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During 1894 it was deemed advisable in order to meet some pressing demands for information in certain districts, to issue, in limited editions, circulars and " Experimental Farm Notes " containing matter bearing on the subjects treated of in this bulletin. These publications were sent to the press and to persons residing in those districts where the informa- tion they contained, was most urgently needed. Further experience has since been obtained on these topics, and as the subjects treated of are of general interest, the additional facts gained, together with those contained in the circulars and '< Notes" referred to, have now been brought together and condensed in Bulletin 23 which will be distributed in the usual manner, to all those whose names are on the mailing lists of the Experimental Farm. In the part written by the Botanist and Entomologist, a few of the most injurious and destructive insects are treated of, such as the fruit grower can best deal with during the spring months by the timely use of the insecticides recommended. The principal diseases to which tlie potato is subject, are also explained and the best remedies given. In the part written by the Horticulturist, the question of spraying fruit trees and vines for the prevention and destruction of those fungous dis- eases which are so detrimental to fruit growing, is discussed and the best methods of treatment explained. The life history of the " Black Knot" of the Plum and Clierry is also given and remedies recommended. This bulletin is issued with the hope that it will be of service to fruit growers and farmers generally throughout the Dominion. I have the honour to be Your obedient servant, VVM. SAUNDERS, Director Expen'imental Farms. Ottawa, April Ist, 1895. SPRAYING FOR THK PRKVliNTION OF rUISTGOUS DISEASES 5t John Craig, Horticulturist. This bulletin is issued in response to the growin- deinanrl hv fr : growers and farmers, for definite and concise tnformltiow ,oL ' he practice of spraying, for the prevention of diseases in u oust , fru,t-bear,ng trees and plants of the orchard and galdej ' ''" ihe results of experimental work upon this subiocf hn u 1891 Each year has marked an increase of interest iu snr.v^ 7 furnished additional evidence of its value and 1 .1 i '^"^ "^'' ^^' operations now included in th. annual programme of t^^ V '7' wma, neat and cold, have a marked influence on f}.« .«„ u trees, it should rather be viewed hv tli« -..„u j- • "^ o,an a«.o„al„eapo.,a.U./;toIc:w[ :rkl,t:rr by mating ttem vigorous a„d\ealthy a^d .h„rre°'.a„T 7 '''''"■' attacks. ■'^ resistant to parasitic ' i! 1 1: *.' k: Fungous diseases, however, in accordance with natural laws, will in all probability increase in number, in proportion as the food plants upon wiiicb they prey, are multiplied, and as climatic conditions are favour- able to their dcvelojiment. In order, in this age of keen competition, to obtain from a given area the largest possible product of the highest quality, the best means of preventing injury from these pests must be adopted. After giving good cultivation, spraying, therefore, must be resorted to in order to secure this result. If we would derive the greatest benefit, it should be generally practised. The value of the efforts of one man who faithfully sprays his orchard, is greatly lessened if his neighbour neglects this preventive measure, and so allows his orchard to serve the purpose of a breeding ground for the spores of fungous diseases, of which we have such well marked examples in the " scab" of the apple and pear. NATURE OF FUNGI. A brief consideration of the principles underlying the practice of spraying, may enable the growi;r to understand the nature of fungous diseases, and this will be of service in directing an intelligent application of the remedies which are recommended. A glance at the character and habits of parasitic fungi will throw light upon the system of treatment. The word fungi is used to designate an exceedingly numerous class of plants of simple organization ; we must never lose sight of the fact that they belong to the vegetable world and are therefore subject to the ordinary conditions of plant life. Some of them derive their nourish- ment from living plants or animals, others from dead plants or animals. Those which draw their food from other plants more highly organized than themselves, are termed parasites, and it is with this class that the fruit grower is chiefly concerned. These plants ({)arasitic fungi) have not the power of assimilating food from the soil or atmosphere, and there- fore must obtain it in a prepared condition through the agency of the higher j)lauts upon which they feed. The vegetative part of a fungus — that part corresponding to the root, stem and leaves of the higher {)Iant8 — is made up of delicate thread-like tubes, usually more or less matted together ; these collectively are termed mycelinm. The term hyphn is apjilied to a single thread-like tube. Parasitic fungi bear no seeds or floweis, but are reproduced by spores which are borne upon specialized branches of the hyphae. These spores are produced in great numbers and are the principal, though not the only, means of spreading disease. The hyphte-threads of the parasitic fungi penetrate the tissues of the host plant — a name applied to the plant upon which they feed. The spores are exceedingly light and easily carried by currents of air. When one falls upon a leaf and is sup])lied with moisture, it germinates by sending out a slender tube, which effects an entrance into the tissues of the leaf through the breathing pores (stomata), or inter- cellular spaces. After the parasitic fungus has thus entered the interior Pu!l il /' Tr '■''^''^'•'' '' '^' ^^P""''^ «f *•'« tissues of the latter .ifri, . '"•'' .P'"'' '^ '"""'^ "»P^i'-<^<>. or its life destroyed. Some of the pr„K.,,aparasme diseases attack both foliage and the fr'it of u" os plant, as ,„ the case of the - mildew " of the m-ape - scab " of M T . t.uct vc. If th.s destruction were conlined to a few cells, leaves, oi- even to a few p ants, the loss would be trifling ; but the extraordinWra .idiu wnhwlHch fungi n.ultiply, and the ease with which t • L t.ve bod.es (spores) are carried from plant to plant, render r extirpation a very didicult matter. 't, renaeis then valuable germicidal properties. One of the commonest and chle.t " them copper sulphate (blue-stone) has been used for many "el to kill the spores of smut infesting seed wheat. Bordeaux .m" JJThich IS composed of blue-stone, dissolved in water, combined wfth J ias proved to be the most effective and the cheapest preventive agnt' Z d ..overed. A very concentrated mixture was used at first, wh cb was dxfhcult to apply and rather expensive. This has now been abandoned for weaker mixtures as hereafter explained. '♦"^naonea EXPERIMENTAL WORK. In the spring of 1890, the f . year of the appointment of the writer as Horticulturist to the Ceu.cal Experimental Farm, Ottawa Zbr^ The""' ''""'' ^°' r'''' °"^ - orchards at A^boMo.; Qncbcc. The experiments were designed to show the benefit of spraying with ammon.acal copper carbonate in varying pronortions 11 sulphateofvaryingstrength,aswellasthevaluLf''oth'e^r^^u^ g^^^^^^^^^^^ variety of app e treated was Fameuse, and the results gfined demon strand the profit of spraying with ammoniacal copper oa/w., ofTe stiength since recommended by the Horticultural Division of he Experimental Farm. Experiments have been continued each year up to the present all marked with more or less success according o 2 character o the season. In the initial stages of this work, the importan questions of economy and ease of application, in addition to the ffe iveness of each mixture, had to be studied by the experimenter so that a remedy when discovered might be practicable and thus commend its i? generally to the public. ®^ These experiments have covered the trial of over thirty snravina mixtjires, and among the fruits included were apple, pear, p lum ^e "^ peach, and the majority of the small fruits. ^' ' ! i » Owing to the difficulty of applying and the cost of making the concentrated Bordeaux mixture as first prepared, many other copper salt compounds have been tested, with the result that many were discarded, while a few were recommended for trial. Copper sulphate, or blue- stone, having entered into all mixtures giving favourable results, the number of formuloB recommended has gradually lessened with each year's experience, till at the present time the fruit grower needs not burden his mind with a bewildering array of receipts or formuhe, almost as numerous as the legion of enemies which attack his orchards and vineyards. Ah a result of experiments conducted in 1892, the writer recom- mended a modified formula for tlie preparation of Bordeaux mixture. This was given to the public by means of a bulletin and by circulars issued dur- ing 1892 and 1893. Prof. Green of the Ohio Experimental Station also recommends this formula. The formula is as follows : — 4 pounds of copjier sulphate, 4 pounds of lime and 50 gallons of water. The cost of this need not exceed one-half cent ])er gallon, and it admits of the addition and apj)li- cation of Paris green at the same lime. Ammoniacal copper carbonate was also recommended at that time. This will not be used as freely as Bor- deaux mixture on account of its greater cost and the increased labour of preparing it. For spraying late in the season, when stains on the fruit are uirlesirable, copper carbonate is the most useful agent yet discovered. In copper sulphate we have the base or foundation of both the above mix- tures, and a very effective fungicide to apjily before thefoUaf/e appears. With this trio, backed up by intelligence and perseverance, the fruit grower may largely increase the revenue derived from his orchard. As the treatment is entirely preventive, in order to make spraying effective it must be commenced early. All parts of trees or plants, must be reached with the preventive agent. Drenching is not necessary and is expensive. A thin film or coating of the fungicide deposited upon tlie foliage in the form of a misty spray will prevent the development of the spores better than a complete soaking which will runoff like a shower of rain ; but it is important that all the leafy surface should be well covered, and on this thoroughness of the work will depend the ultimate success of the undertaking. SPRAYING MIXTURES. The following fungicides are those which experience leads me to recommend : — Copper sulphate 1 lb. Water 25 gallons. This should be used only before the foliage appears. It is easily applied and acts as a general germicide and disinfectant. In simple solution Copper Sulphatg is very injurious to foliage. When lime is added as in making Bordeaux mixture, its corrosive action is neutralized and injury to the foliage prevented. In this way a larger quantity of blue-stone may be used, and it adheres to the foliage better by the agency of the lime. T] ing prt To use 3 11 account Wl a coal-o stone). copper s contain! place. of water strained the copp it is read Wh( plan to 1 can be di gallons ol In anothe 50 galloni of lime. "1 ture, take the same ( will be sul slaked or : ferr.^. yani rated solut required fc cyanide of will turn b potassium i sure that tt Copj Amn Wat. This is and diluting bo poured ir in glass or si ' ■ ■ ^ ^ ^ ■ T . ' ' ' . - DILUTED BORDEAUX MIXTURE Copper sulphate ^ ,. Lime. . Water..., * "'*'• -eSlbs. each -pper s^ate ^ ^ : •1'3'':^T"- .^^-I..'a.hc. account of the tenderncHs of the foliage ^"'^ S''^*"'' «« Whenasinnjle barrelfnlnf F^r... 1 " a ooai-oi, harre.'pa..tly ml ^^^''i::: ^TZ '' "^"'^"'' '^^^'^^ - «tone). Hot water facilitates th oj. ^ on Tod T'' ""•''"*' ^'"- copper sulphate in a cotton bag or ba k 7^^! ' ?''"''''^'^P'^^« the -tainin.thewatersothatitit^a^X-J'^ place. Inanother vessel slake 4 lbs of flTi , ^^.'"t'°" '•••'I'i-H.v takes of M-ater. If the lime when sl.ked i« ""^ ^''^ ^^ "^^"^^ S-''"ons gained through a fine sieve o ties r^^^^^ '' «^-'^' be tbe copper sulphate now in solut on t .. fi.i' T '^' ^^'''^ containing it - .eady for use. It should eu.Jdoi;. "' "'^'^ ^^"'^•- -^ When a large amount of "''''.'•'"" ^^^^' be.ng prepared. plan tomakestofk solutrslrter '^ r'"'^'"^"' '^ ^« "^ «-«^ can be diluted as needed .-Dislolve oi n 7 '"' "•"■•^^^"''' -'-'^ gallons of water; two gallons when dissoll'-n '''^'^"" '"'''^'''^^' '" ^0 In another barrel slakt^ iOO lbs. of 1 hn I "'"'"" ' ""• "^ ^he salt. 5U gallons of water; when well st red t' 'n' "'' ''' ' """"^ ''>■ ^''''i"^' of lime. When as bJfore, itlde , l*:? k"^ ^'""" ^=""^-"" ' "- t.n-e, take two gallons of' the strrLrt": oV. ''^^ '', ^'^'•''^^'^""^ ^^^-- tl.e same quantity of the milk of lime if he li^^''" 7^''''"'' ''"'' ^^d will be sufficient in order to neutralTze'if . '" ""^ ^'""^^ •^"^''■^7^ it slaked or impure, the right n a ity can b""' ^'^^' '' ""' ""^ '^i'- fer... yanide of -potassium t'T A woo "'T'"'' '^ ^'''''>''"g ^he •■ated solution of ferro-cyanide of pot sTurZ- T "^"^"'"'"^ ^ ^^u- required for a.eason's work. If the iCe i tfi '' ^' T'^ ''^ ^" ''''' "'« cyanide of potassium (yellow pru'siate ' ^f'T''"'^''''^ ""' ^^^^ ''^''^o- will turn brown. Ad^the mil^ t ' i l/ilU ^^ ^^''T; ^'^ ^^'^ "-^"- potassiuzn remains colourless. Then a^a it ^ '^^'•'•o-cyan ide of . sure that the strength is uniform.rd^i: ^ ir ^i^ ^Ir " '"^^^ Ammoniacal Coppbb Carbonate. Copper Carbonate Ammonia . . ... 6 oz. Water 2 qts. This is prepared bv dis«oIvmjr -hn o. ', ^° ^^^' and diluting with wate; to 50 ga fons The" "'" '' ''^ '^^ "'""i^' bo poured into the water. Cafe shouid be tak^rk^' 'T'''' ^''^"^^ m glass or stone jars tightly corked. ''^ *^^ ammonia This mixtuip Ih more expensive than the fi)inuM', bill is more easily applied and may he used as a substitu'ie, osjieeially in the ease of !j;rape8, cherries or plums, where late spraying is necessary, and when Bordeaux mixturt' might, by adliering to the fruit, injure its sale. HOME iMAls'UFACTlTKK OF C'OIM'EK CAIMJONAIE. As the precipitated form of Carbonate of Co|)per is not always oi)tainable from druffgists, and, unless freshly j)rei!ipitatod, may not be readily soluble, the following directions are givi'u, for the easy prepara- tion of this material at a cost much less than the usual wholesale price. In a vessel capable of holding two or three gallons, dissolve 1^ pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) in 2 ipiarts of hot water, using the crystalline form. This will entirely dissolve in fifteen or twenty minutes. In another vessel dissolve If pounds of sal soda (washing soda), also in 2 quarts of hot water. When completely dissolved, pour the second into the first, stirring briskly. When etfervescence has ceased, till the vessel with wiiter, and stir thoroughly; then allow it to stand five or six hours, when the sediment (called the precipitate) will have settled to the bottom. Pour off the clear liquid without disturbing the precipitate, till with water again, and stir as before ; then allow it to stand until the sediment has settled again, which will take place in a few hours. Pour liie clear liquid o£E carefully as before, and the residue is carbonate of copper. Using the above quantities of Copper Sulphate and sal soda, there will be formed 12 ounces of copper carbonate. Instead of drying this, which is a tedious operation, add four quarts of strong ammonia, stirring in well ; then add sufficient water to bring the whole quantity up to 6 quarts. This can be kept in an ordinary two-gallon stone jar, which should be closely corked. Each quart will contain 2 ounces of the carbonate of copper, which, when added to 20 gallons of water, will furnish a solution for spraying, of the same strength and character as that obtained by the use of the dried carbonate, and one which can be prepared with little labour, and kept ready for use throughout the season. EQUIPMENTS FOR SPRAYING. The necessity of spraying as an annual practice has created a demand for suitable appliances. Many kinds of hand and horse power pumps, specially designed for this purpose, are now to be found upon the market. Up to a comparatively recent period there were no spraying pumps of Canadian manufacture offered to the public. I do not know of any horse power pump being manufactured in Canada at the present time, but there are a number of strong force pumps now available, and lack of suitable machinery can no longer be urged as a reason for no* spray'ng. There are three principal classes of sprayers besides the small hand pumps suitable to limited garden areas : 1. Knapsack, 2. Force I'liinp, fitted in a barrfll a v .. ionsof liquid, each supplied wi;;ro^:^^^^^^^^^ ^-'- ^" «- ga.- be adjustable so as to allow of its bein ?'',, V^' '^"!"'' ''•■"'<"« '^'^o-'I'l prevent cloK^M,K^ the discha J • f , ^'^ ^^ "''''^"'' ''•■^"•'' To Tbe price esthete ^.Hes t: o^H; "'":^::r ''T) ^^ ^^'^ ^P" Ton or tin. while much cheaper and n .^ 1 / "''''^' ""^ g.-^lvanized other in.so.ticide,s, will soon I'll , 7 '^^'^'"S ^'''^' ''"•^-^ •"• 'Bordeaux miKtur;. For: a llaZ f^", '' ' ^'"^' '*" "^^'^ " '^''P'v is rough and uneven the ^ Lri' l' ''"'"'%'."• "''^" "'" ^-""'i -. ^^rce j-t,mps,jafe(f in Han-els This sfvl.. >f the requirements of the maiori.^ .f f • "'y'''' "^ l"'mp will meet barrel and a good strong foT '.In p tI' ^Z:\ t""^^ ' '''' ^'' •.n.ngs should be of braes, which will res st th 2; Z '"^ ^''^^ ^'"^ copper salts much longer than iron tT *'' V"'^'"- ^''t'^" "f the i«gs should be strong^ d hea V nd th! "1 ''""'"'-^ '""' ^" -•^^■ character. In some Respects dLflaTel' Tnd .V ' ''' ""''' ^'"^^'"^ turn advantages over suction pi musTl-« ^ ^'^ '"™P' ^'''^^^^ ^^'"■ annoying and nothing acts morri! a d to ^nu^tT- " .1"'"^^ '' ™'*''« practice of s graying, than the .< bLkl^s -' wh^' "'''" *''^ with n-ritating frequency at the be.innin "of thel I "T'"'"" °^^'^'- .^arable pumps than wer« formerl/p" Ible arl" "k •'''" '"'"" Canada, and a list of Cana.iian Lrflc ur rs Is f ^^ "^'^ '» sent, is subjoined. ""uiacturers, as far as known at pre- convriLe:^;:™^ 'ITXZT %!' - '^'^ «^ ^ ^--'' - the lengths proKorti^uUe to the hei^^,'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ T '!"" "^ ''^-" a stop-cock and nozzle. In case of cllr!. u ' '"'^ ""'^^ ^^'^^^ ^'^^ be appreciated. In spraying taUe^aTambo^ '^^^^^^^ i-erted a t-inch brass'tul,^ to Te:olZZlT^^^^^^ 7'''' '' plied with a 8top.cock and is very usefdl" . r ! " "'*' '''^■ extension may be from 6 to 10 fee 10^ 1 ^"^ '^' °°'='''« ' ^^« may be substituted for the bamboo o f n et ^f, ^'P?' ''^' ^'™^ '«"g^^ and the nozzle elevated by ITus' ^a , ole': S^^^^^ T ''''''''' one has, the more thoroughly the work will' L H / *^' ^PP^'^""'^ more decisive the results obtained ""'' '"'^' *^^^°^«^«' t'^^' machL^sTsururdrvr^lyCal o^f • ^'^^r ''' '^^^ '^ ^^- the revolving wheel of the ca^I \'"^ «Procket-wheeI, from For extensivf orchard: vit:rS pT^^i^,' ''' '^^^ '^ «^- Bprayer will be found most economical The ol'T' '""•\'"™ '' P^^^'' had personal experience, is the < • Nork^o;- mi' 'r ' '^^« Force Pump Co., of Lockport, N ^ U S '^^""^^^^^^^ ^y the Field F , i->.i., u.b. This was used last year 1< 11 V 10 with a fair degree of satisfaction in the orchards of the Central Farm. In i.ureliasing a power machine, the buj'or should see that the castings and working parts are strong and perfect. It is also advisable to secure extras or duplicates of those parts whicli are most likely to give out. Before jiurchasing a pump or sprayer, the grower should also carefully study his needs and conditions. If his orchard ground is rough and uneven, or apt to be soft in spring, a power pumj), may not be as suitable as a barrel pump mounted upon a stoneboat or wagon. Home-made sprayers are frequently found to be more serviceable and better adapted to existing conditions than any that can be found in the market. Some large orchardists use home-made box-like tanks, the length of a wagon box, holding 200 to 250 gallons, sujiplied with hiiud force pumps, and claim for them superior durability. The motion of the wagon assists the agitator in keeping the liquid stirred, but it is some- Avhat doubtful whether it can be successfully agitated in this way, owing to the form of the tank operating against the work of the agitator. AGITATORS. It is important that all spraying liquids should be kept thoroughly stirred while beinc ajiplied, in order to maintain a uniform strength and to prevent the clogging of the nozzle. Most force pumps are supplied with a return discharge pipe to stir the liquid. As a general rule, these are unsatisfactory and inadequate. There are tew pumps, if any, which possess sufficient power to throw a desirable spray and stiir the liquid at the same time by means of a return stream. A mechanical agitator, operated by an attachment to the pump handle, will usually be found more satisfactory than any other stirring device. The agitator in most of the power machines now upon the market is usually a weak point. The liquid should always be well stirred by hand or some other means, before beginning to spray. NOZZLES. The distributing agent is one of the most important parts of the Bpraying outfit. The nozzle should throw a fine spray and thus be economical of fluid, and also be easily freed from any substance which may clog the passage. In the experiments of the past year, the nozzles which gave greatest satisfaction were the " Vermorel" and the "McGowen." The former uses a minimum amount of li(iuid, and may be used with the greatest advantage where the trees are small, or upon the lower branches of large trees. Of course, it may be elevated with a pole, bamboo or gas pipe exten- sion. The McGowen is a valuable, instrument for carrying the fluid to the upper branches with a minimum degree of waste. It is a great mistake to use for spraying purposes such instruments as the "Boss" and " Graduating " nozzles. They are useful for watering lawns, but are entirely out of place in an orchard. Trees should be sprayed, not drenched. 11 in the Canadian Horticulturist, p.,blisl,e,l at Grimsby, Unt. i'UMP MANUFACTURERS. The following firrnn are main.lacturers of spraying pumps .ann.loH a cT!?, '" Y" ''""^ '"•"^'•''^"^ •" "- Expelini.J.'VZ Vo H and which, in the main, have given satisfaction : Holmes & Holladay, Clarksburg, Out. ; Goold, Shapley, Muir Co., Brantford, Out • Ontario Pump Co., Toronto, Ont. .on n ""'^^'"'T '" '^' ''''"'^'' P'™^' •'^'•^ manufactured bv J. W. V,,,].,- -. Bar- Ont., and The Parker Excelsior Spray Pump Co., r;:,,!::, Donlion "" ''" '' '''"'"' ''""^'' ^'" '"^'""«' --'^'"- -^ ^^^^ DISEASES PREVENTED AND PROFITS O^^ SPRAYING. As already stated, experimental work along .his line has been ..oin. on for some years at the Experimental Fa.m, with results eachlear corroborative of the effectiveness of .spraying. By means of tko ovneH ments planned and carried out in conjunction with the Fruit Grc^v"' Association of Ontario, during the past season, by authorization of e Minuter of Agriculture Cor the Dominion, the value of the work received such emphatic confirmation that the resulting impetus will pi." the utility of the practice of spraying to lessen fungous injury as .^1 as insect attacks, on a plane well out of the reach of controversy These experiments were designed to show (I) the practicability of he remedies recommended for the prevention of fungous diseases "Ind (2) to urnish to fruit growers instructive and convincing object lessons ot the benehts of spraying. The following is a brief statement of the most important results obtained as stated in the Report of the Horticulturist for 1894 •_ The unprecedented and continuous rains which visited southern Ontario during May and June of last year, coupled with the scorching heat and drought of mid-summer, combined to form a season with con ditions most unfavourable to obtaining even .average results. Never to my knowledge have apple trees-foIi.age and fruit-suffered so severelv from the apple spot fungus. The disease coming before the fruit had much more than formed, attacked the foliage so severely as to cause U ,?!' 12 to resemble and be easily mistaken for the ordinary "twig blight." Most varieties lost a large proportion of their leaves, which of course resulted in a corresponding loss of the fruit. This visitation had the effect, however, of emphasizing the value of spraying as a factor having an important bearing upon increasing the yield of apples in seasons of severe fungous visitation, as well as improving the quality of the fruit. To sum up briefly, untreated trees lost their foliage, and consequently their crop of fruit. Spraying prevented the growth of the disease uj)on tlie foliage, which was thereby retained, and with it a large proportion of the fruit. Peaches, cherries and plums were treated with the object mainly of preventing loss from fungous diseases, causing the fruit to rot on the tree. PEACHES. The crop of peaches in the Niagara and St. Catherines districts, where the experiments were carried on, was one of the heaviest in many years. Rot was not severe even on early varieties. Sprayed trees of Early River's and Early Richmond showed 3 to 4 per cent less rotten fruit than those unsprayed. The fruit on sprayed trees was better coloured and finer in appearance than that on trees not treated. Formula for peaches, 3 lbs. each copper sulphate and lime to the same quantity of water. {/See Calendar). PLUMS. The principal fungous enemies of the plum are the " shot hole fungus " (Septoria), causing the leaves to drop prematurely, and Mbniiia, or fruit rot. These were satisfactorily controlled by spraying. The foliage of the treated trees was retained till the close of the season, and the fruit was 20 to 30 per cent larger, than that on trees not sprayed. The sprayed plums would easily sell as good "firsts," while the un- sprayed, owing to small size and lack of colour, could hardly be classed as " seconds." CHERRIES. The cherry suffers from the same diseases as the plum. The follow- ing are results gained from two series of experiments in preventing "rot " vn Yellow Spanish cherries : (1.) Spray 1 1 tree yielded 90 lbs. of fruit. Unsprayed tree yielded 30 lbs. of fruit. (2.) One selected sprayed tree yielded 130 lbs. of fruit, which netted $9.25. One selected, equally good, unsprayed tree yielded 17 lbs. of fruit, which netted $1.20. Spraying cherries not only prevents " rot," but prolongs the ripen- ing season. They should be very carefully sprayed with Bordeaux mixture after the blossoms fall, making two or three applications. The last application, a few days before picking, should be made with am- moniacal copper carbonate. I isrjsiss-sn i j^i ■vk;i I'l.Aii; 1. NdliTllKKN Sl'^. SI'KAVKI). riintiiyrai'hcil in the .nvliaril ,1 Mr. !•:. .1. \Vi»)lvpri Northern Spy. Uiis Averngo of above. Sprn Unsi 18 PEARS. Pear trees were sprayed to prevent " leaf blight » and the " crack- ing and spotting » of the fruit. The best results gained showed that i'lemish Beauty pears sprayed, yielded 75 per cent more marketable truit than those unsprayed, Beurr^ Giffard gave practically the same results. The foliage of the treated trees was vastly superior to that on trees unsprayed. Two sprayings before the blossoms opened gave better results than three sprayings after that time. Early applications important. APPLES. Apples were sprayed in several orchards, mainly to prevent injurv from the fungus causing '* apple rot" and the depredations of the codling moth. ° AVERAGED RESULTS. Gained ly Spkavikg Four Leading Varieties. PERCBXTAGE SCALE. Grades of Fruit. «j 50] 6o{ 70J 8o| 90; 100 Second Quality. I Third Quality. A. G. Russot . Unsprayed....! 1st Quality. Second Quality. I Third Quality. Baldwin Sprayed I First Quality. 2ndQual.|Q3;d 2"^''"''" Unsprayed.....! First Quality. Greening. Sprayed. I G reening j Unsprayed I ^^*'. Northern Spy. splication. Copper Sulphate. Before liuds start. ( Jjiifiorlant. ) 2nd Application. Cherry. Hut, Utaf diseaHes and iujuriouH iuni.-ut8. Urapc. Mildew, rot, loaf eating iasuctB. Bordeaux. JuHfc before bloHsoms ojM'n. (Important.) Bordea ux. Before flower buds open Kiriisene Einuhion lor aphis. Copper Sulphate. Before buds start. 3rd Application. Bordeaux. Paris Oreen. — Sooii afti bloBBOIIlH fall. (Jinportant. ) Bordeaux. Paris r/r.r?!.— When fruit has Bet. (Important.) Bordeaux. Paris Oreen.— 10 15 days later. (Important, i Bordeaux. Paris Oreen. — When first leave.H are half grown. i^ each— Apricot. Rot, leaf curl, c\ircuUo. Pear. Scab, loaf l)light, cod- ling luuth. Copper Sulphate. Paris Oreen.— 'Bafore buds start. Bordeaux. When fruit has sft. Copper Sulphate. Before buds start. (Important.) Plum. Rot, shot-hole fungus, curculio. Currant. Bordeaux. 3 lbs. coptx-T sulphate Si's. lime. , 50 „alH. water. Paris Oreen (iozY—JuHt Vie fore blosso m. Bordeaux. .Tust before blossoms open. (Important.) Bordeaux. Paris Oreen. — Soon aftir fruit has set Bordeaux. Paris Oreen.— HtKm after blossoms fall. ( Iinportaiil. j Copper Sulphate. Paris Oreen. — Bcfort^ buds open. Bordeaux. I'aris Oreen.— Soon after blosBoins have fallen. (Important.) Pant Oreen. Kuncous di:iea.es, "cur-' ,^ Paritureen. ri.^t worm. " iWhen worms appear. Gooseberry. \ Bordeaux. Mildew, "currant worms'" ^aris Oreen.— A% soon aa : leaves expand. Hellebore. When fruit is fully formed. Hellebore. Bordeaux. 10-15 days later. Bordeaux. Paris (Jrccn.- hi 12days later. Bordra ux. After fruit is picked. Am'iaonia':al Copper Carbonate. 10-15 days later. Raspberry, Blackberry, Copper Sulphate. Bordeaux. Ijiicbcrry. Before buds burst. ,10-15 days later. Antlirac'uuse, ru.st. Strawberry- Bordeaux. Bordeaux. Rust. After first blossoms have After picking season, fallen. Bordeaux. After old cauc.-> aif cut out. BordeSiUX. 10-15 days later. Bean, Authracnose. Copper Sulphate. 1 Bordeaux. i oz. to 1 p.il. water. ,\Vhen rough leaves ap- Soaklluiur. ' I)ear, Bordeau.r. 8-12 days later. ..1- Potato. Scab, rot, insects. Tomato. Rot, blight. 1 Corrosive Sublimate. Paris Oreen. 2 oz. to 1 J gals, water. ! For Col. pot. beetle. Bor Soak li liours. | deaux for flea beetle. Bordeaux. From Ist August till end of season, 2 weeks apart. Bordeaux. '■ Bordeaux. First appearance of rot, : When necessary-. Bordeaux. Same. ^ 4th Applieat Bordeaux. Paris Oreen.— 10- later. Ammoniaea '■opper Carbon 10 1.") days later. (Important. Bordeaux. 10 todays later. Bordeaux. Paris (iVff;j._8_]< later. Bordeaux. Paris Oreen.— XQ-X^ later Bordeaux. J'aris Oreen.— 10-15 later. Bordeaux. 10-15 days Liter. Copper sulpl Water For use 0/4/// 6(/o dissolved in the wate Copper sulpl Quick lime. . Paris Gretii i ^ Water (1 bar See page 7 of bull 1 otato rot G lbs, of co As Copper carbo Ammonia . . Water (1 ban . F or use lato in t fruit. It is also beat preparation given on p Kerosene (coa! Rain water, . . Soap To be diluted befoi ] Paris Green . . Lime (fresh).. Water ' . For insects which e 2 17 SrUAVIXG CALIiNDAll. 4th Application. Cth Appliciition. liorjfaux. JiorJt(iu.e. "f>n"teal j Amrmniacaf 10-15Xv« I^r ""•J"'-. ■ L ^'W'^'- <'>'W..,^,^, prevXft '" '^ '°' ■« ,10. iiOdays later if rot pre\aitnc. is iirevalent. f^ i i i i FtrWGICIDES. CoiTER SULPHATK Sor.LTIO.V. t/oppersiilpliiuo. Water . ^uJ^:dintii^^:t:''^^'^^^--"^^'i^ rea. Water 1 2 galls. 1 " 41b. For insects which eat foliai age. .200 galls. If IXIURlOrS INSI'CTS. r-'s IJv James Flktcmeu, F.U.S.C, F.L.S., Entomoloyist ami liotunht. ItiscctH may l»e dividdl into two classes by the nature of tlnir mouth parts. In llie first or larger division, Uitincj Insects ( Fig. 1 ), tlicy are fiiniishcd , — "yT^ '" uitli niaiiilil)les or biting jaws, by means of wliicli they consume the substance of tlielr food, as with cater|iill.vrs, beetles, Fig. 1. etc. In the second class, Sucking Insects (Fig. 2), they liave, 'X^k^^ instead of mandil)lcs, a beak or tube, by niean.s of which they suck uj) tlieir food in a liquid form from beneath the .1 surface, as with the true bugs, plant-lice and flies. It is evident that Avith the insects of the first class all that is neces- sary, IS to place some poisonous substance on the food plant, which they \vill eat together with their food. With the second cl.ass, however, this would be useless, for they would push their beaks through the poisonous covering on the outside of their food-plant and would extract the juices upon which they live, from the interior. For this class, therefore, some substance must bo used which will kill by mere contact with their bodies. Now, for both of these classes of insects, we have cheap and available remedies. BITING mSECTS. For biting or mandibulato insects, Paris gukkn is a sure remedy and, on the whole, has been found sup.'rior to any of the other materials which are soirotimes recommended. IL i?, of course, ■« ery poisoi.uus to man, as well as to all other anim^Js. Care must, theruiore, be taken to keep it out of the reach of children, lynurant ])eople and domestic animals. If ap|)lied too strong to the foliage of plants, it is also very destructive and must, therefore, be mixed with some diluent both on this account and for the sake of economy, only a very small quantity beiug necessary Lj destroy any known leaf-eating insect. The most convenient diluents are water or some dry powuer. For a liquid application, mix one pound of Paris green in 200 gallons of water together with one pound of fresh liip;. This may be applied to all plant:; without danger of injuring the foliage, if proper care be taken to break up the liquid into a fine ^prcnj. Too much emphasis cannot be laid upon the fact that it isof just as much importance to apply these washes i)roperly — in the form of a spray — as it is to make them of the proper ingredients in the right proportions. This shows the necessity of exorcising great care in the selection of a good 3pr much an CO u rage n From I and thus the great of scienti In mix! quantity 'arger am In spra' every fiarl begins to For df) plaster, ai: utmost ini state of d to allow ol powder. ' ferent insei to which tl of the dihu There ai bellows, in body to be soon becon application, waste as li kej)t in its to be distri necessary), i freely. It stick held i much bettei back. Dry mixti still weathei spring mont periods of se' becomes nec^ material mai not blown aw spraying is tl After cons will repay an; procuring a p in spraying foljajje, tl,„ „, b'Ki... t. drip frou, .1,0 loavr ' Pl«"= — »"" •■ Iiq«i,l For dry appliiaitioiu, .uitable diliiivil .rill l.„ r , • „ l.la».or, air.,laked lime, and li„„l, .if ;, ,4 „ „."";"';" """'• ''"''■ powder. The |.ro|.e, „„a„tit7of ih. iT ' ^ "'" "' " ''"J' «"" to which thcyaream, e"-,,r,^^ , """"' '° "" '™'"'' "»'' «» Van.. body to be kept for a Ion J ^ ' '"'■''*'°" rer,,urin<. tho -o-f beoo.es tt^::;^LZ^" ^ t^^" '^""'"^ ^'^"^ ^^'^'"^' application, to devise so.ue IZ: . di^ ', -! ^r'^^:^^^' ^^^ ^^'^^ waste as little as possible of thp m... ^ " ^°"°"' '« ^•'' ^" ^ept Ln its natura niitt'^T^^^^^^ to be distributed in a small b.c, of vl H , ''"'"" '^' P*^^^^'' -eessary), and then tvinl h :io , e L of a':: ,' 'T "r'"^'^'^^^' ''" f'-eely. It will be found ^, \7 *"^ ^"^ ^^^ short .ck so that itswint^s stick'held i. tl, ' oSrl^ 1 t ;' "'"^ ''' '^^ ' -'^'^ "'^^ -"th^r much better work than bll T'"''" ''" "^^"^ ''''''^ ^^'^ -l" back. '° ^^ ''°"^""= "'°"S «^^'- '"« -'op w.th an achinc. Dry mixtures should be applied whpn nlonfo still weather. It is found Z '^ '"' """' ^'''^ •^^'^^' "'' i" 11 is touna by experience, however -h^f ri., ■ sprmg months, when insecticides are most nleZl' . ^"^ "" periods of several days when these conditir do no oJcu ■ ll Z T"' becomes necessarp to ai.olv th,. «^- • ""otoccu,. It, therefore, material may be e,el d 1 , T "t '°""' "''"" ""y' "^ "'»' '1"^ not blow,, away b/ hXild ' r ,r" ''''"" '" '' l"""««' »"'' ■praying i, .heC,t Ivrlnt'^L' ' ''"'■°"' '^'''•'" ^''^ -- -^ p.oc,,ringapair of proper beiK/. for r;t;,'3::dtf:r°;r; 1 m lor liHo= 1 .i u ^'''^' *""' ""^ ^^ ^^^ "'0^''<^i' l>''etle. The at on The :'r^' ^'"^ ^'"■/^"'^ '^"^ =^ '' ^ ^'^ -^1^- reach of appli ca ions. Ihe only chance, therefore, for controlling the Plum Curculi« .3 by po.somng the perfect beetles. Opinions differ as to thc-exten of unmumty ot a crop sprayed with Paris green from atta k by tlpt m Cnrcul.o ; but there is, no doubt, sufficitnt benefit to we 1 .-epav fo^ trouble and expense, and the experience of many of the leadir,! pi ™ sr:;::ir w ;;:r:;Lr ^^ ' "" ^^^ --- - --^'- take |,lacc before the tlowe,-. „„„, .,„,| ,„o rrrK L. f with s,.;,,.«e of co„„e,. ,i„' („„:"„;,'::, ^: ;r"oZ,,t" "r onncc, Pan, g,.e..„ ; t.ve,„v-,lve gallo,,, of water, so a, to at 'bo tungoM thseases and the Croulio at the same time Tl,. Z T i... .l.o,.M be m,„„ ,,,e„ the p,„m» are .W Tal-ge a 'p ? t^;:: M.I .e,e„l. ] he apphcatmn, ,,ho„M he ,„acle with the Pari, ,.ree„ Z° ii.iat- or peacbes and some variet es of plums is so n^-f; u y^sceptible to injury from the caustic effect^ Pa . 3^:^ untd the neutral.z.ng effect of lin,e upon this causticity was dT eo" ed l.ray.ng these w,th Paris green was impracticable; norhowevi bv rZ:::t7Z^T ^••^^" '- ^-^-^^ - avaUabJ'a^^ ; li^ lemedv fo, all leaf-eat.ng insects, even upon delicate plants. BORERS and" f|!ufl7o' )'','"'■"'■"'' '''"'' '^ '"^^°^ ^^••^b ^"-''k the foliage ami fuut of orchard trees, n.uch loss is occasioned by the .rubs oJ d flerent kmds of beetles which pierce the bark and wood Th se of course, vary in habits, but for the mo=t part devel f ' laid by the female beetles or in crevices oft^^:!^. t^^o "^^e^ remedy against these is a deterrent wash applied ./i°.T'/^"^*\^*' season of ♦' ' .. » . '■^ ■ year when the female s resort to the trees for the purpose of egg-laying. These waslies owe tlioir efficacy to some alkaline or malodorous substance which they contain. The best known of these are the following : — Alkamnk Wash. — A wash largely used in Canada is that noted by i'rof. Saunders in his "Insects Injurious to Fruits," and consists of " soft soap reduf-ed to the consistence of thick paint by the addition of a strong solution of washing soda in water. If applied during the morning of a A-arra day, this will dry in a few hours, and form a tena- cious coating not easily dissolved by rain." Cakbolic Acid. — Prof. A. J. Cook has experimented extensively with this substance, and claims that no fruit-grower or lover of shade trees can aford to bo ignorant of the Carbolic Acid Kiiuilsion. lie says: "I make it just as I do the kerosene emulsion, only stronger. One part of carbolic acid — I use the crude material — to from ;> to 7 parts of the soap solution (1 quart soft soap, or I lb. hard soap in 2 gallons of water) is of the proper strength. This is the best pre))aration I know of to protect against the apple tree bark-lice and apple tree borers." It is applied to the trunks and larger limbs by means of a stiff brush or cloth, about 20 days after the trees blossom. Cakuoi.ic Acid Wash. — Prof. Cook also recommends for radish maggot,; a prejiaration made by addiiig 2 quarts of soft soap to 2 gallons of water, to which, when heated to the boiling point, J pint of crude carbolic acid is turned in. For use, one part of this mixture is mixed with 60 of water and sprinkled directly upon the plants once a week from the time they appear above the ground. SUOKIK"G n^SEOTS. For the large class of insects, such as the true Bugs which have their mouth parts modified into a sucking tube, instead of jaws, Paris green is useless, since these subsist only on the sap of plants or the blood of animals, which they suck up from beneath the surface. For such, some material which will kill by mere contact with their bodies, is necessary. The sim}>lest, best known, and most convenient of these is the "Kkrosexk Emulsion" which is the standard remedy for all plant-lice, scale-insect, true bugs, animal parasites, red sjiider, &c., as well as several biting insects which from one cause or another cannot be treated with Paris green. The best formula, which is known as the Riley-IIubbard formula, is as follows : Kerosene (coal oil), 2 gallons. Rain water, 1 gallon. Soap, -^ lb. Boil the soap in the water till all is dissolved ; then, while boiling hot, turn it into the kerosene, and churn il constantly and forcibly with a syringe or force pump for five minutes, when it will be of a smooth, creamy nature. If the emulsion be perfect, it will adhere to the surface 2Jl of glass without oilineKs. As it vooU it tl,;,.!- This ,ivos ti. stock emnlsio,.. w^I^ !„ . ^^ ^:;r:;;^"'l^-"^^ -- measure of wann water belore usiugoa vcl ■ o T' !'"" ^"""^ ''' of 3 gallons of emulsion will n.ake 30 ..iCn^oZj '".^'^^['^.^-'^•^'y tl..-ough s,„all opening, along their ..i.l^s The eff " c.f K "'^''" «- ^ to «u,lo.ato then., h, stopping up these^,^u " 1 ^;::r'"^ ^"""■ Soap.,suds u.ade from whale-oil .soap, i 11, to 8 ....IM p a useful n.n.ed, for the clestructiou of ill^.^H^^ ' ='"'"^ '' ^^^^^^' '^ 24 The a POTATO DI^ ES. By .Tami;s I'^uviriiKii, I'Mt.S.C, F.L.S. J'OTATO HLICrriTS. Tlioro aro few diBeases of field crops which are the direct cause of more loss to Iho farmers of Caiiaila than Iho (wo blights which have been aptly termed by Prof. L. 11. Jonus, of Vermont, the Early Bliqut and Latk J5i,{onT of potatoes. These aro usually confounded under the various names "Potato rot," ''Potato blight" ar.d "Potato rust"; but, as a matter of fact, although somewhat similar in general appearance, they are very distinct, and are due to the attacks of two different -.egetable parasites. Fia, 5 — THE EARLV Hr.lOHT. {Kindly lent by Prof. L R. Jonci.) 1. The Kaui.y Bi-uiiiT.— This disease is caused by the fungus Macro- sporiurn solani, K. & M., and shows itself during the months of June and July, when greyish-brown spots appear upon the older loaves. These soon become dry and crisp, and in bad cases the whole loaf is affected, so that nothing is left but the stems, and the tubers stop growing. 2. The due to tl phthora i follows: ' planted \ shoots, th: stems, an( abundance but are pi appeai'anc duoed on 1 shape of d the drying coiiuonts. the spoi'cs adjacent p ground arc produce th the form oi diy-rot wl result of d£ hard, whit! In the 01 about tho 1 in the fieic first ; bat, i H pores earri field may b( potatoes be 26 The appourunco of ihis disuii^o i.s woli sh own in li^-. 5. FKJ. ()— TIIK I.ATK lil.KlIIT. {Kin. lilt li-nt Ini l>rnl\ L. Ji. Jones.) 2 The Latk BLrariT or Potato Ror.-TniH diHoano of tl-.c r.v .(o i. due to Iho atlack of a parasitic fungus, known hy ih. nnuu: oiFhyto- 'ZZyt T' '■ '''" ''''' '^''^'^ '' ^'^'^ «--^^ - briefly « tlTZ' ^^l?'!':'^^'''^ "'« ^'•'*«^ inside the potato tuher and is panted with ,t ,n the spring. A« so,,,, u. the potato thrown out its H torn ''n ^ r"'''"u '^''''^' "^''^ ''' '•"""•"- "P ^'''-'^"^l^ the tissues of the 8 ms and Irom about the end of July p.-oduces beneath the leaves an a undanoo of s,,ores, or seed-liko bodies. These are exceedingly minute, but are produced in such numbers that they frequently give I Lst-l ke appearance to the under sides of the leaves. When this! spores are pro! shnln7. 1 r"'' '^" appearance known as "rust" shows itseli in the hape of dark brown spots, as represented in fig. C, which are cause ,.,i • i Bpocial treatment, i^ l!::STu:'::t::^ 't '^''-'y -"'-'^"' h- causes have been assigned for th s d ea ' "■^'^™ «cab." Sovenfl attacks of insects, the chemical act on OHon/''t T '"^"'"'^'^ '^'"-^ ^« ^''" Boil, excessive moisture &c • but f n "^ '''° '"^-'^'dionts of ib. " Hcab " is due to the p ese'n o " TT ""' '"'"' ''^^'^'"^^^ ^-m o 0..;,.ra...^,., Tha.teVXUfe." dV^?T''" ""^"^ '— - potatoes and which produces he woi 'n^^l ^'^^t "" "'"■^"^ ^'"^' -''^'''■v Many experiments have been nl7e d\ • „ J ,'";''^' ^"''"^ "" ^'''' ^'"-'^•- a practical remedy for this disc- e In 7 ' '^''' ^'''^ '"> •^'^^"v.r by treating the sfed potatoes .X'e'I::j;:"'^r T '"" '''--^ Sublimate. Prof. Bolloy, of North D ?^ > "'"''"" o''^^<'««osrvE this treatment, recommetis as fblio,^ '•!!"' "'" "'^'^ ^'^ ^^^^ to suggest f^u:':^r:;i:i;;:'ir;s t^?^ '"^°;^^ ^^- « -'"->- -den Bubiimate. Empty this "Hnto 2 . o^Tof ,tt '^^ T'""'"^^^ ^«'--- earthenware vessel, and allow it tott nd tilf • 1 '' "" ,'" '"' ^""^'°» "'• the barrel 14 gallons of water • tl L . ! " 'I'^nolved. Place in and mix thoroughly. ' "^°" ^-'""^" "^ ^^o two gallons of solution, thirty minutes. It th^ n; tlir:;; 'e'^^ S''°"' '^" ^"^ '^^^ »-^ vessel. The san.e solution .r.yZ ^li:' ^ o^:/!;^;:;";;"— "- Ca^^Wi .- Corrosive sublimate is a verv «„ 'f necessary." care cannot be exercised in its use. ^ The st en""t^h Tf T"' '!"^ "" ^''^' recommended is the same as that used in " ''' '"'"''<^" ^' ^'^'^ externally on the hands, but is .deld . "• ''^7^'; ''''^' ^'" ^« "« ''^rm «nished wio junt an ,^ ■ " ."''^"'^^°'\. '^^"'-h cut olf, and thrown t''« tree. The sporoB^vi ript ' , 'T''"^' ''^^ ^''««"«« «« if loft on oq-1 /acili.y. si'nglo IaK,t/X ho rt :„"''"'""'"'' '^--'"-vith mam limbs of troon nhould be ca 0,11? ^ "''''"'"' ^" tl.o trunks or wuh a -ixtureonin.oodoil n ' ^, ::; ;'^ '^"^ ''h'' ---i Seated covered with icnots. and^prod cinXolh t"; " '^''"' '' ^^'^ ^"^ trees of spore, by^which thodi'ease i« mC 2, '? ^'""' ^'^ ^'^^ '^"t a crop foes which act as broedin,. groun i!^ b" • '^''""'- '''''' '"'-toi It has been already pointed o n- '■'^'''™"'^'^' ''«-^troyed. o; emphasis, that a si^e h d, t :' ZlT'ff "''''' '^'''^ -'- cl'en-y will furnish sufficient spores or s'f "^ ''""''>' ^^"'^ P'-" «,• ^^nd .nfect an entire nei^^hbourhoor Tb ' " "^''''"^ '''' ^^^'^^^ -or and if united action co.nd be i cS" and . ."1"^''' ^ "''"'"^ ^"<^ ««-tive, --«-abie,aws,suchaco:::t:-t:^-i;t-^^ O^^T:,: trn^P-^^ P^>vi..ees of Quebec and Man,toba. Its presence in British Co nbiah";''"","'' '"""''"^^^ -"^ - The provinces of Ontario and britisb Coin ' h 1 " ^''' ^'''' ^'^P^'-t"^''. laws which, if strictly enforced w 1 o^vl M . ''' ^^""^ ^^'*'^«'>' P'^««od from this disease. ' ' '"''^" ^'^« ^''^^'t growers little to fear thrdi::r;;ri:::r:;^:;:^°^^--'-in.to t.o suppression of ofthe Union have laws of :::^:z,j^:: :^:^:j^ ^-^-^ «-" BLACK KNOT I.AW " (1) To cut out and burn all black knnf. f . t— on his land so often each yet ^ nhallt " ''"" '''' ^'^'•^^■ ^ as It shall appear on such tree; " IP 'I'll' i& "•mi S 34 and in rch.tion to the yellows, a fungous diseaHe of contagious character, attacking pouch-trees, owners and occupants are ordered— « (2) To cut down and burn any poach, nectarine or other trees on his land atVected with the disease known as the "yellows" and to destroy all the fruit of these trees so infected." Municipal councils have the power to appoint district inspectors whose duty it is to enforce the law. A fine of " not less than §5.00 and not more than S20.00 " may be imposed for every ol^enco or case ot non- compliance with the requirements of the Act. The Act also provides for an appeal from the decision of the inspector, as well as outlining the duty of municipal councils. RECAPITULATION. A few of the salient points in connection with the nature of this disease, and the measures which should be adopted for its prevention, may be briefly enumerated as follows: — 1. Black Knot is due to a fungous disease and spieads rapidly by means of spores. 2 Several species of insects have been observed inhabiting the knots, but' none of them belong to the gall-producing kinds, and most of these insects arc also found upon other trees which never produce knots. 3. The ,«ame fungus attacks the wild species of plum and cherry and may be communicated by them to cultivated forms. 4 The only sure remedy is to examine cai'cfully for knots all plum 'ind cherry-trees twice each year. The first time two or three weeks after growth begins in spring, and again after the leaves fall in autumn. Bordeaux mixture is worthy of trial to prevent dissemination of summer spores. 5. Cut off all knots five or six inches below the aifected portion, and paint the wounds with turpentine or linseed oil. 6. Burn all prunings and aftected branches which are removed. 17' United action on the part of all fruit-growers is necessary in order to secure the best results from the enforcement of these recommendations. Liis