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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 \ : "• 2 3 ■ ■ 4' - s 6 > GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Dikectok REPORT ON PORTIONS OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC AND ADJOINING AREAS IN NEW BRUNSWICK AND MAINE RELATING MORE ESPECIALLY TO THE COUNTIES OY TEMISCOUATA AND RIMOUSKI, P.Q. BY L. W. BAILEY, Ph.D., F.R.S.C. AND W. McINNES, B.A., F.G.S.A. OTTAWA PRINTED BY S.JE. DAWSON, PRINTER TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1893 A. 1{. C. 8elwv\, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., kc, Directoi- of the Geological Sur\ey. Siu, — I have the honour to submit the following report of observa- tions and explorations made by myself and Mr. W. Mclnnes, with the assistance AIUOIXINC AHKAS IN NEW BKUNSWIClv AND MAINE KKI.ATIN*; MORE KSPKCIAF.r.Y TO 'I'lIK OUNTIES OF TEMISCOUATA AND RIMOUSKI, P.Q. BY L. W. Baihy, Ph.!)., F./l.S.C, and 11'. Mrlmi's, Ji.A., F.(.'.S.A. Tlif! rocks to which this i-eport relates ai"e a portion of thfise PnvidUH whiuh have been conitnonly known as the Quebec gi-oup. As is well kiinwn, the latter have been the subject of much previous in\estiga- tioii, l)oth by the officei-s of the Geological Survey and others, numerous reports and memoirs having been at various times published c(»ncerning tlieni. The most recent of these, upon the part of the (leological Survey, are those of Dr. R. W. Ells, who in Vols. II. and III., New Series of the Survey publications, has given not only a full histoiical -iiiiiiiiary of 'the progress of the investigation, but from a minute study iif the rocks in the vicinity of Quebec, supplemented by explorations ex- lendiiig from the Vermont boundary to the extremity of the Gaspe peninsula, has brought forward data, both of a stratigraphical and piila-diitological character, which, while in important particulai-s at variiuice with views previou.sly announced, seem to place the main tacts of the case beyond further controversy. Till' most importfint of the conclusions thus arrived at, so far as T)r. T' is'scon- they hear upon the region to be considered in the present report, may i)e In'iefly stated as follows : — (1.) The larger part, if not the whole, of what was at one time known as the "altered Quebec group," is now regarded as a portion of iin older and independent series of Pre-Cambrian age. clu.^iuns. r, M (iKOLO(iICAL HUUVKY OF CANADA. \ I mm : \ Sillery. Levis. {2.) Of till' t\V(j main groups into which the so-calh'd (.^uel)L'i L.'i.iini was originally divided, viz., the Sillery and Levis (the division kii,A\ii as th(( " Laii/.on " having iteen 8ul)se(|uently introduced and tlun al)andoned), the latter or Levis section, which up to 1S8S was n-inl,.,! as the ohier of the two, is now considered to be the more ivccnt. ilu name "L»'vis" Iteing, howevei', i-estricted to the group of libukish green and gray shales which, as seen at Lt'vis and St. Joseph, imitaiii characteristic graptolites IE ' A MClhNEJ SILURIAN. I M lirs iiiiiiiodiiitfly noi'th of sheet No. 17 N.E. i>£ the series nt' Xew Hiiiiiswick luups, find in turn is followed north l)y sheet No. IS N.iv niiliraein;,' ciiielly the region driiined hy the Himouski and .Metis rivers, wliile sheet No. IS S.W. einhraces a similar small area about Kiviere In Loup. The area thus indicated, and to he presently deserihed, is llouiidsiriis iif 111 the eastern side continuous with that described and mapped by Dr. ",^^'|',h'. It. W. Ells about the headwatei's of the Hestii,'ouche and ^Nfetapedia liviTs (No. ',] S.W. Queltee maps) ; and on the west adjoins the areas ill Kainouraska county, descriiu'd l)ut not yet mapped by the same aiiilior. On the north side the several slieets terminate, so far as our iiiMstigations are concerned, with the south shore of the St. Lawrence l!i\ir, between Riviere du Loup and Little ^Nlet is. The rock torma- timis included within the ai-ea a])ove defined are, as far as known, liut twii in nunilier, viz., the Silurian and the Candirian, with iiossil)ly Miiall unreco"ni7,ed areas of Candiro-Silurian or Ordovician. SlI.UKIAN. ,ps, lies nlincst Tiie rocks of this system, as found within the areas here considered, Eailicr have been quite fully described in previous reports, their stratigraphy, '"♦'I""''**' t'nssils and coi'relations with other Silurian districts, especially in New lliunswick, Maine and Nova Scotia, having been .stated in considerable iletail. We have no furtlier information concerning them, so far as they occur within the area now under discussion, Ijut a question having arisen as to their western extension and their separation from older iiiid lithologically similar strata about the sources of the St. John Kiver, some particulars may here be given of an exploration of tlie latter having in view the more exact determination of the.se points. As represented upon Lake Temiscouata the portion of the Silurian Lake Temis system which innnediately adjoins and overlaps tlie Camljrian strata ^""'^ '*' td lie presently described, does not represent the lowest member of that system, being composed of white sandstones and ovei'lying calcareous iiii'ks, of which the fossils indicate an age ranging from the lower to the upper part of the Lower Helderberg horizon, while at a short dis- tance .south are heavy conglomerates followed by hard sandstones and shales containing fossils chiefly of the Niagara formation. The larger [lart of tliese beds occur only upon the eastern side of the lake, where tlif calcareous strata form the prominent eminence known as Mt. Wissick ; but upon the western side, the only fossiliferous strata iilisfrved are a few shales, imperfectly exposed about a mile northward til nil the village of Cabano. The older conglomerates and sandstones of tilt' Niagara group are, however, well exposed here and may be followed H M ()KOLO(ilCAL BfUVKY OK CANADA. I'v I'' m 15 1 wcstorly for Hevcnil miles iiluiio- the roiul leading to the mills in il,,. Silurian hliitfx. (.'aitaiio liivcf. Tiiimi'diatcly to the south of the above umloulittd Silurian strata is found the j^roit stories of slates Hrst descrihed in t|i<> (Jeoloj^y of Canada in eonnection with the (Jaspe series, and which li;i> since heeii found to spread so widely over the iioi'thern portions ot New ilrunswiek, as well as adjac«'nt areas in (.^uehec and Maine. Tium. slates, as seen alonji,' the lower half of Teniiscouata I^ake and on thf Madawaska Kivei', are of yray, hluish-^'ray and dark ^'ray, rarely lil.nk colours, often weatherin;,' to a dull olive-j^reen, very tine grained Imt including harder hands, and generally more or less calcaieous, Tiicv are throughout charaeterized l»y numerous and often intricate coninr- tions and these, with a strongly devehtped slaty cleavage, make anv atteni]>t to determine their thickness or relations well nigh liopilos. Neither on the Lake nor on the Madawaska ha\e they been foutiil td contain any fossils, th(*se having pi-obahly been obliterated by molecular movements; but the occurrence of fossils at many diti'erent point- in the resembling strata which spread so widely to the east and sonili, and all of which indicate a Siluiian horizon, seem to justify the posiiiun first assigned them as also Silurian, and as the eijuivahMit of theupiicr l)art of the Gaspe series. In ascending the Uivei'St.John from Edmund- ton, slates which are evidently the same as those of the Madawaska and Lake Teiniscouata are f re(iuently exposed upon its banks as far as the mouth of the St. Francis River. They exhibit the same alternations of fine and soft with somewhat harder, sandy beds, hav(! the same greenish, .somewhat chloritic aspect, and the .same .strong and neuily vertical cleavage. The dips, when recognizable, are usually low, and indicate a series of broad and open undulations. Two miles alidvc Edmundstonthe dips are north-easterly, at angles of 30° ; at Mecliaui s Kapids, six miles above, the inclination of the beds is N. 10° E. < U) : about ten miles up it is S. .30" E. < 30° ; and about half a mile belnw Baker River, where the beds are finely exposed, it is about N. 80" K. < \'f. At the Narrow.s, about five miles above Fort Kent, the slates, here finely l)anded, dip S. 40° E. <85°, a dip which is repeated, m' nearly so, two miles further up. At Connors's Landing, ten miles ahuNc Foi't Kent, the dip is N. 20' E.<70°. On the St. Francis River the exposures are but few, but such as occur are quite similar to those on the main St. John, and have siiiiilai' low inclinations, mostly to the southward, and the same peculiar greenish tint. No trace either of the limestones or the conglomerates of Lake Teniiscouata could be found on this stream, but blocks of whitish-weathering sandstone, similar to those found at the base nt' Mount Wissick, which occur a little below the foot of Poheneganionk. Upper St. Joliii River. St. Francis River. •«li.i:ir A MclNNtt ] HILI'HIAN. M 111 ItuuiKlurv Ijiiko, iippt'iii' to imlicatc tliat tlic imrtliciii iMHiiidiirv of I'lilniuwi til'' fSilurmii IS not tiirliom tins pliicf. In t lie iiiiiii ot Mi-. Kicliaidsoii, ill'' ciiuntry on citlifi- side of the liikf tn its head is rt'pn'.scntcMl as Silurian, hut the earlit-i- dcsciiptitm j^'ivcii in the (ii-olu^'v of Canada, lM).H, is, without (loul)t, the correct one ; the only strata visil)le heiny hard Iflossy slates of the Cambrian system. Above the St. Kramis, l)i'M(ri|itiiiii uf tin main i-iver lies wholly in Ameriean territory, and jtresents niiu-li .i,,),,', Kivir. till' same aspect as in tlie j)ortion already (h'serihed, the bluish, f,n'eenish- weathering slates showing fre(|Uent outerops, which aie often charic- tci ized by short and sharp foldings of the strata, the latter being, at till' same time, eut by- strong and highly inclined cleavage planes. The sd'iiery of this portion of the St. John is very striking, the l)ordering hills, which are (juite high, sometimes exhibiting strongly serrated (lilt lines, while between tiiem and the rivei- are belts of terraced tlats and intervales, most of which are cultivated. Acce.ss to the upper t'ainis i.s, however, ditticult, thei-e lieing no roads whatever, while coin- iiuinication by water, effected in summer by canoes or tow-boats, and ill tlie winter on the ice, is impedt.'d by the numerous and .sometimes (jiiiigerous rapids. These are, in .some instances, due to ledges, but not iiiifre(juently also tlifr St. John. seen in situ, thou<;li Ixmldcrs of iiietaniorphio rocks, iucludiiiL; hard siiiulstones, i-ed .slates and (•i)ii<,di)iiierates, become abundant, and ly tlieir accumulation at certain points, cause lon<^ and dan<,'erous ra])i(ls, In the report of the (Jeoloj^ical Survey of Maine, and in an acconipanv- ing map, all tliis portion of the valley of the river, and for nianv miles aVxjve it, is represented as composed of talcose schists, but Me limknl in vain for anything +-o which thao name could fairly be upplird. Some of the slates found here are glossy, and, perhaps, a little unctumis. and they often coi\tain scattered scales of mica, but to no gi'eater extrnt than do many f)f the slates on Lake Temiscouata and in northern New Brunswick, which are certainly nothing more than ordinaiy argilliics. They exhibit also the same greenish-chloritic aspect, becoming brownish red under the intlueiice of water, already noted as characterizing ihr slates to the eastward. The best exjio.sures are at Big Black Rapids and outci'ops occur at intervals from this point to Hunter's, ten niihs below the Seven Islands. Their strike is almost uniforndy S. W., ami the dip north-westerly, at high angles. The land on either side of \\w river is here much lower than further down the stream, the hills biiii«: few and of slight elevation; while the .stream itself, though broad, is nuich encumbei'ed with boulders, which, as below, appear to cross its c'jui'se in trains, and are the cau.se of numerous and difficult rapids. Settlement at From Huntei'"s to the Seven Islands, the navigation is easier, with Seven Islands. ^^^^^^.^ still-water and fewer ledges and boulders, while at the "Islands," the stream divides into numerous channels, intersecting an extensive alluvial tlat,which, although almostentirely i.solatedfrom comnmnicatiou with the outside world, has, for many years, been the seat of a small 'nut very prosperous famning connnunity. The ordinary means of access i.i the settlement is by a very rough and often almost impassable wiiit- r road from St. Pamphile, in Quebec, a distance of about fourteen miles ; but, understanding that this road showed little or nothing of the underlying rocks, our exploratory route was chosen by way of the ISii; Black River, which, passing near St. Pamphile, joins the St. .lohii. fifteen miles below the Seven Islands. Reaching St. Pamphile l)y the Elgin Road, the rocks of this settlement were found to be hai'd dark gray grits, interstratitied with black slates, probably belonging to the Sillery division ftf the Cambrian system, and the extension of those seen on the Little Black River. Two miles west of St. Pamphile church, they form a high hill on the road to Seven Islands, Imt are here nuuli Conglomerate, coarser, becoming a somewhat schistose conglomerate, holding pel)l)li's up to a foot in diameter, chietly of black (juartzite, with included beds, usually thin, of very lustrous black slate, the conglomerate being nuicli veined with white quartz. Their dip is N. 15' W. < 75' — 80'. The [tlLEV i MCINNES J SILUKIAN. 11 M liiipr IkhIs iirp quite siiiiilfir to soiiie to be liereafter iioticeil as occumng ailing the line of the Temiscouata Railway at St. Louis de Ha '. Ha I, and are certainly Lower rather than Ujiper Silurian, as represented in the map of Mr. Richard.son. Conglomerates and slates, similar to the l?if,' Black aliove, ai'e again seen on Big IJlack River, where this is cro. sed by the ^''^^' Seven Islands road, and for a (piaiter of a mile below. Aljout half a mile north of the boundary, these ai'e followed by (tther slates of dark '^vny colour and weathering bluish, which ai'e also well exposed directly on the boundary, showing a regular and distinct dip N. < 80—90'. These slates are without conglomerates, are even-V)edaker Lake, and after returning to the Forks, a similar ascent of the North- west Branch, whence, by way of its main ti'il)utary, the Daaijuam, access was had to the settlement of St. Magloii-e in Quebec. The Big Black River, south of the boundary, shows but few ex- (Jeolo^'y of iiosures, such as occur beini^ of slates, apparently of Silurian aye. VVu^*' ' ' " ' I r J r^ ,)olin Kiver The rocks occurring between the mouth of this stream and the Seven Islands have already been described. Two miles above the Islands, i;iay, bluish-weathering and .somewhat sandy slates occur, with a south-west strike and nearly vertical dip, and thence follow the course of the river for several miles, forming low bluffs upon its shores. Six miles above the Islands the slates are more micaceous than Ix-low, though never assuming the aspect of true mica-schists. Their dip here is S. 5^ E. < 70". Ten miles above the Islands alternating slates and tine .sandstones, iiere only slightly micaceous, dip S. 25" E. <70°. Passing Burnt Land Brook, which is eighteen miles above Seven Islands, the land becomes low and the ledges fewer, but such as occur jiresent no noticeable difference as compared with those seen lower followeii. 12 M GEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. , Baker Brook. N. W. Branch St. John River. doAvn, except perhaps in the fact of their frequently holding wliito quartz veins. Five miles below the Forks the right bank shows Itdirps of hai-d, gray, micaceous sandstones, alternating with fine, fissile, dm k gray slates, and having a regular dip S. 12" E. <80\ Approiitiiinu the Forks the stream becomes more rapid, and is filled with laiL,'*' l)oulders, one of them thirty feet long by thirty feet high, of grot'iii>li serpentinic rock, with others of conglomerate and hard samlstum . Above the Forks, on the 8outh west Branch, the stream for several miles shows f)nly dead-water, and no exposures occur as far as the mouth of Baker Brook. On this latter stream an exposure is found three miles up, of bluish-gray slates and sandstones of the ordinarv Silurian type, dipping 8. 25° E. <80", but with this exception no inck- in situ are visible as far as the (tutlet of Baker Lake, the limit of i>ui exploration in this direction. Returning from Baker Lake to the mouth of the North-west Branch, the latter was then ascended, with the opportune aid of lieaw rains, to its forks or point of confluence with the Riviere Noiii'. a small stream flowing south from Lac de la Frontiere. Thi stream we ascended, but with great difficulty, to a point about one mile below its first falls, and three below the lake and boundary. Here occur good exposures of fine-grained, gray sandstones, sli<.ditly micaceous and alternating with slates, and in these were found tlie only fossils met with in any portion of this region. The.se consist uf long, coarsely and longitudinally furrowed stems of plants ; but tliouirli occui'ring in considerable numbers they are not sufticiently preserveii, or of such a character as to throw much light upon the age of tlie containing beds. These strata have a distinct and regular dip S. lU E. <80°, and their general aspect is not unlike that of many Silurian ' ))eds, but in view of the observations made by others in this vieiinty (See Report for 1887, part K, page 13) we are not prepared to say Pearlier exam- that they may not be older. In an examinati(jn of this region made by Mr. A. Webster, formei'ly of the staff of the Geological Sui\ey, and referred to in the report last cited, similar slates and sandstones are described as having associated with them beds of dark gray yra phitic limestone, but these are situated somewhat nearer to Lac de la Frontiere, and owing to want of water, were not reached by us. The whole series is regarded by Dr. Ells as Cambro-Silurian. On the Daaquam, as far as ascended, viz., to a point where this is touched liy the clearings eight miles south-west of St. Magloire, no exposures of any kind were observed. It will appear from the above observations that so far as the main issue is concerned, viz., the separation of the Silurian and older strata. Fossils. ination. DAILEV « MCINNES ] CAMURO-SILURIAN. 13 M conclnsionn. iliese show nothing of a decisive character by which the question may 1)6 determined. Admitting that the beds observed upon the Riviere (Jeneral Xoire, and possibly those near the boundary upon the Big Bhick River, are older than Silurian, though the character of the plant remains upon the former is rather unfavouraV)le to this view, we cannot but think that the exposures in the main valley f>f the St. John, and as far upas Baker Brook, are of Silurian age. At least they do not differ essentially in character from those which occur s(i widely lower down in the same valley, and which all the facts in our possession tend to refer to that horizon. It may here be observed that the character and relations of these latter rocks are strongly markefl in tlie physical features of the region, as strikingly seen in ascending from the valley nf the Daatjuam to the settlements south-west of St. Magloire. The land here rises rapidly and from a high hill, two miles and a half from the river, one may look l»ack over the valley and for many miles follow its course north-easterly and south-westerly as a low tract of nearly level land, along the southern side of which, at a distance of ten or fifteen miles, is another chain of somewhat prominent hills, pi-ol)ably the westward extension of the Aroostook Mts. from the sources of the Aroostook Alleguash River. It may be added that as a matter of practical carto- graphy the (juestion, so far as Canada is concerned, is, after all, of little importance, as it is probable that the Silurian rocks, if such they are, are almost wholly confined to the region south of the Canadian Ijoundary. Mtns. Cambro-Silurian. According to the arrangement of Dr. Ells, referred to in the introduc- Description of tion, and which has been here adopted, the rocks regarded as Cambro- b,'o-si'hiriari" Silurian embrace (1) those which, as best exhibited in the vicinity of *g''- Point Levis, consist of blackish green and gray shales, carrying a char- acteristic Ordovician fauna, with which are associated dolomitic lime- stones and limestone conglomerates, the whole described as resting in synclinals of the underlying Sillery oi- Cambrian formation ; and (2) the overlying black bituminous shales and liiiiestones, including the rocks of the Citadel of Quebec, which carry faunas ranging from the Trenton, through the Utica formation, to the age of the Hudson River or Lorraine shales. Of these several groups of r«»cks we are unable to say with certainty that any occur within the district to which this report relates. As legards the fttssiliferous limestones and shales, however, of the Trenton- Utica formation, which are so conspicuously developed upon the north shore of the St. Lawrence at Montmorenci and elsewhere, it may be U M GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. J'' ' Ml! V\ • Ui Trenton- I'ticiv i)r()- bably abni'iit, Que))ec Citadel rocks Levis grou)) nowhere recognized. considei'ed as quite certain that nothing resembling these is to Iji ii,,t with on the south shoi'e, at least within the settled portions of the arci examined by us. The fact, however, that such strata do occur, onlv a few miles farther east on the Gaspe shore, near the mouth of the Tartigo River (see Report of 1880-81-82, page 30 dd) where tliey are infolded among the Cambrian strata, would make us hesitate to ^av that such l)eds, similarly infolded, may not occur over the large ami ii, a great extent uncleared tract embraced in this report. It may, how- evei', be observed that these rocks, whose nature, when present, is x, readily recognized, are equally absent fi-om the drift, a cii-ouinstancr which renders the fact of their occurrence extremely improbable. As i-egards what has been termed the Quebec Citadel serie>, alsy soil con taining but few boulders. Rock exposures are also few, and their character indecisive. Near the southern part of the plateau and set- tlement are gray white- weathering sandstones, vesting on black slates, similar to those in the valley of Blue River ; while at the L'lith mile- post, are dark gray glossy slates, with a high dip, l)ut much corru- gated. These latter have been regarded by Dr. Ells, from their litho logical aspect, as being below the quartzites and associated strata, and tILEV A MCINNED J CAMIIIMAX. 10 M .s mfirkiii;^!i Lower Cfinibriiiii .iiiticliiiiil. It is iniitc |)i()l>;il)li' tlmt this iiifiy he the ciisc, imt tlic expusurcs, wiiidi arc nnly a few yuids in rxtciit, arc not sullicinit to allow of tlicir rolations licinj^ (Ictcrniincd with certainty. The descent from St. Honore, oi\ tlie noi-thern side, is h'ss rajiid than upon tlie southern, and for the most j)art, the country is less ru<,fi;cd. i"or three miles and a half fi'om the station there are no exposures, rithcr on the road or railway. Half way hotween the 23rd and l22nd T,j\ti/,(m of mile posts, the latter imersects the former, and just heyond the cross- ''• '"^" '*""• ini,', ai'c cuttings in black, shinin;i,' llaifijy slates, holdini,' thinnei' hands lit ifreen and purple slates. Their dip is distinct, X. 33' W. < 70"— SI) . AipiarttM' of a mile -further on is another cutting,' in dark <;ray <,'rits, dipping S. 30 E. < SO. These latter contain little black grains of (|uartz, togethei" with fragments of black slate, and are su])posed to lie ,1 rej)etition of the rocks already noticed at 15lue Hivei'. and like tlie latter to lepresent Division 4, oi' the I'ppei- Sillery of the Cap Uouge M'ction. From this point on, for several miles, or as far as the St. I''iancis Uiver, the railway cuttings are fre(|uent, the prevailing rocks licing slates, some f»f them bright, green, purple oi' I'cd, while others lire dark gray to black, and glossy. They include, however, .some beds lit' (lark gray grits, and one small ridge of white-weathering sandstone. The dips are, as usual, irregular, but mostly to the southward, vai'ying from S. 30' E. < SO' to 8. 10' E. < 90 . They are the strata which, on Kichardsons map, are referred to the "Lauzon,' ff)i'ming a portion of a h((lt extending, with great uniformity, and with an average width of about f(mr miles, all the way from the Chaudicre River ; but in the classitication here followed, are referred to Divisions 2 and 3, of the Sillery group. To the above belt succeeils a tract, nearlv six miles in width, htnn.T the greater part of the .space included between the St. Francis and the head of Riviere Verte, in which there are but few exposures, but where such as occur, are very generally of a dark green grit, the charactei-- licit of dark istic rock of the Sillery, large loose blocks of which are also thickly ^'''^''■" *^'''*' sti(Hved over the entire area. This belt is also continuous for many miles t(» the westward, and on the Poheneganutok road, according to Richardson, has a breadth of about eleven miles. To the eastward, its distribution is limited, and in a traverse 'made by one of the authors by way of Trois Pistoles to Lake Temiscouata, it was found that no continuous belt of these sandstones crossed the line of .section.^ To the eastward the nearest section to that of the Temiscouata road is afforded by the road to St. H ubert which leads by St. P^piphane and * Annual RoiK)it, vul. III., pp. 20, 27, 2H m. 20 M OKOLOniCAL HUllVKV OF (!A\AI)a. IUihI (.f Hil- Icry (fritH t«riiiiiiiitoH. Comploxity of pfiici-iil Htnic- turc). ThniHt faults. Structnr(! at Mt. Wissick. St. ri'fiiicis l)(>(\v('('ii wliifli two |i(iiii(s, if ])roli)iiifr(| on its sliil<,. ii,i l)Uii(l <»t' Sillcry tjiits wmild jxiss. Tlinii;.'li tin" (lislfiiicc aci'iis-, i,, i| Tcnii.scouiitu Hnml, wlici'o tluOiHiid Ikih a widlli us iilrnulv imlir.iK of iihout six miles iintl a half, is only ten iiilcs, no trace of tins LinJ hand of f,'iits is to ho found. It is true tlial iso!a((>d {'.\}hisiii("; ,,\' \\ j,'reenisli j,'rit are seei;, hut tliesc sooiii to icprosenl licfc fisii\i:i| wlioh* eastern poftioii of tlu; area tindcu- consideration, only ienli. i jtalcli(!s inclosed in the prevailing,' red, "(retui and ,i,'ray siutc-^. ' hand, therefore, must lapidly diminish in width as it is followed , ih wai'd from the Temiscoiiata Itoad, until Mt a point a little to the (, of the eastern end of Lak(i Kt. Francis, it entirely disaitjicars us a d tiiict hand and is oidy ropi'osented hy the small inclosed areas jihcad alluded to. On several of the roads and streams further totlniJ good .sections aci'oss the strata may Ik; seoii and in each ot' ilir.'] though tho goiKM'ul structure is the .same, the details are ipiite (litl.iv so that no gencM-al division of the strata into well-defined h.nnK po,s.sil)Ie. In fact it would be oidy on a large .scale, litholoMicaJ coloured mup that any divisions could ])e mapped in the whole coinii of rocks stretching from the St. Lawrence southwiirds to theoxcrU ii edge of the Silurian system. In tho case of thes(! Silleiy sumlsimj as seen over the whole of this easterly area tho prevalence of snnilir dips is noticeahkj and would scumu to indicate that the strata \\;i\f IkJ ellected hy a thrust acting from the .south-east and buckling uj beds towards the north-west in overturned anticlinals. These ovciiut form ridges who.se steep northerly sides repre.sent in many casrs lines of local thrust faults, the beds having been pushed t'luin .south-east and overlapping by a short .slide. A fault on a laigi'r ^vA but of similar chai'acter to the.se small local thrusts would explain sti'ucture at jNJount Wissick on Lake Temi.scouata, where the lie; beds of Silurian sundstone which make up the main body of mountain, and which hold a fauna indicating for them a Lower lie berg age, are found overlying at a comparativelylowangle the highly ol torted and twisted slatesoftheSillery and succeeding the.steei)ly iiidii beds of conglomerate juid shale of l>lack Point and its vicinity, w I fossils indicate that they are of about Niagara age. A thrust t'aul the character above indicated would very well account for this sti ture, and the moderate dips of the overlying beds contrasted wit! almost vortical position of those of Black Point is perhaps to ln' ii^ easily explained in this way than by .supposing that we have licriJ unconformity between two parts of the Silurian, with an upllii fault.* *Cf. Annual Rciiort, vol. III., part II., pape 35 .M. \. ts striki'. tl^ ilCfCISS lull uly iii(lit;it( ut" lllis lp|ii;l posiircs lit' ill I'C as M\ rl ll iiily Icnliiiil ,' slates. t'ulliiwi'd caH tic 111 tlir !■, i))»'ars a'- a i iircas alicac lor to tiic (' cue'li of tlic quite (lilleicl tilled band^ , lit hull lu'icak whole eoini'lj ,0 tliiMiverlyiJ cry saii(lstoii| UM' ot snlll lie :ratji ha\i' ln^ ueklinu' iij lese ii\erlut iiaiiy I'asi's slietl t'niiii I liU'p'f sei^ lid exjilaiii ere the liei^ I liody ot" L()\v(M'lle! tludii^hly o| teejily iiuiij ■ieiiiity, w I thrust t'anll for this sti listed with ps to lie 11^ have her( II fin iiptlij -J,- v.ivt»rf nil l.nii Hii 1,1 ^'^^ILj^l^th. / \ / / r*-^'^-^ - Lncouna o (iKNKRAj. Section Henrp,s»Milini) ihe 8uppo8Pcl arran^^emenl oF [ho CAMmilAN ROCKS On bhelineoF llie Tomigflonatft. porlacle ro«»l beKvBori Temvsc-ouabA Lalta and Riv, An Loup. Explain allon Camtrion. Wnit<'We«lherir^,l4 3« h'Loiiis deHaHa lw,il»Q««>t7iU^, ."( ^ ^W & gray 3lai:es i^-V^.. r ^ ^ (Sille/njLaaor. Hilurinn. Dip. Miles from Jhv du Lla ' I'lU- «ii ii(';i St' lieu trc lii'd. •yiK li|is ;iiil lliv i'list ■nil, Itivi -tiiiii '«)!■( 1 I'M ;i fiissii nliic mail) pmltf llhi.- ■il St 'he I'l Th i.'iiiiiit t'l 111 "iiiitt 'j I r i I I I I > * MrlNNra CAMnillAX. 21 M riicsc u\cil iiiii t'lilils with |n'('v;iiliiii,' sniilliPily (lips, (ire very coiiiniDii Sunctiiri III I lit" cjisc ut' I lie Sillcry sHii(lst(iiic.s ill! ti\»'i' lilt' lUM'.i now hcin^ nm- icl'icd, Ullll IMM'SUIMfllllv tilt' sliltt'S llilVf l»«'fll flll'ftfd ill tllf s;l||l(> iiiiiiitT, tlitiii;,'li, iiwiiii,' to tlit'ir Itciii;^ iinnc |>ii»t't>uii(lly cnmiiilfd, ;intl it'ii'ii liiciilly Im'iiI and twisti-d, tlit* strufluit' is ni>l so wfll tlflini'd in M" sandstttiic ('X|)t>siii'('.M I;i\ u \\\\\{ liriii as ill tilt' iMDif rcsisli'iil siiiidsttitit's. TIi iiiiiMil Im! t lacfil in idiitiimims l,«'its tor any Lfifal tlistaiiff, |iai't.ially luiiiy t(» tilt* pri)t'i)iiii(l t'oldiii.,' tt) which the st lata have iiccn siiltji'ctt'd, lUl iiKiit", pfiihaltly, til the tad that thf saiitlstinics havf liccii f,,,|itiriiliir iiiL^iiiallv (ifpositt'd onlv in Ifnticular ari'as aitt'niatiii'' witii patflifs i»t' •■n''i"* "f hiuhI- •' ' • _ . . Htollf. !;iii's, the saiidsttiiics liciiij,' laid dtiwii tiiily wIktc tiif cttiiilititms were ni'ul)lt> t'tir tlit'ir dt'ptisit imi, l lit'Sf (((iitlil inns lifiii;; the saint' as tlii>st' li, alt»i»<; tlio pnisciit mast line, must' thf altt'inat imi i>t' Itiii;,' saiitly iii'.H'hi's ami extensive iinid flats. Aliniit twelve or thiiteen miles finiii lli\ ii'i'e tin littup, the liand lit' 1,'reeii Sillery samlstnnt's. last, desfrihed, > t'lillowt'd Iiy anolht'i' licit tif vrA, purple and ^'recii slates, well exposed iii'ar a fall and lumhcr tiam «>n a liranch of the Hivit'-re V'crte. Tlicy uc eviilently ineinbers of Divisions 2 and 3, licini,' a repetition t>f llie lulls at the head of the St. Francis, and murk the northern sitle of a •viidinal, of which the sandstones (I )ivi,sioii 4) occupy the centre. The li|is, as usual, arestiuthci'ly, hut \t'ry variable in their aii.i;les, sometimes ini exceeding,' S or lO . Half a mile heytmd the crossi'i;,' of tlll^ Riviirc Vcrtc. Ili\i(''rt' N'erte, roi^ks, similar to the ahove, occur, liut, at the Sth iiiile- I ist, are sucoeedeil hy hiack rusty-weatherini,' slat"s, which are the Illy rocks visible for tiver a mile. The.se, on the map of Mr. IMcli.ird- -1111, are represented as the .second division of the Pot.sdam, while to division .'{, of the same jiirouj), is rt'ferred a series of <^rits and saml- tiiiics which, in the neiyhlxiurhood of the Gtli and 7th iiiile-ptists, order these slates on their ntirtliern side, being well expo.sed at a mill ii .inother branch of Hivit're Verte. We were unable to find any tiissil.s in the slates, but there is certainly nothing about the sandstones wliich would indicate that they are tithers than those which, at so iiiiiy points, ftirm a characteristic member of the Sillery series. They iiiliiibly mark antither anticlinal, similar to tho.se of St. Ltaiis and .Vnticlinai. illiic KivvM', and, as at the latter, are immediately followed northward, It St. Antoine, by another wide belt of (Lauzon) red shales. This i.s iliiiiit five miles from Riviere du Loip st.ation, within which distance 111' country is flat and largely covered with barrens. Tlu^ general arrangement of the rocks along the line of the Temi.s- pian. iiiuta Portage, abtive described, will be better understood by reference I'l the accompanying plan, in which, however, all minor details are "iiiitted. I! '1 ■ 22 M riKOLOfilCAL StrnVKV OF CANADA. Karlicr r('|Kirts. Tlio rocks fibout llivitTO du Loup liavo Ix'on prottly fully (Ifs. nl,,,! in the Geolo<;y of C.iiwulu (IS()3) andfig.-iin in iMr. llicluiidson's ri]ii,ii (ISOT). To tlicso (Inscriptions we Jmve but little to add, except i isav that we are (juite unable to see any reason for th(( separation of ai;v nt' these beds, as Potsdam, from other portions of the Cambrian scries. The extremely complicated, not to say unnatural arranfj;cnuMit of ilic strata caused by the introduction of this designation, with its snh division into three distinct f^roups, as made by Mr. llichardson, will he very greatly simpliHed if only we admit the identity of the .sandstnnis Frazorvillc 'ind grits of Frazei'vilhi with those of the Sillery formation, as Mlicadv i^V.'l''^.'"'* •^' described along the Temiscouata section, and as they f)ccui' in thr vicinity of Levis. Certainly they cannot be distinguished lith(jlogi( allv from the latter, and their relations to the associated strata would sccni to be quite the same. These, as seen at Riviere du Loup station ami at the High Falls, are dark gray green and I'ed shales, with l)an(K nt' gray quartzose sandstone and gray ai'enaceous limestone, I'epreseiitiiii; Division 3 or the U2)per Cambrian ; ami the strata of limestones ami shales, of similar character and coloui' which appear at lliviere du Lini|i Point and along the I'oad to Cacoun;i, and which were descriiird liy Richardson as Division .'? of the Potsdam, are, no doubt, these same beds coming up from beneath the ([uartzites on their north-wesi side, Thus the sandstones and grits of Riviere du Loup, or rather of Kia/er Synclinal. ville, represent another synclinal, and as such extend eastwardly In llie mouth of Isle Verte. Outside of the red and gray slate belt \\hi(li extends through Cacouna to tin- mouth of the same river, aeniln'r broad synclinal is represented in the rocks of Cacouna Island. Tin principal features of difference in the rocks of the Cambrian system as .seen along the coast, in comparison with those of the interior, is (lie occurrence here of limestone cimglomerates, interstratitied with the red and green shales, and which like the associated limestones, are iikhimii' less fossil if erous. During the past summers a re-examination fairly certain. TIk; complicated folding which has aliected all iIk strata of the region must bring into view at some junnt represcntatixcs of all of the innnediately underlying rocks, and beds so conspicu condition of affairs is in great contrast with the state; of tliinus obtaining at the present day. The gi'avel beds now in proirss of formation along this part cjf the St. Lawrence coast are made up in tlie main from the hard conglomerates and sandstones Ijorthiin^ the shore, but contain in conspicuous lunubers, Ijoulders of typiral Laurentian gneiss. That none occur in these earlier gravel loeds, would go to show that. at the time of their formation, the vast area of Laurentian to the north was c(>vered by other beds. And this view is strengthcmcd hv the occurrence *)f limestone jiebbles, already mentioned, which uiiisl lia\c been broken from their pai-ent rock at a time when the beds now seen only at Mistassini, iludson's Hay, and Uelleisle, extended widely ovif the present Laurentian floor. It has been noted by various ob.servers that the Laurentian is found with appi'oximately its present surface contours, wherever the curliist overlying beds are seen ovei-lapping it.* *Noti' on tilt' I'ri'-l'aliuo/.oic Nurfact' of tlie Archifan tcrnini's of Canaila, by Atidnu C. Lawson, Bull. Geol. Soc. of AuiiTica, vol. I., pp. I(i3-174. M \ flAILEY A MCINNES.'' CAMBRIAN, 25 M liiuUi, by Aiulii u It had then suffered very considerable denudation even at that early Fonnation date, and boulders must have been formed in great numbers by the '' l^°S"«- uneven decay of the rock. Theso boulders should be largely Repre- sented in the conglomerates we have been considering, if the Lauren tian was then bare of overlying rock, for, from the widely different character of its contained pebl,les and boulders, it is to be inferred that this conglomerate was not formed only of material accumulated at the base of some cliff and derived from its decay, but rather has resulted from the gathering together of materials from various beds probably wuu-ly separated. It seems then, probable, that these con^ Origin of con- glomerates were originally laid down along an extended shore line ^'°"'«'''^t'^«- deftned approximately, by their present distribution, for the formation of which the materials were carried down from the north l,y streams and rivers which cut early Cambrian strata, which covered the present valley of the .St. Lawrence and spread widely over the northern area, now denuded down to the bare gneissic hills of Laurentian. The region between St. Fabien and Bic, and extending back to the .'dge of the overlying Silurian, is occupied, generally, by strata, which are quite characteristic of the Sillery, as defined in this report There t «. «• IS one notable exception, however, in the case of a small area of sand- «-.d.toifer" stones, which occurs at Lac St. Simon, about five miles back from the coast, the exact age of which has not been determined. The following brief description of these rocks is based partly upon observations b^ Mr. Ord, in 1878. ^ To the south-east of Lac St. Simon and forming bluffs of moderate Synclinal .eight along its southern shore lies a small, synclinal basin of a rather ^'^^ l.ard, quartzose, red sandstone which overlies unconformably the red and graj-, highly tilted slates and sandstones of the Sillery The basin IS a very shallow one, the ro.ks dipping, at its western and south- • western edges, east and north-east respectively at angles of 1.5° to "^O^ and all along its southern edge, north to north-west at the same low angles. Ihe area has a width of only about a mile and a half with a I.M,gth ot three miles and a half. As no fossils have yet been found p i. n .nthe sandstone and as it overlies unconformably, in\he fin "; . " '^'' '^^^• shallow synclinal basin, the Sillery formation, the only inference yet possible as to its age is that it is newer than Middle Cambrian 'J hat It IS not Silurian seems also probable as no rocks of a similar character have been found in the Silurian which is well exposed at no great distance where it overlaps the Sillery both to the east and west ^-.me ot the Silurian white sandstone of the basal beds of Mount Wissick ^nv, however, near enough in character to those now under considera- tion to make it possible that they may represent these beds. The Building stone. ll I* l^ I :i Fossils. Width of Cambrian belt Northern edge of Silurian at Neigette River. 26 M GEOLOniCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Temiscouata beds, though they do not show the deep red colour whicli is characteristic of large portions of these sandstone, often have their generally white colour tinged strongly with pink or light red. At the time of the building of the Intercolonial Railway this rock was (juarried quite extensively for bridge-building purposes and seems to have served admirably this object and it may be considered both from its texture and colour as a building-stone of value. Though iiu actual contact between these sandstones and the underlying Sillery was nowhere seen by the writer, >et there can be little doubt about the structure. The hard Sillery quartzites which run under the saiul stones in east and west trending ridges have a general dip varyiuu from 45° to 90°, while the sandstones themselves in no case show n highei- dip than 20° and flatten out from that attitude to horizontal. The interval between St. Fabien and Bic is especially remarkablo for the great development of the limestone conglomerates. The pebbles of these conglomerates contain fossils of Primordial age. especially Olenelhts Thonijjsoni, and the associated shales which are of various colours hold obolellas and graptolites, but these latter do not appear to include any Levis forms, and are regarded as marking ii Lower or Upper Cambrian (Silleiy) zone. The coi\glomei'ates are con- spicuously exposed along the railway, l)etween three and four miles west of Bic station and again on either side of the entrance of VAv Harbour, in each case resting on the shales, and themselves covered, at least on the southern side, by beds of white-weathering quartzite. The dips are very irregular and low undulations are sometimes seen, while in addition to the main belts of conglomerate other smaller and lenticular bands occur at various points around Bic Harbour. Near Rimouski the width of the Cambrian belt becomes greatly reduced, the overlapping Silurian approaching on the Rimouski River within a distance of seven miles from the St. Lawrence, and then sweeping around by St. Blondin and the valley of the Neigette to the Grand Metis River. As seer, on the road to St. Blondin and at tlie lower falls of the Rimouski, the rocks are similar to those of Rivirie du Loup, consisting chiefly of slates of red and gray colours, some- times beautifully ribbanded, and holding thin bands of limestone. Similar beds also skirt the shore in front of the town of Rimouski, and thence towards St. Anaclet and Father Point. In this vicinity the width of the Cambrian belt is still quite narrow, the distance from the shore to the Silurian escarpment overlooking the valley of the Neigette on the southern side being not more than eight nnles, but a short distance to the west it rapidly widens, and embracing the western extremity of Mount Commis sweeps around to the Riviere IIILEY A MCINNE8. ] CAMBRIAN. 27 M Rouge, a branch of the Metis, near where this is crossed by the Tache road. Mount Comniis itself is partly composed of traji (dark gray and purplish epidotic and vesicular diorite) and in part of coarse grits and quartzites resembling those of the Silleiy. The latter are a part of a belt which crosses the Rouge and reappears on the Taclu' road, list west of Ste. Angele ; while both north and south of this sandstone ijt'lt are belts of red and green slates, with thin l)ands of limestone ;uid limestone conglomerate, the characteristic rocks of Division .'}. Another wide belt of these Upper Cambrian Sillery sandstones runs Grand Metis south of and parallel to the Neigette River and crosses the (Jraiul .Metis not far above where this is crossed by the Intercolonial Rail- way, being largely used in the construction of the culverts and bridges of the latter. Still farther sftuth, near the mouth of the (irand Metis, are at least two other belts of Sillery sandstone, extending westward in the direction of Ste. Flavie, and separated l)y parallel belts of very coarse limestone conglomerate and dark gray shales. Tlie breadth of the entire group upon the Grand Metis is about sixteen miles. The last point to which oui' examinations upon the coast have Little Metis .'.\ tended is that of Little Metis Bay. For several miles from CJrand ^^^^' Q"atfr; ■' n.iry clejjosits, .Metis the shore shows oidy Quaternary deposits and is strewed with Liiurentian boulders, mingled with a few of fossiliferous Silurian limestone, but, beyond this point, gray shales, banded with purple, come into view, and may be followed for a considerable distance, their ;'i'neral dip being southerly at high angles. Approaching the Light- house heavy beds of gray sandstone come into view, often with ii'versed dips, and run out to the promontory on which the Light- liouse stands. From this point to the mouth of the Little Metis the trend of the shore is nearly at right angles to that of the measures, and hence a section is levealed which is one of the most complete to bi' met with anywhere along the coast. It is also very interesting as containing the beds in which the remains of fossil sponges were found l)y Dr. Harrington in 1887, and subsequently more fully collected and determined by Sir William Daw.son. As the section, with its Fossils, contained organic remains (including, besides the several sjiecies of sponges, shells of OhoIeUa prctiosa, Billings, fucoids of the genus IjKfhotrrjtlns) and (in the sandstones, Anfropo/ithnti, Rctiolites and A niniroJ itfs) has been very fully described by the last named author in the Transactions of the Royal Society and elsewhere, it is not con- sidered necessary to reproduce the details here. It may, however, be 41 28 M GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. I I r.iilway cut tiugH ex- amined. Little MetiH. Probable age. much like those of the beds at Grand Metis and aji^ain at \Vw prol)ably occupy about the same horizon. In the rear of the district last noticed, and about the sourc(■^ of | Little Metis Biver, the Cambrian area is traversed by thelntercnl Railway ; and between Little Metis Station and that of Saint Mol long and deep cuttings have been made. Unfortunately for tl^ present examination the greater part of these are covered with sn^ sheds which almost completely exclude the light, and a satisfaet examination of them is difficult. The longest cutting, exceeding mile, occurs at and just south of Little Metis Station, and is tliieHj dark gray slates, dippi' southerly. A quarter of a mile further soJ another cutting shows gray glossy slates and shales exhibiting suve archings, but also for the most part dipping southerly. The iiexr l(j cutting is also in shales, mostly gray, but including others of puii colour. Still another shows purplish red shales, often splintery ; with alternating beds of gray, the whole lying in a succession of folds. To these succeeds a band of coarse gray grit containing mu rous pebbles of white quartz, mingled with many of black slate, which no doubt, represent the Sillery sandstones of Division 4, beds previously mentioned being those of Divisions 2 and 3. The of the sandstones is northerly, and on their southern side they immediately underlaid by bright red slates, showing beautiful aichinJ A quarter of a mile further south more bright red slates occur, altj nating with coarse gray grits, and showing great irregularity of all tude, and then after a similar distance a long cutting in dark gray] black slates and shales, probably a repetition of those at Little ^lej Station. This cutting is about one mile north of Berniers, witH which interval there are no exposures ; but south of Berniers, wliij is five miles south of Little Metis, and thence to St. Moise, bright ij beds again predominate, mingled with others of gray and dark grj tints. Between St. Moise and Sa'yabec the Cambrian is unconfonnaljj overlapped by the Silurian and the area examined by us meets tlmt the Gaspe region explored and mapped by Dr. Ells. Berniers to St. Moise. St. Moise to Sayabec. •\ .z ALFREC \7\n':or Q, N"1K (L'aiiaiia. HON T. M DAIY. 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