a :u.s h Jt>L t,js: P ~7/3 I -----·----------- ST 21-75-3 UNITED STATES ARMY RANGER DEPARTMENT UNITED STATES·ARMY INFANTRY SCHOOL FORT BENNING, GEORGIA JANUARY 1981 D·f.DO,S!"'"QDV CO'rpv1 ~I .) .1 I'\. ! .~ . This publication is provided for resident and nonresident instruction at the United States Army Infantry School only. It .reflects the current thought of this school and conforms to published Depart:nlent of the Army doctrine as closely as possible. Comments/recommendatiorts concerning this special text, or the data presented therein, should be forJard~d to: Commandant United States Army Infantry School ATTN: ATSH-R-0 Fort Benning, Georgia 31905 II ST Zl-75-3 HEADQUARTERSllo, 21-75-3 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYUS ARMY INFANTRY SCHOOL DISMOUNTED PATROLLING Parasraphs Pase CHAPTER 1, INTRODUCTION, , , • , , , 1-1 -1-8 1-1 2. PREPARING FOR A PATROL, 2-1 -2--2-1 3. MOVEMENT, , , , 3-1 -3-15 3-1 Section I. Introduction. • 3-1 -3-2 3-1 II, Foot Mov•ent , • • , , • , • • • 3-3 -3-11 3-1 III. Other Methods of Insertion, and Extraction From the Objective Area. 3-12 -3-15 3-31 CHAPTER -· ACTIONS At THE OBJECTIVE AREA Section I. Introduction. , • , , • , , , __, ---2 II. The Objective Rally Point • • , --2 -11-3 III, The Combat Patrol • • • • • , 11-11 -11-7 IV. The Reconnaissance Patrol • • --8 -11-13 v. Withdrawal From an Objective andDisa•ination of Infonaation. 11-1--11-16 CHAPTER 5, PlTROLLIIG TECHNIQUES • 5-1 -5-8 5-1t CHAPTER 6, SPECIAL TECHNIQUES. , , 6-1 -6-38 6-1 - Section I. Explosives and O..olitiona••••••• 6-1 -6-5 6-1 II, Handlin& of WOun4~in Action/Killed in Aotlon. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6-6 -6'-7 6-7 III. Mountainaarina Techniques • • • • • • • 6-8 -6-9 6-8 IV, Stra• and Rivar-crosaina Teohniquu. 6-10 -6-111. 6-8 v. S.all-Boat Handlina • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6-15 -6-19 6-17.VI, STANO and STANO Countanaaaauraa • • 6-20 -6-22 6-211 VII. Tr•okl·ftl· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6-23-6-26 6-26 VIII, Searchina Prisoners and Deld !n..y. 6-27 6-38CHAma 7. SECURITY AND CONTACTPATROL, , , , , , , , ·, .... 7-1 -7~ 7~1 APP!IDII A, REFERENCES, , , ,·. , • , A-1 -A-1 .B. R&IG!R-TYPE PATROLS , , , B-1 c. PATROL EQUIPMENT. , , , •• c-1B-1 --C-1 D. COORDINATION CHECILISTS • D-1 -D-1 E. TABLES, •••••••• E-1 F. PRIICIPLES, , , , •. , , F-1 -r-1 G. CATALOG SUPPLY SYSTEM • • ...\. ... .. G-1 ST 21-75-3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 • GENERAL a. This manual prescribes fundamentals and techniques for planning, preparing, and conductingreconnaissance and combat patrols. It is for use by fire team and platoon leaders as well as commanders and staff officers who are responsible for employing patrols. b. Patrolling requires proficiency in many basic and advanced skills, ranging from land navigation, communications, and rifle marksmanship to pathfinder techniques and airmobile operations.Training in patrolling increases the overall level of training within a unit. c. Commanders and leaders at, all levels have a responsibility* to train their troops in patrolling skills. Operations officers (S3) and intelligence officers (S2) work together to preparetraining programs which will develop units highly competent in patrolling. d. This text is guidance for all aspects of planning, preparing, and conducting patrols;however, a patrol leader will not always use all of the steps. Often a higher headquarters will direct certain aspects of a patrol rather than let the platoon leader decide. For example, knowingthe enemy has a sophisticated detection capability might cause a commander to dictate routes and insertion points to a patrol. e. This text is written so that anyone not experienced in patrolling can study it and learn how ·~o perform basic patrolling with a TO&E infantry unit. Any force or team discussed in this text may be a fire team, a squad, a section, a platoon or any of these units reinforced. For example, araid patrol may have an assault element which consists of two reinforced squads while a securityelement may have three fire teams of three or four men each. For normal patrolling missions, strive to organize the patrol using TO&E organization so as to ease movement by standard movement techniques,to control by a familiar chain of command and to lessen the amount of time required for planning and organizing. A patrol so organized has the following advantages: --uses established and practiced SOPs, --has men whose capabilities and limitations are known by their leaders, --has men with developed teamwork based on the experience of working together. Furthermore, unit esprit is enhanced and the combat effectiveness of the unit will be improved. Special tasks can be performed by attaching specially trained men to the unit for the duration of thepatrol. However, unless this is necessary, use TO&E organizations. Exceptions· to this rule arise when the mission assigned is a Ranger type patrol,· one of greater duration or one requiring special experts for special tasks. Ranger-type patrolling is discussed in Appendix B. 1-2. CONSIDERATIONS a. A patrol is a detachment sent out by a larger unit to perform an assigned mission of reconnaissance or combat, or a combination of both. It may be as small as a fire team or as large as a company. b. A patrol can be any size, depending on the mission. It may be as small as two or three men lightly armed and equipped, or as large as a hundred men or more, specially armed and organizedfor a particular mission. Since a patrol is a detachment, it can be a fire team, a squad, a platoon, or even a company. A fire team can be attached to a squad to form a reinforced squad, squads can beattached to other squads or platoons. The examples and the techniques prescribed by this text applyto small units up to reinforced platoons, but the fundamentals apply to units of any size. c. A patrol mission may take a unit away from the direct support of its parent unit andadjacent units on whom it relies for support. For this reason, a patrol may have limited fire supportand be more or less on its own. It must rely on its own resources to maneuver and to evade the enemy(if the mission requires that) or to make contact with the enemy (if the mission requires). d. Any size unit with a patrolling mission is a patrol. The man in charge is the patrolleader (PL), and the second man in the chain of command is the assistant patrol leader (APL). The PL may be the tear leader, squad leader or platoon leader of the unit or, in the case of a reinforced platoon, the company XO or 1SG. The APL may be a fire team leader, senior squad leader, or a a platoon sergeant. The PL and APL duties may overlap with other duties. For example, in a squad-size 1-1 reconnaissance patrol, the squad leader may be both the PL and the leader of the fire team responsible for reconnaissance. The APL may be the senior fire team leader and also the leader of the fire team responsible for security. The leaders of subordinate squads or fire teams are named with reference to their mission or function, such as t~e assault squad leader or the reconnaissance team leader. Special purpose teams are also named for their purpose, e.g., demo team, search team, PW team, aid and litter team, or interrogation team. This applies whether they are members of the unit given the patrolling mission or attached to it. l-3. THE THREAT a. Patrols will be opposed by enemies who vary from primitive to highly trained troops equipped with modern weapons and sophisticated detection devices. Potential enemies have capabilities to: (l} Detect air, sea, or land movement into their area of operations. (2} Cover gaps in their manned defenses with STANO (surveillance, target acquisition, and night observation} devices. (3} React quickly to intrusion into their area with massive air, artillery, and armored forces. (4} Locate, by detection devices, clandestine movement inside their area. While reacting to this movement, they can disrupt patrol communication and deny patrol-supporting forces access to the area. (5} Employ a variety of weapons against patrols to include chemcial weapons in all methods of delivery: air, artillery, grenades, and mir1es, both eommand-detonated and sound activated. b, Commanders and patrol leaders must analyze· the enemy capabilities which jeopardize the accomplishment of their missions and use patrolling techniques which counter those enemy capabilities. t-4, CATEGORIES OF PATROLS a. Reconnaissance patrols (area or zone} collect information or confirm or disprove the accuracy'of information previously gained. b. Combat patrols (ambush, raid or security) provide security and harass, destroy, or capture enemy troops, equipment, and installations. They also collect and report information, whether related to their mission or not, l-5. PATROLLING MISSIONS a. A.patrol is given only one primary mission, but it may have one or more secondary missions. For example, a patrol may have a primary mission to destroy an enemy installation and a secondary mission to capture a prisoner. b. The mission must be clearly stated, thoroughly understood, and within the capabilities of the unit. It must include information about ~. ~. When, ~. and ~· For example, a typical patrol mission might state: "Your patrol (who) -will conduct a raid (what} to destroy the enemy radar installation (why) -at grid XY43215778 (where) -not later than 060200 July (when)." c. Instructions necessary to plan, prepare, and conduct the patrol are usually issued orally as a standard 5 paragraph operation order (OPORD). · d. Fragmentary orders (if given} consist of supplemental instructions or changes to a current order while the operation is in progress. They are orders in which same items normally in a complete order are omitted because they have not changed from the last order, they are not necessary, or because they are unavailable or incomplete at the time of issue, 1-6. RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMANDERS, STAFFS, AND SHALL-uNIT LEADERS a. All commanders/leaders from squad leaders up have responsibilities for coordination, support, and supervision of patrols. At battalion level and higher, some functions·necessary to fulfill commanders' responsibilities for patrolling are performed by staff ottioers. The S2 formulates missions for reconnaissance patrols, the 53 formulates missions for combat patrola. b. The commander dispatching a patrol is responsible for: Formulating the patrol mission. Giving necessary orders to the PL. Establishing control measures. Debriefing (Usually done by S2 and S3). (Use the NATO Patrol Report Form (para 5-6) and fig 5-3.) Disseminating information obtained by the patrol. c. The commander tasked to provide one of his immediate subunits for a patrol must select the unit, i.e., a company commander is tasked to provide a platoon-sized patrol. The company commander selects the platoon--not a higher commander. Conversely, if the patrol would be squad-sized, the company commander would select the platoon it would come from and the platoon leader would select the specific squad. d. The PL is responsible for: Detailed planning and preparation. Conduct of the patrol and accomplishment of the mission. Prompt and accurate reporting of the results of the mission. e. Coordination is a continuing effort by the commander, staff, PL, and members of thepat;·ol. (1) Coordination occurs between the- unit staff and the staffs of other units. unit staff and the PL. PL and the units or troops affected by the patrol. (2) Coordination frequently overlaps so· that it is complete and well done. f. The commander dispatching a patrol has limited control of it after it has departed the friendly area. In his order to the patrol leader, he will prescribe those control measures he~· and~ to exercise, e.g.: (1) Times of departure and return. (2) Phase lines. (3) Checkpoints. (II) Routes. (5) The communication plan. (6) Objectives. g. The S3 makes rehearsal areas available. The Sll provides special equipment needed. The S2and S3 arrange for the attachment of specially qualified troops such as linguists, guides, demolition specialists, pathfinders, or USAF Tactical Air Control Party (TACP). h. The commander who dispatches the patrol, the commander(s) of the unit (subunit) which provides the troops to patrol, and the PL all supervise, as appropriate, the planning and preparation of the patrol. 1-7. USE OF STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) Commanders can simplify patrol preparation and operation by establishing patrolling SOPs such as: a. Patrolling Uniform. Prescribe a standard uniform and eliminate the need for a list of clothing items in orders. Changes necessitated by weather, mission, or other factors are stated inthe patrol order, e.g., "patrolling uniform, plus field jacket," or "patrolling uniform, minus bayonet." 1-3 b. Equipment. Types and quantities of certain items and, in some cases, who will carry them. c. Conduct of common patrolling tasks. 1-8. EMERGENCY ASSUMPTION OF COMMAND Any patrol member may have to take command of his patrol in an emergency. If so, he must take the following steps in whatever sequence is required by the situation. a. Establish security. First check the patrol's security. The type of check depends on enemy activity and proximity of enemy weapons; the location, disposition, and activity of the patrol;and the terrain. b. Reestablish a chain of command. Determine the patrol's strength and equipment status and reestablish the chain of command and the manning of key weapons. c. Confirm Location. Ascertain the patrol's location. Do this by checking the map, by confirming it with other patrol members, by sending out a patrol to check nearby terrain features, byconfirmation with higher headquarters, or by any combination of these acts. d. Get leader's equipment. Get the equipment belonging to the previous leader which you need to do the leader's job, e.g., map, notebook, flashlight, flare gun, whistle, mirror, etc. e. Meet with subordinate leaders. (1) If the situation makes it inadvisable to meet with every man in the patrol, meet with keysubordinates. At this meeting, tell them you are the new patrol leader, orient them, and instruct them in maintaining security. Issue a fragmentary order, based on Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather and Troops Available (METT). If feasible, move the patrol to a more secure location first and then plan in more detail. In this case, give a frag order for movement to the new location. (2) Allow time for key subordinates to disseminate the information to all patrol members. 1-4 ST 21-75-3 CHAPTER 2 PREPARING FOR A PATROL 2-1. GENERAL The success of a patrol often depends on thorough planning, reconnaissance, rehearsals, and preparation. Additionally, every member of a patrol must direct his efforts toward the accomplishment of the mission. 2-2. Through troop leading procedure, the leader issues necessary instructions to his subordinates so that the unit can accomplish its assigned mission. The lower the echelon, the more simple, direct, and rapid is the process. Nevertheless, all the steps should be followed even if they are taken in a matter of seconds, In other words, the troop leading steps should be an instinctive and automatic wayof thinking for combat leaders. Once the mission starts, any subsequent orders and responses must be fast, effective, and simple. This requires teamwork. It also requires commanders who can turn a mission-type order into action which supports the plan of the n~xt higher commander without detailed instructions. Elaborate troop leading procedures are not permissible if they reduce the responsiveness of the force. Units often have little time to prepare for combat operations. They must be ready to execute a new mission in a matter of minutes or, at most, a few hours. Efficient use of available time to make adequate preparation is vitally important. Leaders can respond to new mission requirements and direct or redirect their forces quickly if they have mastered troop leading procedures and follow the stepsinstinctively. These troop leading steps are common at all levels. They are important, yet not rigid. The leader follows them instinctively, modifying them as necessary to fit the mission, situation, and available time. The steps of troop leading are: a. Receive the Mission. b. Make a Tentative Plan. c. Issue the Warning Order. d. Coordinate. e. Conduct Reconnaissance. f. Complete the Plan. g. Issue the Complete Order. h. Inspect, Rehearse, Supervise. Receive the Mission. Leaders may receive a mission in either an oral or written operation order (OPORD) or a fragmentary order (FRAGO), The patrol mission will usually be stated in terms that are specific as to who, what, when, where and bow, Upon receipt of an order, the leader analyzes his ·mission to be certain he understands what is to be done and plans the use of available time. Often,the most critical resource when a unit leader receives a new mission is TIME, especially daylight hours, in which to prepare. The leader MUST NOT waste time which should be used by subordinate leaders for reconnaissance and planning of their own. A reasonable guideline is to use no more than one-third the available time for planning and leave two-thirds for the subordinate leaders' use. Thus, a patrolleader given 6 hours to prepare for an operation uses no more than 2 hours and provides at least 4 hours for subordinates. To assist him in maximizing the use of available time, the patrol leader should prepare and publish a time schedule using the "backward planning process." SAMPLE PATROL TIME SCHEDULE 0230 Debriefing 0200 Return to Friendly Area 2330 -0200 Movement Enroute 2300 -2330 Accomplish Mission, Reorganize2230 -2300 Leaders' Recon 2000 -2230 Movement Enroute 2000 -Depart Friendly Area 1945 -2000 Movement to Friendly Area 1930 -1945 Final Inspection 1845 -1930 Night Rehearsals 2-1 1745 -1800 Inspection 1700 -1745 Supper Meal 1515 -17CC Subunit Planning and preparation 1445 -1515 Issue Operation Order 1400 -1445 Compute Detailed Plans 1315 -1400 Conduct Reconnaissance 1300 -1315 Issue Warning Order Hake a Tentative Plan. The leader should make a tentative plan of how he intends to accomplish this mission. When the mission is complex and time is available, he may make a formal mental estimate. When time is short, he will make this mental estimate very quickly. The leader knows as much about the enemy as he can under the specific circumstances, knows the mission and what it requires, and applies all of this to the terrain in the assigned area. The tentative plan he develops is the basis for coordination, unit movement, organization, and reconnaissance. Issue the Warning Order. A leader issues a warning order as early as possible-preferably on receipt of a warning order or immediately following receipt of an order from higher headquarters. He does this by telling his subordinates the situation, mission, anp general and specific instructions. This permits better use of time available to plan and prepare. A warning order is usually issued orally. Ifpossible, the warning order is issued to all patrol members. Its format follows: SITUATION MISSION GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Chain of command Organization Uniform and equipment common to all Weapons, ammunition and special equipment Time schedule (use backward planning sequence) Time, place, uniform and equipment for receiving the OPORD. Times and places for inspections and rehearsals SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS Coordinate. Coordination is continuous throughout the planning and preparation phase of the operation.Some items may already be coordinated for the patrol leader by a higher headquarters (e.g., the companycommander or battalion S-3 may coordinate for the use of aircraft or other transportation, or conduct the initial coordination for the passage out and re-entry through a friendly forward unit). Other items will be left for the patrol leader to coordinate. The PL conducts as much coordination as possible at the location at which he receives his OPORD. This is usually the company or battalion CP, where communications are better and key personnel are available to help. · In an effort to conserve time, the PL may also assign some coordination tasks to his subordinate element leaders, who report back to him with the results of their coordination. Items to be coordinated and coordination check lists are ~ncluded in Appendix D. Conduct Reconnaissance. In order to make the best use of his forces and maximize the effects of hisweapons, the PL must extensively study the terrain. It is during the reconnaissance that the leaderconfirms or modifies his tentative plan. Ideally, the PL should make an on-the-ground reconnaissance of the operational area. Generally, however, this is not tactically feasible for most patrollingoperations, and the leader will have to resort to an aerial recon or, at the very least, a thoroughanalysis through the use of maps, pictomaps, or aerial photographs of the objective and surrounding areas. Complete the Plan. After the warning order has been issued, reconnaissance has been made, and Whilethe patrol members are preparing themselves and their equipment, the PL completes his plan. Based onhis recon, he may or may not alter his tentative plan, but will certainly add detail. Using the OPORDformat (fig. 2-1) as a guide, he will refine his concept and plan for fire support. He places his mainfocus-on the actions at the objective, and carefully assigns his subelements specific tasks for allphases of the operation, insuring that all actions fit together smoothly and effectively. Issue the Complete Order. The order is issued in the standard patrol order format (fig. 2-1).Extensive use of terrain models, sketches, and chalkboards should be made to illustrate the plan andhighlight the important details (e.g., routes, planned artillery targets, actions at the objective, actions at danger areas, etc.). Sketches to show planned actions can also be drawn in the sand, dirtor snow. The order should be issued to the entire patrol. Patrol members should t.ke notes, but must holdquestions until the order is completed. This prevents interruption of the patrol leader's train of thought. PATROL ORDER FORMAT 1. SITUATION a. Enemy forces. Weather (note effects) Terrain (note effects) Identification Location Activity Strength Capabilities Probable course of action b. Friendly forces. Mission of next higher unit Location and planned actions of units on right· and left Mission and routes of other (adjacent) patrols Units providing fire support c. Attachments and detachments. 2. MISSION 3. EXECUTIOif a. Concept or the operation (soh•• of •aneuver and tire support plan) • b. Subunit tasks (el•ents, te.., •en). c. Coordinatins instructions. (1) Actions at the objective (2) Ti•e of departure and return (3) Kov•ent techniques and order. of •ov•ant (4) Route (..y inclUde fire support tersets) Prt.ary and Alternate route (5) Departure and rHntry of friendly linea Departure Reentry (6) Rally points and action at rally points (7) Actions on ena.y oontaot (8) Actions at dancer areas 2-3 (9) lotions at balta (10) Fire support (if not already covered) ( 11) Rehearsals • (12) Inspections (13) Debriefina (1-) Essential elements of infor.ation (EEI)/Otber information requirements (OIR) (15) Annexes (atre.. oroaaina, boat operations, etC.) -· SERVICE AND SUPPORT a. Ratione and water. b. .&rae and -unition. o. Uniform and equiPient each will carry. d. Method of bandlina wounded, PW'a, and captured equiPient. 5. COMIWID lND SIGilL a. Siaw. ( 1) Frequencies and call atana. (a) Within the patrol. (b) With biiber headquarters and other URita. (2) Pyroteobnioa and aianala, to include band and al'll aianala. . .; (3) Cballenae and panword. (lol'llal paeaword fro. CEOI, forward of front linea n~aber passwordand runnina pauvord). (-) Codeword• and reporta. b. ec-and. ( 1) Chain of oa.and. (2) Looation of PL !llrin& 110v...at and at the objective. liiiiEIES: la appropriate (lnnuea are not iaaued until the oa.plete iuuanoe of the patrol-order.). Aerial reaupplJ h'rol HM R1ver oroaaina Vater oparatlona Link-up Truolc lliCMipe lllCI evulon nl'll"• 2-1. OpentiO'It Gr4.. totnt (oon\liUICI). Inai!!Ot. lebearN, Sup!!=!&!!. a. Inai!!Otlona. lup;Mtlou revul tM ..,•• tibiftMl, lllCI ..,tal state ot I'Hdlaeu. ·- (1) Inspect for completeness and correctness of uniform and equ~pment. Conduct a first inspection before the rehearsal and as early in the preparation phase ad possible to make sure that all equipment is present and functioning. The PL or his subordinates ask ~uestions to see that·patrolmembers know and understand their jobs. See that no man carries unauthorized personal items. Have each man remove his cap and empty the contents of his pockets into it so you can check for personal papers, marked maps, and other unauthorized items. (a) Check equipment for shine, tie-down, and rattles. Make on-the-spot corrections. (b) See that all special equipment is present and operable (STANO devices, binoculars, commo equipment). (c) See that all weapons are clean and seviceable and, if appropriate, have been test fired. (d) See that ammo is distributed and magazines loaded. (e) Question patrol members to insure each man knows: 1. The patrol plan. 2. What he is to do, and when he is to do it. 1· What others are to do, as far as their actions concern him. ~. Challenges and passwords, codes, radio call signs, frequencies, reporting times, and any other-pertinent details. (2) Each man should learn from hearing the critique of other members. Patrol members should payattention to the corrections made by the PL, so that they can correct their own similar deficiencies before the PL inspects them. Make a list of discrepancies found in the first inspection. (3) Have a final inspection, just before departure, to see that all discrepancies found in the initial inspection are corrected, all equipment is still in working order, nothing is being left behind, and that the men are ready for the.mission. (~) If the patrol is small, the PL may inspect every member of the patrol. If the patrol is larg6, he may inspect his element leaders and tell them what items he wants them to inspect in their squads. He will spot check. b. Rehearsals. Rehearsals insure proficiency of the patrol. They let the PL check plans andmake any changes needed. It is through well-directed, realistic rehearsals that patrol members become thoroughly familiar with their actions in the patrol. (1) For a night patrol, have both day and night rehearsals. Use terrain similar to that over which the patrol will ooerate, if available. Rehearse all actions when time permits; when time islimited, rehearse only the critical phases. Action at the objective is the most critical of all phases. Always rehearse it. (2) A good way to rehearse is for the PL to talk the patrol through each phase, describing the actions of subunits and of each man, and then have the actions performed as a "dry run." When actions are understood, the entire patrol goes through all phases, using the signals and commands to be used onthe actual patrol. This is a "wet run." Time permitting, have as many dry runs and wet runs as necessary for proficiency. When feasible, subunits may have similar but separate rehearsals before the final rehearsal of the entire patrol. (3) Another method is the talk-throughlbriefback. This method is used to supplement rehearsals and when security needs or a lack of time preclude dry runs and wet runs. In this method, the PL talks each patrol member through his action and then has each man tell the P~ and the patrol what his actions will be. (~) Establish the sequence of actions to be rehearsed, If time permits, rehearsals of actionsshould be conducted in the same sequence as in the actual operatic~. This sequence should take the patrol from its assembly area, to the rehearsal area, through pbnned actions, and back to the asser area. Establish the priority of actions to be rehearsed. Normal~y, actions at the objective is g1highest priority and if at all possible, at least it sho\.ld be rehearsed. ~3) If there is not enough time for rehearsals, the i'r, 1·:111 AT LEAST con1uct a talkthrough/briefback. 2-5 c. Su,ervision. The PL and his element leaders must continually supervise all facets of the operation.n the planning phase, they must insure that all preparations for the conduct of the operation are being made, including coordination, maintenance, resupply and other required actions. 2-3. SAFEGUARD INFORMATION Prevent compromise of the mission by an information leak. This may occur in operations involving association with local civilians or the use of indigenous troops. Informers may be present in these circumstances. When a chance of informers exists. give all information on a strict need-to-know basis. One security measure is to isolate the patrol after information is given, or to withhold the information until the last feasible time. Rehearse special actions (small-boat drill, HALO practice jumps, etc.) a safe distance from the area of operation. 2-4. PLANNING IN THE FIELD Some patrols are planned leaving the details of action at the objective area to be planned when the patrol arives there and can see the situation. In other cases, a time may come during a patrol when unforeseen events preclude its continuance as originally planned. The PL or, (if he has become a casualty) the new PL must revise the plan from this point on so the patrol will survive and so as to best accomplish the mission. a. In this, as in previous planning, follow troop-leading procedures to the extent that is feasible. It makes the best use of time, resources, and subordinates. b. Organize the patrol according to METT, but hold changes to the original patrol organization to a minimum and maintain unit integrity. ST 21-75-3 CHAPTER 3 MOVEMENT Section I. INTRODUCTION 3-1. GENERAL This chapter deals with the movement of a patrol from the time it departs a friendly area until itreaches the objective area. It is divided into two major sections--Foot Movement and Other Methods of Insertion into, and Extraction from, the Objective Area. Foot movement is discussed first because apatrol must plan for the method even though it may travel most of the distance to the objective by some other means. This chapter discusses.the techniques for all phases of movement by those delivery means used in the Army today (foot, water, air). 3-2. PRINCIPLES a. Have Men Who Can Navigate. Preparation and plans are worthless if a patrol can't find itsobjective or, worse yet, stumbles onto it because of poor navigation. Plan to use at least two compassmen and pacemen per patrol. Additionally, consider all aids to navigation, e.g., radar, STANO,marking rounds, and guidance from the air. b. Avoid Detection. Patrols must move by stealth and exploit the cover and concealment of the terrain. Move when visibility is reduced such as during darkness, fog, snow, or rain. Use rough, swampy, or heavily vegetated terrain to help hide from the enemy. Exploi~ known weaknesses in enemy detection capabilities and plan movements when other operations may divert his attention. c. Maintain Constant Security. Even with well thought-out plans for movement, the patrolmust take both active and passive security measures at all times. Give men or subunits responsibilityfor security en route, at danger areas, at clandestine patrol bases, and most importantly, in the objective area. d. Plan for Use of Supporting Fire. Plan for fire support (artillery, tac air, attack helicopters, naval gunfire) even if you think you may not need it during movement. Having a fire plan give~ you a tool to help you move or navigate. For example, you can aid navigation by planning fire at known points along the route; you qan avoid detection by planning fire to destroy known enemy sensor fields or observation posts; you can have fire planned to divert the enemy's attention away from an through which the patrol is moving; you can have fire planned and ready to engage any area threat to the patrol; and you can plan fire to cover the patrol's withdrawal from the objective area. Section II. FOOT MOVEMENT 3-3. GENERAL Patrols, regardless of the means of transportation into hostile areas, will probably eventually move on foot to accomplish their missions. Since a patrol is vulnerable while moving on foot in enemy areas, it must use proper movement techniques·and constant security to avoid unplanned enemy contact.This section discusses techniques applicable to the following areas dealing with foot movements. a. Techniques of movement for small units. b. Departure and reentry of friendly areas. c. Route selection. d. Land navigation. e. Control measures. f. Selection and use of rally points. g. Action at danger areas. h. Action on enemy contact. 3-1 3-4. TECHNIQUES OF FOOT ~iOVEMENT FOR SMALL UNITS Patrols use conventional movement techniques. Fire teams travel in wedges, and the larger unitmoves on a column axis. a. The enemy situation determines which of the three movement techniques will be used. Whencontact is: not likely -TRAVELING; possible -TRAVELING OVERWATCH; expected -BOUNDING OVERWATCH.Patrols usually move by traveling overwatch because they are usually behind enemy lines and contact ispossible. b. In open terrain, keep men widely dispersed. When enemy contact is possible, have one fireteam well forward and overwatch with the other fire team. Assign duties for the movement as shown infigure 3-1. c. Fire teams maintain visual contact, but the distance between them is such that the entirepatrol does not become engaged if contact is made. Fire teams can spread their formations as necessary to gain better observation to the flanks (figure 3-2). Although widely spaced, men retain their relative position in their wedge and follow their team leader. Terrain or weather may make it necessary to modify the wedge. Extreme situations may require the use of a single file. d. The lead squad must secure the front. It should be the one best qualified to navigate andprovide forward security for the patrol while en route. For a long movement, the PL may rotate thelead squad or rotate the fire teams of the lead squad. The fire team or squad in the rear is charged with rear security. e. Movement of a platoon-size patrol is the same as in any other operation except that inplatoon traveling overwatch the lead squad always moves by squad bounding overwatch .. ., g1 ••e that squadmor·: security (figure 3-3). f. Vary movement techniques to meet the changing situation. If you need to put the leadsquad into traveling overwatch and then have the patrol (-) overwatch the lead squad, do it. This may be good for crossing a large open area. g. Leaders, except fire team leaders, move within the formation where they can best control the situation and do their job. They can s~ift their men around. For instance, a PL may want to havPthe pacemen walk near him so that he can get an accurate dista.nce report quickly (figure 3-4). h. In movement to contact, the PL keeps key weapons with him for quick employment, as contactis most likely to come from the front. However, when patrolling, the PL may place the weaponsdifferently. For instance, he may have one machinegun team forward under his control and one near the rear of the column with the APL (figure 3-5) or he may have all key weapons move as a separate squad. i. On some missions the PL may want the APL to move with rather than in front of the trailsquad to aid in control (figure 3-3). 3-2 Q Team Leader 0 0 0 e Compass Man (detailed from lead fire team) PL 0 0 Team Leader (APLI 0 00 0 Distance (terrain and situation dependent) Movement Technique Between Between Lead and Following Individuals In Wedge Fire Teams Squads (Squad Movement) (Platoon Movement) Traveli!lil IOM 20M 20M Traveling Overwatch IOM SOM SO-lOOM Bounding Bound Length Bound LengthOverwatch IOM Up to 150M Up to 200M Figure 3-1. Movement Techniques. 3-3 <:) Team Leader Figure }-2. Spread Formation }-4 0 0 0 0 0 Lead Fire Team being overwatched 1st Squad OPL 0 0 ·o 0 0 0 6-Man Machinegun Element0 0 (Two mg teams)0 00 00 0 lei Squad 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 Q APL 3d Squad 0 0 0 0 0 Flpre 3-3. Platoon Movina by (Platoon) TravelinJ with Lead Squad Movina by , (Squad) TraveUna Overwatch. 3-5 Team Leader 0 Compass Man 0 0 Squad Leader 0 Team Leader 0 0 . 0 0 0 Compass Man Q PL Pace Man e Q RATELO FO 0 0 Team Leader Pace Man ~ 0 0 0 Squad Leader Team Le..Ser F)Jure 3-4. Location of Pace Man ·m Formation. 3-6 • 1st Squad C8J 0 PL FO 0 0 RATELO ® Gunner Assistant Gunner ~ Q$) Ammo Bearer • 2nd Squad 0 APL ~ Gunner Assistant Gunner ® ® Ammo Bearr.r 3d Squad Figure 3-5. PL's Positioning of Key Weapons. 3-7 PL AND POINT TEAM MOVE TO THE DEPARTURE POINT WHERE THE PL SENDS THE POINT TEAM TO SEE THAT THE AREA JUST FORWARD OF THE DEPARTURE POINT IS CLEAR. . FORWARD t6i UNIT CP r" Figure 3-6. Departure of Lines. 3-8 TWO MEMBERS OF THE POINT TEAM RETURN TO THE PL AND INFORM HIM THE AREA IN FRONT OF THE DEPARTURE POINT IS CLEAR. THE PL SENDS THE COMPASS MAN AND GUIDE BACK TO BRING THE PATROL FORWARD• ~ FORWARDifn UNIT CP r :::: I I I • 3-5. DEPARTURE AND REENTRY OF FRIENDLY AREAS. a. General. Other than when a patrol departs from within its own unit's portion of the FEBA, movement in forward unit areas must be controlled, coordinated, and kept to a minimum to avoid conflict with friendly troops or the activation of their STANO devices. Treat forward units' positions as danger areas as they must be assumed to be under enemy surveillance in all weather/visibility. Patrols departing from their own unit's positions have the advantage of more positive control and a less likely chance of being fired on by friendly troops. b. Principles. (1) Coordination. The PL or his representative must coordinate departure and reentry of friendly areas either directly with the unit(s) through which the patrol will pass, or through designated staff agencies. The items to coordinate are listed in Appendix D. (2) Reconnaissance. The PL should reconnoiter (ground) the area through which the patrol will pass and return, and pick his Initial Rally Point (IRP). Observe the area just forward of the friendly unit for possible routes, danger areas, and obstacles. For this reconnaissance or coordination, wear the same uniform as the troops in the forward unit to avoid attracting the attention of enemy observers. (3) Security. Mainta~n security so as to avoid contact with the enemy while departing or reentering through friendly units. It is extremely important that the patrol make no enemy contact at this time as it is then so vulnerable. Control is very difficult if a fire fight starts just forward of a friendly forward unit. c. Principles for Departure of Friendly Units. (1) Establish an Initial Rally Point (IRP) '(A rally point is explained in paragraph 3-9). rr._ IRP may be occupied or just planned for, but all patrol members must know its location. (2) Security is maintained. Either a clearing party or an appropriate movement formation is used for departing the friendly unit. (3) Members of the patrol do not move within the friendly unit's area without a guide to lead them. (~) Final coordination is made with friendly unit commander to insure no changes have occurred since coordination was made (this may be the first coordination made with the friendly unit). (5) The patrol members will be counted out (usually by the APL) to insure correct number of patrol members depart the friendly unit. (6) The patrol will make a security/listening halt for all patrol members to adjust to the sights, sounds and smell of the battle area. This halt is normally made beyond the friendly unit's final protective fires. d. Techniques for Departure of Friendly Units (figure 3-6). (1) The patrol arrives at the forward unit and is met by a guide provided by the forward unit. The guide will lead the patrol to the initial rally point chosen by the PL during initial coordination with the forward unit commander. (2) No one should move, either singly or as a patrol, anywhere in the forward unit's area without a guide. (3) The PL should then make final coordination with the forward unit commander. At this time, he learns of any changes which have taken place since first coordination and of any recent enemy activity which might affect the patrol. (~) Prior to leaving the patrol the PL gives instructions (called a contingency plan) for what should be done while he is gone. These instructions state: where he is going, who he is taking with him, how long he will be gone, what to do if he does not return, and actions to be taken if there is enemy contact. If all goes well, he need not reissue these instructions when he leaves the patrol for final coordination. 3-9 (5) On returning from final coordination, the PL may issue a frag order to cover any changes. (6) The technique for departing friendly areas depends on the enemy situation. Three common threats and techniques for countering them are- (a) Ambush,and chance contact. If the PL learns that the enemy has patrols forward of friendly units, he must take steps to avoid enemy contact while departing. Go to the friendly side of the departure point where you dispatch the point team to see that the area forward of the barriers is clear. The point team should check the area out to the first covered position, or an area largeenough to allow the patrol room to maneuver if it is hit while departing. The distance will vary with the size of the patrol and the terrain. The point team notifies the PL when the area is clear, and the rest of the patrol is broughtforward. (b) Indirect Fire. If enemy indirect fire is falling, the PL should not halt his patrol after final coordination at the forward CP but should move it quickly through the friendly unit to reduce exposure to enemy fire. The point should be ahead of the ~ain body far enough to provide securityfrom ambush or chance contact. (c) STANO. If the enemy has STANO devices such as radar, sensor, or night vision devices, counter this threat by taking the following countermeasures as appropriate-- Use a well-hidden departure point such as a reverse slope or a dense woods. Infiltrate the patrol through the departure area and have the men rendezvous in a defilade rendezvous point. Pass through when rain, fog, or snow will help conceal the passage. Employ electronic countermeasures. (7) Have a security/listening halt after the patrol has moved out of sight and sound of the forward unit. This is a short halt to see if enemy is in the area, and to accustom the patrol to the sights and sounds of the battlefield, Halt in a position that covers the patrol from chance friendlysmall-arms fire. If the security/listening halt must be in an exposed position, have each man getdown on one knee. (8) During a patrol, have frequent security/listening halts to see that the patrol is not beingfollowed and that no enemy is in the area. e. Principles of Reentry of Friendly Areas. (1) Establish and occupy a reentry rally point (RRP). (See paragraph 3-9). (2) Maintain security at RRP and at reentry point. (3) Use as few personnel as possible to locate reentry point while the bulk of the patrolremains in the RRP. (4) Meet a guide at the reentry point. Normally, a pre-coordinated forward of front lines password is used since it may be overheard by enemy. (5) Someone (usually the APL) must count in the patrol members to insure no infiltrators follow the patrol, especially during reduced visibility. (6) Give friendly unit commander a spot report providing only combat information of immediate tactical value to him. f. Techniques for Reentry of Friendly Units (figure 3-?). (1) Hove the patrol into a rally point near the reentry point. This rally point should be on a prominent terrain feature where the PL can pinpoint his location, wi~h respect to the reentry point. (2) By radio, alert the forward unit that the patrol is ready to reenter. Use a code word for this, for security and brevity. The code word must be acknowledged by the forward unit before the 3-10 patrol reconnoiters for the reentry point. This indicates that a guide has been sent to the reentry point and is waiting for the patrol. (3) If the PL is certain of the reentry point location, he moves the entire patrol directly to the reentry point and has the point team coordinate the reentry. (4) An effective method of locating the re-entry point is through the use of a thermal imagery device, such as the AN/PAS-7. It will detect the body·heat of the re-entry guide, even though he may be well camouflaged, or his location masked by smoke. Also, if ground surveillance radar is available, it can be used to vector the patrol to the re-entry point. (5) At no time should the recon party move parallel to friendly barriers or probe around the wire. If the reentry point cannot be found by the initial recon, or if the recon party contacts the barrier wire, the patrol should notify higher headquarters and move to another rally point to wait until daylight. The patrol should not stay in a rally point from which a radio transmission has been made. (6) When the reentry point is found, the PL can either go back and bring the patrol forward; or if the reentry point is easy to find, he can call the APL and have him bring the patrol forward. (7) The guide leads the patrol through the barriers to the security position previously coordinated with the forward unit commander. The patrol halts in the security position, remaining in movement formation. The PL then gives a spot report to the forward unit commander to tell him anything of intelligence value or of immediate tactical use to the forward unit. 3-11 THE PL AND A RECON TEAM MOVE THE PATROL IS BROUGHT FORWARD BY THE PLFORWARD TO LOCATE THE PASSAGE AND IS LED TO THE ASSEMBLY AREA BY THEPOINT, MAKE CONTACT WITH THE GUIDE. THE PL GOES TO THE CP TO GIVE A SPOTGUIDE. AND RETURN TO THE RALL \ REPORT TO THE FORWARD UNIT CO. THE PL POINT TO BRING THE REST OF THE \RETURNS TO THE PATROL AND THE GUIDEPATROL FORWARD. \LEADS THE PATROL TO ITS TRANSPORTATION. \ FORWARD A -4---_FORWARDlRrUNIT CP UNIT CP r r -----~ RE ENTRY POINT \ ' ~. '+---*--BA4t----*-RRIER~~\S::::GUIDE ~' \ '\ • \ \ \ \ \ \ Figure 3-7. Reentry of Lines. 3-12 3-6. ROUTE SELECTION. a. General. Pick routes to avoid contact with the enemy, local inhabitants, built-up areas, and natural lines of drift. All patrols, except those with a mission of attacking targets of opportunity, strive to reach their objective without being detected. Selecting primary and alternate routes and dividing each route into legs {figure 3-8) will help the patrol remain undetected by having planned changes in the direction of movement. b. Making a Terrain Analysis. {1) To pick a route, analyze the terrain in the area in Which the patrol will operate. to do this is to actually walk the ground. Another way is to make an aerial reconnaissance. One wayIf the tactical situation and the lack of aircraft preclude both ways, the PL must make his analysis from a map and aerial photograph study. While maps and photos cannot give all the information sought, they can provide essential information. {2) Analyze the terrain in terms of its tactical aspects-ocoKA: Observation and fields of fire, Cover and concealment, Obstacles, Key terrain, and Avenues of approach.-Look for terrain features Which will help navigation, and look for danger areas. (a) Observation and Fields of Fire. Seek routes affording your patrol good observation and {Where necessary) good fields of fire. Avoid areas in Which you will be exposed to enemy. (b) Cover and Concealment. Cover and concealment are especially important to help avoid detection by the enemy. {c) Obstacles. Seek routes on Which your moves will not be impeded by obstacles. Note obstacles which could be used to block an enemy attack or pursuit. {d) Key terrain. Look for key terrain as the enemy will probably have it occupied or covered by fire. {e) Avenues of Approach. Avoid likely avenues of approach. The enemy will probably have them under visual surveillance or covered by fire or STANO devices. c. Tactical Considerations. (1) The nature of the mission, time limitations, or the size and type (mounted or dismounted) of the patrol will influence the selection of routes. {2) Avoid Known and Suspected Enemy Locations. Any enemy contact may compromise the mission. Do not pick a route parallel to enemy positions as this increases the chance of discovery. Avoid roads and trails as they are danger areas (likely places for ambush or chance enemy contact). Avoid all built-up areas. Regardless of the sympathies of the civilian population, one loose word or one enemy sympathizer could mean disaster for a patrol. Damestio animals may also alert the enemy to the patrol's presence. (3) During daylight, use routes concealed by heavy vegetation to protect the patrol from enemy observation. During darkness, use a route which affords silent movement. 3-13 7&0 METERS AT 3&00(NO AZIMUTH CHANGEON THIS LEG.) 4TH TRAIL JUNCTION IS USEDAS CHECKPOINT. LEG 3D LEG 1,400 METERS TO RIDGE2D PN AZIMUTH 3350, LEG 800 METERS TO STREAM 1ST ON AZIMUTH 100.LEG DEPARTURE PI)INT Figure 3-8. Divide Routes Into Legs. 3-14 (4) Natural obstacles such as swamps and cliffs can hinder a patrol's movement, but they can also be used to gain surprise if the enemy concentrates his attention on more likely avenues of approach. Avoid manmade obstacles (barbed wire, craters, roadblocks, minefields) as they may be covered by enemy fire or detection devices. (5) Plan the route to avoid being detected by known or suspected enemy STANO devices. d. Navigational Considerations. Select prominent terrain features along the route and memorize their location. Use these (1) features as checkpoints, and to help you divide the route into legs. Legs should be manageable--that is, not too short nor too long. Terrain is a major consideration for length. A leg requires only a terrain feature--not necessarily an azimuth change. (3) Two helpful techniques are the offset compass method and the box-in method. These methods should be combined. The offset compass method is a planned deviation to the right or left of a straight line azimuth to the patrol's destination. By using this, the PL will know whether he is to the left or right of his destination. Each degree of offset will move the patrol 17m right or left for each km traveled. The box-in method uses natural or manmade features such as roads or streams which form boundaries for a route. By referring to these boundaries, any large deviation from the planned route can be recognized and corrected. e. Route Selection in Different Types of Terrain. (1) Mountains. In selecting a route over mountainous terrain, weigh the added security of steep ridges and cliffs against the disadvantage of tiring the patrol. Natural lines of drift such as ridges, draws, and streams are characteristic of mountainous terrain, and are difficult to avoid, (2) Desert. In the desert, patrol routes must exploit all concealment offered by any vegetation, shadows, or ravines (defilade). Plan routes for use at night which will bring the patrol to a concealed position before daylight. ijake water replenishment a major factor in route planning. (3) Jungle. In a jungle, the top soil is loose and soft. Slopes are slippery, and walking on them leaves an obvious trail. Routes should follow ridge lines or low ground where movement is faster, less tiring, and less likely to leave a trail. As the few roads, trails, and rivers in a jungle are in heavy use by civilians and the enemy, avoid them when possible and cross them only when visibility is reduced. (4) Swamp. Normally, a patrol must use dead reckoning (paragraph 3-7c) in navigating a featureless swamp. Plan the route to take advantage of swamp islands which can be used for clandestine patrol bases. Cross rivers and streams at a point below where branch streams join, to Cross rivers and streams under cover of darkness. avoid numerous crossings of the same stream. As a rule in arctic terrain, follow features which are easiest to walk. In (5) ~· selecting a route in snow-covered terrain, consider the following: (a) Open terrain. When feasible,,break the trail along a tree line so shadows will help conceal the trail and troops moving on it. Select rough ground to use available shadows to conceal tracks and troops. When you have woodline you have woods and if you have woods, you have concealment and don't have "open terrain"! (b) Covered Terrain. When feasible, the trail should be in a forest (with little or no underbrush) which provides concealment and protection from the wind. Thickets and windfall forest areas require work to break a trail through them. Avoid them. (c) Hilly and Mountainous Terrain. Valleys and frozen rivers most often provide the easiest route in snow-covered country. If a valley cannot be used, the trail may be b~oken on the lee side (away from the wind) of a ridge line or hill mass that dominates the valley, Avoid areas of avalanche conditions. Use gentle inclines when climbing or descending. (d) Water Routes. Tree-lined frozen lakes, rivers, and creeks ease navigation and offer suitable routes in arctic areas. For protection and concealment, the patrol skis close to the bank to permit quick movement into wooded areas on shore. Check thickness of ice before using any ice route. The minimum thickness for one rifleman on skis is 5 centimeters (2 inches); for an infantry column in single file on foot, 10 centimeters (4 inches). Warm water springs, prevalent in northern areas, may create a hazard to both foot and vehicle movement. Many of these springs do not freeze, even in 3-15 extremely low temperatures. They may cause streams to have little or no ice and some lakes to haveonly thin ice. Their presence in muskeg or tundra can cause weak spots in otherwise trafficable terrain. These areas should be either bridged, reinforced, or bypassed. f. Selection of Alternate Routes. (1) As a rule, select one route to the objective, a different route to return to friendly areas(to reduce the chance of ambush), and one alternate route which may be used either to or from the objective. This allows flexibility to meet the changing tactical situation. (2) Use the alternate route when the patrol has had contact with the enemy on the primary route,or when you know or suspect that for some other reason the patrol has been detected, An alternate route must be: -one with the same tactical and navigational characteristics as a primary route. -far enough away from the primary route so that movement on both routes cannot be detected from one position. -coordinated in the same way and time as a primary route. 3-7. LAND NAVIGATION The PL must maintain his orientation on the ground to find his way to the objective and return.PL is overall responsible for navigation. He can use two methods: the general azimuth method andThe·the dead-reckoning method. a. General Azimuth Method. For this, use a means other than a straight line azimuth formaintaining direction of movement. You may pick a terrain feature such as a ridge, stream, or the edge of a body of water to guide on during movement; however, you must remain oriented on the map andcheck the general azimuth frequently. (1) Advantages. The advantages of this method are that it speeds movement, avoids fatigue, andoften simplifies navigation as the terrain feature followed is a constant checkpoint. (2) Disadvantages. Following a terrain feature can be dangerous as it usually puts the patrol on a natural line of drift. This is especially true between friendly and enemy lines or any place where the enemy has tight security. (3) Technique for movement along terrain features: (a) Ridges and valleys (figure 3-9). Routes are shown for units moving downhill along a ridgeand valley. General azimuths are shown for portions of each route. As some hilltops are round, it may be difficult to find the beginnings of ridges and valleys. If so, the patrol should go to the topof the hill and proceed on the desired general azimuth until they are established on the correct terrain feature. If a patrol trying to follow the ridge notes that the ridge they are on runs on ageneral azimuth of south within 200 meters of the hilltop, or a general azimuth of southeast anywhere along the route, they know they have taken the wrong ridge. But by using their pace count and bydetermining which ridge they are on by terrain association, they can still find their location andeither continue on a new route or move to the route planned first and continue. At night, routes are memorized to avoid map checks which are time-consuming and risky if a light is used. If PVS-5, night vision goggles are available, they can be used for map checks. (b) Rivers and streams (Figure 3-10). The starting point must be accurately determined. Properuse of the pace count will avoid errors such as turning at the wrong stream junction or at a junction with a stream not shown on the map. Direction of stream flow serves as an additional check. The stream shown flows generally north along the first portion of the route. (4) Use by mounted and airmobile patrols. (a) Mounted patrols can use similar techniques on charted road nets. Where vehicle movement isnot limited to roads, use the same techniques as foot troops. pace count. Use the vehicle odometer instead of (b) Airmobile patrols flying low level or nap of the earth can use similar techniques but must use visible checkpoints and time of flight instead of pace count. b. Dead-Reckoning Method. 3-16 {1) Use dead reckoning to aid navigation when recognizable terrain features do not exist (as in swamps and certain deserts) or when they cannot be seen (as in heavy forest). Use dead reckoning to move from one checkpoint to another, or for an entire movement. (Use checkpoints when they are available.) Dead reckoning has three parts: an azimuth, a distance (meters), and a starting point. (2) The dead reckoning method only requires a compass and a means of measuring distance such as a paceman. A map is recommended, however, for military tasks such as calling artillery or confirming terrain. {a) Make sure that your location (starting point) is pinpointed exactly. You may have to reconnoiter to determine this. (b) Record the distance traveled. Have at least one pace man who knows how many of his paces He should walk near the PL so he can easily tell him the pace count (in hundreds ofequal 100 meters. The pace man keeps track of the pace count by using a knotedmeters), e.g., "Pace count, 500 meters." string or some other device. A technique is to use 2 pacemen and average their distances. {c) Control the direction traveled. The lead team has a compass man, and the team leader is The main body of the patrol also has a compass man who follows the sametold the azimuth to follow. The PL must keep tight control of the direction ofazimuth as the compass man in the point team. movement as a slight deviation can cause big problems over an extended distance. Avoid danger areas using a detour/bypass. (d) Maximum use of checkpoints. They can be linear terrain features such as a road or a stream, or other features such as prominent hills. You can use two artillery rounds fired in such a way that the patrol's position can be verified by resection. (e) At every checkpoint compare the dead-reckoned location with the patrol's actual location in reference to the checkpoint. For example, a patrol has been using dead reckoning for 2,000 meters on the first leg of its route. A trail is intersected. The PL checks the direction of the trail and its contour against his map to see if the patrol intersected it where he had planned. If not, he adjusts his route based on the known location. 3-8. CONTROL. a. General. The success of a patrol depends in large part on how well the PL controls it. He must control its direction and speed· of movement; and he must be able to start, stop, or shift fire if needed. b. Signals. {1) Patrols use audio, visual, and physical signals. {a)~· Voice is a good means of control but must frequently be kept to a whisper. 3-17 775 Figure 3-9. Movement Along Ridges and Valleys. Figure 3-10. Movement Along Rivers and Streams. 3-18 ' ~are good for control, especially in a large patrol, if good radio discipline is practiced. However, always assume the enemy has the capability to intercept and locate the patrol with direction finding equipment. He can then maneuver troops to attack you, fire artillery on you or at least alert his rear area troops to the presence of your patrol behind his lines. Radio can, therefore, be the least desirable means. Radio transmission must be short and if possible, use one-directional antennas (which are easy to make with field expedients.) During a raid, however, radios are an excellent means of initiating the support elements fire directing artillery and intercept becomes unimportant. controlling the raid. Once a fight begins the danger of radio such actions as to withdraw from the objective. A whistle is not a good signaling device when secrecy is necessary. It may be 1 A whistle can be a secondary means to signal difficult to hear over the sound of gunfire, and it may be ineffective in halting or shifting fire. ! Field phones are useful in a stationary position such as a patrol base or ambush site. Consider the weight of such equipment when planning. (b) .¥..WW,.. ~ Pyrotechnics are good for signaling as they attract attention and can be seen a long way. However, th~y can also be seen by the enemy and used to pinpoint the position of the raid. Varying combinations should be used and patterns should be avoided. used whenever possible instead of the radio or voice, ' Arm-and-hand signals may be especially when close to the enemy. In addition to standard signals (FM 21-60), the PL can devise any arm-and-hand signals he wants to use within the patrol. They must be~. ~ understood, appropriate, and well rehearsed. 1 Luminous tape on a patrolling cap or the luminous marks on a compass may be used at night, over short distances, as signals. ! Infrared sending and receivin2 equipment such as the sniperscope, the infrared weapon and the infrared filters for the flashlight can be used sight, the metascope, night vision goggles, to send and receive signals at night. Other items of STANO equipment can be used in much the same way. However, STANO equipment is bulky and may be difficult to get. Take the same precautions with it as with radios and pyrotechnics, as the enemy may have similar equipment. (c) Physical. ~ A tugline is a reliable and secure method of signaling. By tying a string, rope, or the wire in awire from one man to another, signals can be passed quietly and quickly by pulling on can be used in a static position prearranged code. Tuglines are difficult to install but they such as a patrol base or ambush site. ' ~is a good secondary means of control. By giving a man a time schedule for certain actions, they can be controlled. (2) All patrol members help control by staying alert and passing signals and orders on to others. Subordinate leaders move with and control their elements. They remain alert for signals and orders and insure their men receive and comply with them. c. Accounting for Troops. An important aspect of control is the accounting for troops. over long distances through difficult terrain at night, the PL must see that he When a patrol moves does not lose any of his men. He should account for his men after crossing danger areas, after enemy contact, after crossing an obstacle, after halts, and periodically while moving. (1) When moving in a modified wedge, the last man sends UP the count by tapping the man in front of him and saying "one" in a whisper. This man taps the man in front of him and says "two." man makes sure that the man he taps receives This continues until the count reaches the PL. Each and passes on the count. (2) In a large patrol, the PL may find it necessary to halt and have his subordinate leaders check their men and make a report. to when to~ (3) Instructions to subordinate leaders or to the last man in the patrol as up the cpunt will keep the PL from having to ask for it. team is essential for frontal security. d. Control of the Point Team. Control of the point 3-19 (1) The mission of the point team is to provide frontal security. responsible for navigation of the patrol. The team leader can be Another technique is that the team maintains a generalazimuth and guides on the patrol as necessary. (2) The point team should be positioned far enough to the front to provide early warning ofdanger areas and to allow the main body sufficient room to maneuver if the point encounters the enemy. This may vary from a few meters to several hundred. (3) The primary means of control will be to maintain visual contact between the point teamand main body at all times. Through arm-and-hand signals, the PL can pass orders to the point team leader. In addition to visual means, the point can be required to make physical contact with themain body after a specified time or distance. Radios should be used only in an emergency. 3-9. SELECTION AND USE OF RALLY POINTS a. General. (1) A rally point is a place where a patrol can- reassemble and reorganize if dispersedtemporarily halt to reorganize and prepare prior to action at theobjectivetemporarily halt to prepare for reentry of friendly areas (2) A rally point should- be easily recognizable have cover and concealment be defensible for a short period of time be away from natural lines of drift (3) When planning a patrol, the PL makes a thorough map recon to pick areas likely to bedesignated as rally points. The objective rally point (ORP), the initial rally point (IRP) and the reentry rally point (RRP) are designated in the patrol order. not designated in the patrol order. Rally points en route are normally However, if the mission is complex and the distance to the objective is long, designate tentative rally points in the patrol order by terrain features and their grids. (4) A rally point is a location physically passed through by the patrol. A rendezvous point is a rally point not physically passed through. b. Principles. (1) Tentative rally points may be designated for extended operations if the patrol is dispersed and unable to assemble at a previously designated rally point. (2) If enemy activity precludes the use of the last designated rally point, use the one previously designated. (3) A time limit for reassembly and actfons to be taken in a rally point must be specifiedin the patrol order. (4) The ORP will be used as a rally point when tentative rally points have not been designated in the operation order. If any patrol member reaches the rally point designated on the ground after the time limit has elapsed, he must strive to rejoin the patrol at the ORP. c. Techniqye~. Following are two of many techniques for designating rally points and forinforming all patrol members. Variations of these techniques can be developed. (1) If visibility permits, the PL designates rally points by arm-and-hand signals. technique is especially good for small patrols. This (2) If the patrol is spread out so that all patrol members cannot use the PL's arm-and-hand signals, he should halt the patrol, have the point team leader and APL come to hislocation, and tell them he is designating that place as a rally point. The APL should then stay at the rally point and then tell each man of its designation as he passes. The point team leaderreturns to his team and tells it of the rally point location. b.while moving. Normally, en route and known danger area rally points are planned for and designated 3-ZO 3-10. DANGER AREAS a. There are four types of danger areas: Linear danger areas, small open danger areas, large open danger areas and a series of danger areas. The differences between them are: {1) Linear aanger area: This is best characterized by roads and trails. Each flank of the patrol is exposed to a relatively narrow field of fire. However, streams often afford the same advantages to an enemy as a road. {2) Small open danger area: This is an open area of such a size that the patrol can be hit in one flank and/or its front by enemy small arms fire. (3) Large open danger area: This is an open area of such size that the lead team of the patrol is beyond effective small arms of the overwatch element. (4) Series of danger areas: This can. be similar to a large open danger area, especially when it is a series of linear danger areas. However, it can also be the enemy defensive echelons consisting of successive belts of strongpoints and trenchlines. b. Pringiples. The patrol should cross a danger area where observation is restricted, such as at a curve in the road, or where vegetation comes right up to both sides of the road. (1) Secure the near side of the danger area and secure flanks. Usually a visual reconnaissance and the presence of the patrol is enough to secure the near side. (2) Designate near side rally point and far side rendezvous points, if they were not already designated in the OPORD. If they are designated but the PL decides to change one (them) on arrival at the danger area, he must so inform all his men before crossing. The rally point on the ~side will usually be the last rally point designated before encountering the danger area. The rendezvous point on the ~side will be a safe distance on the far side of the danger area along the route of march. (3) Reconnoiter and secure the far side. This may require that some men cross the danger area, and check to see that there are no enemy there and that the crossing site is safe and suitable. The PL may decide that a visual reconnaissance of the far aide will be adequate. In either case the patrol should not cross the danger area until ~e reconnaissance is complete. (4) If a patrol is split by enemy action while crossing, men who have already crossed should go to the rendezvous point on the far aide, and men who have not crossed return to the rally point on the near aide. At the rally point on the near aide, the senior man takes command and tries to cross the danger area at another place. If, after crossing the danger area, the time limit has not expired, he tries to rejoin the remainder of the patrol in the rendezvous point on the far aide. If the time limit has expired, he tries to rejoin the patrol in the ORP, or tentative rally point, based on instructions issued in the patrol order. (5) Remove evidence that the patrol has crossed, such as footprints. c. Teghpigues. (1) Crossing linear dagger areas (i.e., roads, trails, and streams)·. (a) When the PL is alerted by the point team that a danger area is to the front, be will go forward to see if he should proceed with·his original plan or modify it. He will also decide if the tentative rally point on the near side and rendezvous point on the tar aide are suitable. the point team bas reconnoitered the near side and has secured it by ita presence (figure 3-11). Security teams are then sent to the flanks. These teams should be able to communicate with (signal) the patrol. {b) Consider terrain/visibility and put security teams out far enough to give warning of enemy approach so the patrol will not be bit by enemy fire, directed at a security team. When flank security is in place, send the point team across the danger area to recon and secure the far aide (figure 3-12). A small patrol, such as a five-man patrol may not be able to put a team on each flank.· 3-Zl ~ .... OQ .,::: 'i ~ w I ...... ...... ·W t-t I .... ::s N ~ N PI'i t1 PI ::s (Jq ~ 'i .~'i> PIIll Patrol halts at danger area. Flank security is posted on near aide. The patrol moves across the danger area. PL goes forward to reconnoiter and confirm the plan. The point team crosses to reconThe point team continues when the main noiter and secure the far aide. body reaches ita location. The PL is informed the far aide Flank security moves straight acrossis secure. the danger area, then diago~lly tocatch up. • • '''' \ • +• ~,~ ~'>~'} / / ,.., I ' \ ' ' ' ," ' ...,...... , I ' \,...._ LINEAR DANGER AREA (Road) ''-.• '' I.., I. ' ' I I _l_ 'I • I• • ••• Point team ' ' • • •I • / / Jf• II •I ' • / I ' / II / (1) Flank security is posted on near side. 0 Patrol '"0 -0 Patrol halts at danger area. Flank security is posted on far side. The patrol moves across the danger area. PL goes forward to reconnoiter The point team crosses to reconnoiter. The point team continues when the main bodyand confirm the plan. and secure the far side. reaches its location. The PL is informed the far side is Flank security moves diagonally to catch up. l:rj secure. •••• ..... • (JQ f;! t t; CD ,.,I" • ~ / ' I / I ' ..... ..... ~ 0 o I .-~ // I ' N () ....,. 0 ' 'o ~0::;:1 ::I CD LINEAR DANGER AREA (Road) t 0:"' t I -·. t; t1 I' I IU ~ .·. / Point team ::I • ••••• '\. . . / I OQ " / CD > t; I t; CD IU '\. / I 01 'o 0 0 Pa Ill til 90°90° Patrol encounters a large open area which cannot be bypassed. t PL directs that the patrol will use traveling OS] .... The point team stays far enough ahead, when (Jq nearing the far side, to prevent the main .,c: body from being engaged simultaneously with CD the point team. w .....I w. w t 1\) I» ....I ~ r CD 0 • '0 ••1•• Point team 0 CD ::s >., CD ~ I» CD ,.. Patrol Patrol sees enemy, contact appears certain. Establishes a hasty ambush. If patrol is not detected, it continues after enemy passes. (1) As a defensive measure (variation 1). Figure 3-14. Hasty Ambush. 3-28 Patrol sees enemy, co tact appears certain. Establishes a hasty ambush. If patrol is detected, ambush is initiated. Patrol assaults by fire only-- ---Then withdraws quickly. As a defensive measure (variation 2) (2) Figure 3-14--Continued. 3-29 Patrol sees enemy--- Establishes a hasty ambush ---Allows enemy to approach-- ~,r-----l ---~...,...'\...______,I ---Assaults when enemy is most vulnerable---~ Destroys enemy-- ~ I Enemy I Pursues, if appropraite. ---------n (\:( \:( V) ,__ ---------~ (3) As an offensive measure (variation 3). Figure 3-14--Continued. 3-30 3-11. ACTIONS ON ENEMY CONTACT a. General. Unless it is required by its mission, a patrol must strive to avoid enemycontact. However, a patrol may unintentionally contact enemy troops. It must then quickly break contact so it can continue on its mission. If the situation allows the PL will quickly plan and give orders (fragmentary) to break contact and extract the patrol. b. Immediate Action Drills. (1) ln some unintentional contacts, such as an ambush, there is not time for planning and giving orders. The patrol must take immediate fast action according to a well rehearsed plan called an immediate action drill. There may be several of these drills planned with one for each type situation likely to be encountered. They should not be put to such frequent and routine usethat the enemy can predict and counter them. Simplicity. Situations calling for immediate action drills also call for aggressive,sometimes violent execution. Soeed of execution. As soon as the PL or any member of the patrol recognizes a situation requiring it, he initiates (signals for) the appropriate immediate action drill. Instantaneous action usually gives the best chance for success and survival. (2) Immediate action drills can be developed by any unit or patrol, no matter how it is organized. they should be developed to fit the type terrain, the enemy's practices, and the mission of the patrol or type operations of the friendly unit. They are used to- counter an ambush. react to unintentional contact at close range when terrain restricts maneuver. defend against low-level air attack. (3) The following examples are guides for developing immediate action drills. They are not routine reactions which fit every situation. (a) Air attack. 1. The first man sighting an attacking aircraft shouts, "Aircraft, front (left, rear, or right)." If the PL sees that the aircraft is in range and is making a firing run on the patrol, he immediately hits the ground and opens fire. All men follow his example and fire at the aircraft. Each man takes the best available firing position and, using his weapon's oyclio rate of fire,fires until he ~an no longer keep his fire in front of the aircraft or until ordered to cease fire by the PL. 4. Techniques of fire: To shoot at low-performance aircraft (helicopters and propellerdriven), use a lead half the distance of a football field and fire the cyclic rate. To shoot high-performance (jet) aircraft, use a distance of two football fields and fire the cyclic rate ot fire. To hit an aircraft coming head-on, shoot at a point slightly above its nose. A heavy volume of fire is necessary as each man will perceive the target differently and place fire at a slightlydifferent point, thus forming a cone of fire. 1 0 YES NO Figure 3-14. Large Open Are•. 3-j1 ~. Between attacks (if the aircraft returns), or if more than one aircraft attacks, patrol members seek better cover. ~. If an air threat exists, the PL should consider taking an air defense weapon with the patrol. (b) Chance contact. ~. To "~," the PL should have an arm-and-hand signal. On this signal, every patrolmember must halt in place and stop all movement. This immediate action drill may be used when the PL or some other member of the patrol sees the enemy or hears something suspicious. All men hold still until signaled to continue or to do something else. ~. A hasty ambush (immediate action drill) is developed to deal with a situation when a patrol, not yet seen by the enemy, sees the enemy approaching and has sufficient time to take immediate action other than freeze. When the signal, "hasty ambush," is given by the patrol leader after sighting the enemy, all men move, some left and some right as indicated by the PL to take up the best available concealed firing positions. Based on the mission, the PL may let the enemy pass if his patrol is not detected. If the patrol is detected, the first man aware of detection initiates the ambush. 3. The immediate assault (figure 3-15) is used on chance contact when a patrol and the enemy become aware of each other at the same time, and at such close range that fire and maneuver is not feasible. When used, the men nearest the enemy open fire and shout, "Contact, front (right, left, or rear)." The patrol moves swiftly into the assault. The assault is stopped if the enemywithdraws and contact is broken. If the enemy stands fast, the assault is carried through the enemy positions and movement is continued until contact is broken. (c) ~. If a patrol finds itself in an enemy ambush, it must get out of the kill zone, or face destruction. The patrol must take the following immediate action: The men in the kill zone, without order or signal, immediately return fire, and quickly move out of the kill zone by the safest way. For a near ambush this may require an immediate assault (see above) by those in the kill zone of the ambushers. The men not in the kill zone fire to aid the withdrawal of the men in the kill zone. ·The patrol breaks contact and reorganizes in the rally point last designated. A Sniper is a special case ana can be treated as a far ambush. The PL must decide after or while the elements in the kill zone are being extracted whether to destroy the ambushers or break contact in accordance with the situation and his mission. If no guidance is given, the patrol's immediate action is geared to breaking contact. (d) Indirect fire. If a patrol comes under enemy indirect fire, the PL immediately has it d~uble time out of the impact area. The men do not seek cover, as they may be pinned down by doing so. By con~in~ing to move, the patrol is more difficult to hit. Section III. OTHER METHODS OF INSERTION INTO, AND 'EXTRACTION FROM THE OBJECTIVE AREA 3-12 AIR MOVEMENT Movement by air is a fast way to insert and extract small units, especially areas far in the enemy's rear. Air moves have surprise, flexibility, and speed. They allow precise timing and maneuver over large areas. a. Planning Air Moyement. Plans for an air movement must be in great detail. Plan in a reverse sequence. Begin with the ground tactical plan, then plan the landing, the air movement,and finally, the loading. Base each plan on the one before it. Most of the planning for an air movement is done by company and battalion headquarters. However, as for any patrol, the PL must complete details of the plan pertaining to actions of his men. The plan for the air movement is an annex to the patrol plan. (1) Ground tagtical plan. (a) Due to the chance of enemy contact once on the ground, the patrol must assemble, organize, and depart the landing zone (LZ) or drop zone (DZ) quickly. As the enemy can be expected to react to air insertions rapidly with whatever force he has available, there is a chance of engagement before assembly is complete. Therefore, elements should arrive on the LZ/DZ tacticallyarranged. Various visual, sound, and electronic aids may be used to speed assembly. One of the best aids for a clandestine operation is a terrain feature. When all troops are assembled, conduct the ground tactical plan. 3-32 Patrol and enemy detect each other at close range. Patrol moves quickly into line formation---. ---and assaults-- ---to the enemy if he withdraws-- ---through the enemy if he stands fast. (1) As a defensive measure (variation 1). Figure 3-15. Immediate assault. 3-33 Patrol and enemy see each other simultaneously. Immediate assault Pursues enemy to complete destruction (2) As an offensive measure (variation 2). Figure 3-15---Continued. 3-34 (b) Although preparatory fire will probably not be used on a clandestine LZ/DZ, on-call fire should be planned for support during the landing and assembly as well as for the subsequent ground action. Plan for fire support from all available means to include artillery, helicopter gunships, and tactical air support (tao air). Gunships and tao air are especially important wnen operating out of range of artillery support. (2) Landing plan. (a) The landing plan includes the time, place, landing formation of aircraft, and sequenceof arrival on the LZ/DZ. It must support the ground tactical plan and cannot be made until the ground tactical plan is written. At squad and platoon level, alternate LZs are usually designated by higher headquarters. The PL must see that these are coordinated and incorporated in his plan. He must also make sure that the initial lift has enough combat power to secure the LZ/DZ forsubsequent lifts. Plan to land as many troops as possible on the initial lift in order to get themost troops on the ground at one time. (b) Consider false insertions for an airmobile operation; they are made by landing in false LZs and hovering for a short period of time before and/or after moving to the true LZ. Preparatory fire may be used on. the sites for these feints. (3) Air movement plao. (a) The air movement plan supports the ground tactical plan and is based on the landingplan. It consists of flight route information, a time schedule, the number and type aircraft, theallowable cargo load (ACL), and formations to be used in flight. The PL will get this information from his higher headquarters or the air mission commander. (b) A single flight route may be used when the patrol is ~all and few aircraft are used.Multiple flight routes may be used for large patrols using several aircraft. If using multiple flight routes, designate rendezvous points and inform all troops of their location. As there is a possibility of a loss of aircraft, the PL should coordinate with the air mission to formulate a contingency plan for downed aircraft, (4) Loadina plan. The loading plan is prepared to establish and control the PZ; to planfor movement of troops and equipment to the PZ; to organize aircraft loads; and to prepare themanifest for the air movement. Cross-load key men and equipment so that all leaders, RATELO,special skill troops, and key weapons are not in the same aircraft. At the same time, maintain tactical integrity. Where the enemy has an air defense capability, the possibility of a loss ofaircraft may increase the number of aircraft used. b. Conduct of Air Movement. The following actions are typical but unit SOP or circumstances may vary them. In the staging area, the PL organizes his men and equipment so as to maintain tacticalintegrity and at the same time having as much cross-loading as is feasible. Heprepares his patrol to board the aircraft. He prepares to load the aircraft. He mustbe flexible and ready to adapt to possible changes in the ACL. It may be wise to conduct this activity when visibility is limited in order to preserve security of the operation. In flight, the PL must remain oriented and be prepared to tell his men anychanges that are required. The chalk leader of each aircraft should make use of theavailable intercom/radio headset to keep abreast of the situation, changes in plans,etc. Depending on the enemy situation, the flight should be conducted at low-level ornap of the earth on the last navigational leg and approach to the insertion point.The entire flight should be conducted this way, if feasible. Base the method of landing on--METT, the availability of LZ/DZ, the proficien~y of the troops, and theavailability of special equipment. Some possible methods of landing are rappelling,troop ladders, parachute, or by airlanding. (1) Airlanding. LZs are selected from maps, aerial photographs, and air or ground reconnaissance. However, the enemy situation may preclude any type of visual reconnaissace. During the helicopters' approach to the LZ, the PL should be seated so he can observe the LZ, be oriented on landing, and prepared to jump from a hover or wait until touchdown to dismount. Identification of the LZ is a joint responsibility of the air mission commander and the PL. On landing, the patrol must rapidly dismount, secure the LZ for following lifts, and account for menand equipment. If casualities occur, they should be evacuated (if the enemy situation permits)while aircraft are still available. Fixed-wing aircraft are also capable of airlanding troops andequipment. Criteria for selecting their LZ will vary with the type aircraft (FM 57-38 and FH31-20). 3-35 (2) Rappelling. Mountainous or forrested areas or other terrain offering no suitable LZ may force a patrol to disembark helicopters by rappelling. Rappelling requires special trainingand equipment (FM 57-38). The only terrain requirement is that the helicopter be able to hover low enough for the rappelling ropes to reach the ground. A secure insertion area is almost mandatory as helicopters are vulnerable to ground fire and enemy aircraft while hovering. Helicopter gunships and tao air may be used to cover the insertion although the increased air activity could draw attention to the area. (3) Troop ladders. The same considerations apply for ladders as for rappelling. No LZ is required and terrain requirements are the same except that ladders may be shorter than ropes,requiring the helicopter to hover lower. Take care to keep the ladders from becoming entangled in trees. (4) Parachute, (a) An airborne patrol insertion requires detailed planning, complete coordination, and . precise timing and execution. Such insertions are normally conducted at night or in other periods of limited visibility deep in enemy-dominated territory. Drop altitudes are normally lower than for conventional drops except when the free-fall high altitude, low opening (HALO) technique is used. Parachute landed patrols usually- have a single aircraft without escort. make frequent changes of course on their flight route. arrive over the DZ at a specified time. make single pass over the DZ. have alternate DZs. (b) Requirements for a DZ for a clandestine parachute landed patrol differ from those for normal airborne operations. Security of the insertion and subsequent survival are the overridingconsiderations. Ideal DZs may be under continuous or periodic enemy surveillance. Therefore, populated areas and areas considered occupied or patrolled by enemy troops must be avoided. These considerations and the topography of the area may dictate the use of small, rough terrain, DZe, or deliberate tree landings in dense forests, or jungles. Lakes and rivers may be used as water DZs, but only as a last resort as a patrol is more vulnerable in water. Use of ~;.de various DZs may require equipment, such as parachutist rough terrain suits, floatation gear, SCUBA (&elf-contained underwater breathing apparatus) equipment, and training in water, tree, and rough terrain landings, as well as training in SCUBA procedure. (o) For statio line parachute drops, minimum altitudes above the highest terrain on the drop zone must be established for parachuting of troops and air dropping of equipment. Dropaltitudes vary with the tactical situation, with operational requirements, the aircraft operational limits, and the characteristics of the personnel parachute used. (For example, when parachutingwith the T10 parachute, from aircraft having a drop speed of 125 knots or more, a drop altitude of 600 feet may be considered.) (d) Blind drop is the procedure for inserting troops by parachute on a DZ without pathfinders, combat control teams, or other reception troops. Examples of situations in which this technique would be employed are: --The patrol will operate alone.against selected targets without additional support. --Other allied forces may exist in the area, but contact has not been established. --The enemy situation precludes normal marking and recognition signals. Whenever a visual ground signal is not available, the Air Force has primary responsibility for determining the point of exit of troops from Air Force aircraft. Whether Army or Air Force air~raft are used, identification of the DZ is the joint responsibility of the aircraft commander and the patrol leader/jumpmaster. (e) A unit landing by parachute is most vulnerable from the time it exits the aircraft until it is assembled. The unit must assemble and establish security quickly. Steerable parachutes may be used to assemble on equipment or on a specific part of the DZ. Terrain features are usually recognizable from the air or on the ground to aid in assembly. (f) Equipment necessary to accomplish a patrol's mission may be dropped in aerial delivery containers, it may be carried as separate loads by patrol members, or it may be deliver•ed by both 3-36 of these methods. Use air deliver·y container·s only for low-level drops wh~m dispersal is less of a problem and when there is little time for a jumper to use a lowering line. JUIDping with equipment as individual loads restricts the amount that can be dropped but reduces the chance of losing it through failure to recover containers. If both methods are used, put essential items such as radios in man-carried loads while le8s importar.t items are dropped in air delivery containers. (5) Extraction. Some methods of extraction are by air·craft landing, troop ladders, and Stabo, Maguire, or Palmer extraction systems. The method used depends on the situation and availability of equipment. (a) A.1rlanding. Either rotary-wing or fixed-wing aircraft may be used for airlanding. A suitable LZ is necessary for whichever· e.i rcraf t is used. It is desirable to have troops who aretrained in pathfinder or ground guid~n(•e techniques. The PL wi 11 arr·ange to meet the aircraft at a set time and location. Time is in:por·tant because the longer the aircraft is in the area the mor·e it will draw enemy attention to the PZ. In addHi.on, aircraft have little time to loiter and waste fuel. Avoid visual signals, especially smoke, Rs they may alert the enemy to the patrol's position. Radio is the best means of signaling and guiding the aircraft into the Pz.· However, radio tr·ansmissions can also compromise the patroJ.'s p:Jsition, extraction must so be quick. Additional aircraft may be required in cas~ of do1med ~ircraft or for evacuation of casualties or prisoners. (b) Troop ladders. The same criteria of tenain and vegetation apply for extraction by troop ladders as for insertion. For a fa~t rleparture from the PZ, men may mount ladders without entering the aircraft. The dis'l.dvant~.ges of this ilre that the aircraft cannot fly as low as NOE or low-level flight would normally permit, air speed is reduced, anr! aircraft manellverability ishindered. (c) STABO. Maguire. and Pal~extractioo system~. The STABO extraction system is a means of rapid pickup of troops from areas wh.l.ch prohibit helicopter landings. Pickup may be from altitudes as high as 150 feet. As many as three men may be extracted on one flight. The Palmer and Maguire rigs are simple and can be made locally. They are not as safe as the STABO rig. Advantages of these three systems ar·e: the ease with which aircraft can be rigged; the speed of deployment, hookups, and extractions; the greater distance above the ground that the aircraft canhover (having ropes longer than ladders); less time is spent over enemy territory and little training is necessary for its use. Disadvantages are--as the helicopter must hover over the extraction site, its exposure to enemy fire is incr•eased; troops hanging below the helicopter force it to move at reduced speed, at reduced mftneuverabl.J.ity, and at a higher than normal naP-of-the-earth flight. (d) Security. Security is a major aspect of extraction. The PZ and the area immediatelyaround it must be reconnoitered and secured. The PL must make sure that the area is clear of enemy troops, boobytraps, and sensors. The pa,trol must not be one in which the patrol is exposed to indirect fire. If multiple aircraft are used, adjust security as the extraction progresses. Helicopter gunships and tac air may be used to cover the extraction. Plan for and coordinate an alternate PZ. 3-13. WATER a. Geoeral. (1) An insertion or extraction may be watorborne if it is least expected by the enemy or because it is the only feasible way. A waterborne insertion may be simple--a raft made of ammo cans used to float down a river into an enemy-held area; or very complex--a patrol inserted by submarine and using SCUBA to move to its objective area. A patrol must slip into its objective area, complete its mission, and withdraw or move to a new area. Plans should stress secrecy and stealth. Use all available means to preclude detection. Waterborne insertions/extractions should be at night, preferably during periodB of low night illumination, and in fog, haze, rain, or snow which reduce visibility. (2) Various types of water transportation may be available for a patrol. When a PL has a mission that calls for w~ter movment, he will find what means of transportation is/are available and what its/their capabilities and limitations are. Training should cover the small boat phase of a water insertion, as small boats are used with m.:lst types of water transport, and their use is adifficult part of a waterborne operation. b. Type of Transportation. Th~"'! are sl.x t:!'>t<>~ories of water t,.ansportation: (1) Amphibious aiccx:aft (seaplan,.,si rny transport a patrnl. The aircraft usually lands on water in or near the operational ~re~. ;>nd th'! ratn>l eHhe" lan'1s dlr'ectly on shore or debarks onsmall boats for final movement to "hore. The il.ir".~'':lft. >n8Y land or: J.aV.'?.s, rl·1ers, bays, or the open 3-37 ocean. Other types of aircraft may also IJe '-'sea. A small patl'ol may parachute from fixed-wingaircraft over water, with SCUBA equipment. or smal.l boats for the movement to shore. Helicoptersmay be used to hovel' or fly over· water· while patrol membel's inflate small boats or jump from theaircraft and use SCUBA or free-swimmer• techniques to move to shore. Such operations require highlytrained men and extensive rehearsals. (2) Submarines may be used 1-1h<:a1 ttle patrol musr. be transported a long distance through anocean where there is a high threat of enemy action. Ther<" a:·e three techniques for debarking from a submarine: (a) Surface launch may be conducted using eill!er the wet or dry method. The dry launch consists of sliding inflated small boats over the side into the water. In a wet launch, theinflated boats are positioned on the decl< and then the submarine submerges, automatically launching the manned boats. (b) The broached launch technique requires a submarine to surface with its decks submerged. Troops debark through the uppec conning tower hatch into the water. Swimmers may thentake a compass swim to the beach, or inflate assault boats in the water, secure the equipment, and paddle the boats to shore. This techni.que limits the amo1mt of equipment that can be carried. (c) The bottom lockout technique can be used to debar·k from a submarine when it can cometo a full stop. Troops with SCUBA equipment are "locked-out" in a compartment that can be flooded,allowing them to swim out and make a submerged swim to the beach. This technique can also be usedto debark troops without SCUBA equipment, allo•ring free or buoyant ascent to the surface. Swimmerscan then make a surface compass swim to the beach. It is also possible for a pair of SCUBA divers to "lock-out," release, and inflate boats, and for t11e rest of the patr·ol to make a free ascent tothe surface with their equipment. After surfacing, they m'ln the boat and paddle to the beach. (3) Amphibious surface craft, e.g., air boats, amphibious tractor·s, hovercraft, and ramploading vessels may be usf;d to insert or extract a patrol. A patrol may land directly on shore from an amphibious craft. This is the least desit•able method because noise from the craft maycompromise the patrol, large craft are vulnet·ableo to eneJJy observation and fire, and both the tide,and the landing site must favor withdrawal of the craft. Amphibious surface craft may also operateas a mother craft for a patrol using small boats. (4) Non-amphibious surface crart may transport a patrol to a point from which it debarksand uses small boats, SCUBA or free-swimmer techniques to move into and out of its operationalarea. These craft may have routine naval missions which require them to operate in the area. Thismay help the patrol deceive the enemy about its presence. (5) Small boat(s) may be used by a pat1·ol LO move to or from its objective area. Boatswith outboard motors may be used to infiltrate ove1• long distances, 1 imited only by weather, fuelsupply, and the patrol's ability to navigate accurately over long distances. (6) ~apparatus may be used by a small patrol to move to shore from an aircraft,surface craft, or a submarine. Patrol members may also prepare their equipment in floating parcels and use them to aid swimming ashore without the use of SCUBA equipment (free swimmer). Scout swimmers, with or without SCUBA equipment, may be used to clear a beach area of enemy sentinelsprior to a small-boat insertion. These techniques are used in conjunction with other means of transportation. c. Deyelopiog a Prelimi.Qii..C:£...£.Lill. Planning fer-waterborne operations must be thorough.If the patrol is being moved to the area by a transporting unit, the operation order must be prepared jointly by the PL, the parent unit, o.n.:! the transporting unit. Before coordinating with the transporting unit, the PL. develops a pre! iminary plan which, based on his estimate of the situation, will best facilitate the accomplishment of his mission at the objective. (See CAUTIONin subparagraph d below.) He uses the reverse planning sequence (Chapter 2). The preliminary planshould include, at least: ( 1) A tJme schelllils,: whicll include:. all event:. L•oru receipt of the mission until the end ofthe joint operation. Use it as a .,Janning guide. The accuracy of the PL' s estimate of the timerequired for each event will be cr·HJ cal to the success of the joint operatfon. (2) A drop site where the patrol will debark from the transporting (mother) craft intosmall boats. Select both a primary and alterna":.e drop site. A drop site should be at least 1,500meters offshore to reduce the sounds of the mother craft anJ of debarkation. If the enemy hassurface radar, select the drop aite(s) where there is the least chance of detection by radar. Thismay require that it be several miles out to sea or i.t may require the use of electronic counter measures (ECM). The unit S2/G2 will hel~ you plan so as to avoid enemy radar. The suitability ofdrop sites is detennined with courctination w.ith tht: t•··anspm·ting unit. For an extraction, a linkup 3-3t: •.s site must be selected where the patrol will linkup with the mother craft. The characteristics of a linkup are the same as those of a drop site. (3) A landing site where the patrol will land on the shore. Select primary and alternate landing sites which can both be reached from either the primary or alternate drop sites without undue fatigue and which favor the accomplishment of his mission. (a) Location. The site should allow freedom from enemy interference. Avoid stretches of heavily defended or frequently patrolled coastlines. If a sand beach is used, obliterate tracks and other signs that may compromise the patrol. Rural, isolated areas a're preferred. (b) ~. The coastal area immediately behind (inland) the landing site should provide a concealed route(s) of exit and areas for evasion. (c) Barriers. Planning may disclose that landing sites which are otherwise satisfactory are unsuitable because enemy barriers are between the site and the objective. Such barriers may be heavily patrolled roads, large areas having little concealment, swamps, enemy obstacles or defense positions, areas populated with enemy sympathizers, or an area extensively used for enemy troop maneuvers and training. Unless a secure way to circumvent the barrier(s) is devised, use onlythose landing sites without barriers. (4) Deception plans to deny the enemy knowledge of the patrol's insertion or extraction. This is done by using ECM, by fire support to divert the enemy's attention away from the patrol's area, or by the patrol emplacing time-delay explosive devices to attract enemy's attention to another area at the planned time of extraction. Any other means that will work is acceptable. d. Initial Coordination. CAUTION: The transporting unit should be told ONLY THAT PART of the plan which it needs to know. Parts of the plan which could compromise the patrol, e.g., the mission at the objective area, are not revealed. Some parts of the preliminary plan may have to be changed during coordination. The PL should not begin detailed planning for the water movement until agreement has been reached with the transporting unit on the preliminary plan and initial coordination is completed. Coordination is continuous throughout mission preparation but initial coordination should include all the elements of the preliminary plan and some other elements for which the transporting unit has the primary responsibility: (1) The embarkation point where the patrol will load troops and equipment on the transporting craft must be coordinated. (2) The~ the craft will take to~ from the drop or landing site must be carefullyplanned to deceive the enemy. A major change in the route of the mother craft immediately after the patrol's debarkation could compromise the patrol. If possible, the route should be similar to a route for other types of naval operations. (3) The loading and unloading procedure for men, small boats, and equipment must be thoroughly planned and rehearsed to ease action at the drop site. The characteristics of the craft to be used determines how the patrol will load and unload. Plan for safeguarding equipment during loading and unloading. (4) Make contingency plans for all possible types of enemy action and weather while on the transporting craft. e. Detailed Planning. When initial coordination with the transporting unit is completedand the elements of the plan which require coordination have been finalized, the PL can begindetailed planning for the actions of his patrol when the patrol has debarked at the drop site. (1) A.s:.t..i>m....ai< the dpp site. The plan for debarkation must take into consideration the light and welther in which the patrol will debark. The coxswains of each small boat must know their duties and their place in the debarkation order. Coxswains must brief their crews thoroughly. The dsbarkation must be rehearsed several time~. If possible, renearse using the actual craft which will transport the patrol. The craft commander should give the patrol a time warning of thei:-approach to the drop site (similar to that for an airborne drop). Adequate time warnings allow all men to be ready for a rapid debarkation. the PL should strive to keep the time spent a~the drop zone short. This will reduce the chance of compromise and exposure to enemy action. 3-39 (2) Action in the landing site. This includes acts of the patrol from the time it leavesthe drop zone until after it arrives at the beach and moves out on its mission. For an extraction, it includes the same acts in reverse. The plan must include: (a) Action durin~ movement to the beacb. (NOTE: This plan may be omitted if the patrolis landing directly from the transporting craft to shore. For specific information on action andplans, see paragraph 6-25, Small-Boat Handling.) --Small boat formations and the position of each boat within the formation. --Loading and manifest plan for each boat. --Navigation techniques and responsibilities. (b) Action on the beach (figures·3-16, 3-17, and 3-18.) --Security plan for the landing site. --Plan for unloading boats; designation of unloading detail. --Plan for concealment, camouflage, or burying of boats. 3-14. STAY-BEHIND OPERATIONS. a. "Stay-behind" is a good way for a commander to get a patrol behind enemy lines becausethe patrol's presence in the area is likely to go unnoticed by the enemy. Detailed planning and reconnaissance is usually possible because the patrol may actually visit and observe its objectivesor observation posts before the operation. When feasible, stay-behind patrols should not berequired to move or conduct active operations until the major concentration of enemy combat troops has passed through the area. This may take several days. Keep patrols inserted by the stay-behind method small to ease extrac~ion by air. It may be difficult for the patrols to return to friendlyunits by foot. .. 3~0 "ZJ .... C9J ~ (JQ r:::., (II w I ..... 0\. {/) (II 0 Ei .... ct" ....... ----~ ______..!oo..' ~, ------- '< w '0 I .&::' ...... I»::s 6., ct" :T (II Scout swimmers move to a covered and ...... I»::s concealed position after reaching the beach, -lte a short listening halt, Q. .... ::s then check the beach in the landing area for signs of enemy activity. (JQ Swimmers then signsl the patrol tAl .... "All clear." ct" (II Boats hold off shore 500 to 1,500 meters while scout swimmers move into landing site and check for signs of enemy activity. ~ ~ ..., ~ s::: .., (I) w .I ~ ....::1 "tt ...... Ill ::s ...., 0.., s::: ::s ...... 0 Ill 0. ..... ~ 0' w IllI ~ .z::: {/) I\) 0 0!JL 0. (I) {/) Security teams with automatic weapons move into ..... OQ positions under control of the patrol leader.::s Teams are positioned with the best cover, concealIll ment, and fields of fire to secure the landing site. ~ ..... 0::s Immediately on landing, designated men move into security positions ...., where cover and concealment are available to defend the landing site• ..,0 s::: If patrol is carrying minimum equipment, boats may be carried directly ::s ...... to the place where they will be buried or camouflaged. Wet equipment 0 which has been lashed down may make it impossible to move before boats Ill Designated men begin unloading boats immediately on 0. are unloaded. ..... reaching the beach. (See fig 3-19.) ::s OQ 0. (I) ~ Ill ..... ...... 1-zj ...... OQ ~ '1 Cb VJ I ..... 00• "'d ..... PI::s ...., 0 '1 n 0 ::s n Cb PI ..... 3 Cb ::s ~ c-1.. ~ VJ n PI The PL establishes a temporary 3 0 CP from which he security teams. can control e. ..... PI OQ Cb.. ·~ While most of the patrol is securing the landing site, an unloading detail is unloading boats, preparing them to be buried or camouflaged, and preparing equipment for 0 movement. The PL may assign one squad this detail, cross '1 loading the squad members into each boat and placing the 0"' ~ '1 '<...... ::s OQ 0...., Oepend~n~ on the enemy situation, th~ terrain, and tile time available, boats may be deflated and buried or 11- squad leader in charge of the unloading detail. The PL might also place the APL in charge and assign some men from •!ach boat to the detail. Men on the unloading detail mt:st unload the boat on which they were a crew member to insure they are familiar with lashings ,md equipment stnrage. 0" 0 camouflaged. landing site, If they are to be disposed of near the a team may be designated to dig holes or PI c-1fll. cut brush for of the boats. camouflage concurrently with the unloading b. The position a patrol occupies during its insertion should be away from probable enem)objectives and avenues of approach. The position should not be near old US defensive positions or logistical installations. The patrol should have concealment and cover from fire from both friendly and enemy forces. c. There are two~ to insert a stay-behind patrol: (1) The patrol stays behind when a larger unit withdraws from an area it has occupied and the enemy advances to take over the area. This type of stay behind may be the result of a plannedwithdrawal. (2) The patrol accompanies a unit on a combat operation forward of the main battle area and stays behind in the area when the unit departs. Reconnaissance and security forces, such as armored or air cavalry, which normally operate forward of the battle area, are well suited to insert stay-behind foot patrols. The route of the inserting force and the nature of the operationshould be like a normal combat operation of the inserting force so that the insertion is not suspected by the enemy. The PL must coordinate with the inserting unit on fire support, routes, contingencies, and a time schedule. d. Stay-behind patrols may accomplish any mission, combat or reconnaissance. As they are normally small, they are well suited to small-scale harassment, mining, surveillance of avenues of approach, target acquisition, sniper activity, cutting communication lines, and demolitions. They can harass and impede the enemy, and direct the laying of scatterable mines and guided munitions. 3-15. INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION a. General. Infiltration is the movement of a unit (patrol) into or through an area occupied by the enemy either singly or by small groups at extended or irregular intervals. Contact is avoided. Exfiltration is the return from enemy areas to friendly areas. ~ith the exception of parachute operations, all of the previously discussed methods of insertion or extraction are applicable to both infiltration and exfiltration. They are the least desirable methods of insertion and extraction because they fragment the patrol. However, if a patrol is likely to be detected because of its size, infiltration/exfiltration may have to be used. Both infiltration nd exfiltration have three phases. (1) Infiltration: --Passage of friendly and enemy lines. --Movement. --Assembly. (2) Exfiltration: --Movement. --Departure through enemy and r~entry of friendly lines. --Assembly (either before or after reentry of friendly lines). b. Fundamentals. When planning for infiltration and exfiltration: (1) Base the size of infiltrating groups on: (a) Need for control between groups. (b) Size of gaps in enemy defenses and his detection/security device capability. (c) Method being used (e.g., rubber boats or helicopters can only carry a certain load). (2) Make sure that all leaders lmow: (a) Release point. (b) Time of release. (c) Route. 3..li4 (d) Rendezvous points. A rendezvous point is an area where the groups meet to reform the patrol for movement to continue the operation. It should have all the characteristics of a rally point. (e) Alternate rendezvous points. (f) Linkup time. (g) Group rally points. (h) Danger areas. ( i) Plan for signals. (3) Distribute key men and critical equipment in more than one group so that the failure of one group to link up will not cause the failure of the operation. Items critical to mission accomplishment, such as demolitions, should be duplicated; that is to say, two or more groupsshould each oarry enough to accomplish the mission in oase one group fails to get through. (4) Each group must be equipped and loaded so that it is self sufficient and, as far as possible, could accomplish the mission independently. (5) See that eaoh leader knows all the details on the mission so that it can be accomplished even if a group fails to rendezvous. (6) Within the infiltration lane(s) assigned, the patrol leader designates routes on which his subelements are to move. (7) Have~ leaders accompany that group on the quickest route and/or the route least likely to be detected (based on intelligence estimates). c. Techniques. (When infiltration is referred to in this discussion, it applies also to exfiltration.) Techniques of infiltration vary with the methods of insertion and extraction beingused. However, in all methods, one or more routes within an infiltration lane are assigned.lroups move at intervals on these routes, separated by time or spaoe or both. (1) Single-route infiltration. Infiltration on a single route is the least desirable technique as it requires all infiltrating groups to move at time intervals on the same route. Use this technique only when, after an analysis of HETT, it is evident that only one lane is feasible. (fig 3-19) 3-45 FRIENDLY ENEMYLINES MLD II ~--~------rr~--------- IGroup 3 Group 2 ·Group I __. " 1 \l ' I ''\\ I Groups are separated by ~intervals. Figure 3-19. Single-route ·infiltration. 3-46 (2) Multiple-route infiltration. Infiltration may be conducted using multiple routeswithin an assigned lane. The patrol is organized into groups for each lane and each group moves toan assembly area short of the entrance to its route. The assembly areas may be either in enemy or friendly areas depending on the situation. On order or at a set time, each group moves on itsroute to the rendezvous point (fig 3-20). This type of infiltration is more secure than by singleroute as only one group uses each route. However, each group must be skilled in navigation (for foot movement) in order to reach the rendezvous point. (3) Combination of methods. The combination technique is to have two or more routes, buthave more than one group use at least one or more of the routes. This is the most probable technique as there are seldom enough routes for each group to have a separate one. Additionally,groups on different routes may move by different methods of insertion or extraction. For example,one group may go by rubber boat on a river, and another group may infiltrate by air to the same rendezvous point. (4) Rendezyoys point, (a) The first group to reach the rendezvous point will establish security and exchangerecognition signals with groups arriving subsequently. All groups rehearse this procedure as it is not known which group will arrive first. (b) Allow adequate time for each group to reach the rendezvous point. Groups may bedelayed while avoiding enemy contact. This should be covered in a contingency plan exactly like those issued for rally points. (c) An alternate rendezvous point must be designated. It is used if the primaryrendezvous point is occupied by the enemy, is compromised, or is found to be unsuitable for anyother reason before the entire patrol reaches it. Plan for signals to direct movement to the alternate rendezvous point. The contingency plan allows time for groups to reach the alternate rendezvous point. d. Sgenarip. A Platppo-Size Patrpl Infiltrating tp Cpodygt a Raid. A. Sityatigo: (1) Misoipn. The 1st Platoon will infiltrate through the enemy forward positions to raid an enemy antiaircraft missile site at grid GL12345678 about 10 kilometers behind enemy MLD NLT100600 May. Time is now 080800 May. (2) inlmx· The enemy is located along a series or small hills to the front or thefriendly positions. The enemy has sensors and observation devices with which he can deteot anygroup larger than a squad. A study of the area and intelligence reports also indicates the possibility of infiltrating on any of three routes into the area and one possible air route aroundthe enemy southern flank. (3) Terrain and yeather, Terrain in the area is gently rolling and sparsely vegetated on the hills. The lowlands are thickly wooded with swamps adjacent to the river. (4) Trpppa available. The patrol consists of three rifle squads and a six-man machinegun element with two guns. The patrol headquarters has the PL, APL, FO, two BATELOs, and a four-mao demolition element attached. Two squads have eight men each and the third has nine. All men havehad recent training in small-boat operations and helicopter rappelling. B. Leader's Analysis and Plan. 3-47 FRIENDLY ENEMY LINES MLD I I '\ Assy I ''II ~ Area AssyArea Assy 'Area ' ' G Assy ' Area '' Groups are separated by space intervals. Figure 3-20. Multiple-route infiltration. 3-48 (1) The patrol leader decides that he will infiltrate groups of squad size. Hissubordinate leaders can navigate well enough to lead subelements to the rendezvous point. decides to send one group by river in, one rubber boat, one group through the swamp, and oneHegroup through a gap in the enemy defenses. Since the S2 has told him that, although the air defensecapability of the enemy is high, a single helicopter using low-level flight tehcniques has a good chance of infiltrating, he decides to send his fourth group by air. He is therefore using the multiple routes technique. (2) The entire patrol has been briefed on the plan. (a) The groups will move to their release points 091800 May (fig 3-21). (b) The infiltration by water and foot will start at 1815 hours. (c) The rendezvous point, shown on the sketch, is prominent, defensible, and has all the necessary features. (d) An alternate rendezvous point is planned. The signal to move to the alternate is fivehigh-burst illumination rounds at 5-second intervals. (e) Linkup time is NLT 100200 Hay for the primary rendezvous point and NLT 100500 Hay for the alternate• (f) The only identifiable danger area on the map is the enemy HLD. (g) The group traveling by air has timed its departure to arrive at the rendezvous point at the same time as the other groups. (3) The patrol leader decides to split the demolition element into two teams, each ofwhich will carry enough explosives to destroy the missile site. One will accompany the group inthe boat·s and one will travel by helicopter to the rendezvous. The APL will go with the group inthe swamp and take a machinegun team with him. One RATELO will go with the group in the boats andone will be with the patrol leader in the helicopter. The FO will go with the group traveling thecenter of the areas and will carry his own radio. The helicopter will carry, in addition to the PLand RATELO, a demolition team of two men and a three-man machinegun team. In this way, the PLspreads his key men and equipment and keeps each group no larger than squad size. Group I. (River) Group II. (Swamp) Group III (Land) Group IV (Helicopter) 1st Squad (8) 2d Squad (8) 3d Squad (9) PL (1)Demo Team (2) Machinegun FO (1) RATELO (1)Team (3)RATELO (1) APL (1) Demo Team (2)Machinegun Team (3) 1 1 12 10 7 3-49 FRONT LINE ENEMY MLD II Assy Area ) ) Assy Area ' ' ') } J ... ....... ......... ..... @),, ,, ;~ __ .,...-... -------Air Lane / ~"" / / / ~ I I I ---- Figure 3-21. Groups moving to rendezvous point prior to occupation of ORP. 3-50 c. Situation Continued: The PL has planned fire to use as a diversion while his patrol infiltrates. The FO has plotted the fire and has called in more fire on enemy positions during infiltration. Group Ill has successfully reached the rendezvous point. Group I was detected alongthe river by an enemy patrol and could not get through. They returned to friendly lines with two men slightly wounded. Group II moved through the swamp undetected and is approaching the rendezvous point while Group IV is rappelling out of the helicopter that flew a low-level route to the south. The helicopter was detected and the rendezvous point has come under fire. The FO callsin a code group to indicate movement to the alternate rendezvous point and the supporting artilleryshoots five high-burst illumination roonds. Groups Ill and IV move to the alternate and arrive at0210. Group II arrives at 0245 and the patrol continues with the mission at 0335 after waiting the allotted period of time for Group I. 3~1 ST 21-75-3 CHAPTER 4 ACTIONS AT THE OBJECTIVE AREA Section I. INTRODUCTION 4-1. GENERAL A patrol is organized for its action at the objective area. Planning, preparation, rehearsals, and other tasks associated with the mission are directed in support of this phase of the operation. Failure at the objective means failure to accomplish the mission, no matter how good the plan or how well the patrol is prepared. This chapter presents the techniques for both reconnaissance and combat patrols. It isorganized into five sections. The first is the introduction; the second is a general discussion ofthe selection and occupation of an objective rally point (ORP); the third discusses the combat patrol, with examples of various probable missions; the fourth discusses the reconnaissance patrol; and the fifth discusses withdrawal from an objective and dissemination of information within the patrol. All fundamentals and techniques apply to patrols comprised of TO&E units. Always use fire teams, squads, platoons, etc. for patrols and elements of patrols to facilitate organizing and planning the patrol. This unit integrity is an important factor. Section II. THE OBJECTIVE RALLY POINT 4-2. GENERAL The objective rally point (ORP) is a point near the objective where a patrol makes its finalpreparations prior to actions at the objective; it may reassemble, reorganize, and disseminateinformation after the action at the objective. The patrol's elements move from it into position for actions at the objective. a. Pripgiples, (1) The ORP must be easily recognized and away from natural lines of drift. It should alsohave cover and concealment; be defensible and be out of sight, sound, and small-arms range of theobjective. (2) The site for the ORP must be reconnoitered before it is occupied to insure that it is freeof the enemy and that it is a suitable place for an ORP. After it has been reconnoitered, secure it until it is no longer used. b. Teghniguea. (1) The recon team is designated in the patrol order. It clears the ORP by reconnoitering the area prior to occupation. One technique to use is the heart-shaped method (fig 4-1). The PL thensends a team back to guide the rest of the patrol forward to occupy the ORP. (2) Another technique is the recon in place. The PL decides his current location is suitabletor an ORP, halts in place and sends out recon and security (R&S) team to check for danger areas and enemy activit/. (3) The ORP is established with all-round security by occupying it in the shape of a circle,cigar, or crescent. The shape will depend on HETT. 4-3. THE LEADERS' RECONNAISSANCE (COMBAT AND RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS) a, Gepora1. Onoe the ORP has been secured and occupied, the PL and his subordinate leadersand kay man depart on their ~acon. This reconnaissance is their first chance to see the objectivebefore committing troops. The purpose of the laadars•·racon is to pinpoint the objective and to gain information on which to confirm or change the plan. 4-1 Figure 4-1. Heart-shaped Method. 4-2 (1) The PL issues contingency instructions to the APL before going on reconnaissance, covering his estimated time of return, actions to be taken if the PL does not return by the prescribed time, and actions if enemy contact is encountered. (2) The PL takes his key subordinate leaders so they can view the objective and later tell their troops of any changes in the plan. The APL normally stays with the patrol. (3) The PL may pigk a release point on his recon. This is the pl,ace where the control of the patrol's sub-units revert to their respective leaders. It is usually between the objective and the ORP and helps control the movement of the sub-units into their positions. (4) Recon positions for each subordinate elements, if tactically feasible, to see if they are suitable for their purpose. If these sites are not suitable, the plan must be modified. Use stealth throughout. (5) Retaip gommupigatiop with the patrol. If a patrol is discovered in the ORP, the PL must have some means of communicating with the patrol members and controlling the action. Also, he may need to commit fire from overwatching troops and indirect fire support. (6) Insure that all leaders or members of recon party know and understapd the withdrawal plap from the objective to the ORP if the patrol plans to return to the ORP. (7) Before returning to the ORP, the PL should designate at least one man to keep the ob1ectiye upder suryeillapce to observe any changes in the enemy situation. That man should have some way to communicate with the PL to report anything which might affect accomplishment of the mission. (8) After returning to the ORP, the PL either copfirms the plap or issues a ftA&-order tg ~~. The subordinate leaders, in turn, must be allowed sufficient time t~ ~r. ~f l 9ir respective sub-units. (9) The PL must determine whether or not to haye security in position during his recon. If the PL needs to know exactly where the security teams will be, he may want to send out his security team leaders to find positions for their teams and then report back. (10) Everyone moving in the objective area must use extreme stealtb. Noise discipline must be rigidly enforced. Direct all men to be extremely cautious when moving over dry leaves and twigs. Utilize all available cover and concealment while moving. (11) Cgpsider the use of spegial equipmept apd detegtiop/suryeillapge deyiges to counter enemy STANO devices. b. Toqhpiques fgr a Reggppaissapge Patrgl (Area Begop). (1) The leaders' recon party consists of the leaders of the recon teams and the security teams (the PL is normally a member of one of the recon teams). It may also consist of some of the members of these teams. (2) The PL moves to a point closer to the objective and stops. This is the tentative release point. It does not become the release point until the objective is pinpointed, at which time the PL may want to move it. If he decides the tentative release point is too close to the objective~ or in a bad place, he may move his release point back to the ORP. (3) The PL moves closer to the objective with the surveillance team and pinpoints the objective. He may gain the desired information from this position, eliminating-the need for further reconnaissance. If not, the recon team leaders will then move to vantage points ;rom which they complete the recon. (4) After the leaders' recon, the recon party returns to the ORP and continues with the actual mission. c. Teghpigues for a Cgmbat Patrol. (1) The leaders' recon for a combat patrol is conducted like that for a reoon patrol except that different members are involved. It may include any or all of the following: PL, APL, assault element force leader, support element leader, the surveillance team, and the security team leaders. The patrol leader may want security team leaders to find suitable locations and report back. Otherwise, the PL may want his security teams in position so they can give early warning during the leaders' recon. (2). A release point is selected, the objective is pinpointed, surveillance is posted, and security teams are dispatched. (3) The PL and support element leader move to seek positions for the weapons of the supportelement, and the assault element leader moves out to choose a position for the assault element. (4) By a specified time, members of the recon party meet back at the release point. The support element leader stays at the release point while the PL goes with the assault element leader toapprove or change the location of the assault position. (5) They then reassemble in the release point and move back to the ORP where the PL issues a frag order, if necessary, to cover any changes in. the plan. Section III. THE COMBAT PATROL 4-4. GE~ERAL There are many missions a combat patrol can perform; however, this chapter discusses only the raid and the. ambush as the techniques for these patrols apply in general to other combat patrols.Scenarios tell how each should be conducted. 4-5 PRINCIPLES a. Security in the planning, conduct and withdrawal of a patrol is important as the patrol isvulnerable to attack from all directions, including aerial attack. Security teams and STANO devicesmust be positioned to protect the patrol and warn it of enemy approach. b. Surprise is critical. It lets the patrol control the situation by hitting the enemy whenhe least expects it or is least prepared for it. c. Coordinated fire of all weapons, including mines and demolitions, and all indirect fire is planned to achieve surprise and a concentration of fire on the objective to inflict maximum damage sothat it can be rapidly assaulted and destroyed. d. violence is best achieved by _surprise, by overwhelming firepower, and by relentlesslyaggressive patrol members. e. Control must be strictly held for all aspects of the action. The PL must have clear signals for early warning, initiating the action, lifting or shifting or fire, assaulting the objective, and withdrawing to a rally point. 4-6 RAID PATROL a. General. A raid is a surprise attack against an enemy position or installation intended to destroy the position or installation, or to destroy or capture personnel or equipment, or to liberatepersonnel. It must be planned on accurate and detailed intelligence of the objective and should beconducted by the smallest unit that can accomplish the mission. The size and organization or a raid patrol is based on METT. b. Planning, In planning, consider: (1) Attacking when visibility is reduced or over terrain the enemy may consider impassable. (2) Clandestine movement to the objective. (3) Swift, planned withdrawals. c. Organization and Procedures. (1) Depicted below is a typical organization for a raid patrol. 4-li PATROL HQ* I I SECURITJ ELEMENT ASSAULT ELEMENT ASSAULT ELEMENT *** ** I I SECURIT'i SECURITY SECURITY .TM A rJ'M B TM C ------. I MG r:=::Jr-o'i'HilR'I EW I TEAM I ~~RVEDI LVIiDU . * PL and his RTO normally accompany the assault element on the objective. ** If suitable terrain from which to provide support is not available in the objective area, the support element may be combined with the assault element, and accompany it in the assault. *** Within the assault element, special teams are organized in accordance with the mission (e.g., scout dog team, demo team, search team, POW team, etc.) (2) First position secyrity teams to give warning of approaching enemy, to seal all avenues of approach and escape with fire, and to cover the withdrawal of the patrol to the ORP. Security teams should be no less than two men. During the movement of the support and assault elements to their positions, the security teams keep the PL informed of all enemy action. They shoot only if detected or on t~e PL's order. After the assault begins, the security teams seal off the objective area against reinforcements, and cover the withdrawal of the rest of the patrol, withdrawing on order or a prearranged signal. The security teams may be emplaced during the leaders' recon, or the PL may have the team leaders reconnoiter before positioning their teams. The PL decides when to post securitybased on knowing exactly where they will be positioned, how long it will take them to get there, and their ability to move without making noise. The PL also leaves a security team in place at the ORPduring the assault to prevent its compromise. (3) One pr mpre assaylt teams may be needed to overcome resistance and secure the objective; one or more demolition teams to set charges; one or more prisoner teams; and one or more search teams. The assault element must deploy with stealth and be near enough to the objective to permit immediate assault if discovered prematurely. It does not move into position or try to cut or place demolitions in the wire until the support element is in position. Once the assault element is in position, the signal to assault is given. That signal should be casualty-producing such as a burst of machinegunfire or the detonation of a claymore mine. The support element places heavy suppressive fire on the objective. Fire is distributed as directed by the support element leader. The assault is normallyconducted using rire and movement. Rushing rire is only used when enemy resistance is extremelylight, or if the assault element must cross an open area that is exposed to heavy en~y direct fire. Movement across the objective must be as fast as possible with maximum fire. The assault element must consolidate and reorganize on the far side of the objective. It must prepare to repel a counterattack, redistribute ammunition, and care for the wounded. The demolition teams emplace charges. The search team searches the objective (using flashlights, if necessary) gathering all items of intelligence value. It makes a sketch of the objective. When the PL is ready to withdraw from the objective, he signals the assault force to withdraw, usually by an oral command or by a prearranged signal. If the mission requires demolition, the assault element withdraws to its assault position(make sure it's a safe distance from secondary explosions) and waits for the demolitions to detonate. Otherwise, the patrol's withdrawal will be to the ORP designated in the patrol order. The detonation of the explosives or some other signal may be used to order all elements to withdraw to the ORP. Thesecurity teams withdraw last. (4) Pyt syppprt weappns close enough to the objective to mass accurate fire on it. If there are no suitable positions for supporting weapons, consider putting them with the assault element. Apyrotechnic or some other signal is used to order the supporting weapons to shift their fire and allow the assault element to continue through the objective. The support normally covers the withdrawal ofthe assault element fr6m the objective, withdrawing itself on order or prearranged signal. 4-5 {5) Special teams which may be required by the mission can be part of, or attached to, theassault element. {a) Usually, a demolition team will consist of at least two men who have demolition experience. They will carry the demolitions equipment, prepare it while in the ORP and, when the objective hasbeen seized and secured, emplace and detonate it on order. (b) Each search team consists of at least two men--one to search while the other covers. Theymay be ordered to search for a specific item of equipment or intelligence, or to search for any items of intelligence value. No matter which, the search must be methodical. To avoid confusion and duplication of effort, instruct teams as to what to search for and where to search for it. As time available is limited, establish a priority. {c) Aid and litter teams should be available to give immediate first aid and to remove casualties from the objective area. Troops in these teams must know first aid and how to build fieldexpedient litters. {6) Some special missions may require the attachment of specialists in nuclear weapons,engineering, missiles, special photography, interrogation, interpreters, trackers, dog teams, Because of their unique skills and tasks it may be unwise etc. to have them in the assault element. Do not expose them until the objective-is secure. d. Secenario; Raid Patrol. (1) Situation. {a) Mission. The 3d Platoon will conduct a raid to destroy an enemy SAM site at GL172861 HLT 190100 Oct and return NLT 190700 Oct. (b) ~-The objective is 10 km behind the enemy's main line of defense. The objective isguarded by a reinforced squad. No enemy units are known to be near the objective, but there arefrequent mounted patrols on the roads in the area. {c) Terrain and weather. The terrain is moderately hilly with sparse vegetation on thehilltops.. and thick vegetation in the valleys along streambeds. The objective is near the junction of a dirt road and hardsurfaced, all-weather road (fig 4-2). The weather will be fair with mostly cloudyskies. Visibility will be good with a· halfmoon rising at 2400 hours. (d) Trogps ayailable. the 3d Platoon has 38 men, including an FO, RATELO and two medics. (2) Actions at the Ob1egtiye: It is 182300 Oct and the patrol has occupied the ORP. The PL is preparing to conduct the leaders' recon. When he gave the patrol order, the PL added the following instructions. They are notrepeated in the ORP unless there is a change in the plan. "APL, when I go on the leaders' recon, ~ 1 11 take the assault element leader, the support elementleader, the two security teams, and the surveillance team. We will move on an azimuth ot 180 degreesfor about 200 meters. While I'm gone, reapply camouflage where necessary and check weapons and equipment. Readjust the perimeter when we depart. If I'm not back in 90 minutes, try to contact meby radio. If you can't, take command :of the patrol and continue with the mission. If you hearshooting in the objective area, and cannot get me on the radio, come forward with an extractionelement. If you can't find me, take command of the patrol, reorganize, and contact higher headquarters. You cannot abort the mission without making a leaders' recon and without permission from headquarters. Any questions? ' The PL departs on the leaders' recon. He moves about 200 meters and halts. The PL andsurveillance team move out and pinpoint the objective using a starlight scope. The PL leaves hissurveillance team in a position and moves back to the release point. He tells his subordinates: "Our objective is 300 meters to our front. This location will be our release point. It looks like the sketch that our recon patrol brought back. Security team leaders, move your teams intoposition 150 meters to each flank of the objective along that road that ·the recon patrol reported ranbehind the objective (fig 4-3). Be in position in 20 minutes. Any questions? OK, move out." The security teams depart to take their positions. The PL now instructs his assault elementleader and support element leader. 4-6 Fighting Command Position Bunker Figure 4-2. The Objective. 4-7 Q. Security securityQ + ,f f I t I t I ~ Q Surveillance Position I ' \ I I ' f, I ....._ Re!•• ~ Po1nt ~..Q_..__. ........ Figure 4-3. Security Teams Moving Into Position. 4-8 "Assault element leader, the objective has two coils of concertina around it. Pick a good assault position on this side of the wire (fig 4-4). I'll meet you back here in 45 minutes to check the position you select. While you're up there, try to get a fix on that control van. The new enemymissile guidance system that headquarters wants is probably in it. OK, move out, the security teams should be in position by now. Support element leader, we're going to try to put the guns on the rightside of the objective. That bunker on the objective can be seen easily, so we can use it as a reference point for shifting fire once the assault has begun. Let's go." The support element leader and PL pick positions for the machineguns and move back to the RP where the assault element leader is waiting. The PL and assault element leader then check the assault position which the PL approves. They then move back to the RP, pick up the support element leader, and move back to the ORP where the PL confirms his original plan: "APL, assault element leader, support element leader, the objective is 500 meters from here on an azimuth of 190 degrees. The RP is 200 meters from here on the same azimuth. We will follow the plan issued in the order. Order of movement to the RP will be support element, myself, APL, and the assault element. When we get to the RP, I will move up and check with the surveillance team to see if there are any changes on the objective which will affect the plan. Any questions? We'll move out in 10 minutes." The patrol moves to the release point and the PL moves up to check with the surveillance team. • The surveillance team reports: "Sir, there have been no changes on the objective. A small truck drove in 30 minutes ago. It left 5 minutes later." The PL brings the surveillance team back to the release point where they rejoin the assault element. Support element, accompanied by the APL moves to occupy its position. The assault element moves at the same time and halts short of the assault position to wait for the word from support that they are in position. Support element radios~that it is in position and the assault element leader sends his demolition team forward to place explosives in the wire. When this has been done and the demo team is back, the assault element prepares to assault. The two men from the surveillance team position themselves at the flanks of the assault element. They will stay there to guide the assault element back through the wire. On signal, the support element immediately opens fire with the two machineguns and the demolitions to cut the wire are detonated. Men in the assault element also shoot in their sectors. At first, fire from the objective is heavy, coming from two places. The PL teii~ the FO to call the artillery fire which was pre-planned to seal off the objective. The support element concentrates its fire on those places, and quickly gains fire superiority. On order the assault element begins fire and maneuver. The PL ft~es a green star cluster to signal support element to shift fire to the rear of the objective as the assault element moves forward. The enemy resistance is eliminated and the assault element consolidates on the far side and positions its local security. The PL instructs the search, PW, and demolition teams: "Special teams fall out. Get your jobs done quickly; we won't stay here more than 5 minutes." The search teams search the enemy bunker, the control van, and the enemy dead. The demolition team places charges on the missile, in the control van, and in the command bunker. The PW team checks all enemy troops and finds them all dead except one who is slightly wounded. They bind and gag him. 0 Security Security 0 0 Surveillance \ Team t \ "()........ A' ' .,. Release Point Figure 4-4. Assault and Support Positions. 4-10 The special team leaders report to the PL that their jobs are done. The PL fires a red starcluster to signal the assault element to withdraw to the assault position. The PL directs thedemolition team to ignite the fuzes and then withdraw. The surveillance team will use flashlightswith red filters to help the assault element return to the assault position. The patrol covers the objective until the demolitions blow. The assault element and support element immediately move back to the ORP. The security teams wait 30 seconds, blow the claymores they have emplaced, and move back to the ORP. In the ORP, the PL gets a status report from his leaders Patrol leader: "Assault, support, security, what's your status?" Assault element leader: "Assault's all in; two men are wounded, one seriously. I'm having e. poncholitter made so that we can carry him. We have about six magazines per man left." Support element leader: "Support's in; no casualties; about 800 rounds left; one gun won't fire." Security element leader: "Security's all b !!!2: , 1 ~~ 1 ~IU SECURITY TEAM ~I,. SECURITY YEAM T FORMATION-RICE PADDY-TARGET APPROACH FROM EITHER DIRECTION POSSIBLE. Figure 4·5. Continued. 4-22 ® V FORMATION-OPEN TERRAIN, IN MOUNTAIN TERRAIN, WHERE PLUNGING FIREIS OBTAINED, LEGS MAY BE CLOSED IN MORE NEARLV PARALLEL TO THE KILL ZONE. Figure 4-S. Continued. 4-23 c c SECURITY TEAM SECURITY TEAM ® V FORMATION-RESTRICTED TERRAIN-LEGS CLOSE IN AS TARGET APPROACHESAPEX OF V. MUST BE CAREFULLY COORDINATED AND CONTROLLED TO INSURE THATLEGS DO NOT FIRE INTO EACH OTHER. Figure 4-5. Continued. 4-24 '-. I' ',II ']' ..... III ',', t ' I ® CLOSED TRIANGLE FORMATION Figure 4-S. Continued. 4-25 TARGET IS THINLY SURROUNDED. ONE GROUP OPENS FIRE. \J ~ TARGET ATTACKS. GROUP WITHDRAWS. 2d GROUP OPENS FIRE. TARGET SHIFTS ATTACK. 2d GROUP WITHDRAWS. 3d GROUP OPENS FIRE. TARGET SHIFTS ATTACK. 3d GROUP WITHDRAWS. TARGET IS PULLED APART. SUFFERSLOSSE8-BUT ASSAULT ELEMENT NOT DECISIVELY ENGAGED. TARGET 7 0 ~ ~ ~TARGET 7 ~ ~ ~ ® OPEN TRIANGLE FORMATION-HARASSING MISSION. Figure 4-S. Continued. 4-26 200-300 METERS BETWEEN GROUPS. :rwa.r-cl slope o;' Hill 306. He will occupy this OP with minimum troops: himself, the RATELO, t!1e FO and a two-man security team from Security Team Alpha. There is a concealed route from the OP to the ORP. No radio transmissions will be made until after the recon is completed and the patrol is ready tc withdraw to the ORP. A brief call is then made to let the friendly troops in the ORP know the recon team is returning there. (c) Employ security measures. Although the PL th~~ks his patrol can move into the objective area without being detected, he must take some security measures. He gives Security Team Bravo t.he task of early warning and places it overwatching the north-south road where the ~arrier tracks were seen. He leaves Security Team Alpha (less the two-man security team) to sec~re the ORP. Two "on call" artillery TRPs are planned (HE and smoke) to help break contact--one is to the west and one is to the east. Sensor devices are positioned to monitor trails in the area which ca~not be c0vered security teams. (3) Orders to Subordinates. The PLuses a picto map, sketch (fig 4-10), or terrain model to issue orders to his men for conduct of the recon. "I will set up an OP with a two-mari team from Security Team Alpra, the RATELO, and the FO. It will be on the forward slope of this hill (points to the area). I will monitor the sensor devices from that OP. n 4-43 II II II II It II " ,..·~~~~~~~~~ ---, , IfII ',u II ,. fl" , Figure 4·9. Long-range Observation of the Objective. 4-44 Area of Operation F"Jgure 4-10. Sket ch f . or lssumg Orders. 4-45 "SGT James, I think we are most likely to have contact from the east on the road with the carrier tracks. Your Fire Team Bravo will take up a security position there (points to the position). Take all four LAWs with you." "SGT Mark, your Fire Team Alpha (-) will secure the ORP. You will also set up two sensordevices at these two positions (points out the locations)." "Security teams will not shoot unless shot at, or if the enemy fires on my OP. In case ofcontact, all teams will link-up back at the ORP. Team Bravo will stay in position until I give the order to withdraw. The OP will stay in position and observe the objective with NODs until about 0300." "The time for withdrawal will be 0530 hours. The signal will be by squad radio, with runner asa secondary means. Security teams will move out in 15 minutes. The OP will move into position after Fire Team Alpha has emplaced the sensor devices and has returned to the ORP and when Fire Team Bravo is in position." "The time is now 2230. Are there any questions?" (4) Critique. The PL realized that the "terrain and weather made it possible to GAIN ALL REQURIED INFORMATION by long-range observation/surveillance. This is the MOST DESIRALE METHOD of area reconnaissance. The PL could have organized two or more recon teams and observed the objective from severa! OP's. He decided, however, to use only one recon team and observe from one OP to minimize movement inthe objective area and to AVOID DETECTION. He exploited available cover and concealment and usedearly warning devices and other security measures. He applied the fundamentals of reconnaissance patrolling. d. Short-Range Obseryatiqn/Syryeillance. Short-range observation/surveillance is theobservation of an objective from a place that is within the range of enemy local security measures andsmall arms range. ( 1) Use short-rang.e observation when METT requires close approach to the objective to gain therequired ·information. (2) Short-range observation/surveillance may be from preselected OPs, but usually the reconteams must move near the objective before they can find a position from which to observe. In somecases the recon teams may be able to gather the required information by listening without visual observation. (3) Short-range observation increases the chance the patrol will be detected. The enemyemploys anti-intrusion devices close to his key installations. The recon teams must frequently passthrough outposts, defensive wire, and minefields to get close enough to gain the required information.Use inclement weather to cover the sounds of the recon team's movement. Reduced visibility favors short-range observation. (4) When short-range observation is necessary, use every measure possible (both passive andactive) to avoid detection of the recon teams. A security element is less effective on a short-range observation because the recon teams may mask supporting fire, should the enemy attack the patrol. To preclude noise and reduce the chance of detection, the PL may make the recon teams as small as two-man teams. The rest of the patrol can be assigned security tasks. e. Scenario; Short-range obseryation/syryeillance. (1) Sityation. (a) Mission. The 1st Squad will recon the group of buildings at grid EL182904 for any enemy forces and return NLT 020900 May. The time is now 010900 May. Patrol SIRs are: How many troops arethere? How many and what type vehicles are there? (b) ~· Enemy motorized reserve units are known to be occupying nearby assembly areas. The enemy is using ground surveillance radar to help secure his installations. Aerial photographyshows that vehicles have been turning off the north-south road into the woods at the objective. (c) Terrain and weather (fig 4-11). The objective cannot be seen from the surrounding hillsbecause it is in a heavily wooded area. In addition, the surrounding hills are not well vegetated andany movement on them can be easily detected. There is a north-south road east of the objective and 4-46 trails leading into the woods from the east, northwest, and southwest. Visibility is good and moonlight will be 15 percent with 6 hours of moon· illumination. (d) Troops available. The 1st Squad is at full strength. An FO and RATELO from platoonheadquarters are attached. (2) flan, The PL is given picto-maps of the objective area. He considers METT and thefollowing fundamentals of reconnaissance to develop a plan: (a) Gain all required information. As vegetation in the area precludes observing theobjective from long range, the PL must use short-range observation/surveillance. Even if he could use long-range observation to determine that enemy forces were moving int.o the wooded area, he could not be sure they were using the buildings which are his objective and could not determine the number oftroops and the number and types of vehicles which are there. He must move in close. (b) Ayoid detection by the enemy. Enemy troops are in the wooded area, possibly using thetrails, the road, and the buildings at the objective. The enemy may be using ground surveillance radar. The PL plans to have the ORP on the reserve slope of Hill 306 to the south, conduct a leader's recon to pinpoint the objective, and then take a two-man recon team from Fire Team Bravo toreconnoiter the objective. By keeping the recon team small, the chance of detection by radar or otherenemy STANO devices is reduced. (c) Employ security me~. The PL will use the rest of his patrol to secure the reconteam. He has planned two "on call" indirect fire targets (HE and smoke) to help break contact. The PL will stay at the ORP with the FO, RATELO, and the rest of Fire Team Bravo. He will send Fire teamAlpha to set up a security position covering the trail junction to the east of the objective, and to overwatch for the recon team. More security is provided by emplacing one sensor device to monitor thetrail to the southeast. (3) Orders to Subordinates: The PL uses all available aids including picto maps, sketches(fig 4-9), or terrain model to illustrate his orders: "Once we have set up the ORP, I will make a leaders' recon to pinpoint the objective andconfirm the plan. I will take SGT Mark (leader of the Security element), Specialist Brown, and atwo-man recon team from the recon element with me. They will use night vision devices in making therecon. They will have to get close to see whether there are any enemy troops in those buildings (points out buildings)." "SGT Mark, your security element will set up a security position there (points) near the trailjunction. The most likely area of contact is along this trail to the east (points)." 4-47 Semor Device figure 411 . Sketc . Orders. • h for lssumg 4-48 "SGT James, your Security Team will be with me and will secure the ORP. We will also have theFO and the RATELO with us. You will set up sensor on the trail here (points)," Everything depends on the reoon team going undetected. Specialist Brown, your recon team must move slowly and quietly. Stay low to avoid radar. Hake sure all your equipment is silenced. You should be released from the ORP by 0230. Complete your recon and return to the ORP no later than 0500. Take a squad radio for emergency oommo. In case of contact, all teams return to the ORP ASAP. I will call for fire on both TRPs to help confuse the enemy. We will disseminate information in the ORP if there has been no contact. (4) Critique: (a) While much valuable information could probably be gained by long-range observation, the PLdecided that he could not GAIN ALL REQUIRED INFORMATION unless he sent a reoon team to make a short-range observation of the objective. (b) The PL could have organized his squad in several ways to make the short-range reoon.Based on the enemy radar threat and the fact that enemy reserve units were known to be in the vicinity, the PL decided to send a very small recon team which would use extreme stealth to gain the required information. The remainder of the patrol would provide SECURITY for the team and the reoon ORP. These security forces would stand by to help the reoon team break contact. Adequate forces remain at the ORP to continue the mission if the recon team is destroyed. f. The Leaders' Reconnaiasange, (1) In most oases, the size of a zone or route reconnaissance objective will preclude thetimely completion of a leaders' reoon. However, area reconnaissance objeotives within the zone will require a leaders' reoon. (2) The purpose of the leaders' recon for a reoon patrol is to determine whether the plan for actions at the objective needs to be modified and to insure a smooth execution of the reoon. All thetasks of a leaders• reoon will not be performed for every objective. The PL should not permit hisleaders' reoon to compromise his patrol. He may restrict the scope of his leaders' reoon based on the situation. (3) The leaders' reoon of an area reconnaissance objective may have four tasks: (a) Pinpoint the objective. If possible, this is done by checking terrain features in the area and not by directly approaching the objective. (b) Locate observation and surveillance positions, routes, and security positions the patrolwill use. (o) Determine the enemy situation in the objective area; locate enemy OPs; determine enemy (d) Designate a release point or positions elements will occupy. alert status and activity; accustom the patrol to the local sounds in the area. 4-12 ZONE RECONNAISSANCE a. Zone reconnaissance is a reconnaissance conducted to obtain information on all enemy,terrain, and routes within a specific zone. This zone is specifically defined by boundaries. b. A PL may be directed to conduct one or more area recons within his zone, or he may decidethat such area reoons are necessary based on analysis of the mission and SIRs. o. For most reoons, the use of separate security teams is impractical because they cannotobserve enough of the area to be effective. The use of reconnaissance and security (R&S) teams is more common. Each R&S team provides its own security while making a reconnaissance of its sector or part or the zone • .d. A zone reoonnaissanoe may be conducted by using a single or multiple recon elements. Asin area reoonnaissanoe, these techniques may be developed long as the FUNDAMENTALS TO as RECONNAISSANCE PATROLLING are applied. e. Single regon eloment teghpigues. Using a single recon element is favored when: (1) The information required by the mission and the SIRs can be gathered within the requiredtime by a single reoon element. 4-49 (2) Control of multiple elements in the objective area will be difficult. (3) Terrain is open and visibility is good. (4) Enemy security measures such as patrols, sensors, and radar are active in the area. f. Scenario; Single recon element. (1) Sityation. (a) Mission. The 1st squad will make a zone recon of the area drawn on the overlay. The patrol will be inserted and extracted by helicopter. It will depart at 021800 Hay and will be picked up at 061900 May. Patrol SIRs are: What types of enemy vehicles have been using the twc unimproved roads in the area? What types of enemy units are in the area? What size enemy units are in the area? The time is now 011800 May. (b) ~. The objective is 8 km behind the enemy MLD. The highway which runs through the objective is an enemy supply route. Aerial photos show enemy sentries at the bridge. Patrols returning from this area report that the enemy is alert and that rear area security patrols (both mounted and foot) were frequently encountered. (c) Terrain and weather (fig 4-12). The terrain is hilly. A stream runs through the objective area and there is a small swamp in the southwest part of the objective. The entire area is lightly wooded with scrub oak and pine trees which restrict observation from the air. (d) Troops ayailable. The 1st Squad is at full strength. An FO and RATELO from the platoon headquarters will be attached. (2) flan, The PL plans for the zone reconnaissance considering METT and the fundamentals of reconnaissance. (a) Gain all required information. The patrol has ample time to cover the entire area with a single recon element. The PL decides he will have to make at least twc area recons--one to the north of Hill A and one to the southeast of Hill A. During these area recons, he will determine what type and number of enemy vehicles have been using the roads. He will move through the area listening and observing for enemy activity. Additional area recons may be necessary based on information he gains in the objective area. (b) Ayoid detection by the enemy. The PL decides to organize his patrol as a single recon element to have less movement in the area and to make detection less likely. He will take only Fire Team Alpha and the attached FO and RATELO with him to make the' recon. He will move into the western sector of his zone first as it appears to be the least dangero~s. He will set up an OP on Hill A, listen for ~nemy activity and local sounds. Once he has a gen~ral idea of enemy activity in the area, he will move down and make an area recon north of the hill. He will then move to Hill B and establish another OP. Following another general surveillance of enemy abtivity, he will move down and make an area recon generally northeast to the hard-surfaced road. Then, if time permits, he will set up an OP as close as he can to the junction of the two unimproved roads' and highway. 4-50 Figure 4-12. Sketch of the. Ob" . Jechve Area. 4-51 (c) Employ security measures. The PL plans several artillery targets through his FO. He plans to set up the two CPs without separate security teams. For each area recon, he will organizeinto two security teams and will only use one recon team consisting of himself and one other man. (3) Orders to Subordinates: The PLuses a picto-map, sketch (Figure 4-12) or terrain model to issue his orders to his subordinates. "The patrol will operate as one R&S team during the recon of the objective. We will set up a series of CPs and make two short-range area recons." "We will first move to Hill A and set up an OP there on the first night. Depending on what we hear, we will try to make a short-range observation of the unimproved dirt road which runs just north of Hill A on the following morning. The OP will be the ORP for that area recon. Fire Team Alpha will form two security teams. SGT Mark will take one team and set up security along the ~oad to the left flank, and Specialist Brown will take the other team and secure the right flank. I will make the area recon with the RATELO." "When we finish the area recon, we will return to the ORP and disseminate information. We will then wait in the ORP until nightfall and move under cover of darkness to Hill B. We will set up an OPILP there and observe through the night. If all goes well, we will make another area recon around the road at the base of Hill B on the following morning. Security and recon teams will have the same task as in the first point recon. The OP will be the ORP. We will again return to the ORP and wait until dark. After dark, we will move up near the junction of the two unimproved roads and the highwayand set up an LP. We will stay there and observe and listen until the night before exfiltration when we will move to the south and prepare for extraction ~n 6 May." "We will stay flexible and change these plans if necessary. Any questions?" (4) Critique. (a) The PL was assigned no area recon objectives as part of his mission but he decided that it was necessary to make an area recon using short-range observation/surveillance of both unimproved dirt roads in order to GAIN ALL REQUIRED INFORMATION. (b) The PL could have made his recon using multiple R&S teams. He considered the reports ot active enemy security measures and the ttme he had available, and decided that using only one R&S team offered the best chance of AVOIDING DETECTION and still let them complete the recon on time. (c) The PL decided to move into the least dangerous part of the zone first and then, based on his impression of enemy activity, reoon the more dangerous areas. (d) The leader had the option to set up OPILPs outside the objective area as long as he stayedinside the AO. He didn't do this because it offered no particular advantage and would have requiredhim to cross additional danger areas. g. Techniqyes for yse with myltiple recon elements. (1) A patrol may have a large area to recon in a relatively short time. In this case, it must employ multiple recon elements to complete the reoon on time and gain the required information. (2) The PL may control the recon elements from one location, or he may lead one ot the elements himself. He may give one or more point reoon missions to each R&S team. His instructions to the recon element leaders may be general or specific but must at least state what information is required by the mission and SIRs. Instructions usually tell the route they will follow in the torm of a direction and distance. (3) Methods, There are three methods for the recon elements to use. Do not set a ~ttern byhabitually using the same method of covering an area. ~ The recon elements may move through the area on conyerging royto~. Beginning at an ORP where elements are briefed, they move on separate routes thNugh the area and converge at the end or the area at a rendevous point. The PL briefs each reoon element on the route it is to take, the location of the rendezvous point, and the linkup time at the rendezvous point. 4-52 a. This method may be·repeated several times. the rendevous point. It requires skill in land navigation to find This rendevous point should be an easily identified terrain feature. Time can be wasted by elements which complete their routes early and must wait on other teams before continuing. (b) Fan method. ~. There are variations of this technique. R&S teams leave an ORP and return to the same ORP. It requires less skill in land navigation as the R&S teams are returning to a place they have been before. Teams may recon their routes singularly or simultaneously. Plan the routes so that recon elements do not converge and interfere with each other. a. This technique tends to compromise the location of the ORP after a time because of so much movement into and out of the ORP. The ORP should be relocated occasionally. Also, recon elements must make sure they are not followed back to the ORP by enemy trackers. (c) Sygcessiye segtor methgd. The PL may divide the objective area into segments and assign each recon element a segment. As each element moves at its own pace until it has completed its partof the recon, no time is wasted in waiting. action. It also allows recon element leaders more freedom of The PL may only dictate the general direction of movement the recon elements will take intheir AO, the time for completion, and the linkup or rally point. 4-13 ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE a. Route reconnaissance is the survey of a route to get information of the enemy, obstacles,route conditions, and critical terrain along that route. 4-53 b. Plan a route reconnaissance as much as you would a zone recon. The PL identifies places along the route where area-reconnaissance will be necessary, e.g., bridges, obstacles, road junctions, etc. He may have single or multiple recon elements. When an area reconnaissance is required, the PL may conduct it using long-or short-range observation/surveillance, as previously described. c. A commander may order a route recon when he needs information on routes to his objectives, or to alternate or supplementary defense positions. Usually, a patrol is given an overlay of the route it must recon. A patrol can recon a route without the attachment of specially qualified troops. The patrol is given SIRs just as for any other recon mission. Types of SIRs for route recon patrol are: (1) The ayailable space in which a unit can maneuver without being forced to bunch up because of obstacles is reported in meters. The size of trees and the density of forests are reported because of their effect on vehicular movement. (2) Obstacles could consist of minefields, barriers, steep ravines, marshy areas, or NBC contamination. Report the location and type of all obstacles and the location of any available bypass. (3) Report any~ forces or positions along the route. Use the SALUTE report format. (4) Report on observation and fire both from and into the route. This information will greatly assist planners as a supplement to map information. (5) Report locations along the route which provide good coyer and concealment, especially'from the air. d. Delib~rate route reconnaissance is discussed in detail in FM 5-36. The technical nature of the data necessary for route classification requires attachment to the ·patrol of intelligence or engineer troops who are qualified to classify a route. An alternative to attaching specialists is to give the patrol detailed SIRs which require it to gather the specific technical data required for classification. In this case, the patrol will report the data to qualified analysts in the rear area who then classify the route. Section V. WITHDRAWAL FROM AN OBJECTIVE AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION 4-14 GENERAL Once the mission on an objective has been accomplished, the patrol withdraws quickly to the ORP or a rendevous point, and reorganizes. A withdrawal to the ORP is similar to a withdrawal to a preselected rally point. 4-15 PROCEDURE FOR RECONNAISSANCE PATROL a. Withdraw the patrol from the objective when the reconnaissance teams have collected all the information possible. Leave security teams in position until the rest of the patrol has departedthe objective area. Reestablish security in the ORP with men reoccupying positions on their return. b. Once the security teams have returned, a status report is made. Element leaders account to the PL for all men and equipment, and tell him the status of weapons and equipment. c. If the patrol has not been detected, disseminate information in the ORP. Otherwise, move a safe distance, normally one terrain feature away, or disseminate during movement. d. Element leaders debrief their men and move to the center of the perimeter to give the information to the recorders. e. Recorders write down the information as the element leaders give it to them. f. The recorders consolidate the information and read it back to the element leaders. g. Make sketches and photos of the objective. Additional copies are made to insure information is returned. h. Allow element leaders time to disseminate the information to their men. a. Withdraw from the objective on a combat patrol quickly and orderly. 4-16 PROCEDURE FOR COMBAT PATROL 4-54 b. Withdraw and disseminate information in the same way as for a reconnaissance patrol,except that the patrol must be moved a safe distance from the ORP before disseminating information. 4-55 ST 21-75-3 CHAPTER 5 PATROLLING TECHNIQUES 5-1. PATROL BASES a. General. (1) When a patrol must halt for a long time in a place not protected by friendly troops, it must take active and passive seourity·measures. It is best to occupy an area which, by its location,provides passive security. Use such an area for a patrol base. (2) Having a patrol base may be a part of the patrol's overall plan or it may be an on-the-spot decision. In either case, it should be occupied only for the minimum time necessary to accomplish the purpose for which it is established. Except in emergencies, 24 hours is the longesttime a base is occupied. The same base should not be reused at a later date. (3) A patrol base is established when there is a need to- (a) Reorganize after a patrol has infiltrated the enemy area in small groups (can be used inconjunction with a rendezvous point). (b) Stop all movement to avoid detection. (c) Hide the patrol during a long, detailed reconnaissance of an objective area. (d) Prepare food, olean weapons and equipment, and rest after long movement. (e) Formulate plans/issue orders. (f) Establish a base from which to conduct several consecutive or concurrent operations (raid, ambush, reconnaissance, or surveillance). b. Selecting a Patrgl Base. (1) Plan for a patrol base before occupying it. (2) Reconnoiter before occupying it. (3) Secure it at all times. (4) Choose terrain which- (a) Has little tactical value. (b) Has dense vegetation that provides good cover and concealment and impedes foot movement. (c) Is remote from human habitation. (d) Is near a source of water. (5) Avoid locations near- (a) Known or suspected enemy positions. (b) Built-up areas. (c) Ridgelines and crests, except as necessary to allow communication. (d) Roads, trails, and natural lines or drift, (6) A tentative location for a patrol base is usually picked by map reconnaissance duringpatrol planning. Selection may also be made by aerial reconnaissance or be based on prior knowledgeof a suitable location. However, the suitability of a particular place must always be confirmed onthe ground. (7) P~ans to establish a patrol base must include the selection ot an alternate patrol baseand a rally point or rendezvous point. The alternate patrol base location is used if the initial site 5-1 proves unsuitable or if the patrol must prematurely evacuate the initial base. The rally point or rendezvous point is for use in case the patrol evacuates the patrol base by exfiltration of groups. ·(c) Occupation of a Patrol Base. (1) A patrol base may be occupied in either of two ways. (a) formation. The The patrol may move to the selected site and simply halt in its existing movement formation may be tightened or expanded, but the troops stay in the same relative positions when they occupy the site. Action is then taken to secure and to improve the base, if necessary. This system takes little time and lets the patrol pick up and move out on short notice without having to reorganize or revert to a formation for movement. (b) The patrol may halt near the selected base and send a reconnaissance team forward to secure the area and guide the patrol in for occupation. (2) There are three ways to reconnoiter a patrol base before occupying it. (a) Recon in place. The patrol moves into the selected site and improves the position. R&S teams check the area around the base for danger areas and enemy activity. (b) Leaders' recon. This is similar to a leader's recon of a raid objective (chap 4). (c) Recon dyring movement. Select a patrol base during movement. Move the patrol through the base area and around it in a 360-degree circle, making a recon. Leave an OP on the initial routethrough the base and one at the start of the circle. After completing the circle move the patrol away from the base making a "fishhook" back to the base so that if enemy troops are following the patrol,they will move past one of the OPs. (3) Security measures should include (a) OPs covering avenues of approach into the area. When enough men are available, have at least two men in each OP so they can alternate and be alert at all times. This reduces traffic between the OP and the patrol base by relief troops. OPs must be thoroughly briefed. Areas of particular importance include: designation of areas of responsibility, rules of engagement, method for alerting the main body, and withdrawal routes. OPs should be equipped with LAWs and claymores, aswell as smoke grenades. (b) Communication with units and OPs. The system must provide for every man to be alerted quickly and quietly. Radios are good for this but must be carefully controlled due to the possibility of an enemy RDF capability. Wire can be used within the patrol base if its bulk and weight and the time required to lay and pick it up are not disadvantages. Tug lines or pull lines may be used for signaling. They are quiet and reduce radio or telephone traffic. (c) Only one point of entry and exit. This point is camouflaged and guarded at all times. Restrict movement both inside and outside the patrol base. (d) Enforcement of camouflage, noise, and light discipline. Fires are built only when necessary and, as a rule, only in daylight. They are kept as small as possible. Where terrain permits, build fires in pits to reduce the danger of visual detection and to facilitate extinguishing the fires and camouflaging their sites. Use the driest and hardest wood available (dead limbs still on trees) to avoid smoke. In most areas, the best time to build fires is when the air is thin and smoke dissipates quickly (usually around·noon). Early morning may be appropriate, but in areas where there is ground fog, consider the risk of detection because of lingering odor. Perform noisy tasks, such as cutting branches, only at designated times but never at night or during the quiet periods of early morning and late evening. When possible, perform noisy tasks when other sounds will cover them,such as the sounds of aircraft, artillery, or distant battle sounds. (e) A 1-hour stand-to morning and evening. It should be observed 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after light in the morning, and 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after dark in the evening.Every man is awake, accustomed to changing light conditions, equipped, armed, and ready for action. All equipment is packed. Hake certain that each man knows the position of men and weapons to his flanks, front, and rear and that he knows the times and routes of any expected movement within, into,and out of the patrol base. (f) A security plan to insure that necessary men are awake at all times. (g) A withdrawal plan, if required. The plan should include multiple withdrawai routes. 5~ (h) A plan for defense of the tase. Its defense is planned, but a patrol base is usually defended only when evacuation is not possible. Elaborate fighting positions are not constructed. If available, plan artillery and mortar fire. Early warning devices may b.;, placed on avenues of approach. If the base definitely will be de!'~nded, mines, trip flares, and boobytraps may be placed on avenues of approach and in areas which cannot be covered by fire. Weigh the value of these devices .~ainst the fact that their discovery automatically compromises the patrol base. (i) A plan for handling civilians. Detain any civilians who discover the patrol base until the base is moved or they are evacuated. Insure that they learn little :>r nothing abo•1t the base, its operation, and plans. If necessary, tie and blindfold them and cover their ears. (4) Priorities of work are established by the PL. Security is al~;o::rs the first pr·iority. The sequence of other activities must be carefully thought out and realistic. For example, if t.he patrol has had no rest for over 24 hours, sleep and rest may be high on the priorities l~st. (a) Maintenance. Weapons and equipment are cleaned and maintained as required. (b) Sanitation and personal hygiene. In daylight catholes outside the perimeter are used. The user must be guarded. At night catholes are inside the perimeter. If the patrol is large, a latrine may be used instead of catholes. Men wash, shave, and brush their teeth consistent with the situation and the availability of water. (c) Messing. Men eat at staggered times. Avoid meals requiring elaborate preparation. (d) ~Guarded water parties get water. Men do not visit the water source singly. No more than two visits to the source are made in a 24-hour period. Control use of water closely. (e) ~. Permit rest and sleep in accordance with the priority of work. Stagger rest periods so that security is maintained. Consistent with work and security requirements, each man must get as much sleep and rest as possible. (f) Resupply. If the patrol is to be resupplied by air, the flight path and drop/landing zone, or the cache, are located so that neither the base nor possible objectives are compromised. (5) Planning and conduct of operations are as follows: (a) Details of the operations planned must be made known to men without assembling all at one time and thus endangering the security of the base. Rehearsals are limited to talk through/brieroacks and with portions of the patrol rehearsing while the remainder provide security. Weapons are not test fired. (b) Orders are brief. When feasible, use fragmentary orders and references to SOPs. (6) Departure. (a) Remove or conceal all possible signs of the patrol's presence. This may deny the enemy knowledge of your presence in the area, prevent pursuit, or deny him information of your methods for operating patrol bases. (b) The patrol evacuates as a unit, when possible. (c) Consider the employment of a small .stay-behind security force to insure that the main body is not followed by the enemy. d. Selection and Occupation of a Squad or Smaller Sized Patrol Base. The considerations for selectior. of a patrol base and procedures for establishing it are the same as for a large unit except that greater reliance is on passive security measures. A false patrol base may be established to accomplish all noise making activities prior to moving into the patrol base. In effect, a small patrol may establish two patro' bases; one in which they will eat, maintain weapons and equipment, perform basic sanitation, and make communication checks, and one in which they will do nothing but rest and maintain security. The use of a second patrol base for rest insures maximum passive seccrity when most members of the patrol are asleep and most vulnerable. 5-2. PATHFINDER TECHNIQUES (See FM 57-38, Pathfinder Operations.) (a) ~tign of a Landing Zone (LZ) or Pickup Zone (PZ). (1) ~ecting a landing zgne/pickup zone, 5-3 (a) Tactical suitability. The LZ must be secure, free of enemy, and close enough to the patrol's route so that the patrol does not have to spend much time getting to and returning from the LZ. (b) Site of the LZ/PZ. The number and type of helicopters determine the size of the area required and will have a bearing on the size of the landing site, as will the formation used and landing sequence. Minimum landing space requirements and minimum distances between aircraft on the ground depend on a number of variables. These requirements are normally covered by aviation unit SOPs or prearranged by the aviation unit commander. As a guide, a helicopter requires a cleared circular area at least 35 meters in diameter (daylight) and 50 meters diameter (night) for landing depending on the type of helicopter. The area around the landing point must be cleared of all trees, brush, stumps, or other obstacles that could cause damage to the underside of the helicopter or cause main or tail rotor blade strikes. A helicopter will usually require more usable landing area at night than during the day. (c) Surface conditions. Surface conditions must be firm enough to prevent helicopters from bogging down, creating excess dust, or blowing snow. Rotor wash on dusty, sandy, or snow-covered surfaces may cause loss of visual contact with the ground and should be avoided, especially at night.Loose debris must be removed from landing zone. (d) Ground slope. Normally, if the ground slope is greater than 15 percent, helicopters cannot land safely. When the ground slope is less than 7 percent, helicopters should land upslope.In areas where the ground slope is from 7 to 15 percent, aircraft must land and park sideslope. It is sometimes possible for he1icopters to hover over ground slopes greater than 15 percent in order to unload troops or supplies. (e) Approach and departure directions. The direction of landing should be over the lowest obstacle and generally into the wind, especially at night. However, if there is only one satisfactoryapproach direction due to obstacles or the tactical situation, or if it is desired to make maximum use of available landing area, most aircraft can land with a crosswind (less than 10 knots) or a tailwind (less than 5 knots). The same considerations apply to departure from a landing site. The ability to land crosswind or downwind will vary, depending on the type of aircraft. (f) Obstacles. Landing sites should be free of tall trees, telephone or power lines, or similar obstructions on the approach or_departure ends of the LZ that may interfere with helicopter landings or. take-offs. Obstacles within the landing site, such as rocks, stumps, and holes, that cannot be eliminated must be clearly marked. Plan to have an obstacle ratio of at least 10 to 1; that is, a landing point requires 100 feet of horizontal distance from a 10-foot tree if aircraft must approach or depart over that tree. {g) ~. Most helicopters oannot descend or ascend vertically when fully loaded. Therefore, a larger area and better approach and departure routes are required for fully loaded helicopters than for empty or lightly loaded ones. (3) Security gonsideratigns. A security plan for the LZ/PZ must be developed to insure that maximum security is provided, contingent with the airlift operation. (2) Alternate landing zone. Alternate LZs may be required because of enemy action,unfavorable terrain conditions, or changes in the tactical or logistical situation. They are selected primarily to support the tactical plan. On the rP~ommendation of the aviation unit ~ommander, the patrol leader decides which alternate LZ will be used. (4) Cgmmunicatign Prgcedyre. (a) During aviation coordination, a communication checkpoint (CCP) is designated. The CCP is a physical or terrain feature that is easily recognized from the air. A CCP may be mar~ed if necessary. {b) The ground commander sends the following information to the pilot while the aircraft is en route to the LZ\PZ: ~ Heading (azimuth from CCP to LZ). 4 Landing direction (into the wind). ~ Any of the following items which are pertinent: field elevation, LZ identification and traffic conditions, traffic pattern, an1 terminal guidance. i Advisory service: enemy situation, friendly.fires, obstacles or terrain conditions. 5-4 ~ Continue approach and terminal guidance. (c) When the helicopter reports that he is preparing to land, the ground commander sends -~ Wind -----...:degrees at ------knots. ~ Clear to land. (d) With regard to takeoff instructions, the ground commander sends -1 Wind ------degrees at -----knots. ~ Clear for takeoff• ..tl Operation of a Drop Zone (DZ). (1) Selegting a drop zone. (a) Tagtioal suitability. Can be secured, is free of enemy, and is near the patrol's route. (h) Type of aircraft used. Some aircraft have a higher drop speed than others Which will increase dispersion and necessitate a longer DZ. (c) Relatiye number ot obstacles in the area•. Check to see that there are no obstacles whichmay damage the supplies being dropped. If they cannot be moved, the release point may have to be adjusted to avoid them. (d) Ayailability of Airgraft approagh and departure routes, :Establish the DZ whore it can beeasily approached and departed. Avoid planning DZs in areas bounded;by obstacles. I (2) Formation. If more than one aircraft is employed, use the trail formation. (3) ProP altitude, Usually 200 to 300 feet about ground levei for cargo drops. Drop altitude for troops varies and is determined by the airborne commander. (5) cgmmuoigatign prggedure. (a) The ground commander controls the aircraft by using the following procedure: ~ Heading (azimuth from CCP). ~ Enemy situation ~ Drop heading. i Drop altitude (indicated). ~ Drop speed. ~ Any or the following items if they apply: entry altitude, traffic pattern, number of men or bundles per pass, and smoke on call. ~ Continue approach for visual guidance. (b) When aircraft comes in sight, the ground commander sends -1 Turn right/left to drop heading. ~ Descend to drop altitude. ~ Steer right/left, on course. i Standby. ~ Execute, execute, execute (aircraft over code letter). ~ No drop, no drop (if not safe to drop). (6) Free drgp tegbnigues. 5-5 (a) When parachutes for cargo are not available, so~e cargo may be dropped free fall at low altitudes. Special rigging or packing is requi~ed ~or a drop from fixed-wing aircraft. The aargo should be wrapped in a loose cover so that if it bursts on impact, the covering will keep it from scattering. Fixed-wing aircraft are flown as low and slow as safety permits until the DZ is reached, then the load is dropped quic~y to reduce dispersion. The number of bundles dropped should be verified by the troops on the ground to make sure the patrol gets all the cargo and leaves none on the DZ. If a bundle breaks open, sa~vage as many supplies as security and time allows. Keep all friendly troops clear of the impa~t area until af~er the drop. (b) When a helicopter makes a free drop, it can hover over the impact point for the drop. This reduces dispersion and the force of impact. Again, friendly troops are kept clear and the number of bundles are verified by the troops on the ground. (c) Apply standard pathfinder techniques for marking and terminal guidance of the aircraft. Wind drift is not applicable and only the forward thrust of the aircraft is considered for free drop. 5-3. LINKUP OPERATIONS FOR PATROLS a. General, In patrolling operations, a linkup involves the meeting of a patrol with another ground force. This meeting may occur as part of any patrol mission, and it may involve conventional or unconventional US forces, allied forces, or friendly guerrillas. b. Planning and Execution. (1) Planning. The following planning considerations are discussed in order of importance. (a) ~. The linkup sites should be easy to recognize, have cover and concealment, and ease accomplishment of subsequent missions. (b) Mutual recognition signals. As a minimum, a far and near recognition signal is needed. If language is a problem, use a visual signal. For US forces, the US uniform could serve as the far signal and the current challenge and password in use forward of friendly lines can be the near signal. Different situations dictate different signals. Colored lights may be used at night by the stationary force for a unit arriving by airborne or airmobile means. The moving unit may use pyrotechnics as it nears a.stationary force in contact. Other possibilities are colored arm or hat bands and arm-and..;hand signals. (c) Communication, Frequencies and call signs must be coordinated. Phase lines and code words should be established to cover the proximity of each unit to the site, occupation of the site, and securing the site. (d) Restricted Fire Line CRFL). The headquarters directing the operation establishes the RFL. Neither force delivers fire (direct or indirect) across these lines without clearance from the other force. If one of the forces is stationary, the RFL is moved as close to the stationary force as possible when linkup is imminent. This allows the maneuvering force maximum freedom of action. (e) Actions during linkyp. Both units must thoroughly understand the plan to avoid confusion and disorganization, which could cause a loss of security and possibly even friendly casualties at the linkup point. Techniques for the actual linkup are discussed in para (2) below. (f) Actions following linkyp. The units gain security by expediting reorganization and continuing the mission as quickly as possible. If further planning is necessary, consider a different position for a patrol base. (g) Alternate plans. Devise an alternate plan for the linkup to include an alternate linkup point, alternate routes, and contingency plans for possible enemy activity. (2 ) Exegytion, (a) Responsibilities of the stationary unit, The stationary unit may have been in position for some time, or it may have arrived at the linkup point just prior to the arrival of the moving unit. If extensive defensive measures, such as wire, minefields, or mechanical ambushes, are in position, use a linkup point outside the barriers. This point must be manned by a party prepared to guide the moving unit through the barriers and into position. If the barriers do not prevent approach, the stationary unit may await the moving unit's linkup party and conduct the linkup at the perimeter. · ~ The stationary unit will secure the linkup point as well as it can. 5-6 ' All. troops in the stationary unit must know the concept of the linkup and be expecting themoving unit possibly from any direction. ~ To avoid confusion, the stationary unit should prepare positions for the moving unit to occupy on arrival if appropriate. (b) Responsibilities of the moying unit. As the moving unit approaches the linkup point, it calls in the phase line to its higher headquarters and stops short of the linkup point. A squad-sizeunit may move to the last covered and concealed position where the entire unit can cover the extraction of the linkup party. A platoon may halt, establish a perimeter, and send forward a smaller unit. In any case, actual linkup is made with the smallest unit possible, usually a two-man team. This minimizes losses if an error is made by either unit or if the enemy attempts entrapment. ~ Establish communications, if not already done, and report by code that "linkup is imminent" to the stationary unit. ' The linkup party moves to the linkup point. The party includes a two-man linkup team and enough other men to form an extraction force. The extraction force halts at the last covered andconcealed site. The le.der of the party notes the far recognition signal and moves forward as a member of the linkup team: If any doubt exists in the leader's mind about the stationary unit's friendly status, the other team.member acts as overwatch, taking cover nearby, not masking the fire of the extraction force, and covers the linkup site. The leader must insure that he does not comebetween the stationary unit and the overwatch. ~ The near recognition signal is exchanged. i Coordination is quickly completed and guides are attached, if needed. ~ The linkup party leader either goes back for his unit or calls them forward by radio. They quickly occupy the positions prepared for them. If both units are to immediately move out, he will be shown his unit's place in the movement formation. (3) Additional considerations. (a) Units in contact. If either unit is in contact, linkup must be executed as quickly as possible; Some signals, such as a flare or whistle, must be coordinated to announce the moving unit's approach to avoid being fired on by the stationary unit. It is doubly important that the stationaryunit leader have positions selected for the moving unit to quickly occupy on its arrival to assist in defense, counterattack, or withdrawal. (b) Linkup with non-US units. ~ Conventional allied forces. An interpreter may be helpful during the linkup and additional coordination at the linkup point will probably be needed as the units may be familiar witheach other's tactics and procedures. Z Guerrillas/partisans. Linkup with irregular forces is usually coordinated through a higher headquarters. Additional security measures are needed. Far and near recognition signals and an oral authentication are used. Do not use US challenges and passwords. Irregular forces may not have the ability to secure a site for any given time; so, it is best to have two units moving withtheir linkup effected ~y a small party from each. Use the overwatch techniques discussed earlier. ~ Agents. Agents are often more mercenary than patriotic; so use extreme caution throughoutthe linkup operation. If an agent is to travel with the unit after linkup, he must be watched. If he is to separate, take measures to deceive him as to the route and mission after separation. 5-4. COMMUNICATION a. ~. The key means of communication for a patrol is radio. Weigh its advantages and disadvantages in determining its use in patrolling. A!)VANIAGES DISADVANTAGES Easy to use Can be jammedLong range Can be interceptedMobile Vulnerable to direction-finding equipment· (1) Because of the disadvantages of radio, communication security is essential. 5-7 (a) Unauthorized codes must not be used. Follow the communications-electronic operatinginstructions (CEOI). If additional codes are needed·for control, use the spares in the CEOI or coordinate with the signal officer or the communication section of your unit (fig 5-1). (b) Patrol members should constantly practice communications security. The enemy has devices to intercept radio communications. Arrange for the following: ~ Do not transmit if it can be avoided. ' Change frequencies and call signs as often as possible consistent with CEOI. ~ Transmissions must not be made at scheduled times, but randomly so that enemy interceptioneffectiveness can be reduced. i Encode all messages or use voice-secure equipment. Use coder-burster equipment if available. 2 Use directional antennas when possible. ~ Use the CEOI spares and brevity codes to reduce transmission time. (2) If the enemy does intercept the radio transmissions, he may jam. To determine if jamming is being used, disconnect the antenna from the radio. If a great deal of noise and garble is still present, it is likely to be an internal radio problem and not jamming. If the noice disappears and then reappears when the antenna is reconnected, jamming is apparent. (a) Employ the following countermeasures to reduce the effects of jamming: ~ If the radio is equipped with variable power, the highest power setting should be used to override the jamming. ' The radio should be relocated; several locations may have to be tried. Terrain will mask jamming signals just like any other radio signal. ~ A directional antenna may be used since it will concentrate the transmitting power in the direction of the receiving station. It will also reduce the effectiveness of jamming when receiving messages. i Unsquelched operation of the radio may raise the level of the desired signal enough to distinguish it from the jamming signal. 2 Prearranged tone signals will often be distinguishable even when jamming signals interruptvoice communications. (b) During jamming, the radio operator should continue to operate through the jamming. This will deny the enemy any knowledge of his success. For the same reason, jamming should never be acknowledged in the clear. All messages should be authenticated as the enemy may try to use imit_ative deception (imitating the voice of friendly radio operators). (c) If the countermeasures to jamming fail - ~ Change to an alternate frequency. During a patrol, a code word is normally used as a signal to change frequency, or the net control station will be listening on a different frequency as a contingency for possible jamming. ' Leave a dummy station on the old frequency with the same call sign ~operator to deceive the enemy and deny him knowledge of the change. A new operator, new frequency, new call sign, and a new~ should all be put in effect at the same time. (3) The enemy may also have the capability for radio-direction-finding. If the enemy can determine a direction to a friendly transmitter by radio-direction-finding (RDF), he can quickly alert another RDF station as to the frequency and a simple intersection on the map will give the enemy a relatively good fix on the location of that transmitter (fig 5-2). The enemy can then take measures against the patrol such as sending out patrols of his own or calling in artillery fire. This is another reason for minimizing transmissions. In the ideal patrol situation, the patrol would only have to use the radio during key times such as actions at the objective. Other means of communication (signals) could be used for control and messages during the other phases of the operation. (4) The key defenses against all electronic warfare efforts by the enemy are like all other defenses. 5-8 (a) Do not let the enemy know where you are --do not transmit. (b) Keep terrain between you and the enemy --terraip will block out radio signals. (c) Once th~ enemy locates you, you must move --if the enemy has RDF capability, opoe yputrapsmU 1 K)VE. TARGET DESCRIPTION #3, TARGET DESCRIPTION Spare -Troops in the open Spare 9 -Buildings (UCZ) (OWU) Spare 2 -Troops dug in Spare 10 -Bridges (OUD) (DMP) Spare 3 -Weapons/machine gun/ Spare 11 -Pillbox, bunkers (OQQ) antitank (PXU) Spare 4 -Mortars, artillery Spare 12 -Supplies, equipment (W2C) (LYB) Spare 5 -AAA/ADA Spare 13 -Center, CP (MAG) (LSH) communication Spare 6 -Rkts, Missile Spare 14 -Area (NDF) (FUZ) Spare 7 -An~~or Spare 15 -Route (VDP) (CTY) Spare 8 -Vehicles (EED) Figure 5-1. Spare Codes. 5-9 #16. IABQSI MABICINQ 18, 9, 11, 14. 12lBSQI1Qii EBQtsIABwSI !::QI21::::i Spare 16 - 3 eaoh 60-mm mortar WP red WB NORTH -Spare 30 (YZQ) (RJH) fired on tgt 1 minute beforeTOT NORTHEAST -Spare 31 (NTY) Spare 17 -WP grenades with 1 min interval EAST -Spare 32 (OKE)(SPG) time delays will begin detonatingin target area 3 min before TOT SOUTHEAST -Spare 33 (XSI) and will continue until 2 min after TOT. SOUTH -Spare 34 (BJC) Spare 18 -An emergency radio. WB placed SOUTHWEST -Spare 35 (LPE)(FPG) in the target area on a freq ofUHF 131. 1 Deliver ordnance on WEST -Spare 36 (UNB)the signal. NORTHWEST -Spare 37 (IPR) Spare 19 -A transponder on X Band treq___ (NFO) WB placed 1n the target area. 360 degrees-Spare 38 (KVD) Deliver ordnance on the around tgttransponder. -(out along dotted line)---------- #10. EMEMX AA J2EFENSS COJ2ES #13. PAIBQL DlSIAMQE [RQM IABGEI QQJ2SS Spare 25 -Enemy using surfaoe-to-surfaoe Spare 40 -Patrol is 1,000 meters or(NVZ) missiles and radar controlled (HWB) more from nearest part' of antiaircraft guns. target. Spare 26 -Enemy using heavy caliber Spare 41 -Patrol is 600 meters or more(RHB) automatic weapons (.50 cal & (SMO) from nearest part of target.higher) in antiaircraft role.Weapons are not radar controlled. Spare 42 -Patrol is less than 600 meters(MHT) but more than 300 meters fromSpare 27 -Enemy using small arms to fire target and is under cover from(BOB) at overflying aircraft. fragmentation. · Spare 43 -Patrol is less than 300 metersfrom its target and will markita position with smoke orother positive identification. Figure 5-1 ---Continued. 5-10 Enemy RDF Station 1st station -----M~ alerts -----~ .--I 2d station .-.-_. Your radio - Enemy RDF Station Figure 5-2. If the enemy knows his location·, he can locate you. b.~· (1) Wire has only limited use in patrolling because patrols seldom have the time it takes tolay it. nowever, as wire is more secure than radio, consider its use. (2) Time and situation permitting, wire may be used on the following occasions: (a) In a patrol base to link OPs or different parts of the perimeter with the command post. (b) In an ambush to link the security teams or the ORP with the PL. (c) In a raid to link the security or support teams to the PL. (3) Although weight is a serious consideration, lightweight assault wire (MX 6894 --only 8.5 pounds per mile) with small sound-powered telephones is lighter than most portable radios. Assaultwire is to be used once and discarded; however, patrols should retrieve wire from a patrol base so as to leave no sign of their presence. (4) Additionally, patrols may carry one dispenser of field wire (WD-1/TT). This wire can be used for telephone; for lash1ngs, bindings, and garrotes; and to construct expedient antennas. It canalso substitute for demolitions firing wire. c. Antennas. (1) The easiest antenna to use to increase the range of both FM and SSB radios is the longwire antenna (AT-984 A/C). It comes in its own carrying case and has 150 feet of antenna wire on a dev:ce similar to a fishing reel. This antenna will increase the radio range two to three times. (2) This antenna is directional. It should be aimed on an azimuth toward the receivingstation. Depending on the type of receiving antenna; it will transmit a signal from 15 to 18 degreeswide on either side of the center line of the azimuth on which it is aimed. d. Expedient Antennas. Use expedient antennas when radio range must be extended. There are many types; however, the ground plane antenna, the expedient long wire antenna, and the verticalhalf-rhombic antenna are the types most commonly used. All of these antennas can be prefaorioated·before departing on a mission and will then only have to be set up when needed. Th~ oommunications personnel of the unit can help get the necessary resistors and insulators and help build 1~. e. Considerations for the Type of Radio Equipment to Use on Patrolling Missions. (1) Normally, patrols will use their own organic portable FM radios. This equipment has a suitable range for most patrols sent out from conventional units. (2) When the distance that a patrol must travel exceeds the range of its radios (approximately40 km for FM), then special radios are necessary. Special radios include single side band (SSB) or amplitude modulation (AM) radiQs. These • have a much greater range; however, most require a specially trained operator. Depending on the mission, the PL must be prepared to attach a radio operator orcross-train one of his men in the operation of the radio. (3) As radio is the primary means of communication, consider carrying two radios to have a backup capability in case of radio failure or destruction or if jamming forces the use of a second radio. f. Other Communication Techniques. 5-11 (1) Unit CEDis usually include several alternate means of communication; i.e., pyrotechnic plans, panel systems, and emergency ground-to-air signals. Plans may also include the use of such items as signal mirrors, signal flags, or strobe lights. (2) Emergency ground-to-air signals are covered under survival in Chapter 6. The use of panels for marking drop/landing zones is covered under pathfinder techniques in Chapter 5. FM 21-60, Visual Signals, prescribe the use of marker panels for ground-to-air communication. 5-5. RESUPPLY OPERATIONS. a. General. Resupplying a patrol either by air, water, or land may expose it to enemy detection. A patrol should avoid the exposure inherent in resupply operations by carrying enoughsupplies and equipment to accomplish its mission and return to friendly lines. The supplies a patrol carries with it into its objective area are called accomoanying supplies.These are issued to the patrol during the preparation phase to allow for preparation and packing. Unit SOP may establish the quantity and type of some accompanying supplies. Recommendations on accompanying supplies may be obtained from specialists such as the medical officer or signal officer. b. Planning for Resupply. (1) The PL decides what supplies and equipment are required to accomplish his mission, based on METT and the duration of the patrol. He must decide whether he will take all the required suppliesand equipment as accompanying supplies or plan a type of resupply operation during the patrol. He considers - (a) The requirements of the missiqn. Through orders and inspections, the PL insures that only essential items are carried by patrol members. All the demolitions and weapons nee~ed to accomplish tt ~mission at the objective may not be needed during the entire patrol. (b) The method of infiltration. The patrol may be inserted by land, sea, or air. Each method imposes certain limitations. (c) Enemy capabilitie§. Enemy capabilities will influence the amount of supplies to be carried during insertion and the frequency and type of resupply operations. The enemy's mobility in comparison to the patrol's is critical•.The speed and stealth with which a patrol can move may be limited by the supplies it carries. Speed of movement is a form of security to the patrol. The enemy's capability to find and fix the patrol by observing resupply action may eliminate certain types of resupply methods. (d) Duration of the patrolling operation. The amount of rations and water carried will depend on the planned length of the operation plus a safety factor. (2) Even when a PL plans to complete his mission and return using only accompanying supplies, he coordinates with his parent unit for at least two types of resupply contingency plans--emergency resupply and on-call resupply because it is the most responsive. Contingency resupply plans are necessary because of the uncert~inties of patrolling. The mission may change; the patrol may receive additional missions or may want to attack targets of opportunity; or it could receive an order to delay exfiltration due to shifting priorities or enemy action. c. Types of Resupply Operations. The PL must select and coordinate the type of resupply operation that best suits the patrol's mission. (1) Emergency resupply. Emergency resupply is an automatic resupply procedure designed to permit the continuation of the patrol's miss~on. It is deliJered based on a. given contingency,usually the loss of radio contact for a given period of time. It consists of essential supplies and equipment necessary for survival and to restore the patrol's capability. An emergency resupply plan must be thoroughly coordinated prior to departure. The numbers and types of items in the resupply, method of delivery, and the contingency and delivery site will all be prearranged. (2) On-call resupply. On-call supply is held in readiness at the parent unit for immediate delivery to the patrol upon request. The catalog supply system (CSS) is use~ to insure that an accurate identification of requested supplies and equipment is made and radio transmission time is minimized. For an explanation, refer to appendix G. On-call resupply may be delivered by air, water, or vehicle. (3) Partisan resupply. Patrols may make prearranged linkups with partisan forces to get supplies and information. These linkups may be arranged by the parent unit through Special Forces units who are in contact with partisan forces. Partisan troops may demand barter items and may be uncooperative or hostile. The PL should plan for and conduct the procedures outlined in chapter 5 under linkup operations. The partisans should not be permitted to know any more than is absolutely 5-12 necessary about the patrol or its mission. In most oases, partisan resupply is undesirable. It should only be used when necessary to accomplish the mission, when the partisans will remain with thepatrol for the duration of the mission, and when it has been coordinated with higher headquarters. (4) Liying off the land. This could become necessary due to enemy action, a time extension,or the temporary nonavailability of a means for extraction. The patrol may forage by taking naturalfood from the forest, taking wild game, taking crops from the field, or by barter with civilians. ThePL should keep in mind the danger inherent in contacting civilians in ~he operational area, even when the contact is indirect such as taking crops. The civilian might mention the patrol's activity to thewrong person or he might betray the patrol to enemy forces. The PL must weigh the value of taking food against the risk of possible detection. Remaining hungry for a few days may be a wiser choice. (5) ~. (a) Caches are hidden storage places for supplies and equipment to reduce the amount that must be carried. They may be established by US forces, prior to a planned withdrawal, for later use bypatrols. They may be established by one patrol to help another patrol or to facilitate its own futureoperations. Caches may prolong the ability "f patrols to operate in an area and may thus reducevulnerability of patrols and aircraft during the critical insertion and extraction phases. (b) Since the enemy may discover the location of a cache, security must be established before approaching or reentering a cache site. d. Catalog Supply System. (1) General. A catalog supply system (CSS) is a. brevity code established to support patrols with on-call resupply into an area of operations. A catalog for a patrol should be brief, clear, concise, and preferably reproduced in miniature to ease its handling. A CSS should be based onmission requirements, weather, terrain, and SOPs. It uses a brevity code in which a single major itemor several associated items are identified by a code word. The system may comprise individuallypackaged items as well as units comprising several associated items packaged together or singly. This combination permits the user flexibility in requesting supplies and eases recovery. A CSS is prepared by the parent unit S4 and is published.in the CEOI by the signal officer. The preparation of suppliesand equipment for delivery to a patrol is done by the logistical support element of the parent unit. (2) Preparation of a css. In preparing a CSS, determine the types of supplies to be included,e.g., quartermaster, signal, or medical. Assign each type a code designation. (a) Code the system to the size of the patrol. This code may be in increments of 5 to 10 men,etc., to make sure that only the needed amount of supplies is delivered. (b) Auxillary supplies should be included with individual items, e.g., ammunition and cleaning equipment with weapons and battery with flashlights. Additional ammunition may be included as a· separate package. (c) While a unit may not be able to keep all supplies in the catalog standing by, ready forimmediate delivery, a procedure for rapidly drawing the requested supplies, packaging them, anddelivering them to the patrol must be established and responsibilities assigned. (3) Preparation of supplies, (a) Equip each man-portable package with carrying straps or a packboard for ease in carryingit and for quick clearance of reception sites. Packages should weigh no more than 25 pounds as patrolmembers will usually carry the packages in addition to their normal patrol equipment. (b) Each package may be waterproofed to permit caching above ground and limited caching underground or underwater. (c) Include selected morale and comfort items, if possible. (d) Mark each package in accord with a prearranged coding system so that contents can be readily identified without opening the package. Include an inventory list of its contents with eachpackage. (e) The number and dimensions of delivery containers is determined by the delivery means to beused. (4) Request procedyres. 5-13 (a) Although the coding system is not secure by itself, it does serve to reduce message length. As an example, each type of supply is listed in a sequence of assigned letter designations, e.g.: SECTION DESIGNATION I. Chemical ALPHA ALPHA through DELTA ZULU II. Demolitions/Mines ECHO ALPHA through HOTEL ZULU Engineer Equipment III. Medical INDIA ALPHA through LIMA ZULU IV. Weapons/Ammunition HIKE ALPHA through PAPA ZULU v. Quartermaster QUEBEC ALPHA through TANGO ZULU VI. Signal UNIFORM ALPHA through WHISKEY ZULU VII. Special XRAY ALPHA through ZULU ZULU (b) When ordering supplies, use phonetic spelling. In the catalog some major units or packages may be followed by a numbered list showing the contents of the package or unit. These units or packages can be ordered complete or any numbered item may be ordered separately. EXAMPLE: Clothing and equipment for 40 men is required. One such item is ponchos. In the catalog prepared for your unit, under quartermaster, appears the code designation QUEBEC ALPHA for clothing and equipment. Item 1 under this code designation reads 2 ponchos. Your request would read 20 QUEBEC ALPHA SEVEN. This indicates that 20 each of item 1 is requested and as item 7 represents 2 ponchos, you are requesting 40 ponchos. (c) The system should permit all items listed in each unit to be ordered separately. Usually, a complete unit is ordered. (d) Items not listed should be requested by name in enough detail to be clear. For example, TWO GASOLINE LANTERNS. (e) For a sample format of a CSS, refer to appendix G. 5-6. COMBAT INTELLIGENCE a. Combat intelligence is that knowledge of the enemy, the weather, and terrain in a given area used to plan and conduct tactical operations 1n that area. b. Commanders use information from various sources in making their tactical decisions. Information about the enemy and the terrain helps a commander determine the best way to accomplish the mission. c. Information may be positive or negative. (1) Positive information concerns the things the enemy is doing. (2) Negative information concerns the things the enemy is not doing. For example, a patrol is sent out to reconnoiter a missile site, but when the patrol gets there, there are no missiles on it. This is not positive information, but it might indicate that the enemy has built another site somewhere else. d. The information that a patrol is sent out to gather is known as specific information requirements (SIR). 'This information becomes input for the intelligence estimate used by the commander to help decide his course of action. Examples of SIRs are - (1) How large is the objective? (2) How many enemy troops are on the objective? (3) What type of fortifications are on the objective? (4) What are the likely avenues of approach? 5-14 (5) How many machineguns are there, where are they, and what is their primary direction oftire? e. The commander may also want information concerning the terrain. For example: (1) How much cover and concealment is there? (2) Will stream crossing equipment be needed to get to the objective? (3) What is the trafficability of the area for tracked vehicles? f. A patrol can bring back information in the form of one of the following sources: (1) Enemy PWs. (2) Enemy docwuents. (3) Enemy materiel. (4) Local civilians and refugees. (5) Partisans or agents. g. Information must be quickly, completely, and accurately reported. When reporting, the patrol leader must tell .ldlllt., .Khw:!l, and lfllm. A good format to use in reporting and recording ·inforamtion is SALUTE (size, activity, location, unit/uniform, time, and equipment). h. A patrol leader, whether on a reconnaissance patrol or a combat patrol will have his patrol help him fulfill SIRs. (1) One technique the patrol leader can use is to designate en route recorders. On the way tothe objective and back, one man may be ordered to record all sounds heard to include direction anddistance. Another may be ordered to record all enemy troops, materiel, or equipment observedutilizing the format SALUTE. A third member may have the responsibility for annotating his map when the patrol encounters unmarked trails, streams, roads, or other features not on the map. Anothercould record all aircraft and traffic movement. (2) At the ORP, the patrol leader will have one or two men consolidate and record all information and sketches brought back by the patrol. i. The patrol should take along all equipment that can help them gather information. It mayinclude - (1) Daylight reconnaissance. (a) Binoculars. {b) Tree-climbing equipment. (c) Camera. (d) Tape measure. (e) Tape recorders. (2) H1sbt ta~gaaa1aaaa~c. (a) Binoculars. (b) Starlight scope. (c) Infrared devices. (d) Camera with high speed or infrared film. (e) Tape measure. (f) Tape recorders. (g) Night vision goggles. 5-15 (h) Thermal imagery viewer. j. On returning from a mission, a patrol is debriefed --usually by an intelligence specialist. The debpiefing will follow the standard NATO debriefing format (fig 5-3), and allinformation and equipment obtained is given to the debriefer. All men in the patrol should be presentand should participate. By conducting a debriefing, intelligence personnel can develop intelligence which will help commanders formulate tactical plans. k. When reporting information about the enemy generally, and especially in fulfillingspecific SIR's, the patrol leader should include a sketch. (1) A panoramic sketch illustrates the terrain in elevation and perspective as seen from one point of observation. It shows the horizon and any intervening features such as crests, woods, structures, roads, and fences. It is an excellent means for illustrating a zone or area reconnaissance (fig 5-4). (2) To depict a smaller objective area (such as the type encountered in a point recon, or araid or ambush objective), a more detailed, overhead view is used (fig 5-5). (3) When a sketch supplements a map, it should detail those items which are not included on the map. When it supplements a report or message, it should indicate completely the features orpositions mentioned in the report. (4) Though the amount of detail in a sketch may depend on the tactical mission and situation, the time available, and the artist's skill; the sketch as a minimum should include the following(refer to fig 5-5): (a) Marginal data in the lower righthand corner, to include: ~ Date/time group of the recon. ' Six digit grid coordinate of the center of mass of the objective (includes grid zone designator) ~ Designation of unit conducting recon (squad thru company level) (b) Magnetic north arrow. (c) Specific locations of the following: ~ Crew served weapons (include direction of orientation) ' Mines, booby traps, early warning devices. ~ OP's, guard posts, roving patrols i Barriers (label type) ~ Roads, trails, paths (include approx width and max capacity) ~ External lighting, its source of power, and area illuminated ~ Overhead wires and supports. A Open areas large enough to accomodate (indicate no. and type) ~ Vehicles (include type) ~ Indicate key terrain features 11 Bodies of water, swamps and other water sources ~ Indicate location of doors and windows in buildings, as well as estimate type of construction. 11 Distances bewteen major terrain and stationary man-made features li If prisoners are involved, their location should be determined 5-16 1i Enemy movements (personnel &vehicular) into and from the objective, if observed. ~ Direction from which the patrol approached the objective, and the direction to or lo.oation of the ORP. PATROL REPORT FORMAT STANAG #2003 (DESIGNATION OF PATROL) (DATE)TO: MAPS: ________________________ A. Size and composition of patrol. B. Mission. C. Time of departure. D. Time of return. E. Routes out and back. F. Terrain. (Description of the tsrrain--dry, swampy, jungle, thickly wooded, high brush, rooky, deepness of ravines and draws; condition of bridges as to type, size, and strength; effect on armor and wheeled vehicles.) G. Enemy. (Strength, disposition, condition of defense, equipment, weapons, attitude, morale, exactlocation, movements, and any shift in disposition; time activity was observed, coordinates where activity occurred.) H. Any map corrections. I. (Not used) J. Miscellaneous information. (Including aspects of nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare.) K. Results of encounters with enemy. (Enemy prisoners and disposition; identifications; enemy casualties; captured documents and equipment.) L. Conditions of patrol including disposition of any dead or wounded. H. Conclusions and recommendations. (Including to what extent the task was accomplished andrecommendations as to patrol equipment and tactics.) Signature Grade/Rank Org/Unit of Patrol Leader N. Additional remarks by interrogater. Signature Grade/Rank Org/Unit of~at~ol Lea~er Time 0. Distribution. Figure 5-3· Standard NAIO Patrol Report Format, 5-17 Figure 5-4·. Panoramic eke tch. w % --75M-0! II: i ~4 MG 3PAX ~ ' .. J :-~ :~) ~- Y,_ :;:· j . J,-~ : ) ·-'";·;., ~ I_; ··/·•"'· _;, a llr 1 ,, •;: ,.. _, • ... ~ . ,. ) ·~ -. .., • FLOOD ·j " : FIVE MAN .!$ LIGHT :· .) \:;· PATROL MAKES {(, 'I ~ • . POLE '·..l 36QO AROUND OBJ J>,.. ~-:..< t;,;l W/1 WOOD LINE LEGEND: _., ;;. , ,. ) APPROX ONCE EA fWiXiliEN BLDG. NO WINDOWS '" 4f ' 0 t_; -' -· .., • .:.) 50 MIN ISML. ARMSI 25 X 25FT., 15 X 15FT. _. -(.' ..._~'I' ~..._"'/._ <·.:t •'• ,;._ ~ {.J (;; ...,... . -~ ., ~/ NO RADIO 2 VEH IAPPROX. l4 Tl ..) c--<:>'"/, -"" {-~ '<,)' 0J v ..... ,_ .. NOT TO SCALE ,-_/ ~-/" •. ~.). . t.;;) \.•J . ~;,;;} ..1: '.j} ';;) T;;J RECON081Z00.1800MAY78 ,II!/ q.'t' .. , .., • MF 296883 ..._ /' -1 ~'·!' IWOODSI '' '"' ,.. 3PLTCOC ""' / ) (; .. 8 ~., Figure 5-S. 5-19 5-7. FIRE SUPPORT a. Planning Fire Support. (1) The proper use of fire support can greatly increase a patrol's ability to accomplish its mission. It must be planned and coordinated as part of the patrol preparation. The purpose ofplanning targets is to enable accurate and timely attack of those targets that can prevent the patrol from accomplishing its mission. Plan fire support from where you pass friendly lines, along yourplanned route of movement, on and around the objective, and along the route of return. (2) Fire is planned on known or likely enemy locations, prominent terrain features, dar~er areas, as well as on and beyond the objective. Fire on these targets can help the patrol assault anddestroy the objective. Targets are also planned on likely avenues of approach to the objective toprevent reinforcement or escape of enemy forces. They may also be used to cover the patrol's withdrawal. (3) Types of targets are planned targets and targets of opportunity. (a) A planned target is one on which fire is prearranged. It may be scheduled or on call.Firing data for a planned target may or may not be determined in advance. ~ A scheduled target is a target on which fire is to be shot at a scheduled time. Thisschedule arranges for a target to be hit a certain number· of minutes before or after a particular time, at a set time, or when a certain event occurs. Z An on-call target is a planned target which is shot on request rather than in accord v•th a time schedule. (b) A target of opportunity is a target which has not been planned. As a target of opportunity is generally fleeting in nature, it should be attacked quickly. It can be atacked byshifting from a known location or by an adjustment on the target. b. Fire Support Oyerlay and Target List (fig 5-6). (1) The target list is a collection of data pertaining to targets planned to support an operation. It includes the description,-·location, and pertinent remarks for each target. It mayinclude information concerning the target such as altitude, size, attitude, and source. (2) The target overlay is a graphic portrayal of the target list and includes the followinginformation: (a) Unit and official capacity of person making overlay. (b) Map sheet to which the overlay pertains. (c) Index marks to position overlay. (d) Objective. (e) Routes, both primary out and back and alternate. (f) Objective rally point. (g) Target symbols. (h) Time of departure and return. (i) Effective period of overlay. (j) Phase lines and checkpoints to be used. (k) Frequencies and call signs. (1) Code groups. (m) Emergency signals. (3) For ease in coordination and planning, the overlay, target list, and coordination instructions may be included on one sheet of paper. One copy is sent to the Fire Support officer(FSO) at battalion headquarters but no copies will be carried on the patrol. 5-20 c. Call for Indirogt Fire, An artillery fire support observer may not be with your patrol,so all patrol members should be able to call for and adjust indirect fire. When you wish to hit a target tell the FDC in simple, understandable language who you are and the location and description orthe target. To expedite the delivery of artillery fire, a standard format is used to transmit the call for tire. (fig 5-7, 5-8) 5-21 EXAMPLE OF OVERLAY WITH TARGET LIST PATROL-OF-CO 1st Bn, 90th Inf, 47th Div (Airmobile) DATE~--~--~~~-- MAP: Buena Vista 1: 50,000 TIME OF DEPARTURE: 2100 TIME OF RETURN: 0400 Mission has priority CODEWORD-Alt Freq: BLACKBALL CODEWORD-Alt Route: ROMEOEMERGENCY SIGNAL-Fire Target AB1014: Red Star ClusterORP location 16889427 FREQUEJIJCY: Primary: Alternate---- CALL SIGN: Primary: , Alternate------------Primary route to and from objective ------Alternate route back Checkpoints 13 97-t 18 +90 TARGET LIST TGTNUMBERS* DESCRIPTION LOCATION REMARKS AB1011 OPEN HILLTOP 15469177AB1012 DAM 15619261AB1013 DAM 16729844 AB1014 ENEMY COMMO CTR 172394SS HE & WP AB1015 STREAM JUNCTION 17699467 HE. ILL ON CALL AB1016 RD & STREAM JCT 16189394AB1017 ENEMY GUN PSN 15109343 HE&WP •Ta111et numbers will be assigned to each target by the artillery when the patrol leader cooroinates with the artillery representative. Figure 5-6. Fire support overlay and target list. 5-22 CALL FOR FIRE ELEMENTS REMARKS a. Identification • • Radio or telephone call signs of the observer and the FDC.EXAMPLE: "F6A27 THIS IS F6A52". b. Method of fire and method oftarget location • • • • • This element clears the net for your fire mission and lets the FDC know what target location method will be used. (1) Method of fire: When you can see the target, announceADJUST FIRE if you think you will have to adjust beforefiring for effect. If you are certain that the announcedtarget location is accurate enough for the ammunition being employed, and the first volley would have effect on thetarget so that little or no adjustment is required, announceFIRE FOR EFFECT. Quickly bring fire on an on-call targetthat is not currently active, announce SUPPRESS. Whenshooting a target, (planned or target of opportunity) thathas taken maneuver elements under fire, announce IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION. (2) Method of target location: If you locate the targetusing polar coordinates, announce POLAR; e.g., FIRE FOREFFECT, POLAR. If you locate the target using the shift froma known point method, announce SHIFT (followed by the kno~n point designation); e.g., ADJUST FIRE, SHIFT AG 500. Ifneither POLAR nor SHIFT is announced, it is understood thatyou are using the grid method of target location. The word"grid" is not announced here. c. Target locations: (1) Grid coordinates •••••••••• Grid coordinates of the target are announced as accurately aspossible, normally to the nearest 100 meters (six digits).EXAMPLE: "GRID 125436." (~) Polar coordinates •••••••• Report the direction and distance from the observer to the~. EXAMPLE: "DIRECTION 0300, DISTANCE 2200." (3) Shift from known points: (a) Method 1 • Announce the direction from the observer to the new target,give the lateral shift and the range correction. (If alateral shift or a range correction is not required, theseelements are omitted.) EXAMPLE: "DIRECTION 0520, RIGHT 50,ADD 900." (b) Method 2 •••••••••••••• Announce the direction from the known point to the new targetusing one of eight po'ints of the compass (N, NE, E, SE, etc.)and the straight-line distance between them in meters.EXAMPLE: "SOUTHWEST 500." d. Description of target ••••••• The description should be brief and accurate, because theamount and type of ammunition to be expended in fire foreffe.Jt is based on this element. EXAMPLE: "SIX MAN SQUAD INOPEN." Figure 5-7. Call for fire elements. 5-23 e. Method of engagement: (1) Type of adjustment •• The two types of adjustments are area and precision(precision adjustment includes registration and destruction missions). Unless precision fire is specified, it isunderstood that area fire will be employed. The term "DANGERCLOSE" will be included in the method of engagement when thetarget is within 600 meters of friendly troops. (2) Trajectory •.•.•••..•... The observer requests "HIGH ANGLE" if he desires to changethe normal low angle trajectory. (3) Ammunition ••••••••••••• The observer may request a specific projectile or fuze to beshot for adjustment and/or fire for effect. If he does notspecify anything, shell HE/fuze quick will be shot. Theobserver may also request the volume of fire he deemsnecessary in fire for effect. (4) Distribution of fire •••••••• A parallel sheaf is usually shot at an area target in fire for effect. When another type of sheaf is desired, theobserver must request it (see paragraph 19). (5) Sound adjustment •••••••••• When the observer is to adjust using sound adjustmentprocedures, he will request "SPLASH AND COUNTDOWN." This alerts the FDC that sound adjustment will be used (see paragraph 69) • f. Method of control • • • • • • • • • If the observer wants to control the time of firing, he willannounce "AT MY COMMAND." The FDC will announce when theunit is ready to fire and the observer will give the command"FIRE." To remove this control, announce "CANCEL AT MYCOMMAND." g. Direction • • • • • • • • • • • • • The observer-target direction must be sent for any gridcoordinate or shift from a known point (method 2) missionfollowing the method of control and prior to 'transmitting thecorrection when an adjustment is required. This direction isalready included in the call for fire for a polar coordinateand shift from a known point (method 1) mission and need notbe repeated. EXAMPLE: "DIRECTION 1510." Figure 5-7. Continued. 5-24 GRID COORDINATES "F6A15, THIS ADJUST FIRE, IS F6A27 1 OVER." Call signs of the FDC and observer. Warning to alert the firing unit. "GRID 135246, OVER." Normally, a six digit grid is best. "2 MACHINEGUNS FIRING, VT IN EFFECT, OVER." • Description of the target. Adjustment is conducted with fuze quick. Fuze VT will be used in fire for effect. "DIRECTION 1650, OVER." ••••••••• Must be sent before or with first correction. POLAR COORDINATES "F6A15, THIS IS F6A27, •••• Call signs of the FDC and observer. FIRE FOR EFFECT, POLAR, OVER." Warning to alert the firing unit. "DIRECTION 0250, •••• Direction from the observer to the ~. D~TANCE 3500, OVER." •• Distance from the observer to the ~. ~5 INFANTRYMEN IN OPEN, Description of the target. ICM, AT MY CCMMAND, OVER." ICM rounds will be used. The observer will command "FIRE" ath the appropriate time after the FDC informs him the firingunit is "READY." SHIFT FROM A KNOWN POINT METHOD 1 "F6A15 I THIS IF F6A27 I • Call signs of the FDC and observer. FIRE FOR EFFECT, SHIFT BG430 1 OVER." Warning to alert the firing unit. "DIRECTION 5470 1 Direction from the observer to the ~. LEFT 400 1 OVER." • The new target is located 400 meters to the left of BG430 and at the same range. (Lateral shift or range changes can be omitted when not needed.) "25 INFANTRYMEN IN SHALLOW FOXHOLES, ••Description of the target.VT IN EFFECT, OVER." • • • • • • • • • Airbursts are most effective against protected troops without overhead cover • Figure 5-8. Examples of calls for fire. 5-25 5-8, CLOSE AIR SUPPORT a. Close air support (CAS) consists or air attacks against hostile targets, which are near apatrol and which may adversely affect the patrol's operation. CAS strikes may be by aircraft of any service. (1) Units dispatching patrols forward or the fire support coordination line (FSCL) must make sure that their patrols' areas of operation are coordinated with the supporting Air Force unit to protect the patrols from friendly airstrikes. Between the FSCL and the FEBA, it is the USAF's responsibility to coordinate with the ground commander. Patrol locations and routes must be coordinated with the fire support element (FSE). The patrol sends its request through channels and isgiven a priority by higher headquarters. (2) A patrol may use CAS for many purposes --to attack a target of opportunity; to break contact with an enemy force, or to divert enemy attention by attacking his installaions to help the patrol. (3) When a patrol operates beyond the FSCL, CAS may be the primary source of fire support. Patrol members must be proficient in requesting, briefing, and, if necessary, directing CAS strikes. Units must use codes from their CEOI to establish procedures which will allow patrols to request, brief, and direct airstrikes with security. (4) In addition to explosive ordnance, a variety of chemical items (including CS gas) may be delivered to help the patrol break contact with the enemy. If desired, arrange for such items before insertion so they will be available. b. PlanniQI. (1) There are two types or CAS strikes: preplanned and immediate. (a) Preplanned CAS strikes are requested, coordinated, and, if possible, confirmed during the mission preparation phase or the patrol. Preplanned strikes can be used to create a diversion during a critical phase of the patrol or may support the patrol's mission. Before he departs, the PL must know the location, time, and ordnance to be used on all preplanned CAS strikes in his area of operation for the duration of his patrol. (b) Immediate strikes are used for emergency situation or for targets or opportunity that are not anticipated. These sorties come from the daily allocation of alert sorties or from divertedpreplanned missions. Frequently, whatever ordnance and strike aircraft are most readily available areused. Host of the airstrikes used by patrols will be or this type. (2) or the two categories, preplanned support is more efficient and economical, so preplan airsupport when possible. c. Foryard Air Controllers. (1) A forward air controller (FAC) is a USAF fighter-qualified pilot who is trained in controlling CAS strikes both from the air and from the ground in support or ground forces. (2) When a patrol has a primary mission of target acquisition or when the mission will require employment of CAS, a ground FAC may be attached to the patrol. The ground FAC will have the communication equipment necessary to request, coordinate, and control CAS strikes. The PL mustidentify targets and provide security for the FAC. If no ground FAC is available, a forward observer (FO) may be attached to the patrol to help tbe PL request and control CAS strikes. d. Comgupipotign, A patrol is normally equipped with a standard FH radio. All FAC aircraft and certain strike aircraft (A-1, A-37, A-70, and A-10A aircraft) have FH radios. Other strikeaircraft havr. UHF radios only. When a patrol is supported by a FAC, the FAC will serve as a communication link between the patrol and the strike aircraft. When a patrol is not supported by aFAC, the patrol should take a UHF radio which will give it the capability to talk to the strike aircraft. If this ~c not possible, the patrol could relay through any aircraft or ground stationequipped with both UHF .nd FH radios. Several communication procedures, frequencies, and equipment should be-coordinated durin& the preparation phase. e. Airatrtko Bogu••tJBritCiQI. (1) Terms: (a) An airstrike request includes that information about the requester, the target, andcontrol measures necessary to permit the request to be evaluated and acted on by headquarters. 5-26 (b) An attack briefing is a briefing to the strike aircraft from the ground commander, the FAC, or some other Air Force agency. It includes all the elements in an airstrike request and additional information required by strike aircraft to accomplish their mission. (c) A request/briefing includes all necessary elements of both the airstrike request and the attack briefing. Use when aircraft are available and have not received a request or briefing. Limit the number and duration of radio transmissions to avoid enemy radio direction finding (RDF). Use a brevity code system, based on code groups from the CEO!, to enable the patrol to rapidly encode and transmit the request/briefing. Patrols should not be required to repeat the transmission of the request/briefing. By calling in a request/briefing, the patrol places all the information necessary for conducting the strike, with or without FAC, into the airstrike request and execution channels. The air liaison officer (ALO), located in the FSE, receives the information in the request/briefing and supplements it as necessary before transmitting it through CAS request channels (fig 5-9). After transmitting the request/briefing, the patrol can move away from the location where the transmission was made and oontinue to observe the target, when possible, from another location. Patrols will transmit updated information when the situation permits. (2) The elements of a request/briefing are- (a) Requester's call sign. Use current CEO!. Coordinate to insure USAF has call signs of patrols. (b)• Authentication. Insure the request is not an enemy attempt at deception (pilot requests ground to authenticate). (c) Target description. This is the most important part of the request. It describes the nature of the target and permits the USAF to determine what type of aircraft and ordnance to use. This information may be stated using a brevity code which used CEO! code groups to indicate the type and number of target elements and direction of movement. 5-27 After sending a request/briefing, the patrol communicates with FAC only if: (I) Control is needed due to proximity of patrol to target. (2) FAC needs help in locating target. _,. .-:~ _..... / t -~ ... , . . "'' Patrol S(Ommum ates w1th / strikc;aircraft oply if: ' ,.lf(No FAC is 'vailable. ~,, ,''r: ( I ,., (2) Control is I ,., needed due to proximity / ,., of patrol to target. Patrol ~,.. (3) Strike aircJaft need ~ help Iocati"f target. (4) Patrol can establish commo directly or through relays. LC LC NOTE: ALO supplements the information in the REQUESTING BRIEFING p&L.__,.__ as necessary and forwards information in the JOINT AIRSTRIKE REQUEST FORMAT. Fig~re 5·9. Communication channels. 5-28 (~) Target locatign. A patrol reports the target's location to headquarters using one of these methods. ~ Grid coordinates. Coordinates are the simplest way to report target location. Include the UTM grid designator. Coordinates are of little value to most type of strike aircraft but may be used by the"FAC or the direct air support center (DASC) to bring strike aircraft to the vicinity. The FAC or the patrol may have to further assist the strike aircraft by target marking or by supplementary information on target location. Coordinates can be securely transmitted in code. 4 Polar coordinates. Target location can be given as a distance and direction from the patrol's location. 1 Shift from a known point. Target location can be given as a distance and direction from some known point. This known point could be an artillery target, a checkpoint, or a previousairstrike. (e) Time on target (TOT). A prescribed TOT allows the PL to control the airstrike and insure that his patrol is either clear of the target or ready to mark the target. TOT may be given several different ways: as soon as possible, no later than, only time acceptable, or a time bracket. Unless there is a good reason for a restrictive TOT, the Air Force should be allowed maximum latitude in meeting its TOT. (f) Marking of patrol's position. To reduce the chance for compromise, a patrol sho.uld try to be far enough from the target and in a covered position where it is ~necessary to mark its location during the strike. As a rule, a mark is necessary when the patrol is closer to the target than 500 meters. When some obvious terrain feature, such as river, road, or cultivated field, is between the friendly troops and the. target, a mark of the patrol's position may not be necessary, even when the strike is very close. The patrol must report the type of mark to be used or that no marking will be used. Types of marking may be included in a brevity code. Marking of the patrol's location may be visual or electronic. Some methods are - ~ Smoke grenades may be excellent on some terrain but may compromise the patrol's location. 4 Hand flares, ground trip flares, and pen-gun flares (both ballistic and jet) may be used. Hand flares and pen-gun flares c.an pierce a forest canopy. All types are good for use at night, but pilots should be informed so they do not cqnfuse the flares with ground fire. 1 Fires may be set, as an expedient, to mark a patrol's position. i Signal mirrors are a secure means of signaling and marking friendly positions. ~ The VS-17 orange and cerise panel may be used. The panel should be opened and closed to make a moving image that will attract the eye. I~frared panels may be used to signal aircraft equipped to detect infrared. ~ Balloons can be used as a covert signal above a thick forest canopy. The balloon should be a bright color that contrasts with the treetops. L Strobe lights are pocket-size, battery-powered signal lights which produce brilliant white flashes at about one and one-half second intervals. They can be placed in empty ammo cans, upturnedhelmets, or other containers so they are visible only from above. IpCrargd (iltgrs for strobe lightshave been used to provide a covert tracking reference for sophisticated night fire control systems on some aircraft. A single strobe light is a barely adequate reference for a circling aircraft. Two or more lights are better. a Electronic devices such as transponders can be usd to mark friendly as well as enemypositions. They can be set on a designated code. (g) Patrol's di~tapce from targgt. The distance should be included, especially if the enemysituation does not p~r~it the patrol to mark its location for the FAC or strike aircraft. This information may be i~~luded in a brevity code. (h) Patrol's dirgction from target. The direction is as important as the distance when no friendly mark is used. A brevity code may be used. (i) Targot marking. If a target location can be given with precision, target marking by the patrol may not be necessary, especially if an airborne FAC is available to mark it. When a patrolmarks its own position as a reference, target marking may be unnecessary. Target marking by the patrol can help hsure an accurate strike. There is no limit to the ways in which a target can be marked. Many of the techniques for marking friendly positions mentioned above may also be used to 5-29 mark targets• A target can be marked visually or electronically. The method may be included in a brevity code. Examples of target marking are - ~ The patrol may fire smoke or white phosphorus mortar rounds into the target or may emplaceWP grenades in the target area to explode by command detonation or by time delay devices at strike TOT. Z Emergency radios, transponders, or other electronic devices may be placed in the targetarea. Laser target designators or other similar devices may be used if available. (j) Attack heading. ~ This is a recommended direction at which the strike aircraft should fly into the targetarea to make its attack. It is based on serveral considerations: ---Fighter's attack runs should not fly over the patrol if possible. Runs should be madeparallel to your front or tangent to your isolated position. ---Fighters should avoid obstacles such as towers, power lines, and hills when in the attack pattern. ---Fighters should not overfly enemy antiaircraft positions in the attack pattern. z A brevity code system may be used to report both attack and escape headings. (k) Escape heading. This is a recommendation, expressed in degrees, ori the direction thestrike aircraft should fly out of the target area. Considerations are the same as for the attackheading. It is only reported if different from the attack heading. (1) Enemy antiaircraft defenses. The aircraft. selected to FAC the strike and make the strikewill be largely dependent on the enemy AA defenses in the area. The patrol should report on thesedefenses as well as possible. The report should include type and density of weapons. A brevity codesystem may be used to report on enemy AA defenses. (m) pirection of enemy AA defenses from target. Both the FAC and the strike aircraft need toknow the·. location of enemy AA defenses in the target area to plan their strike. A brevity code system can be used to encode this information. (n) Pistance of enemy AA defenses from target. This distance should be included. Thedistance is expressed in meters. ~ Sample of Breyity Code System. Figure 5-10 is a sample brevity code system for use intransmitting the elements of a request/briefing. Such a system would be prepared by the 53 air of thepatrol's parent unit using the tactical operations code in the unit CEO!. 5-30 SAHPLE REQUEST/BRIEFING. Based on a hypothetical request for an airstrike by a patrol and using the sample brevity code system included, here is a sample request/briefing by a patrol who wants an airstrike on some tanks. · REQUEST/BRIEFING FORMAT INFORMATION CODED MESSAGE 1. REQUESTOR'S CALL SIGN 2. AUTHENTICATION 3. TARGET DESRIPTION 4. TARGET LOCATION 5. TIME ON TARGET (TOT) 6. MARKING OF PATROL'S POSITION 1. PATROL'S DISTANCE FROM TARGET 8. PATROL'S DIRECTION FROM TARGET 9. TARGET MARKING 10. ATTACK HEADING 11. ESCAPE HEADING 12. ENEMY ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSES 13. DIRECTION OF ENEMY AA DEFENSES FROM TARGET 1st Squad, 3d Platoon, A Co, Armored vehicles EJ982104 1800 hours Not marked Patrol is 1 , 000 meters or more from target Patrol is west of target Target is marked with a transponder South No different Enemy using surface-to-air missiles and radar-controlled AA guns AA defenses located east of target "Document Money" DMP AHDSCA Negative DWG HUR FPG HUR Negative NVZ WYP Figure 5-10. Sample brevity code system. 5-31 ST 21-75-3 CHAPTER 6 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES Section I. EXPLOSIVES AND DEMOLITIONS 6-1. GENERAL Patrols use many different types of explosives, including US military standard, civilian, and foreign-made explosive devices. In training for patrolling, unit commanders should teach the employment techniques of US demolitions and mines as used on patrols, such as raids and ambushes. Train all troops to use explosives efficiently and safely. Train all men in the demolition techn1ques contained in chapters 1 and 2, FM 5-25, Explosives and Demolitions. All men should at least know how to prepare a primer and install a firing system. Leaders should learn how to compute and place charges for destruction of types of military targets. 6-2. DEMOLITIONS A patrol may use explosives to destroy enemy equipment or to create an obstacle to enemy movement. The demolition may be a patrol's primary mission or it may only help it accomplish its primary mission, i.e., raid or ambush. A patrol may also use explosives to help clear a PZ for its own extraction, to harass or distract the enemy, or to attack targets of opportunity. a. Demolition Plan. (1) A demolition plan may be part of the plan for action at the objective or it may be an annex to the OPLAN. A patrol may have to fight to secure its objective or it may eliminate enemy resistance by "silent kill" techniques. Either way, demolitions must be prepared and placed quickly, before enemy troops can react. The complex placement of charges and firing systems described in FM 5-25 is suitable for deliberate demolitions, but is not well suited to hasty demolition where 5 minutes on the objective may be all the time available to place, prime, and fire charges. demolition plan must be simple and practical. A patrol's (2) When explosives are to be used, the PL usually designates a fire team as the demolitions team, thus maintaining unit integrity. The fire team leader becomes the demo team leader. The PL will also specify the type of priming and the type of firing system to be used. b. Charges. (1) Satchel charges are made-up during mission preparation by placing explosives in a bag with a carrying strap such as M183 demolition charge assembly (fig 6-1). Satchel charges may be made fromC4 packed into machinegun ammunition bags, sandbags, ammunition boxes, or other containers. They can be easily carried and emplaced by patrol members. Satchel charges are usually dual primed withdetonating cord which permits the safe transportation of a completely primed charge without fear of premature detonation. The running ends of the detonating cord primer are allowed to run 3 to 6 metersso that charges can be placed on the objective without time-consuming cutting and fitting. (2) For a complete discussion of other charges which can be used, see FM 5-25. c. Firing Systems. The PL will decide what type of firing system to use. The patrol mustdual prime all charges even for a hasty demolition. (1) Electric firing systems are best suited for demolitions that require positive control such as the detonation of a charge which initiates an ambush. systems, however. They are less versatile than nonelectric An electric system cannot safely be used when destroying an electrical terminal or a power line, when destroying a communication installation where much electrical equipment is used, orwhen operating during an electrical storm. When an electrical system is used, strive to minimize theweight of the equipment carried. Consider using the firing mechanism and test set from a Claymore as a denotator instead of the standard blasting machine and galvanometer. 6-1 Dual primed with det cord Det cord runs 3 to 6 metersso it can be easily tied intoa ring main, horseshoe or linemain. The excess is "S" rolledand taped to the bag for rapiddeployment. Ammunition 7.62-DDD linkedCarryingstrap Machinegun ammunition bag has been packed with C4 explosive and prepared for dual priming withdetonating cord. Its light weight, small size, and carrying strap make this expedient satchel charge ideal for a combat patrol. Figure 6-1. Satchel charge. 6-2 (2) When possible, use a nonelectric firing system. Compared to an electric system, less equipment is required, less time is needed to set it up, and there is no chance of a misfire due to ashort in the firing wire. Two types of firing systems that can be installed quickly are: (a) The ring main (fig 6-2), This firing system can be installed quickly by two men. One man is needed to lay out the ring main of detonating cord (which may be doubled for positive detonation).Another man places the charges and ties them into the ring main. The ring main may be primedelectrically or nonelectrically. (b) The hasty line main. (fig 6-3). The hasty line can also be installed by as. few as two men. It is best suited to a situation where the placement of the charges cannot be determined until on the objective. The detonating cord from the satchel charges should be extra long because of thisuncertainty. d. Organization. Equipment. and Actions of the Demolitions Team, (1) The PL informs the demo teem leader of the type of priming, the type of firing system, the nature of the objective, the signal to execute the demolition, and the length of fuze required. The demo teem leader then begins detailed· planning for the actions of his teem at the objective. He must draw the equipment and explosives. It will ease control if members of the demo teem carry all the explosives, but they may be carried by other patrol members if necessary. The demo teem leaderinsures that explosives and blasting caps are not carried by the same men. (2) The demo teem leader gets all available information about the target: aerial photos,intelligence reports, sketches from recon patrols --anything he can use to help him determine the number of charges required and the tentative placement of charges. The size and number of chargeswill be planned by the demo teem leader but the PL will closely supervise to insure the plans of the demo teem leader are adequate to accomplish the mission. The demo teem will rehearse its actions at the objective several times under the same light conditions it will have for the mission, The demo teem leader considers several tasks in organizing his teem for the mission: (a) Plagement of gbarges, This is frequently the most time-consuming task. Each member of the demo teem has a large roll of electrical or masking tape to facilitate the speedy placing of charges. Charges are computed based on the amount of explosives required without tamping. If tampingmaterial and adequate time are available, charges may be tamped to increase their effectiveness. (b) Plaging the firing ayatem, Whatever type of firing system is to be used, at least one man should be assigned the responsibility for laying it out. Responsibility for attaching the charges tothe firing system may be assigned to either the men who are placing the charges ~ to the man who is laying the firing system, but the responsibility must be definitely fixed. (c) Priming the firing system, The demo teem leader normally primes the firing system and inspects it and the placement of charges. After priming the system, he accounts for all his men and reports to the PL that the demolition is ready for execution. He waits for the signal to light the fuze. When the signal is given, he lights the fuzes and withdraws with his men to a designated location. 6-3 Nonelectric blasting cap Time fuze 4-Fuze lighter Square Knot Figure 6-2. The Ring Main. Fuze lighter Time fuze Nonelectric blasting cap .N.QiE.: Insure that Satchel det cord does not charge overlap, to prevent cord from cutting itself. Detonating cord (should be doubledfor positive detonation) WRONG! RIGHT! Figure 6-3. The Hasty Line Main. 6-4 6-3. HINES A patrol may have to use mines to accomplish its mission. a. Mine Emplacgment as a Primary Missign. (1) A patrol may have a mission to mine a road in order to destroy enemy vehicles or troops and to slow enemy movement. A patrol is usually told where to emplace the mines and the type and number of mines to be used. Use plastic mines if they are available to make their detection by the enemy difficult. When AT mines are emplaced, emplace some AP mines also to thwart enemy removal efforts. (2) When a PL has a mission to mine a section of road, he organizes and plans for the missionmuch as he would for a raid or an ambush. He must establish an ORP, conduct a leader's recon,position security elements, quickly mine the road, and withdraw and disseminate information about the placement of the mines. (3) The PL will normally use a fire team or a squad as the mine-laying party. If he designates a squad as the mine-laying party, that squad's leader organizes his squad to perform several tasks - (a) Dig holes and emplage mines. Hines are emplaced in an irregular pattern on the shouldersof the road. If feasible, select a narrow place in the road where bypass is difficult or impossible. (b) Regord the logation of the mines. Prepare sketch showing their location relative to, and their distance from a permanent terrain feature; _and their pattern and distance from each other. (c) Arm mines. One man arms all mines. Other troops stand clear. (d) Bury and camouflage mines. One man completes the burying and camoufiaging of all mines. He works in one direction so that he doesn't have to reenter the camouflaged minefield. Camouflage material and dirt are stockpiled beside each mine by the emplacement party. b. Use of Mines in a Raid or Ambush. (1) BaJA. The security element(s) of a~may use mines to seal off the objective area andto gain initial fire superiority by the raiding force. (a) Security elements may use command-detonated antitank or antipersonnel mines to help sealoff the objective during the raid and to cover their own withdrawal or the withdrawal of the raiding force. All such mines should be command detonated. Even if not used, the mines may be blown during withdrawal as an extra security measure and because time is not available to recover them. Such mines should be linked in a detonator cord firing system and primed electrically. Other c:orplosive devices, such as WP grenades, may be linked with the mines to confuse the enemy. (b) When the assaulting f'orce is smaller than the enemy force which is occupying the objectiveand additional firepower is needed, directional mines suoh as Claymores may be positioned.to fire into the objective. The initiation of the raid with such devices will kill or disable any·enemy who are inan exposed position, damage equipment, and demoralize the enemy. (2) AmblWl. (a) The skillful use of mines in an antivehicular ambush may be critical to the success of the ambush. This is especially true when armored vehicles are secur~ty for the convoy. If possible, the ambush is conducted in restrictive terrain where demolitions can be used to separate part of' the security force from the main body of the convoy. This could be done by making a landslide, destroyinga bridge or culvert, ditching a road, or blowing down trees, etc. If the mission is to capture a VIPwho is riding in the convoy, the VIP vehicle may be kept from escaping by creating obstacles in front of and behind it to block its escape. ~. An electrically detonated mine may be effective in initiating bhe ambush itself. An AT mine or a shaped charge could be used. A regular demolition charge could also be used. A shaped charge is more likely to destroy the lead vehicle than just damage it. In the event an armoredvehicle is leading the convoy,· the vehicle must be completely placed out of' action. '· Claymores may also be used to initiate or to supplement an ambush; but they are not effective against armored vehicles. Like other direct f'ire weapons, Claymores are most effective whendetonated simultaneously. This devastates the target. 6-5 (b) Security forces for an ambush use mines in the same way as security forces for a raid use them. c. Use of Mines for Local Sequrity, Mines which are set up with tripwires and electric or nonelectric firing circuits may become an obstacle to the patrol's own withtirawal and could alert a larger enemy force by killing only the enemy point troops. For this reason, mines used for local security should be electrically primed and command detonated so that the patrol has the option to fire them or not, depending on the situation. Employment of the mines is similar to the employment of mines by security forces in a raid or ambush. d. Breaqhing of Enemy Minefields, In order to pass through the enemy's main line of defense to reach its objective, a patrol may have to pass through an enemy minefield. If this is probable,the PL will take special equipment and will ask for the attachment of an engineer team to help breach the enemy minefield. If engineer teams are not available, the PL will organize a mine-clearing team from his own patrol. He will see that the team is thoroughly briefed, rehearsed, and equipped for the mission. The minefield breaching team should be organized under one team or squad leader to maintain unit integrity. (1) Silent breaqhing, (a) Silent breaching is the technique most commonly used in breaching the enemy MLD. It may also be used to breach a protective minefield at the objective when silence must be maintained. Take mine detectors, 12-inch safety wires, nonferrous metal probes, wire cutters, gloves, and cloth to muffle the sound of wire cutting. Men on breaching teams should wear no unnecessary equipment andleave all metallic equipment with the patrol. Because these teams are unarmed, some troop~ must be in an overwatch position to cover their withdrawal if they are detected. (b) If intelligence reports that~ enemy mines~ be detected using a mine detector, then use a two-man breaching team with one detector operator and one prober. The detector operator finds the mines and the prober digs them out far enough to install safety wires and neutralize them. (c) If intelligence reports that~ enemy mines may be encountered which~ be detected by a mine detector, then a single prober must clear a lane through the minefield. He must work alone and must be relieved every half hour to mai~tain alertness. (d) For low density minefields, you may bypass mines that have been detected and mark a safe lane around them with tape. (e) The main body of the patrol should stay outside the minefield until a lane(s) has been completely cleared. A rally point is designated on the far side and a member of the breaching team acts as a guide. The patrol crosses the minefield by bounds. An aerial photograph of the plannedbreaching site will help you select a breaching site at the narrowest part of the minefield and between enemy strongpoints. A ground reconnaissance should be made by the PL and breaching team leader. (2) Exploaiye breaching. Explosive breaching is done when the patrol is at the objective and must breach a small protective minefield. Bangalore torpedo demolition kits are prepared for this purpose. Each torpedo is 5 feet long and weighs 13 pounds. The torpedo is pushed through the minefield and may be detonated electrically or nonelectrically. Expedient bangalore torpedoes may be constructed as per FM 5-25. The bangalore torpedo will only breach a narrow footpath through the minefield. The assault force will be exposed while moving through the narrow lane. The bangaloretorpedo may be used to initiate actions at the objective and should be immediately followed-up with a high volume of suppressive fire. (3) Hasty breaqhing, A patrol may unexpectedly encounter a minefield. Special equipment and training men may not be available. If possible, tbe patrol should bypass the minefield, If bypass is not possible, bayonets or knives may be used to probe and clear a lane through the minefield. 6-4. BOOBYTRAPS Boobytrapping is a delicate and time-consuming task which is beat done in a secure area, For safety, boobytrapping should be done in daylight. These character11tioa or boobytrapping conflict with the clandestine nature of a patrol. The detailed recording which is required for a boobytrapped area is also difficult for a patrol to do. If a patrol has a boobytrapping mission, it should be augmented with expert engineer troops. If this is not possible, the PL will organize, train, and rehea~se as he would for a mine emplacement mission. If a PL does receive a boobytrapping mission, he may refer to FM 5-31, Boobytraps, for information on equipment and techniques. 6-6 6-5. DELAYED ACTION EXPLOSIVE DEVICES Delayed action explosive devices may be used by a patrol to divert enemy attention away from its location, to confuse enemy reaction forces after a raid, to help it break contact with enemypursuit forces, to permit the patrol to move clear before blowing up a bridge, and for many other uses. A patrol may use the M1 delay firing device to detonate delayed charges. This device is available in six different delays which, depending on the temperature, may be used to delay explosionfrom 1 minute to 23 days. The device consists of an acid phial which, when broken, eats through a wire releasing the striker. This device may be used with any type of hand grenade or explosivecharge. Section II. HANDLING OF WIA/KIA 6-6. GENERAL The nature of patrolling, usually behind enemy lines with few men, causes casualties to becomea greater consideration than on other missions. If a key man is lost, the plan may have to bemodified. A patrol's mission is further hampered by time required for the care and handling ofcasualties. 6-7. PROCEDURES a. If a man is slightly Wounded when just forward of friendly lines, he may be sent back to afriendly position alone or escorted by one other man. The patrol may wait for the escort to rejointhe patrol or continue the mission without him. If a man is slightly wounded far forward of friendlylines or in the enemy's rear, the PL must assess the severity of the wounds and decide whether tocontinue the mission with no changes or adjust equipment loads and then continue the mission. Airevacuation should be attempted for only the seriously wounded, as this would compromise the patrol.If a casualty is evacuated, the PL must see that his mission-essential equipment stays with the patrol. b. If a man is seriously woynded just forward of friendly lines, he should be evacuated tothe nearest friendly position by whatever means are available --litter, vehicle, or helicopter. If he is evacuated by litter, the PL must decide whether to wait for the litter carriers to return or tocontinue the mission without them. If a man is seriously wounded far forward of friendly lines or inthe enemy's rear, the decision must be made to evacuate by air or, if air evacuation is not tactically sound or if weather prevents it, the wounded man may be left behind or carried with the patrol. If heis left behind, one other man must be left with him. These two may then be picked up on the patrol's return. The PL must insure that their location is well known to all members of the patrol and to higher headquarters. If the patrol is unable to return to that location, another patrol will be sentfor them or air evacuation will be tried as soon as possible. The patrol leader must see thatmission-essential equipment stays with the patrol. c. If a member of a patrol is killed, one of three courses of action exists: (1) It may be possible to evacuate the corpse to .friendly front lines. The mission andsituation will dictate the feasibility of this. (2) If evacuation is not practical or endangers lives or the mission, then the corpse will beleft or buried. Time available will be the sole determinant of whether the corpse is buried or left.If left, a minimum of wrapping the body in his poncho and recording the location should be accomplished. (A hasty grave utilizing an old fighting position or shell crater is a compromise between leaving and burying.) If the corpse is left behind, all of the actions listed under emergencyburial (below) that can be accomplished will be. (3) If emergency burial is feasible, all of the following should be accomplished: (a) The depth of the grave should be 3 feet or deeper. , (b) Remove one identification tag and any combat information. Leave the second tag and allpersonnel effects with the body. (c) The body should be wrapped in a shelter half, poncho, or blanket when possible. (d) When practical, hold a brief burial service. Burial near a prominent terrain feature aidsin locating the grave. (e) Report the location, by eight-digit coordinates, describing the terrain to higherheadquarters. Give other information such as name, rank, serial number, and circumstances. Also, give identification tag to the unit commander. 6-7 (f) The patrol report should include detailed information concerning the details of the burial. Section III. MOUNTAINEERING TECHNIQUES 6-8. GENERAL a. The success of a patrol in mountanious terrain depends on that patrol's ability toovercome a variety of obstacles. Mountainous areas are charactrized by exaggerated terrain features,high cliffs, deep gorges, hugh rock formations, heavy woods, and cold swiftly flowing streams.Mountainous terrain lends itself well to surprise when highly skilled troops are able to overcome natural obstacles that impede less skilled.soldiers. b. Those members of a unit designated by its leader as specialists in military mountaineering must have these attributes: (1) Athletic ability. (2) Resourcefulness. (3) Mental toughness. (4) No fear of heights. (5) Attention to detail. c. Fear of falling is a very natural human emotion and the leader must use each man'sreaction to heights as an index when selecting his climbers. d. All military mountaineering requires these skills: (1) Tying, quickly and expertly, about 15 knots. (2) Construction of a variety of artificial anchor points or the selection of dependableexisting anchor points. (3) Knowledge of the capabilities of military mountaineering equipment. 6-9. REFERENCE All aspects of military mountaineering are covered in detail in TC 90-6-1, Military Mountaineering, September 1976. This TC is a guide to equipping and training a patrol for operationsin mountainous terrain. Section IV. STREAM AND RIVER-CROSSING TECHNIQUES 6-10. GENERAL a. A patrol moving to or from its objective may encounter several types of water obstacles:rivers, streams, sloughs, or canals. In most cases, using a regular ford or a bridge to cross such obstacles will expose the patrol to detection by the enemy. This paragraph prescribes water-crossingtechniques that may free the patrol from dependence upon established crossing sites and aids. b. A general reconnaissance of the patrol's route may not reveal that a water obstacle willbe encountered. In a swamp, for example, unfordable sloughs may not show on the map, and they may beconcealed from aerial observation by a canopy of vegetation. Whenever it is possible that a patrolwill be required to cross a water obstacle,:~ its leader must plan some type of crossing capability. 6-11. TRAINING a. The PL should train his men in water survival techniques (FM 21-20, Physical Readiness Training), This training should include, at least, unexpected entry into the water, expedient flotation devices, and military swimming. The nature of the training will enable the PL to identifymen who may panic in the water and those who are weak swimmers. While not every soldier needs to beable to swim water obstacles unassisted, only men who do not panic in the water should be taken if thepatrol will cross a water obstacle. Don't have weak swimmers carry heavy equipment when crossing water. The patrol should include some strong swimmers_to act as lifeguards. 6-8 b. Patrol members should be briefed on the preparation of their individual equipment when operating around water. They should wear: (1) Trousers unbloused. Bloused trousers tend to fill with water and weight down the legs of a swimmer. (2) Field or fatigue jacket outside the trousers. If worn inside the trousers, a jacket may trap water and make swimming more difficult. The fatigue jacket should be completely buttoned to the collar to trap air and provide buoyancy. (3) Load-carrying equipment harness loosely. It is extremely difficult to remove a buckled harness in the water. Thus, the soldier wears the harness unbuckled in the event he should unexpectedly encounter a water hazard and submerge. (4) Helmet unbuckled. The helmet should be worn with the chin strap unbuckled around water to make it possible to quickly dispose of it in case of unexpected submersion. 6-12. EXPEDIENT FLOATATION DEVICES a. When an unplanned crossing of a wa~er obstacle is necessary, and no special crossingequipment is available, equipment that is normally carried by a patrol may be used to help it cross the water. Air mattresses, waterproof bags, empty canteens, ammo containers, and ponchos may be used to make a raft or a set of waterwings. Troops who can swim will load patrol equipment on the raft and pull the raft across the obstacle. Weak swimmers may use the waterwings to cross. b. Use expedient devices to help make a planned crossing when a rope bridge is used. This may be necessary when the water obstacle is very wide and sufficient tension cannot be created on the rope bridge to hold heavy equipment, nonswimmers, or casualties above water during crossing. A raft made of expedient materials may be used to support equipment or troops while crossing the rope bridge. c. A wide range of expedient flotation devices may be used. Life preservers, such as the inflatable life preserver, can be used as a stream-crossing device for a small patrol. 6-13. PONCHO RAFT a. A poncho raft can be made using two ponchos for a covering with a filling of branches, sticks, and brush for buoyancy. A poncho raft may also be made using only the weapons and equipmentthat patrol members carry. When time permits, brush and vegetation should be added to this type of raft to make it more buoyant. b. The buoyancy of a poncho raft is derived from the air spaces which are created between the items inside and the poncho covering. Therefore, the amount of vegetation and equipment that is inside a poncho raft, proportionate to the weight of the raft, will determine how buoyant the raft will be. A well-constructed poncho raft, using only the weapons, rucksacks, and load-carryingequipment of a two-man buddy team, has enough buoyancy to cross a small stream. For a river or large stream, additional buoyancy may be necessary. (1) To make a poncho raft, you need: two ponchos, two poles, branches or weapons 4 feet long,and two packs with individual equipment. (2) To build a poncho raft (a) Tie off the hood of one poncho and spread it on the ground with the hood up. (b) Place poles or weapons in the center of the poncho, about 18 inches apart. (c) Place combat packs or rucksacks and LCE between the poles with the two packs as far apart as possible. (d) Use boot laces for tie-down cord. (e) Place boots to the inside of combat packs (toward the center of the poncho) between the poles. If weapons are placed inside the raft, place boots over the muzzle and butt of each weapon to prevent puncture of the ponchos. (f) Undress and fold each item of clothing neatly, placing items on top of boots. (g) Once all of the equipment is placed between the two poles, the poncho is snapped together.The snapped portion of the poncho is then tightly rolled down at the center toward the equipment, thus 6-9 creating a pigtail at each end. The pigtailed ends are then folded in toward the center of the raft and tied off with a single bootlace. (h) Lay out the other poncho on the ground with the hood up and place the first poncho withequipment in its center. The second poncho is then snapped, rolled, and tied in the same way as thefirst poncho. The' third and fourth bootlaces are then tied around the raft one foot from each end foradded security. (i) If they are not used to make the raft, rifles are secured to the raft by utility ropes andplaced on top of the raft. The poncho raft is now complete. 6-14. ONE-ROPE BRIDGE a. Advantages. The advantages of using a one-rope bridge to cross a water obstacle are: (1) Bridge equipment is readily available and lightweight. It can be divided up among patrol members for transport. (2) With a well-rehearsed patrol and bridge team, a crossing can be made quickly, with littleexposure time at the danger area. (3) The entire patrol arrives on the far side of the water obstacle at the same place, regardless of the current, and there is no dispersion as when using floating devices. (4) Because all men and equipment are securely hooked to the bridge, it is the safest method for crossing. b. Bridging Eguipment. A one-rope bridge kit for a patrol should contain: (1) Two snapslinks per piece of heavy equipment. (2) Two snaplinks .or the tranport tightening system. (3) One 10-foot utility rope (1/4-inch nylon) per piece of heavy equipment. (4) A tow rope (1/4-inch nylon) long enough to cross any obstacle the patrol will encounter. (5) A bridge rope (7/16-inch nylon) long enough to cross any obstaclethe patrol will encounterplus a third more to allow for pulling tension into the rope and tying anchor systems. (6) An inflatable life preserver for each lifeguard (at least two). (7) In addition, each patrol member has a 12-foot sling rope and two snaplinks. These itemsare not part of the bridge kit but are standard patrol equipment for operations around water. c. Preparation of Troops and Eguipment. Prepare men and equipment for a crossing as far inadvance as feasible. Final preparations are completed in a security perimeter on the near side justbefore crossing. Necessary preparations include: (1) Waterproof water-sensitive items. Wrap radios, binoculars, papers, maps and dry clothingin waterproof bags. (2) Trousers are unbloused and shirts are pulled out of trousers. Tie the sling rope around a soldier's chest with a bowline knot, and place a snaplink through another bowline knot tied at arms'length in the end of the sling rope. During crossing, pass the sling rope through the load-carrying equipment and hook it into the rope bridge. Tie component parts of his weapon together with cord andpass a second snaplink through a bowline knot in the end of this cord to secure the weapon to thebridge rope for the crossing. (3) Issue sling ropes and snaplinks to troops who are carrying radios and key weapons. Theradios and weapons are tied up with a packaging tie and prepared for hooking into the rope bridge.Hake a loop in the end of the sling rope for use in pulling the.equipment across the bridge. (4) Issue life preservers to lifeguards. d. Selection of a Crossing Site. The PL should reconnoiter the tentative crossing site to see if it is suitable. He takes the bridge team leader and the near-side security team leaders withhim on the reconnaissance. The crossing should be at night or when visibility is reduced by weatheror smoke. The crossing site should:· 6-10 (1) be away form manmade terrain features. (2) have at least one strong, well-rooted tree or similar anchor point on each side, 4 to 6 feet back from the bank. · (3) the water. have low banks and be shallbw enough at the bank to permit a man to wade into and out of (4) have positions for security teams on eaoh flank with good observation and fields of fire. e. Organization and Actions of the Bridge Team. (1) At least four men are required to erect and dismantle a one-rope bridge. The PL will normally designate a fire team as the bridge team. All its members should be strong swimmers. (2) A one-rope bridge can be set up in as little as ten minutes by a well-rehearsed bridge team. Have the bridge team rehearse before moving to the crossing site, so they will erect the bridgeefficiently. These rehearsals should be in the same light conditions as ~he crossing will be. (3) One sequence for installing a one-rope bridge is illustrated in figure 6-4 (sketchesthrough 6). f. Example. The PL organizes for and executes a river crossing using a one-rope bridge based on his estimate of the situation. Under good conditions, a platoon-size patrol's crossing may be illustrated in figure 6-5 (sketches 1 through 6). 6-11 1. Near-side lifeguard undresses,puts on an inflatable life preserver, ties his weapon and equipmentin a bundle with a sling rope ready for crossing, and places it by the crossing site in the care ofthe bridge team leader. Rucksack and_ / weapon I? ,.----,A Bridge kit/~e-:lifeguard then moves intoposition downstream. 2. The far-side lifeguard undresses and puts on a life preserver. He ties his equipment in a bundleusing a sling rope, ready for crossing, and places it near the crossing site in the care of the bridge team leader. He then ties a sling rope around his waist and uses a snaplink to hook the end of the tow rope (1/4-inch eylon) to the rope around his waist so that he can quickly release the tow rope incase of emergency. He then swims the tow rope across the river. Rucksackand weapons Bridge kit Figure 6-4. Installing a one-rope bridge. 6-12 3. The far-side lifeguard pulls the remainder of the tow rope and the bridge rope which is tied to it across the river. He only pulls about 8 feet of the bridge rope across. The bridge rope is pulledaround the upstream side of the anchor point and temporarily secured without tying a knot. He thensignals the near side when he has the bridge rope secured. When the bridge team leader receives the signal that the bridge rope is secured, the slack is pulled out of the rope. The bridge team leader then places a transporttightening system in the bridge rope by tying a double butterfly knot and placing two snaplinks in the butterfly. The running end of the bridge rope is then passed around the downstream side of the anchor point and through the two snaplinks. 4. When the transport-tightening system is prepared, the near side signals the far-side lifeguard who pulls the butterfly knot approximately a third of the distance across the river. He then secures the bridge rope to the far side anchor point by passing it around the upstream side and tying it off with a round turn and two half hitches on a bight with a quick release in the last half hitch. • ~ When the far-side anchor point is secure, the bridge team ~ pulls the slack out of the bridge rope until the butterflyknot is back on the near side. The bridge rope is then tied off against itself using two hal~ hitches on a bight ~ with a quick release in the last half hitch, ~ Figure 6-4 --Continued. 6-13 5. When the near-side anchor point is secure, the far-side lifeguard takes up his positiondownstream. The bridge team leader insures that the first two individuals who cross carry the equipment, weapons, and bundles of the two lifeguards to the far side. After crossing, personnel move to the rally point. ~ Personnel hook into the bridge on the downstream side. Some individual must be designated to check the hookup of each man before be crosses. 6. When the patrol has crossed, the near-side lifeguard disassembles the transport-tightening system using the quick release and is pulled across by holding on t~ ~he bridge rope. Fisure 6-4 --continued. 6-14 1. Patrol halts short of the crossing site and occupies a security perimenter. PL and bridge team leader reconnoiter crossing site. PL selects scurity positions. NOTE: PL could send a scout swimmer across the river to check the far side. Security perimeter 2. When the PL confirms the crossing site, security teams position themselves on each flank in the positions the PL has selected.~Rally-points are designate on the near and far side. Both rally points should be out of sight from the crossing site. \ Rally I 7 --- ' ...E.o~s•..l ./I ff' Sec tm 3. The bridge team begins to set up~h~ope bridge. The 1st Squad has the mission of security on the far side and moves to the crossing site when all equipment is prepared for crossing. I Rally ) \, point / Sec NOTE: PL positions himself.at,the most critical place, tm usually at the bridge site. Figure 6-5. River crossing using s one-rope bridge. 6-15 4. When the 1st Squad is across and security is established on the far side, near-side security teamsreturn to the security perimeter and prepare to cross. Far side must have communication with the near side. /Rally--....... \ Sec( point 1 tm , __ .... 5. Squads continue to cross. PL crosses just before the bulk of his patrol reaches the far shore.Squads occupy the rally point on the far side as a security perimeter as they cross. Last squadto cross ~ .,.--.... '"'/ ' APL clears the near-side rally point and insuresthat all personnel\are accounted for. The APL----with the last squad~-_, 6. When the entire patrol is across, the bridge team crosses and the near-side lifeguard disassembles the transport-tightening system and is pulled across on the end of the rope. When the bridge team is across and arrives at the security perimeter, security teams withdraw and rejoin the patrol. Figure 6-5 --Continued. 6-16 Section V. SM~LL-BOAT HANDLING 6-15. GENERAL a. A patrol ~ay use small boats to move into, through, or out of an operational area. In ajungle, swamp, or riverine environment, small boats may serve both the patrol and the enemy as theprimary form of transportation. Small boats of any type may be used by a patrol --either civilian type or military standard. A small boat is any shallow draft open boat which can carry from 2 to 15combat-equipped soldiers. b. Small boats are vulnerable to air observation and attack. On a river they are vulnerable to enemy ambushes and OPs monitoring river traffic. These disadvantages may be offset somewhat byoperating at night with good dispersion between boats. Enforce strict noise and light discipline.Conditions reducing visibility such as fog, rain, and snow should be used to make enemy observation more difficult. When there is an air threat,camouflage nets should be on each boat. A boat that isstopped, pulled to the bank of a river, and covered with a camouflage net is very difficult to see from the air. • c. Crossload key men and equipment. Boat crews are briefed and rehearsed in their reaction to each likely type of enemy contact. At least one automatic weapon or grenade launcher per boat is manned during movement. Plan for artillery support that can be called for during the boat move. d. Communications are planned between the PL and the lead and trail boats or the flank .boats during movement. When moving into a beach from a mother craft, normally the wedge formation is used with the PL's boat in the lead. This formation is similar to the fire team wedge. When moving down ariver, boats move in a column with the PL's boat following the point boat. 6-16. CREW ORGANIZATION Designate a coxswain or boat leader for each boat. He is in ~barge of the boat and gives thecommands to the crew. He is briefed by the PL, inspects the boat, supervises the loading and lashing of equipment in the boat, and numbers the members of his crew. The duties of each crew member dependon his position in the boat. The coxswain is not numbered. There are two ways to number the crew. a. The Long-Count Method. The crew .counts off on the command "long count, count off" fromleft to right,from front to rear. The passengers are counted last from front to rear. This is alsothe sequence by which the boat crew embarks or debarks singly over the bow of the boat. It is used indeep water where there is a steep drop-off such as a dock or the ramp of a mother craft. The bow lineis used to hold the boat ~teady while crew members embark or debark. 6-17 b. The Short-Count Method. The crew counts off on the command "short count, count off" fromfront to rear by twos. The first two men are the "ones", the second two are the "twos", etc. This isalso the sequence by which the crew members embark or debark in pairs over the sides of the boat. It is used in shallow water and on beaches with light surf. c. Crew Organization and Duties (fig. 6-61. If river navigation is necessary, appoint anavigator. He has no other duties in the boat and must be completely free to concentrate on navigation. He is assisted by an observer, who may be a paddler, who observes the river to his front.Appoint an air guard for each boat. The first paddler on the left sets the stroke. The first paddleron the right is the observer. cte handles and stows the bow line. All paddlers are responsible forloading and lashing equipment in their respective compartments and for observing a sector. One automatic weapon or grenade launcher per boat is manned, usually by the air guard. The coxswain is incharge, rides at the stern of the boat, but must be able to observe forward. Observes 10-12 o'clock Figure 6-6. Crew Organization. 6-18 (3) An air guard is assigned. (4) At least one automatic weapon or grenade launcher is manned per boat. (It may be manneaby the air guard.) (5) The navigator is assigned•no Jther responsibility except navigation. (6) The first man on the right is designated as an observer. The observer calls offobstructions in the water to the coxswain and river characteristics to the navigator when required. (7) The first man on the left sets the stroke. 6-19 6-17. BOAT NOMENCLATURE Patrol members should be familiar with boat nomenclature. A large variety of boats may be used, but many parts of the nomencJature are common to all, especially for rubber assault boats.Figure 6-7 is a diagram of a rubber assault boat. Bow line(12' rope, tied in tothe "D" ring on the bow) 1-3/4"D-Ring Pelican T Carryinghandle * Denotes inflation valves Figure 6-7, Rubber assault boat. 6-20 6-18. RIVER MOVEMENT {Fig_ 6-8) a. Characteristics. River navigation and route planning are easier if the members of the patrol know the characteristics of a river: {1) ~. A bend is a turn in the river course. {2) ~. A reach is a straight portion of a river between two b6nds. {3) ~. A slough is a dead end branch of a river. Sloughs are normally quite deep and can be distinguished from the main river course by their lack of current. {4) Dead water. Dead water is a part of a river which, due to erosion of the banks and changes in the river course, has no current. Dead water is characterized bv snags and debris. {5) ~-An island is usually a tear-shaped mass of land in the main current of the river. During high water, only the trees on an island may be visible. The up~t!'eam portion of an island usually catches debris and should be avoided. {6) Sandbars. Sandbars can be located at those points where a tributary feeds into the main body of a river or stream. {7) Current. The current in a river. is usually greater in a narrow part of a reach than in a wide part. The current is the greatest at the outside of the bend; sandbars and shallow water are found on the inside of a bend. Figyre 6-8. Riyer characteristics. 6-21 b, Biyer Nayisatipn Teghnigues. The PL is responsible for river navigation. Depending on the situation, he may select one of two basic techniques of river navigation: (1) Chegkpoint and seneral route teghnigue. This technique is suitable when the landing site is well-marked by a well-defined terrain feature and the waterway is not confused by many branches and tributaries. It is best used during daylight and for short distances. The PL will establish checkpoints along the route and use them to determine his proximity to danger areas, such as bridges and landings, and to prepare for his approach to the landing site. (2) Nayigator-obsecyer technique. This is the most accurate technique of river navigation andcan be used effectively in all light conditions. A navigator is designated and equipped with a photoor topographic map, a protractor, a poncho and flashlight (for night operations), and a pencil. The navigator is positioned in the center of the boat. At night, he uses his flashlight under the ponchoto check his map. The observer keeps the navigator informed of the configuration of the river by announcing bends, sloughs, reaches, and stream junctions, their azimuth and their length in meters.The navigator compares this information with the bends, sloughs, reaches, and stream junctions he seeson the map and confirms the boat's location. The observer announces only one configuration at a timeto the navigator and does not announce another until it is confirmed. To help the observer, a strip map showing the route can be drawn on luminous tape, c. Additional Considerations During Riyer Moyement. (1) Ayoid obstrugtions. The surface of the water directly to the front of the boat should beclosely watched. Lightly rippled water, where no wind is blowing, usually indicates shallow water, sandbars, or gravel bars. A long undulating wave may indicate deep water and fast current. A smooth surface usually indica~es deep water and slightly less current. A "V" in the surface of the waterindicates an obstruction lying parallel with the direction of the current. The combination of current speed and the size of the obstruction determines the size of the "V". A turbulent surface at a point usually indicates an obstruction, such as a submerged log or· tree. (2) Maintain balange on the boat. Occupants of the boat must remain seated so as not toobstruct the view of the coxswain or suddenly shift the balance of the boat. Avoid ripple, roils, andother indications of disturbed water. These disturbances can throw the craft into obstructions which can tear a hole in the boat. Avoid overhanging trees and branches which can injure the o~ew. (3) Maintain alertness on the boat. Because of the increased exposure of a boat moving on ariver, all the routine actions, such as a changing of positions in the boat, eating and resting,should not be done on the boat. Halt when necessary, When his men are losing their alertness, the PLwill pick a suitable spot on the river bank, halt his patrol, and establish a temporary patrol base.Movement is continued when alertness is regained and routine matters completed. 6-30. LOADING AND LASHING OF EQUIPMENT (Fig 6-9) All equipment carried on a small boat must be lashed into the boats to aid recovery if the boatsinks or is swamped. When using civilian-type boats, "D" rings and handlines frequently must beinstalled to permit equipment. to be securely lashed into the boat. Patrol members will prepare their equipment in the same way they prepare ror a stream crossing to include all the preparations listed in section IV, Stream Crossing Techniques. Each man must wear a life preserver. a. Parts of weapons are tied together with cord. b, Parts of machineguns are tied together with cord and (if not being manned) partiallywrapped in a poncho and placed in the bow of the boat. A sling rope is tied to the machinegun and asnaplink is used to fasten the sling rope to the "D" ring in the bow. c. Radios are partially waterproofed by wrapping them in waterproof bags. Radios that arenot needed during movement are completely waterproofed. Radios are secured to spreader tubes in theboat with a sling rope and snaplink. loaa. d. A loop of cord ir. tied around paddles to make it easy to secure them and pass them without. e. If rucksacks are carried, one or more 12-root sling ropes are tied together (as many asneeded), One end is secured to the bow 11 011 ring and routed under the spreader tubes and the other end is secured to the stern "D" ring, Rucksacks are secured to this rope by snaplinks which connect theframe or the rucksack to the rope. 6-22 12' sling rope tied into bow D-ring, runs through rucksack frames, under spreader tube into stern D-ring. Individual weapon secured to safety line with cord and snaplink Machinegun secured with sling rope and snaplink to bow D-ring Radio in waterproof bag sPcured from faceguards around spreader tubes with sling rope and snaplink Figure 6-9· Loading and lashing of equipment. 6-23 Section VI. STANO AND STANO COUNTERMEASURES 6-20. GENERAL a. STANO is an acronym for surveillance, target acquisition, and night observation. (1) Surveillance is the continuous all-weather day and night watch over the battle area.Troops engaged in a surveillance mission usually report the information to the S2 or G2 at battalion,brigade, or division. The information they collect contributes to an overall knowledge of the enemy situation. (2) Target acquisition is that part of combat intelligence that pertains to detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of organic and supporting weapons. (3) Night observation, as it applies to STANO means systems (night observation devices or NODS) which aid visual observation during the hours of darkness. These devices can be used in the surveillance or target acquisition role. b. A reconnaissance or combat patrol supports the STANO effort by gathering and reporting information or emplacing sensor devices to be monitored by higher headquarters. A patrol may be served by the STANO effort by receiving information which will aid in planning or conducting a combat or reconnaissance mission, such as intelligence reports, aerial photography, infrared (IR) sensing reports, and by reports on enemy movement derived from radar. A patrol may use STANO equipment in the field to maintain its own security, to help it move to or from its objective area, and in accomplishing its mission at the objective. For example, a patrol might use a night vision device to maintain surveillance on its objective prior to a raid. c. As the enemy has an equal or superior STANO capability, measures must be taken to minimize the effectiveness of his STANO devices and to counter his STANO effort. Deny him knowledge of thepatrol, its mission, and its parent unit. 6-21. STANO EQUIPMENT There are three categories of STANO equipment: night vision devices, unattended ground sensors, and radar. Each category of equipment may be used in some way by a patrol or in support of patrolling operations. a. Night Vision Deyices. (1) Night vision devices have their own light source, and can illuminate a close in object. Active IR devices, such as the metascope, may be used in a passive role although they have an active capability. IR devices may also be used by a patrol to signal friendly elements. However, active devices are susceptible to detection by the enemy, they are vulnerable to high intensity light, and precipitation degrades their efficiency. (2) Passive night vision devices do not emit any light or radiation of their own. Passive devices gather light which is reflected from or emitted by the target. This may be natural light frommoonlight or starlight (ambient light) or it may be artificial light from some other source (IR, flares, searchlight, etc.). They become reflective when the availabl~ ambient light drops a certain level. (3) Night vision devices may magnify their targets, thus increasing their range andusefulness. Most US night vision devices have an image intensification capability. (4) A wide range of night vision devices are available which are lightweight and compactenough to be carried and used by patrols. These night vision sights include the starlight scope,thermal imagery devices, electronic binoculars (night vision goggles), and metascopes. In addition,there are other types of night vision devices which are too heavy and bulky to be carried by a patrolbut which may be used in support of patrols. These include searchlights and night observation devices (NOD). Searchlights can be used to provide IR or white light to illuminate an area for a patrol usingpassive night vision devices. They may also be used to temporarily blind enemy troops or night vision devices by subjecting them to a direct flow of high intensity IR or white light. b. Remote Sensors (REHSl. Patrols may use sensors to augment their security forces in both combat and reconnaissance missions. Sensors may be used to monitor trails that lead into theobjective area when adequate troops are ,not available to establish an OP on each trail or road.Sensors could also be used to give early warning to a patrol occupying a patrol base. 6-24 (1) A pat1•ol may have a mission to install one or more hand-emplaced REMS behind enemy lines.The PL would plan and organize similar to the way he would plan and organize for a mine emplacement mission. Selected men must be trained and briefed on the devices they will be emplacing. Specialistson the devices may be attached to the patrol. (2) A PL will make use of the REMS which are already deployed in his area of operation bycoordinating with the S2/G2 to get reports of sensor-derived intelligence near his objective and along the patrol route. These REMS may have been emplaced by artillery, helicopters, high-performance aircraft, or by other patrols. (3) Patrol members should know the five basic types of REMS. In most cases, sensors areemplaced in clusters like mines and each cluster will contain at least two differenct types of sensors: (a) Seismic REMS detect the vibrations in the ground caused by a vehicle or man crossing theterrain nearby. The detection of the seismic sensor is limited by the ability of the soil to transmitvibrations. Seismic sensors must usually be emplaced in large numbers or in a detailed surveillance plan to be effective. (b) Magnetic REMS detect the movement of ferrous metal through a magnetic field. They are usually used in conjunction with other sensing devices. They will not recognize intruders who do not carry ferrous metals. (c) Acoustic REMS detect audio frequencies by means of a microphone. They can utilize spectrum analysis to give a better definition of the target source. Acoustic REMS are most effectivein the commandable mode. When the intruder is detected by another source, the acoustic sensor isactivated to permit identification. Acoustic sensors will pick up all sounds the battlefield and on an enemy can use them to send out erroneous information a~ part of a deception plan. (d) Disturbance REMS react to physical contact with the target. In order to be effective, an area has to be seeded densely with this type sensor. The intruder must have physical contact and there ips a high false alarm rate with this type sensor. It is very useful for monitoring movement into a new area or for locating targets for indirect or aerial fire. (e) Active IR REMS employ the principle of line-of-sight which detects an interrupted beam of light. The IR sensor must be carefully employed so the beam has nothing to interrupt its path. Ithas a high false alarm rate. It is used on roads, trails, or perimeters to detect movement in that location. c. ~. Radar is one of the few STANO items that almost has an all-weather, day and night capability. Of all the surveillance equipment now in use, radar has the greatest range for detection of moving targets. Radar does depend on line-of-sight detection and its ability to identify targetsis relatively limited. At present, no radar is available which is compact and lightweight enough to carry on a patrol. A wide variety of ground surveillance radars are available which can support apatrol from a friendly position. Ground surveillance radars may be used to assist the patrol innavigation by vectoring the patrol to a friendly.position or through an enemy position. Airborneradars are used to develop intelligence which may be used in planning a patrol. 6-22. PATROLLING IN A STANO ENVIRONMENT a. Threat forces have a STANO capability similar to that of US forces. The enemy will usehis available STANO assets to find patrols, to secure his key installations, to provide early warningof patrol movement and to conduct deception operations to counter US STANO operations. Patrols shouldbe alert for enemy deception operations when making reports on enemy operations. b. In most cases, the enemy will make maximum use of his STANO assets at the most critical parts of the battle area such as along the MLD. He will also use STANO batteries and co~munications installations. c. Defilade routes through heavy vegetation should be selected to reduce the effectiveness of enemy radar and night vision devices. When a patrol must move across flat, open areas, such as water or certain types of desert, the patrol should move across the area as quickly as possible and plan forECM or deception operations to counter the enemy radar threat. Ground surveillance radar is less effective against small groups of men. In an area where the enemy is using radar, a patrol may infiltrate in groups of two or three men and link up behind the enemy MLD in a defiladed, heavily vegetated area to make final preparations for actions at the objective. Darkness provides no concealment from an enemy using night vision dbwices. The patrol maintains dispersion between men even at night. 6-25 d. Weather reduces the effectiveness of enemy STANO equipment. Rain, snow, fog, and other inclement weather can be used to assist in concealing patrol operations from an enemy force which is using STANO equipment. Other precautions should not be neglected, however, since precipitation may not completely screen the patrol from enemy observation and the weather is subject to change. Section VII. TRACKING 6-23. GENERAL (QUALITIES O F A TRACKER) Any soldier who has some common sense and some degree of experience can track another person. There are,however, traits and qualities that one must develop and refine to qualify as a combat-worthytracker. A tracker must have patience and must be able to proceed slowly, quietly, yet steadily while observing available indicators and interpreting them. He must avoid using reckless speed that may cause him to overlook important signs, lose the.trail completely, or blunder into an enemy force. A good tracker must be persistent and have the· ability and the desire to continue his mission even though indicators are scarce or conditions of weather or terrain are difficult. If he loses a trail, he must have the determination and persistence to find it once more. He must develop acute observation and be able to see things that are not obvious at first glance (fig 6•23). He must have the ability to use his senses of smell and hearing to supplement his observations> A good tracker must also develop a sixth sense. He may often be led to inspect an area simply because it "does not look right". This ability often enables a tracker to regain a lost trail or discover new or additional indicators. An effective tracker must also know the enemy he is fighting. He cannot properly interpret the indicators he has found unless he has some knowledge of the enemy, his habits, equipment, or level of training. A good tracker must also have an understanding of nature, a good memory and intelligence, and he must be physically fit. This section is to give you tLe fundamentals of tracking and the techniques of applying them. 6-24. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACKING a. As a tracker moves along the ground following a trail, he begins to build a picture in his mind of the enemy he is following. To accomplish this, he constantly asks himself such questions as: How many people am I following? What is their state of training? How are they equipped? Are they healthy? What is their state of morale? Do they know they are being followed? b. To answer these questions, the tracker makes use of available indicators. An indicator can be anything that demonstrates to the tracker that a certain action took place at a particularplace and time. For instance, a footprint in soft sand is an excellent indicator. The tracker can determine that at a particular time a person walked on this spot. c. By analyzing indicators, the tracker begins to answer the questions he constantly asks himself. For example, if he finds a footprint and a scuff on a tree about waist high, it may indicate that an armed man passed this particular spot. There are six fundamentals that apply to tracking.They are - (1) Displacement. (2) Staining. (3) Weathering. (4) Littering. (5) Camouflage. (6) Interpretation and/or immediate use intelligence. d. Any indicator that the tracker discovers can be defined by one or more of the first five. By putting to use the sixth fundamental, the tracker combines the first five and uses all of them to form a composite picture of the enemy that he is following. To accomplish this, intelligence may be available that the tracker may use on the spot. For example, indicators may point out that contact is imminent and extreme stealth may be required. e. By examining each fundamental, one can see that several can apply to one indicator at the same time. 6-26 Figure 6-10. Area surveyed by tracker for indicators. 6-27 6-25. TECHNIQUES a. DisPlacement. Displacement takes place when anything is moved from its original position. Displacement is probably best demonstrated by well-defined footprint in soft, moist ground. a Theshoe or foot of the individual that left the print displaced the soil by compression, thus leaving the indentation in the ground. By studying it, the tracker can determine many facts. If the print wasleft by a barefooted person or by worn or foot gear, frayed it may indicate lack of proper equipment. (1) Analyzing footpcinta. Footprints may indicate direction and' rate of movement, number of persons in the moving party, whether or not heavy loads are being carried, sex of members of the party, and whether the members of the are party know they being followed. Deep footprints with a long pace indicate rapid movement. Extremely long strides, deep prints with toe prints deeper than heelprints, indicate running. Prints can be counted to determine numbers. If the prints are deep, short,and widely spaced, with indications of scuffing or shuffling, a heavy load is being carried by the person who left the print. The sex of a person being followed can be determined by studying the sizeand position of the footprints. Women generally tend to be pigeon-toed, while men usually walk withtheir feet straight ahead or pointed slightly to the outside. Women's prints are smaller and the stride is shorter than a man's. If the party realizes that they are being followed, an attempt tohide their tracks may be made. Persons walking backward have a short, irregular stride. The prints have an unusually deep toe. Soil will be kicked in the direction of movement. (a) Since the last man in a file will normally leave the clearest footprints, his will be the key set of prints. A stick can be cut to match the length of the key print and notched to indicate width at the widest part of the sole. The tracker should study the angle of the key print to thedirection of march. Also he should look for an identifying mark or feature on the print, such as a worn or frayed part of footwear, to help him identify the key print. In case the trail becomes vagueor obliterated, or the trail being followed merges with another, the tracker can use his stick measuring devices and close study to identify the key print. This will help him stay on the trail of the group being followed. The box method can be vsed to count up to 18 sets of tracks on the trail. There are two ways the tracker can employ the box method (fig 6-11). ~ The first and most accurate is to use the stride as a unit of measure. This is used when a key print can be determined. By identifying the key print on a trail and drawing a line from theheel of the foot across the trail or road, then moving forward to the opposite print made by the same person and drawing a line through the instep, the tracker forms a box with the edges of the road ortrail forming the sides and the lines he has drawn the front and back. as The tracker then counts every print inside the box to determine the number of persons. Any person walking normally would havestepped in the box as least one time. The key print should be counted as one. ~ The second way a tracker may use the box method is the 36-inch box. The tracker marks off a 36-inch cross section of the trail, counts the prints or indentations in the box, then divides bytwo to determine the number of persons that used the trail. (The M16 rifle is 36 inches long and r.aybe used as a measuring device.) (b) Footprints are only one example of displacement. Anything that has been moved from itsoriginal position by a moving person is an example of displacement. Foliage, moss, vines, sticks, orrocks that are scuffed or snagged from their original place form valuable indicators. Vines can be dr&Gged, dew droplets can b~ displaced from leaves, or stones and sticks may be turned over to indicate a different color underneath. Grass or other vegetation may be bent or broken in thedirection of movement. 6-28 STRIDE MEASUREMENT A. Determine the key print. In this case, it.is the print left by the lug sole boot. This boot made the last print on the trail, and it is the easiest print to recognize. q. Draw a line across theheel· of one of the keyprints. Prints of eight persons. C. Move forward to the opposite key print and draw a line across the instep.The extra 1/2 print is added to catch a person making an abnormally long stride. D. Using the edges of the road or trail as the sides of the box, and the drawn lines as the front a~dbaqk, count each print or partial print in the box. E. Remember to count the key print only once. F. In this method, the tracker uses the· length of stride as the unit of measurement. This method is accurate under the right conditions ..for counting up to 18 persons. 36-INCH BOX A. The 36-inch method is used when no key print is available. Using the edges of the road or trailas the sides of the box, measure a cross section of the area 36 inches in length. 10 indentations divided by 2 equals 5 persons. B. Count each indentation in the box anddivide by 2. This gives a close estimateof the number of per~ons who made the prints. Figure 6-11. Box methods of determining number of footpri~t~ 6-29 (2) Other signs of displagment, (a) Bits of clothing, threads, or dirt from boots oan be displaced from a person's uniform and deposited on thorns, snags, or the ground. Thorns should be inspected for bits of clothing ripped from the uniform of the person being tracked. (b) Wild animals and birds flushed from their natural habitat are examples of displacement. Cries of birds excited by unnatural movement is an indicator. Tops of tall grass or brush moving on a windless day is an indication that something is moving the vegetation from its original position. (c) Displacement oan result from clearing a trail by either breaking or cutting one's way through heavy vegetation with a machete. These trails are obvious to the most inexperienced tracker. Some individuals may unconsciously break additional branches as they move behind the person who is cutting. Displacement indicators oan be made while stopping to rest with heavy loads. Prints made by the edges of boxes oan help to identify the load carried. When loads are set down at a rest halt or campsite, grass and twigs may be crushed. A man sleeping will also flatten the vegetation. (d) In almost any area, there will be insects and spiders. The observation of any changes in the normal life of these insects may be an indication that someone has recently passed. Bees that are stirred up, ants that have had their holes covered by someone moving over them, or spiders that have had their webs torn down are valuable clues. Spiders often spin webs across open area, trails, or roads to trap flying insects. If someone is careless and does not move under these webs, he is leaving an indicator to an observant tracker. (e) If the party being followed attempts to use a stream to cover their trail, the trackers may still be able to follow successfully. Algae and other water plants may be displaced by slippery footing or by someone who walks carelessly. Rooks may be displaced from their original position, or turned over to indicate a lighter or darker color on the opposite side. The party entering or exiting the stream may create slide marks, footprints, or scuff bark off of roots or sticks. It must be considered that normally a person or animal will see~ the path of least resistance. Therefore, when searching the stream for indications of departures, open areas along the banks may often yield results. b. Staining, (1) The best example of staining is blood from a bleeding wound. Blood signs often will be in the form of drops left by the wounded person being followed. Blood indicators are not always on the ground. Blood can be smeared on leaves or twigs from a man's height to the ground. (2) Determining the location of the wound on the man being followed can be made by studying the blood stains. If the blood seems to be dripping steadily, it probably oame from a wound on the trunk. If it appears to be slung to the front, rear, or to the sides, the wound is probably in an extremity. Arterial wounds will appear to pour the blood at regular intervals as if it were poured from a pitcher. If the wound is venous, the blood will pour steadily. A wound in a lung will deposit blood stains that are pink, bubbly, and frothy. A blood stain deposited from a head wound will appear heavy, wet, and slimy, like gelatin. Abdominal wounds often mix blood with digestive juices so that the deposit will have an odor. The stains will be light in color. (3) By studying the blood stains left by a wounded individual, the tracker oan determine the seriousness of the wound and estimate how far a person with this type of wound could move unassisted. This process should lead the tracker to enemy bodies or further indications as to where they have been carried. (4) Other examples of staining: (a) Staining oan also occur when muddy footgear is dragged over grass, stones, and shrubs. Thus, staining and displacement combine to lend evidence of movement and indicate the direction taken. Crushed leaves may stain rocky ground that is too hard to leave footprints. (b) Roots, ~tones, and vines may be stained where leaves or berries are crushed on them by moving feet. (c) In some instances it may be hard to determine the difference between staining and displacement. Both terms can be applied to some indicators. For example, water that has been muddied may indicate recent movement. The mud has been displaced and it is staining the water. Stones in streams may be stained by mud from rootgear. Algae can be displaced from stones in streams and can stain other stones or the bark. 6-30 (d) Water collecting in footprints in swampy ground can be muddied if the tracks are recent. With time, however, the mud will settle and the water will clear. This can be used by the tracker toindicate time. Normally, the mud wil clear in one hour. This of course will vary with the terrain. c. Weathering. (1) Weather may either aid or hinder the tracker. It affects indicators in certain ways so that the tracker may determine their relative ages. Wind, snow, rain, or sunlight may, however, obliterate indicators entirely, thus hindering the tracker. (2) By studying the effects of weather on indicators, the tracker can make a determination as to the age of the sign. For example, when blood stains are fresh, they are bright red. Air and sunlight change blood first to a deep ruby red color, then to a dark brown crust when the moisture evaporates. Scuff marks on trees or bushes darken with time, sap oozes, then hardens when it makes contact with the air. (3) Footprints are greatly affected by weather. When a person's foot displaces soft, moist soil to form a print, initially moisture holds the edges of this print intact. As sunlight and air dry the edges of the print, small particles that were held in place by moisture fall by their own weight into the print. Careful study of this process by the tracker can lead him to an estimate of the age of the print. If particles are just beginning to fall into th' print, the tracker shouldbecome a stalker. If the edges of the print are dried and crusty, the prints are probably at least anhour old. This will vary with the terrain and should be taken as a guide. (4) How weathering affects tracking: (a) A light rain may round out the edges of the print. The tracker must remember when the last rain occurred in order to place these prints into a proper time frame. A heavy rain may erase all signs. (b) Wind also affects tracks. Besides drying out the print, litter, sticks, or leaves may beblown into the print. By remembering the wind activity, the tracker may guess the age of the tracks.For example, the tracker may think, "It is calm at the present, but the wind blew hard about an hourago. These tracks have litter blown into them, so they must be over an hour old." The tracker must be sure, however, that the litter was blown into the print, and was not crushed into the print when itwas made. (c) Trails exiting streams may appear to have been weathered by rain because of water runningfrom clothing or equipment into the tracks. This is particularly true if the party exits from the stream in a file. This will permit each person to deposit water into the tracks. The existence of a wet, apparently weathered trail slowly fading into a dry trail indicates the trail is fresh. (d) The effect of wind on sounds and odors is definitely one aspect of the effect weather has on tracking. If the wind is blowing from the direction of the trail the tracker is following, soundsand odors may be carried to him. If the wind is blowing in the same direction as the trail being followed, the tracker must be cautious since the wind will carry his sounds toward the enemy. Wind direction can be determined by dropping a handful of dry dust or grass from shoulder height. Bypointing in the same direction the wind is blowing, sounds can be localizd by cupping the hands behindthe ears and slowly turning. When the sounds are loudest, the tracker is facing the origin of thesound. (e) In calm weather, when no wind is blowing, air currents that may carry sounds to thetracker may be too light to feel. The tracker must remember that the air cools in the evening and moves downhill to the valleys. If a tracker is moving uphill late in the day or at night, air currents will probably be moving toward him if no other wind is blowing. As the sun warms the air inthe valleys in the morning, it moves uphill. These factors should be considered when plotting routes for patrols or other operations. If a tracker or a cammander can keep the wind in his face, soundsand odors will be carried to him from his objective or the party being tracked. (f) The sun should also be considered by a tracker. It is difficult to shoot directly into the sun. If the tracker can arrange to have the sun at his back and wind in his face, he has a slightadvantage. This is a minor point; however, it is worth mentioning that the tracker should use everytrick, advantage, and skill available to him. If he uses his senses, experiences, and knowledge, he will be better equipped to accomplish his mission and it is likely that he will improve his skill as he practices it. (g) The tracker should know and understand how the weather affects soil, vegetation, and other indicators in his area. He cannot properly determine the age of indicators until he understands the effects that weather has on trail signs (fig 6-25). 6-31 d. Littering, As a poorly trained or poorly disciplined unit moves over the terrain, it is likely that a clear trail of litter will mark its path. Gum or candy wrappers, ration cans, cigarettebutts, remains of fires, or even piles of human feces are unmistakable signs of recent movement. Weathering must be taken into consideration when estimating the age of litter. Rain flattens or washes litter away, and turns paper into pulp. Ration cans exposed to weather will rust first at the exposed edge where it is opened. Rust then moves in toward the center. Again the tracker must use his memory to properly determine the age of litter. The last rain or strong wind can be the basis for a time frame. e. Camouflage Techniques Used to Confuse Trackers. Camouflage applies to tracking when the party being followed employs techniques to baffle the tracker or slow him down. Walking backward to leave confusing prints, brushing out trails, moving over rocky ground or through streams are examplesof techniques that can be employed to confuse the tracker. (1) The party being followed may employ "most used" and "least used" routes to cover their movement. For example, movement on sandy or soft trails that are lightly traveled is easily trailed. However, a guerrilla may attempt to confuse the tracker by moving on hard surfaced, frequently traveled roads. He may even attempt to merge with civilians. These routes should be examined with extreme care, because if a well-defined approach leads to the enemy, it will probably be mined, ambushed, or covered by snipers. (2) Least used routes are taken in an attempt to confuse the tracker by avoiding all manmade trails or roads. These routes are normally magnetic azimuths between two points. The tracker can,however, by using the proper concepts, follow the party if he is experienced and persistent. (3) The person(s) being followed may try to avoid leaving trail signs. Rags wrapped around footwear, or soft soled tennis shoes, may make footprints rounder on the edges and less distinct. The party may exit a stream in column or line. This reduces the chance of leaving a well-defined exit. (4) A careful, observant tracker can determine by a study of the signa if an attempt is being made to confuse him. If the men being followed try to throw the tracker off by walking backward,their footprints will be deepened at the toe and soil will be scuffed or dragged in the direction of movement. By following carefully, the. tracker can normally find a turn-around point. (5) A trail can be brushed out, but it should be remembered that a brushed-out trail looks like a brushed-out trail. 6-32 A. When a print ia first made, moisture holds particles of soil on the edges. The edges of the printappear sharp. B. As the print dries, particles of soil loosen and fall into the print making the print appearrounded. B,y knowing soil and climatic cOnditions in his area, the tracker can use this process to determine the age of prints. Figure 6-12. Weather effects on footprints. 6-33 (6) If the trail leads across rocky or hard ·ground, the tracker should attempt to circumvent the area to pick up the exit trail. This process works in streams as well. On rocky ground, moss or lichens growing on the stones could be displaced by even the most careful evader. These signs can.be traced by an experienced tracker. If these methods fail, the tracker should return to the last visible indicators and then head in the direction of movement in ever-widening circles until he agains falls upon visible signs. {7) Remember that he who tries to hide his trail moves slower. Therefore, an experiencedtracker, who is not fooled by these attempts, gains time on the person being followed. f. Interpretation of Combat Information. (1) As the tracker moves along, as stated before, he constantly asks himself questions. As he finds indicators that answer those questions, he begins to form a picture of the enemy in his mind. Many methods of interpretation have been previously stated. The tracker must avoid reporting his interpretations as facts. He should report that he has seen indications of certain things instead of stating to the commander that these things actually exist. The commander may have additional information to help him estimate the enemy he is facing. (2) There are many ways a tracker can make interpretations, as discussed above, relating to size of the party, sex, load, equipment, and many more things. Time frames can be determined by the effects of weathering on the indicators. (3) Importance of reporting what you see: (a) The term "immediate use intelligence" defines items concerning the enemy that can be put to use immediately to gain surprise, to keep the enemy off balance, or to keep him from escaping the area entirely. The commander may have many sources of intelligence: agent reports, documents, prisoners of war. These sources can be put together to form indications of where the enemy was, what he may be planning, and where he may be going. (b) Tracking, however, gives the commander definite information on which he can act immediately. For example, a unit may report that there is no men of military age in a village. This information is of value if it is combined with other information to make a composite enemy picture in the area. A tracker, however, that interprets trail signs and reports to his commander that he is 30 minutes behind a known enemy unit, that he is moving north, and that he is located at a particularlocation, gives the commander information on which he can act at once. He may use the tracking unit as a pushing force and relocate another unit to block, and he can do this immediately. (c) Ambush patrols can be positioned to cover well-traveled trails that have many indicators. Any unit that discovers such trails should report them immediately. Such trails may not even be on the map, and ambush plans made by a study of available maps would reduce the possibility of contact. If the proper trails are reported and ambushed, results may be more likely. {d) Tracking, therefore, is one of the best sources of immediate use intelligence. Indicators may be so fresh that the tracker becomes a stalker, or they may provide information that will allow the commander to plan a successful operation. 6-26. OTHER INFORMATION a. Organization of a Tracking Team. {1) A tracking team can be any size unit--a rifle company or a small patrol. The point team of a large unit can be a tracking team, or it can be a separate unit. There are numerous ways to organize a tracking team, as long as there is a leader, one or more trackers, and security for the trackers. One type organization is to have the unit's best tracker, a security man, two other trackers, each with security, and a team leader with his radiotelephone operator. (2) When moving in column, the best tracker should be in the lead followed by his security;the two other trackers on the flanks, each followed by their security; the leader, where he can best control; and the radiotelephone operator, if one is used, either in the center or to the rear. When in file, the best tracker should lead and his security should follow. Next should come the leader, radiotelephone operator, and then other trackers and security (fig 6-13). b. Tracker Dogs. (1) Occasionally, depending on your unit, tracker dogs may be available for attachment. These dogs are specially trained and work in conjunction with a dog handler. The dog works from human scent and from the scent of disturbed vegetation caused by man's passing. (2) The ideal way to use the tracker dogs is in conjunction with a trained tracking team. The team can track visually and the dog and handler can follow. If the visual trackers start to lose the signs due to hard ground, then the dog can take over. Using a dog also helps gain time, as he cantrack much faster than a man can. Additionally, a dog can track at night. (3) The dog is trained not to bark or give away the team and it is also trained to avoid baits, cover odors, or deodorants used to try and throw it off. (4) The dog cannot do the job alone. The handler is trained to work with the dog and does have some training in visual tracking techniques but is not a tracker. The dog should be reserved for use only when needed. (5) Scout dogs can be used in conjunction with the tracker dogs to give an alert when the team is nearing the enemy being tracked. The scout dog, either working with the tracker dog or not, canaid in security for the team. 6-35 1~ Flank itY _,.,A J\ ..n ,..,..,soeu< ~od "•''" Sooud