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Esq., Deputy Minister. i p. iif./i5 rii iiiJy CONTENTS ki|«.fi "( |li|iiiu Mini-It r ..t M.iriiw .iml H.hi , . i.i ih. \litn-i.i IniriNliit linn '•Mlllili.in "I llrii.iiil/.illtm ..I Ihi I'l riii.iMiiil liili rii.ilion.il \ ,iti..M .>! \.i\ iK.ili..ti I .muri w InfiirnttilMMi rrlill->l>k l.iki- III Nnrilurii iMii.irin " " M.IMihili.1 " " Ni-k.iii hi».iii AIImtm " kiMr. Ill Wi-nriHliii.iriii M.iihihIm. *.i-k.iii In «,in Ml., ri.i .itiil \l.n .1 ii/i. ii rriii.r\ Inl.iiiil n.itiit.iliiiii ill llriii-li I nliinilii.i lllii-tr.inil I'rini i|i.il h.irliiMil- in lliil.irin lllii-li.ili il MiMr» in ihr I'nuimi nl Ijinlm " " " \i» llriin-»ii k l.i-l 111 |iriiui|i.il ri»rr- in I .in.nl.i .mil linmh M.iriliiiM' n.i\iK,iiiim: ■■ l.mn 11. .• ri\ir .mil tnll Xil.iiiiii ..1.1-1 ll,i\ ..I I iimK , sir.iii- ..I I .in... .111(1 NurthiiniU f! -n I lilt- .mil I iirrrni- nl i..-ti rn m.iii r- M.iritinu' w.iiir- ..I Mriii-h ( .iliinil.i.i Tiilii 111 Ihr I'.ii ilii riM-i *'.tiliii-lrlrura|ih m.i|> .Mil- III n,i\i)..iiiiin in < .in,iil.i IMii-ir.ilnl .\rr.i am) rr-uiiric- nl Citi.id.i. Mtii-ir.iiril Kaii.ww^ iir ( \\\iM liMiiil I'riink. Ilhi-tr.iliil k.iii- (.r.inil Trunk I'.nilir. Ir.in iiiiiiiit.il k.iil»,iv: ih-i ri|iiiiiii ..1. III11-1..1111I I'.iiiaili.in I'arilii k.iil«,i\. Iriii-i .miiiii iii.il .h-i npiii.n i.l. Illii-ir.iiiil I '.in.iili.in P.ii ilii k.iilvi i\ r.it' - I aiiadi.iii Nnrlhirn k.iiix.iv . Ir.iii-i i.nlini nl.il: il. .1 ri|.li..ii ..I. Illii-lr.ili il Inliniiliini.il k.iil».i\ : ih-irijili I. niii-trilnl l.iM .iliiin ill -li-am .iilM.i\- in r.m.nt.i SlianilHMl iim- riinninn i.i.|»aril Irnni hi.iil nl drt.il !..ikt.. .m . S| |.i»rriiii rin r ami Mariiinii' rruvinir- .nut r.ih--. tllti-ir.iiiil Itnan-Kiiinu -lr.im-hi|i lini- riiiiiiinK Umr.n I .in.nli.iii \il,inu. n , .iinl l.ur.i(H.in |Hir|., .iml riili». Ilhi-lr.itiil I.inii. Ill -ii-.iiiiliiMi. |il\ inn 1111 ililfirint ».iltr-ol l..i-iir . .m, I.,. Iliii-tr.iiiil l.im-iil -liamlKial- .i|iir.iliii« m I'.ii ili. 1 m-i ami inlat, ' nr. ,,| llriii-h ( nluiiilii.i. Mlu-ir.itiil Unlariii .\i;rii illliir.il ( lllh■^l■. l.urljih. T.iliil M.i.ilnnalil I iillij;. , SI Anm .|i II, M.m, I 1 lllii-i r.ili .' rriiitipal hiiti'U in ( .inail.i .in. I r.in. % 7 '( i'» i» '7 M .*• <»» "4 NN H<| ll>> "" u% 117 IV l«>7 INI INI in? 'I.\ i'4 iVt -'4J '7" 'T 17S 2:1, \>>n. Ihi- |)r|i.irlnnnl nl M.iriiu- .iii.l I i-hi rii - uill 11..1 I.1 lul.l ri -|~.ii.ilih Inr .iin irn.r in r.ili-- piili. lishcij hinin. Thiili.n-r.im- ril.ilinu In i.in.il Inrk- rilirrnl in ..11 ili^i- j; »■ n ..niilli.l I'hf Um- IliinilrnI Mill- ni.i|i ri liiriil in mi |i.iKf 1 44 i- .11 ilir incl ..f ilir l.....k. 7 REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER TO MINISTER OF MARINE AND FISHERIES. Hon. J. D. HAZBN, Minister of Marine and Fiaheriei. Sir,— I have the honour to report that thii book wai prepared in accordance with instructions, given in the month of March last, in view of the meeting of the Twelfth Congress of the Permanent Inter- national Association of Navigation Congresses at Philadelphia, U.S.A., on the 23rd of May of this year, which Canadian delegates will attend. It contains information, published for the first time, of navigable distances of lakes and rivers in north- western Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Mackenzie territory; the draught and number of steamers plying on those waters. Similar information is given of the inland waters of British Columbia for the first time. In the description of the Transcontinental and Intercolonial railways much new information appears in published form. Original photographs of various localities were procured frmn the headquarters of the railways and steamboat lines. The book is copiously illustrated to convey information by that means as well as by the text. The book has been published for distribution in Canada and other countries. The compilation was done, arranged and edited by Mr. W. W. Stumbles, an officer of this Department, aided by his staff. A. JOHNSTON, Deputy Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Ottawa. May 10, 1913. INTRODUCTION rratlS book •• int«.d«l a, . .ketch of Canada, for the UM of the RepreKtitative.. Delegate, and X Member, of the Xllth Conpei. of the Permanent International AiKciation of Navigation Con- grenet. to be held at Philadelphia, al«, to give a .uccinct account of the nature, purpoK. and method., of the Auociation, for the general public. The information pertaining to the Awociation ha. been compiled from the corre.pondence in the Department of Marine and Fiaherie. with the Executive Committee of the Auociation permanently located at Berhn, the publidied regulation, of the Auociation, and from publiriied circular, iuued by the Local Organizing Comminion of the Xllth Congrew, to be held at Philadelphia. In 1903, the Belgian Government requested the Government of Canada to unite with the government, of other State., in .upport of the International Auociation of Navigation Congreue.. The matter wa. conaidered by the Canadian Government and the Minister of Marine and Firfierie. wa.Klected in 1905. a. the Canadian reprcKntative. The annual contribution., entitling Canada to repre«ntation and the privilege, of the Auociation and Congreue., have been paid by the Department of Marine and Fidierie.. Thi. book ha., therefore, been compiled under infraction, from the preKnt Minister of Marine and Fidierie* and hi. Deputy, by an officer of the Department. The condenud dcKription of Canada, her numerous waterway, and extent of navigation improve- ments, have been taken from sources of information within the Canadian Government Department. The descriptions of railways, canals and steamboat lines, have been compiled from information furnished by the managements controlling them, excepting in the cases of minor lines. The minor line, of steamboats are very numerous in Canada; they afford comfortable accommodation for lo-al trafTic on lakes and rivers, to well known resort, and even for touri.ts.whomaychoosetovi.it the innumerahle picture«,ue .pot. out of the line of ordinary traffic. Some infonr tion re.pecting a few of them, obtained in a general way, i. included in the book. A. a matter of fir.t rate importance to representatives and delegates to the Congreu held in Phila- delphia, are reliable particulars of means of communication at the point, where they will leave the United State, to enter Canada and proceed by water or railway over the line, which they may make their choice The book contain, information relating to Canada, important line, of communication on this con- tinent, and ocean going steamer., that will be valuable to travellers engaged in business, or tourists who seek health m our well known temperate and bracing climate, or to those who enjoy the varied and extra- ordinary scenery that is presented to the eye of the observer everywhere in Canada; also to the keen sports- man, yachtsman, canoeist, surf bather and others, who may find the means of satisfying any reasonable denre connected with travel, pastime or recreation. T he publishing of the work has betn done by the Government Printing Bureau in Ottawa, and credit ■s due the printer, for the prompt publication in the limited time at their diapoul. THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NAVIGATION CONGRESSES. J HE main questions that will naturally he asked by persons unacquainted with the As^so- ciation and its proceedings, are its aims and methods: the professional, expert, and scientific attainments of its members and the beneficial results emanating from its actlonordeliheraiions. The scope of the subjects dealt wi th by the Association migh t reasonably form an inquiry. The Association is not well known in Canada, and this is due to the fact that its meetings have l)ecn held on the continent of Europe and Great Britain, and no rrjxirts have appeared in the press of Canada, nor have individuals and bodies, as yet, outside the (iovernment, Income interested in the proceedings of the Association. An historical survey of the Association and its origin would \ic very instructive, particularly on account of the paix?rs read and discussions held on practical subjects tearing on improvements to navigation, transportation, mechanical ap- pliances and subjects specially interesting to maritime cciuntrics. But no adequate idea of this side of the Asstx-iation's existence and pro- ceedings, can te given in this pamphlet. Organization. The Association was organized in 1885, in Brus.sels. Corporations and private individuals at first formed its tnemtership, and it was ap- parent at the outset that there was a field of usefulness open to it. Arrangements were made at 459— I to hold congresses in different cities in Europe, and invitations were sent to different countries and corporations of the world, to send represen- tatives and delegates to the congresses. The Association continued under its original organi- zation, assembling its memlx-rs at intervals, in Vienna in 1886, P'rankfort-on-Main in 1888, Paris in 1889, at Manchester in i8«)o, in London, 1891, at Paris again in 1892, at the Hague in 1894, and at Brussels again in 1898. At the congress at Paris in 1900, the question of forming a permanent international association was taken up and a joint con:mittec formed to submit a plan of organization, at the next con- j gress. The plan was adopted and the present I Permanent Fnternalional Association of Naviga- tion Congresses, was formed at Dusseldorf in 1902. I Since 1902, two other congresses have teen held ; one at Milan in 1905 and one at St. Peters- burg in 1908. As already stated, shipping coriwrations, ship- owners and private individuals led the way in establishing the Association. A steadv [growth has te-en maintained by the addition of Govern- ment bureaus and departments, city corp'>ra- tions, chamters of commerce, lx)ards of trade, river and canal commissions, harbour boards, sarations for Cach congress and holds office till the close of the congress. It draws up, after consultation with the Per- manent t ouncil, the detailed programme of the meetings; it organizes the various excursions. Association Navigation Conoiiessbs. The Driveway along Rideau Canal, Ottawa. 20459— 1 J A View of the Driveway, OtUwa. la ASMKIATION NaVI<;ATI(>N CllN(iRR!WEH ^*1^^ Scene on the Driveway, Ottawa. The Obacrvatory, Experimental Farm, Ottawa. AsMiciATioN Navigation Conokkmbs ■5 reception* and functionii; it pruvitlen the room* in which the meeting* are held and orRanize* the correipondence service, the accommiMla- tiona, interpreter* and tran«latur8. Thi* CommiHKion defray* the cxpenMc* of the congress from a fund derived from »ulwtription» from temporary memlier*. who pay 25 franc* ($$), from special Rovernmcnt jrrant* and a sutisidy from the AHWK-iation. Objei Ts AND Aims. The object of the Astsociation i* tti promote the progress of inland and maritime navigation. The memlwrs give their attention more directly to con*truction of works, improvements of the waterways, plans, canals, locks, dry docks, floating docks, dredging, surveys, protection of river hanks, utilization of shallow rivers, vcAsels and means of propulsion, means for docking and .-pairing, mechanical c(|uipment of ixirts, in- cluding wharf accommodation and facilities for loading and unloading vessels, trans|x)rtation generally and transfer of articles from vessels to railways. The economic and technical study of these subjects, is given a large share of atten- tion, as well as the safety of navigation and im- proved aids to navigation. Durability, strength and cost of material en- tering into permanent construction of works are among the subjects discussed and determined. The future projects of governments, harlxiur boards, corporations and canal commissions, (icrtaining to navigation, are studied and a de- finite knowledge of the works under construction, in the most im|)ortant harlH.urs of the world, all come under the category of subjects rlealt with by the Association. All the subjects are classified, and pa|x-rs submitted to the eminent men and ex|xTts who have made these subjects a life study. Personnel of the Perm.vnent lNTERN.\ri()NAL Commission. The memliers comprising this Commission consist of heads of Government departments and bureaus, envoys, civil and hydraulic engineers, army engineers, government inspectors-general, consuls, meteorologists, hydrographers, admir- al*, naval ofiicei-*, marine officer*, railmail and canal luperintendent*, director* of routes of inland navigation, chief inspector* of railroads, consulting member* of canal commissions, pi-r- lident* of chamber* of commerce, heads of ilc- partments of public works, university pro- fesRor* of technique and superintendent* of way* and communicatitm*. The high officer* of state, the prominent position* in the professions and cor|M)rations, attained by the representatives of different countries, are of them.selves sufficient evidence of the ability, attainments, and qualifications of the [jersonnel of the different branches of the Asstx-iatio In the Commission and Per- manent Coi .icil are eminent and distinguished men who have identified their names with some great works of construction, both national and international. The Permanent Council is chosen from among the meml)crs of the Permanent Commission, one for each country contributing annually 5,000 francs, and two for each country paying more than that sum. Papers and Methods at Session of Congress. (Copied from Regulations.) " I. The Congress comprises: Two sections, one for inland navigation, and the other for maritime navigation. These sec- tion: may tie suMivided. 2. lis proceedings consist of general meetings, meeti ;s of the sections, and excursions. The .lumlx^r of questions to be submitted to the delilxrations of a Congress shouUl lie limited, so far as pf)ssil)le, to three for the inland naviga- tion section and to three for the ocean naviga- tion section. The sane rule applies to the communications. As a general rule each country will furnish but one paper on any given question or com- munication. The reporter, or reixirters, selected by the Co- mission for a question or communication and for a given country, will collect in that country all the elements needed for the preparation of their paper. AsMKiATiuN Navigation CoNoaBiisKB. I The Permanent ('ommiMiiiin ap|)<>iniii a gen- eral reporter fur each question, to whom in en- trusted the duty of presenting a short review to the Congress on the several points of the ques- tion, and also an analysis of the papers trans- mitted to him. The C'leneral Reporter may give his own views, , and (lersonal information, and arrange with the different writers of paiiers for formulating joint proposals. The manuscnpts shall Iw transmitted to the I Secretary Clcneral in English, French or Gcr- i man, copied on one side only of the iKiper and, ! as fur as possible, liy the typewriting machine. The "communications" are not submitted for discussion until after the programme of the "(|uestions" has l)een concluded, and then only ' provided that time permits. The8<> communications are classified as fol- lows: Those which, on account of their general in- terest, are printed at the expense of the Associa- tion, and those which are printed at the expense i of their authors; in this latter case the requisite number of copies has to be furnished to the Executive Committee. They are not voted upon, nor are they brought up for consideration at a general meeting. Writers of pa|x:r8 upon "orter to the Perma- nent Council the day liefore the last general meeting; they are then laid liefore the latter where they are discussed and voted upon. A detailed re|x>rt of the proceedings of each nection of the Congress is prepared and fur- nished within three months after the date of the closing of the Congress, to the Executive Com- mittee by the Committee of the C"ongress, assisted by the Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of the offices of the sections. As regards the general meetings and excur- sions, a similar report is preparc-d, within the time stated, by the General Secretary of the Session. The joint record so compiled is published in the three languages under the directitm of the Executive Committee." At the meeting of the Permanent Interna- nal Commission of the Ass(x:iation held in Brussels in July, igio, the I'nitcd States (lovern- ment representative cordially invited the Asso- ciation as a body to hold the Twelfth Congress in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1912. The resolution emiKxIying the invitation was cordially seconded by the (iovernmcnt representative of Canatla. The two Ciovernments had in view the lienclits that would arise from a Congress in America to the two countries and also to members of the .Association. The invitation was unanimously accepted, and as a result, the preliminar>- ar- rangements were entered upon by the (jovern- mcnt of the Republic. In accordance with the custom followed by the National Governments of countries in which International Navigation Congres.ses have been held the I'nited States Government conveyed invitations to Great Britain and her Colonies to lake part in the meetings of the Cungreas to be held in Philadelphia. Canada officially accepted the invitation of the United States through the AhkcKIATION NaVKJATION CuNlillKMKII 15 I* AmumIATION NAVIIIATmN CuNCiRRMR* Oprning o( Pariiaimnt. Opening of Parliament. Amocution Naviuation Conommu ■7 BritUh (h>v rnmcni ami niitnifinl her iniention o{ takinv |ia.l in ihv Coniinw*. SUBJKCTH TO BR Dim l'!ly renervoir*. IVler- mination of the ra«c in which it i» prvferuMe ti> rencirt to i«uch n..rlcB rather than to ranaliMlion or the conittruc-tii>n of a lateral canal. f IXnieniiionit i , lie awiRmil, in any given «>.. itry. to canaU of heavy traffic. I'rinriple* of opcralinK. Dimemtioni and e(|uipment of .he IocIm. 3- Intermediate and terminal portit. Bent methcxlH for o>mliininK. fadlitatinK and har- monizing the transfer of freight lietween the waterway and the railway. B. Cemmunicalions. I. Applications of reinforced concrete to hy- draulic workK. 3. Rciiort of the workx undertaken and the measures ad maritime canals. (Techni.dl ix,int of view. ) I'rol.al,le .limcnsions of ihe sea-going vessels of the future. 3- Mechanical e<|uipment of jxirts. B. Communications. LJIigh-ixiwered dredges and means for re- moving rock under water. J, Report »r the ma>i rcntii tvorlM con- ilrurtrd at the m»»f» im|M>rtant ira|Ntrt», en. pecially on thow relating to Imakwaten. ApplJ- ratbi. of reinforced concrete; mean* for iniur- ing it* pfvuervalion. 3. Briilge* and ferry Itridgei; tunnel* uniirr waterway* uwd for iK-can navigalkMi. Econo- mic and technical Kiudy. 4. Safety of navigation. Lighted buoy*. The paper* that will Iw prewnted on each of the «ul>ject» wilt lie written by Rome of the msi- to select for themselves. Points of special attraction that alMjund in Canada, and some of the main waterways, canals, ports and cities may lie visited, also the chief centres of transportation and traffic, for the purpose of inspection. The Minister of Marine and Fisheries has accepte the rJepartment of Railways and (anals, and arc alwtracts from the annual re- port of that Department. Plans and Sections showing Dimensions of the Smallest Lwk on each of the Canadian Canal System except the Trent Canal, which is uncompleted. There are no locks on the through route be- tween I^ike Superior and Montreal of less dimen- sion than those of the WellamI Canal L(K-ks C"anals. The following statements give in concise form the essential features of the government canal works and the intermediate water navigation : The canal systems of the Dominion, under government control in connection with lakes and navigable rivers are as follows:— 2"459— 2i IMalylr Mlln. • I I. Lwhlnrruiui) l.«kf St. txniU and River Si. Luwrrarv. t. .Soulantf ■ i-anal Lake Si. FranrU and Rlvn St. Lawmira. .1. CornwaM ranal Hlver St. L.awmKT 4. Karran'i Point ranal Hivrr Si. Lawirnrc i- Kapldr Plat canal Rivrr St. Lawrrncr 6. (^alojM ranal Rlvf r St. Lawtrnrr and Lake Ontario. . 7. W'rIIaad ranal Lake Erie. Delmit river. Lake SI. ("talr. Lake lluron. etc a. Sault Sle. Marie canal Uke Superior to Fori Arthur i.r to Fort William Total ~ 7 ToDuluth '•'••"' '■-'-' ■■::::::::::::::::::::::::; ;;S^ Stc«m-Moml,Ml 10 InUrn^Uon^ Boundary. .,„ Uk. CkampUi,. It 14 a ■ ■ I • I la Jl 4 rl ■ I >74 1. St. Lawrence river to Sorel 2. Sorel. via Richelieu river, to St. Our« lock 3. .St. Ounkick 4. Richelieu river. St. Oyn kxk. to ChamWy canal 5. Chambly canal 5. Chambly canal to boundary line Statute .Mllei. 46 Toul. »7l Third. — MuHlTfixl u> itttau-a. Suiute Miiei. 1. Lachlnc ranal 2. Lake St. Louis * St. Anne'a locii ,11 oiillet of Ottawa river, "1 Lake of Two Mountain, and Ottawa river „ J. Carillon canal , tHUwa river | 4. CrenviUe canal j Ottawa river to Ottawa V 5ft Totol , ii»l Fourlk.—Ollava to Aiaciloa und I'trlk. Statute MUe>. I. Rideau (-anal ■ IJ6I rm.-Ukf 0„an„. „■ Irrnlo,. to Lui, „urom. t. Trent canal,— not completed. i. St. Peter, canal Statute Milp. a Canada; NAViiiATUis, R.\ii wavh, and Stkambuat LiNfc!« K CaKADA: \AVIIiATIIW, Ka||.WAV<« AND StKAMIMUT l.l^iM ■« m --m m RivK« St. I.ahrkn< k am» I.akkh. The River St. I.awn>nif, with iht' itytHtim of ranal» emnliliNhril on ilH rourx' jiliovf Monircal, onel the Uki-s. Ontario, Krif, St. ((air, Huron and Superior, with tonncitinK rannlx, afforil a muriti' of wat«-r communication t-xtt-nclinK from the Straits of Htlk. Uv to Port Arthur or Fort William on the west cy ice during the winter months, ojK-ns alniut the end of April. The difference in level lietwecn the point on the St. Lawrence, near Thn-e Rivers, where the tidal influence ceases, and Lake Su|ierior, is alH)ut fxK) feet. The Dominion canals, constructed U-twiiMi Montreal and Lake SujKrior, are the Lachine, Soulanges, {'ornwall, Karran's I'oint, Rapide Plat, (lalojw, Murray, Wellaiul, and Sault Sle Marie. Their aggregate length is 7.^ miles; total lockage (or height directly ovirconie l.y l lake, east of the Sault Sn . Marie, have U-tn carrieil on for several ye.irs jNist. The dredge<| ar«as now total ^ miles in length, with a minimum width of vi" feet, which ii increased at angles and other criti- cal iMiints to 1,000 feet. The depth is jo feet at the mean stage of water. In the year njo.^ ex- cavation was commenced to afford 21 ftvt at the lowest stage of water. It is imix.rtant to note that the enlargement of canals on the main nmte U'tweeii Montreal and Lake Krie comprises locks of the following mini- mum dimensions: Length, 270 feet ; width, 45 feet ; ilepth of water on sills, 14 feet. The length of the vessels to Ik- accommiKlateil is limited to 25.S feet. At Farran's, in the canal of that name, the l.K-k is M(X> feet long. A similar link is luiilt at lro<|uoison the Clalojw canal, the object iH'ing to pass a full tow at one lockage. Lauiine <'.\nal. '•'■"""' "' '■■'■■^ »! »ti.tule mU ... NllIlltKT of ltll of water on stills 15 f«.et. Breadth of canal at bottom too feet. Breadth of canal at water surface 164 f(.el. The ranal extends from Cascade Point to Coteaii Landing;, overcoming the Cascades rapids, Cedar rapids and Coteau rapids. From the head of the Lachinc to the ftxjt of llie Siulanges canal the distance is sixteen miles. Curnwall Canal — Swing-bridge at Cornwall. Canada: Navk.ation. Raiiwavn and Stkambdat t.iM .V^ '1^ ■I Cornwall Canal — Old and nrw lorlci. 0m 34 Canada: Navi(;athjn, Railways and Steamboat Links Cornwall Canal. U-nKth of canal 1 1 stamtf milea. Number of lix-ka o Dimenslona of loi-ki ^70 feet by 45 fwt. Totul riiie of UickitRr 4tl feet. Depth of water on sills 14 feet. Breadth of canal at bottom loo feet. Breadth of canal at water surfaiT 164 feet. The old lift l feet by 45 f jet . Total rise cf lockiige jj feet Depth uf water on sills of new lock 14 fe*'t. Depth of water on sills of old lock Q feet. Breadth of Canal at bottom 90 feet. Breadth of canal at wate- rface 1S4 feet. From the head of the Cornwall canal to the foot of Farran's Point canal, the distance on the Cornwall Canal — New lock. Canada: N.w K.Aiuix, Raii.wavs ami Stkamboat Links 35 Sauit Stc. Mark- Lof the I'.P.K.. ,,,,(1 a froiRhtcr. Sault Ste. Marie — A blockade near the lower approach — Nine vesiels in view. 36 Canada: Navioation, Railways and Steamboat Lines River St. Lawrence is five miles. The latter canal enables vessels ascending the river to avoid Farran's Point rapid, passing the full tow at one lockage. Descending vessels run the rapids with ease and safety. Rapide Pi.Af Canal. Lrngth of canal ,j mile: Number of locks j Dimnilions of loik« jjo Ivrt by 4s («■! . Total tine or lockage 1 1 1 feet. Depth of water on »ilU 14 feet. BreaHth of canal at bottom Ho feet. Breailtli of can.:! at water durfai'e ts^ feet. The old lift-lock, 200 feet by 45, is also avail- able, with nine feet of water on mitre sills. From the head of Farran's Point 1 .inal to the foot of Rapide Plat canal, there is a navigable stretch of loj miles. Tho canal was formed to enable vessels ascending the river to pass the rapids at that place. Descending vessels run the rapids safely. Cpalops Canal. LrOHth of canal 7I milci. .Xumlier of ItK-ks ( I 800 by 50. Dimcnaioni iil lock*, one of which in a ,.„„ |, , KUiTil-hx k. I I -JOJ by 45. Total riar or lockage m) feet. I>i»th of water on «lls 14 feet. Breadth of canal at liottora 80 feet. Breadth of canal at surface of water I.^ feet. From the hea\ercome the rapids at Pointc aux Iroquois, Port Cardinal and the Galops. Sault Ste. .\laric — SS. Hiironia— Length. 328 ft.; beam, 43 (t. Canada: Navhiation, Railwavs and Steamboat Lines 37 ..? •a m 38 Canada: Navioation, Railways and Steamboat Lines i ; I Canada: NAviiiAiioN, Raii.wavs am> Stkamboat Lines 39 MUKRAV CaMAI,. Lrnnth brtwcvn raatvm and wr«trrn pin Rfpadth at bottom Brnidlh iti Wrttt-r -iirtdcf IVplh below Itmrnt known l.tk«- It-vcl NiimbiT of Imk;*. 5 1-1 milfs. So fcft . wo (ect, 1 1 trtt. This canal exitnds through the Isthmus i>f Murray. Kiving r()nm'(tint.irio Lake Erie. LenKtIi of ranal. Pairs of KUard-ituti-!< (roriniTry j) Number of lo«'kiinensiunii i lotk in' tmeani 19 tnt. Breadth of .anal jl iKjttom 1 (i feet S ImlieM. Breadth at ntriivr tjf water 150 feet. OTTAWA KIVER CANALS. The Ste. Anne's Lfxk. Carillon Canal, (jrenville Canal. RID'AV CANAL. The total lockage (not including that of the Lachine canal) is 509 feet (345 rise, 164 fall) and the number of locks is 55. The following table exhibits the intermediate distances from Montreal harl)our;— SectkMU of Nnvlaatian. I Total ' Intrrme- l>i«tanee I dlate from Distance. Montreal. I I Mlln. The Lachine Canal it | KromLachlne to Ste. Anne'i Lock ij Ste. Anne'f Lock and piert } Ste. Anne's Lock to Carillon Canal J7| The Carillor Canal | From Carillon to Gi^nville Canal fcj The Orenville Canal f | From the Orenville Canal to entrance of Ri - deau .Navigation jf, Rideaii Naviiiation ending at Kingston i jftj 'Jl Ml 50I Jll ".tl 119) This canal has lictn constructed through St. Mary's island, on the north side of the rapids of the River St. Mary, and. with that river, gives i-iinimunication on Canadi.in territory between Lakes Huron and SuiH-rior. .MoNTk'-Ai,, Ottawa and Kim.stox. This nmte extends from the harliour of Mont- real to the (Mirt of Kingston, passing through the Lachine canal, the navigation section of the Itrt^er River Ottawa, and the Ottawa canals to the city of '^459-3 Ottawa KivcT— St. .^nnc's LiK:k. 4* Canada: NAViriATiox, Railway:* and Stkahb .t Likm Grenville Canal— Link No. 7, Grenvillc Canal— t"iri'cci''s Point from l.otk No. j. < ANAI.A. \AVl.iATIOM, Raii.wav, „s„ StKAM1.,AT l,IM{* 4J This .aiiiil ..xTrronuH ilu- {iirillmi rapiiU. h-.mi Sii . \n,i.\ |,M k t.. ih,. f,«„ „f ,(^, (-.ifji. Inn ,.,n„l i, ., .MviKal-l, Mnuh ,,f 37 mik-,, ihrouKl. ih.. I.ik.- .,f T«„ Mountains an.l Rivir Otrawa, Hy 111.- i..n,irm lion ..I il.,. Carillot. .lam a. r.w, •hr Rixvr Ollawa ih,. wal.r at that ,N,int in raiN.I <) f,.,.|, .naMiMK il„' rivi-r alH.vi- t<, Iw „mh\ for iiaxiKalioii. liiifn«UMi4 lit \«t kt ImI.iI tl»nt hnk.lUl. I»»-Iith of w.Ufr t,n >i|l., HifiKlth lit .nn.i) III litiiiiitii llmicllfi III ninjl .11 .iif. Hi frrt. y It^l, tt» lo SII Let, i'l 111 Hi! frM. I his ranal, l.> whirl, llu' l.nnK Saull ra|.i.ls art- av(.uln|, i, .,l„,ut ,v, ,„il,., |h.|„w ihr city of Ottawa, up I., which |i„i..t thv River Ottawa affiirds iinini|H'<| iiavi){atii>n. Riiik.m; Navk.aiion. Th.- Riiluau sysiemtoniHiis ihf Rivt-r Otiawu at Ih.- .ity ..f Ottawa with the .asttTii end timcnal-|ith irf »,ilrt on -nil \.ivliiatil i.inal NumlKT t.l I.. ki l>iiii*-iiMi or ItH k.iKf Ht-i'th of w.itrr on nlIU I-'-nntli of . 1 fl fWt X ,(,1 f»V|. ^6frr|. % trrt ft fnt'hmi, J'"i f«vl. Hof.Tt. 4M («tt'in rmk. , 'mi fiH-t in lUy. 2<459- 3} Carillon Canal— Lock No, 2. I 44 <\NM>\ Nami.aikin. Kaii.wav* anii Htkamboat Link* < iruHinr ( .tn.il I ptN r I nlianit Khii.lil ( .lll.ll. Tile I'rrlli lir.iiic li cil the KiiliMii r.iti.il .ilTnnN riHiiniiinic.illiin litiut'i'ii l)i'\rriiltti''> Im\. mi l.;ikr Kiili'ail. .iiiil llic l>mii iil I'lTlli.'f Thi' '•iininiil U'mI nf tlif Kiilriiu >\>U'iii ix ai iipiMT l.iiki' KiiUmii. lull x'M'nil ■>( ilH'li|i|>liril )>> »atrr> wliirli li.iv*- U-fii niado irilmtary In tluiii. Tlu- f■•llnMin^ lU'wriptiiiii uivf< llu' ■Miur4f>' nl niipiily: Tlu'M' iii.iN U' (liviilril inio llmc »x»ii m-. \i/; 1. The oiiiiiniil U'M'I. ■.iippliiil li\ tlu Wnll lake "•N-lcin. 2. I'lic iM^Urii i cnilinx IincI In Ottawa, "ilpplii'il li\ llu' Kixtr I'm- «\«lriii, ili^i harniitu iiiiii l.akt' Kiili',111. ,\. riU' MilllllUI"\>lfiii, ln:'nirl\ rnllnwx the Ridiaii rivir. ,111.1 that tnwaril- KiiiK- kiinwii as ilir IVvil like >\sniii. .li-ili.iiviiin >tnii fnllnws ihc kiMi < ,il,ir,i(|iii. I'lic -iippK """ '••'I''' "piniinii. nl «alir fnr tlu' ( .in.il i-iliriMil fmiii tlu' ri'MTM • Lake t Ipiiiicnii ririi\is ilic w.iui- nl link tlixcii ill (li'Mil I ('li>\v. I.ikc .iiul Knrk l,ik('. Kidi-.iii C.umI - WV^tlmrn I,r»k Si.iiiuti < ^^\I•A: VWM.MI.IN, Kmi \V\\^ \M> Sll \M|„,M l.iv^,, 45 knicaii Canjil. 46 Canada : N'avioatios, Railways and Steamboat Lines Ridrau' Canal — Uavis" Lock Sution. Rideau Canal — Kilmarnock Lock. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines 47 All these waters on the descending level, sup- plemented by those of Lake Loughboro", flow to Cranberry lake, which, discharging through iound Tail outlet, forms the River Cataraqui. The river, rendered navigable by dams at various points, affords a line of navigation to Kingston. Richelieu and Lake Champlain. This system, commencing at Sorel, at the confluence of the Rivers St. Lawrence and Riche- lieu, 46 miles below Montreal, extends along the River Richelieu, through the St. Ours lock to the basin at Chambly; thence, by the Chambly canal, to St. Johns, and up the River Richelieu to Lake Champlain. The distance from Sorel to the boundary line is 81 miles. At yVhitehall, the southern end of Lake Cham- plain is entered, and connection is obtained with the River Hudson, by which the city of New- York is directly reached. The following table shows the distances between Sorel and New Vork:— Sections of Navigation. Total Interme- diate , Distance. | Distances. Miies. Miles. Solel to St. Ours Lock ,4 ,j St. Ours L« k to Ctiambly Canal jj 40 Chamby Canal ,j _g Chamblv Canal to boundary line j^ k, Boiindar>' line to Champlain Canal in ig^ Cliampluln Canal to junction with Erie *-'i»nal ,,f, j,8 Erie Canal from junction to Albany 7 205 Albany to New York 140 4,, St. Ours Lock ani> Dam. •^••I" Imile. Number of locks i Dimensions of lock 200 feet by 45 feet. Total rise of lockaue 5 feet. Depth of water on sills 7 fn-i , Length of dam in western channel 690 feet. At St. Ours, 14 miles from Sorel, the River Richelieu is divided by a small island into two channels. The St. Ours lock is in the eastern channel. Richeliru Canal— St. Ours Lock— Lower gate*. 48 Canada: Navicatiov, Railways and Stkamboat Links There is a navigable depth in the Richelieu of - feet lietween St. Ours lrial government in 1K37. was de- ferred. By certain works, however, below specified, sections of these waters have U-en made practicable for navigation, and the whole scheme is now being carried out. .\ branili of the main roMte, extending from Sturgeon lake south, affords coninumication with the town of Lindsay and, through Lake Scugog, to Port Perry, a dis- tance of 180 miles from Trenton. The works by which the Trent navigation has been improved to dale comprist- short canals wiih liK-ks al Hastings. Peterborough, Peter- lK>rough to l.akefielil 7 links, one being a hydraii- lif lift: Young's Poini, Biirieigh Falls, Lovesick, Buckhorn, Bobcaygeon, Keneloii Falls, Roseilale, and six locks between Balsam and Sinicoi.- lakes, one being a hydraulic lift; also link and dam at Linds.iv. Canada: Navioation, Railways and Stkamboat I,inks 49 Hydraulic Lift Loclc-PetcrLorg', Ont. Vertical c 66 f.et. The Urgent in the world. Trmt Canal— Kirkficld hydraulic lift lock. y> Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboai Lines Alio dams at Healey Falls, Hastings, Peter- borough, Peterborough to Lakefield, 6; Young's Point, Burleigh, Lovesick, Buckhom, Bobcay- geon, Fenebn Falls, Rosedale, and three between Balsam and Simcoe lakes. Trent Canal — Concrete bridge. Bridges also have been built at many of the locks and at other places. For convenience the canal may be divided into thf following divisions, the lengths being given : — ONTARIO-RICE LAKE DIVISION. Embracing the canal and river navigation lietween Trenton, on the Bay of Quint6, to Rice lake, 66.00 miles. The all-river route from Trenton, on the Bay of Quinte, to Rice lake was fully decided upon by the government during the session of 1907, and the work of construction was begun that fall. The improvement is carried out on the principle of damming the river at suitable points by means of dams, and connecting the |XK>ls thus created by means of locks and short stretches of canal. The locks on this division will l)e 175 feet long, ^i feet wide, with 8 feet 4 inches of water on the sills. In the reaches there will lie a minimum depth of 9 feet of water. For the purpose of construction, this division of 57 miles has lxx;n divided into seven sections, all of which arc under contract. Rice- lake is 369 feet alwve low water level of Lake Ontario, which height will be overcome by 18 locks. PETEKBOKOUOR-KICE LAKE DIVISION. Embracing that stretch of river and lake navi- gation from the lower end of Rice Lake to Peter- borough, 30.00 miles. This division is navigable with a minimum depth of 6 feet. At Hastings is a masonry lock and timber dam which maintain navigation on the Trent river. Rice lake and the Otonabee river to Peter- borough, a distance of about 36 miles. At Peterborough, 87 miles from Trenton, is a masonry lock and a concrete dam which main- tain navigation through Little lake to lock No. 6 of the Peterborough- Lakefield division, a dis- tance of about three-quarters of a mile. PETERBOROUGH-LAKEFIELO DIVISION. Embracing that stretch of river and canal navigation from Little lake at Peterborough to Lakefield, 11.00 miles. Construction completed and canal in opera- tion with a minimum depth of 6 feet for naviga- tion. From Peterborough to Lakefield, navigation is maintained on the Otonabee river by a series of concrete locks and timber dams as follows: — Leaving Little Lake through lock No. 6, in a distance of about half a mile, the hydraulic lift lock is reached, where there is a lift of 65 feet into a reach which extends to lock No. 5, about Trent Canal — Lakefield. live miles from Pelerliorough, the last mile only of this reach being in the river; from here to Lakefield, locks 5, 4, 3, 2 and I, with their res- Canada: Navigation, Railways ami Steamboat Lines 51 Trent Canal— Rice Lake. pective dams, give navigation to Lakefield, about ten miles from Peterborough, or 97 from Trenton, and thence on five miles further to Voung's Point. Kawartha Lakes Division. Embraces that stretch of lake and river navi- gation from Lakefield to Balsam lake— 64 miles. Navigable with a minimum depth of 6 feet. Also in this division, may be included the Lind- say branch which embraces the Scugog lake and river from main channel on Sturgeon lake to Port Perr>', the distance lieing ,^6 miles, not in- cluded in the total of 64 miles, above mentioned. A new lock and dam at Lindsay on this branch has recently been built. At Young's Point, a masonry lock and timber dam maintain navigation through Clear and Stony lakes to Burleigh, a distance of about nine miles. At Burleigh, a masonry lock of two lifts and timber dam maintain navi(?ation through Love- sick lake, about two miles, lo Lovesick. A new concrete dam is under construction at Burleigh. At Lovesick, a masonry- lock and timber dam maintain navigation through Deer bay for al)out five miles to Buckhorn. j At Buckhorn, a ma.snnry lock and new rnn- i Crete dam maintain navigation for about l6| i miles through Buckhorn and Pigeon lakes to | Bobcaygeon, 135 miles from Trenton. At Bobcaygeon, a masonry lock and two dams one being recently rebuilt of concrete and the other a timber one, maintain navigation through Sturgeon lake and Fenelon river, a distance of alwut 14J miles to Fenelon Falls. At Fenelon Falls is a short canal, a masonry- lock of two lifts and a timber dam which main- tain navigation across Cameron lakes to Rosedale a distance of about 3^ miles to a new concrete I lock of the same dimensions as those of the On- I tario-Rice Lake division. ! At Rosedale, the new concrete lock and dam j maintains navigation on Balsam lake, the summit ; level of the canal, which extends from Rosedale , to the hydraulic lock at Kirkfield, a distance of I twelve miles; half of this distance is through a canal connecting Balsam lake with the lock, which is about 165 miles from Trenton. Simcoe-Balsam Lake Division. Extends from Balsam lake to Gamebridge on Lake Simcoe — 19 miles. Construction completed and canal in opera- tion with a minimum depth of 6 feet. At the Kirkfield hydraulic lock is a drop of 50.44 feet from the summit level. From this point to Gamebridge on Lake Simcoe, 178 miles from Trenton, the route consists of canal and ri\Tr reaches, .naintaincd by danuning the Talbot river. There are five new concrete locks num- bered 1 , 2, 3. 4 and 5, with concrete dams at Nos 1,2 and 3. sa Canada: Navigation, Railway!* and Steamboat Lines Holland Riveb Division. On Holland River Improvement, Is a branch extending iiouthwards from l^lce Simcoe to Newmarket— ia.3 miles. Under construction to furnish 6 feet naviga- tion. Superintending engineer's report covers pro- gress of construction. The following is a list of Ux-ks, with their dimensions, in order of location, from Hastings to Gamehridge on Lake Simaw. Lnutb brlwrm Dcplh Hollow ) Width on Lift. Uuoint. ' sill. Lock at llfutinRs " at Pvlvrborougll " \o. ft. Petrrbotouih — Lake- DlvUlon " at PeterborouBh, hydraulic lift hick No. I *' No. 5, Peterborough — Lake- field DivUion No. 4. Peterborough — Lake- field Divinion " No. J. Peterborough — Lake- field DjviHioii '* No. i. Peterborough — Lake- field Division " Xo. I. Peterborough — Lake- field Diviiion " at Young's Point at Burleigh, each III feet: L'pper Lower " at Lovesick " at Burkhora " at BolK'aygeon '* at Fenelon Falls, each t a feet: I'pper Lower " at Rosedale " at Kirkfield, hydraulic lift lock No. 2 " No. I, Simcoe — Balsam Lake Olvison " .N'o. a, Simcoe — Balsam I-ake Division " No. 3. Simcoe — Balsam l-ake Division " No. 4. Simcoe — Balsam Lake Division " No. 5, Simcoe — Balsam Lake Division at Lindsay Scuiiog Branch 175 Ii4 14J I40 ■34 JJ ISO I 134 ' 3.1 ■34 Ji 134 i^ 'J4 :l aj ISO II ITS i 3J ■4' ■4' H2 Ft. 8 4in Ift 6 Thaffic. The total traffic through the several canals of the Dominion for the season of 1910 amounted to 43,990.608 tons, an increase of 9,369,860 tons compared with the previous year. 320.574 passengers were carried, an increase of 43,352. The following features of the principal canal I traffic during the season of 1910, will be of in- i terest; — On the Welland canal, 2,326,290 tons of freight were moved, an increase of 300,339 tons. Of the total, 1,042,538 tons were agricultural products and 154,737 tons produce of the forest; of coal, 577,491 tons were carried; 2,281,519 tons were through freight, of which 1,557,283 tons passed eastward. Of the through freight, Canadian vessels car- ried 1,503,476 tons, an increase of 255,782 tons, and United States vessels 778,043 tons, an in- crease of 49,697 tons. The total through freight passed eastward and westward through this canal to Unitwl States ports was 485,499 ions, an increase of 40,080 tons compared with the year 1909. The quantity of grain passed down the Wel- land and St. Lawrence canals to Montreal was 789,661 tons, an increase of 136.919 tons as compared with the previous year; no tranship- ments have been made at Odgensburg since 1903. On the St. Lawrence canals 2.760,752 tons were moved, an increase of 350,123 tons, of which 1,916,733 tons were eastbound freight and 844,019 tons west bound freight; 930,851 tons were agricultural products; 759,052 tons coal; and 560,328 tons forest products. On the Ottawa river canals, the total quantity of freight moved was 385,261 tons, an increase "f 48,322 tons, of which 268,199 tons were pro- duce of the forest. On the Chambly canal, 669,299 tons were moved, a decrease of 82,818 tons, of which 496,119 tons were produce of the forest and 99,485 tons of coal. On the Rideau canal, 134,881 tons were carried an increase of 43,107 tons; 40,026 tons being produce of the forest, and 13.304 tons of coal. On the St. Peter's canal 85,951 tons were car- ried, an increase of 6,101 tons; 42,350 tons were coal. Canada: Navioation, Railwavs* and Steamboat Li> INKS S3 On thi- Murray canal. I77.<)4i tons pasitcd, an incrcast' of 75,650 tons. On the Trent ranal. 46.2<),^ ions were movwl. of whieh .15.849 tons wore priMluce of the forest. On the St. Andrew's lock on the Red River, Manitoha.the volume of Imsiness was 8,a8.l tons. On the Sault Ste. Marie canal, the total move- ment of freight was S6,,ii)5,687 ton.s, U-inK an increase of 5.534,442 tons. There were 7,972 passiiges of vessels, the numln-r of lockages lieinR 6,110. Of wheat. 68,396.300 bushels and of other grain 2.3.855,747 bushels were carrietl; 3,831,360 l)arrels of flour; 38,440,952 tons of iron ore; 4,109,565 tons of coal, and 44,646,650 feet, Imard measure, lumlK-r. NoTK. — There|K>rls for 191 1 have not yet l>een published. This latter survey has lieen very complete and from the rejxwt and plans published by the Public Works l)e|iurtment of the Dominion, the following extracts have been taken, showing the conclusions at which the engineers arri\fd. That a 33-foot waterway for the largest lake Uiats (600 feet x 60 feet x 3o feet draft) can Ik- established for one hundred million dollars f$loo,(x)o,ooo) in ten years, and that the annual maintenance will Ix; approximately <*>)o,oot), incluiling the operation of storage reservoirs for the letter distribution of the flixid waters of the Ottawa river. 3nd. That the distance from Montreal harlxmr to French river village on the (ieorgian Bay is 440 miles. That the rise from Montreal harlxmr to the summit of 659 feet can Ik' overcome by 33 Sauli Sic. Marir, Ont. -The Si RVKVS OK (iKllKlilAN BaV CaNAI.. In 1615. Samuel do ("hamplain.a Frenchman, ascended the Ottawa river from the presint l(Ha- lion of Montreal city and then by l-ake .Nipis- sing and French river to Lake Huron. For many >ears this route was U flowed !>>■ explorers from I he St. Lawrence river. Canoes were used to convey furs and iK-ltries along the course pur- sue that, uiwler extronw ronditinnii, ihr rcathis will not i,\vt- flow ; currcnth thcixHn will mit lie ovir throe mills per hour, and lork» will Ih- w.irkahlf. that i» to say, practically slack water iiaviK ition will (il)tain. 4»h. That r)rilinary lift Unks arc licst suilcl t.i the con.iiticins found. That their itiinimuni length should W- 650 fi^t In-twit-n inside gates, with 6s feet clear width, and 22 feet clear depth throughout. That the gates should Ix- of steel, and for safety there would lie 2 pairs of upper gates ,in«l 2 iwirs of lower gates with additional lower un- watering gates, if nece»sar>-. That the locks should be constructed of con- i Crete with long apprtwch piers of continuous ' crilmork at each end. That all locks will be on secure rock foundation. 1 5th. That there will Ih> 18 main dams require" feet at Inittom, with marking piers at intervals, and that the mini- mum depth throughout should !«• 22 feet. That the project presented contemplates: 2H miles of cana! -xcavation. '><) miles of channel dredging. M'' miles of river and lake with a width of .^.xj feet to a half mile. SauU Ste. MaHe, ^-■'^Z'^ -::^:!;:^^^.^..^^ .,,^ ,„„, ., Canada: Navigation, Railwavi* and Steamboat Links » That there are Ii6 curves of which 77 are of af«>ut one mile radius, ami the remaining 39 of alxiul half that radius. 7th. That the pn>l)ablc time taken by a lake friJKht IxKit of la-milc maximi..-it spetti, without delays at locks or in meeting other ixwts, from Frenrh River harlM)ur to Montreal would Ix- 70 lioiirs. That the season of navigation will aver- age Siodays from May to November. »th. That the proixwed rearhes will l)e gener- ally held at alxmt the ordinary high water level of their vicinity, and much of the area to Jh- HcKKled is now inundated each spring, so no extensive damage to the farming districts will occur. Oth. That with a storage system as planneil, anil the tributary basins thereto reijuired for the na\igation project, a reliable water-power sup- ply is secured ;!t vjiriotis dams amountini; to 1,000,000 horse-power, which can »>e s,ooo,ooo. That building all locks to a depth of 24 feet so reaches might afterwards lie deepened, would cost another $6,ooo,ckio. That a depth of 2$ feet along the route t»ehind Montreal for 16 mill's to Sault au Recollet would cost $7,250,000, nearly $a,ooo,ooo more than the 33 feet depth for the same distance. That increased depth up to 26 feet can lie secured temporarily by filling the reaches almve ordinary working level. Fort William, Ont,— .A busy port on the Great Lakes. 86 Takaim: NAVHiATHiN, Railwavn anu Stkamroat I.INKH ami in the raw irf emvrgrnry will |nimi ImwIk xcepti(>nal advantage. The naviga- tion of (hem, as shown in the (oregoing dewri|i- F.irt William, Ont— .Another view, ahowiiiK the docking facilitie.. in the rc|)ort. by which it will Ik? seen that a straight line drawn from Montreal westward and following the Ottawa river and Lake Nipis- sing will pass through the viciiiit) of Sault Ste. Marie giving the most direct ami shortest route to Lake Suix-rior. The sav^ - on this route lietween Ijike Siipi-rior am Mtmlrcal, Uj- ;i steam proiicllwl vessel, compared with the present route, wouUl \>v o\er 5(jo miles. tions, cannot fail to suggest their value in cheap- ening freight charges as compared with railways. The comparison lietween the rates of watcr- liorne cargo and freight on railways has U-en variously estimated, but a careful examination of the <|uestion has shown that freight can be Cirriet! !n water for alK.ia one sixth ol the cost ixr mile charged upon railways. Calculations, however, by any prtxess of figuring would l>e Canada: Navhiatios. Railwavs and Stkaiii«at Ijnm S7 DUJ i>f place hiTf. and aKuin, one ck-ment or facKMT may Ik- It-fi oiil l>y „nv ralrulator that wouIjI In- inrluclMl hy another. For inHiance, time ma) W- ot im|M)rtanre in the delivery of urtiik-d, (Kirticularly in retjard to |wri»hable rikkIii. Interext on money uwd in tranit|M)rta- tion.on arcount of the unsiler length of time net-csaary to conve> freight l»y water. |)er mile, than hy railway, entem into a minute and elalxir- ate rulrulation. (k-nerally »|K'akin|{. however, it ran Ix- luiid that freight carriwl hy water will ultimately effeet the priees of artiileii favourably to the ronitumiT. The greatest length of Ulce Superior in 354 mile»; breadth thi miles: an-a .^l.Hoo !H|uare miles; mean ileplh, MH fe«-t, great- Lake cut depth 1.008 feet; elevation Superior altove tidal waters at New York and other 6o» fcit. Uke Michigan. I'.S.. lakea. greati>»t length .^16 miles: breadth I iH miles: area 33,400 Mpiare miles; depth 690 feet; greatest depth H70 feet; eleva- tion 581 alH»ve tide water. Lake Huron, greatest length 207 miles; Kreatest breadth lot miles; area 2.^,2(M) s<)uare miles; mean depth 700 fitt; its greatest depth 750; elevation 501 feet alnne tidal waters. Lake Erie, greatest length 2.VJ miles; greatest breadth 59 miles; area 10.000 square miles; mean depth 84 feet; greatest depth 210 feet; elevation 572 feet aU.ve tidal water at NewV'ork. l-ike Ontario, greatest length 193 miles; breadth 5.^ miles; mean depth .vk); greatest depth 738 feet; area 7,2(*) square miles; elevation 246 feet. Some features of the route from the hearts at the head of Lake Fort William to Liverpool, G.B. Su()crior and the gateway of the Northwest pro\inces, to Montreal the head of ocean navigation, the distance is 1,500 miles, from Mont- real to Quelx'C 160 miles. Between Moutreat and yu. Iiec, is the important port of Three Rivers, the heam the head of lake navigation by lakes, canals and the St. <'lair, IX'troit and St. lawrence river* to the en- trant of the Strait of B«|le Isle, where ve;«el» enter the Atlanti<- ocean, is 2,33^ miles. The total distance, therefore, from Fort William and l^ort Arthur t»i LiverpiMil by Canadian waters i» 3.«35 ntileii. This might have licen »tatcrianix> to mention them. It is alBo important to note, in connction with grain and flour shipments from lake ports on either side of lj»ke Superior or Lake Michigan, that the route described is about 450 mites shorter than any other route by which gram is shipfxMl. Transferring grain to ocean-going vessels at Montreal has for many years been done by ffcKit- ing or stationary elevators. The Transfer- conveyer system, established by ring Cargo the HarlKiur Commissioners anil to Ocean- (Irand Trunk Railway, by use of ftolntt U'lts in gallerii>s from the elcva- Vesaelsat tors to the ships lying in their Montreal Ix-rths, has Ix^n in use for st\eral and years. This .artment and take in grain in another at the same time. Crain is .dso transferred at Queliec to (Hean-going ves- sels. Vessels drop down stream late in the Fall Cana.lian .'aiific Ky. to.— S.S. .As»inilK>ia .1 Kifyhurnrf M the (in-ai l^kcs. Canada: NwniATioN, Railwavs and Stkamhoat I.inm Montreal Harlwur CommiMion I' wo wheat-carrying stoamcr, an- IwinR Ioa.1.,1 ,imultan.-,Mi«ly from one rlf\.n.ir. t \\Ml\: \av|...U1I)N, KaILWAVh. aNM StK AMiHiAT Link* I fnmi MoiimMl III linish louliiu ,,i (,»u. I.< ;ini|r. ItrmUnt of ilii,, (..irufH uiii,..i-l siiiii. nf iiiumy liiivi Ui II .(Mill, on Im.iIi i.i.lr. <.r Ihf hitim.ilion.il lH„ini|,irv line, in nWikiiiK .irliliiial li,irlN>iir« l.\ ih,. ■ ..n>(riiiii„n of pitT!., Iin.ikw.ii.r, .m.l ilM.,lk;ii,i, „f |.,,si„,. N.ilur.il li.irl"Hir>.iml tlic ili.mni'U li.t.liiiK III thi'in, li.m. Iniii iin^ |>ri.vr> the- iH'iMrtnii'iii .,| K.iik.i.\- i.rMl C'jiM.iU. in ilu- Aniiuil K.(K,ri for e'lc Vf.ir KM I. it i^ ^Imwrp ih.ii llir «iim c.f SlJH,()S;,j^| ,,, |,_„ iKi-n i'X|>.iic(.MliirKtnH-iil of Cina.li.iii r.inaU ii|) to ihf |in -vnt. Total ex- pcnditurv for Conmruc- tion of Canali. I.HNi.rM Oh CoAsr l.iM. ^.^ (iui-Ar I.akI':-. riu' uriil l.iiKth ol i.iii.t |i,„. „f ,(,,. inlanil «.•.!>.. as ih«- (.riMi L.tki- .iri' hrim.l, (.ukkc^i. .11 oi«r N.,-.t tX|Kn ili,- Lakos, haxr Uionif m- im|H>rlanl in r.nrryiiiK on llii> lin>lni>r. of iluToiiiilry ami in trailr with ilic I nil.. I Slai.-., ihai inlami nuviKatii.n y.urjy pr1-.f1,. ,1. w proliUm^ f.ir ih.- Kcli-ral (Hiv.Tn- iii.iil to .'on^iili'r. Till- ( anailian or north »li.iri' r, f,,^ alarms, life saving stations and other aids to navigation haxc been from time to time established. In conncciion with atTording information to niariiiers, estab- lishing aids and improvements generally and communication, the principle of ii.lertiational <-oniity In-twi-en the Cnited Stales, C.reat Britain and Canada has iK-eii obsiTved. Itiform.ition is readily and cordially furnished U'tween these countries, ami the utmost has \wvi\ ilone in this line to alTord shipping and navigators every facility to pursue their dangerous calling. It will lie observed that much has U-eii done, but much requires to Ix.- done in the way of de- veloping inland navigation in combining, har- monizing and facilitating the (nin-fer of freight lietwwn the waterwavs and railways, utiliza- tion of large but shallow streams, rivers, con- HiHUli S.i« mills. the Ottawa river and area of the Ottawa basin it drains. I-rom its w)urce. River. which is alnn-st directly north of the city of Ottawa, at the height of land which marks the commencement of the slo|K' to Hudson bay. to its junction with the St. Lawrence river, is a distance of 750 miles. The Ottawa river ilrains .1 basin of 50,04^ scjuare miles. From a report of the I'ublic Works De- partment, the n.ivigable length of the river has U'cn obtained. The IpiKT Ottawa, that is above Ottawa city, can U' Ui'vigated on various parts to the mouth of the Mattawan river, a lot;il distance of I(j2 miles. From Ottawa to the Joachim Rapids, a distance of 120 miles, steamers of () feet draught can navigate the various sec- tiuiis. From J...i.liiin Rapids i<> the mouth of the Mattawan river, a distance of 50 miles may Ik; navigate StKAMBOAT l.iXKS fi3 5 at low water. It should, however, U- piiii\te(l out that owiiiK to rapids and falls a clear run cannot Ix; made from Ottawa to the Mattawan river. The Lower Ottawa is lio miles in length and many steamers are employwl carr>ing freight and passengers from Ottawa to Montreal and intermctliate points. The canals, which enahle steamers to pass between the two ports men- tionctl. are included in the description of canals furnishey Mr. (k-orge Phillips, steamlMKit ins|H'Ctor for the di\ ision of Western Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, .Allnrta and Keewatin. has iK'en obtained the presi-nt extent of navigation on which steamers ply. at the mini- mum depth of water. The waler is much dit-iK-r at certain seasons. Lake .\ipigon is north of Fort William and lies U-tween the shores of Lake Su|K-rior and the (;ran s. Lakks in Manitob.v Lake Winnipeg is a large body of water; it is properly included in the Great Lakes of Can- ada. It is navigable from the Lake mouth of Red River at the south Winnipeg, end to Nelson river at the- north end, a distance of 300 miles, by steamers of a draught of lo feet. Since the «6 Canada: Navigation. Railways and Steamboat Lines completion of the locks at St. Andrews. 40 miles of navigation have been added, enabling steam- boau to pass up the Red river to Winnipeg. The traffic on the lake is considerable, due to the extensive following of fishing operations. The Dominion Government has established two fish hatcheries near the lake. Dredging is now progressing for improvements at Red river and other points. Twenty-two steamers navigate the lake in different directions. Lake Manitoba is connected at its southern end with the Canadian Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways at Oak Point Lake and Totogan. It is navigable Manitoba, from these points northward to Gypsumvilte, a distance of 125 miles, by steamers drawing 5J feet. Dredging IS being carried on to improve small harbours to a depth that will accomodate vessels drawing 4 J feet. There are now five steamers navigating the lake, engaged in carrying lumber and gyp- sum. I some good agricultural land. The white fish, trout and pickerel caught in its waters, ai» superior in quality. Artificial propagation is carried on by means of a fish hatchery. Lakes of Saskatchewan. Last Mountain Lake is connected with the Canadian Northern and Canadian Pacific Rail- ways at the southern end of the lake at Craven. It is navigable from this point for 70 miles in a northerly direction by vessels of a draught of 7 feet. The Public Works Department of Canada has a dredge at work improving harbours on the lake. The lake is surrounded by a rich prairie country. When this country is settled navigation is more than likely to become important. The locality is fast becoming a summer resort of the inhabi- tants of Saskatchewan, who find fish abundant in its waters. Laat Mountain Lake. Thn.-!>hin|[ sctne. .VIanili>l)a. The surrounding aiuntry is agricultural, and when settled the navigation on this lake will Iw of considerable importance. Lake Winnipegosis is connected at the s miles. This : River. river forms a very imptjrtant link of navigation on ihe route be- tween Kenora and Fort Francis. Three steam- ; ers are engaged on it in regular traffic. Red river, in Manitoba, is navigable from its mouth in I^ke Winnipeg to Winnipeg city, a distance of 45 miles, by steamers Red of 10 feet draught. It is also River. navigable from Winnipeg by stern wheel steamers of 2. feet draught, to Grand Forks in the State of North Dakota. Three passenger steamers ply from Winnipeg to the Lake, the largest lieing a steamer of 883 tons. The Saskatchewan river is navigable from its mouth, at the north end of l^ke Winnipeg, to Prince Albert, by steamers of a Saskatche- draught of three feet, a distance wan of 700 miles. There are nine River. steamers engaged in general traffic on this stretch, the largest of which is a vessel of 250 tons. The Saskatchewan is also navigable from Prince Albert to Brazeau river, a disUnce of 800 miles, by steamboats 1 drawing 22 inches of water. There are three M tASADA: NAVUiATH>N. RAILWAYS AND StEAMIKUT 1,1 INRN Canadian Norlhi-rn Hy.-Frnton Bri.lij.-. acrww Saakauhtwan i If- Canadu. \onhorn Railway ( c. - liridnc- at N„rth liatll.ford. Canada: Navicatios. Railways and STRAMsnAT Lines steamere on thi» part of the river, enRaKol in frpiRhtinR, towing ami jwsiM-nger traftir. ihe largest tiring 300 toni<. The Athaliaska river is navigablr from it» mouth, al l^ke AthabaHlca, to Fort MiMurray, a (listanre of 1H7 mill!*, also from Athabaaka Fort McMurray to Fort Smith on River. the Slave river, .^o.^ miles l>y steam lioats of a ilrauKht of three fwl, and from Fori McMurray lo the Chutes on the Peace river, a distance of 45K ntiles. Four steamers ply on this part of the river (arrvinu passengers and freight; the largest is .vx) tons. The Athabaska ri\er is also navigalile from (irand Rapids to the Lesser Slave river for ^50 miles, by steamlioats of 2.^ inchi-s draught. Three .steamlxiats are engage|)artment of Public Works of ('ana- extendve and iu settlement is exciting much attention. The river will no doubt become a great waterway to the far north. Slave river is navigable from iu head at Lake Athabadu to Smith Landinr, • disunce of 118 miles by steamboats of a draught Staw of five feet. All vessels running RHF«r. on Lake Athabaaka, the Lower Athabadu river, and Pfeacc river, include in their trips Slave river. At Smith Landing a porUge intervenes of 16 miles to Fort Smith. From this point. Slave river is navi- gable for 194 miles by steamers drawing six feet, for a distance of 194 miles. Six steamboats areengaged in freight and passenger traffic: they all traverse Great Steve teke and run down the Mackenxie river. This magnificent river is navigable from its head at Great Slave lake to its mouth, in the MadMBste ^'y*''^ ocean, a disunce of 1,025 m,^^ miles, by steamere having a draught of six feet. Steamboats now plying on the Mackenzie nver. including the waterways already men- tioned, have a free run of i ,309 miles. No doubt is enteruined regarding the navigation of vessels with cargo drawing six feet of water, from Fort Smith on the Slave river and making connec- tions with ships in the Arctic ocean. In addition to the rivers now navigated, are certain large but well known rivers that have been used by surveyors, trappers and explorers for many years. Nelson river is in the territory lately added to Manitoba. It rises in a chain of small lakes which are part ol the northern end Nelton of Lake Winnipeg. The river is Kinr. approximately 300 mites in length and empties into Hudson Bay at Port Neiboii. Norway House, a well known Hudson Bay station, is located near the northern end of Lake Winnipeg in the vicinity of the head of the river, and York Factory, another well known Hudson Bay station, is located near the mouth of the river iany and Baclu ri\-erii, where navigable portidnit are not referred to owing to lark of definite information aH to the distance* navigahtr. No attemiit .laa been nude to dencrilie the natural scenery nor the chararteriMic physical features, nor has mention been made of the re- sources of the country known to l>e very gwat ak>ng the rivers or surrounding the lakes. Navi- gation is the one main subject, while the purpose has been to afford correct information. I i Ini^nd Navihation in British Coi.i'MBi.\. Of the rivers and navigable waters (A British Columbia, the following brief description is from the report of Steamlxiat Inspector, J. A. Thompson, who has had twenty years' service I in inspection on the inland waters of the pro- ' vincc. Kootenay lake is 1,730 feet above sea level: it is formed by an expansion of the Kootenay river, which rises in the Rocky Kootenay Mountains, about ao miles south Lake. of Leanchoil on the Canadian Pacific Railway, in British Col- | umbia. It flows southward int 1 the State of Montana, turns gradually northward ba< k into British Columbia; about 23 miles north of the boundary between Mritish Columbia and Idaho, Freight steamer on Lake Okanagan, B.C. CsiMdian Psciic Ry. Co— Fruit (arming, Okansgan valisy, BC. I it suddenly expands and forms Kootenay lake. This lake trends practically north and south with an arm on the west side, which is the con- tinuation of the Kootenay river that joins the Columbia river at Robson. The main lake is about 56 miles in length, with no obstruction of i any kind to navigation, the west arm being ! alx>ut the middle of the main lake. It becomes shallow towards the north end. At the south end the Kootenay river is navigable to Bonneni Ferr>', in the State of Idaho, a distance of about 4H miles, the arm of the west side of the lake, going westward, trends southward before it ends, at the town of Nelson, a distance of 16 miles from the main lake. The centre of traffic is from Nelson, where all the railways converge, to a number of landings on the west arm to Proctor, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway at the east end of the arm, thence to Ainsworth, Kaslo and Lardo at the north end of the main lake. The traffic line continues from Nelson to Proctor, Pilot Bay, Crawford Bay and Kootenay Landing, at the south end of the lake, the terminus of the Crow's Nest Railway. From Kootenay Unding there is a large traffic with car barges carrying 18 cars, to Proctor. These cars are towed by powerful tugs. The passenger traffic between Nelson and the points mentioned is carried on by stern-wheel steamers, the " Kuska-Nook," 1008. 19 tons gross, the " Moyie," 835 tons gross, the "Kaslo," 765 tons gross, the "Kokanee," 348 tons gross, and others; draught, 4.6 to 5 ft. The draught of the steamers from Nelson is limited by the narrows near Proctor where, in f 7« Canaoa: Navication. Railwavi and Stkamik.at Li!«m lh« MMtm at low watrr. th«* b only about (t fwi dep»h of water, with the boilum ri»\-erwl with bouMen. On the main lake there !« a depth Mifficient for any MietJ vpMel. The Kootenay river in aim nnvigaMr rrom Canal Flaw, ht the lource of the Columbia rivpr, in East Kootenay district, to Jenninpi. Mon- tana. Befom tht coMtrurtiun of the Cniw'i Neat Railway, tteamer* rNied from Fiwt Steel, Eaat Kootenay, to Jenningi, Montana, about to miles. Shuswap lake. Kamloopa lake, Thompwm and Spallumcheen river» are m, murh part of each other, that they may be taken to- Sbuawap nether. Shunnap i». prcjfx^riy Laka. apeaking, the name of the dislrirt that extendi from Siramuun to Karak>op«, on the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Spallumcheen river, which risen in Mable lake, northeant of Okanagan lake, Howh n<»rth. and ia navigable from Enderby to Sicamou*. 3^ milea, where it joins Shuswap lake. This Iwdy of water i» formed by leveral arm* call«l Salmon arm east to went, Seymour arm north to south. SummcrlaiKl, B.C.— Appki., ix'achi-!! ami |«ar> griiw plrnlifully. Shuswap lake proper, easterly to wi-sttrly. Ii is altogether a large Nxly of water, and H.miiiK westeriy, it contracts and iNH-omcs what is known as the South Thom^ison river, again expands and liecomes Kamloops lake. The navigable distance from Enderby on I he Spallumcheen to Savi>na, the westerly end of Kamioops lake, is 150 miles, lull tlure is much more navi.v;al)le water than this up the \arious arms. There was, during construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, much tra*. on this take ami the rivers. Now ther»- are two iiasM-n- ger steut.iers irf hm tM-vrral tugs that are engaged in log towing. The iMwrnger steamers ply lietween Sicanxius and K.imls, calling at the- logging cuni|>s and several Indian village*. The North Thom|MWMi, which delKHiches into the Souih Thompson at KamhM>|M coming from the north, has its rise up in the North CarilsNi countr>'; it is a very swift ThompwMi river, shallow in plac«i<, JMjt has Rhw. I)een navigated for nearlv Kst mih-H by giNirl-sized sieanurs. There is practically, exci'iMing excursions, no traffic on it now. but there will lie as mshi as the Canadian N Stkamhoat Links 71 all mounlalu lakii. wry m Kmiirnjy liikfuml Trout \.ake City al Ihr north iiiil .i( ihi- l.ikr, «h4'rr there- in cxtonsivt' niiiiitiK carried on. Sh«' aUi. U'lwiffi liiTH!.. lott- .1 turKf wiih mmcii- lr«t«i. from the mim». to ihi rail»a\ at (arranl OkanuKan lake in a fini- »h«ti of watir. ali«>. lulfly frw from any olmtriiciion to iiavJKation. in of k'kkI 'h'pih ihroiiKhoiii. ami OluUMgan alxMll MN mill'!, tiHiK. Tht-rc \n a iakm. larnc irartM , Imth friiuhl ami |Kf. m-iiKtr, oil ilif lakf. Tin- Cana- ilittii I'luitir Railway (oinimny hii.- svithI hm- ittt'uim-rN, of from M17H to 554 Kf.i-. idtis, that ply iK-twtfn Okanaitiin UmliiiH. Ou- iiu\ of tht- railway , OkaniKan raiirh. ami Ktlmwia. IVach- lanil, SumimrlaiKl aixl IViuii im. il.c iohii* al till- «Hilh I'ml of ilu' lakr. .il... j |M,»i'rfiil Iur in iiotti a> ihcrf in mumIi l.iilkv .niriculliiral |>ro- iliid- thul is (-arrii-rmv ic<|iiir«-. She *s useil as a tiiK to tow the lar liarne, earryinu in ear-, from the r.iilway at earli end of the l,»kr 10 make eonneetion lutwitn the railway froin NelMin to the short line that conntTfi wirh Arrow lakes. Mop Kardcn, I'oldxtrcam ranrhr, N'crnon, B.C. 2045'>— 5 < ,in.idMn IMrifii- R> . «'.i.— Sir. B.inninKI.>n. .\rrr.w lakf... The .Arrow lakes arc the most exiennive irea of navinalion in the interior of Bri^' ii Ci.lumliia. 'I hey are forim'd I'V an .■\!>ansion Arrow Lake of the Coluiui.' 1 ri\er Ir and head (to wliit h ih. . . Columbia line from Rtv.ls! . River. (lian I'm i(i. I,- ■,t., miles) to Im... 1 ., h , railway eonnection to Nels< .. >v )■.■,.:, 2H miles. Rossland, jo mile*, 1 • ' • . 1110 mill's. Arrow lakes, upjK f alK>ut 1^5 miUs loiiK tietweeii \rr"*h< .i and Rohsoii. Thesi' are the iM)ints Imwiin \>hi(h the steamers now ply. The lakes are naviKahle riKht up to Revelsloke. Hefore railway ron- neetions were made tlie\ used to ko ri^ht up to Revelsloke on the north and to what was then known as Little Dalles, now North|K>rt, in the State of WashinKton, on the Columbia ri\er on the south, that is a!».!it 40 miles U-!mv \\V.>t Kolisur is on the south side of the Harbour. city, is in extent alxiut two miles east anil west and one ami a quar- ter miles north and ^.. "th, containing alKHit two and a half s(|uare miles. .Adjoining Toronto harlnmr, but separati-d therefrom by a strong dyke is .Ashbridge's bay, conlaining an ari-ii of aUiut one and .1 <|iiarler square miles. The harUjur of Toronlo is jierfeclly landlocked, a Canada: NAVUiATiox, Railwavk and Steamboat Lines 75 formation of sand, called the Island, extendb the whole length of the southerly limit of Toronto bay. There are two entrances to the harlxiur; the west is called the Queen's whurf channel. The eastern entrance, which has licen dredged and faced with piers having a width of l.ooo feet at the outer part of the channel, forms the chief entrance, and is callerm blowing from any directiut 20 feel, with gexxl anchorage in parts Ki the l)ay, and 14 feet along the wharf frontage. The face frontage- of the wharfs measures about one mile, se|Kirated by slips of various widths: some of the wharfs extend out a dis- tance of 500 feet from the shore. Twenty-five railway sidings run along the water front; twelve of these are plaiitl on cration and Board of Trade. Kxlensive improvements ha\e iK-en plann^l tl.at will incluile new wharfs anil sheds, ilee|x.-ning and exteniling the harl>our and build- ing of railway sidings to the ship's sif'.. Hamiltim harliour is practically the whole of Burlington bay, in the extri'me west end ot l^ke 20459—5! Canadian VVminghouae Co. l.til. - Wiirks at Hamilton, Unt. 76 (^anada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Ontario. The harbour ia approxi- Hamilton niately mx milea long by one mile Harbour. wide. It is land-locked and an- chorage if go(xl in 50 feet of water with mud bottom. Burlington lieach, a narrow neck of sand varj'ing in width from 250 to 1,000 feet, separates the t)ay friim the lake, through which the entrance from the lake 10 the harbour has l>een cut, and piers built on each side; the north pier lieing about 2,305 feet and the south pier J, 72 1 feet long, the width lietwcen varying from 174 feet at the outer to 103 feel ai the inner end. There is a shoal in the hartK)ur off the wharfs, but it is marked by buoys. There are six wharfs in this harlxiur, with water from 12 »o 18 feet deep. Sheds and rail- way sidings afford accommodation for handling freight. Kingston harbour is situated on the St. Law- rence river, at the northeastern extremity of Lake Ontario. The Caiaraqui Kington river empties into the St. Law- Harbour, rence ri^'e^ at Kingston, and the mouth of it forms part of the har- bour above the bridge. The extent of the har- bour from Portsmouth on the west to Bell island on the eastern side, is atmut jjmiles, and the depth of water varies from alx>ut 12 to 20 feet at the outer ends of the wharfs, to 40 feet in places opposite the city in the St. Lawience river. There are eighteen wharfs in this harbour and two small docks for repairing vessels. Four grain elevators are conveniently located for shipping. The lights are one in the City Hall tower, latitude 44° l,^' 50" longitude, 76° 58' 25" and one about five miles west of the city. Acetylene bu.urne hartiour is situated near the eastern end of Lake Erie, at the entrance of the W'elland canal. The harlMiur is Port formeil by two piers or brcak- Golbome waters, the west breakwater is Harbour. 4.424 feet long, running north of west to the shore of the lake, the east pier or breakwater is 2,400 feet long, run- ning north of cast to the lake shore. The en- I'ort Colbonie, On'..— llarlacity for lighter- age puriHises. The (iovernment elevator, lie- longing to the Railways and Canals Department, has four marine legs and a capacity of 7o,«x» bushels per hour, and a storage cajKicity of Hoo.jKxi bushels. On the east dur. Ontario, is situated on the east side of the Detroit river, near the outlet of Lake St. Clair. The wharfs af- ford giMKi accommiKlation, the Windsor uater iH'ing from 4 to 4} fathoms Harbour. along the Dnlage. The C.rand Trunk Railway Ccmipany. the Canadian Pacific Railway Com|>any. and the Michigan Central Railway Company, have wharfs and sheds at *his port. The Detroit, Belle Isle and Montreal Ferry Company also has a wharf with a depth of water of 30 feet. The ferry Ixnts of the Company ply every few minutes between Windsor and Detroit. Four railway companies have transfer Ixiats . unning between Windsor and Detroit, and there are two passenger lines, i^ne plying Ix^tween Windsor and IX-troit and the other Ijetween W'alkei'ville and Detroit. The Michigan Cen- tral Railway has completed a tunnel under the river by which communication is maintained with Canada and the United States at that point. Windsor has communication with sev- eral lake and Detroit river ports by water, and with all parts of Canada and the Cnileil States by rail. Owing to its situation it is mainly a railway centre, but an immense tonnage from the upper lakes (msM^s up and down the channel of the Detroit river close to the water front of the city. This harliour lies on the east bank of the river St. Clair, at the head of the river, where the waters of Uike Huron enter that Samia river. The limits of the harlniur Harbour. include all the waters of the St. Clair river lietween the Canadian shore and the Intcnational Boundary in the middle of the stream, and extends from the heal of ;he river at the entrance of Si. Clair flats, a distance of alKuit two miles. Thi-se waters include the inlet known as Sarnia liBy, where \essels make their winter (piarters and rafts of timlier ar.' handled. The harlM)ur has several gcKxl wharfs and loading and unlo.iding diH-ks. The depth of water at the wharfs averages 20 feet. There is giHKl anchorage in the harliour at ,V) feet. This harlHiur may Ik- <-onsidereacity of 500,000 and 2oo,ouo respectively. Opposite the ends of the entrance piers, is a breakwater for the purpose of breaking the sea and permitting vessels to enter between the north and south piers, in comparatively smooth water. The lights are: the main light on a high bank at the south side of the entrance to the harbour in latitude 43° 44' 33" N., longitude 81° 43' 34" W.; the front range light is near the end of the north pier at the entrance, and back light on the edge of the western side of the harbour basin. An acetylene light has been placed on the western end of the new breakwater, built out in the lake, about one thousand feet from the outer end of the north pier. The fog alarm is on the town waterworks building. At the inner end of t' e south pier is a lifeboat station. The most important harbours Georgian in Georgian Bay, called the Bay Bay Ports, ports, are VViarton, Owen Sound, Collingwood, Meaford, Midland and Depot Harbour. Owen Sound harlx>ur is situated at the bottom of Owen Sound bay. The bay is eight miles Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Links 79 wide at the entrance, gradually Owen narrowing until the town in Sound reached, twelve mileH from the Harbour. entrance. The bay is well shel- tered ; its shores can \ie approached with safety to within one-quarter of a mile from shore, except at Vails and Squaw points on the east side of the bay or sound. The anchorage is gotxl in the bay, in 6 to 7 fathoms of water at certain ixiints, with mud liottum. The depth of water at the wharfs is 23 feet. I^rgc steamers are engaged in freight and pas- senger traffic from this |K)rt to Lake Superior ports. Collingwood hartmur is on the south side of Georgian \my, and is a capacious harlmur for lake vessels, having good wharf Coillnft- accommodation of alx>ut 7,000 wood lineal feet and 33 feet of water in Harbour. the ship channel, at the approach to the hurliuur, and inside the harlxmr. The accommtxlation for (locking vessels is superior to any jxirt on the Canadian side of the Great Lakes, and the port has one of the most complete shipbuilding plants anywhere on the (ireat Lakes, for construction and repairs. Heavy castings and forgings are made and heavy Ixiilcr plate turned for lM>iler construction. Marine engines are construclwl and steel, com- posite and wooden hulls of large sized vessels built. Steel grain barges of 400 feet and longer can he built and equipped with engines and tK>ilers; some of the lN.*st passenger and freight steamers on the upfier lakes have Ixxm built and equipped at this pert. Une dr>' dock, in active service, is 545 feet lung and 75 feet wide, which will accommtxiatc the largest vessels on the Canadian register on the lakes; a second dock is 400 feet long and 100 feet wide; a third dr>- dfX'k is contemplated, also a landing slip 1,000 feet long for further mur is in Midland bay, on the southeast side of Georgian bay. The entrance is between Midland point and Midland Etimere point, a distance of 3} to Harbour. 3 miles. Midland liay runs a dis- tance of four miles from the turn- ing point at which vessels come in line with the electric range lights, situated on a hill in the southwest part of the town. The harlxiur is spacious, with a depth of 35 to 100 feet of water for anchorage for large vessels, with the excep- tion of Middle shoal, which has a depth of 13 feet only. This shoal is in the track of vessels from Midland point to the wharfs situated on the southeast side of the harbour, but there is ample depth of water on each side of the shoal. The east side of the shoal in the harbour has a depth of from 50 to 100 feet, with ample r(x>m, the west side of the shoal has a channel 34 feet deep, narrow, but without ol)8tructions. Vessels are well shelteretl at the wharfs, no storm inter- feres with loading or discharging, and many large steamers are put in winter quarters in this harlxiur. Tiffin, where the Grand Trunk Railway Com- pany owns a large grain elevator of 3,ooo,u(X) bushels ca|Kicity, is |>art of the Tiffin. Midland harixiur. Two other grain elevators are within Midland harixiur with a caiMicity of I ,ooo,oix) bushelseach. Victoria harlx>ur has within the last two years Ix^en completely changed and imiiroveil. It is situated on an inlet at the eastern Victoria end of Georgian l>ay and is a well Harbour. sheltered harixiur, easily approa- ched from the open bay. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has con- structed a large grain elevator with a capacity of 3,000,000 bushels at this point. A flour shed of large size belonging to the company, when completed will add much importance to the harixiur. The com|xtny has made this place a terminal |x>int on Georgian bay for its railway line. Siiatners lx;longing to the company now engaged in traffic on Cieorgian bay and L^ike Superior, will here load and discharge. Depot Harixiur is situated on the north shore of Parry island, Georgian bay, 5 to 6J miles dis- tant from Parry Sound harbour. Depot The approximate extent of the Harbour. harixiur, used by vessels, is one and a half miles by one-quarter «o Canada: Navigation, Kailwavs and Steamwjat Links C'anadun Paiifk- Ry. Co.— Wharf, elcvatiir and >traini>hip at Owt-n Suunit. Ut-jxit Harbour, Untatio. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines •l i mile, and the depth of water for anchorage is 5 fathomit. with good holding clay bottom. I The harbour is well sheltered from heavy : was and its approach well marked by acetylene j buoys, port and starboard spar buoys, com- 1 prefued gas light houses and beacons, for a dis- tance of twenty miles out into the open l^eorgiaii bay. The harbour is a large grain and coal receiving port and is well equipped for trans- ferring freight from vessels to cars. Sault Ste. Marie is on the St. Mary's river, about five miles cast of the extreme easterly end of Lake Superior. The har- Sault hour of Sault Ste. Marie embraces Ste. Marie the dredged approaches to the Harbour. Sault Ste. Marie canal, and ap- proaches to the diflferent docks therefrom have been deepened. Safe anchorage can Ih; found within the area mentioned, and towards the centre of the river outside the canal ranges, from a depth of ai feet to 40 feet. The nature of the bottom of the river is sand and iKJulders overlying Potsdam sandstone. Nine wharfs have been constructed in the hartmur for handling general freight, coal and | ore. The Algoma Steel Company's wharfs are : used exclusively by that company in connection I with their extensive works at this port. | Fort William is on the west side of Thunder : bay, north shore of Lake Superior. The bay is | a fine sheet of water, having a ' Fort depth of 3} fathoms at the mouth William of Kaministiquia river, where the Harbour. harlmur is situated, to 40 fathoms out in the bay. The Kaminis- tiquia river has three channels emptying into the bay, at three distinct ix)ints, viz., the Fort William channel. McKoUer's channel ami Mis- sion channel. The river has iK-en made navi- gable for five miles up, and coal is conveyed to the unloading plant of the Canadian Northern Railway. B:tsins ha\e Iven drwlged for the accommiKlation of large steamers, which carry freiKht of all kinds and coal to this port and re- turn with grain. I^r»;u grain elevators have lieen erected at this fx)rt. one with a cajKicity of 7,ooo,ix)0 bushels, siiid to l>e the largest in the world. Al- together the grain storage cajwcity at this port and Port Arthur adjoining, is over 30,000,000 bushels. Cakaim: NAnoATioN, Railwavji and Steamboat Links Arthur Harbour. Port Arthur is cituatcd on the northwest short- of Lake Superior, in Thunder bay. The inner harbour has J>een formed by the construction of a l>reakwutcr, with an entrance at each end and a main entrance between the nor- therly part of the breakwater and the southerly part. The measurement of the northerly part of the breakwater is .^,654 lineal feet, and the southerly part 1,507 feet. The main entrance between the piers .s 366 fi-et wide, and the depth of water from ao to ai feet; 19 feet of water may be carried to the Canadian Northern Railway elevator wharf. The western entrance at the end of the breakwater is i.Hoo feet wide, water varyinx from la to 18 feet deep: and the eastern entrance, .1 the other side of the harlmur. at the end of the breakwater, is 350 feet wide and depth of water 17 feet. The water in the liasin varies from 14 to i« feet, but the channel from the main entrance lo the Canadian Northern Railway ele\alor is dretlKed to ao} fci't to the Canadian \<»thern Railway wharf N«i. 1, and the Canadian Pacific Railway wharf to the same depth (ai»J). The breakwater has made the inner harlHiur a siife one for m«M>rinK vessels at the wharfs. Many «)ther well known harliours are con- veniently situated f«»r traffic along the Cireat l-ikes, but only the main harlM>urs have l>een descriU-*!. IX-tailed information respeclinK in- land harlNiurs will lie found in the Port Directory publishml by the Department of Marine and Fisheries. Cnder the headings of "Steamliojit Li ,es' and •' Railway Lines," in this iMMik, will lie found (Kirticulars desire Ssult Stc. Marie-Uke Supirior Crirporation— Exturiiir Xli-rehani mill. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Stiumboat Lines Siiili Sir. M.iri. I..ik€- Sii|HTii>r Ciirpiirjiiiin^lniiriiir MiTihanr mill. information rt'»|H'i'lin({ thf Im•;ln^ <>f oonvpyance from ono |)i)int lo anotluT. and lo »iumnu-r ri'- sorts for rt'O'ealion and s|Mirtint;. on inland waters. RiVKRS IN TIIK PR(IV1N< K of the ^reat St. Lawrenee can easily Ik? defined. The length of the river is l.ttoo miles from the River St. l^uis, in the Slate of Minnesota, lo its mouth or where it enters the (lulf of Si. l.awrcnce. The Umndary line U-gins at Victoria island. Thunder bay. Lake Su|X'rior, and runs north- easterlv for a short rlistance, then south-easterly to the Sault Sle. Marie. From the Sault the line continues in a southerly direction through the centre of Lake Huron, then consecnti'.ely in the centre of the St. Clair river. Lake S: . Clair anrtw«wn Montreal and Uwlwr. At it* tnouili »h«c the river enirni tiw it may he mentioned thai thr hurU>ur »( Mont- real in 18 milen in lenKth. aixl what in lermt^l the Port of Montreal ememU from M..iitr«-.il in Platon, a distance of i.v* iniUit. The Sagucnay river i» iiaviKahle by Iirxc river uteament fn»m Tatlounar. on the north (there of the St. I.iwreme river. SMtt^tMiy lo Chicouiimi, the hea mile>. InnK by iH mile* ut it* minimum widtla. Eight ri%eni How into thin lake, whirh in Hiving cau»e the overflowing of ii> iNinkii. RkhdiffU The Kit hdieu river in navigable Rlvar. from the St. Uwrence river to l^ke Champlain, inHiMling ruiMl*. a dimamv of uImhii 60 mile*. NunH-rouii rivir» diwharn 'i 'nti> th« St. Uwrenr. are navig.ilile for a Mhori diiitanre ln,m the main river. \l'» BHINMWKK RlMUS. The Si John river !» .vw milm in length from ilH sour,, in ilu- Slate of M.iine. i<> St. John, where it «li.,.harge» into tin har- Kort Willi.ini Ihi l\.imini«tiiiua rivir Cakaua: Navhiathm, Railwavi and Htkammmi Linm Fort William. Ont. St John '•"*•'■ "' ^l' John on the Hay of «■!„_ {•unily. It is naviealjle in ihrii- IU»«r. . ' .„,,..., MH'tiiins. rhi- first sit-tion is from the inouth of the St. Kranris river, where it first lourhrs Canadian territory, to (inind Kails, a ilistance of 75 miles; the seeonil section is from (■rand Falls to Frcderieton, 140 miles, and the third to St. John, a distance of 80 miles. The inHiience of the tide is fell as far as ChaiH'l Bar, f)(i miles from the mouth of the river. Si'ViTal lakes and rivers empty into the St. John river, (irand Lake is aUuit ,v> miles lone and is from three to six miles in Itreadlh. Its nutlet is alH>ut ,v> miles U-low Kriilericlon at what is lalled the Jenisj't;, .1 narrow, de»'i> chan- nel. Saltiion river, which f,dls into ihc heail of the lake, is a gcMKi sized stream, rising in llie same hixhlands as the Kichiburto river that Hows into the (iulf of St. l^iwrence. The Washetlemoak Hows into the St. John river alniut ,^6 miles Iwlow Kreilericton. This river has a course (if In-tween 60 and 70 mileit. Extensive improvements have lieen made on the St. John river l>y the (iovernnient of New Brunswick and by the Fwleral Ciovernment, coverinn a iktIckI of many years. .An Interna- tional Commission is now enKa^ed in an hydrau- lic investigation of the river, its tributaries, lakes and watersheds to determine the (XKisibilities and efTeet of creating storage by dams, and otherwise improving the river. The St. John river is famed for its lieauty and on this account offers exce|)tional attrac- tions to tourists, who find steamers plying Ir>- 86 Canada: NAVUiATioN, Railways and Steamboat Lines tween St. John and Fredericton, with excellent accommodation. The Miramichi river is the second river in im- portance in New Brunswick. Its branches are numerous and drain a large extent Miramichi of country. This river empties River. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is navigable for a distance of 42 miles from its mouth by large vessels and still farther, for several miles, by light draft vessels, but the river is greatly influenced by tidal waters. Chatham and Newcastle, located on its banks, are important lumlier ports; the first is about 30 miles from the mouth or buy, and the latter 42 miles. Extensive lumbering operations and shipment of lumber have lx?en carried on for a century or more. The northwest arm and southwest arm unite alwut 15 miles from the mouth of the river, while three of the northwest branches spring from a chain of lakes not far from the Tobique and Nipisiguit rivers. In closing this summary of inland navigation it is well to repeat what has already lx;en stated, namely, that a detailed description of the larger waterwa> s, or mention of minor rivers and lakes, known to be navigable, is impossil le in a book intended to give a bird's-eye view of Canadian fresh waterways. Nor has an attempt l)een made to describe the natural scenery. The magnifi- cence, beauty and grandeur are striking features that engage the attention of all who voyage on them. It has Ijeen asserted that Canada dis- charges more fresh water into the sea than any other countrv. Fort William, Ont. iL Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines «7 An intcr-iirlran [train'lK'twcen Port Arthur and Fort William. Port Arthur— The'docks. N Port Arthur —The Ahaltn icc-brcaUr. 88 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Kaminiatiqua Power plant, near Port Arthur, Ont. LENGTHS OF RIVERS. Atlantic. Hatnilton (to head of Ashu»nlpi) .... Natashkwan Romaine Moisir St. Marguerite St. John Miramichi St. Lawttnce (to head of S- L.oui!«).. Manikuaftan Outarde Bersimis Saguaiiay (to head of Pcribonka). . . . Peribonka Mistamini Aihwapmuchuan Cliaudiere St. Maurice Mattawan St. Francis Richelieu Ottawa North Rouge North Nation Lievre Gatineau Coulonne Dumoine South Nation Migsifisippi Madawaslca Pptawawa Moira Trent - Grand - - Thames French (to liead of SturRi'on) Sturgeon Spanish MisslssaRi Tlieasalon Nipigon (to head of Ombabika) Ih'lisoN Bav. Nelson (to head of l,;ike Winniijeg " (to head of Bow) Red to head of Lake Travcrw " to head of .Sheyeniic J50 220 270 JIO I J" .I9« ■ iS 1900 Jl" 2^*. J40 Ans iSo \»S lis 1 20 JiS 100 IhS 310 (i85 70 115 fto 205 i4o 1J5 80 00 105 l.iO Q5 txi 150 140 U.! 180 tin 15.) 140 40 I JO J90 ifiha 3SS 545 Aiainiboine Sourii Qu' Appellr Winnipeg to head of Hireiteel. English Sukatchewan (to head of Bow) North Saskatchewan South Saskatchewan (to head of Bow).. Bow Belly Red Deer Churchill Beaver Kazan Dubawnt Severn Winisk Attawapiskat Albany (to head of Cat R.) Moose (to head of Mattagami) Matugami Abitibi Missinabi Harricanaw NolUway (to head of Wanranipi) Waswanipi Rupert Eastmain Big Great Whale Leaf Koksoak (10 head of Kaniapiskau) .... Kaniapiskau George Pacii-u-. Columbia (total) '* it Canada Kootenay Fraser Thompson (Ic head of North Thompson) . North Thompson South Thompson Chilcntin Blackwater Nechaco Stuart Skeena Alsek Yukon, (mouth to head of NUutlin) (int. Bdy. to head of Nisinlin Stewart White Pelly Macmillan Lewen .Arctu . Mackenzie (to liead of FinlayJ Peel .Arctic Red Liard Fort Nelson Athabaska Pembina Slave Peace to head of Finlay Finlay Parsnip Smoky Little Smoky.. Coppermine Backs Miles. 4S0 4SO 17a 47 1 Jjo I. 'OS 760 MS SIS ilo 3«S 1,000 JOS 4SS 5«o 410 »5 4»5 61Q 340 ns 340 l6S ISO 400 190 J«o 37S S20 J6S 39S S3S 44S 36s l.ISO 46* ;oo f^.i if- I«5 120 •4J 140 155 220 335 3«0 1.76s 655 320 18s J.i" aoo 33> 2.S2S 36S 330 550 36a 76s 3IO J65 1, 065 2S0 US >4S 185 S2S 00s Canada: Xavication, Railways and Steamboat Lirss 89 Mahitimk Navioation. Canada has a sea coast line of 5,000 miles <»n the Atlantic coast and 7 000 miles on the Pacific coast. This docs not include any [Mirtion of Hudson strait, Hudson bay nor the northern waters within the Arctic regions; nor is the whole of the St. Lawrence route included in the sea coast of the country. On the Atlantic side, the sea shores of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Bruns- wick and Prince Edward Island compri.se the sea coast line of eastern Canada. The St. I^wrence route is first in im|X)rtance, with regard to the volume of trade and passage of vessels in intenaeanic navigation. Montreal is an ocean port although tidal waters do not reach within 82 miles of the fxirt, nor dws the rise and fall of the tide affect navigation, for large ves.sels, nearer than 87 nautical miles from this sea-port. The artificial ^hip-channel, between Montreal and Quebec, is of sufficient depth for large ocean steamers of 10,000 tons, to navigate to Montreal. The route is well sheltered, and the sc- •, ratively smtMJth, after entering the C.u St. Lawrence from the .Atlantic ocean fo-- a -('haiin( The river gradually expands i)eIow the moiitli of the Saguenay ri\er. which empties into it. until it is over 30 nautical nn'les wide, but at its mouth or the dividing line, at I'oinl des Monts, it contracts to a width of 23 nautical miles. The northern shore of the rivT is \er\ irregular, forming nian> ba\s of coi, .iderable width. The ("lulf of St. Lawrence is an InLiiid sea, enclosed by Canad' n territory on the iiorlli and s h, and by .Newfoundland Gulf on th east. Three straits form of St. the entrances from the .-Xtl.inlic Lawrence. Ocean; two on the eastern side of the (iulf, namely, the Strait of Bcllc isle oa liie iiorlli side of Newfoundland, 20459—63 r>-Hiiil(Hk. I.ir.iiliil, shops. St. Pauls island, and south of Anticosti island, from 150 fathoms in the western end of the Clulf to over 2H0 fathoms in ("abol strait. The soundings in the Strait of Belle isle, show a depth varying froin 22 fathoms to 100 at low water. North of .Anticosti island the water is also deep, but ocean vessels do not take this course. The .Atlantic ocean and the southern |)art of the (".ulf. are connected by the Strait or Gut of Canso. The depth in this Strait is from 10 to 20 fathoms at low water. The area of the (".ulf is 101,562 square miles and its coast is vt ry irregular. Exten.sive fishing operations have always been carried on in the (lUlf by the fishermen of yuebec. Nova Scotia, i HI Canada: Navigation, Railwavm and Steamboat Lines ? s II Taxada: .\avi(;ath)n, Raii.wa\s and Stkamboat I.inkh 9i New Brunswick. iViiuc Edward Inland, New- foundland and I'nitifl States fishermen as well. Improvements in the St. I^iwrenre river, in addition to the ship-channel, are breakwaters and harlx)ur improxements. Thi largest ex|>en- diture of lalx)ur and the greatest in cost have l)een the works in Montreal harlniur. The selection of the harlM>ur as the chief inland, as well as the chief sea-|)ort, made Montreal it necessary to undertake a large Harbour. amount of excavation work and, thi i>uilding of piers, shitls and transfer railway tracks, u|X)n which cars and locomotives lielonging to the harlK)ur, have •me with a ca|iacity of t,(MN>,(NNi bushels and another, that will store 3,(M)o,(nk) bushels, is now under construction. These elevators have marine legs for unliKuling from vessils. The f'iraiul Trunk Railway (dmiNiny owns an elevator which unloads Irom cars and discharges into vessels. In addition, floating elevators are m(H>rtKl between lake steamers anuoy nyttcm in the ithip rhaiiiu-l, anil jxMrt of Montreal iit not »ur|MiHie(l anywhere. Uuel)cc Harlxiur has lieen greatly impnivett. but the improvemeniit ha\e not lieen ho exten- iiive, in rerent yeartt, ait in Mont- Quebcc real. The Harl>our \n un«ler th«' Harbour. nmtml of HarUmr Commimion- ers, and »tea(l> pniKris.H is In-inK made yearly, in enlargiiiK anil improving it lor the large rlaw of ocean vewiels which now enter. The harbour now comprise!) the river and its navigable tributaries Ijetwccn Si. Patrick hole and Carouge I'oint, (Caijc Rouge) distant about eight miles above the city. The harlKiur, over its greater part, affords excellent anchorage but anchorage is prohibited l>elwecn certain lines, to prevent interference with the movement of vessels. The lines are indicated by sign boards and red lights. The harlxiur affords wharfage accommodation for a large numlier of vessels of alt dimensions and draught. Inner and outer basins have been dredged. An area of 40 acres, water surface, is called the wet dock with depth of water from 18 to 25 feet. The tidal har()our is a basin of 20 acres area water surface, and it is divided from the wet dock by a cross wall. The deep water quays, in another part of the harljour, have a depth of water alongsitlc of 40 feet, low tide. The dry docks are locatetl at Levis across the river; one under the control of the Harbour Commissioners has a length of 600 feet, breadth of 62, depth of water on the sill 264 feet and 23 feet on the blocks at high water, spring tides. Two floating docks are owned by the Ck-o. T. Davie and Sons Company, and are sometimes lengthened bv water-tight compartments. Another floating dock is called Russels' floating dock and to this establishment lielongs a gridiion. In the harbour of Quelwc, is a twenty-five ton crane and a nine ton steam hammer. Repairs are made to hulls, machinery and b< Hers ^f large vessels in Quelwc. The tide rises !« eet at springs and 12H at neaps. Ferry steamers ply between Quebec and Levis rtmstanily, summer and winter. Canada: NA>iiiATii>N, Railwavm ano Stkamroat Links l>i)mini>n Briilm- Co., M.mtnal — Vkw ol •h SfKAMRttAt I.IM^H 9? Threc-Rivem Hiirliour. U-iwcvn Monirt-iil ami i^Ur. iit Mlualnl im iht* mirth iihi>rt' fit Ihf St. iMiwri'nri- rivt-r. Thf ThfW hnrlNiur hiiH nmHtuni ntnriuiiiii .1- Rlvtn li I with Montmil, Qut-iM>(- and Harbour. ix.rtH inland and in the I'nilitl Stattit, via iho Kirlu-litu rivur. on the M>uth Nicif nf the St. LiwrvntT. Thf port haw fxri'llvni (iU'iliticM fi r iM-i-an KiiinK \vnm.'In. Till* channi-l alonK ihv wharfit in. from .V» to 50 ftft in dvpth ami th»Tf i» a riKuUicad of from i,3iN> to l,5 of 5,500 fit-t. The harUiur \» under the ronlrol of HarUiur CommimionerM and the wharfH are M|>a(-ioui«, lioth for m-ean and inland vewtelit. A railway line runs the whole length of the water front, and hranrhcH ronneet the iH)rt with nianufaoturinK c-enirejt. Facili- ties for tranHferrinK freight from car* to vesi*el» and vice versa, are k'xxI. .Navigation at this |)ort, as well as the other |)orts mentioned, has licen greatly impr<>vet-iiMin of navigation lietween (ire..t Hritain in (Nirticular, foreign countries and I'anada. y- '!vays iHtr. :• sub- iwl of the greatest ini, rla;.(e ' 'ie I'tileral and Provincial (iovernmentH. .iNiiir iNNirds ami comiNinies, have ex|M-nded \'aH> sums of money in improvements retpiired to make this im|Nirtant highwaj navigable to certain ixiints, where exixirtation ami im|M>rtation have played their |>urt in developing the country, ami >plying the wants of the inhabitants. It ^^ '- '.' Province ahine, over I«H) harltours n s ' L' counted which utTord loading grounds ai... i-nelter for ves«tels, while engaged in the trariours is manifested by the great numlaT of fishing vessels which dejMrt from them during the hshing season. The harbours are also usertant bays are appropriate, l)ecause of their Gaspe si/e and importance. Cias|x" bay Bay. is in the western part of the Ciulf. The Bay extends 17 miles in a north, north-westerly direction from CapeCias|K\ and contains an excellent outer roadstead and Ciasix.' harbour at its head, caiwble of holding a numerous fleet, and a basin where large ships can be outfitted. Chaleur bay is a wide and miles wide. There is no - ;xl Islands harbour for large vessels on the in the coast but bays afford anchorage Gulf, for light draught vessels, and a breakwater pier ,^,47(> feet long, has been built in Ellis bay. X'essels drawing Perec Rock — ("lulf St. Lawrence. too Canada: NAVUiATioN, Railways and Steamboat Lines n 1 i if Canada: Navigation, Rj<< \va\s and Steamboat Lines toi Gaspe Bnsin — (. 12 feet of water moor at this pier, at any stage of the tide. Magdalen islands are in extent alxjut 35 miles long and of irregular shape. The principal harbours are Grand Entry harbour and House harbour. Pleasant bay, at the eastern end of Amherst island, affords shelter to fishing vessels in all winds, in June, July and August. ulf Sr. l-awrenif. Atlantk Coast and Bay ok Fundv. Next in impf)rtance to the St. Lawrence route, is navigation along the Atlantic coast and Bay of Fundy. Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, is of an irregular triangular form. It is indented with bays on three sides but only one gixxl harbour may be said to exist on the western • I Montreal— S. S. " Teutonic " bunkering at Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co.s coal towers M mi loa Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines I I I I ^ ^^■v ^^ ■ •h V ^ ^^^Vi^^^H ♦ ^»i3— » '""'JW^ . .1 Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co. — Discharging and bunkering plant at Quebec. Canada: Navioatio.v, Railways and Steamboat Li.\es «o3 I I side. At its eastern end, the inlet of Bras D'Or enters the north eastern side of the island, and forms a lake alxjut 45 miles in length, which is continued by a cut named St. Peters Canal. This inlet is navigable from the northeastern side of the island to the entrance of the strait of Canso, on the south western end. 1 he inlet, or Bras D'Or lake affords excellent facilities for commerce and for fishing o|)crations. Several harbours or ports are centres of trade and com- merce and mining oix?rations. St. Peters Canal connects St. Peters bay on the southern side of CajK- Brelon with the Bras D'Or lakes. It crossesan isthmus. St. Peters half a mile wide. anat Lines ii large coal-shipping port. The water area uf the harbour ist about ia square miles, with a depth available of 46 feet at high water and 43 feet, low water. The port is a terminal of the lntera>lonial Railway and the railway pier has a depth of 34 feet of water alongside for 300 feet in length of the pier, at high water. The Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company I has extensive steel works at this port and two large piers, one 900 feet long, water 38 feet at high water. Storage pcjckcts for coal with capacity of 5,000 tons, the other pier is 650 feet Dominion Coal Co. — Compreasor Houw. obtain their bunker coal at this port. The lights are Low point light, east side of entrance to Sydney, latitude 40" 16' 13", longitude 60° 7'/' 33," with a fog alarm building and a marine telegraph and signal-station; Sydney range lights — front light on a point south side of west arm of Sydney harbour, back light half mile, 59° west from front light ; there is also a gas and whistling buoy near Low point moored in 19 fathoms of water, and a gas buoy near Sydney southeast bar, moored in 7H fathoms of water. North Sydney harbour is a safe harbour, easy of access for vessels of all sizes and draught ; it is the most important port of North call for ocean vessels on their way Sydney to other ports in the eastern Harbour. waters of Canada, as well as a Draeger Apparatus — Helmet type — Dominion Coal Co. Uraeger .Apparatus — Mouth-brrath!ng type — Dominion Coal Co. long. The depth of water between the two piers is 28 feet. Chutes for discharging coal are located on the shorter pier. There is a breakwater cast of these piers, about 1,500 feet in length, with 16 feet depth of water alongside for 300 feet. There is also a marine railway at which vessels of 250 tons can be hauled out. North Sjdney roads afford good open anchorage with off-shore winds; these roads are much used by vessels seeking freight, and vessels anchoring are "xempt from port charges. The harbour Canada: NAViiiATioN. Raii.wavs and Stf.ambhat I.ixks I (15 is under control of Harlmur Commissioners. The lights are the same as for the p«)rt of Sydney. Louisburg Harlxiur is south of Sydney har- Ixjur. Its entrance is from the Atlantic Ocean. in latitude 45" 55' N. and lojji- Louisburg tude 59° 58' \\. Jiie entrance Harbour. is lK>tween Lixhthouse |x)int and Woclcy and liittcry islands and is about .V* cablet, wide, but tl.c navigable channel is 3 cables wide. Within the entrance, south- west arm continues westward over one mile, with a general width of .^ or 4 cables; the water in this arm is from 25 to 44 fathoms and in the harbour is deep water in all jwrts. The lights i're, Louisburg light on the north side of the entrance to the harlH)ur. in Latitude 45° 54' 35" N. Longitude sy" 57' 15" \V., and is a fixed white light, visible i6 miles, a diaphone fog alarm is also opi'rateuisburg; and still further east is Mira l>ay; dabarus liay is west of I^misburg harlHiur. These two bays are the princi|>al indentations of the c(W8t of CajK- Breton Islan<| on the southeast coast. The contour line of soundings averages 40 fathoms of water along the coast until the strait of Canso is reached. This coast is indented by numerous small bays and harlxiurs. An imixirtant headland is Cape Canso at the entrance of the strait and north-west of this headland is Checlabucto bay. From Cape Canso at] 2*M59— 7 Blast furnaces Nova Scotia Stwl and Coal Company, Sydney Mines, Cape Breton. lo6 Canada: Navkiation, Railwayh and Steamboat Lines 11 Ore (lischarKinK and coal loading piers— Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Co., North Sydney, C.B. to Halifax, the coast contains a numlwr of coves and small harlx)urs. Halifax Harl)our is one of the finest and safest harbours in the world. It is open ail the year round, and has direct communica- Halifax tion with all important ports of Harbour. the world, by sailing vessels. Steamlxiat lines communicate with ports on the American continent, intcroccanic and coast ports. The entrance of the harbour lies between Devil's island and Chebucto head; it is 5'* miles wide extending in a north-westerly direction for about li^i miles to the head of Bedford basin. From Georges island to the narrows — a distance of s miles — the harlxiur is about three quarters of a mile wide, with a depth of water of from lo to 14 fathoms at low tide, and gcxxl anchorage ground, but at the narrows, the harlx)ur con- tracts to about one quarter of a mile and then expands into Bedford basin, which has an area of 10 s(|uare miles, completely landlocked. The Citadel is 127 feet alxAe the sea at high water and with its flagstaff, is a leading landmark, easily rectjgnisetl by a vessel off the entrance of the harbour. A gun is firetl at the Citadel at noon, mean time of the 60th meridian, equivalent to 4 h. om., OS., C.reenwich mean time. There are lighthouses in the harbour and immetliate approches, three of which have also fog-alarm buildings. The wharf accomotlation is spacious. Halifax harlx)ur has also one of the largest graving-docks on the continent. This graving dock is 600 feet long, with a frontage of 850 feet ; water from 36 to 51 feet at low tide. Breadth of entrance to the graving dock is 87"^ feet, with a depth of 30 feet on the sill, at high water, equipped with ample plant of a modern des- cription for executing extensive repairs to steam vessels. Canada: Navigation, Railways ani> Stkamkmt Link INRI* 107 Men-of-war in Halifax harlMur, from QueU-c S. S. Company'. CirruUr. i 2«459-7j "''"^'"'' ^''^■""^' ^' " ■^'"""' '^'■'"''''•" " '" <''>-<'«^'=- tod Casaoa: Navh-.ation, Railwavh asi> Stkamb«>.\i l.l>Kll .11 11 The naval cliH-kyanl at Halifax in ntmlle(l liy the I)e|xirtnn'nt of Marine and Kiithcriw ami hax a length of a,7«)o lineal feet ami the depth of water iit from ia'» to ^ feet; the crane ei|ui|>- ment at the dock will lift fmm J to 15 torn*. Halifax \» a terminal of the Intercolonial Railway. At C'amiK-rilown near Halifax i* a time titation and u wirclcsd station, l)y which the time in dimributetl to veiwels at Kea, within the wme of the Marconi Htation. The distances from Halifax to jxirts in (Ireat Britain and continental i>orts where steamlxwt lines are running, are as follows; Halifax to Liver|XM)l 2,485 miles; to London 2,719 miles; to Queenstown 2,255 miles; to Cilasgow 2,408 miles; to Antwerp 2,759 miles; to Havre 2,6Ho miles; and to Hamburg ,^.026 miles. From Halifax to Cape SaMc on Cape Sable Island the extreme western jiart of Nova Scotia a numl)er of harlxjurs are »ituate |M>inl*. It is f>pen to the southeast but CnMw islami acts as a breakwater. A very large fleet of fishing Hch(M>ners of the liest tyix- is owned, manned and outfitted at this |)ort licsides a numlicr of fishing lM«ts. The fishing vessels range from 10 to 110 tons net. and the crews numlier from S to 5 in the small vessels anil from 15 to 22 in the large schooners. The value of fresh, pickled, dried ami canneurs an s and ves- sels are left high and dry until the tide rises again. Halifax— Red Crow Line steamers leaving port— G. S. Campbeil.& Co.'s wharf. Tanaha: Navioatios. Raii.wavm amd j^tkamboat I tSK* 109 Con»umrr« Cordane Co., Halifax. Halifax, N.S.— Wharves at deep water. no Canada: N'AviiiATioM, Railwava ami* Stkam»»ai Linkd i ! ' 8 I i Th»< iifihjnlili-tlcd vUta o( the l«»vcly A.iiupolU Valk-y. Ik'iwecn Yarmouth cm what is calliil the ■MUthcaitt (tKiHt of Nova Stxitia to the riNtHt of New Bruniiwick on :he Bay aa- tfie Annaimliit Uitiin, Minait kmin, ChiKntt-to luiy ami Cumlier- lancl iMitin. Amheritt in Nuva Scotia iit at the head of navixation. The PeticDtliae river i» an arm or entuary of ('higne<'tay and is navigable for a distance of 35, miles, by vemielH of ordinary drauKht, at high water and for a tlistance of 12 miles farther by light draught vesseU. On this river is Moncton in New Brunswick, a converging |)oint for several railnxids and will \k- the eastern terminal of the (".rand Trunk Parific Transcon- tinental Railway. The Bay of Funtly is ur Harbour, is side, comn-xlious ami always N.B. accessible, lue tide rises and falls III the harlMiur of St. John from 20 feet at ordinary neap ti. S. S. Co.— Beautiful Bear River, ncene of the picturesque annual chercy carnival. • ! (*AM«M: .\.%Vlfi«Tlf»i, KAII.WAVM A!»D StKAMKUT LIMM I ! ! i line of the Dominion Atlantic Ry. S. S. Company. tia Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Liner luu niiU'if uf apple lilussoms in the Evangciine country. I ntcTcolonkl Railway — Entrance to St. John, N.B. Canada: Navk;ation, Railways and Steamboat I.inf.s "3 nels, known as the east and wi-st, one on each side of the island. The east channel is «ing at the company's wharf and at the I'nion wharfs. The conveyor is i,8(M) feet long along the front of the wharfs. The capacity of the elevator is 1,032,000 bushels and is in constant use, during the winter season by trans:itlantic steamers. Excellent cattle sheds are connectwl with the Canadian Pacific Railway wharfs, so arranged that cattle are taken into them from the cars at one side, and driven alx)ard the vessels from the other side. The Intercolonial Railway has connected with its terminal wharf at York point, an ele- vator with .T caiwrity nf 5(«),(K)n bushel?, cquippeti with all the facilities for handling grain. The lights on the approaches and harbour are: one at Tiner point approaching with a fog alarm, latitude 45° 9' 22", longitude 66° 11' 22"; submarine l)ell off Negro head. Partridge island; lighthouse in the harbour, latitude 45° 14' 7", longitude 66° 2' 45"; Negro point lighthouse; light on a beacon in the harlxwr; one also on the Intercolonial Railway wharf and one .u Reed's point. A bell boat with gas lantern is anchored off Partridge island and a gas buoy off Negro Point. From St. John to Liverpool the distance is 2,710, to Dublin 2,645, to Belfast 2..'573. '" Manchester 2,745, t<> London 2,944. Fn St. John, the coast continues in a westerly direction until Passamaquoddy ba> or inlet is reached. This inlet trends in a northeriy direction and its waters are neutral between the United States and Canada. On the western side of the inlet is the St. Croix river, the natural Ijouiulary line between the United States and Canada. The port of St. -Andrews, Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines IIS a favorite summer resort, is on the western side of the bay. and alnne it is St. .Stephens. In the Bay of Fundy are several islands at which fog alarm stations have been established, viz: Brier islancl near the Nova Scotia coast, Grand Manan and Machias, Seal island within the coast line of .New Brunswick. The Bay of Fundy from the western part of .\ova Scotia to the head is aljout loo miles in length and has an average breadth of 30 miles. Off the .Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia is Sable island. Two light stations are estab- lished on it; one on the west end, latitude 43° 56' 38". longitude 60° 6' 39", one on the east end, latitude 43° 58' 22", longitu.l ^(f 44' 2'. There are six reilef stations on thi land connected b/ telephone and patrols, and ilinr life-saving stations. A dangerous submerged bar extends 17 miles northwesterly and west- 1 terly, and one at least 14 miles easterly beyond the east light. The remaining waters to be described are the strait of Canso and Northumberland strait. The strait of Canso has Strait its entrance between Chedabucto of Canso. bay on the coast of the mainland of Nova Scotia and St. Peters inlet on the coast of Cape Breton island. The strait of Canso continues in a northerly direc- tion to George bay. The depth of water in the strait is from 10 to 20 fathoms, and the rise and fallof the tide4 feet, .p'ings, and 2 feet neaps. George bay is a wide I .• - and is an inlet from the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the southern side of the Gulf. The depth of water in the bay is from 17 to iS fathoms in the centre, but im- mediately around the shores, the water shal- lows. The strait of .Northumberland trends in a north westerly direction between the province of Prince Edward Island and the Strait of northern coasts of .Nova Scotia Nortlium- and New Brunswick. The depth berland. of water of the strait varies greatly in depth, ranging from 6 to 22 fathoms. The rise and fall of the tide is irregular, being 3'i feet, spring tide and 2 feet neaps at East point and q'i feet springs and 8 feet neaps, in Chariottetown harbour. Prince Edward Island has two fine harlmurs, one at Georgetown open all the year round and one at Chariottetown. The narrowest part of the strait is Ijetwecn Cape Traverse, P.E.I. , and Cape Tormentine, N.B. Winter communication is maintained by powerful steamers which carry pas.sengers and freight between the harbours of Georgetown and Pictou, N.S., in winter, and .fine steamers Ix-'tween Chariottetown and Pirtou and lietween Summerside on the west coast of P.E.I, and Shediac, X.B., in summer. These steamers are screw boiits with excellent equipment and accom in Belle Isle strait, St. Paul island at the entrance to the C.uIf,Charlottetown, Halifax, and St. John, N.B. Ice Conditions in Canadian Eastern ; Wateps. The deep water harlx)urs on the Atlantic coast and Bay of Fundy are open all the year round, but floating ice from the Atlantic northern waters and from the Coast and northern part of the Ciulf of St. Bay of Liiwrence sometimes obstructs Fundy. and entirely bl(Kks navigation until a change of wind takes place. During spring and autumn, the navigation is rendered difficult; it is closed entirely in winter from the latter part of December Gulf of until the early part of April. St. Law- Within the last two years, the rence Ice Government icebreaking steamer Condition. 'Montcalm" has made successful trips from Qucliec to Seven Islands, in the western part of the Gulf. Navigation between Cieorgetown in Prince Edward Island and Pictou, Nova Scotia, in the Strait of Northumberland, is regula.ly kept up by daily communication, by steamers specially built for ice navigation in the passeng-r and freight traffic. Occasionally the steamers are beset by floating ice which moves backwards and forwards with the tides and winds. 1 he month of March is generally the most trying owing to heavy ice which finds its way south from the northern part of the Gulf. Maritime VV.vters ok British Columbia, Pacific Coast. Juan de Fuca Strait is formed between the south coast of Vancouver Island and the main- land of the State of Washington. The breadth of the Strait between Cape Flattery, its south- ern |3oint of entrance, and Bonilla point on Vancouver Island is The breadth of the Strait for sixty miles easterly averages 12 miles. At its eastern part are channels leading in or outwards between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Coulmbia and among the Haro archipelago, and southward to the coast Juan de Fuca Strait. 13 miles. f1 IIA Canada: Navhiathin, Railways ami Stkamboat Lines of the United States, by Admiralty inlet and Puget Sound. The Strait a!oni; the southern part of Vancou- ver Island ointains several inlets in which harlx)urs are liK-ated. The most important of these Iiarbours are Victoria and Esquimalt. Victoria harbour has its entrance lietween Ogden and Maclaughin points. The entrance to the harlx)ur is shoal, narrow Victoria and intricate, l)ut there is suffi- Harbour. cient depth of water f(»r ocean- going vessels to enter the outer harlH)ur and berth at two wharfs called the ocean docks, where the general depth of water is ,v^ fuet at low water, except at one place where it is 26 feet at low water. Vessels calling at Victoria for orders or cargo, are not recom- mendetl to anchor off the entrance of the harbour owing to the cxi)osed |)osition, but gofxl anchor- age will I)e found during the summer months in the Royal Roads, with from 12 to 20 fathoms of water, and gcxxl holding ground, and in winter Esquimalt harbour, about two miles distant from Victoria harbour, affords good anchorage and .shelter in from 5 to 8 fathoms, with mud lx)ttom. Vessels drawing from 14 to 15 feet or there- alHiuts, may enter Victoria harbour lietween Beren's island and Shoal |X)int, in a channel of alx)ut 4(K) feet in width with a depth of 17 feet at low water. At high tide vessels drawing 17 feet may enter the inner harlxjur. After passing Laurel [xiint the harbour exjiands into what is named James bay, which is well sheltered and vessels lie with sitfety at the wharfs along the city. The wharfs in Victoria are dividetl into three groups; the outer wharfs, sometimes called the ocean dix-ks, are used by ocean-going steamers. The lights are: one on Brotchie ledge, with a fog alarm, at the entrance to Victoria harlxiur Canadian I'acific Ry. Co. — S. S. " Princess Charlotte " — Vancouver, Victoria and Seattle route. Canada: Naviuation, Railways and Stkamboat \a\fm 119 in latitude 4«'' 24' 20", longitude 123" 23' 40' ; one on Bcren'g island, western entrance to harliour: one on Shoal pi.int in Victor!" ha'jMJur; one on Middle rock, Victoria harlxjur; one on laurel |)«)int, Vic'oria harlN>ur; one on Trial islands, and one on Discovery islanh bay is the outer anchorage, Vancou\er harbour and Port Mixnly being inside what is called the first narrows. The , depth of water in F:nglish bay is from 5 to <> fathoms and the channel entering False creek : is from '2 to 1 fathom at low water; the spring tides rise 13 feet and the neap tides 11 feet. False creek is us«l by light draft vessels only. Two mring buoys have lK>en placwl, one on each si Sokohunia 4.jK.. Manasaki 5..,jK " " SliailKllai 5..',io " " HonK KoiiK .i.Hoo " " .\iu-klam] t>.2o5 " •' Sydney 0.848 — Bcaron Hill I'ark, Viitoria, B.C. The strait of (ieorgia may throughout In- said to measure some 60 miles in length, and on Iwith the southern and northern The Strait shores of Vancouver island and of Georgia, mainland shores shelter can Ix- found every where. On the south shore lies Nanaimo. l-adysmith. Departure l)a\- and Oyster harliour. Nanaimo harliour is in latitude 4(>° 10' N., longitude 12,^° 57' W., on the eastern side of \'ancou\er island anti is entered Nanaimo between lighthouse and (iabriola Harbour. islanint in 10 to 15 fathoms of watiT. Thi- harln.ur affoKJ, s.fi- anchorage. iK-inR well protected from wimls from all quarters. I)e|K,rture Lay is also iKirt of the harlHHirand is connecti^d liy Kxit channel, a stretch of water 1'. miles long and alHUit one cable in breadth, with a depth of 14 feet at low water. The entrance from the (ailf of C.eorKia to Departure bay is Utween Boulder |K.int, a steep cliff on the north end of Newcastle isl.in.l ' and Jess island, a small islami to the northwar.l ' of Newcastle island. Departure bay affords room for a larxe number of vessi-ls to anchor in from 18 ti> 25 fathoms of water. The tide* in the harlnmr are very irregular and springs rise approximately 10 ftrl. The large wharfs in the harlMiur are ust-*! for shipping coid, the main exi)orts of the |X)rt. In a.ldition to full cargms many steamers get bunker coid. Chemainus, now the s«'at of one of the wealthiest lumtKr industries in British Columbia is a well sheltere- (Kissjige Queen is but three f|iiarters of a mile in Charlotte wi( 20459— 8 J Kaian island, where the width is alxjut a half a mile. .\t Pari/eau jx.int, on the s;im..- shore, the entrance widens to half a mile. At Pilsbury IK-int on the same side, the entrance expands to about a mde and continues this width for some distance along the front of the town The water north and east of the town is about 20 fathoms dci-p. and „pp,^iu- the town, from 2^ to 1; fathoms in the channel and about 6 fathi.nis alongside the wharf. The wharf at Prince Ru,xTt is about i.sck) teet along the water front, with two sheds on it The anchorage in the harlwur is g.Hxl for vessels of any size and .Iraught. Range lights are placed on Coast island in line with the a.ursc used by vessels from the north. These lights are ni latitude 54° ,2' 4,", |„ngitude I ^o° 19' 53 ■ Acetylene buo>s are located near C-eorgia ««4 Caxaha: NAVir.ATin«(, Raii.wavh asi> Stkambdat Link* : mrk, Spirr M^v, Barrvit HN-k, HiillaiHi i»land ami Canry piHnt. Theat* biMtyit iihuw HaithinK liKht*. A liKhthouM* luwir i* Mtuaiol on thf wmt side of ihe northcrnmoitt iitlunil of l^wyrr Mand* in Matat-ra iMMiagr, laiiliulf 54° (>' 5N", bngitude i,v>° 3o' 47". At Prinif RupiTt a DtHiiinion lighihouM- am) buoy ikfiiol ha* rtHt-ntly turn complcUtl by ihf Department of Marine ami Finheriei*. The depot is for the if Rritiiih Coluniliia and in Ux-ated on Digby iNliind, which, with Kaian iwland and mainlami fornitt the harUiur of I'rimv Ku|HTt. The iiite mntainN aUiut h m-tv* on the ithore of Cacey eove, |)erfeliei>. The |M>wer houm- containing an electric light plant, pumft* arul machinery and aliu> buoy xhed. Mo ft. x 40 ft. with a 2u ton travelling crane for handling the biioyH. Track Ik laid Utween the variiaiH liuildingN and along the treMtle t■ 40 fi-el and has a depth of water, at low tide, of iN feet. IMottimr^ Irtun Pftn f Hiliirrt II Ynltohitni.! iHiM Kuiw ^.t%o Mit«u( I'riiHv Ku|NTt U hwi Sim|i«..n. one frf lh«' Ihi.i harlHturo on ihi- iimkI, ttritiirtiil frimt all wimU «)mi|ii wt»t wJiuU, wlii« h M'lilom lAm. Tlu- hiirUmr fnilirarc*. an an-a of 4 M|Uarc niilfH of waltr fnmi 4 to jo faihonc tkrf>. Thi- HritiHli ('olimiliia (iKiiti (i>ntiiiu«« wimi diMtaiU'f farihir north in Chatham m.iiixI anil iticlucl.!. ihr Diitxlai* islamU, Zayax ami oihtT JKlandx. Dixon i-ntranrc, Uiwi-in gut-en Charloiti* iMlatulN ami I'rintv of \Vah'» ixlaiul, ii» a ItriMiil intrann- from thi- I'adfic Oit-an an«l mcrKi'H into HrownH PaHKiRc In-lwifn S«f|)hi-nH ami MiUilk. iRJamln. Wry dirp wairr in foiiml in Dixon cnirantv until tho tiintour line of thi- coant \n rcachtHl. In Hrown PaHMiKi- it Ik not mi (Itfj) hut rangts from id to ia6 faihomx in the passuno to Chatham souml. Wwt (if the inner channiU dcM-rilKfl on tin- course lietween Vanit.uvtT and I'rime Ru|R-ri. a nuitilH-r of lanje islands lif on the east coiwi • w Juiin de FiK-a Mrail when- thin drMription li»'j{an. An im|M>riani M>uml yt mile* we»i »( the eniram-e i>f the ntrait ii. Barkdy MMiml. Ii i» 14 milen wide and praiieally rclainn thU *irtant industries, notahly the lutnlier in- dustry and coal trade which carry on their business to a large extent by towing. The fishing imlti^try is ais., .kxpiy intcn-stetl in the tide, not only on the Fraser and Skeena ri\ers where numerous large canne-ics are 136 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines located, but also on the long natural channels and sheltered passages. On the outer coust of Vancouver Island the tide has a rise of from lo to 12 feet. Among the islands of the Gulf of Georgia and in the strait, the lean rise is 12 to 13 feet. At Port Essington on the Skeena river the rise at the springs is 21 feet while Port Simpson has 19 feet, and Prince Rupert, the terminal of the Grand Trunk Pacific, 5% more. The range of the tide at the head of the long inlets or channels is only 2 to 12 per cent, greater than at their mouth, while the time of high and low water is practically the same. One difficulty met with in navigation on the Pacific coast is the very strong tidal currents in the various passes and narrows; so strong that in some of them navigation is only possible at slack water. The most important of these is the far-famed Seymour Narrows, where there is a current of 7 to 12 knots. The Yuculta, largely used by tugs in towing logs, has a current almost as strong. In Active and Porlier passes on the route from Vancouver to Victoria the current runs from 5 to 7 knots. As these passes can only be navigated at slack water, except by vessels of high speed, the time of the turn of the current is important. In this connection the Tidal and Current Survey include in their Tide Tables the time of slack water in these passes and narrows, based upon observations obtained at each locality. Tide gauges are kept in continuous operation at Clayoquot, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Victoria, Vancouver, Prince Rupert and Port Simpson. The Tide Tables issued by this Survey are published in two sets, one including the harbours of Elastern Canada and the other those on the Pacific coast; and besides giving the time of the tide at the principal harbours, these tables give a series of "differences" by which the time of high and low water at intermediate ports can be readily and accurately determined. Principal Northern Waters. Hudson bay, not including James bay, has a length of 500 miles and a width of 500 miles. Hudson strait, from Button islands to the west coast of Mansfield island, is 480 miles long. Roughly speaking, from the Atlantic ocean, through the strait, and across the bay to Church- hill, the distance is 1,000 miles. The width of the strait is from 30 to 40 mil ^s at the entrance between Button islands and Resolution island; farther west the width is 84 miles, and at the western end of the strait, 70 miles. Frobisher bay, on the east side of Baffin island, is 150 miles deep with an average width of 30 miles. CumWrland gulf is 170 miles deep by an average width of 40 miles. Lancaster Sound is about 1,000 miles long from east to west, with an average width of 40 miles, and is the only northwest passage for deep-draught vessels. Jones Sound, north of North Devon island, is about 300 miles long by about 30 miles wide. Intercolonial Railway — The harbour of St. John. if Canada: Navication, Railways and Steamboat Lines 127 Aids to Navication Maintained nv the Dominion of Canada. The aids to navigation in Canadian waters are established and maintained by the Depart- ment of Marine and Fisheries. They consist of hydrographic surveys and charts, lighthouses, pole lights, concrete Ixiacon sand day beacons !iKht"d and unlighted, and including acetylene litrht*.) buoys, combined lighted acetylene and >\,irrii ig buoys, automatic whistling and bell I1U05 conical and tubular buoys of large size, pat buoys and buoys of various shapes and sizes. Other aids are lightships, submarine warning stations, wireless telegraphy stations, land telegraph stations, signal stations of several kinds, storm warning stations, meteorological stations and magnetic observatories, time balls, ice-breaking steamers, tide gauges, tide tables, tidal currents reports, coast pilots with sailing directions, notices to mariners and life-saving stations. Quarantine stations and marine hospitals are also maintained. The lighthouses have distinctive characteristics, viz.: fixed ights, re- volving lights and flash lights. Two systems are used, dioptric or lense lights and catoptric or reflector lights. Dioptric lights have in most locali- ties been substituted for catoptric lights. The work of substituting dioptric for catoptric lights is being carried on continuously. Lighthouse Improvements. The subject of lighthouse illumina- tion has, in recent years, received special and most careful attention. The installation of more powerful lights at many of the most impor- tant stations along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, Bay of Fundy and Great Lakes, made it necessary for the department to build more ex- pensive and a better class of towers. The greater weight and size of the new lanterns required more stable structures, where new towers were erected, and the strengthening and raising of old towers. It was imperative to guard against vibration as far as possible, and this led to the more extensive use of masonry and the introduction of concrete reinforced with steel, instead of wooden structures. Cape Race tower was the first reinforced concrete tower and supports one of the largest lanterns produced by Messrs. Chance Bros, and Co., of Birmingham, England. The light is elevated 165 feet above high water mark, and the lantern is 17 feet I J inches in diameter, having an illuminator or mantle 85 millimeters in diameter. It is fitted with the incandescent vapour oil system and has a hyper-ratlial single flashing apparatus of 1,330 m.m. focal distance. Rcinfnrrcd concrete tower with flying buttresses, well-known type of Canadian lighthouses. 2» Tanada: Navk.ation, Railways and Sthamboat Lines ^1. .9 e 3 e .9 •o •Ji Canada: Navicjation, Railways and Stfamboat Links 139 ronsistinK of four panels of 90 degrees horizontal angle. The light is also floated on mercury antl oijerated !)>■ clock work mechanism, the flash occurring every five seconds with an interval of darkness. The light should Ix; seen nineteen miles at sea hut has Ix-en observed at a much greater distance. It is classed amongst the most powerful of lights, the candle power lieing 1 ,000,000 candles. The changes in lights consist of replacing old- fashioned lanterns by new and mtxlern ones, with incandescent mantle bu.aers and vapour- izcd oil as the source of light; other changes art being made by replacing some lights by others of greater magnitude having the siime kind of opti- cal apparatus, but with more distinctive features. Acetylene as an illuminant, from calcium carbide, has l)een largely introtluced in unwatched towers and l)eacons. It is used entirely in the lighted buoys of Canada. The following table may form an interesting study for the mariner who is constantly called upon to make comparisons between lights and to note their distinctive character: — .Xppro.ximatk candle power of dioptric flashing apparatus usi-d in Canadian lighthouses. Burner un«l. Camllf {Miwrr UyiNrr-radUl Kir»l S-ronil. , . Thinl Fourth.., Single flashing. . . 85 m.m. vapour. . . , »s Double Triijle Uuitilruptr SiHKle Double Triple Quadruple Single. . Double Triple Uuadrupli SitiKle Double Tripli' Uuuilruplt- Sinsle Double Triple C>uu(Jru|>le Kmall 5.S ss J5 1.000,000 450.000 45^.000 J4o,ooo fbo.oon J70,(ioo i 70.000 ijS.ooo gs.ooo lOO.IHMI 100,1)00 55.000 40.000 fJO.OOO rM>. JS.ooo 25.000 JS.OOO i5.ooo 15,000 11,000 Catoptric revolving lights have a power of less than 5.000 c.p. By substituting an oil vapour I Three lightships in tow of C. G. steamer " Druid." 13P Canada: NAVuiATioN, Railways and Stkamboat Links : ■'ti'l ■ ? 1 .^^ jH^ N ■ ■ " ' ^^B , • f ■« ^ .a .2 Canada: NAVKiATioN, Railways, and Stkamboat I,im:s J.1I •- burner for a circular wick l)urni'r of >amc dia- meter, the |H)wer of an apparatus is increasetl alMiut three and one-half times. The light stations of the department now numlier about one thousaml, an«l ai)out twelve hundred separate lights are shown from light- houses. Nature of Typks of Imi'rovkd Aids to Navi(;at"i\. The nature of the improved types of aids to navigation will be interesting to marine: s, ship- owners, insurance companies and others con- cerned in shipping. The diaphone h;'.j proven i'l Canadian water-, to Ik? superior to the siren or .'xplosive fog signals, though very much smaller in size Diaphone. and weight than the Scotch siren. The experience of the Marine De- partment with compressed air horns, steam whistles and explosive fog alarms was unsatis- factory. The Scotch siren which had been in use in Great Britain and considered the most eflfective sounding instrument at one time, was Ice-breaking steanuTs at Port .Arthur, adopted at two of the most imixirlanl stations on the .■\tlantic coast and the St. I.awrence river. The compressed air horn gave surprisingl\- gocxl results in calm weather, but did not force the .sound through external n-e heard at a greater distance. The siren ojier- atcd by 14) hf>rse-power, was heard 5} mile?* from the station, »Ke diaphone was heard 6) miles, but only required I J horse-jMiwer to ojx-r- ate it. The superiority of the diaphone was shown in every respect, taking up lcs.s space and Ix-ing operated at much less ex|x;nse. The use of the diaphone has proved that it is less likely to gel out of order than other aerial signals ami not so liable to uncertainty of sound, owing to its even- ness of pilch. The diaphone has l)een develoixid. until it has reached a greater state of efficiency and perfec- tion than when first introduced by the depart- ment. Its operations are carefully noted by the departmental officers, and, it has been ascer- tained that the notes are distinguishable from the noises made by the sea on ledges and shoals, and by wind on the sea. The same results were not obtained, in all cases, with the siren and ex- plosives. Acting upon ihe discovery of the suix'riority Submarine warning bell detached from Ixittom of 1:iiu\ . .\ir compressor and pneumatic code-ringer. of the diaphone, the department replaced a large number of other fog signals by the diaphone and is continuing to establish, at other points, this ty{)c of warning. About eighty-two diaphones arc now in use in the Dominion of Canada, varying from i}-inch to 5-inch diaphones, and several more will be put in operation before the end of the season of navigation of 1912, which will make the total number established and to be operated in the near future, about ninety. The stations are located in the main waterways of Canada. The other fog alarms of the Dominion consist of a small number of sirens and a number of fog horns, operated by steam. The difficulties attending navigation in the Bay of Fundy on account of frequent fogs, have li io I } I « 1 ; 11 I m Canada: Navkiatidn, Rak-wavs ami Sthambhat Links EliHirir nubmarinc bi'll. Pneumatic submarine bell. Dirocfinn [niiiratt*r H(ix. Bell buoy submarine attarhmeni Ijolted in place on bottom of liuoy. Canada: NAVitiATioN, Railways and Steamboat I.ine!i >3» r been largely <»vcrromc by the aid oi the sel» are never out of range of Muind of thew inittnimentH, from the entrance of the Iwy until the harlxmr of Si. John i« rcarhes, show a light of from «25 to i,o(>,^ candle power and with the sounding ple to a light- ship. The greater eHiciency of these buoys has Beacon — British Columbia. Gaa and whistling buuy, Nova Scotia Coa>t. only lieen arrived at by careful observation of the defitts of the automatic buoys formerly in use, and step by step have the improvements l)een thought out and adopted. It was not imtil the su()eriority of the acetylene buoy as now constructed, with low pressure gas, genera- titl directly from calcium carbide in the buoy, was Iwyond dispute, that the combined buoys were adopted and, as they marl. ,' l>rratlni Nut I J— Slop lollur li— ^.^)^^^^ |M>un(ls wlu-n fully rh.irKid; draft. J(i fii-l H ini-|i»-s; tiitaj ari-a of \vlii>ilf tiil«>, 2$ Mjiiarc ftft; si/c of whisllr. IH incliis; Iu■i^;l1t of final plaiif, 2<) ftvl 7 iiulus; lanUTi), 5(H) ni.m.: camlli' (H>»iT. i.o^t.v The lijrhl tan U- strn uncItT favourable tir«uni!.laiues tweiily miles. With the iHVultinK liyhl, a full charne, say .^,500 IMtumts of earliide. >liou!(l show a liuoy measures q feet (»} int hes in diameter with the parts eorresiMmdiuKly smaller exeeplinj; the nas ^,'eneraIor, whieh is larjje enough 10 conl.iiii ,?.,So<) (Huinds of earliide. As the suhjeet here dealt with is the ini- prove\ . wilii a eounter- weiKhi attached for the puriMiM.- of keeping the buoy upright. A grate is plaee the "Outer automatic"— Halifax, Nova Scotia. Canada: Navigation. Railways and Steamboat Link INKS J Steamer "Lady Grey" worlcinn in packed ice The ordinary Willson acetylene buoys are now made of ihree sizes: No. 7 J B, 8 feet 6 inches diameter: carliide charge, 1,300: height of focal plane, q feet 10 inches; lantern. 200 m.m.: candle power 140, through a lens. With occulting light the charge is supjiosed to last six months. The other sizes are Nos. «} B and No. oj B with a somewhat larger diameter res- IKCtively than .No. 7} B and shov ing more |x)w- erful lights. The charge of carliide for No. 9I B, weighs 3,500 pounds and is suppose!» in distress, in the vicinity of a submarine warning station can tell by the distinctive bounds of the Htation the latitude and longitude and call to their aid other vessels by wireless teiegraph. Having a kmjw- ledge of the approximate position to start with, the wireless telegraph can l)e used to bring assist- ance from vessels at sea or to communicate in- telligence to the shore. The important aid of our wireless stations has been recognized by the shipping interests gener- ally, therefore up to date improvements in connection with them receive prompt consider- ation. On the (ireat Lakes the [)cpartment has lately erectetl four stations connecting (HH)rgian Bay with Pet Arthur, and already arc the lake steamers twing equipped with the necewwry appliances for communication. \ LitiHT StATIO\9, LWIIITS, LlC'.HTSHlPA, FOO At-AIIMS ANU C,A«* BlOVS, CoMHINKU GaS AND WaRM.VU BlOVit. For convenience, the list is made up of aids in the waters under He|>arate districts of the Department. In the maritime waters of New Brunswick, which include the Bay of Fundy, part of North- umlierland strait, Chaleur liay and harlxwrs of the province, are established 117 light stations, showing 147 lights. The fog alarms numlier 17, an'l one submarine warning station at Negro head in the Bay of Fundy. In addition there are gas and combined gas and whistling buoys, auto-matic unlighted whistling and bell buoys. Owing to the waters of New Brunswick and Nova Scctia Ix-inx contiguous in the Bay of Fundy, the buoy service is included in one dis- trict. This district is No. 1, and in its waters are IcKated 31 combined gas and whistling buoys, h combined gas and licll buoys and 15 gas buoys without warning ap|)aratus and numerous unlighted steel and wixxlen buoys. In Nova Scotia watirs on the .Atlantic ojast, strait of Canso, Bay of Fundy, and part of m Twi'nt> ton rock cutter wt>rking at Cap-ik-la-Roche Si. Lawrence river. A i i Autumatic Acetylene ga> and whirling buoy CAMAMt NaVMATION, RAILWAY!! AKB fyTRAMMAT LiNBt HS i. Northumberkimi •trait, are Mtabtiahed 141 light •totionn, ahowing a7i light*. Cape Race, New- (.Hindland, i» inrlus, 36 gas lHH)ys and nuim-rous stee! and wixMlen unlighted buoys. The Montreal district includes the St. I^w- rencc river aliove yueliec as far as Coleau and the Ottawa river. In this district are 115 light stations, showing iga lights. The St. I^wrencc river between ^ueliec and Montreal contains the greatest numlier owing to the fact that large ocean steamship navigation to Montreal is so important at night as well as in daylight. Alxjve Montreal on the way to the (Ireat Lakes, the upper St. I^wrence river contains numerous lights and buoys for inland naviga- tion. Un the C>reai I Akn there an aas light •tatioii* ■hawing 31 1 lights, 3a fog alarm station*, 1 light- ship iMi Lake Erie, 7M gas buoys, 1 combined gaa and whistling Inioy and I combined gas ami liell. The district* for the ga* Imoy service i« divided into Presrott, Lake Ontario, I^kc Erie, < A^irgian Bay, Sault Ste. Marie and Pbrt Arthur district*. Manitoba ha* 6 light *tations, showing 11 light*. The British Columbia waters. IVifk- coast, are aH im-lurthern waters of British ColumlHa. British Columbia has fto light sta- tions, showing 101 lights, 36 fog alarm sialicns, lightships, 3 combined gas ami whistling, 3 com- bined gas and bell buoys and iH gas buoys, lie- sides numerous steel and wooden buoys. A«'t- ylene gas lieacims unwatchclsiltt BriiMi t'oiumbia • hiuria (timi Lakni Hydrographic surveys, tidal surveys, wireless telegraphy and fishery protection strvice are umler the Naval Her>i( f Canada. See map at end of the liook showing light- houses and large buoys on the Atlantic roast, Great I^es and Pacific coast of Canada. k 144 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines I \ Area and Resourses of Canada. (8re Resouraes map at the end of Book.) Adverting to inland and maritime navigation it is reasonable to assume that the navigable waters of Canada will be utilized in the future to a much greater extent than they have been in the past. The undeveloped resources of the country are so great, that we can safely conjec- ture that commerce, trade and traffic will increase immensely. The internal intercourse between one point and another must naturally grow, and the conveyance of necessary supplies, for comfort and use in new settlements, folldwing the stream of immigration, will compel the use of our waters and other channels of transporta- tion. The success of industry will provide new products which will require marketing. The map which precedes this division of sub- jects dealt with in this book, and on which, among other valuable information, is graphically indicated the area and extent of mineral, agricul- tural, fishery, forestry and other resources, will convey more to the mind than volumes of text. The forests of the country in unsettled sections are rich in game, and furs must continue to contribute to the wealth of the country. The fertility of the soil of the northwest pro- vinces is not excelled in any part of the continent. A scientific analysis of its constituents has proven beyond a doubt, that it is almost inex- haustible. Prof. Shaw, an authority on soil, has furnished the result of his scientific test of the soilsof Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, an extrac. of which appeared in print in one of the pamphlets descriptive of the country, and is here quoted. "The first foot of soil in the three provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and All)crta, is its greatest natural heritage. It is worth more than all the mines in the mountains from Alaska to Mexico, and more than all the forests from the United States b( undary to the Arctic sea, vast as these are. And next in value to this heritage is the three feet of soil which lies underneath the first. The subsoil is only secondary in value to the soil, for unless the former be of good value, there is a propor- tionate neutralization of the latter. The worth of a soil and subsoil cannot be measured in acres. The measure of its value is the amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash which it contains, in other words, its producing power. Viewed from this standpoint, these lands are a heritage of untold value. Oi.e acre of average soil in the Canadian West is worth more than twenty acres of average soil along the Atlantic seaboard. The man who tills the former can grow twenty successive crops without much diminution in the yields; whereas the person who tills the latter, in order to grow a single remunerative crop, must pay the vendor of fertilizers half as much for materials to fertilize an acre as would buy the acre in the Canadian West." Canada is so well watered th.it where soil is found no arid sections exist. It is true, there are barren lands in the extreme north in the Coppermine river country, but climatic condi- tions are the the cause, even there, large herds of ruminating animals subsist on herbage and grasses, which spring up in the short summer months, and then migrate south and west, to browse upon the trees of the immense forests that extend along the southern parts of Mac- kenzie Territory. Ungava remains unexplored, but enough is known of its forests, fish, streams and minerals to remove all doubt about its wealth of natural resources. Franklin Territory is treeless but the musk ox and caribou are found in large numbers west of Hudson Bay and in the Arctic archipelego. Coal measures of great extent are plainly visible along the northern banksof Banks island, opposite Melville island. The products of the country at the present time, furnish all the proofs necessary to lead to the conclusion that Canada contains all the elements necessary for great prosperity. The question of transportation of her commo- dities by water or rail, must for years to come, furnish problems for the people and the Government. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines i-tS . o S a E o U I ^M If I ' 146 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Stkamboat Lines Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines 147 J • / The total known area of Canada is 3,72«>,665,- ■ square miles, cxflusive of territory between Beaufort sea and Baffin hay, by map measurements, and 2,386,- 9S5.3i»5 acres, also map measure- ment; from this must lie de- ducted 175,000 square miles of By provinces the land and water Area and Resources of Canada. water area. area is as follows :- Lund Acres. Water Acre". Total Acres. Total S(|. Miles. Alberta l6t.S7i,oo« t. 510.400 163.383,400 J.S5,J**.> Brit. Col... 7i6. 186.370 1.560.830 337,747,300 3S5,»SS Manitoba.... 4I.I69.09R 6,019,300 47.188.398 73.733 New Brunswick.. I7.86j.iWi 47 .33 J 17.910.498 37.9*5 Nova Scotia IJ.4«J.67I 330,100 13.713.771 31.428 Ontario ■4I.WS.3jn 35.836,306 166951.636 360.863 P. E. Island 1., 197 .991 335.198,561 3.184 351,873 Quebec Jl8.7j3.687 6,474.874 wan ISS.764.480 S,333.5J" 161,088,000 351.700 Yukon I3I.II3J60 415.380 133,538,640 : 07 ,076 N.W. Terr 1. 196.803 ,300 33.075.300 1.339,878,400 1.931.685 Total... 1.306,501.453 80,483.943 3,386,985,395 3,739.665 According to a table furnished by the Census department, and ba.-ied on the census of 191 1 and reports furnished t)y special officers .n 1908, the area capable of cultivation in the Dominion, not including the Northwest Territories and Yukon, is 358,835,000 acres, or 36 per cent of the total area of the Dominion, y The area of field crops in Canada for the year ending March 31, 191 1, was 32,853.074 acres, valued at local market rates at $565,711,600. The area under wheat was 10,373,958 acres, and the total production was 215,851, (xx) bushels. According to the above statement the area of cultivable land not yet cultivated is 325,981,926 acres, which showb the future possibilities t)f Canada. Field Crops, Approximatklv. According to the estimate made by the Census branch, the yield and value of the field crops of Q;anada in 1911 are as follows: — Buffalo ranch, Pinchcr Oeek, .Alta.— I'rivinK .hr>)Uj,Ii 435 a res of fall wheat. "The field crops of Canatia are shown to have occupied last year a total area of 32,853,074 acres, and their value, calculated at the average local market prices, amounts to $565,711,600. The area under wheat for the year was 10,373,958 acres, of which 1,172,1 19 acres were fall wheat in Ontario and Alberta. The total prcxluction was 215,851,000 bushels of the value of $138,567,000. Fall wheat pi-oduced 26,014,000 bushels — value $21,461,000. Oats occupied 9,219,920 acres, and yielded 348,188,000 bushels of the value of $126,812,000, barley 1,404,352 acres, yielded 40,641, (KX) bushels of the value of $23,004,000 and fla.x 1,131,586 acres, yielded 12,921,000 bushels of the value of $19,467,000. The com- bined area under rye, peas, buckwheat, mixed grains and tlax was 2,480,650 acres, the yield 44,986,000 bushels and the value $41,560,000. Hoed and cultivated crops comprising beans, corn for husking, potatoes, turnips and other I! ifl i ft if Hai-icsting — Dundurn, Sask. 148 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamwmt Lines Oatt— Stony Plain dimrict, Edmonton. roots, except sugar beets, occupied 1,062,972 acres, and yielded 170,884,000 bushels «)f the value of $73,290,000. Sugar l)eet in Ontario and Alberta had an acreage of 20,878 and a yield of 177,000 tons of the value of $1,165,000. Fodder crops, including fwldercorn, hay, clover and alfalfa, show an acreage of 8,290,344, a pro- duction of 15,499,000 tons and a \. 'ue of $161,314,00. Alfalfa, a record of which was taken for the first time, shows an area of 101,781 acres, with a yield of 227,900 tons of the value of $2,249,000. This valuable fodder crop is being grown principally in Ontario, yucljcc and Alberta, the average yield per acre for the whole of Canada being 2i tons." "For the year 1911 the areas from which the yields are calculated are those of the recent Census, and the resulting data are not therefore strictly comparable with the estimates of the three previous jears whir- , re based upon the reports of selected correspondents. It may be mentioned, however, that the area and produc- tion of wheat in 191 1 exceed by over 1,000,000 acres and 65,862.000 bushels the estimates of 1910. A more satisfactory criterion of the differ- ence between the two siasons of 191 1 and 1910 is affordetl by the a\erage rates of > it-id jxr acre, which for fall wheat was 22.19 bushels in 1911 against 23.49 in 1910, spring wheat 20.63 against I5.53. oats 37.76 against 32. 79. barley 28.94 against 24.62 and flax 11.41 against 7.97. In the three Northwest provinces of Mani- toba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, the wheat production was 194,083,000 bushels, compared with 128,891,000 bushels the estimate of 1910, of oats 312,819,000, compared with 126,753,000, and of barley 24,043,000 compared with 21,377,000. The wheat production of 1911 in Manitoba was 60,275,000 bushels from 2,979,734 acres, in Saskatchewan 97,665,000 bushels from 4,704,660 acres and in Allwrta 36,143,000 bush- els from 1,616,899 acres. By provinces the total value of all field crops in 1911 was as follows: Prince Kdward Island $8,846,700, Nova Scotia $i4,297,i;oo. Now Brunswick $16,797,000, Quelwc $103,187,000, Ontario $193,260,000, Manitoba $73,136,000, Saskatchewan $107,147,000, AlU-rta $47,750,000 British Columbia $1,290,000. Live Stock. The following is an estimate of the number of live stock in Canada for 191 1, but the values are not yet given in publishe''™"'* ».»76.6oo ""•"'^«"' 4.i.o.ooo t"-"" J.389.J00 ^""""^ ..79.,.oo Prints Edward Island— IIoracD Milch cow. ^'^''^ Other cattle "''^ Sheep oi ,, . lo8,6o„ Swine , ^ 46.400 Nova St-otia — Horse!* - Milch cows _ , . i.si.TfMJ Other cattle i.u Sheep '" *"' Swine '■"■•"•"' 70,000 28 horses, harvesting, seeding and levelling— Pincher Creek, Alta. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines 149 n • li White Valley Irrigation and Power Co. Ltd., Vernon, B.C.— 36-inch continuous wood-stave pipe, B. X. Creek. m f^-, ISO Canada: Navkiation, Railways, and Steamboat Lines Canada: NAviiiATioN* Railways and Stbamboat LiNrs ISI Hramling cattlc—MacLeotI, Alta. N'i-w Ur(iii?t\\irk — lloriM.'!* Milch cuwii Other cuttle Shwp Swine , It 0.500 IQO.ROO QJ,0(M) CV)MPARATiVE StBtisticn of the fruit growing industry in ('ana4la for thi» ypar 191 1. Pro- vin(i»» of Manitoba. SaHkat(N>n ami Allierta not indudetl. From (VnHUH lU'turnH. On-hanl and nurirry Vliwynrd Small fruiti Ai»[»lf trrvi Beurlnii , , , , Non-timrlng Product iVach treeg Brarlni N'on-hrarinH I'nKliHl IVar trpM Hrurinit. N'on-lirariiiH , , , Prwimt I'liim irm Beiirini Non-b(>arinii , , Product , , , . , ('hiTr>- trpea "^-^ Bearing « Niin-hearinit •* P""""** Buith. ( Hher fruit treri , \„_ Bearing « Nun-ljeurlng •• '*""'<»'■» Buiih. Total friiil trrei \q_ Bearing •• Non-brarlng •• ^•"»l'^'' '.'.'. »«. ^Mruwherrie;) Curraniit and Koowberrlft Other Ntimll fruits AcfM No. Bu«h. No. Bu»h. No. BuHh. No. BuHh. i|t». 10.41 1 »7.64J I4''.t .!'•'». g J .» 404.474 i.r»oi.K7i I .iihA.Qi),! 47i.«Jw8. . Other cattle. Shet'ii Swine (hitario — IlorMii Milch cowH. . (Hher cattle. Sheep Swine Manitolm— ilorseK Milch cows. . Other cattie. Sheep Swine Sui^katchewan — Iloriseit Milch cows . Other cattle. Sheep Swine 37I.4"0 KTJ.Hoo 5 J J. 400 097.500 701.000 I ..S.'^R.fjf Ki 075.4"" 1 .4fiQ.8o(i J5I.800 161. JOO 2OJ.300 20-6OO .165,500 14J.600 444.700 1 1 1 .iOU tjy.joo I Census OF Dairy Industries of Canada, 1911. Ottawa, March, 1912.— The Census and Statistics Bulletin for March, issued to-day, C'yes the record.s of butter, cheese and condensed milk as collected at the census of last year. There were .^.628 factories in o|H'ration in 1910. The (|uantity of butter made in the year was 50**7.S,O97 fxjunds. having a value of5i5,6«2,564. This is 23,8i8,,vs8 [xjunds more than in 1900, and the value is more by $8,441,592. The quantity of cheese is 231,012,798 pounds, which is more than at the previous census by 10,179,529 pounds, but the value is less by $600,776. The total value of butter, cheese and condensed milk in 1910 was 539,143,089, and in 1900 it was !p29,73i,922, lieing an increase of $9,411,167 in ten years. Taking butter alone, the value of the factory product was $7,240,972 in 1900. and $15,082,564 m IS* Canada: Navioatiom, Rauways and Stsamkmt Linbs in 1910, and the value of cheew alone waa $31,890,433 in 1900 and $31,630,654 in 1910. The average price of factory butter was 20 i-cnti per pound, and of cheew 10 centt per imund, whiUt in 1910 the average price of butter wa» 36.3 cent* per pound and of cheese only 9 cent* per pound. A companion of the quantities and values of the production of butter and cheese is given in the following tables by provinces for the census years 1901 and 191 1 for the preceding years respectively. Cnnvt or Factwv Btnna, ■goo. Itl*. n». f IIm. 1 AlbcfU 406.110 tjAjo 1.I49.I1I MI.4" Brit. Col. jgj.tol ■os.6to 1,106.102 410AIJ Mullotw. . l.]57.oia 191.147 1AS0.4I7 511.971 N. Bnuw- wlck iaT.II4 S>.SH »4».4jJ aii.ios NovaScotl* SH.in 6t.6«6 II4.7IS (8,4111 Onurio ^.si9•u^ I.Sl7.9iS 1 , MW.UJ 3.4«1.'7I P. E.IllUKl s6a.2ao 111,461 670.9U IS6.47» OttCtKC a4.61s.000 4«I6.7S6 37J46.I07 9J9S.J4J Sukatcbo- mil JJ9.0I4 70.037 t.54«.6«6 3«I.»09 Totah.... 16j>s6.7]9 7.a4o.«7J S9.»7S.097 ■ S.681.S64 Cnnim or Facto«y Chuu. ProvincM. I Alberu Brit. Col... Mantofao. . New Brunt- wfck Nova Scotia Ontario P.E. laland. QnebK Sadutche- wan 17.693 J.970i Ib9. 193.479 I.ia9.4l3 1.891.686 568.147 131.967.611 4.4S7.5I9 SO.630,199 694,713 81.403 18;. 106 1,166,143 119.677 58.311 164.143 19.977 13.440.987 IS7.6jI.8l3 14.845.661 449.400 3.193.765 354378 7,957.611 67.74l.S01 6.ISI.689 Totala....^ 110.833,<69 11.111,430! 13l.oll.798 3,396 ll.6lo.6s4 The increased price of factory butter led to a larger production in 1910 than in 1900, and this was made especially in Quebec at the cost of a lower production of cheese. The change was further induced by the lower rate of duty on cream in the United States, which encouraged larger exports to th!«t country. The number of condensed milk factories in operation increased from four in 1900 to twelve in 1910, and the value of product increased from $369,530 to $1,839,871. There are now six factories in Ontario with a product value of $1,335,689, two in Nova Scotia with $133,956. two in Qu(l)ec with $375,000, one in British Columbia with $44,336, and one in Prince Ed- ward Island with $50,900. In 1900 there were two factories in Nova Scotia and one each in Prince Edward Island and Ontario. AacHiBALD Blub, Chief Officer. Census and Statistics Office, April, 1913. STATcaamT or Au«i CoMicm to Jaiiu*>t i, 1911, (From Sunrvyor Onvral). Acret.. Ana in nirveycd icctkHW (all water coveted land! deducted) Man 15.891.630 Saik 67,731,170 AlU S6.|63«47 Total 149.787.847 Water covered landi In lumyed Mctlona. Man^ ...... 3,i83,3S7 Saik I,689jr« Aha. 1,711.6.10 Total 6.695.443 Area of road alio -e Man 908,881 Saak 1.407.010 Alta. 1.073.054 Total 3.3M,9S6 Area of pariah and river loti Man 486,31 1 Saik 81.974 Atta 96,603 Total 664,888 The Mineral Production of Canada. The mineral production of Canada as re- ported by the Mines Branch of the Deoart- ment of Mines was for the calendar year 191 1, $102,291,686. /Of this sum the metallic pro- ducts amounted to: copper .. ,9ii,H3i, gold, Cakaim: NAViiiATioN, Kailwavm axii Stkamwiat I.INKH l&S $q,7f>a,nqh. pig iron u..vKi.Mfto, \viu\ *HtH.h;2, nickel «io.32i).6j.v nilvtr »i74^a,i2H. urul othir nH'iallir iinNJui to *4f)i).674, a mtul milallic pr<^ dmti«.n valuwl at *57.M«>.),MN4, without mukiiiK allowance for iron ore im|ii>rUfl. The non- metallic imNliKiN were: axlH-Ntiw ami a^lnKtic, *j,«>4.^.ii»7. ciwl »a6,.vH,477; K>|»um. ««j7H,w.,v natural kuh *I,H2o.«w,^, iKtroleum 5.VS7.07.V fall *443,iic»4, cement #7.571.2^, clay pru'lii.iH '^•Mj.jiK), lime *l,4iw,iii>. -.lone 5.vli was *«>,762,(kX.. Of this amount, the ^'ukotl mines yielded S4,.'5«(),() ounces were the pnHJuct of On- Silver, tario, I,9I<),.12,1 ounces of Bil'ish Columbia, ,S<),.VX) ounces from the Yukon, and 18,435 fnmi (Jceliec. Canada ex- IMirted 3 1,2 16,725 ounces of si.. er in 191 1, valued at $15,807,366. Though British Columbia is the chief source of the cop|x;r prtxiuction. having pnxluced 35.480,212 ix)unds in 1911, On- Copper, tario, yuelwc, No>a Scotia, are imjxjrtant sources of supply. On- tario, in 1911, shipi>ed 21,402,221 ptjunds. and i OiipIwc 3.'-3.i»9 pounds. The tctal exports of ' 20459—10 copinT in imi wuH .55.JH7.710 |M>unik vulueu at *5.4ft7,725. Though leail has Ut-n iliscovered on the north shore of Thunder Bay. Ontario, on the south shore of Cireat Slave l.ake. west Lead. shore of Richmond C.ulf on the f.ist of Hudson Bay; west shore of Lake Misiassinis: Calumet island. P.y., in Inverness count), Ca|>e Breton, and other miniiiR districts, abmmt all the lead prixluci-cl in the prixtuct of British Columbia mines. The total prixluciion of lead in Canada in 1911 wan 23 525,050 pounds, valuecl at $818,672. Ill oriler to encourage the le.id mining industry in Canada, an .Xct was |)iis,Hsed by the Keer ti2o,tK>3. Antimony is proiluced chiefly in the Lake { eorge district, .New Brunswick, Antimony, ai.u the lead mines of British Col- umbia. The v.iliii- of the anti- mony pnNluced in 1910 was $i3.r<"liHr of .10 was Si)4.c)f>5. Molybden- I'his mcial i> fom,. various *"»• parts (A Ontario, yun^r, .New Brunswick and No. 1 !fc".tia and British Columl)ia. It is luit exien^j and is usetl chiefly mi h.irdenini; «i The nickel supply ol Canada i^ the nickel-copiH'r deixtsits of Sudb and the silver miiic- Nickel. Ontario. The total pr.«hi matte in 191 1 was M.bu: valuefl at the smelters at $4,945, .593. .n metallic contents were 17,932,263 pt)und»t and 34.098,744 pounds of nickel. Mined, -ta iiatt. Kin of 'ons, •he IM Canaha: Naviuatiom Railway* am» Stkamwiat I.iskh n ! ! Thi- rhk-f MHir«i»o( inm prixlurtiiMi in ( .imida itrc thr |»ri>vimiM>f Oniario. ywlnr ami Nova Siiiiia. The MuhipiroifH, Mi>i»»«- Iron. Mountain, in Htition township, thf Dominion Bc-xi^-nuT ( >ri' mini-s iwi-niy-ihrw miU-»faM of I'ori Ariluir, ami oiht-r niim-ft in tin ThumU-r Hay «li»trirt, ihi> WillnT in Linark rounty in tht- provinrt- of Ontario; I'ontiac, Wriuhl anil yut-litf iciuntitK in tlu- pro\in<-i- of yufUr; l-omlondfrry, Torhrook. SprinKhill, IVtou. VVhyroiomah in Nova Si in thi- provimi-of New Brunv wick. Tlu- total tonnaKi' of piK iron priKlmwl in Canada in ii)ll wax; Ontario SJh.h.VS l<>n» valmnl at *7..34' Ions valuwl at S4,f>Hi.«)o4. .uiii yiii-Uf «)5H I 'Hx valuiil at *i7.2Hi. uiiountinu in all to <)I7-5.W tonit, valucti at 5ij..ioiili'ral)U' i|uantilii'i* in Van- couver iitlanil and nevi-ral other iiortionit of Rritiiih C"oluinl»ia. on the west i»hore of (Ireat Slave and (ireal Bear lakes; on the Hayes river; on the east shores of Hudson and James and TnRava Iwys and in many other |M)rti(ms of the Northwest. C'lwl is minwl rhieHy in Nova St-otia. British ('uluml)ia. AllK'rta. Saskatchewan. New Bruns- wick and Yukon Territory. The Coal. total prinluetion of cve provinces for the year itjii was ll,2<)l.,S,'),< tons, valued at 5i'>,,^7«,477. Of this Nova Scoiia yieUled (),iw4,iio tons, valui-«7: British Coluinhla, 2..S.A'>.5*>i tons, valuinl at *7.<»2h..S; Allieria, i.4<)H,o.S7 Ions, \alued at S,A,<),V^.'»,S«; Saskatchewan *o4.2,S,^ tons, valued at S,^42,<)2l; New Bruns- wick, .S5,7Kl tuns, valued at Sit 1.562; Yukon, 2.S40 tons, valued at Si2,7K<). The export of coal from (iuiada for the year lot I was i,S<)o.<>,V) tons, valued at S4.,^,S7.o74. The import <>' coal in l<>II amounted to I4,,S5H,H<)2 top lued at S.V).2<)2.S<)i. It can thus lie veil 1. .1 of the 24.,U'>.>*"<' •'""• "f '"''' consumed in Canada during H)lt, only 4f)..^72 |RT cent was the prinluct of Canada mines, luit a large ijuuntitN' of im)Hirted coal was anthra- cite. AccordiliK to the Depart nienl of Mines. t<)II Keiiort, tilt- lutal amount of coke produced in Canada diiriiiK thai ealrmlar year Cokt. wait M47,4oi tonn, vuIih-'4, and the i|uantity im- (Mtrltnl iluriuK the simte iwriod wax 75i.,^>'<) ''»ns. vuluctl at *l ,H4,V24H. .Vctinlinu to these finures »nly lUml 5.^ [n-r cent of the l..S«)H.7").S "'ns of coke consuimil -.i Canaila in ii>il wan the pro- duct of home ovens, Craphite is f.uind near BiukinKham, QiielH-c, Whitetinh, Lake Ontario, and artificial Kraphile is priHiuced .it NiaKara, Onl. Graphltt. There is a urowinK demand in (Ireat Britain for Rraphite. The priMlnctitin in Canada, during ■•><<>' was t,.VH tons, valued at >74,oH7. (iypsuin ischieHy found in Nova Soiia, New Brtniswick and in smaller (juantities in Ontario and M.initolia. It is largely useil Gyptum. in the manufacture of cement. The amount prmluciil in l<>lo was .S25.24h tons, \alued at *«).v».44'»- Mica is found chiefly in Ottawa county in the townships of BuckiuKham, TempKton, Hull and WaketieUI, in the province o' yue- Micil. Itec; in North Burgess and South Sherl)riK>k. in Lanark Leetls anil Frontenac iniunties In Ontario.. The mica pro- duced iniijio was valuetl at Sli)i),.^M5. Chromite is found chiiHy in the asU-stos dis- trict of Bhuk lake, I'.y., lun is Chromite. found in several imrts of yuiU'C iiiid dasiH' counties, I'.y. Jw tons valued at ?,V7.U W'"* mim-d in K)!"- Man^nese. Manganese is found in Nova Scotia, liul the chief source o supply is from the carlKMiiferous limestones of Sussi'X, N.B. This mineral is found in West Cove, Hants count), .N.S.. from whence .1 considerable ipian- liiy has lieen sliip|)ed, I'rince Wil- Antimony. Ham, west of Kredericlon. and South Hain. I'.y. It is nenerally found in gold l)earing districts. The total quantity of petroleum priKluced in Cm. Ilia in njll was 2<)l.o<>2 barrels, or Ii),l«K,2li) gallons, the value of which was Petroleum. $,^.S7.o7.^. The value of natural gas priMluced in Canada in l<>lt was )!it,H20,i)23, of which Si)t),W>5 was the pro- ducliun uf Alberta ai;-'. 55 .>ur»iTy Matiun, Indian llfuil, Su»k. it 20459—10 Two-year old ash-jcedlings being grown for di.tribution at Forest arsery Station, Sa.k. 156 Canada: Navioation, Railways and Steamboat Lines View at l-drcst Nursery Station in Fall of 1904, before any plantins was done. View of Forest Nursery Station, Indian, Sask. Canada: Navicatios, Railways and Steamboat Lines «S7 i i FiSIIKRIES. / The total value of the Canadian fisheries for the year ending March 31 , H)i i , was $29,965,433. Of this amount the sea fisheries pnMluct was $26,122,596, the inland S3,H42,H37./ The value of the fisheries hy pro\inces for 191 1 was as follows : — Nova Scotia, Slo, 1 19,24,3 : British Columbia, S9.i(>.3.235; New Brunswick, $4,134,144; Ontario, $2,026,121; Quebec. $1,692,475; Manitoba, $1,302,779; Prince Ed- ward Island. $1,153,708; Saskatchewan.$i72.c)03 Yukon, $118,365; Alberta. $82,460. 68,610 men were employed in fishing and 24,978 in the various ways of preparing the fish for market. 1,680 ves- sels and tugs, and 38,977 boats were used in fish- ing during the year 191 1. According to the Fisher- ies Report for 1910-11, the values of the princi- pal commerciiil fish are as follows: Many forest reserves are located in Ontario, British Columbia and Allxjrta. Forests of coni- ferous trees extend from Unga\a on the east to the Yukon territory on the west, and throughout all the provinces south. Deciduous trees of varieties of hardwo ».V) ■50 504 jgo .of* .22- 5l.i JS4 \*2 12') 529 itSg J78 80J Forestry. l-Voni the repf)rts of the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior, information re- specting the forest area of Canada has been ob- tained. '.\ conrvr\ative estimate of the forest covered lands gives an area of 45 1 ,000,000 acres. / Commissiun »l I'unsirvation. -Doii^las fir in liow Kivi-r \alli-> Diameter lirea^i hisii 30 to ib inches. 158 Canada: NAVKiATios, Uailways and Stkamboat Lines The Duuglas fir of Britisn Columbia is of large dimensions and great strength, having a tensile strength nearly, if not equal, t«) oak. The pine forests of Ontario, yucl)ec and New Brunswick yield an article of lumlier in demand the world over, and spruce of an exceptionally gcxxl qual- ity and strength grows in Nova Scotia. The lumber, square timlier, lath and shingles priKluced in Canada during the year 1910, had a total value of $8,^,989,197. The Forest products as reported for 1910, Products. were as follows: — 4,901,649,000 feet of luml)er, worth $77.50.3.i87; 37,962 tons of square timber (exported), worth $985,255: 1 ,976,640,o(X) shingles, worth $3,557,211, and 851,953,000 lath, worth $1,943.- 544- Of this total, Ontario produced 1,642,191 m. feet, valued at $30,011,009; British Columbia, 1,619,904 m. feet, valued at $24,823,441; Que- bec, 790,197 m. feet, valued at $11. 340.323; New Brunswick, 419,233 m. feet, valued at $5,560,780 Nova Scotia, 260,871 m. feet, valued at $3,344." 075; Saskatchewan, 75,931 m. feet, valued at $1,092,571; Allx-rta, 45,127 m. feet, valued at $644, 717; Manitoba, 42,922 m. feet, valued iii $615,215, and Prince Edward Island, 5,273 m. feet, valued at $71,056, all board measurement. X Water Power. Summary of water (xiwer de\-eloped and un- develoix'd in Canada as given by the Conserva- tion Commission. CVvflopetl power, llurw ijowrr. Ontario Sji.ied, but from information to hand the amount of available power comes to over 20,000,000 horse-power. The area from which the above data has been obtained is less than 50 per cent of the Dominion. . Tar Sand, Athabaska. Extract from report by Mr. Frank J. P. Crean, C.E., who explored part of Saskatchewan and Allierta, north of the surveyed areas:— Commission of ConsiTvatiiin.— Mat;amuivir River, N.H. — W'atir-driven pulpmill, containing also an elcclric generating system. Caxaoa: Navic.ation. Railways and Steamboat Links 159 I 9 X Ik' Hi ito Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines r. Commisision of Conservation. — Ouiatchan Falls, Lake St. John, P.Q. Canada; Navioation, Railways and STE.vij.«OAT Lines I6l "The (>ut-crup «f tar-8and cummenccii alxjut ,^o miles south of McMurray on the Athahaska river. It continues to alx)ut 40 miles Ix-low McMurray on the Athabaska river. It ex- tends to the east ami west for at least .•^o miles, and varies in thickness from 20 to 225 feet, with probably an average of i ,so fcei thickness, accord- iiiK to the f'leological Survey Repcjrt of 1893. The enormous quantity of this mineral has been variously estimated, and in the report of the Ecological Survey of last season a great deal of useful information is recorded concerning it. Copies of this rept)rt may Ijc had on application to Dr. Brock, Dir»i tor of the (Geological Survey, Ottawa. "Tar-sand is spoken of by many different names. Sime object to the name 'tar-sand.' holding that it docs not contain tar. This objec- tion cannot possibly Ix- sustained, as it does contain a very high |x-rcentage of mineral tar, or pure bitumen. " 'Asphalt,' or 'Asphaltum,' is another name fre(|uently applied to it. This is hardly correct, although it does contain a iwrcentage of asphalt or bitumen. "According to an analysis made by Dr. Hoff- man, late chemist t(» the (".eological Survey of Canada, of a specimen of this substance collected by Dr. Bell, also late of the Cieological Survey, it was found to contain:— Biiumen 12.42 ikt cent. Water (mechanically mixed) 5.85 " Siliceous sands ^l-7i " T<>NN.\(,i'; OF Vksski.s E.ntkkkd AM) I DkI'ARTKU. I f I The total registered tonnage of British, Canadian and Foreign vessels entercfl inwards j from sea during the year ending ^isi March n;il, was ll,i>l<),33<) tons and the registere tonnage of British. Canadian and Foreign ve.sscls outward for sea was 10,377,847 tons. ; The total tonnage of Canadian and Cnited States vessels trading on the inland waters, ! which ar.-ivcfl at Can,i(1i;in ports wat i3,?,Hft 103 ; tons and the tonnage of those which departed I from Canadian [lorts was 11,846,257. j The total tonnage of Britiith and Foreign vessels employed in the coasting trade of Canada which arrived in Canadian ports, was 34,380,669 tons and the tonnage of those departed was 32,347,265 tons. Entrrcd. >part«l. T< .». Tons. f™""'"" Ilil«.j.t9 Io.,)77.«47 '"'"'"' Ij.i.HO.loj Il.846.j5; '"«""'"« M.-l»«.*»9 .li.J4;,J6j Tmul so.4l«i.llu J4-571.J60 The value of Canadian exports for the year ending 3i.st. March, igii, was $297,196,365 of which S274.3i6,553 were the pnxluct of Canada and 522,879,812 were the pnxluct of foreign countries. The imports for the same period amounted to $472,2.?7,54o of which $180,428,739 were s,(KX>,ooo, and the expenditure for the same pe;i(xl, chargeable to cons<}lidated fund, $97,000,000, leaving a surplus of $39,000,000. The total British capital invested in Canada up to January. 1911. w.ts $1,815,267,000. The total immigration into the Dominion Canada from 1897 to 1911 both inclusive as 1,886,529, of which 723,424 were British and 650,719 .American. The tou-il nun^ber for 1910-11 was 311,084 of which 123,013 were British and 121,451 American. The total honicsicad entries for 191' was 44,479. The total value of settlers" effects for the same \ear v/as $14,072,611. |63 Canada: N'AVKiATioN, Railways and Steamboat Lines o o a. u s I c Canada: Navigatiun, Railways and Steamboat Lines m t a g l»4 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Stkamkat Links 11 f •• — 7- "" H^K^ *'W "^^N^fli .'ft . If 1, . ■. _ ■ ( yi 7' \ 4 ; 1 Commission of Conscrval ion . — V.iniouvi'r I'iiwit ('ompan> — Opening of tunnel connet'tinii Cu<|uitlam's and Uucatzen Lakes. Canada: NAVinATioN. Railwavm axi* StKAMBfiAT Links 165 I« CaNARA: NaVHMTIOM. RaILWAVA and !VrBAMBr>AT LiXRA N f ii i ('oinmiMiion of ("onscnation.— Metis Falls, Metii River, Matanc, P.Q. J Canada: Vaviuation, Railwavh ahi> Stkamboat Lixi:!i i*r RAILWAYS OK (•A\Ar>A. Thk CiRANi) Think Railway Svmtkm. Thi' Ciranil Trunk Railway Syitirm waw incor|M>rate(l in iht- year i«53 unecause of their picturesque Iix-a- tions and panoramic effects. The scored and serrated cliffs and rounded promontories washwl at the f(X)t by the St. Charles river and mighty St. Lawrence, the Montmorency Falls, bu feet higher than Niagara Falls, arc distinctly in view and the forestclad hills on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence all combine to make up a remarkable scene of grandeur. As a sea-port Queljec has a prominent place i among the jxirts of the world and it holds the ' vlistinguished position of having Ixjen the proughfare«, ancient lyijcs of vehicles and modern chaises and the latest pattern of autumol>ikni. Level driveways pass an>und the fiHtt of the clifT* in the kiwer town anil ascending streets lead to the upper and mtKlern jwrt of the city and continue to the citadel which crowns its heights. The promenade along the heights, cut in the rock, is s|>ucious and of considerable length. It affords a splendid view of the surroundings and of steamers as they (mss up and tlown the St. Lawrence river to Montreal or take their Iwrths at the dmenade can Ik- seen at various times the naval vessi-ls of different nations lying at .inchor in the stream. Adjoining this promenade is the famous Chateau Fnintcnac, a splendid hotal of unique architectural design, overlooking the river and having a situation unequalled perhaps anywhere. Other commixlious hotels cater f (^•Inr it hiiH an fXirt-nH'lv iiiicrtKiitiK hixniry i>f war* with ihf nil nun and their Krcnth allifx. Thf honu- of ht-r favuuriif anil ntoHi illunirioUK MMi, l,i)n|{fi-lliiw, in yi-t maint-iiniHl ax .1 nu-niit- rial of hiK (anit'. Thix rity i" |>rnHaKraii|Ki(-ii>UK KrotiniU. l:i> i-arly |irt»|NTity wa» iliM- Id hhip-luiildinK. )))<■ lumlMr irailc ami traiU-with thi- WVft iiuliaii UlaniU. I'ortlanil liax a niaKiiiHivnt harlMiiir aixl iMvan lincrii timi ample di-ptli of waler anil wharf ■I'liiininiNlution ul Iht "liliirk wliurMH iinil i|uaytt. " The (Irani! 'rriink here niakeh enii- nection with then' ixvan linern whiih eotivey many pawtcnKem to and from ihe I'niteil Staien and Canada. It ha» ihrmitih i-onneeiionn run- niiiK to dilTereni lownn and eilieK in Maine and I'onnei'in with the Itimton and Maine Railway , Koinit Miiiih, at (he I'nion Station. The line rmin from I'oril.ind to Montreal via Kiehmond Jimi'tion, the iliKlanie iH'iiiK 21(7) milen. The (iranil Trunk m.iin ''iie riiii» to KotiKen I'oint. N.Y., on lake (h.implain. h'roni KoiiMn I'oint the line iraMTM* the eiiiinlry to Si. j^imtierl and vTi»M-T the Si. Lawrence rixer over llie world famed \ii tori.i juliilee liridtte lo Montreal. Montreal is the rommeriial nielro|Mili<> of Can. id. I .mil ihe enire|M>l of mereh.indiM' from foreiKii I'otintrieM. Mere fruiH MontrmK from iH>ri» in tropii-al i'lim.iie» and Kuro|H'.in Krove^ ,ire landed, iHild and iliKlriliiiled to eastern and wes'ern lilies in Canada .mil ihe Initeil Sl.ies. The I'itv is xiliiaieil at the head of iM-ean navi^a- (jrand Trunk Railway sysiftti— (".i-mr.il officii., Muntri-ul. Canaim: Navigation Raii.wav« axd Stbamkmt Limbs 169 JU-vtHHJiy --.,;^|il%';aHp..y if!^!^" (irami Trunk Railway •yi'iim-VHiofia'JIrMlgr.' Montreal. '^-^ 20459 II Grand Trunk Railway system— Knight terminals, Montreal. ;H M I70 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Linus tion 900 miles from the Atlantic ocean. It is aim most favourably located for the tranship- ment of cargoes from ports on the Rreat lakes to European and the maritime port^ of Canada. The commercial and mateiial greatness of the city is evident to every visitor. The Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce and other com- mercial institutions, comprised of capitalists, merchants, manufacturers, brokers, insurance men, steamship owners and agents and railway men, give their attention to local and foreign trade. The extensive new wharves of 7J miles, piers, sheds, cold stores, cattle sheds, grain elevators and grain conveyors from the elevators to the ships, railway sidings for tranferring freight, of the Harlxjur Commissioners, are of the most modern type. The Grand Trunk grain elevator piers, long enough for two ocean going \essels to load and railway sidings to the ship's side and to the elevator show the enterprise of this company and accommoda- tion for handling freight. The harbour is over 18 miles in length and presents during the season of navigation a scene of great activity. The port is one about which a great deal of interest centres in connection with engineering skill and large expenditure on account of its geographical position. At one time an inland port at which vessels drawing only ten feet of water could reach from tidal waters, thi' ship channel now permits steamships drawing 28 feet of water and of io,(nx) ions to ascend the St. Lawrence river and moor at her wharves. The distance between the seajiort of Queliec and Montreal, by water, is alxnit 167 statute miles and in this distance at many |K)ints dredging has l)een done through sand, clay, hard pan, shale antl rock, for a ilistance of 70 miles with a width of from 500 to 8(X) feet at the l)ends, making a clear channel of the whole distance. Some dredging has l)een done l)clow yucliec in the new jiroject of the 35 f office buildings made necessary by the expansion of its business. At Bonaventure Sta- tion, every few minutes trains are despatched to cities and villages in eastern Canada and also make connections with the most imjjortant railroads on the continent. From Montreal, the line continues westerly through the thickly settled country above Mon- treal along the north shore of the St. Lawrence river, continuing along the upper St. Liiwrence val- ley and entering the favourably situated towns of Cornwall, noted for its w(H)llen and cotton mills, 675 miles from Montreal; to Prescott, the loca- tion of a Government buoy and lighthouse depmwall, Prescott and Broclcville. Thousand Island Junction. beautiful town on the banks of the St. L-wrence, 125 J miles from Montreal; to Thousand Island Junction, 134 miles from Mon- treal. From this point a branch line conveys the traveller and sightseer to the Iwautiful panorama of the Thousand Islands. Many of these islands are still in their natural state, with shores of rock anil gravel ; the islands still maintain much of their original growth of trees and sections of later growths, interspersed with patches of green meadow. Most of the islands, on the other hand, bear constructions, from the simple cottage and bungalow to the castellated residences of wealthy owners, and commixlious hotels. The railway continues along the St. Lawrence valley to Kingston at the foot cf Lake Ontario, 175] miles from .Montreal. This Kingston. cit> named the "Limestone City," is the seat of Queen's University and a Military College, and here is located a Provincial Penitentiary. From Kingston, the line continues westerly through the thickl>- set- tled country along the north shore of Lake Ontario, entering various t■, (-t)ntalns several fine puhtic structures, uni\ ^ity l)uiUl- ings, splendid private ,.mM, ,ues, Toronto. numerous well apiK)inted hotels and has a capacious and well shel- tered harbour. On the island, which forms the southern confines of this harbour, several parks a, d amusement resorts form attractive places for the inhabitants and visitors. At this city is located an extensive area on the shore of Lake Ontario, upon which are constructed buildings devoted to the exhibition of agricultural and manufactured prfxlucts, exhibits of machiiiery and merchandise, and buildings specially ar- ranged to contain exhibits of the fine arts and sciences. The annual Dominicm Kxhibition and Fair attracts visitors from all over the continent and parts of Europe. Exhibitors are not con- fined to Canadi! '>r,t European and Inited States manufactiirers al-so, display their gtxxis. Toronto is the Mecca of excursionists to Can- ada, for rarely a day in summer passes without bringing to this central poii... by the suirtIi C.rand Trunk railwas. through trains and by local trains, thousands of visitors from the south, north, east and west. The Cnion Station is a scene of passenger tralhc unei|ualled in the country. The city is nuHlern in its appearance and well up to date in all respects, containing the most extensive dry giMxls retail establishments in Canada. The line runs westerly to Hamilton .^S] miles from Tonmto, through a country of |x'ach and apple orchards, vineyards and Hamilton, fruit gardens. Hamilton is an enterjjrising city of considerable manufacturing importance, liK-ated at the ex- treme western end of Lake Ontario. It |)os- sessi-s a spacious harbour inside the bar, called Burlington Heach, over which the waters of the Lake (low. Its railway imjMirtance is indicated by the large number of trains, which daily pass through and stop at the station. Several gcxxl hotels in the city, furnish first class accommodation to the travelling public, w ho make this place a favourite resort. The line continues south from Hamilton passing through the fertile Niagara iK.'ninsula tn, Railways and Stkamboat Lines ES ■75 1 <;ran;ara gorge. Canadian VVcstinghouse Co., Ltil., Hamilton, Uiii. U 176 Canada: Navigation. Railways and Stkambuat Lines 'I perous towns of Goderich, 134 miles from Toronto, Kincardine, 156 miles from Tor- onto and Southampton, summer resorts on Lake Huron; in another direc- GcNlerich tion to the thriving towns of South- Wiarton, Owen Sound, Meaford, ftmpton Collingwood, Penetanguishene, and Midland and Depot Harl)our or Kincardine. Parry Sound, on Georgian Bay. At Collingwood, a shipbuilding plant and yards construct large iron vessels ol various descriptions, from the handsome pas- senger boats of the latest practice, to the huge grain vessels which ply the lakes. Midland. Midland has a fine harbour the town contains a large smelting plant and near it is the large Grand Trunk grain elevator at Tiffin. Deix)t Depot hiarbour has also a fine harl)our. Harbour. good wharves and well equipped grain elevators. Steamlwat connections are made at Sarnia, at the southern end of L.ake Huron, with the Northern Navigation Company's Steamboat steamers. These steamers are connection among the finest and fastest on on Lake fresh water, being well furnished, Huron. equipped and withal fine sea- worthy vessels. They have been built at great cost, with a view of providing accommodation for all clas.ses of passengers. The route from Sarnia is the whole length of the lake, and the steamboats are at times out of sight of land on this inland sea. The change from land travelling to a fresh water "sea voyage", in these handsome and commodious boats, is enjoyed by travellors who are always intensely interested in the variety of shore line along the lake, and on the numerous islands at the north end of the lake. The steamers pass through the great locks at Sault Sault Ste. Marie and continue Ste. Marie across L.ake Superior, the largest and Lake body of fresh water on the eon- Superior, tinent, to the busy ports of Fort Fort William and Port Arthur, the William gateway of the Canadian prairie and Port country. Arthur. At Owen Sound, Georgian Bay, the Grand Trunk also makes connection with the steamers of the Northern Navigation Company which pass up the North Channel or St. Mary's river. This river presents a wonderful variety of landscape and charming scenes, numerous well woodeil islands and waters that descend from Lake Superior. This trip also includes a voyage across Lake Superior to Port Arthur and Fort William. Connections are also made with an excursion steamer at Georgian Bay ports, ami trips are made through the sinuosities of the channels of the wonderful Bay of the .^0,000 islands. Muskoka lakes, in the "Highlands of Ontario", are also reached by the nortl... id trains from Toronto, which leave Muskoka their passengers at C>ravenhurst Lakes. and Muskoka wharf, II3 miles from Toronto. The Muskoka lakes have l)ecome a great attraction to visitors Irom every quarter. The bracing and health giving air has drawn many invalids to its shores for the restoration of health. Numerous hotels from first class and spacious hostelries to hotels that suit the traveller of more moderate means, are found at every few miles. The grandeur of natural scenery, and the peculiar and striking multiplicity of islands, clothed with forest growth of pine and other evergreen trees, and the deciduous trees giving variety to the foliage, make these lakes an exceptionally favorite place. Passenger steamers and motor boats ply on their beautiful clear waters and present a most lively scene of holiday visitors taking advantage of nature's means of recuperation and enjoyment. Splendid Grand Trunk trains, with every modern equipment for ease and comfort, \ continually arrive and depart from this great i resort. An important branch, extensively travelled, runs to North Bay on Lake Nipissing, 227 m'Vs from Toronto, and here connects North Bay with all trains running north. cast and west at this centre of immense traffic. The Grand Trunk also connects at this point with the Temiscaminguc and Ontario Railway, a Provincial line, which begins at North Bay and runs to Tima- Tima^mi garni lakt-, 72 miles from North Lake. Bay. This lake is a gem not surpassed on the Continent and Canada: Navigation. Railways and Steamboat I-ines •77 C. T. Ry. .y»tem— St. Clair tunnel— ComiiiK out of OramI Trunk Railway i.y»iim nt-ar Stanley li..ii»e— »"""«■'• Lake Joseph, Muskoka Lakes (listriit. (irand Trunk Railway system— Wa-wa Hotel, Lake of the Bays, Ontario. Grand Trunk Railway system — Rabbits Bay. Grand Trunk Railway system — Cache Lake. 17« Canada: Navigation, Railwavs and Steamboat Lines •I !> ; I is in the middt of TimaKami Rewrve. The lalce retains all ita natural fvutureH an the Provincial (lovernnient has reserve station, on the opiMisiie side of the new Plaza, is also a iiandwime building, with its capitals supjiort- wl by huge Corinthian columns of light-coloured stone. The whole building and its train entrance, presenting a strikingly handsome and unique structure. Grand Trunk Station, Ottawa. of. (imncl Trunk Ky. system— Station at Ottawa. The rapid progress in ornamenting and I)eau- tifying the city, t)y the efforts of the Govern- ment Commission, has resulted in Driveway, a transformation of various and Ottawa. large .sections of the capital. The driveway along the canal bank to the Experimental Farm, is now the finest in Canada and its extcn.sion is occupying the atten- tion of the commission ,Tnd the civic authorities, Ottawa's numerous nearby resorts afford pleas- ure and amusement to its inhabitants. tiranil Trunk Ry. oysti-m— .Mgomiuin .N'atiunal Park — Ki«hint{ iin IVttawa kiviT. In Ottawa is siiuatwl the C.eological Museum of Canatia, another fine and hamlsome building. The Mint anil .Archives, on the banks of the Ottawa river, claim also the visitor's atlentitm. With the oiK-ning of the "Chateau Laurier" ample hotel accoinnicMlatiim will U- found in the city by excursionists, deputations to interview the Covernment and ctmventions of various kinds. The .New Russi-ll is situated almut s minutes walk from the C.rand Trunk station. The C.rand I'nion, Windsor and Cecil are within easy distance of the same station. The Chaudiere Kails and rapids above form a scene of grandeur une(|ualled in Ontario. The whole volume of water of the ( )l tawa river passes over the Chaudiere Falls. Two of the most im- (Irand Trunk Railway system— On the. Maganatawan River. tto Canada: Navioation, RAitwAVS, and St«amkmt Linm Grand Trunk Ry. lyitem— Portion of the City of Ottawa, showing the new $3,000,000 Grand Trunk hotel, the " Chateau Laurier " and nation. 1 I portattt industries of Canada are established at these Falls and power is obtained for electric light plants, water works and minor industries. Hull, immediately opposite Ottawa, contains varied and large industries. The interprovimial and suspension bridges connect the two cities. The river forms the boundary between the pro- vinces of Ontario and Quebec. From Ottawa the line continues to Parry Sound, 361 miles from Ottawa and thence to Depot Harbour on Georgian Bay, Parry 263 J miles from the Capital. The Sound trains on this line carry the tourist Branch. through the famous Algonquin or National Park of Ontario. "This Algonquin park is a reservation of over two Park. thousand square miles, set apart by the Ontario Government for all time to come, for the h i ': and enjoyment of the people." It is one 01 i»iost remarkable regions of lake and stream, primeval forest and rock that can be found anywhere. It is a great game preserve and a fisherman's Scotia paradise. At Scotia Junction on Junction, this line 313I miles from Ottawa, the Parry Sound and North Bay lines cross each other. This description of the Grand Trunk Railway system is confined to the main lines and conse- quently the numerous branches in Ontario are not mentioned. Features of the Road, Trains and Ferries. The Grand Trunk is now the longest continu- ous double track railway in the world, under one management, namely from Montreal to Niagara Falls and to Chicago. The steel rails on this line are 100 pounds to the yard. The Interna- tional Limited trains start from Chicago and Canada: Navigation. Railways and ^kamkmt Linh III Min in Detroit, Toronto, Montrtal, Pbrtland, Boston, and New Yorli. The International Limited trains 3 and 4 con- •itt of first class combination baggage car, firat class day oiachc*. parlor library InttflMo car between Montreal and Detroit, tiooal dining car lietwecn Montreal and Llmitwi l.«ndon, Pullman sleeping car ThillM. Montreal to Chicago, and Pullman sleeping cars .Detroit to Chicago, the train Ijcing hauled by the C.rand Trunk'* powerful standard passenger engines of the latest »ype. Ferry steamers conveying trains cross the Detroit river lietween Windsor and Detroit. The Orand Trunk Railway was Windaor the pioneer system in Ontario and •nd Datroit has now under construction the Fcny. stupendous Grand Trunk Pacific Railway from Moncton, New Brunswick to Prince Rupert. British Columbia, and including branches from Moncton to Halifax Nova Scotia and St. John, New Brunswick. Grand Trunk Fares. The following fares will undoubtedly Ik? in effect during the summer season of 1912 (any variations from the figures named herein will be slight). Fiom Toronto. Drtrolt. Thicaio. Dululh lo San KramlK-o. Loa Anscln. San Dtrto and return via dirrct routri: (a) I7.J.7J. t;o.oo. I65.00i (t) I9J.9J, Ui.so. iTJ.so. I79.50. From Toronto. Detroit. Ihliano. Duluth to .San FramiHo and rr- turn via Portland. Ore.. In one cllreitlon: (a) l»s 55. I»s oo. taa.ao; (») liai.6o. 197.50. M7.J0. M4.75. From Toronto. Detroit. Clikaiia. Duluth to Portland. Seattle. Taconia. Victoria. Vancouver and return: (m I7 160, (0) 170.00. Ifts-oo; (») «7.6o. MJ.50. I7J.SO. lOo.oo. Fn>m Toronto. Detroit. Chicago. Duluth to Wlnnliien and return ; (') tso.oo. I50.00. I.jo.10. Iji.jo; U> tss.in. 155.00. From Toronto. Detiolt to Edmonton and return: S80.00. SKo.iwi. From rhicaKo. Duluth to Gardiner. Mont., and return ive. niial liuiit Aug. 17, 1911: In effect July II and u incluiive. Anal limit Sept. II. loli. it) Going and returning nme all rail route. (4 Good In one direction via Samia and Lake Route. riMi CUnm to IVtmtt. MM., Iiwi Ihnta. OM.. Ift.»|| To.. oM«. OM.. li».aoi MaikoluiWIwrf.OM., Iii.isi Nattk lay, OM.. liJ.Mi TtaMUI. OM.. tii.aii CstaM, Om., IiMii tfl»^nn. OM.,fij.Mi PiMcMI, (M.. Ii4.ia; Olla. Alberta. From the rapidh growing dly of W'iniiiiH-^' till- rountry is prairii- and will adaplwl for llu- urowtli of all kinds of ({rain. I'his land which is now liiinn rapidl> taken lip pnxliKTs rich crops the first year of cultivation. Many tfoiirishin^; towns and cities are liK-aterl on the line amonj; which are Rivers, .Melville, W'atrous. Saskat(x>n, Hi)(Kar, Edmonton Wainwrinht and F'.dmonton. .-Xt and other \V;itr>>ii^ i- found tin- wondt-rfu! Towns. ".Manitoti l,ake", whose waters contain medicinal properties that — The Intcrnaliiinal LiiniU'd. are fast lirintjinK the attention of the world to this fact, \\ainwrij{ht has the National BtifTnIo I'ark, where are corraled in an area of loo.uuo acres surrounded by 75 miles of wire fencing, the largest and only remaining herd of Buffalo in existence. Nearly i,ooiiit. Saskat(xm is a prosiierous go- head city with a i)opulation of The Buffalo nearly i,s,ihk) |K'ople, and Hldmon- Animals. ton, with a ixipulation of 3(>,(xk), is the capital of .AIlH-rta. and one of the coming cities of Western Canada. The "Last Wonilerland", is that portion of Canada, Kdmonton to Fort (leorge. This is a land alxiunding in big things. Fort a va.st and hitherto unknown George. section, in the central and north western part of western Canada, C\SAM: NaVICATION, KaILWAVo AXI. STKAMBi.Ar I.IN K« lis • -.rami Trunk l>a, ifi. R>.-(u„a.|ian R,«l,i... M„„„t Kiut'luK. ir.iii.l Trunk I'.i, ifi. KaiUay— Sn€i»»li..r Mountain Sktttia Kivir. B.C. tirani Triinl; I'acifu- Rail«ay-Rmhc. MictU-, from Athahaska River f.rand Trunk I'aiific Railway. Co.— Moose Lake, C anadian Ro:kic». I 1 84 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Grand Trunk Railway system— Hotel Fort Garry, VVinnipet;. Canada: .\avi(;ati<)n, Railways and Stkamhoat Lines «85 ^ ^^■i\ ,^^kN name of tlii' Winnii^.g hotel will he "The Fort r.arry", the name for the Edmonton one has not yet Ihtii decided. A eliain of mountain hotels has also l)een decided ujjon and the site for the Mountain first of these has already Ix-en Hotels. chosen, at the Miette Hot Springs. -acific, they foiuid that they were travelling through some of the grandest scenery to be found anywhere in the world. Other surprises have followed in the wake of the path-finders. They found, as the pros- [XHtors followed the trail-blazers, vast area.-, of the richest agricultural valley-lands, rich depo- sits of silver and gold, jrreat fields of coal, and forests of fine timlwr. They fountl. in short, a country so rich in resources as to insure an abundance of traffic for the splendid railway that has k-en designed. They found rugged wilds literally alive with big game, together with rivers and lakes full of fish. The C.rand Trunk Pacific railwav have acquired land in Winnipeg ami Kdnioninr, on which will be erected mammoth hotel struc- tures that will rival any now in Canada. The 20459—12 PRINCE RIT'ERT. British Com mmia. In the western half of this new world there IS scarcely a city that (Kks not hold one or more citizens who can boast of having .seen the place grow from a village to what it is to-day, but here, at the western end of the C.rand Trunk Pacific- railway, we have the rare opMortunity of C.raiul Trunk I'acifu- Railway (on.pany-Kntran.e (u » ellowhi-ad Pass. 186 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines looking forward and fashioning in our mind's eye a city sure to be. Prince Rupert the western terminus is situated 550 miles north of Vancouver and forty miles south of the Alaskan boundary. It is in the same latitude as London, and has a climate, the mean temperature of which is about the same as that of the metropolis of the British Isles. The selection of the Pacific coast terminus was one of the most important tasks with which the builders of this national highway had to do. Many things must be considered. It must have a harbour second to none, and lie where the rails could reach it without seriously lengthening the line, or increasing the gradients. I'he entire north coast was searched, and every harbour sounded before a final decision was made. The very satisfactory result is that the future metro- polis of the north coast will look out upon a harbour that is all that could be hoped for. Although practically land locked, it has a mile- wide channel, and is sufficient in size to shelter all the ships that are likely to come to it, great as are the possibilities of this new port. And because Prince Rupert is at the end of the line, and the nearest port to Japan and the E^st; because it is on the shortest line from Liverpoano- rama of North America, if not of any hemis- phere. The handsome buildings, rising tier upon tier on the splendid terraced streets of busy, hustling Seattle ; the quaint, unique charms Seattle, of Victoria, the beautiful capital Victoria, of British Columbia, mixed with Vancouver, its rapidly growing business con- sequence; the substantial nev city of Vancouver, throbbing with busy enter- prise forging ahead as one of the chief fwrts and cities of the Pacific coast; the Prince latest of all cities. Prince Rupert, Rupert. the terminus on the Pacific ocean of the Grand Trunk Pacific trans- continental line, situated on a harbour with per- haps not an equal in the world for beauty and practical use; the new mining city Stewart. of Stewart, surrounded by glacier capped mountains, a continuation of the views along the Alaskan coast which the vessel follows for a hundred miles; but alxjve all in its appeal to the rest-hunter and sight-seeker the trip of two thousand miles on the palatial steamships "Prince Rupert" and "Prince George' — by far the finest in the North Pacific coast service — and on the Company's steamers operat ing Ijetween Prince Rupert and Portland can.i and Queen Charlotte islands. Norwegian fjords are justly famous but the British Columbia coast embraces in its canais and inlets, mountain girt, all the Norwegian attractions and more. Along the route of the Grand Trunk Pacific steamships, the sheltered waters of the Pacific ocean are traversed for over eight hundred and fifty of the nine hundred miles from Seattle to Stewart, via Victoria, Vancouver and Prince Ru|x,'rt. Beautiful mountain ranges, many snow- capped, extend the entire distance, sometimes viewetl on either side of comparatively wide stretches of water, but for the most part rising abruptly from the canal-like or island-studded course of the steamships. ■ Canada: Navu;ation, Railways and Steamboat Lines 187 Canadian Pacific Railway. The Canadian Pacific Railway was the first t. anscontinental railway built in Canada The company has always shown the greatest enter- prise, and was the path-finder through the Rocky mountains in Alln-rta and British Columbia The ( ompany has built splendid hotels, esta- blished steamlKiat lines on the Pacific and Atlan- tic oceans, on Ceorgian ba>-. Lake Superior and the inland waters of British Columbia, by which alternate routes are .^iven its passengers and connections are made with its railway lines and branches. Montreal is the headquarters of the line and from this city, the line east and west con- "ects the Atlantic ocean with the MontreaL Pacific. The Windsor station where Canadian Pacific trains enter, exclusively at Montreal is one of the finest in Canada. The Place Viger, another station has connected with it a first class hotel conve- nient to all parts of the city. Montreal is the largest city in Canada and second only to Quclx-c in historical interest. It ranks amongst the most Ixautiful cities on the American continent, and i)resents all the asiK'cts and elements of metropolitan life, with evidence of material wealth and prosperity on every hand. Yet in the midst of the bustle of the city's commerce are huge gray monasteries and convents and stately cathedrals, which rival the grandest edifices of Europe in splendor and historic interest. Montreal is pre-eminently a city of churches.— French, English, Protest-nt and Catholic. Mount Royal, from which the city takes its name, affords a delightful drive, and from its summit is seen the grandest panorama of the picturesque valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers that is obtainable. A run down the Lachine rapids is an enjoyable experience. They were first run by a steamer in the summer of 1840 by the side wheeler "Ontario" afterwards known as the "Lord Syclenham. " Running these rapids is a most exciting exix-rience and steamers descend daily during the summer. Not <,niy is Montreal the head<|uarters of the biggest railway in the Dominion of Canada, but It is also the key to the great waterways of Canada. Montreal's trade wit! foreign coun- tries has grown very fast these last few years, the short route to Europe, via the St. Lawrence meeting with the universal approval of trader and passenger alike. Montreal has extensive harlKJur accommodations with over seven miles of deep water wharfage and is connected with Lake Superior by canal system. During the 20459- I2i C«"»'»'«" P^ifc Railway Company-Windsor Street Station, Montreal. M L 188 Canada: Navmiation, Ram wavs and Stkamboat Links Canadian Pacific Ry. Co. hotel system — I'lace Vigcr Hotel, Montreal. Canadian Pacific Railway Co. — Montmorency Kails, near Queliec. An Atlantic Empress approaching (Jue!>cc — C. I'. Ky. Co. Atlantic S. S. service. Canadian Pacific Railway Company —.Angus shops, Montreal. !i I Canada: Navh;ation, Railways A\r> Stkamdut Links l«9 summer, ocean steamships run from Montreal to l.iver|xx)l. {".lasgow, London, Havre, Hav- ana, Cape Town, Bristol, Antwerp, Belfast. Dublin, fardiflf, Manchester, Leiih and Alx-r- deen. Besides the C.P.R. there are eleven other ocean steamship companies runninjj into Montreal. In connection with large ocean traffic the following table found on the walls of ..le Cana- dian RublK-r Company's works on Notre Dame street, records this interesting fact: "|82<> l8,^,^. The Piones - of liteam Navigation. On this site sKxxl Bennett and Henderson's foundry, in which were erectt I the two engines designed and placed by John Tiennett on the 'Royal William' — the first vessel to cross the Atlantic or any cxean entirely proiK-lled by steam." From Mimtreal lo (Jueliec. the line runs along the north shore of the St. Lawrence river touching at imjwrtant cities, towns and villages on the way to the ancient capital. Mile End, the first station reached is 5 miles from the centre of Montreal and St. Martin junction li miles. A branch diverges at Lanoraie, 50 miles from Montreal northward to Jolictte. Three Rivers, a flourishing manufacturing city and (Kcan port, is i)f) miles from Montreal. I'iles junction is two liles further Three on and i.ear St. Maurice where Rivers. the river St. Maurice enters the St. Lawrence. The St. Maurice river furnishes immense water power to several large manufacturing industries, and nature's aids to manufacturing cannot fail to afford a most interesting view. .^ branch line runs to (irandes Piles, northward on the St. Maurice. Frcmi Three Rivers, the line continues along the St. L-'.wrente to yuel)ec. 173 miles from Montreal. The city of Quebec is a bit of mediaeval Kurope placed in a Canadian setting. It is of interest to shipping men because Quebec. here it was that the ships of the early disco\ercrs f)f the northeti part of America first dropix;d anchor, and here European civilization was first planted. Quebec has seen stirring times. Here it was that the early French made their la t fight for the Domi- nion of Canada, in the western world, — on the plains of Abraham where Wolfe and Montcalm fell. Here, in the harlnuir, fleets of warring nations have more than .)nce iR-lched fire and destruction. Quelx^c has gra- ing at a rapid rate, its wharves and sheds provide accomodation for large ocean going vessels and it is the winter port for several lines on the east coast of Canada. The Canadian Pacific Rail- way has at We»t St. John grain elevators and railway sidings to convey cattle and grain to ocean liners. f 1*.*^ fe:^. ,l^*«»,; Cuatom House, St. John, N.B. The Canadian Pacific Railway has connection by the Intercolonial Railway at St. John with Moncton, a converging point for other railways 3nd 573 miles from Montreal. Moncton is a most interesting town owing to its large railway workshops and Intercolonial Railway ofl^ces, and it also is a point of attrac- tion on account of the "Bore" or high tide which flows from the Bay of Fundy up the Petitcodiac river, showing a wall of water as it ascends five feet in height and confnues to rise at the rate of one foot every three minutes. From Moncton the Intercolonial proceeds to Halifax, 759 miles from Montreal. Halifax is well known as an ancient town Halifax. with most interesting and beauti- ful surroundings and places of his- toric interest. Until lately it was a naval station of the Imperial navy. The harbour is one of the finest in the world, spacious, of great length, com- pletely land Icx-ked and would easily accomodate all the vessels of the British navy. The citadel is 137 feet above the sea and has an eventful his- tory. It can accomcxiate the whole of the in- habitants of the town in the event of war. Halifax is an important port for iK-ean liners and has a large gra\ing d(x:k and a naval yard. From Montreal West. From Montreal the transcontinental line runs by two branches to Ottawa, 115 miles from Montreal. The branches are the North Shore Line and the Short Line, over the latter the transcontinental trains are despatched twice daily from Montreal. These trains are the Im- perial limited and Soo trains. Ottawa is the political centre of the Dominion Ottawa. and is one of the most picturesque capitals in the world. The national buildings are the principal objects of interest to tourists, and its library is one of the most com- plete in the world. Ottawa is a city of charming drives and parks. The waters of tl.c Ottawa which are here set between the provinces of Halifax— Public BuiUling. IW Canada: Navi«;atic>n, Raimvavs and Steamboat I.inkh Ontario and yuclxr, |x>ur ovor the ("hai'dk-rt- fallH— ri'semhlinn in sha|H< a hum- raiildron or kettle. The Rideaii falls are only half a mile distant. Kmbrai-ed in this district are the (jrandest of the innumerable northern lakes, whose very names are suKK^stive of romantir interest and In-auly. A direet line of the Canadian Pacific- {lasses from Montreal to Toronto, ,VV) miles from Montreal. This im|M)rtant |iortion of the line passes through a country lH)rderinK "" 'he St. Lawrence river and lake Ontario, along which are many enterprising cities and towns known for their l>eautiful location, surroundings and attractions of the rarest kinds. Toronto has its attractions as a summer city. In ix)int of size it is the second largest city in Canada. It is a nietro|x)lis of Toronto. l)eautiful piirks and magnificent private residences. With a har- bour opening on lake Ontario, it has a thriving water traffic and almost at any time of the day the big lake steamers and freighters can Iw seen along the wharves. Throughout the province of Ontario are many pleas;»nt summer resorts, chief among which are the Muskoka lakes and Kawartha lakes. During the summer months these sections are huge holiday centres for the city toilers of Ontario. From Toronto the head of the (Jreat I.,akcs is reachetl by taking the railway to Owen Sound l'ana<*«n Pacific Ky, Co.— Huckiii);ham K.ills in the l.icvrc River, Gatiiiraii Valley. Canadian Pacific Ry. Co.- .New oftices in Toronto. ami from there travelling to Fort William and i'ort .Arthur via the C. P. R.'s palatial line of lake steamships. Owen Sound is a busy attrac- tive town, progressive and enterprising. It has gtMxl stores and is siirrounde islands of Ceorgian Bay and Lake Huron, there being much that is interesiitig to lie seen. Taking up the transcontinental course of the railway from Ottawa it proceeds to Xorth Bay Canada: NAviiiAxroN, Railways and Stkamboat Links 'W whtTf thi- ('.rami Trunk uml Ontario ami Ttniis- raming lim-s have ronniHtiim with thi- Canadian Pacific. Fk'fon- [wssinn from North Bay. thrii- imiMirtant branches should Ik' mentiom-d which priK-eed from the main line and have their ter- minals in a most pictures<|ue country. alxuindinK with lakes noted for the line lishinK alTors through a well wawa, iMith summer resorts Kipawa visited by tourists from all direc- Branch, lions. From North Bay. the line continues to Sud- •""■y, 4.V) miles fnmi Montreal where it diverges and runs north of lake SuiK-rior. Sudbury. The junction of the Sm) line with the route north iiS lake SuiK'rior makes this place an im|)ortani town. A junctiim with the main line from Tonmto is also made here. Industries of various kinds have la-en established ami the district is known for its mineral de|Hisits. particularly nickel. At Cop- ix-r Cliff not far from Sudbury large nickel sim-lting works have luen established which exjiort thousiinds of tons of nickel an5 at a cost of $4,ucx>,uoo. The tonnage (xiiwing the Canadian and American locks at this point amounts to alxwt 75,oou,cxx> tons per year. Sault Ste. Marie has l)een an important shipping centre for years. Here in 1797 was built the first lock on the .American continent. This lock was afterwards burned in the war of 1812. The city itself is rapidly growing. It is situated on the St. Mary's river at a point where the flow from lake Superior is obstructed by tossing and tumbling ra|>ids, and it is steadily gaininc in importanic as an iniluslrial and commercial centn*. Sault Ste. Marie now has a population of alwut i6,uoo. The surrounding country is rich in iron, cr>pper. nickel, and gold-l)earinK quartz, which is now lieing mined at a great profit. Millions of acres of iiml)er are within easy reach of the "Soo" and have their only port here. The climate at the "Soo" is most delightful. The weather is steady in winter, but not enough to menace the commercial welfare of the city. Of much interest to visitors are the great industries of the lake Superior Corporation, including the liessemer »tecl plant and rolling mills, blast furnaces, pulp mill, sulphite mill. The Algoma Iron Works, car shops, veneer mill, charcoal plant, power plant, reduction works, and saw mills. Canadian Pacific Ry. Co. — Freight yards at Fort William. Casaoa; Naviiiatios. Kaii.wavm and Stkamboat Links 195 Canadian Pacific Railway Company— (;rain elivator at Fort William, Ont. For one in search of romance, or of scenic lieauty, no place affords Krcatcr i)p|x)rtiinity than Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, for a few hours sail on the St. Mary's river or a short trip on the Canadian Pacific Railway will take him to scenes of unusual interest. From Sault Ste. Marie connections are made with the Sault Ste. Marie S)uth Shore line to Duluth and from Duluth t() Winnipt-R. From Sudbury, the line pnK-eeds along the north shore of lake Superior to Port Arthur and Fort William. Fort VViiliam and Port Arthur at the head of the lakes are cities that are fast becoming extensive municipalities. Here arc situated numerous big grain elevators where the whi-at from the West is stored lieforo Ix-ing shipped further EUist. Here up till the middle '. of December the big freight lK)ats can Ik- seen at Port Arthur and Fort William. the docks taking on Ixwird their cargo for the , lower lakes. In i»)o<) at Fort William, the gen- eral freight handlwl was i,30o,ikxj tons, coal. i,2oo,(KX) tons. The ves.sels coming and departi. g numl)ered 2,002, tonnage 3,56g,o<>o. From the head of the lakes the scenery along the Canadian Pacific Railway takes on a different asjiect. Near Kenora the Lake of the W(xkIs with its thousands of islamis is passed anti then Winni|X'g is reachetl. It is essentially a new city but it is such a lively pro- gressive municipidity that strangers are im- pressed with its busy streets. VVinnipeg 1.4 14 miles from Montreal is the capital of Manitoba, and the largest city in Canada west of lake Superior. Winnipeg. It is about midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In i87oit8pt)pulation was2l5;in 1874 it was 1,869; in 1902, 48,411; in 1911, 175,000. and steadily I9« (■.\n\da: S'avhutios. Railwavm xnu Stkamihmt I-I!«k» C. I'. Rv. ('i>. Siiiiiim Ml Port \rthiir Thr lihirk Mnr on the hurUun i» thi' I>rr4ikw;ilrr. Canadian I'aiific Railway Company— Kakabtka Kallt, ni'ar Kori \\ mi, mi, Unt. CANAIM: NAVHiATION, KaII.W.Wh ami STKAMBiiAT I.INKK 197 inrrfUMiiK. \Vinni|N>K in iiiiturally a ci-niri' for the >\h))lfHiilc ami joliliinK iraHc of ihf un-ai W I'jtl ar«l I'viT) ItratK h of liu»ilir->> is ri'|irt'M'nifior.inr in itu- < iiv for dairy PMnIuit, I'tf. It i« an iiii|Mirlaiit railw.iy rt-nln-, from which Ixiih «a>.| ami wim may Ik- narluil. Hrani h linix run to niarl\ t\tr> |Kiri of ihr pro- vince and a hram h of iIr- Cmaflian Pacific conm-ctH with ilu Sm» line at Kimrwiii, ihii;* alTordiMK a dim I roiiiiioSt. I'anI, Minnca|M.li«, and ChicaK". Tit*' yards of the Canailian Pacific Kailwax at \Viniii|KK arc iht- latucnl in the worUI oiHraH-d l»y one company, iim! contain one hundred and twenty miles of track. \Vinni|K({ is the (Mililical as well as the commercial centre of Western Canada. The Legislative and l>e|Nirimenlal liuildir{s of the ManilolMi ('mv- erniiient and the chief inimiKration lands and timlier oHires of the Dominion ( iovemmenl fiir the West are hN-aled h«re. WinniiHK i" the eustirn K'lK'way to ihi' prairies, f'rom here for a thoiisiind milen the train s|HH'ds throuKh tile wheat ami r.inch lamis of Manitolia, Siiskatchewan and AlU-rla. Kxtensivt wheathelds are seen strelchinK away on all sides as far as the eye can reach, nnd new towns just recently out ards above the hotel. Great caves, of recent e.\ploration, are within easy distance by pony, and Swiss guides are at hand to aid the traveller who desires to try mountain climbing. The mountain scenery reaches its climax at Rogers Pass. Men who have seen the best mountain scenery of the Alps and of all famous parts of the world declare Rogers Pass is the finest of them all. Sublime beyond description is that point 20459—13} where the line is at its highest on the trip over the mountains. From here the drop towards the Pacific begins and spiral tunnels that wind carefully down, passing within a few hundred feet of points passed before, are features of the descent. At Glacier there is the great Illecillewaet gla- cier a moving icefield, miles in extent Here also are the raves of ."^akimu with their wonder- ful sparkling caverns. Eastward near Golden IS the m(xlcl Alpine village of "Edilweiss" built 304 Canada: Navigation. Railways and Steamboat Lines by the Canadian Pacific Railway for the accomo- dation of its Swiss Ciuidcs. At Mission Junction a branch line of the C.P. R. runs to the International bounclary to make connection with the Northern Pacific Railway for Seattle. The main line, however, travels to Vancouver. Vancouver, 2,897 miles from Montreal, on Burrard Inlet, is the largest city in British Columbia, and has one of the Vancouver, finest harlwurs on the Pacific. From the standpoint of Ux^ation it is unsurpassed, from the standpoint of pro- gressiveness, unique. It typifies the true progressive spirit of the West. Where twenty- five years ago Vancouver was nothing but a name, tcxlay it is a hustling city of 120,000— and still growing. With its great harbour facilities it is building up an universal shipping trade. In fact the progress made by this port along shipping lines is nothing short of wonder- ful. Today there is a regular steamship service to Victoria, Nanaimo and San Francisco, to China and Jajxin, to Australia and New Zealand via Honululu, H.I., Suva, Fiji, and to Pugct Sound and Alaskan iwrts, while it is the terminus of the ocean lines trading between London and Canada via China and Japan. It is one of the principal points of departure on the coast for the Yukon and other northern goldfields, and an outfitting headquarters for miner and pros- Iiectors. The Canadian Pacific Railway's White Empress Line steamships take the shortest route to Yokohama, Kolic, Nagaski, Shanghai and Hong Kong, making the q slickest passage by from five to ten days across the North Pacific, Canadian Pacific Railway Company— The Loop» near Glacier. Canada: NAVuiATiox, Railways, and Steamboat Links Candian I'ac. Ry. („ —Siimc bin trees in Stanley Park, Vanoouvt-r. aoS Pi I Canadian Tacific Railway Company hotel system-Hotel at \anroiiver. 306 Canada: Navigation, Rah-ways and Stbamboat Linu Canadian Pacific Ry. Co. hotel tystem — Hotel Emprew, Victoria, B.C. departing every two or three weeks. Steam- ships of the Canadian Australian line sail from Vancouver ever>' four weeks for Sydney, Aus- tralia, via Honululu, Suva and Brisbane. The shipping returns at Vancouver for IQ09-1910 were given as, 16,169 vessels of 6,456,838 tons register. Victoria across the strait from Vancouver has been aptly described as a transplanted section of old England. It is a beautiful residential city, with many miles of magnificent roads and parks and government buildings which rank among the handsomest in America. Like Van- couver, Victoria has a big shipping trade. Its outer wharfs have thirty feet of water at low tide. Steamboats afford connections with Van- couver and British Columbia mainland, and with Piigct Snuml ports. -*nd steamships depart every five days for S,.n Francisco, connecting there for Southern California, Mexico and South American west coast - oints. Steamers from and to Vancouver for Japan, the Hawaiian and Fijian islands, and Australia, stop at Victoria, many tourists taking the steamer at this port, and there are regular sailings for Alaskan points both for tourists visiting the wonderful fiords of the north coast, and those intending to explore the great gold belt of the Yukon. Esquimalt Harbour, two miles from Victoria, was formerly the British naval station and rendezvous on the North Pacific, with naval storehouses, workshops, graving docks, etc. The trip up the coast to Alaska is becoming more and more popular each year. There is a regular line of steamships on this route and it is undeniably one of the most novel and interesting trips in the world. Skagway is the most northern point touched. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Shumboat Linm Canadian Pacific Railway Company-Goat River Fall., near Erickson. B.C. Diverging from the main line of the Canadian Pacific at Dunmore, an attractive alternate route is offered to the Pacific Coast via the Crow's Nest Branch, through the great ranching dis- tricts of Southern Alberta and the vast mining regions of the Kootenay, thence by way of Nelson, the Colum- bia river and Arrow lakes to Revelstoke, where the main line is joined for the trip to Vancouver. On the Columbia river, and the Arrow, Crows Nest Pass Line. Slocan and Kootenay lakes the steamship service is operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The steamers are speedy and well equipped and besides the passenger traffic, carry a big freight business. The steamship "Bonnington" the first steel steamship on these lakes was recently launched by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Travelling one way via the Canadian Rockies, the trip through the Koote- nay in the reverse direction makes a particularly attractive and enjoyable tour. Canada: Navioation, Railwayh and Steamboat Lines Tunnel thecivoh the Rocky Mountain Range. Of th« many enidncerinK diffirultic* encoun- tered by the builders u( the Canadian Pacific Railway in laying the utifl rails through the Rocky Mountains, ni*ne pn- -^nted such serious problems as those involved in the overcoming of the rade of the "Big Hill, ' just east of Field, B.C. All the way through the mountains during the building of the road, the cnhinccrs were Iwing continually called up«in to w)lvc fresh engineering problems in railway construction. None of these, however, were of the magnitude of these presented at Field. Herv after the road had lieen finishefi and operated for some years it was decidei ,270.000 and the C.P.R. travelle. with complete out- fit of steam equipment. 75 carloaun.ls of the explosive. The cost of the explosives alone came to over $250,000. During the tunnel work for the first time in Canada, steam sho\els were o|ierated by com- pressed air. One of these machines was installed at the working head in each tunnel, the cutting Ix-ing worked from op|X)site ends. Despite the complicated work caused by the shafx- of the tunnels they met exactly, the work lieing com- pleted with marvellous exactness. The result of the whole ojierations is that the co.st of operations has l)een cut U) alK)ut one- third of the former cost, two engines now haul the trains formerly nciding four engines, while the element of danger inseparable from high grades has been practically eliminated. •to Canaoa: Navigation, Railway! and Stkauboat Umu M my important bridie ttnicture* have Imn bofli U\ the CaiUKlian Pacific Railwa) in linliinB the two cxcam with it> tramcon- LMllbridit tinenul line. Probably the moat VMict iropurtant o( theae structure* i« that at Lethbridge where the rail- way h.iK er>vted, what Ih, taking everything into camicUratioo. the Urgent railway viaduct in the }{• "^t the railway in its early days was 41 .. the Belly River and the Old Man Riv ' • i t*. ict of twenty wooden trestles, or b'lil <' S'ln then these twenty bridges have bi I t;>i tcer^ tiy two immense steel viaducts, OM. J.^>7'> > «t in length, with a maximum Mf.Ut oi < < 'i t above .he water and the other 1,900 '■" '1. -ngth w th a height of 146 feet «|)o«- he .1 .ese viaducts are Inintn** stru'Ui^ lu were built at a great ev.t, 'cou-'. . ^ iver $a,ooo,ooo. 645 cars of at el anii > v . two thousand car toads of mate 'lit we! ' « in the construction of the viad xt» Another big C.F.R. bridge is that crowing the St. Lawrence river at Lachine, near Mon- treal. H hen it was first built this Lachine structure was one of the longest IMAtPi cantilever bridges in existeni-e. Montreal. It is nearly three quarters of a mile in length and as the river at this pr» by C. P. Ky. CompaBy. .ompletion. This work is attracting consider- able atteniiia inasmuch as it involves the replacing of the old structure with a new bridge, twice as wide, four times as heavy, carrying two tracks and resting on several additional piers, all without delaying traffic. Still another big C.P.R. bridge is that I*ing built at Edmonton, over the Saskatchi *an river, to join the city of Kdmonton Edmonton- to the former town of Sirathcona Strathcoaa in a greater Edmonton This bridge. bridge which wii! I)c (ini>he(i this year is a,8oo fi'«"t long, ha.- a height of 200 feet above waKr level and w II cost approximately $1,500,000. Two other l>ig bridges are being built by the C.P.R.. at Outlook. An interesting fact in earlor cars operated by the com- pany as high class as the rest of iheir equipmenl'. They are finished outside in pojishctl mahogany and their interiors, with ihoir beautiful fittings, are beyond comparison. The lierlhs are higher, wider^and longer than in ordinary sleeping cars. { anadian Pacific Railway Company-Standard Pa..enger Trai, of the handsotnest md i; comfortable cars in use in America. The observation room is well supplieholstered and are mo.'^t comfortable. The dining car service o( best in the countr>'. A gn used is grown on the C.I aia Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines The cars themaelves are big, airy and con- spidously clean, and each car is in charge of a competent conductor whose duty it is to see that pctrons receive every possible courtesy. There are many other types of cars built by th • C.P.R., but they differ only in small details from the cars described abo>'e. The workman- ship on all cars is of the highest standard and the interior fittings and furnishings are of the most up-to-date nature. At practically every point on its transcon- tinental and branch lines the Large C.P.R. has sidings antl yards of Railway conp-derable size. At Winnipeg Yards. it ^as the hi^est railway yards in the world, having at this point over 1 20 miles of track. The Canadian Pacific Railway's new terminal at Port McNicoll, on Georgian Bay, is destined to become one of the most import- P(Wt ant points of the Great Lakes. McNicoll Not only will it take an important Terminal, part in the grain traffic from west- ern Canada, but the terminal gains importance from the fact that it is now the eastern headquarters for the C.P.R.'s fleet of Great Lakes steamships. Much money was spent by the C.P.R. in completing the terminal, the work involved l)eing particularly heavy. The operations included the building of several miles of concrete wharves and the dredging of channels to accommcxlate the big freight and pas- senger steamships, the building of a huge new elevator, the erection of several big 1,000 foot storehouses, and the building of numerous smaller structures, including a power plant, cot- Canarfian Pacific Railway Company— Part of the freight yards, Winnipeg, Man. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines a»3 tages and boarding houses for employees, etc. Protiably the most interesting feature of the plant is the new elevator. It at present has accomodation for 3,ouo,cx)o bushels of grain, but it is so built that in the future it can be extended to accomodate lo.uoo.ooo bushels of grain. All of the machinery in the plant is of the very latest design and the structure is the mj>8t up-to-date in Canada. A system of 750 incandescent lamps and twelve arc lamps makes the operation of the plant as easy by night as by day. Telephones, electric bells, and signal lamps, dust collectors, etc., have been installed and the whole plant is entirely firepnjof. C. p. R.— ROUND TRIP FARES. Prom I From From From Chicmio.l Toronto. Fort Duluth. WillUm. I i ct>' t ct 40 10 WinnipeK — rail Winnipeg— lake and rail. . Banlf I 66 00 Edmonton 6a 60 North Parific CooM (Summer TouriM) 7 J 50 North Pacific Coail (Conven- tion, certain u.ttf*« only) 6,s 00 San FranclKo. ("al.. direct 71 so San KtanciMco (one way via Pk)i jnd. Ore.) 8750 loi lu Bnril, Ont. " (tlolrls) a 60 Port Carllng, Ont. " (llotrb) 5 as Port Cockburn, Ont. " 615 RMKnu Cm. •• 6 35 Royal Mnikoka. Ont. " j Ss Sudbury, Ont. " 10 jo Tcmitkaming, Que. " li 53 Party F.xres. For parties of ten (lo) or more travelling to- gether on going journey at rate of one first class, one way fare and one third will be made for the round trip between stations in Canada. Pass- engers may return individually within the final limit of tickets which is thirty days from date of issue. Canadian Northern Transcontinental Railway. Not the least interesting feature in connection with the Canadian Northern Railways is the opening up of new resorts and holiday grounds to the people of the world. For instance, the Rainy Lake District, one of the most charming fishing, and hunting grounds of Canada, was, previous to the advent of the Cana !ian Northern Railway, accessible only by a lo.ig and tedious water trip — now one can step off palatial Canadian Northern sleepers, into the midst of this most delightful region. In Muskoka, new and unexpected vistas of lake and island scenery have become easily accessible by parlor car from 1 oronto, and within a few months the same easy means of communication will be pro- Canadian Northi'in "Standard Taasenger Traina" at North Battlefurd Station. Canada: NhVication, Railways and Steamboat Lines ai5 Canadian Northern Railway System— Shawinigan Falls, Quebec— No developing over 100,000 electrkai H. P. Canadian Northern Railway— Standard freight engine. «6 Canada: Navication, Railways and Steamboat Links Canadian Northern Railway — Ouitchowan Falls, Lake St. John District, Quebec — J8o feet, 13,000 H. P. m Canadian Northern Ry. System — C. N. R. Prince Edward hotel, Brandon, Man. Canada: \avu;ation. Railways and SrEAWBoAT Lines "7 vided into the heart of the Rideau lakes. In Nova Scotia, the Canadian Northern skirts the Atlantic coast where sea bathing, detp-soa fish- ing, yachting, and kindred amusements can »jc enjoyed after alighting from the train within a short distance of the summer hotel. In British Columbia, where the line is now already under construction, attention will be given to the needs : of the tourist and holiday-maker. "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is a well known axiom and the Canadian Northern while making tlie most ample provision for industries and other business propple of Canada are on the continual look-out 20459—14 Cana.lian Northern Railway System. Q„eboc-.M„„« ,he picturesque natiM'an river. 918 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines for places of r«at and recreation, which can be reachtti without difficulty. The locating engi- neers keep this fact well before them, and include as many scenic and resort features in their survey, as may be consistent with easy grades, a minimum of curvature and the reaching of all important places in the general direction of the line. The result is, that Halifax and Yarmouth have become central points of connection for Atlantic shore resorts. Que' l-c is the gateway to the wonderful Chicoutimi country, where fish and game abound. Ottawa and Montreal will lie headquarters for Ottawa river and Ridcau lakes resorts, Toronto the starting point for the Muskoka region, and Fort Francis for the Rainy lakes. British Columbia, including Van- couver Island, will prou>wiblc. ranatlian Northern Railway— Slookii inx «-enc. Canadian Northern Ry -North branch of the Saskatrhewan river, from Elbow l.ri.Ue. MS Camada: Navigation, RAawAvs and Steamk).\t Lines m the railway: the mileage in Ontario i» nwde up ol the aertinn Mill to lie completed on the Toronto^ htawa line and that Iwtween Mon- treal, Ottawa and Purt Arthur. The pniKram for both of thew provinrra taken tugethi-r and added to the existing linen give* a tranKon- tincntal line from tide water at Qtiebec to the Pacifir coast. Of this total mileage, 1,633, approximately 700 miles, were mmplcled during 191 1, The l>alance has of course Iwen carried over to 1913 including as it does those big links between Edmonton and the Coast and between the Eastern and Western lines in Ontario. This does not, however, comprise the entire building program for 1911, because there are ntany lines now contemplated the details of which have not yet been worked out. But there will be ample provision made for the development of new districts especially in the three prairie provinces. Caiuulisn Northers Ry.— " Alberta Expreu " cro«- im the bridge at the Elbow, Saskatrhewan river. Arthur and Edmonton, the average mileage operated there during the lisral >ear which ended on June 30th was 3,383 miles. Just lately, however, a new time-table was issued by the Company showing a total ol 4,415 miles in operation on the prairies alone. This is an increase of slightly more than a thousand miles. It does not necessarily follow that all of this was built during 1911, but the figures go to show the wonderful force that is driving this transcontinental line through to comple- tion. In Noveml)er, 1911, figures compiled at the head office of the Canadian Northern Railway Company showed a total of 1,633 miles under construction in Canada. Of this, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba, were allowed only 563 miles. That is the Canadian Northern proper. British Columbia and Ontario were included in this total of new lire. In the case of the former, 500 miles are shown as in process of building while Ontario shovs the largest percentage of all — 570 miles. The Pacific coast division is that now being built between the Yellowhead pass and Port Man:!, the Pacific terminal of Can. Northern Ry.— The public way— The railway it overhead — Fort Saskatchewan CaNAOA: NaVIRATION, RAILWAVn ANU StKAMMMT LIMI Mi Canadian Northern Ry.-A big frci^hler loading at Port Arthur. Ont. Canadian Northern Ry.— Elevator at Port Arthur Ont., the largest in the world. Ciinailian Northtrn Railway - Lifting piK-irnn by magnfl. C. N. Ry. — The Saskatchewan river near Radison, Sailc. TaNARA: NAVIfJATIOSi. RaII.WAVh am. StKAMUMT I.IMKII »s ('. N. R) - Intrriiir M HI«^|ht. f N. R. M.we, Rniny lake. Canailian Northern Ry— Interior of Dining i 396 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Links i Much speculation has been indulged in as to the probable date when the Canadian Northern Railway's transcontinental line will be finished and in operation, across Canada. It is not of course an easy nutter to estimate, but it is. interesting to notice, that all of the work which can fairly be set down to the transcontinental idea is undet contract to be completed by the end of 1913. In both British Columbia and Ontario, the building operations will be pressed with vigour all through this year and on both divisions there will be employed a total of about 9,000 men, almost equally divided between British Columbia and Ontario. The construction gangs will be em- ployed in cutting the right of way, the getting in of supplies and in the blasting of the rock section. There are in British Columbia alone neariy two and a quarter miles of tunnels. Work on these is being pushed forward with the utmost despatch so that the track men and *hc graders will not be delayed when the operations open again next spring. The Canadian Northern from Toronto to Ruel is 337.9 miles. This is as far as the Canadian Northern is completed for passenger traflk, but in going west, this line can only be used as far as Sudbury where one must take the Canadian Pacific Ry. to Pbrt Arthur a disUnce of 552 miles. From Port Arthur to Winnipeg is a distance of 459 miles. From Winnipeg to Prince Albert is a distance of 56s miles, North Battleford 573 miles and to Edmonton, Alta. 836.9 miles. Another line runs from Winnipeg to Prince Albert which passes Portage la Prairie, Dauphin, Kamsack, Humbolt, Warman and which con- nects with the main line at North Battleford. Another line runs south of the one just mentioned fr : , Portage ia Prairie, pasws Carberry, Brandon, Maryfield, Regina, Ss'katoon, and joins the northern line at Prince Albert, a distance of 549 miles from Portage la Prairie or 605 miles from Winnipeg. A l»ranch from Ncepawa to Canora a distance of 333.5 miles. A branch from Saskatoon to Calgary which is not yet wholly opened for traffic. The Oak Point-Gypeumville section distance from Winnipeg to Gypsumville, Man., 158 miles. From Toronto to Trenton 110.5 miles. From Trenton to Picton a distance of 30.53 miles is run on the Central Ontario Railway. Fro^n Trenton to Maynooth, 101.7. From Otuwa to Montreal, 135 . 7 miles. From Montreal to Quebec 176. i miles, passing Rawdon with its mountain scenery, Joliette, Shawinigan whose falls rivals those of Niagara in grandeur. Grand Mere noted for its water power and pulp and paper industries. From Quebec to Chicoutimi a distance of 337 miles, passing lake St. Joseph, La Tuque, lake Edward and Rnhprval. ■< C. N. Ry.— Station at Winnipeg. t Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Links aaj Intercolonial Railway. The Intercolonial Railway of Canada is in n.ore ien§ea than one the people's line. A» a Government road it is owned by the people, and in operation of the line this principle is ever kept in view, so that i • best available service will be given. In another sense it is the people's line, because it is popular as the great all Cana- dian system, and the only all rail Kne from Montreal to the extreme points of the Maritime provinces. It is equally popular as the great tourist and sportsman's route, and that by which the desirable places in the provinces by the sea can be most conveniently reached. The Intercolonial railway, with the Prince Edward Island railway, embraces nearly 1,700 miles of thoroughly built road, with rail and steamer connections for many hundreds of miles in addition to th's; and it traverses the most varied and inviting tourist country on the con- tinent. Each year the advantages of this r ate are becoming better known and the volume of travel is increasing, until the country of the Intercolonial attracts tourists from every part of the civilized world. Starting from Montreal, the Intercolonial croaaes the Victoria Jubilee bridge, passing through the beautiful country east Mtmtraal. of the Canadian metropolis, and take? the shortest and most direct route to Quebec, unique among the cities of the contine.it of North America, from its age and interesting historic assrx-iations. Everywhere are monuments of eventful insiory, places about which volumes have been written to tell only a small part of their romance. There is place after place in Quebec where one may step out of the bustle of to-day back into the seventeenth century. It is the old and the new— to-day being always side by side with the past. Quebec is most picturesquely situated on the base and summit of a lofty cliff, projecting into the St. Lawrence. From the citadel, which crowns the summit of the cliff, and from Quebec. Dufferin terrace, the immense esplanade at the base of the citadel, a view of indescrilKible Iteauty is obtained. Trolley cars carry passengers to i Mont- momicjr Mia. the various places of interest, such aa Montmorency falls, which every visitor to Quebec should see, and to Ste. Anne de Beaupre, Canada's famous shrine, where thousands of afHicted persons journey every year. The large and handsome Redemptorist church, with its costly furnish- St. Anne de ings and beautiful paintings, Beaupre. contains pyramids of crutches near the entrance doors, as evi- denjes of the miraculous cures that have been made. The summer climate of Quebec is cool and healthy and, with so many advantages, it is not to be wondered that the city is a Mecca for pleasure seekers. But Quebec is a great city commercially also, having a large and steadily growing trade. Re- *'«''•• suming the journey from Levis via the Intercolonial, the next two hundred miles of the route is through a country that is purely French-Canadian. Montmagny is an i'nportant centre for the trade of the surrounding country. Between the Mont- v'llages, as they are passed in sue- matny. <^es«on, may be seen the long, narrow farms, with their quaint cottages and low-lying outbuildings. The ex- planation of their peculiar form is simple enough, when it is understood that th?se farms, originally of fair width, have from time to time been di- vided among heirs by the simple process of running the lines from front to rear, so as to give each a share of the frontage on the highway. Intercolonial Ry.— Murray Bay from the hilUidc. aat Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines I Inteirolonial Ky. "Interior of alorpinn car. if liittTi 1)1. .nidi ky.— Ri'sliijoiKhc Clul) Ihe junction of .Matapt-dia anil Rr»t igouchf rivers Canada: Navioaton, Railways, and Stkamboat Lues 229 ■■ Jn each village is the parish church and its accompanying religious buildings, substantial edifices of stone. The people of this part of Canada are industrious, peaceful and plain in their tastes. All speak their mother tongue, and all have a fervent adherence to their mother church. In these particulars they are very much as were their forefathers of early Canada, but evidences are plentiful that modern improve- ments have been introduced in their methods of farming and conducting business. At Riviere Ou'.'lle junction connection is made with the Intercolonial short line to Murray Bay. via Riviere Ouelle wharf Riviere and steamer across the St. Law- i Ouelle. rence. The service is performed by Government S.S. Champlain. Murray Bay is one of the most delightful of the many beautiful summer resorts on the river St. I^wrence. and is larKcly pat- Murray ronized evf ry summer by people B«y. of wealth and fashion, who annual- ly enjoy its- health-giving climate, its Imely scenery and it.s unrivalled facilities for boating and bathing. During the summrr two daily trains are operated In-twit-n Montreal and Riviete Otielle wharf, in each direction, con- necting with the steamer for the sail acrnss the broad bos<)m of the mighty St. Lawrence, afford- ing an opportunity of reaching the spot by a short, comfortable and pleasant route. Continuing the journey along the south shore of the lower St. Lawrence, the Intercolonial rnf '•*>•« its \va\' among picturesque Riviere <«" .-Canadian villages, and Loup ana reaching such well-known sum- Intercolonial Ry.— .A .North Shore calih— .New Brunswick. 33° Canada: Navioation. Railways and Stkamboat Lines .^..■»»ii,i intercolonial Ry.— A New Bruniwick mouM:. :1 11 14" Intercolonial Ry.— Fishing in New Brunawitk. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines m Intercolonial Ry Cacouna. nicr resorts as Rixiere du L«)up, ' Carolina and Little Metis, with other plares most attractive to tourists. Beyond these it traversi's the Mataix-dia valley and enters uixin the great sjilnion and trout fishing region. This inrludes the Matape, and after passing Bale des Camplielilon the railwav runs Chaleun along the shore of the iJaie des ("haleurs. On the opixisite side of this wonderful haven is si-en the C.asiK' IK-ninsula, the land of l>old and impres- sive scenery. On the New Brunswick side such places as Dalhousie and Bathurst have much to attract, while further on are the .— BaddctTk, N.S nourishing towns of Newcastle and Chatham. From any of thesi- towns the great moose hunting and big game territory of the north shore of .New Brunswick ma>' Ik- reachi-d. Near Bathurst are the celebrated iron mines owned and operated l.y the Canada Iron Crtance in New Bruuiiwick. Acl- vantagwusly »iiuai«l on thf Pctitccxitac river, and U'ing cenirally Nxated lietwevn the most fertile jjortions of Noxa Siotia and New Bruns- wick, it has fine <>|>|M)rtunities for trade and commerce. Moncton ileri\es much of its pros- perity from the presence there of the offices and workshops of the railway, as alK>ut 3.600 empl<)>ees make their home here. Recent dis- coveries of natural gas near the city and the piping of the same to the riiy for ix)wer and fuel purposes bring promise of a greater industrial future for the city. The "Tidal Inire" of the Petitcijdiac river is one of the attractions for visitors. West from Moncton the railway runs 8<> miles to St. John, the commercial metroixdis of .New Brunswick. The route is thnmgh a k.«k1 farming land, and in the nutiurous villages passed, evidences of prosiKrilv are not lacking. At Salisbury connection is made with the Salis- bury and All)ert railway for Alln-rt. A visit to this section is interesting, and by this route the pictures<|ue nnks at Ho|H-well ciik- may in- visited. River (Wade is in the centre ol a g.xxl farming district. PetitciKliac is a thriving vil- lage, from which the KIgin and Havel(Kk rail- way runs to Elgin and Havelest of the country is not seen from the tr.iin. There is gixxl fishing and shcxjting in this section. 20459-15 and from any of these statiunB. the Canaan wixjcU 9an eauily Ijc reached. SuBKcx is a thriving town in the miditt of a fertile vale. The Ruvernment military ramp, one of the finest in Canada, is sit- Sutan. uateil here. From Hampton the St. Martins railway runs to St. Martins on the liay of Fundy coast. From here to St. John pretty suburban vijlagcti are seen, and there is a splendid view of the broad stretch of the Kenncl)ecasis river as it nears the river St. John. St. John, the city founded by the Loyalists in 1783. has a history dating back to the time when the land was Acadia, and the lian- St. John, ner of France waved from Fort La N. B. Tour. Alm<»st tlestroyc soldiers and was the chief of a chain of fortifications which extended over the isthmus of Chignecto. The government experimental farm is situated at Nappan, a few miles beyond Amherst, and the next station is Maccan, where the Nova Scotia real fields arc first seen. A branch railway connects the Intercolonial with the Joggins mines, which have a heavy annual output, and beyond them is Minudie, famous for its grindstones. At Springhill junction, the CumlicHand Rail- way and Coal Co.'s line runs to Springhill mines and Parrsboro. A hrge quantity PambofO* of bituminous coal of high Rrade quality is mined at Springhill. Parr'boro is the shipping port. From Oxford junction a branch of the Inter- colonial runs to Pictou serving the territory bordering on this part of Northumberland strait. This branch connects with the Pictou branch line to Stellarton. From Oxford junction the route to Truro lies (iver the Coliecjuid mountain.s, an altitude of nearly 700 fwt alK>ve the level of the sea. The iM-autiful VV'entworth va..oy lies between VV'esi- -hcster and Folleigh lake. Three miles fnmi Londonderry station are the extensive iron works at .Vadia Mines. Canada: NAvi«iATi<»N. Railways axd Stkaji»«)at Links ».M Truro. Truro in an oriivc town with Mcvcrai imiNviant imiuatrin. and '"•an important railway cvntre, (•eing the junction point fw trainw to and from ihi. Sydney^ and alio to Halifax. Tht- IXiminion Atlantic train* connect here with the Inter- colonial railway From Truro to Halifax the mute i» through « rich farming dwtrict. Halifax, the capiial of Nova Scotia, i» one of the lntercolonial'8 chief terminal |M>intii. u « ''**'* "^^ '* *"*•"«""•'«">' '>uilt on Halifax. a peninHula, am! has one of the finest harlxHirH in the world, where bieamers and Hailing »Wn^ of all nations may Iw seen at anchor, or hn as on-j of Canada's winter ports. Steamers of the Allan line. Furness line and Dominion line, have regular sailings for C.reat Britain in the winter, and i there is an efficient service by the Pickford and Black line to the West Indies. The Plant line .Hteamers ply between Halifax and Boston and th(»e of the Red Cross line, between Halifax and New \<)rk. There are many other steamers f<»r points along the coast, and a steamer of the French Mail line plies Ix-twetn Halifax and St. Pierre Miquelnn. The harbour is large enough to float all the navies of the world and is navigable at all seas a iinvn of < Kn.sirkTable coinnuTcial and industrial imjxfftance and at Stellarton near 2045Q- 15J Dart- mouth. I'y are extensive collieries. From Pictou, steamers run to Prince KdwanI "««>«• island, to the Magdalen Islands. ""*• «o Cape Bretim fiotnts. •Anugonish is the centre «.f an important farming district The railway is mit interrupted at the strait of Canso. The trains are nmveyetl •cnws on a powerful car ferry built and designeil for the puriKwe. The scenery through the iK-autiful Bras d'Or lakes is entrancing. The industrial importance «>f Sydney Sydney. is largely due to the extensive o|K>rations «.f the Dominion Iron and Steel company, combined with the large mining output of the surrounding col- leries. This ,K,rtion of CarK- Bretcm has l)een the scene of great development during the past ten or twelve years, and the primiis,. of future gr€>wth is et|ually encouraging. ( Wace Bay is the centre of the o,K"rati.ms of the Dommion Coal com|Kiny and is growing rapidly in size anti im()ort.incc Louiaburg. Fr<.m S>dney the historic- town of Liiuisburg is reachedney there is the steamship Ime to Newfoundland, ami steamers run to St. Pierre Miquelon and other points. KAtmi ur ISTtUtHUNML lUlLWAY Monlr^l ,„ ll.||,„ *"*"• «"*■ '»'"'"'• .Mumm.li„si.j„hn.. ,f " " '" .UoiK'tOII.. ,.., .. ■* ' ^""^ 775 17 M iftllo Intircoluiiial Ry -Muluravc, .\.S. ».16 Canaha: Navkmtiun, Railwavi anu Stkahboat Loam Uk'athw iir Rtbam Railwavm or thk I)i>miniun tw Camaua ti> Junk 30, 1911. (lUfMirt of Railway Htatiaties). MMwalUtmir. l^mllMlMb IMlTAMt. Min. Total. AlbrtM Muthny hikI Irrtwttisti Cn Albnt »«Il . AliuMa CoHnl anil liuliuB But Pimi LnhhrUar, AlknU, lo CoMW, cm Imi r»t MUUaa la ( ariirton Hwrry anuKk JuixlluM In Alma, N.B. Itarviy BnuKh. .Ubnt. iu llarvn' ilt»«li- Main Hw . Ut idch— MkiiH'I'nIni lo lUIrn Minn JoariiiilM JiiiK iwn lu J AImuiiw K«»iFrn, fumifrly North tMwrv >udblir>' U» ('""utll Mitt.. Atlanik', Uafbic aad Wntna iHwptMac to cimI ot MmI Bale do I'halrun la Allaatic aad Lakr Muiicrlor SyMcai (ao« OwbK (Mi Mai) MalapRlla StaiUm .m I C.R. to Paiix-Mac Bay of Uulntr Raltway . Bnlllngliia and Nrbaa. Brandon, W a rtM l r hcwan and iludHm Bay Britiih Vakoa Onvmatoto Baanwklturn " «l«i4 of Dnrmntn Yarkn to Mydealialli Ibtrrnatlonal houwlary ut I'oil IIMI tii Jcl. I'aa. pK ftt.iii Jcl. with l.P.K al SIkLm iu Kuakanouk Inli-rttatkMial boundary at Hiinurriuan lo Brandon, Maa. WMC Paa lo Wkttcinra! NnTown of BrwT M(nr« ui Rih • l.akiMinr Canada ikiulkan Mala Line— WIndaur. (>nl.. t" Suita-naion BfWn, Niagara Kalh.. .Amheratburi BniiH'lt -KaarK I >ntrr to .Xmhrratbani St. I'liilr Bramh —Si. (lair Jumtlon lo CourtwriiM Von Krlr Bramh Fort Krir to WrlUwl JunclkM Krir and Niagara Bnuu'li - OM Kurt Krr lo Niacara Oil Siirinna Bramh -Oil KlirlnRi lulXI (Hy L«aacd SaniU t tiatham ami Erip — Oil t'ity to IVIrulia " l.raiiitnKli'it anil St I'lair— fomhrr to Lfatnlnitlim.. Jj6.|t 16. Ij , ««>-4» I I7io jaba J.JO 7 00 IS'9J ■•*4 tt-n ■ 5-J* ••■4f 101 ■■ J *fa» 4S'oa I7rt Canada Kaatrrtt, now tml'iOi-il In Inlrr- culnnul Railway Late Norl :ir.|u and UVHrrit of Nrw Brunawkk. . . .... Kmlrrti tun to Loflclpvlllt. CalM- Bmun Railway Piiiiit Tu|itM-r lu St. IVtrr* Trriiiinat lu Si. IVtrra. . . Caratiael Frum ( •kruii'Mf r Jum-tlun. Inti niikmiiil Railway, .s nnti*» nuuth ul Bathiir«t StatkHi. faalirly alona Ihr acuith idioir of Bair dra Chalftir*. lu Shippivin; llarhuur. N.B , . ' Carlllun ami l*rpnvillr Carilk>n to {*rrnvillr, Ulir.. mnmntinK ul both trrminl with IHtawa IUTi>rj Navig-atk>n ('ufupony'n atratiiem itiauiir, j It. <■ in) Cnilral Onlarki . PUton lo Tnmton Juuitkm 3».I7 Tri'nton JunL'tkin to Cor Hill 71'*n Omiaby Jum-tkm tu MayiHjuth JJ'Jft Cniwa Nmt S.iillifrn Inli'rnatkrnul BuumlaO' at lialrway lu Mklirl. B I' CumbrrlamI Railway I'lil Cuul Comtainy Uutmrtly S|irili« Hill and I'artabuTO). Spni'i; Mill JumlkHl. IntmofcMllal K,illway. lu Sprinii Hill Coal Minn. N.S. uii'l I'arraburo'. on thr Bay of Kumly ... .. I illo.u4 Jl 110 Moo IJ 00 140- I.I 74 1» Canada: NAvniATicw. Railwav* and Stramkiat Lixiti I/M ATioN or Stram Railways— Continimi. W K-mul U U mm. OmAim. Towl. '>" ■'■' " ■ AthMk-. coaiwUM WMw rad AiHtapntte, Vwwxiih md Amwia- ••• Md ( ofmnMb V«llry Mid tnm a<, X H. Ilavrknk lo Krilh'i Milh i . . lUquiiMh and Nanaimo VWwt, ,.. WHIIn.i„n. l.land nf Vanroum Fradnk'ton and !H Mary'* Ry. Brid*. no. I. l«m.do«tal Ky :.>m Ih, s, J„n„ Ki««. .«,»«„„. ,hr F,„,^i«, Hal.,.,, a. Kn.,l,rl..n« • r.«nd Trunk (own«l)- \ ""^ "" ""• ""'""'''^ *"*"> ""' '»"-'» >^»« *y ■ •« S' M.r. •. Eaatrrn Divliilon i;«»« .11 47 IT'I J'OO J7-m» I •«» >Tl'l7 Norlhrm Divickm. MIddIr DIviuin .. Mouthrrn Ulviakm. Lcnaid and partly owned. SI flair TunnH and appraachn . Grand Trunk Parifk . • '•uH Khiirr. niw ('ara<|ui'l aN4'A4 I .(Mki • .10 J4' • t> jBuffaki and Lake llnron Ry.. Fort Rrir lo Oodrrich iftl JO Tolal mUnwc ownrd and Iraml ;ln*-r il»- S. riair Rlvrr. brlwrn Samia an.1 Hnri llumn .wmKllnn Ik* <.rand Trunk Railway wilh railroad' in Stall- of Mhhltan (Un«lh of lunnrl hnwn-n ponal. ft.mio ft . ,ylindri.al In »»lion with rlfar I inaklf* dianiftrr tif iq fi"p| in int-lif* ) rndiT (imitlnirlion. Jiimlinn Willi rarwiotl Hiiilway al I'nkeimm. lit- In TnHaili.- Ift 7« llalilal ami .Soulhwniirm, formrrly Nt.va Siilia SHilhrrn. in>lun lo Caltftnnia . . . l-ivrrpool to Rapiil Fallii . Nirlaui lo Korliniuk Minm Shrlburm- in Hallt^ry l"oinl \\°haif Jiti fm 4 10 I -11 2.^8 Canada: Xavu.ation, Railways and Steamboat I-inf.s IxKATioN OK Steam Railways — Continued. Name o( fUilway. Deicription. Hrrtford From International Boundary- lo Lime Kidi{r.Quebec.ronnect» with Canadian Pacilic Railway at Cooktihire, Maine Ontral at International boundar>'. and with yuehw- Central at Dudxwetl Interprovincial Railway, bridge and ap- proaches, now included in Ottawa. i Northern and VVeitem AcroM the Ottawa River at City of Ottawa i -40 Irondale. Bancroft and (Xtawa From Junction with Grand Trunk Railway ' to Winnipeg, and branche? Central Ontario Jurction to Wanston Montreal ami Wrmont Junction From Junction with Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railway, 2' j miles oast of St. Johns. P.O., to Junction with \'ermont and Canada Railway, at Ver- mont Ixtundary; also i-onneits at Stanbridge with I^ke Champlain and St. Lawrence Junction Railway Montreal. Portland and Boaton. now Mon* trciil and Provi-ite Line Junction with Grand Trunk at St. Lambert to Farnham Marieville to Cesaire I'arnham to Freligsburgh 2.) ■ iS 0-19 ioj-40 4-IO 0-90 I26-7* 72-03 .11 95 ^ SI 76 5' IS J5 M 00 S'bo 18 00 J3-37 27 -oo 32 -20 lOQ-HO if -81 19881 23-66 I -91 IS 00 35U-68 9.60 3!' 4* 58 60 Canada: Navk:ation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Location of Steam Railwavs— Continued. 239 Nam* of IUilW8>'. Dncription. Distance. MUn. Total. .Montical and Atlsntic (formerly South- '"'""' *•»'" Linr- -Farnhum to Richford on Intrmational Boundar)'. Drummondville Junttkin to Drummondvillr L»aj»d— Uke Champlain and St. La-. Feml» and Michel From Swinton to Carbonado. B.C., and lea>ed line Nap,erv,llej„nct«.n ,St. Con.tant Junctbn to Rou*, Point sl'^cdZ^Z'L Railway Co..'""'"" ^""" '"""'"" '° *"""" "^ '"'"■""-" '^>"'—' »•'■ ■■'■■■■■■ now Nova ScotU Steel and Coal Co. . From Ferrona Junction. I.C.R.. to Sunny Brae I Coal and Ry. Co From Norton to Minto. New Brunawick Southern (now Canadian Pacific). New Westminster Southern Douglas to South Westminster North Shore Adamsville to Mount Carlyle... rw ^T' ""■'. '"'"'''""* From Lake Nosbonsin, to Uke Nipissin,. . . ! . . fmord Mountam (now Can. Pacific Ry ) Ottawa and New Vork ...From Ottawa to International Boundarj- near Cornwall. Pembroke Southern (leased to Canada '^"™"'^' From Pembroke to Golden Lake Phillipsbur, Ry, ami Quarr,- Co Stanbridge Statbn of Canadian Pacific and Cemral Vermont Railways, to Philipsburx, MiMiaquot Co Pontiac and Renfrew f„„ Wymans Station, on Pontiac Pacific Juncti™, Ry., to Bristol Iron Mines, County Pontiac, Que Princeton Branch of Washington Co.. Ry.. "^'■■'*' International Boundary near Waring to International Boundary near Wood land Qu'Appclle. i.ong Lake and Saskatchewan (in Canadian Northern System) From Canadian Pacific Railway at Regim.. Northwesterly ro Long Uke and Prince Albert Quebec Bridge and approaches to connect^ I " adjacent railways (Actots St Lawrence River at Quebec, under construction ro miles ) i Quebec and Lake St. John Quebec tc Chamboitl Junction I Chambord Junction to Chicoutimi jValcartier to Clarks Chambord Junction to Roberval La Tuque Junction to La Tuque Rober\'al to Roberval Wharf Quebec Central iMain Lin. Quebec and New Brunswick From Chaudier- 'unction to Connors. N.B., i struction ) J5 mi!--* (J miles under con- 4J-70 S910 lOi-OO 60-50 I?6.00 .SI -00 S-SO 13 -30 30 -70 I -00 Sherbrooke to Harlaka Junction. Interrolonial Railway s miles i from Levis, Quebec I a tji |Beauce Junction to St Sabine | '„ ._ iTring Megantic— Tring Junction to Megantic (Connects with Grand Trunk. Canadian Pacific and Boston and Maine Rys at Sherbrooke ) JS-oo 60-00 163-40 10 85 '1 06 33 4' H 50 36 00 Si 00 J3 -3 It 63 S SO $tt go Jl 36 J86-SO 240 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Location of Steam Railways— Continued. Name of Railway. Dncripcion. Miln. Total. Qurbrr. Montmorrniy and Charlnroix . . HHIr>-villr. Parish of St. Roth. Quebec, to Cap Tuurmrnte. Quebec. Montreal and Soutbrrn, com- pritioB East Richelieu Valley Railway ami Tnitrd Counties Tloyan Junction to Bcllevue Juftction And South Shore Railway. . From Fortirrvillr Junction with (^ttand Trunk at St. Lambert. St. CnnHtant Junction to Napter\'illi> Junction Red Mountain From International boundary- Itm- at Pattenon. B.C., to RoMland . Restixouche and Western, iiow Interna- tional of New Brunswick Campbellton, N B.. to St. Leonard's Rutland and Ncyan International boundary to Noyan Jet . Stanstead. Shefford and Chambly From Junction with Montreal and Vermont Junction Railway, near St John. Que., easterly to Waterloo St. John Bridge and Railway Extentiion, | now leaded by Canadian Pacific Ry From St. John to Fairville. crosses St. John River at the Falls by a cantilever j steel bridge, and connects Intercolonial Railway with New Brunswick Railway, C.P.R.. included in Canadian Pacific System. 2 00 miles St. John Valley and Riviere du Loup 'From Fredericton. N.B.. to W idstock. N.B., 6ft miles, of which ft miles aw built Salisbury- and .Albert (formerly Albert Railway) Salisburj- to Albert, N B 100-69 I I -40 I SchomberK and Aurora Bond Lake. Ont., to Schombern. St. I-awri*n«t' and Adirondack From Jet. with Canada Atlantic near Valleyfield to International boundary. Beauhamois to Junction with Canadian Pacific at Adirondack Junition . leased — Valleyfield to Beauharnois 91 01 « 59 113 SO .» .10 St. Martins • Hampton to St. Martin.>i 19 Oi 12-90 UJo IS (Ml 4ft- 1 J JO-«J lis Sy -ney and I^uisburg (Dominion Coalj Co.) Sydney Harbour to I^uisburg Harlxjur. ' Branche*! to coal mines iSpurs St Mary's River, now Alberta Railway and Irriiiation Co Temiskamins and Northern *>ntario Thou3and^l!«lamts Temiscouata Tiisonburg, Lake Erie and Pacific. GanancMiiir on St I.awn-nce River to Thousand Island Junction. North Bay to Cochrane Enfclehart to Charlton Cobalt to Kerr l.^ke Haileyburj" to Moore's Cove IrcKiuoi;! Falls to South Porcupine. I.iskeard to Lake TemiskaminK- . . . 39 00 22-77 3-29 2H2HO ■J-HO I 64 2«00 ft4 I Riviere ilu LonT*. yue.. to Ktlmundston. N.B., on the New Brunswick Railway Branch — Kdmundstnn to Connors, on St. John River Port Burwell to InKers,.^t station to Ryan Brook. Total niileaiie Hois ■,i-97 'i<>'4a IO-7S Northern Xavisation C:omiKtnv--MiGrct'<)r l>uy 1 Little Current, Ont. ' 242 Canada: Navkiatiox, Railways and Steamboat Links Stkamboat Links Runninci Eastward from Fort Wii.i.iam and Port Arthi:r. K I ii) : 4 CANADIAN I'A( IFIC RAILWAY COMPANY S STEAMBOAT LINK. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company operates a fine and well equipped line of lake steamers from Fort William, Port Arthur and (leorKian bay ports and conneetinn with the Railway line. This line is deserilml under the b"ading "Canadian Pacific Railway" and want of space prevenis recapitulation here. The line is well known and like all api)oint- ments of the <'ompany it provides first class accommodation for tourists and travellers who prefer an alternative route in summer. THE SORTHKRN NAVIGATION (OMPANY. The Northern Navigation Co., one of the pioneer Canadian transportation companies, operates its fleet of nine ves.sels on lakes Huron, Superior and (rt^orKtun Imy, The service is divided into three divisions, iervc (lomf ("lair ports ami Detroit also leave from the siime r route. I* ■■f Northern Navigation Co. — S. S. Majestii -<'>eorKian Hav and Marlcinar route. Northern .Navigation Co.— S. S. Iluronic — Lake Su[X'rior route. Canaiu: N.wiiiATioN, Kaii.wavh am> Stkamhoat I.IJ INICH «45 NorthiTn Naviuulion (iimnuny — liisUlc chuniii'l, (ji'urgiun buy. I Northern Navigation Company— Indian bt-rrypickcrs' camp, McGregor haj. I H* (*.\x.*i>a: N.WHiATinN, Kaii.maym, am> Stkamhoat Links Niirthern NaviKatiim ('(>ni|>iin\ Uriiliil \'vi\ fulU Kagumonii' *>nt II. Nurlhfrn Navigiititiii ('i(iii]t;uiy — Mc*'iri'g<»r lay- (■.\>i.U>,\; \.\VH.,\TII>\. KaII.W.W. ,\M) STKAMIMUr I.IM."* »47 Thf rati'K (|u<>it(l .ill iiuluilc imatnanil U-rihit »'x»f|)i on ihi- .v>,«m«> Ulanil nuiU'. StaliToim) a«v«immiHliitl.m ran U- riMr\til in ailvamv, l>> applitatioii i.. ihi- coniiKin) V ortitv a; ( iillinHwiMid, Sarnia. \Vinni|H-K, Diiliith or I'lirl Arthur, and riM|in>i!, for sinu- will U- ijixt-n mohl cari-fiil attention. Htllis. I>iiltith 111 furl Arthur. >*. S. Muri.- . . !*iirnl,i. . f»wrn Sjiinil Of riilliniiw.MMl. . INirry iiiHmil I'ort .Vrthiir to S. »*. .Marli-. . Srtniiit, < >wpn Sound ur (ulllaiwuiKl. I'urry SouihI S. >. Miirlr tu .Sarnln <*wfn s«iunit or ( ulUiiK«uutt. Harry Synil I'.trr> SiuikI to Pmrtuns ( hit- W .11 Kt'tiitn m .M, 1.4 '►< II <«» .'■ ... JJ 'HI .*: .f'» i% *!** u *»* ■*: :% 47 «•<► Ut t>M III IMI IN .VI .|J n iiiaki' xix rounil tri|i». tlaily iKiwttn Toronio. Canaila, NiaKara-on-ihi-Lakf. Canada, yuttnsion, Can- aila, and Ltwiston. .\.V.; trip i» 40 niili> arri.».» lake Ontario, and seven miles up ilie U-autiful lower .Nianara river. Cm, n tion ran U- made at any of ihc last ihrii-meiiiioniil ixiints for Ni.iKara Kails anil Hiiflfalo. Tlu' rate one wa> from Toronto to Niagara Kails is Si.'SfS; round trip. kimmI 'wo day,4, 53.«m), ,v» days, i>2.},f,. riiitmui III M,iiwr,i.oiMlii .l^ki' l.fwi<*tun 01 Ourt-nntimn Ni.iii;iru.im.ihi'.|..ilt<' lat Link* A NiaKiira Navixulion CumiKiny •tt-amfr. h Niagara Navigation Company — A part of the fleet. Canaiu: Navioation Railways ajio SncAMfcuT Linrh 'W Niagara Navigation Company— On the Niagara rivir— Tnc Br.« k monument ran he seen in the distance. 20459—16 !! 35° Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Niagara Navigation Company — Steamer Chippewa. The Lake Ontario and Bay of Quinte Steamboat Company, Limited. The routes operated by the Lake Ontario and Bay of Quinte Steamboat Company, Limited, afford an easy and convenient means of travel between that portion of the United States whose na*^ural point of entry and exit is Charlotte, N. Y. (port of Rochester), and the central portion of the province of Ontario contiguous to the lake, including the summer resorts of the Kawartha lakes. Bay of Quinte, and the Thousand Islands. The Company operates the SS. "North King" and SS. "Caspian," maintaining the following regular services : (i) Lake route from Charlotte, Charlotte. N.Y. (port of Rochester), to Co- bourg and Port Hope, Ont., con- necting with the Grand Trunk Railway sys- tem for all points, including the Kawartha lakes. On the American side connection being made at Rochester, N.Y., with the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, Pennsyl- vania Railroad, and Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway. The steamers leave Charlotte, Cobourg N.Y. (port of Rochester), daily and except Sunday at 9.10 a.m., ar- Port Hope, riving at Cobourg, Ont., at 1.30 p.m., and Port Hope, Ont., at 2.30 p.m. Returning arriving at Charlotte, N.Y., at 7.15 p.m. With the exception of the carriage of mail and express the service is almost distinctly passenger. (2) Route from Charlotte, N.Y. (port of Rochester), to Bay of Quinte and Thousand Island points. At the northeastern extremity of Lake Ontario Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines asi an extensive peninsula, forming the county of Prince Edward in I'.e province of »"yts forward, then there is a sudden sinking, those experienced in sea and lake soyages naturally expect that the boat will rise again, but it does not. Again it rushes forward and again the i sinking is felt, as if the vessel had ceased to struggle. 1 At Cornwall, Ont., the centre of the river ceases to lje the Imundary lietween Canada and the United States. For the I ComwalL next thirty miles the river widens i into Lake St. Francis. At the I foot of the lake on the left is Coteau Landing, I Que., where the little white houses and I the big church denote that we are now in Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company — Steamer " Rapids King" shooting the rapi '>. Canada: Navioation, Railways and Steamboat Lines 357 Cotcau Rapidt. French Canada. After paming the village we enter the Coteau rapidx. The channel through this group of rapids it* very turtuouH, winding in and out amongst the islands, and croiwing from bank to bank. At times we almost brush the trees on shore, and the speed with which the steamer rushes past tin land is an indication of the swiftness of the current. Seven miles further on are Cedar rapids, considered by those fam- iliar with the river to be the most lieautiful of all the rapids. On the left, as we descend these rapids, is "Cedar island" and on the right "Hell's hole", the most turbulent spot in the river. Cedar Rapids. A few minutes brings the steamer to Split R«ick rapids, really the most difficult to naviitate of them all, immediately utter Caicade which comes the Cascade rapids. Rapids. with their white crests. The fall of these last four rapisition in British terri- Qucbec. tory. A walled fortification, with gates, surrounds the old city; the fortifications and l)est residence (xirtion, or "Upper Town" are on the high land, and the business part and the older portion of the city are at the base of the clifl, on the St. Lawrence, around the point and along the bank of the St. Charles. The citadel is on the highest |)oint, facing the St. I^wrunce, 340 feet alxive the river, and a wall fnim the citadel runs along the top of the pro montory to a (xiint near the roadway, between upper and lower town. Inside of this is the famous public promenade known as DufTerin terrace, and at the east end of this terrace is the splendid hotel the "Chateau Frontenac", unique in character and design and a noble adjunct even to so grand a spot. In all its phases, in the approach by the river from the west; in the departure going east; from the citadel, the ter- race or from the Chateau; looking down on the houses and ships and water l>cneath, and across to '«vi», and out on the winding river toward the sea; in the narrow, precipitous stairs and streets and queer old crannies built against the cliff; in its history and people; its old-time Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company — Tadoussac Hotel, Tadoussac. ate Canada: Navioatiun, R.\ilwav!« and Stkamboat Links Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Cumpan)- — Steamer ncarinii wharf at Murray Bay. H r I Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Compiiny — Hotel " Manoir Richelieu," Murray Bay. I ANADA: NAVinATIOK. K\II.WAYlt AND Strammoat I.i^k* 2M Ma CaNAM. NaVIOATION, RaILWAVH and ATRAMlnAT LlNRM Itattlement*, wall and gaim- -there U mithing like <|uaint okl (jtieliec in th« itki worki or new. The vmtur t» (juetier iihuultl visit the faila uf MfMitmorem-y, itexen miies cut of the rity, alM> the fiimouii ihrine of Stc. Anne tie Beaupre, (twenty mile«oa;*t, reached by electric railway) where over 130.000 pilgrinM annimlly offer their devotk>na. Thoae who intend viMting the Sagucnay si* 'jM take the Saguenay utearn- SatUMMjr rr. iinmcc on the return: thik will nave lime and tranitfer. The Saguenay ntcanu'rit leave at 8.00 a.m. After paiMing the nouthern «hore of the iole of Orleans, the itteamer follow* the north shore of the river to TatkiUMxic. The TadotMMC. scenery is majestic and Iwautiful Iwyond description; the moun- tainous cafies and bnM iMink* of the river are covered with pine, s|>ruce and cedar, delighting the eye with every shade and tilcnd of green, ; and impregnating the salt air with their whole- i some fragrance. All along this route are scenes of lieauty and grandeur, which are missed by the I tourist unless the round trip is made by Meamer fn>m Quebec. Murray Day, the mtwt popular watering place ; on the lower St. I^wrence, where the Riclielieu and Ontario Na*' talion Company Mumjr ofjerates its s|>lendkl " Manoir Ri- I Bay. chelieu " one of the largest and lictt equipped summer hotels in Tanada. rM>lf, fishing, sailing, and all the |M>pular amusements may lie enjoyed and the drives are numerous and charming. Murray Bay is especially noted for its bracing and health ! restoring atmosphere, the climatui " i.fHj, " 1.50. UlVt J.IM. " Monlreml •ml Uuebn: IniMi'. i.iK>. uuHlilf. j.ju, " " (Bntha). " t.oti •• 1.50. " OlMbec Md SMUrluy Insklr. j.oo. ouliMc, 5.oo. " " (BmlM). •' J.JO •• 1.0c VARRM aKTWIIKN PUNCIPAL fUlNTa. w*». w$. .Nioian Kiilla. N.V i •mm I>i«mU. Mnaltnil. f.\) - Vattm-.e.U Murray any. tM.. ' jTwilMlaMI. f.Q.,.. " jHHKiwMy Rlwr.,.. Totsaia. Ilni 1 1 .ma likuKia, ... " JMoMml, I'O lUwbm-, P.O JMurray any, P.O.. " iTlMlattiiaiK. P.U' . . " ^MuitrlMy RIvrr. . Monirrtl.Uw {uurbn. P.U " j Murray Bay. P.U. ** JTlwItHMMC, P.O.. . " M«glMfMy HIvrr. . UwbK. Uw Murray ll,iy. P.u. '* \TmUiunmtk-. P.y. . ** ;M«l|UrlMy Klvrr. . . f H>. • IB la »t •I U ■ 4 •• I M*. II tt I? ta> <4 M «T T* <*to f» ■• •■ I* !• It U It II J7 «!*> M* IN* T JS I* n Si ao IS U0 4 70 (I so K utt l)f>MINI(IN' ATL.\NTIr RAILWAY STKAMSIIIP Ll.NES. BOSTON AND VARMOt'TII. Commenriiig Sunday, June <)th, steamers "Prince Cicurgc" and "Prince Arthur" leave Long wharf, Boston, fur Yarmouth, N.S. direct, Sundays, Tuctxlays, Thursday* and Friday* at 2.00 p.m. Dominion Atlantic Ry. S. S. Co. — Sandy cove, St. Mary'* liay. Dominion Atlantic Ry. S. S. Co. — Annapolis basin, as seen from the hill back of Digby. a«4 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Dominion Atlantic S. S. liner " Prince George." Returning leave Yarmouth on arrival express train from Halifax (about 5.00 p.m.), Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. On June 23rd, leave Boston daily, except Sat- urdays, for Yarmouth at 2.00 p.m. Returning leave Yarmouth daily, except Sun- days, on arrival of express train from Halifax. BOSTON and DIGBV. Effective Friday, June 28th, direct service will he operated, Boston to Digby, N.S. The S.S. "Boston" leaving Long wharf, Atlantic ave., Boston, at 12.00 o'clock noon on Tuesdays and Fridays; returning leave Digby We» nesday and Saturday after arrival express train from Halifax. Close connection is made at Digby with all trains east and west to points in Maritime provii es. Staterooms $2.00 upwards; meals, supper 75 cents, breakfast 50 cents. Cm Fsrr from Boiton. my, Varmoulh Is oo Dliby 7 00 St. John (via Digby) ; 75 Halifax 9 30 ST. Round trip. I9 00 11 93 ij 00 16 00 JOHN AND DIGBV. Steamer leaves St. John daily, except Sunday, 7.45 a.m., arriving Digby 10.45 a.m. I Returning leave Digby daily, except Sunday, j 2.00 p.m., arriving St. John about 5.00 p.m. Fare, one way $1.75; $3.00 round trip. Rates to all points in the provinces quoted on application. KINGSPORT-PARRSBORO-WOLFVILLE. A daily service (Sunday excepted) is per- formed on Minas basin between the above three points from May 1st to December 30th. Schedule dependent upon tidal conditions — connects at Kingsport and Wolfville with trains east and west. The Charlottetown Steam Navigation Company, Limited. The service operated by this company is between Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, and Pictou, Nova Scotia, and between Summer- side, Prince Edward Island and Points du Chene, New Brunswick, both daily, except Sunday, during open navigation. The distance between Charlottetown and Pictou is 52 miles and the fare is $2.00, return $3.00. The distance between Summerside and Pointedu Chene is 41 milesand the fare is lti.50, return $2.25. The Charlottetcwn Steam Navigation Company — Steamer "Empress," 1,242 tons. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines 265 , Eastern Steamship Company — S. S. " Governor Cobb." A similar steamboat but larger runs between Boston and St. John. Eastern Steamship Company — S. S. " Governor Dingley." This line runs a steamer between St. John and Boston. 20459— > 7 366 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines PicKFORO and Black Lines. The steamers of this company are well equipped for southern waters. They carry saloon and deck passengers when sailing from one island to another in the Windward Islands. One route is from St. John, N.B. and Halifax, N.S. to Demarara via Bermuda, St. Kitts, Antigua, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbadoes and Trinidad and they are advertised to sail every eleven days from the two Canadian ports mentioned. The company has also a Jamaica service. The published rates are: — Single Rrtum Fint claM to Bermuda S2$. oo $ 40.00 Second cUm to Bermuda 30.00 35.00 Fint clan to St Kitti. Antigua. St Lucia. St Vincmt, Barbadoes 40.00 70.00 First class to Trinidad so. 00 90.00 Second class to Trinidad 40.00 70.00 First class to Demarara 65.00 110.00 Second class to Demarara 50.00 80.00 No responsibility is taken in connection with any rates published in this^book. The Quebec Steamship Company Limited. The Quebec Steamship Company, Limited, maintains two services on the St. Lawrence, one Quebec i. S. Co. — S. S. Bermudian at the dcx:k, Hamilton, Bermuda. QuebecS.S. Co.— S.S. Bl . ^...L(ie deck. Canada: Navioation, Railways and Steamboat Lines .00 th ;d. He I 267 between Montreal and Pictou. N.S. (for Hali- fax) and the other between New York and Quebec via Long Island sound, Halifax, N.S., the strait of Canso, Charlottetown, P.E. Island, the Gulf and Lower St. Lawrence. The com- modious iron steamer Cascapedia is on the first route; the second is operated by the fast mail steamer Trinidad. No responsibility is taken for rates of any kind published in this book. Montreal to Ratn of Cabin Punw includlns MrtUs Borth Extra Onr way Return Quebec Ga»pe Mai Bay Perce Grand River Sumnienide. P.E.I Chariottetown, P.E.I Pictou, N.S St. Jobn. N.B. via Pointe du Cbene Halifu, N.S. via Pictou t 3 SO U 50 14 SO IJ SO ■6 OO 20 so 2i SO i4 so .5 IS ,. 05 Berth I Deck Fare | Paiiaie each I only way I I I 6.«s as 65 J7.S5 n-4$ 30.4a 38 9S 42 -S 46 S5 46.10 SI. 90 Quebec to ! Rates of Cabin Paaaafte I includinii Mrals Berth Estra ;One way Return Berth Fare each way '■ I'l" In. 00 .\l.il I'ay 12. 00 Perce 12.75 Grand River 13. so Summerside, P.E.I 18.50 Charlottetown. P.E.I 20. 50 Pictou. N.S 22. so St. John N.B. via Pointe du Cbene 23.25 Halifax N.S. via Pictou 26.05 12090 < 2.S0 I3 00 22.80 2.50 1 00 24 7S 2. so 4 00 25 6S a. 50 4.00 35 IS 3 50 7.00 .!* 9S 4.00 7.50 ■>'15 4 so 8.00 OcEAN-ooiNG Lines Sailinc between Canada Atlantic Coast and European Ports AND Rates by each 8teamer. Tonnaie Cabin AlUn Line— Montreal to Liverpool S S Tunisian .. . 10.576 (Do 00 " Glaaiow S S Ionian 1.286 1 1. 00 S 1.00 ' 3. so 4.00 ! 3.50 S.oo 3. so 5.00 1 ^ ' S.oo 1 4. so a. 00 S 00 8. so i 5. so O-oo 4. SO 1 J. 50 " London via Havre SS Scillan ,.J4, " Liverpool SS Virginian 10.754 Glaiiiow S S Heiperian 10.000 " Gla.|iaw Parisian s.jgj " Glasgow Grampian 10,000 " London, via Havre. Lake ^■* 7.555 " Liverpool, Coraican 11.436 " niauow. St.otian 10,490 " London. Sardinian 4.349 " Liverpool, VIctc. i 10,629 Canadk.i Pacific — St John to Liverpool, SS Eni|rr<« .1 Britain 14.S00 " Lake Champlain . . 7.400 (same rate from Montreal) ** *' Empress of Ireland ** " Lake Manitoba. . . (after ist May iH cabin is S02 . 50) Quebec to Liverpool Empress of Ireland Montreal to Liverpool. Lake Manitoba Canadian Northern- Montreal to Bristol. Royal George " " Royal Edward. 90.00 70.00 14.SOO 10.0UO 14.500 10.000 85.00 85.00 12.000 1 J.OOO 92 50 92.50 White Star Oorainion— Montreal to Liverpool. S S Canada. Megantic 14.878 5j 50 Laurentic 14,878 S S Teutonic. 9.984 Cunara — Montreal to London. S S I'ttonia io.o and Cabin 50.00 47.50 I rate. 45 00 52.50 50.00 45. 00 SO. 00 45.00 50.00 47 SO 4S 00 52.50 S3 75 50.00 1 rate. 53.75 50 00 S3 75 SO. 00 53 75 S3 75 50.00 I class 53 75 1 rate. 47 50 42.30 48. 10 3 50 4 SO Donaldson— St. John to Glasgow, S „ Saturnia 9,000 one cabin " SS Cassandra 9,000 Montreal to Glasgow. Saturnia 9,000 " Athenia 10,000 " S S Letitia 10,000 47.50 47.50 I The rates between Quebec and New York and vice versa per berth according to state room, one way $45.50 and $55. The company maintains steamships of the highest class on the route from New York to the Windward islands. 20459— 17 J Other ocean-going lines sailing between Canada and European ports from the Atlantic coast are the Manchester, British and North Atlantic, Cairn, Elder Dempster, Leyland, He- fnrd, FtirnesB-Withy lines and Thompson lines, liesides steamlwaf lines making irregular voyages. 368 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Allan l.iiu' — Siramship " I'arisian.' Steamsliii) .X"iia — iiiMtiitj iftitiiivi , Koing i8 knots. Snai>:Mi the other way. lum deck of "Gulnare," going lo miles Canada: Navkiatkjn, Railways and Steamboat Lines a«9 Allan Line — One class rabin — S. S. Ionian. Allan Line — Dining saloon S. S. I Icnpcrian or S. S. Grampian. Canadian I'acilic Railway ('om,jany— The fleet of steamers in commission. a7o Canada: Navigation, Railways and Stkammiat Linis Canadian Northern Railway steamship service — Steamship " Royal Edward.' The Pacific lines are the Canadian-Australian Royal Mail line running between Vancouver, Victoria and Auckland, New Zealand, Sydney, Australia and Suva Fiji. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Royal Mail line, between Vancouver, Victoria, Seattle and Honolulu, Hong Kong, Kobe, Moji, Nagasaki, Shanghai and Yokohama. The Mexican Pacific S.8. Com- pany from Vancouvc. and Victoria to Mexico. The Pacific Coast S.S. Company from Victoria to San Francisco, Cal. Ste.\mship Lines of the Maritime Provinces. (From Steamboat Inspection Report). Charlottetown, P. E. Island, Steam Naviga- tion Co's. ships .sail between Pictou, N.S. and Charlottetown, P.E.I, and between Summer- side, P.E.I, and Pointe-du-Chene, N.B., during the season of navigation which is usually from the 15th of April to the 15th of December. Cann & Sons' Steamship lines run between Yarmouth, N.S. and Port Clyde, Mul- grave and Canso, N.S. Mulgrave and Guys- borough, N.S., Mulgrave and Cheticamp, N.S. Cape Island Steamboat line, runs between Yarmouth and Port Clyde, N.S. Coastal Steam Packet Co.'s line runs between Halifax and Bridgewater, N.S. Canada Atlantic and Plant Steamship lines run between Boston, Mass., and Halifax, N.S., Boston, Mass., and Charlottetown. Dominion Atlantic Railway Steamship Co's. ships ply between Yarmouth, N.S., and Boston, Mass; St. John, N.B., and Digby, N.S., Yar- Tiouth, N.S., and New York, U.S.A., Kings- port and Parrsboro, N.S. Halifax and Canso, S.S. Co's. boats ply between Halifax, Canso and Guysborough, N.S., between Pictou and Mabou, N.S. The Insular Steam Packet Co's. boats ply bietween Yarmouth, N.S., Westport, N.S. and St. John, N.B. Canada: Navigation, RAttwAvs and Steamboat Links art een [ul- lys- .S. een een nes .S., o's. on, 'ar- igs- ply gh. ply md i Merchant* Line boats ply between Montreal, P.Q., and Toledo. Ohio, U.SJ\. Miramichi Steam Navigation Co's. iteamboatB ply between Chatham, N.B., Nelson, N.B. and Neguac, N.B. Magdalen Islands Steam Ship Co.'s steamers ply between the Magdalen Islands and Pictou, N.S., between Pictou, N.S. and Pleasant Bay, N.S. North American Transportation Co.'s steam- boats ply between Dalhousie and all Bay des Chaleurs and Gaspe, P.Q. ports; between Mur- ray "ly and Riviere Quelle, P.Q. Pitf...ord and Black lines sail between Halifax, N.S., and Summerside, P.E.I. , and between Hal- ifax and Aspey bay, N.S. Red Cross Line steamers ply between Halifax, N.S., St. John's, N.F. and New York. Sherbrooke Packet Line steamers ply between Sherbrooke, N.S. and New York. South Shore Line's steamboats ply between St. John, N.B., and Yarmouth, N.S. Lower St. Lawrence River. Dobell's Line between Montreal, Sydney, N.S. and St. Johns, N.F. Quebec SS. Company's steamers ply between Montreal, Quebec and Pictou, N.S. Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company's line steamers ply between Montreal, Toronto and Charlotte, N.Y.; between Montreal and Chambly, P.Q. ; between Montreal and Contre- coeur and de L'Isle, Que.; between Quebec and Montreal ; between Montreal and Three Rivers, P.Q.; between Quebec and Chicoutimi; be- tween Sorel and Ste. Anne: between Montreal and Hamilton. River St. Maurice Line between Grandes Piles .... La Tuque. Three Rivers SS. Company's boats ply be- tween Three Rivers and Pictou, N.S., George- town, P.E.I. , and Charlottetown, P.E.I. Ontario and Quebec Navigation Co.'s boats ply between Quel)ec and Olcott Beach, N.Y. Ottawa River Lines. Ottawa River Navigation Company's boats ply between Ottawa, Ont. and Montreal, P.Q. Lumsden Line steamrrs ply betweer V-our, Ohio, U.S.A., and Pert Stanley, Ont. Cleveland and Georgian Bay Line runs be- tween Cleveland, Ohio, and Sault Ste Marie, Ont. Lake Simcoe. Lake Simcoe steamers ply from Orillia, Barrie and Jackson's Point, Ont. aja Canada: Navigation, Railwati and Stbauwmt Linu Lake Huion, Gkoioian Bay and Lake SUPKMOI. Algoma Central SS. Line steamera run from Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., to Toledo, Ohio, and Owen Sound, Ont., during the leaaon of naviga- tion which i> generally from the 15th of April to the 15th December. Northern Navigation Co. of Ontario boats ply from Collingwood via Owen Sound to Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., between Penetanguithene and Parry Sound; between Samia and Duluth, Minn.; between Collingwood and Killamey via Parry Sound. Canadian Pacific upper lakes steamship line runs between Owen Sound and Port Arthur and Fort William, Ont. White Line Transportation Company's boats ply between Duluth and Port Arthur. British Columbia Coast Waters. Canadian Pacific Railway British Columbia coast lines ply between Victoria, B.C., and Cape Scott, B.C., between Vancouver and Skagway, Alaska; between New Westminster, B.C., and Chilliwack, B.C.; between Victoria, B.C., and Naas River, B.C.; between Victoria and New Westminster; Vancouver and Na- naimo; Nanaimo and Comox. Grand Trunk Pacific " Prince George," "Prince Albert" to Prince Rupert and northern points. Union Steamship Company's steamers ply between Vancouver and Naas, B.C., and along the coast from Vancouver, B.C. Alaska SS. Co. steamers sail between Seattle, Wash., and Victoria, B.C. Northern Steamship Co. "Cetriana" and "British Empire" to all northern points. New Westminster and Chilliwack steamer route is between New Westminster and Chilli- wack. Sidney and Nanaimo Steamship Company's ships ply Ijetween Sidney and Nanaimo; Sid- ney and Saturnia, B.C. Victoria Terminal Railway and Ferry Com- pany's boats ply between Sidney, B.C., and Cloverdale, B.C. Western Steam Navigation Company's boats ply between Vancouver, B.C., Seattle and Ta- coma. Wash. Terminal Steam Navigation Co.'s boats ply between Vancouver, Howe sound route. British CoLimsiA Inland Waters. Canadian Pacific Railway British Columbia lakes and rivers lines run between Arrowhead, and Robson; between Rosebery and Slocan City; between Nelson and Kaslo; between Kaslo and Lardo ; between Nelson and Kootenay Landing; between Gerrard and Trout Lake City, Okamaga and Kenticon. International Navigation and Trading Co., ply between Nelson and Kaslo. Upper Columbia Navigation Company's boats between Golden and Windermere, B.C. General. The above list of steamboat lines does not include the vast number of excursion, passenger and freight steamers owned by individual owners, running on the coast and inland waters. Experimental Farms and Aoricultural Colleges. The agricultural institutions of the country are now affording excellent facilities for gaining a knowledge of scientific farming and manual training. Experimental farms have been estab- lished in several provinces of the Dominion, and the country is beginning to reap much benefit from the experiments in producing hardier and more prolific kinds of cereals, vegetables anil more perfect and finer kinds of fruits. Success has already followed these efforts in all lines. Nurseries for forest, ornamental, shade and fruit trees have been for many years contributing their quota to the various farming sections of Canada. Seed grain, vegetable seed, roots and tubers have been distributed among farmers free of charge from the government experimental farms. m Canada: Navioation, Railways and Stbahboat Linm •73 The breeding of horaea, cattle, theep, awine and poultry and dairying experiments have received, at theae farma, the moat careful attention, and many private stock farma have rivalled the public institutions in the same field. The experimental farm near Ottawa is the chief Government experimental farm and two institutions have all the equipment, land area and accompaniments of the experimental farm* with the additional advantages of agricultural and training colleges. Theae colleges deserve a most prominent place in any production relating to the development of Canada. No t)etter de- scription can be given of the two establishments than a few extracts from the publications of the colleges or institutions. The Ontario Agricultural CoLLEGK,riUELPH, Ont., Canada. The college is beautifully situated on an ele- vation directly south-east of the city of Guclph in the county of Wellington. The location (i.i.tS feet above sea level) is in the midst of pleaaant scenery and healthful surroundings for which thia part of the province ia widely known. Pure air, artesian water, and a moderate climate, render the inatitution a most deairable plar- for residence. Being a mile and a half from the city of Guelph the college is remarkably free from those things which at many colleges are wont to distract the attention of students and to disaipate their energies. Guelph may be reached by either the Grand Trunk or Canadian Pacific railways, and electric cars run between the college and the city at 20- minute intervals, each day except Sunday. Communication is made easy by the long distance telephone, by telegraph or by the postal system, there being two mails a day to and from the college. Established in 1874 the institution had two main objects: First, to train young men in the science and art of improved husbandry; and second, to conduct experiments and publish the results. Guelph, Ont. — Ontario Agricultural College — Men's residence. »74 Canada: Navioation, Railways and Stkamroat Line* Ladic*' rciidrncc— Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Mansky Hai.i. and Library. The Maititcy hall and library is an abiding expretHiiun of the generoitity of the late Mr. Hart Maswy. In 1901, hiH heirs, represented by the late W. H. Maiwey and Mr. Chester Massey, built and presented to the college this noble structure. It is a handsome red brick building reared on a foundation of Medina sandstone. The Massey hall occupies the ground floor. This is semi-circular in shape and provides seating accommodation for about four hundred and fifty people. It is used for roll call, Sunday chafx^l service, literary society meetings, concerts, etc. (K'erhead is the library, consisting of a reference library, a lending library, and two magazine rooms. Accommixlation is provided for eighty thousand volumes. The reading nwm is most adequately fitted up with tables and individual electric lights. Both author and subject card catalogs arc in use, and over sixteen thousand volumes are within easy access of the student. The library is highly prized by the student Ixxly. Massey Hall and Lihrary — Untario .'\grirultural College, Guelph. Canada: NAVia%TioN, Railways and Stxamsoat LiNta •71 Maritunald Inatitute, Ontario AKrirultunil Collrgr, Ouclph. Mardonald Agricultural College, St. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q.— Main building. •»• Cumoa: Navmatioh, Railwaw and SnAMMMT Lnm MAOnNALO Haix. QviLni Cotums. G. C. CrcdrnM, B^.A., 1X.D., PiwidMit. S. Springtr Bunmr. Mra. K. T. Fuller . . , Supt. MiM Ethel Tennant •] Houwluvpcr. Macdomld hdl te on the north tide of the campiw. on the highest point of the College Hcightf and ia eapedally designed for the com- fort and well-being of the women ttudenta of MacdanaM Institute. The ground floor con- tains wide corridors, attractive reception and dining rooms, offices, lavatories, and a few bed- rooma; the fin . floor a gymnasium, studenu' sitting room, lavatories, and bedrooms; and the second floor, lavatories and bedrooms only. There are 35 ^ngie rooms and 40 double rooms, all of them well lighted and cheeiy ; 116 studenu can be accommodated, in addition to the mem- bers of the working suff, who are equally well provided for. The Superintendent will control the students in residence, will direct the social life, and will do her utmost to make the hall a real home. • Macdonaij) Collbgk. Macdonald college, which is incorporated with McGill University, was founded, erected, equipped, and endowed by Sir William C. Mac- donald for the following among other purposes : — I. For the advancement of education; for the carrying on of research work and investigation and the dissemination of knowledge: all with particular regard to the interests and needs of the population in rural districts. a. To provide suitable and effective training for teachers, and especially for those whose work will directly affect the education in rural dis- tricts. Recognizing the importance of adequate edu- cation, adapted to the needs of the rural com- munities which are the great producing classes of the country, this college will labor in sympathy with all educational effort which makes for the development and increase of intelligence, of power, ability, and skill, and of willingness to co-operate for the common good in each locality as well as in the nation at large. Therein lies tht rcaaan for arranging tht work of tht oolicge, into a School for Teachers, a School of Agricul- ture, and a School of HousehoM Sdencs. In- crease of productiveness, with improvement of products 111 tht Mfd and in the industries of the t^tm and the town, greater comfort and enjoy- ment in the home, a better Uught school for the children, and a nobirr sense of the responsibili- ties of life — these are somf^ of the advanugcs which Macddnakl oollage hopes to assist in pro- vMing for Canada. The college occupice a beautiful site, over- looking the Ottawa river at Ste. Anne de Belle- vue. Que., twenty miles west of Montreal. The main lines of the Grand Trunk and the Canadian Pacific railways pass through the property, and the statk>ns of both railways are within its boun- daries. Thk Material Equipment, the builoinoa on the campus. The buildings on the campus are of fire-proof construction. The walls are of brick and cement; the beams and rafters are of steel, and the partition walls of the rooms are of terra cotta. The roofs are of reinforced concrete, and are covered with tiles. The red tiles of the roof har- monize well with the flash b>i> k • he exterior walls. The arrangement of the buildings allows of spacious courts in front, sides, and rear, so that every room has abundance of light. Every building is provided with a complete system of ventilation, whereby fresh air (warmed in winter) is furnished to every room. A duct from each room removes the inside air, and thus insures a continuous circulation of pure air from outside. The buildings are heated with steam, lighted by electricity, and supplied with water from the college power house. A system of tunnels pro- vides for the distribution of heat, light, power, water, and gas. The power house contains six horizontal tubular boilers of 150 h.p. each, with engines, electric generators, pumps, and a gas plant. The water supply ia taken from the Ottawa river; and drinking water is obtained from a rock-drilled well. Canaoa: Navkmtion, Railways and Htcammat Unm m 378 Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Hotels and Rates. The Windsor hotel, Montreal, is one ol the principal hotels of Canada and can accomodate a great many guests. The menu Wlndaor, is of the most sumptu us kind in Montreal, the country. The hotel is patron- ized largely by visitors from all parts of the world and is cosmopolitan in character. It is conducted on the European plan and the ratf's are from Is.oo per day up for single roomt 'tes of rooms are available for guests w.io aesire them and the rates or charges are made accordingly. The hotel is most centrally situated, facing on Dominion square and at a convenient distance from the Windsor and Bonaventure railway stations, the two principal stations in Montreal. It is also a short distance from Mount Royal. Chateau Frontenac, Quebec, occupies one of the finest hotel sites in the world. It is located on a promontory near G. P. R. the Citadel of Quebec overlooking Company's the St. Lawrence river. The pan- Hotels, oramic view of the river east and west, the Montmorency falls in the distance and the open country on the south side of the river forcibly impress the observer. The rates at this hotel are $4.00 per day and upwards, American plan. See illustration in connection with description of Canadian Pacific railway. Rates at C.P.R. Hotels. Place Viger, Montreal, $4.00 per day and up. The Algonquin, St. Andrews, N.B., $3.50 per day and up, open June to Sept. McAdam Junction Hotel, McAdam Jet., N.B., $3.00 per day and up. Caledonia Springs Hotel, Caledonia Springs, Ont., special rates by week or month. Royal Alexandra Hotel, Winnipeg, European plan. Banff Springs Hotel, Banff, Alberta, $4.00 and up. Open, May 25th to Sept 30. See illustration in description of Canadian Pacific railway. Chateau Lake Louise, Laggan, Alberta, $4.00 and up. Open, June loth to Sept. 30. This is a chalet hotel at Field Station, B.C., fifty miles west of Banff, at the base of Mount Stephen, which towers 8,000 feet Mount above. It is a favorite place for Stephen tourists, mountain climbers and House. artists.The wonderful Yoho Val- ley is reached by way of Field. Rates, $3.50 per day and upward. American plan. The Emerald Lake Chalet is situated near Field, B.C., and is open from June 15th to September 30th. It is a most Emerald romantically situated Swiss chalet Lake hotel with accommodation for Chalet forty guests. The gateway to Yoho Valley, 7 miles from Field Station. Transfer charge $1.00. Rates, $3.50 per day and upward. American plan. This house, situated at Glacier, B.C., is open from May 1st to October 31st. It is in the heart of the Selkirks, within forty- Glacier five minutes walk of the Great House Glacier, which covers an area of Hotel. about thirty-eight square miles. Rates, $3.50 per day and upward. American plan. The Hot. . Revelstoke, at Revelstoke, B.C., is situated between the Selkirks and Gold Ranges, at the portal of the West Hotel Kootenay gold fields and the Revelstoke. Arrow Lakes. Rates. $3.00 per day and upward. The hotel is conducted on the American plan. Kootenay A new first class tourist hotel at Lake Hotel. Balfour, B.C., and is now open for the season. Rates, $3.50 per day and upward. The hotel closes for the season on October 15. Fraser This hotel is situated at North Canon Bend, B.C. It has been lately House. renovated and refurnished. Sit- uated on the Fraser River, and a splendid base to visit the wonders of that mag- nificent stream. Kates $3. 50 per day and up- ward. American plan. Canada: NAVUiATioN, Railways and Steamboat Lines 279 Hotel The Hotel Sicamous, at Sica- Sicamous. mous, B.C., is built on the shores of the Shuswap lakes where the Olcanagan branch of the C.P.R. begins. Rates, $3.50 per day and upward. American plan. The Hotel Vancouver, at Vancouver, B.C., the Pacific Coast tertriniis of the Railway, is a hoti'l Jc.'^iii-:? *o serve the large Hotel con ..i Trial busin"«s r^ the city, Vancouver, as ell ii the touri- , who find -ofi.ahle and ii teresting to s.^r Si^iatc'i | mile from transfer chi^.ge 25 cents. Rates, $4.00 per day and upward. American plan. See illustration in description of Cana- dian Pacific railway. Empress This magnificent hotel, only Hotel. recently completed, is situated at Victoria, B.C., at a short dis- tance from the boat landing. It is one of the most lx;autiful hotels on the American It , remain a day or \ C.P.R. Station; Continent. Euronean plan. See illustration in description of Canadian Pacific railway. The King Edward Hotel, Toronto, is spacious and accommodates a large number of guests. It is of comparatively recent con- King struction and ranks among the Edward highest class hotels of the con- Hotel tinent; its appointments and Toronto. equipment are of the latest prac- tice. This hotel is centrally loca- ted and within ea.sy reach of all the most im(X)rtant marts of commerce, public parks, churches and public buildings. It is conducted on the European plan respecting meals, with cafes, dining room and grill room. The rates for rooms are $1.50 a day for single room, $2.50 for double rooms, and upwards according to the size and location of the room: with bath room $2. 50, single rooms, $4.00 a day for double rooms and upwards according to size and location. Toronto — King Edward Hotel. aSo Can. da: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines Ottawa— The new Russell Hotel. The Roxborough — A modern 8-story apartment house, Ottawa. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines 381 Toronto — Queen's Hotel. The Queens hotel, Toronto, has for many years been justly notecl for its comfortable apix)intments, excellent menu and Queens ser\ice. The hotel is most favour- Hotel, ably situated for reaching the Toronto. Union railway station, street cars and steamljoats which ply on Lake Ontario in various directions. It is conducted both on the Euro|)ean and American plans. American plan — nxHns without bath from $3.50 a day upwards each person ; nwrns with bath from $4.00 a day upwards each |)erson. European plan— rooms without bath from $2.00 a day upwards each person; rtxims with bath from $2.50 a day upwards. The Chateau Lauricr is fully described in the descriptio" ' the C.rand Trunk Pacific ind an excellent litho- Chateau ^ the hotel will Ik; seen in Laurier, ill nations of the line. It is Ottawa. located on one corner of Major Hill park, a Covernnient park, unique in its location adjoining the grounds of the Parliamentary buildings of Canada. The main entrance faces the Plaza now under construction. The hotel is claimed by the proprietors to be the finest structure of the kind on the continent, costing $2,000. . The new (Irand Trunk station is immediately opposite. The rates are:— single roo'i. $2 00 a day without private bath and $2.50 v 1 bath; double rooms $3.50 a day without pri ate bath and $4.00 with bath, all according to location of rooms. The hotel is conducted on the Kurnpean plan and contains dining room, cafe, grill room and chihlren's (lining room. 20459—18 The New Russell hotel is a first class hostelry with spacious rotunda and excellent cafe. From this hotel is a passage The New leading to the Russell theatre. Russell This has long been the principal Hotel, hotel of Ottawa and a centre for Ottawa. deputations and visitors who have business with the Ckivernment. It is near the new Grand Trunk Railway or Central station. The rates are: — European plan— *i. 00 and $1.50 without bath, single; *2.5o and $3.50 without bath, double; $2.00 I anrf i'3-5« with bath, single; $4.00 and S5.00 ' with bath, double rooms. i Rozborou^h '^^^ Roxborough, an apartment Apartments l*""^- '* '^ "^^ building on Laurier avenue, Ottawa, facing Cartier i sciuare. Visitors are accommodated in the I summer season. The Halifax Hotel. The Halifax hotel is one of the principal hotels in the Mari- time Provinces and has excellent accommtxlation and service. The Royal ,.I''^,'*T' ^""'' ^' ^t. John, Hotel A.H.,has long l)een known as a St John favourite hostelry for visitors to theenterprisingcityof St. John. The Prince Arthur hotel at Port Arthur, Ontario, is owned by the Cana- dian Northern railway company, and is most favourably situated within a stone's throw of the water front and railway station. The rates are $2.50 a da>' and upwards, according to location of riHiin. The hotel is conducted on the European plan. Prince Arthur Hotel. C.N. R.— Hotel "Prince Arthnr " at Port Arthur Ont. 282 Canada: Navioatjon, Railways and Steamboat Lines Promiscuous Illustrations Montreal Harbour Commission — Elevator No. j course of construction. Montreal Harbour Commission — Concrete wall in front of elevator No. 2, Montreal. Montreal Harbour Commissioners — FioalinK crane. Canada: Navigation, Railways and Steamboat Lines a83 rail in Vancouver, B.C.— A public building. .\ detachment of the Roya, Northwest Mounted 20,000 bags of coal for shipment north— South Wil- Police; lington, B.C. I U 1 1 ^ Canada: NAViciATiDN, Railways and Stkamboat Lines 01 Canada: N'AVKiATiox, Railwavs .v ;ij Stkamboat Lines a«S Winnipeg, Man.— A view of the Main street. Stati.M, an.l Kar.l.n, C. I'. R., M.,„stja«. Sask. Steam ploURhing ami harrowinR at one lime, Northwest. 386 Canada: Navigation, Railwayh and Steamboat Lines Montreal Harbour CommUbion — The letting of one "Simplex" moulded concrete pile. i 1' Ottawa— An o^#ntng of Parliament. miL Casaiw: N.wKiATioN. Railways and Steamboat Lines a»7 Kideau Canal— Segmental fare of the clam at Jones' Falls lock station. I. ensth 360 feet, height 6u feet. Ottawa — The pier at Britannia bay. Ottawa— A view of the pavillion and promenade at Britannia bay. OTTAWA (KJVUNMINl miNTINii BlUEAl- iSfiB s'(; BiiieAf ■ »• m tM tm iM 1)4 Mt tM iOI Wt T [TT- ■( •I M •• •( 84 M T8 T 4 , i^ "■"U.! fori, i . '«li«l. rl .4. ^ ->fc= '->*•.) ^t-"A" ^*i.^/' r^^ •^Lftlfl ,< *«*i,j -^_ "^: ^ "^iL,' i:^ a»«>' '/ -^ p'^ rTv 4^' i i .^' ;v.^ ^4^ ' ' ^of_ _ , o \\ V.^;^ ^VOJV^ l»-- *^ IgN^, ^-/ ^ * V / / r^ *■»• / ^^-c>- 'KI: ■-/- /' ^-A-^. \ Si a''- ■ '■ io ^ '■^-^i . '/■ Jf'--\, -^ .y" i»U — g-'- ■Q *,-, J /■■ *y-' "^v; ^ •^ ^^^ M Qcpartmrnt of tbr Siitmcir HONOURABLE ROBERT ROGERS. MINISTER WW CORY. DEPUTY MINISTER — I0I1> MAP - 'it*- -, or THE • -*- ; DOMLMOX OF CANADA \HtiirHj Si'iili* li ;:tiMitiii Sr.-ilf IdO niili'K lu oni- iiH'li Grand Trunk Railway, and Gr Tr.Pke Con«lruct«d , I Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, undar (.jntlrueHan a Grand Trunk heiFie Railway, locarad ^Canadian hciFic Railway, in opararion ^/Canadian PaciTic Railway, undar canarrue^ion ';|Canadian PaclFic Railway, lacarad 2 Canadian Ner^h•m .Syaram. in opararion ^ Canadian Ner»horn .Syarom. undar cenarruerion Canadian NorHiam .Syaram. loearad I Inrarcolonial Railway [Graa> Norrkam Railway (U.Sy Grand Trunk Raciric Railway HaliPax re Moncron (I.C.R.) Meneren ro Quabac bridga (Nar.Trana.) Quabae bridfa ro Winnipaf (Nar.Trana.) Winnipeg ro Edmonron •Cdmonron ro ft-inca Ruparr « Undar contrruerien. March 1910 375 milaa. .as 460 1345 7»3 862 3T4C III JO J^ \ ■^. /' )i y''^* \y^ I -r Anti.-.»«> •''"'"' ;/. ifH LK "VI v^' LAtRI iNG ^ K"! r m ,.''' .V ^ \ en* «)* "<#■ ^ t crfi. ji^^ \ ^ .^ '\ \ P<; m. ^•; '^^x;^ ^^*/ /■ xV'^* v^o>^- L>>^«' ^Vi'i^j; ?'-r Legend ¥: (uldlVuaiiil Cf Ir v^ X 1^ * \i i. •^ XL (^f-V '*■'■>,, X ^liii •/^ \/ ■*' y ^: WJ- <"\ \< ^*^U 'luld (I'llir^r n~1 IhiI.I Oi.ln. '*' I'lnunum •^ SiKtT 9 Iron Diauiri •1 w Tuiii,')iii'ii Z Til. * NirkH ] Sihrrr bittuirt C ColiiUi N ,'" ¥^ >Mtflll O Mni'Mt- ^ liriipkiif* SUio © « (urtiiitliitu Cruirni ISi-iti- "f- ^ »*. Sal. cms.! Q (h-hn Tiilr I Uimnr SO s.« 'VlflnitHI- / \ FUJS! n Ij/r Suvuix'SlMtinn 7* 7$ 74 72 70 68 W 42 40 S8 3S M StiltioUM ^ 84