <^ M^^^HJ >H 'w ('fJH ; «M >' r^H 1 ® 1 ^i^n ! o ''''^'fl 1 f) ./ iviijn m u> ptf i' (0 fl^ v-Ilm (IvIHf !&H ^!^fe,li' 7'///-; Gnfi.iT Centenxiai, Exi-osirroy. 641 of the uni(^n, llic millions of minds instructefl in the mysteries of science, looking with bolder insight nt all the diOicultit'S which in former times were the means of cramping the energies of labor, and lifting the burden from human shoulders to the ponderous beams of numberless steam engines, have given to phihinthrop}' and justice an unlimited capacity to combat with the woes inci- dental to ignorance, want and oppression. The mechanical and scientific inventors and discoverers who widened the domain of the manufacturing and com.mereial classes supplied the sinews of war for the grandest upheaval of the race anywhere recorded in history, and although one generation may pass away before there will be complete acquiesence on all sides in the new Evangel, yet already there are e\'idence3 that even tho south will become eventually richer and better for the terrible act of retribution with which for a time it was prostrated. The fields will become more steadily and continuously productive. The intellect of the south, once .sluggish and restful, will not fail to be stimulated by a new emulation, into moi'c active exercise of its faculties in manufactur- in" enterprises; and in those concurrent pursuits which create the wealth of nations. The rivers will be made productive in the same manner as the water courses in other j arts of the union, wherever motive power can bs made available. Mineral wealth now slumbering undisturbed, or at any rate but half recognized, will restore to the depleted classes the potentiality of riches : steam will increasingly supply the demand for force, to be applied to every industrial undertaking; population, multiplying beyond the former experiences of that section of the union, will render available the money that is required to give the new impetus ; and as " the sleep of the laboring man is sweet, whether he eat little or much," so the healthier and happier south relieved of its incubus, or nightmare, although the process of depletion is severe, will find better blood flowing in its commercial arteries ; more active recuperation in progress, and vastly improved opportuni- ties in every walk of life. Year after year the example of the wealthier class taught an evil lesson to youlh in the best cities of the south, where luxury and not effort was the surnmnm honnm: that time has almost entirely passed away, and the new P.salm of Life is being better appreciated, as a natural consequence : 41 \l \. 642 T utile's Cestessial NoHTinVEST. •IS' •f|!' 3 It *i: ■K I-' J f I'^jjiiit ■ ill 'i! r ■ .l.r' ■ ! ' ,'■>•!•■ ■ S' ; r it.'."."' . -'.' ■■' : ■ ' " Xiit onjoyincnt and not sorrow, is our ilostiiipd eml iiiul Wii\', Lm to live tliiit ciU'li to-morrow, liml U3 t'lirllicr tliiiu to-diiy." The resources of the sontlieni population luivc been multiplied, and the beneficent process still goes on with evei'y new discovery in science, every new application of mechanic force, every new ■insight to the soil, and to the means by which it may be fertilized for different growths; so that men are no longer obliged to look upon the occupation ()f the planter as the be all of life; nor id that branch of imlustry narrowed down to manual labor, as of yore. None but the fossils that may soon be forgotten arc now found associating the idea of meanness, with the prosecution of daily toil; and to have assisted in such a revolution is no slight honor to our age and nation. It was necessary to commence at the very base of the social structure, for the edifice had been raised upon quicksamls, and it could not endure. The assump- tion of a work so important might well make the judicious states- man pause, but there was no other way to attain success; and therefore we see it now advancing toward comjilelion. The dig- nitv of effort had never on this earth a broader and more effective illustration than the historv of the United States has given to the world, since the attack on Fort Sumter. The new philosophy which recogni;ics in the mechanic a faculty greater and more beneficent than that which commonly resides in the activities of the king, sees also that the operation of tyrannic power by the white race, over the black, was an injury to both parties in the unholy system ; and the reconstruction which is being slowly evolved will stand square upon the earth, undisturbed by false hypotheses as to the special favoritism of God for one complexion of manhood. Herein is a triumph for humanity, compared with which all the other figns of advancement b}' wliioh we arc sur- rounded might be put aside for a while, to be called forth again by the resistless energy and foresight which have achieved so many and such glorious victories. Abraham Lincoln, waiting for the momentous message, which told the Springfield lawyer that he had been chosen president of this union, was nervous and de- pressed, full of vague anxieties, because of the great task that lay before him ; but could be have seen how vast, beyond the utmost stretch of his imagination at that hour, were to be the The Cm:. it Cexte\nial Exposition. 643 Itiplied, [iscovery lory new fertilized to ]ook ; nor is IT, as of are now Ifution of |iio slight [iiioiicc at |i;iil been assum])- fus states- 'e>s ; and The dicr- (.'Ileetivo cti to the hilosophy md more tivities of M- by the es in the g slowly ly false nj>le.\-ioii I red \vith arc sur- ■tli again ieved so iting for yer that and de- :xsk tliat ond tlie be the duties tlicn devolving upon his jiuro soul and unclouded intellect; how terrible the trials through which the nation and himself must pass to the land of promise, that nervous energy which never failed in his extraordinary career might have raised him by its reaction to a plane of thought akin to madness; and there is no reason to believe that he would have grudged the life which was taken from him in the supreme hour of his existence. That proclamation so long poised, so prayerfully considered, so anx- iously debated when alone in "the sweet sessions of silent thought," when m.an communes not with his fellows, but wit'u God the Father, is for this age a work infinitely greater than " Peter's Pome," upon which the genius of Michael Angclo was expended. Rome has given many boons to the race, but not one that will compare with the life work of Abraham Lincoln; and when we assemble to rejoice over the completion of our first hundred years of national history, there will be no brighter clironicle in all our record than that which has been left to us by the man whose action freed the slave and established a new plat- form for American liberty. Tiie " Centennial Northwest" has tried to submit to its readers a brief resume of our century of progression, not only as it has been represented in the states with which it specially deals, but throughout the union, and in some degree throughout the world, since 1776; when the Mississippi and the Missouri were but par- tially explored; when the great ncM'thwest was, in the main, an uninhabited wild, through wiiich the nomadic tribes roamed at will ; and when the largest part of what is now tlie union had net Lecn claimed by civilization. The work has been accomplished umler dilTiculties which precluded the possibility of comj)]etene.ss, but it has been carried through with zeal and faithfulness, in a manner which may enable it to be used as a stepping stone to future and higher effort. It was no slight task to trace the growth of the northwest from the da}' when the first stake was driven, and the first rude fortress erected to repel the savage; from before De- troit was founded on the spot which became afterwards known as the metropolis of Michigan, and to carry the eventful record through to the eminence since attained by such cities as St. Louis, Chicago, Cincinnati and Indianapolis, any one of which series i ;*!'; 1 1 ■ f' !i If;. • m^' :f' 5 lil 644 Tuttlk's Ci:stI':ss[.\ l Nou tii wks t. might well task the powers of nn able historian, devoting his en- ergies to the ])reparation of u book intended to conuneniorate the successes of but one eoinniunity ; bat there arc advantages in the presentation of what may be called a miniature of history, inas- much as the student finds therein a digest of the more ample scope whicli lies open to his hands in other directions. The northwest will provide homes fo'' a very large section of the best [)opulations in Europe, and in regard alike to climate, to tone of thought, and to the various occupations which will employ the coming millions, this portion of the tmion has claims upon attention which the more thickly populated east, and the more enervating south can- not ofrer ; hence it was desirable that the whole northwest should be reviewed in one compendious volume. "We are more ha])pily placed than any other nation has ever been, in the fact that there is among us no embargo on free thought, in any relation of life ; that politics, social life, law and religion are committed, in this country alone, to the volition of the people, untrammeled by estab- lishments and prescriptive rights ; that no priesthood, and no auto- crat, can overshadow the freedom which determines what forms of government shall pass away and what forms remain, awaiting the resolve of future generations This condition of liberty has been enjoyed long enough to determine the question which has for thousands of 3'cars been debated by thinkcr.s, whether the popular mind can partake of liberty without degenerating into license. The time-honored boundaries have not been crossed, the tics which held society together have not been severed, the sacrament of mar- riage, the observanc s of religion, the solemn obligations to educate the young, have not lost their hold ujion the human mind. All these, and more than these, have become greater and stronger in their grasp, as every individual mind has risen to an appreciation of the duties which social life imposes, and the advantages which it is cajiacitated to confer. Government is not in one sense so strong in this nation as we may see it exemplified in liussia, in which it is said to consi.st of " tyranny tempered by assa.s.si nation ; " but for all good purposes the government of the pcoj)le, by the people, and for the people, is as strong as the commonwealth by which the power is exerted, and in which every man is a sovereign in his own right. Tin: Cm: AT Ch:.\Ti:s\\Lir KxrosiTiox. 045 hi.s (Ml- ■ato llio Is ill the y, inas- t; sc'opo rlhwcst ilatioiis lit, and liiillions, ii^li the nth can- I .shoiihl liajipily at thoro of life ; in this ■y cstab- no auto- forms of iting the has been has for popular license. -\s which t of mar- educate d. All >ngcr in eciatiou s which ense so issia, in ation ; " by the alth by vcreigii The handsome buildings which have been raised by personal muiiificcuce and by public funds to meet the several demands of justice, charity and culture within the century which has now nearly elapsed since the issuing of our famous declaration, can only be represented in our Centennial Exposition by paintings, photography and books of engravings ; but the advances which have been made in that respect would write the history of our era if there were no story to be told beyond the representation of the homes in which the heroes of '7(J were born, the nieotiii"- houses in which they assembled, the schools in which they were taught, the books and maps by aid of which they were instructed, and the furniture by which they were surrounded all their lives. Beyond all mere display, there is a suggestive inllucncc exerted u[)on every mind by the stifY and cumbrous furniture which in some homes cramp the body, varying, in anything but a bcnclieial sense, from that which arises from elegant and convenient appli- ances such as are common lu the homes of the comparatively poor ill our community. It would be well, in some respects, to show in a few nooks and corners of the exposition the angular inconveniences ,vhich were used as furniture, one hundred years ago, in the hamlet.s scattered along the coast from Maine to Georgia, in order that the contrast might the more readily be made between the ]ioint from which we started and that at which we have arrived in that particular regard; but, for our buildings, (.)f eour.'^c the pencil of the artist must be our only resource. The union is especially the home of collegiate in.stitution3 and universities. AVc do not pretend that our colleges are generally of such a character as will compare with those at Cambridge and at Oxford in Great Britain, but on the other hand we may ehal- lentrc the world to show us an institution elsewhere than in the L^nited States, which will take rank with Vassar College, in making provision for the education of woman — a branch of training especially important — and the number of collegiate establishments and universities which may be found dotting our prairies and our cities, providing for the education of both sexes, in greater or less proportion, number over three hundred and thirty, without reckoning the large contingent of such institu- tions, seventy in number, which is being administered by the ■ 1 ■■ ■J :; ' "I J 1 C40 TuTTLh''s Ckstesnial Nohtuwest. Id'''' V ' -i ' ,i :^ ■ , I ' : «'H ■« K . ,'#■ 111 ' ■ 1! Roman Catholic cliurch. Tlicre is no country tluit can show so (.Ictcnniiu'd an efTort to siijiply oducjitional facilitios for all classes, as wo lind evideiiofd in that one fact, and if we lack some of the recherche features tlwt make the old world universi- ties completer than our own, it remains to be said that our founts of learning are not rigidly protected for the use of the wealthy and titled few; they have been built and endowed for the mil- lion, and will go on improving their every feature until there shall be no particular save the rime of hoar antiquity in whiili tliey will fall behind their predecessors in Kurope. It will not be easy to make this department of our growth apparent to our European visitors, except in so far as the press and the camera may assist us ; and jiossibly also in some measure the illustration of our advantage will bo found in the cultured maimeis of our men and women trained in such establishments. Two centuries and four years have passed since Governor Berkeley boasted in Virginia that the colony had neither '• printing presses, colleges nor schools," but that gentleman, could he rise from his last rest- ing place during our centennial, would Hud that his nn'splaccd congratulation had been long since out of date, and jierhaps would reasonably assume that the departure from the rule of ignorancii .vhich he upheld, had been one of the main causes why tho tuithority of Great Britain had been successfully re- sisted. Tl^e eloquence of the revolutionary period, which still lives in the language of John Adams and Patrick Henry, might never have been heard had tlie press remained as idle as Berkeley desired that it should be; and could the schools and colleges have continued under "taboo," it is clear that there would have been none to write our Declaration of Independence, nor an}' to comprehend the unmaidiness of submitting to foreign oi)i)re.ssion. Mementoes of our struggle will be many and varied in the Great Temple devoted to art and industry, but it would be a work of supererogation to attempt to name them here. Other nations have been despoiled of their heroes by the .sharp investigations of in- quiring minds. William Tell has taken his place with many others among myths and fables, but no caustic search can rob this nation and the world of the glorious examples of patriotism which live now anil will endure forever in the history of the union. Tin: (jShkat Cesteksial KxposirioN. 647 Witliin our century of development wo have created an nrmy and a navy, commencing our race in those directions with, for our army, the minute men tliat disputed tlie niarcli to Jjcxington, and the •'eml)attled farmers '' who fought on ]Uiidce of the race, our first centennial jubilee may well be recognized as one of the c as in histoiw from which new reckonings may be "nade on all lines that can be indi- cated by mechanical, artistic, scientific and national progress. 1 '„ C ! which BioG n. 1 riiicA l Hke tcues. 649 :i i id were Incction |il)loyed l()[ trac- |crtrs by lid Ohio 11 low in 2: CHAPTER L, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Hon. Elijali JI. Haines was born in llie town ol' Duerliukl, (Jnuidi counly, New Yoik, and was the roiiilli ofa family of six cliiiilrcn; a isist(.'r and two jrotlicrs bting older, and two sis- ters yoMni,^cr liian liinisulf. Jlis fatiicr died wli". die subject of tiiis skctcli was si- years olil, Iva'.ing tlio family no nieans of support; liciice, llie cliii- tlren wore sooii sc'i)arated and piaeed in ditfercnt, families w'lere they niiglit do somciliing in tlie way of earning a subsistence. ^Ir. Haines lived witli a farmer and labored on the farm the most of the time he remained in liis naiive stale, and had no home that he coukl ca'I iiis own until, in mature years, lie provided one for himself in the sir.'ing of IBo"), while still quite a small lioy, he and his broilu'r sei out foi Chieago, hoping lo lind better advantages for themselves than in their native jilaee. They came by canal lo JiulFalo, thence by railroad to JJelroit, and then walked across the territcuy of Miiiiigan lo Cliicago. At this time Chicago was supjxwed to contain about six or eight hundred in- habitants and as many or more Indi- ans might bo seen on the streets than white men. Elijah soon went into the country, about forty miles south of Chicago, worked on a farm in sum- nu r, and attended school tlut next winter. This was his last schooling. In the spring of If: 0, he went north to what is now called Lake county, and remained theie until August, when he relurned lo Chicago, and hired out as clerk in a store until the spring of 18;j7. Went into a survey- ors (illico for tv while, and then re- turned to Lake county and began to make a farm for himself on land as yet unsurveyetl. After he left school, Jie supplic' liimself with liooks to use in unocciii)ied hours, and soon became a proticieiit iu the cjuimou I branches. Taught school, at the age I of 20, in Waukegan, where he now re- sides. He also soon 'ic(|uiied a fair knowledge of the Latin and German languages, and at lenglh studied law, I and, inl^.Tl, was adiuitted to the bar. i He residetl on his farm in tho '• Mitrul j part of Lake counly (now the \;i,''ige I of llainesvilh), from 18;J7 to 1051, when he removed to W'aukegan, iu the .same countj-. Here, in Ibo."), he compiled the laws of Illinois which had reference to town organi/ation, adding notes and forms, making a complete book of iuslruclicuis for t.Avn ol'iicers, which became very pop. ular, and is now in general use. In the same year he made a similar work for ^^'isconsin, ^Minnesota, Michigan and ilissouri — the i-rst two by state authority. He also jn-epared a treatise on tlH; Duties of Justices of the Peace, which is still the slaiulard authority on the subject in Illinois. He also wrote a Wi)rk called the "Probate Manual." He early took a le.uiing part in matters of "education .irouud liim, and acted as school committee and superiiuendent for Lake c'e i\'Iigi(>n in tlicni ; joineil llie Masonic order in ISli); lias • been blaster, and al'lerwaid was Junior Granil A\'artlen ol' the Grand Lodifo of the slat'.'. He married ^lisa Jlelin- da G. Wri ,dit, a relative of Gov. Silas Wiiglit o New i'ork. ■ Tliuy have two children — a .son and iidaairhter; liavu a licnililul lionie, sightly, liuelv .surrounded and nicely furnislied. IL. lias been succe.how ot success; but his love of political life was so great, and he devoted so niucli time to that Hubject as to interfere consider- ably M itii his legal practice. In jioli- tics Gov. Kandall was originally a Democrat. In 181(J, iic made his tirst appcaiance at the cajiital, as .a mem- ber of the Fir-t ('(uistitutional Con- vention, and took a prominent posi- tion in that body. h\ ISIS, (iov. l{an- (lall was pro.iiinent in the great Free S(dl Slate Convention. In 18.")-!, tie was electcMl as an indeiiendent Demo- crat, a nieniiier of the next asseml)ly, and was ni.ide chairman of the Judi- ciary conunitlee; and as the Jouru^d of that session will .show, he was a Very laborious and able meiiiber In 18")"l, i\Ir. Uandall was placed upoii tile Kejiublican State ticket for attor- ney general. lie m.ade a gallant can- vass, but was defeated, as were the others upon the ticket, with tin; ex- ception of governor. In the guberia- t.irial contest betwen Ba-hlbr > ^ d Ihirstow, Mr. Uantlai; ''I -play"- i m.arked ability as a lawr. In ly u acted until his deal resilience in Ehuira, I 187:2. Hon. .Tolin Cofer, smi of Win. Cofer and Sarah \\'inii (Jriltiu Cofer.was born near Cain.' Spring;-, HuUett Co., Ky., .luly Otli, 1804. And on the 1st day of December, IS'J."), he married JVIiss !Mary Freiuior Maegill, who was the daughter ol' Robert Macgill and Helen !■' V ''ett .Macuill, and born in Aiinapo- ■\. "., Fcii. 7. 1807. They have o of which died .'Uler they were ir, n<;w tlij'cesons 1 tW'Miy-four grami chihiren aim two great grand ehil.lren. Col. Gofer's early education was limited; but his Ihirsribr kni>\vl- .«(ge made him a good student, and be soon became a profound tliinker, !i , igical reasoner, and a ready writer. As a whig, he represeiiled Hardin county in the lower iiouse ol'the legis- lature of Kentucky in 1838, 183S), 1840 1 . ....> ii children in infancy, iun: • grown ui), leaviu,. and three dau'diiv BioaiiA PiiicA L Skk tches. 651 U idcrcd nn lie >\as( ill candi- H L'lcctod. Ills .lutics muuIi iibil- (■0])1C lllllt I(! was 1)110 vcrnors in ukI ))!)ld- j;av(' liim n able and V. IJandall Stall's Scn- larp one, v( r(! taken (!iiv. IJan- )nlcst; aim tlu'ir votes iiDiiiinaled if Ills term iiu:i)ln iip. liiiister to apiioiiitc'd ral of tlic Hon. Wil- \lio was at )(l)artniunt. . Duiiiiison, K'lal, which rnd of Mr. in;; the I'or- '., Randall 'ocratic ii'-u he ■ ' at his ■y 2(3, ' Win. Cofer t'ci'.was lioi'u tt Co., Ky., ic' 1st day of iiried jMiss ho was tlie 1 and Helen in AiuKipo- Tliey iiave which died V tlii'v were w tlin/e sons twi'Mty-four i^reat Liand ly cdiicatioii I for kiiowl- •tudeiit, and d tiiinker, a cady writer. HhT Hardin of the lei'is- 8, i»3i), la-io ]V and 1841, anu Hardin, ^Meadc and Larne comities in tiie senate of that state from 1^48 to 18.10. Being a fanner, he hecaiiie the champion of tl.e great iiiteresis of labor and i)ro- duclion, and an advocate of ecniioniv in prdiiic i xpendilures. He also ad- yncaled asystt'ia of general education, internal inijiroveincnts, and of eliaril- >.'>le institutions. As a ineinber of the ('(Uii.iiittee on internal iiiiprovcmenis, he originated and aiiled in drafiing aii;i piiosiiig the eliarler of the J^ouis- ville & Nashville Hailruad (,'oni|)aiiy, now the most iJi'osperou.s and usel'ul corporation in Kentucky. Ih; was also llie active, elociuent and ellicieiit friend of the other ruilr(jad interests of that state. In 1834, he removed to Hlinois; was postmaster at Rural Retreat; was elector on the Filinore ticket in 18.j0, and on the J}ell and Everett ticket in 1800. Since then he has lieeii independent in pol'tics, though generally acting with tin dem- ocratic parly. Devoteil to the union of the slates, he ojiposed witli manly flrinness nullilicalion, secession and i;manci|)aiioii (unless gradual and ac- companied by colonization). In 1871 and 1872, he represented Diniglas county in the general asseinbl3% with Ills accusl(.nied zeal and al)ility. Through strictly tem]ierate habits and indomitable energy, he has been suc- cessl'iil in biisin<'.vs. and after provid- ing homes for all his children, he yet retains a coiniieteiicy tor himself and wife ill their old age. He has bei.-n a consistent member of the Methodist church for more llr.ii tifiy years, and h.iS die proud satis action now, in oKl age (v hilo remen.bering that he has been tii^iarchiteccof his own fortune), to know dr't he has so lived as not on- ly to win, but to deserve the confidence ami esteem of all who have known him, a pleasant instance of which was seen at his golden weilding, wliieli may be brietly stated as follows: On the 1st day of December, 1875, this loving, aged and honored eoniile, with their si.\ chililreii, and all their grand children, and a large number of neigh- bors and friends, eelelirated tlieir gold- en wedding, at the (dd homestead, now the hosiiiialile mansion of Mr. Thos. and Mrs. Henrietta M. Midwinter (in the home of one of the daughters). The day \n as beautiful, indeed, betit- iug the" joy of the oceasion, the pre- parations of the table munificent, lav- ish and full, the pniMiits rich, ii.seful, and eminently appropriate, and the ; several sjieeches of the honored pail 1 were loueliing and teiidiir indeed. Es- j iieeially intei-esting :ind thankful were I the biii'f reminiseenees of their lives, ! such as the simplicity ami scantiness I of tlieir house ami oiitlit, tlfty years I liefore; their pli.niing corn together I while the first born lay in the I'enee I corner; the mine of gidd the loom j and wheel had been to'tlie household, I and what a chorus of industrious mu- sic his shoe haiumei' and her spinning wlieid had made during the wi'iter evenings of the long ago. A'.i e' which was told in that loving and ai)- jirecialive manner well becoming those who have stood nobly sitle by side llirough the stiu'ins and cares of half a century. And then the otlier duar ones, the four children (goue to the mystic shore), were referred to so tenderly, through a beautiful poem re- peated "by .Mr. and .Mrs. Midwinter that day (Hdiich reiu'esenled lliein as '' wit there" and yet as 'W/tcrc "), that the full family group seemed present, and tl'.es a monuineiit of atl'eetionato memory, richer by far than any mere device in marble could possibly be, v,as reared in thought over the de;ir and departed ones. And it was meet, iiuleed, that the father should have a gold headed cam; from the ehiklien, and a gold pencil, glasses, etc., from ditlerenl y .rlies, and a tit tribute to gentle and self forgetting worth, for the father to ineseiit to the honored mother a beautil'ul gold watch and chain, to count out for her the remain- ing liours of life, and also that a pair of gold glasses, a pi'iicil, etc., should be hers from other parties; but one of the richest events of the occasion was a warm and tender enibraee which the mother gave ]Mrs. ^Martin, the lady who had taken and tilled so happily iIk! place of a departed daughter. l{icli because so uncommon, anil then so i)leasant and grateful when so real- ly due. Thus under a canopy of smiles and love, the liapjiy group re- viewed the past, and in. ho|)e, Chris'ian hope, glanced onward along the path of coming months and 3'ears. Hon. Junu's T. Lewis was boru in Clarendon, Orleans county, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1819. He received his aca^ li ?i Vv 'it. ■'( i -1 .1 \ -V* . ^'- 652 TuTTLifs Cestesxial Northwest. ■ i) i PJ r: . ■«>!■, i I IB: i ! i - i ; .' ! -■ . ; ■ 1 ! u ' t j i ■';l I: J i ■ ► .t. ■_^ . Itik.- M i ■ ,i 1 i 1 jk. (loiiiicfil cdncation at Chiiksnn mikI Clinton, N. Y., iuul ruiul law wiili Gov. ScUlon. at the I'ornu'f place, lie CMnie to Wisconsin in- July, 18-15; was udniittccl to the bur of the supreme fouil; and c(unnKnced the practice of law lit C'i)lunibus, where he has since resided, lie has held eight diirercut ulliccs in the state, com- meneiiig with that of district atlor- iicy.auU closing with that of governor. AViicn elected secretary of slate. In received every vote cast in his own cit\ . When elected go\ ,'ruor, his nia- jorily was nearly twenty-five thou- sand, — a very large majority for Wis- con.sin. For liis record as governor of the state of Wisconsin, we have only to refer to the history of that stirring period of sacrifice and blood, to show that, preeminently, he was a successful war governor; and not- ■withslanding the fact that he maile but litlli; diplaj-, he accomplished great tilings for "the state. Ailhough he has retired from pulilic life, at his beautiful home in Columbus, his unanimous call to the chairman>hiii of the lecent Kei)ublican Slal(! Con- vention shows that his great p(>pul;!r- ily is still alive. Should he consent to again enter public life, his career would, no doubt, be marked with suc- cess, llii is weullhy, and enjoys life as only a man with a clear conscience can. David Preston, of Detroit, Mich., was born in llarmonv, Chautauc|na county, N. Y., .September 20, 1^20. He receiveil a common school edu- cation in the schools of this county, and emigrated to Michigan in IS-tS, arriving in Detroit on the 4th of No- vembirof ili.it year. Upcm his arri- val in that city Mr. Prcstcm was with- out money and friends-, having bor- rowcil twelve dollars to pay his fare. During the tirst year of his residence in Detroit he received a salary, of ;?l."iO; the second year it was increased to $'200, and the third found him get- ting sf^.")!), while the fourlli brought a further advance t,o !f;j50. iMr. Preston commenced the banking business in Detroit in May, 1853, with a capital of but !f4r>0, and out of which he fur- nished his house, having been mar- ried but a short time previous. In May, IH,-)!, through induslry, honesty iiud btiict atlcutiou to business, w itU a few fortunate purchases, ISlr. Preston found that the small capital with which lie Inul commenced banking two years previous had inrreased to the snug little sum of $5,001). With this amount he ojiened another bank- ing house in Cliicago, and, directly following this ailventure, (Nime the failure of A. Klemm, of New York, who hail !f(i,000 of Ur. Preston's money in his jiossession. Ailhough by this misfortune he lost his entire capital, still he was not iliscouraged, and going to work with reneweil vigor, he soon placed himself on a firmer fouiulaiion than ever. His baidcing bouses both here and in Chi- cago are widely known, and ha\e en- joyed the conlidence of the moneyed men of the country for a long term of years. During tlnr money iianic, of September, 1873, the banking hou^e of 1). Preston it ('()., in Detroit, was obliged to suspend for a few days, not becaUM' they had sustaincil an}' loss, or of the defalcation of anv person con- nected with the firm, but entirely on I account of theii not being alile to con- ] vert theii' securilies into currency fast I enough to supply the demand of their dejiositcH's. This suspension was only temp(trary, and within a very short time the doors were thrown oi)ea again and business proceeded with as uspni. The Chicago firm of Pres- tiMi, Kean 6c Co., of which 3Ir. Preston has been a member for the past ten years, were able to pass thr>)Ugh the above mentioned finan- cial trouble without any serious difli- culty. Mr. Preston is best known, however, to the jieople of ^Michigan for his unliounded generosil}-. Iso object of a charitable nature is ever presented to him for his aid, with- out receiving substantial assistiuice. Within the last ten years he has given away over $75,000 to forward various charitable enterinisi s, and has thus engrafted himse'*' miIo the alfeclions of the people of ti.e whole northwest. John H, Sliaflor. Tlir subject of this sketch was born in Albany coun- ty, N. Y., March 17, 1829. His early advantages for education wei'e good; but being married at 17, his school days were feiv, and the books were re- linciiiished and the implements of hired husbandry taken uj) for the fam- ily support until 1S5G, wlien he re- BiOGBAPmcAL Sketches. 653 \\r. Prcstdii tpitiil with (1 baiikiii;; iiri'e;is('(l to 000. Willi other bimk- ul, tlirt'cU}' ciiiiii' the Xl'W York. I'rcstoirs AlllioicHi t Ills cntiio iscoiinigctl, h I'CllC'WL'cl msL'lf on ii ever. His i ixiul ill Chi- uid liiivf en- tho llKHU'Vcd Idiil; tcnn oC icy panic, of iii'Linu' hou^c Detroit, was few tlays, not cpli- cations ("or jjensions, back pay and bounty for the^e poor ones wiih a ready and cheerful liand, chargin;;: them not a dime. lie is an active member of the ^lelhodist Episcopal (.'hurch; belongs to iv lodge of Free Jlasons ami was for years master of his lodge. In April, 185!), he w.is mar- I'ied to Miss Rebecca iM. AVitt, who has cheerfully shiucd with him the toils of his active life, and now re- joices with him in their thier child- ren which bless their tasty and happy bome. They arc not W( idthy (as one may say) but successful in business — "well otV — and so benevolent and ready to heljUhe sad and the sutlV i ing, that want and care go smiling from their door. lion. Tlios. I{allen;;er was born in Logan county, Ohio, December '31, ]8i7. His i)arents were natives of New Jersey — were Q'"''^''''^' "'i'' '"' attributes his first inclinations to re- ligion to the candor ami consistency of their e.\em[ilaiy lives. His early iidvanlages lor , 1808. Has been "the attor- ney of the St. Paul, Slillw.ater and Taylor's Falls Railway Co., and aided otherwise in the, consli-uetion of tlnit road, and for two yr.irs has been vice president of the (ierman Aniericau St 1^^' Kuox cuuutv, Ohio, where he res.ided i IJank at St. Paul. Mr. Sanboru is h'd to Os- mv,i. For III in lowu, 11 Uiiivcr- lU' llKlVt'd piirtoftlie jai- lc!^isl;i- jlic tn-cllili llicr of tho fH' was, IIH Milimid iind is t;(;ii('r- IkI in liusi- 1 'l"h('\' now Pes uortli of 11 youujr, it 111 son. iviis boi-ii lit ily, .\. II., days wcro 1 l)t'('ll till! I's I'm- four , and iirinlid in the early j)art of the I8ih (!eniury — a work of great value, and gotten up in the high- est style of the art, of iirinting and binding, of that day. Il was once the property of the monastery of St. 3litanf study and researt^li into tiie nature of •disease, the coiiil>inalion of remedies ami the jiossibilitiesjof this " lieaveii descended art," tli(' medical practice. He was born a Jititlieran, liut lor the last twent}' years has been an active and eflicient member of the Presbyte- rian cliurch. Hecamean Odd Fellow in his native village, and in lytO, was one of tlie charter members of a loduc of Odd Fellows in Mt. Oarmel, III. During the winter of 184H and lt<-J!J, he was acting (trand Master of the state of llliiHiis {the (Jrand Master being absent), and he having accom- panied the (iraiid blaster in a tour of western Illinois in the interest of the order during the summer of 184!). This same year he was elected (Ji'and Warden of tlie Grand Lodge, and n\i. pointed District Deputy Grand ^Master over several subordinate lodges. He, aided in ortrani/ing the Grand Kn- camiuiient of Illinois, being a mem- ber of a subordinate encampinent in Mt. Carmel. He also united with the ortlcr of Free ^lasons y(!ar.s since. Nov. 13, IS,")!, lie was married to ,^Iiss Eliza E. Siuilli, of Litchtield, Conn. They liavc three children living, two sons". Lyell .lacob and Jesse Lee, and one daughter, Ada. They have also three little ones which one after an- other went away with the angels They liave a bcailtiful residence, fin(i- ly furnished, where mutual love, ac- tive benevolence and Christian hope liave each a happy home. Eliza Enu'Iiiu^ (Smifli) Loschcr (eldest born of Lvmaii .1. and Julia IJ. 8milh\ was born Dec. 10, 1820, at Litchtield, Litchfield county, C(Win. Her early advantages tor education were line indeed, ami were grandly improved. In 18;J"), with licr jiarenls, she removed to Alabama, where, in the crisis of 18:57 and 18;i8, her faWier lost heavily, and, in 18;J8, he and his family removed to Mount Carmel, HI., where they remained until 1.S40 whence, in conse(|uence of the failing health of her mother, they all retui-ned to Lilchli<'ld, Conn. In the winter of 1850- '51, through what would seem a ! very trivial and yet very novel and !h;»l)l)y circiunstance, connei'ted with a single newspaper sent her by J)r. .John .1. Lesclier (then conncctetl with the Medical Hospital at I'liiladelpliia, Peiin,), till! I'utUH' fortunes of her I'fe were shaped. The}' were married Nov. I'J, 1851, and removed to 31ount Carmel, Wabash county, III., where he was then engaged in the praiitico of medicine. Alter a few years, through a ptdmouary all'ecttion, his liealth was very much imiiaiied, find so much so that'he feaieil hemu^t(piit the practice of meciciue. She, like a nol)le and resolute wife, volunteered to be his "Jehu" or carriage servant; and, for five long years, through all weather.s, ai:d ai all hours of night and day, she attended faithfully to the ilutie.< t' iRir V<\\i miiniod Id Mount 11., wluTc u practice liw yt-ars, ctioii, liin ;iiifd, and must ((uit slio, like a jlunleereil e servant; iroujiii all of niiilit 'ully to'tlie 111 yet she le part of hree little essed their lliose long ems, by al'- ly, but I'or- beiug as-_ dvocaey of y some of itheru Illi- in wait for led by her credit even she united r's church been an ac- ib(!r of that hiireh until losition and lent in her ,• been the iitcasts and ome is the phaned, the iss; and so ired amon Orphan's ned title it !i fine pen lie several her poetry, ilacc lierein re our space Slie has a r ardent and I the cloudy about it and peace along pathway.