BISON NO. 18-510-6 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLET u.~ J> I 01· .:tet ! 11-SJO-l. J :: IBM ;1 OPERATORS' GUIDE A REPRINT OF FORMER TM 12-510-6 REDESIGNATED DA PAM 18-510-6. JUNE 1966 HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Reprinted by permission of International Business Machines Corporation. DA Pam 18-510-6 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, D. c., 30 June 1966 DA Pam 18-510-6 (a reprint of IBM Publication A24-1010) is issued for the guidance of all concerned. By Order of the Secretary of the Army: HAROLD K. JOHNSON, General, United States Army, Official: Chief of Staff. J. C. LAMBERT, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General. Distribution: Active Army: USCONARC (1) TAGSUSA (40) Units org under fol TOE: 12-510 (10) NG: None. USAR: Same as Active Army. For explanation of abbreviations used see AR 320-50. Conte nts IBM Operators Guide ...... .. ........................................ ............................. 7 INTROD UCTION 8 IBM CARD P UNCHES AND VERIFIER ............ ............. .. ....... .. ....... ................................................... ....... 9 OPERATING f'EATL' R£5 ............................................................... .. IBM 24 Card Punch 9 9 Card Hopper ............................................................. .......... Punching Station ............................ ................................. .. 9 Reading Station ................................................................. 10 Card Stacker ........... .............. .. ............ ...... ....... ................... . 10 Backspace Key ............................................ ...... .. ................. 10 Column Indica tor ............................................................ . 10 10 Keyboards ..................... ..................... . .............. .. ....... .. .. ...... . Program nit ............ ...... ........... ............... .......................... 12 MACHINE FUNCTIONS ... ........... .................... ................. .............. . 14 14 ;o.iumerical Punching ................................................. .. ....... Alphabetic Punching ...... ....... ............. .. ........................... . 15 OPERATI!'ZII1 ~s17!JI»4041Uiu!Mul..ujo. .. sosllll114111417111t101111111411111711111071nn7•1111nnnl0 1l 1 1l111111l11111j11111jl 1111111111111111"-111111,111111111111111111111111111111111111111 If I I I I" I 2 2 2 2 2 2 212 2 22 2 21212 2 2 2 ! 2 2 2 2 212 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ~2 2 212 2 212 212 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1I I I Automatic I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 313 3 3 33133 3 313 p3 3 3 3 3j3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Duplication 3 3 3 3 3 LABOR DISTRIBUTION 3 3 3 3 3 44 4 4 4 4 4~ 4 4 4!4 4 4 4 4. 4 4 414 4 4 4 44 4~ 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 Columns 34•35 44 4 44 4 4 4 44 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 44 4 I ,. 11 .1 _I 1 5 5 5 5 51 5/I 5 551 5 5 5151 5~ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5/5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 515 55J5 5 5 5 s5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 s5 5 5 5 s5 I I '- I I s s &I& ssis s&1&s s s s1s s s s I& s s s s s s s/6 s6 6 6 s6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 s s 6 6 s6 6 6 6 6 6 s6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 &6 6 6 6 & I 1 1 1 I 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7J7 77117 17 7'7 7117 L.iu. 7 7 7 7 717 7 7 7 7 717 7 7 7 7 7 717 7 1j11 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 77 777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 1 a a a a a a ass ss a TranEsposition 8 a8 8 ala 8 8 8 8 8 ~a 8 aa8 a8 8 8 ala 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8 8 8 8 88 8 8 8 88 8 81 88 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 11 1 rror I I 9 9 9 9 g g gig g gig g gig g g g 9j g 91ggg g g g g gig g g g g g g g gg g g 9 gig g 919 9 9 g g g g g g g g g g g 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 Z l• S I 711 I tDil1121lii41S!"I71~1t20,21UZ l4r.117111,ztllll2il4 l5l llli~414~4J64451414 414t$DS1U!J WSS5157SIH.UIIl l3f.4SSM17 U.7011n1l7471lfi1JJI 11. Figure 13. Error Correction 5. Re-key the pieces field, and manually punch the ally punched. If the card is not torn, it can be made over as follows: remaining fields programmed for manual punch ing. The machine group field is automatically I. Turn off the program-control lever. duplicated, and columns 48 through 80 are auto2. Place the damaged card in the read bed. matically skipped. 3. Place a blank card in the punch bed. 6. Remove the error card from the stacker. 4. Register both canis by using the register key. 5. Press the DUP key until all punched columns have been duplicated. To avoid possible damage to Prepunched Master Card Insertion the machine, make sure that whenever the DUP key is used a card is fully registered at the read In an operation in which certain fields are to be dupli cated from prepunched master cards, it is necessary ing station. to insert each master card manually before duplicating 6. Release both cards by means of the release key. the first card of the group. The master cards are in7. Sight check. serted in the card bed at the right of the reading sta tion. OPERATING SUGGESTIONS I. Turn off the automatic feed switch before completely punching the last card of the preceding The following suggestions are given as an aid to most group. efficient operation of the IBM card punches. 2. After the last card is released from the punching STARTING APUNCHING OPERATION station, manually move it to the left, until its left end touches the feed rolls at the reading sta·when a new job is started, the release key should be pressed (but need not be held) after the main-linetion. switch is turned on. After a short time delay, a release 3. Press the release key to advance that card past cycle occurs to indicate that the operation can bethe reading station. started. If the automatic feed switch is OFF, the FEED 4. Place the master card in the card bed between key should then be pressed twice. to register the first the punching and the reading stations. card; if the switch is ON, the FEED key need be pressed 5. Press the FEED key to register the master card only once. If a prepunched master card is to be inand the detail card that is waiting at the right serted, it should be placed in the center of the card in the card bed, and to feed a new card from bed after the first feed cycle. the hopper. Turn on the automatic feed switch. When master information for automatic duplicaNormal punching of the first card of the new tion is to be keyed in the first card of the group, the group can then proceed with automatic feeding automatic skip and duplicate switch should be turned of the following detail cards. off before the first card is registered, and left off until 6. If the master card is not to be stacked with the the master information is keyed. On this first card, detail cards, remove it immediately after comthe -SKIP key is used to skip the fields programmed for pleting the punching of the first detail card. automatic skipping. 7. This kind of operation prevents automatic duplication of any common information, such as date, ENGAGING THE PROGRAM READING MECHANISM from one group of cards to the next, because the Turning the program-control lever to lower the star continuity of such duplication is interrupted by wheels may not fully engage the reading mechanism. inserting the prepunched master cards. ConseTherefore, it is necessary also to press the release key. quently, when common punching is required, the For this reason, once the program is turned on it information must be manually punched in the should be left on, and whenever possible any temfirst card of each new group. This keying can be porary changes or interruptions in the punching rouavoided by the use of the optional Auxiliary Dutine should be handled by the functional switches and plication Device, operated by key 38 on the keykeys.board chart. (See Optional Features, page 27.) The star wheels must not be lowered unless a card is on the program drum. With star wheels raised, the keyboard is in alphabetic shift. Making Over Damaged Cards STOPPING A PuNCHING OPERATION It is sometimes necessary to make over damaged cards. If the card is torn as a result of a jam, the pieces When an operation is to be stopped and the main-line switch turned off before a batch of work is completedshould be properly assembled and a new card manu- IBM Card Punches and Verifiers 19 (as at a lunch hour), the automatic feed switch should pulled out. If a card at the punching station does notbe turned off before the card at the punching station move easily, it can be freed by holding the MU LT PCHis completely punched and released. This permits re key (or space bar) while pressing each numerical key. starting the job without additional card handling. Then, with the lever held down, the card can easilyWhen one batch of work is to be followed by anbe pulled out wlttlout tearing.other batch using the same master information andprogram control, a blank card should follow the last SPACING OvER CoLUMNS card of the batch through the punching station. Theblank card can be released past the punching station Without program control, the DUP key can be used toas the last card is released past the reading station. space over columns, if the same columns are unThis causes the blank card to be automatically punched in the preceding card or if there is no cardpunched with the master information for duplication immediately ahead. This operation is faster than usinginto the first card of the next batch, and thus elim~the space bar. nates the necessity of re-keying the master information. The automatic feed switch should be OFF when the MuLTIPLE-PUNCHED CoLUMNs cards are released. Two or more digits can be punched in one column byholding the multiple-punch key down while the digit CLEARING THE CARD BED keys are pressed one at a time. If a machine is notWhen the card bed is to be completely cleared at the equipped with a multiple-punch key, the space bar can end of a punching operation without feeding more be held down for this operation. The keyboard iscards from the hopper, the automatic feed switch automatically shifted to numerical position when theshould be turned off during the punching of the next MULT PCH key or the space bar is pressed. to-the-last card. The last card is then registered forpunching by pressing the register key. After the lastcard is punched and moved to the center of the card X-PUNCHING AND SKIPPINGbed, it is moved on to the stacker by pressing the regisPunching an X in a numerical field normally causester key, the release key, and then the register k ey skipping, but in an alphabetic field it does not. If aagain. control X (such as a credit X or a date X) is to beIf the automatic feed switch is turned oft after the punched in a numerical field but skipping must notlast card to be punched is completed, the release and occur, the following sh ould be considered:register keys must be pressed alternately three times. I. If the X is punched (keyed or duplicated) alone In this case two blank cards stack behind the last in a column, skipping to the beginning of the punched card in the stacker. next field occurs. This skipping can be preventedby coding the single column of the field with a 1REMOVING ACARD FROM THE CENTER OF THE CARD BED in the program card (in an alphabetic machine)A card can be removed from the center of the car d or by eliminating the program 12-code in thebed without affecting the following cards by ma nually column following the X-punching. In the firstmoving it into the reading station and pressing the method, if a digit instead of the X is to be keyed,release key. This moves it to the left of the card bed the numerical shift key must be held down. Inwhere it can be lifted out. the second method, the program card must bepunched with a 0 in the following column ifautomatic duplication is performed; or the dupli REMOVING A CARD FROM THE LEFT OF THE CARD BED cate key must be pressed a second time, or heldWhen a card has been released from the reading station over the blank column in the program card, ifbut not stacked, it is positioned in the left of the card manual duplication is performed.bed. For easy manual removal, the card can be moved 2. If a control X is to be keyed over a digit, the to the extreme left by pressing down on the arm that MULT PCH key must be pressed to key the two dig extends from the reading station. its in one column. (With machines not equippedwith the MULT PCH key, the space bar is used.)REMOVING ACARD FROM THE PuNCHING oR This prevents X-skipping, and no provision needREADING STATION be made in the program card. If for any reason a card must be removed manually 3. If the control X and a digit are duplicated, skip from the punching or reading station, the pressure-roll ping to the end of the field occurs. This can release lever should be held down while the card is be prevented by coding the column with a 1 in 20 the program card (in an alphabetic machine) or by eliminating the program 12-code in the following column. In the first method, if the column is keyed at any time, the MULT PCH key (or space bar) must be pressed. This shifts the keyboard into numerical position and prevents skipping. In the second method, the program card must be pt.:nched with a 0 in the following column if automatic duplication is being performed; or the duplicate key must be pressed a second time, or held over the blank column in the program card, if manual duplication is being performed. CoRNER CuTS Cards with lower left corner cuts cannot be used, because they will not feed through the card bed. This should be kept in mind especially when designing tumble cards, because an upper right corner cut becomes a lower left corner cut when the card is tumbled. SINGLE-CARD FEEDING When cards are to be fed manually, one at a time, they should be placed directly in the card bed, to the right for punching or in the center for reading. To save time and avoid possible misfeeding, single cards should not be placed in the card hopper. When a card is to be inserted at the reading station, place it in the center of the card bed and slide it to the left through the two notches in the frame. It should be positioned so that the column-! edge is be tween the feed rolls at the right of the reading station. If the card is pushed in too far, improper feeding and duplicating may result. KEYBOARD LocKING The keyboard Jocks under any of the following conditions: l. The main-line switch is turned OFF, and then oN, while a card is registered at the punching station. The keyboard can be unlocked by pressing the release key. 2. On the combination keyboard, an alphabetic key (other than a combination key) is pressed in a field programmed for numerical punching. The keyboard can be unlocked by pressing the backspace key (the operator then spaces to the next column), the release key (the card is released without punching), or the alphabetic shift key (the letter is punched). 3. A blank column is duplicated in a field programmed for numerical punching. This serves as a blank-column detection device to assure that a digit is punched in every column of a numerical field which is being duplicated. The keyboard can be unlocked by pressing the backspace key or the alphabetic shift key on the combination keyboard. 4. A card is not registered at the punching station. This feature makes it impossible to do any punch· ing or spacing unless a card is in position to be punched. With the automatic feed switch oN the register, feed, or release key can be pressed to move a card into punching position. 5. The register key or the FEED key is pressed when a card is registered at the punching station. The keyboard can be unlocked by pressing the release key or the backspace key. SusPENDING AuToMATIC DuPLICATION IN FIRST CARD Master information in the first card of each new group must be keyed. Automatic duplication must, therefore, be suspended for that card by turning off the automatic skip and duplicate switch. CHECKING REGISTRATION The punching registration of the machine should be checked daily. Punch a card in all 80 columns and check the registrations with a card gage (Figure 14). Off-gage punching causes difficulty when the cards pass through other types of machines. This precaution is extremely important. Figure 14. Card Gage IBM Card Punches and Verifiers 2( IBM 26 Printing Card Punch The IBM 26 Printing Card Punch is the same in appearance, features and function as the IBM 24 Card Punch. With the IBM 26, however, characters can be printed as they are punched (Figure 15). Each character prints above the column punched, thus permitting full interpretation of the card. The printing feature is controlled by the PRINT switch, which is the third functional control switch shown in Figure 4. Zero printing or suppression of printing in an individual column or field is controlled by program-card coding. Left-Zero Print (2) With program control, zeros punched to the left of the first significant digit in a numerical field deter mined by 12's in the program card are automatically suppressed in norm al printing (00025 is printed 25). To print zeros to the left in a field, as in a social security number, a 2 is punched in each column of the field in the program card. For example, the program card for Figure 16 would be punched with 2's in columns l-5 and 21-29. A zero in the units position of a field always prints u nless printing is suppressed. Like zeros, the dash (-) and the ampersand (&), which are normally suppressed when occurring to the Moln-Lin• Progrom Column Swllth boding Boord I 01008p F JONES 1077016922 2 1 EMPLOYE! I I NO NAME AX occ RATES SOC. SEC. NO. I' COOE COOl ~CLOCK I Ill REG . 0.1 1oIIoOOOOOOOOIOOOOOO ~ 0 D'l Ol 0 0 0 0 ~ 0~c I 1 l •) 6 7 8 ~ 10 li 12 1)14 1) ID 11 II I! ~ ' '';dz,.z~z,z1a: . ~D )I )J) ;oJ,~~":lo, ~l ~ o 1 111 1 1 1 111 111 1 1111 111 11111111 11 11 11. 11111111 '!' r-"--I ..... LL 22222222 1222222 2 2 r'---L-II 21 2 2 2 21 c: a> a> I .2 0 c: 333333333333333 3 3 0 c: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 'E ~ 3 GJ"E Q; ·~ I ·;: ~ N ·~ 444444444444444 4 4 N ·;: 4 4 4 4 4 4 41 0.. 0.. & 4 4 0.. :> I V) ,..... 555~55 115555555 5 5 ,___ 5 5 5 5 5 5 SJ '"Tr 5 5 Figure 16. Character Printing left of a significant digit in a field, can be forced to print by the 2-code in the program card. Print Suppression (3) The print suppression feature provides an extremely flexible control of printing. Even though the print switch is ON , printing can be prevented for one or more columns of the card. Print suppression for a column is controlled by a 3-code in the program card. To suppress printing for a field, the 3-code is punched for each column of the field. For example, the program Cord Hopper Figure 15. IBM 26 Printing Card Punch card for Figure 16 would be punched with 3's in columns 34-40. These additional codes that apply to the IBM 26 Printing Card Punch only are summarized here, and their use is illustrated in Figure 16. Code Function -2- Left-Zero Print 3 Print Suppression Ribbon Replacement T he ribbon on the IBM 26 Printing Card Punch feeds between two spools, through ribbon guides, and under the punch die, as shown in Figure 17. On machines with serial numbers lower than 10029, the ribbon should be replaced by a customer engineer. On other machines, the old ribbon is removed and a new one installed as follows: 1. Turn off the main-line switch. 2. Remove the ribbon-spool retaining clamp. 3. Cut or break the old ribbon. 4. Remove both spools from their spindles and pull out the t.wo pieces of r ibbon. Empty one of the spools. 5. Place the spool of new ribbon on the right-hand spindle; position it so that the ribbon feeds from the top of the spool toward the front of the machine. Lift up the right end of the ribbonreversing arm, if it is not already up, and unroll about a foot and a half of ribbon; then push down the right end of the ribbon-reversing arm to hold the spool steady. 6. Feed the metal leading-end of the ribbon between the punch d ie and the card bed, sliding it through the groove in the center of the card bed (between the 3 and 4 punching positions). The groove permits the extra thickness of the metal end and the reversing eyelet to pass between the punch die and the card bed. Be sure to keep the ribbon straight, with the top side up at all times. Figure 17. Ribbon Replacement IBM Card Punches and Verifiers 7. Hook the metal leading-end of the ribbon in the slot in the center of the empty spool and wind the ri bbon onto the spool until the reversing eyelet is on the spool. 8. Place the spool on the left spindle; position it so that the ribbon feeds onto the spool over the top. Be sure that the ribbon is not twisted and that the top side of the ribbon is still up. 9. Hook the ribbon around the right and left wire ribbon guides, and slide it through the right and left ends of the reversing arm and over the rollers in front of the ribbon spools. 10. Slide the ribbon up under the punch die so that it is in the upper groove provided for it in card-printing position (above the 12 punching position), and take up the slack. II. Replace the ribbon-spool retaining clamp. Main-line Program Column Program Control IBM 56 Card Verifier Accurately punched cards are essential to recordkeep ing. Therefore cards are usually verified in some man ner immediately after they are punched. The IBM 56 Card Verifier (Figure 18) verifies alphabetic, numerical or special-character punching manually or automatically. OPERATING FEATURES The IBM 56 Card Verifier is the same in appearance, features, and operation as the IBM 24 Card Punch. The significant differences are: Figure 18. IBM 56 Card Verifier w !lo. (MPLDYU PUT 01 IIIII! DATE UTES ACCOUNT PltCtS ~i Ototl WO. ~;""' MO . HOUtS AMOUNT MD. OAT lt5. O.T. NO. lli:.,.lffiiCLOci 00 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 • 0 Ol 0I 0 0 IO 0 0 0 00 0Ill o o.~l ~ ~~~~ 0 0 010 ~ ~!o oI o~:o o o1 010 o oIO .. II >Ill \OI H Utl 14 t~hs 11 II tt20htU1 "11 l1 ll6tJO ll ll l HH Ill lllt40 ct clfH ~,., 14! 50 515BlH 5H,57SI5UOU UUUi5U U UU 10 H 11 J)H 15 )5 11 II IU (I ' 1111 111111 11111111111111111111111111111111 11 11 11 ·~1 1 11111 11p 11 111111 11 1111111 11 11 1 1 111 Fin c I I I I I I OK 2 22 2 n 212 2 212 2212:2 2 2 2112I 2 2 21 12 212 2 2 22 2 212 2 2 2 2 212 2 212 2 2 2 22 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I I Notch I I I I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 313 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 313 3 313 3 313I 3 3 3 3 3 3 LABOR DISTRIBUTION 33 3 3 3 3 313 3 313 ·3 3 3 313 3 3 3 313 31 3 3 I I I I I I 44 44 44 4144 414 4 4 4 4114 4 4 414 4 4 44 4 4 414 4 4 4 4 44 44 444 4414 4 414 4 444444444444444444444444444444444 I I I I I I 5551555 5 5 5 55 5 5 5 55 515 515 I 55 55555555555S5SS5SS555SS5S5555SSS 55 5 5 51 5115 51515 5 51515 5 5'15 5 5 5 I I I I I I I ~ 6 616 6 61S s 61S s s SSIS SSs 61616 6 6 5661666 61 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 616 6 616 6 6SSSSS66S666666666666666666666666 I I I I I I I 77 77 11 1111 71177 771771 771777 77 7 771777 77 11 11 771 7717 771777 11171111171111111111 111111111111 I I I I I I I 8811 8 818 8 8 8 8 8 I 8 8 88 I 8I 8 8 8 8 8 81 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8I 18 II18 8181 lt8 I 8 I 81111 1118 8 I 81 I 1118 8I 8 8 8 I 8I 818 I I I I I I I 9 99 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 9>9 9 919 9 9 99999999999999999999999999999999 9 9 9 9 9 9 919 9 919 9 9 9 919 9 99 919 9 99 9 9 9~1 S)I JR ~Ho c• •}tU USkic l ,,~')0 \ t5])H4 5~\5 H U 5HOSt H fJ H iHUl U U 10 Jt 12 I)H !Pi H H 1910 I 1 ) 4 ~ 5 11 I t lOIII I ~ I) c tSIIf tJ•I t lOilt211! 4i) Jtil 1 , llt10HH lJ 41 Figu re 19. Verified Card is made. If the SKIP key is pressed instead of a second Verifying Station or third try at verification, the light goes oft. Verification is performed at the first station in the card bed across which the cards pass from right to left. Combination Keyboard ·when a card is verified, a notch is cut at the end beExcept where noted, the combination keyboard (Figtween rows 0 and 1 (Figure 19) If the card is incorrect, ure 21) is the same as that for the IBM 24 Card Punch. . a notch is cut in the card over the column containing FUNCTIONAL KEYS an error (Figure 20). 32. VER DU P (verify duplication) causes verification of the card field at the verifying station by comError Light paring it with the preceding card. With program control, a single key depression When an error is detected, the error light goes on. The light goes off if the second attempt at verification causes verification of the field for which it is pressed. The rate of verification is 20 columns per second. is correct; if not, it goes off when the third attempt Skip Key Error Notch Error on Third Trial Notch and Skip I w £MPLOY££PAIT 01 DATE RATtS ...., HOUtS AMOUNT ACCOUU OROU NO. .. !!a. .......~ PIECES ~~"'"' l iMO ~~ t=: liP! CLOCI MO. DAY tt;. O.T. MO. ~~ DDDID I ltD DI D1!0 D 0 II'DtD ll D~~DDD~~D.~ 0 D1!,~ 0 011 oo0 ~~· 0 0!11 OODDDDODOODDODDODDOOOOODDDODOODDD 141 SO 51!2 5lS4 S5 SIS1515110 1112 UUUIUJ II U 10 11 121314 J1 111J 11 1tl0 II lll' 101111111 141Shl \1 II 11201212223 121 21125 lO )I lll Jill lllt40 ""' 444514141 11111 I 11111111111111111111111111111111 ·~ 11 11 1111 11111 111111 111111 11 1111111 11 11 11 111 1111 11 II I I I I iz:2 2 212 2 222222222222222222222222222222222 2 2 2 2 22 2122 212 22 2 212 2 2 2112 2 2 21 12 212 2 2 2 2 2 212 2 2 2 . I II I I I I 3 313 3 3 3 3 3 3 LABOR DISTRIBUTION 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 313 3 313 3 3 3 313 3 3 3 313 31'3 3 3 3 313 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 313 3 313 I I I I I I I 4 414 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4144 414 4 4 4 414 4 4 414 4 4 4 4 41414 4 4 4 4 4 4 q 4 4 4 4 414 I I I I I I I s 115 s 5 SS555S55S555SSS5555S5S55555S55S5 s s 5 5 slS1l S5t5l5 s sIS IS 5 SIS 5 s 5 5 s 515 5 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5tS I I I I I I 6 6 &I 6 6 616I 6 616 6 6 6 616 6 6 6 &lSI& 6 6 6 6 616 6 6 Sl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hi II II I 20blllll Ulbt llllllllO 31 lll3ll31llll I 3110 14~4 U6k147 eu~~»n"»H~HHnhununu~unnnnn""~"""~I l Figure 20. Error Card IBM Card Punches and Verifiers 25 40 41 42 43 :; :-: -;.;.; 32 :-:·:·:·:·:· 33 ·:-:-:-:·:·:· 20 34 39 WQ CD Q '::~~~~~:ii(TI, 0 €t! ••• 5 2 ° 3 4 6 "-=: :: t'''' ~U:::: :::: <;:~= : :::::>'' ;.:i\_ ~9 0 ®®®®@:C),IImltiUJi, G j 35 ®®®®CD c~~>{ill;~:m:::~:: ~®s • 14 15 17 A0®®r0 ®®''"::~ • \::.J \.'V !tl~lllr-11, e~~, 8 \!~!!1\:U,, ,U,,, , , ~ SHIFT KEY NUMERICAL KEYBOARD SHIFT KEY ~llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll lllllllllllllllll~ SPACE BAR Figure 21. Combination Keyboard Chart Without program control, this key verifies at the determine which position is in error and must be re rate of I 0 columns per second as long as the key is keyed, by reading the punched holes in a few columnspressed. preceding the error column and relating them to the38. Aux VER (auxiliary verify) operates only when source material. The card and the source documentthe machine is equipped with the Auxiliary can easily be associated in this way because all col Verification Device. This key causes verification umns but one preceding the error column are visible. by comparison with a master card on an auxIn Figure 20, for example, columns 1 through 13iliary drum. Under program control, one stroke are visible when the error is signalled in column 14,of the key verifies an entire field; without proand the operator -can note that the overtime rate fieldgram control, one stroke verifies a single column. (punched 0750) has been completed. Therefore, by44. MP-ER (multiple-punch, error-release) is a dualreference to the source document, the operator canpurpose key: readily determine that the first position of part or1. It prevents normal spacing of the card, as account number has signalled the error and must be long as it is pressed, to permit verification of re-keyed . Similarly, when the error is signalled intwo or more punches in one column. column 27, the operator can note that the first digit2. It releases the keyboard whenever it be(punched 2) of order number has been verified and comes locked during a verifying operation. The the second must be re-keyed. keyboard is in numerical shift when this key is pressed for verificating multiple digits in a colERROR RouT!l'\E umn. After the operator determines which position signalsthe error, that column can be re-verified as follows:OPERATING PROCEDURES l. Press the error-release key to free the keyboard. 2. Make a second attempt to verify the column. IfFor general operation refer to the chapter on the IBM this trial is correct, the light goes off and verifica 24 Card Punch (page 15) . The only difference is in tion can be continued in the next column. If it isthe error-detection routine. incorrect, the error light remains on and theAn error is detected as a discrepancy between the keyboard becomes locked again. digit punched and the key pressed (or the digit in 3. Press the error-release key to free the keyboardthe preceding card during automatic verification). At again. this time the error light goes on and the keyboard locks. 4. Make a third attempt to verify the column. Atthis time the light goes off and verification can ProvisiQJl is made for three trials in the verification be continued in the next column regardless ofof a column. So, if the operator makes the error, he whether or not the third attempt is correct. Ifhas two more chances to strike the correct key. He can it is incorrect, the column is error-notched (Fig 26 ure 20). The sound of notching is easily distinin an alphabetic field. If this skipping is not desired, it guishable above the sound of normal verifying. can be prevented by coding the single column of the When an error notch is cut in one or more columns field with a 1 in the program card (in an alphabetic of a card, the final OK notch in the right end of the machine) or by eliminating the program 12-code in card is omitted and automatic feeding is suppressed. the column following the X. In the first method, if The card stops, completely visible, between the reada figure instead of the X is keyed, the numerical shift key must be held down; in the second method, if the ing and verifying stations. This permits the operator field is verified by use of the verify-duplication key, to note the correction on the card before it is registered at the reading station. The next card is fed by the key must be pressed a second time or held over the blank column in the program card. pressing the FEED key. The -SKIP key can be pressed instead of making the Key verification of an X and a digit punched in a second or third attempt to verify the error column. single column of a numerical field requires the use When this is done, the column is notched (if it is a of the multiple-punch (MP) key. Pressing this key prevents X-skipping. Verification of an X automatically punched column), the error light goes oft and the rest of the field is skipped (Figure 20) ; verification can be or by use of the VER DUP key does not cause skipping. continued in the first column of the following field. This method of handling an error is especially adMULTIPLE-PUNCH VERIFICATION Two or more digits can be verified in one column by vantageous when it becomes evident, after error notching two or three columns of a long field, that a holding down the multiple-punch key (MP) while the digit keys are pressed one at a time. All punches in a character has been omitted and the rest of the punch column must be verified unless one of the verification ing is off one column. Errors of this type are not uncommon in alphabetic fields. elimination features is used. An error signal occurring in a field programmed If the operator presses a key that does not correspond to the hole punched in the card, the keyboard for automatic verification normally indicates that the first card of a new group, with a change in the comlocks. 'When the operator senses that the keyboard is locked, he can determine the digit to be re-verified by mon information, is at the verifying station. The errorrelease key should be pressed so that the field can be visually associating the preceding punched columns with the source document. Before re-verification, the key-verified. Pressing the correct key turns oft the error light and permits verification of the rest of the field. keyboard must be unlocked by pressing the errorI£ an error is signalled while either of the shift keys release key. is pressed, the keyboard remains in that shift for the second and third trials even though the key is no longer held down. I£ pressing the shift key was in itself an error, it can be corrected by pressing the opposite Optional Features -IBM 24, 26, 56shift key when the next attempt at verification is made. The following devices for the IBM 24 or 26 Card Punch OPERATING SUGGESTIONS and IBM 56 Card Verifier are available as optional fea tures. Full discussion can be found in the IBM 24, 26, The following suggestions are given as an aid to ef 56 manuals. ficient operation of the IBM 56 Card Verifier, in addition to the Operating Suggestions in the IBM 24 Card Punch section. Auxiliary Duplication (Auxiliary Verification) Information common only to certain cards can be OK NOTCH punched into a ma9ter card, which is fastened around When a card is verified, a notch is cut in the right end an auxiliary drum and mounted on a spindle behind of the .card. Every field of the card must be either the program drum. When the AUX DUP (Aux VER.) key is verified or programmed to skip for the final OK notch pressed, this prepunched information is duplicated to be punched. The card is not notched if it is re into the card under control of the program card. leased. Therefore, if a card is to be verified without program control, each column must be keyed, spaced, or automatically verified to obtain the OK notch. 11-12 Elimination (56 only) X-VERIFYING AND SKIPPING Cards are frequently punched with control X's or l2's Key verification of an X punched alone in a column that do not need to be key-verified. By ll-12 Eliminanormally causes skipping in a numerical field but not tion, operating in conjunction with program-card IBM Card Punches and Verifiers 27 coding, II-I2 verification is made selective by column . Program code 2 in a column eliminates the necessity to veri.fy the II or I 2 punching but requires the verification of the 0 through 9 punching. 0-9 Elimination (56 only) When only the ll or 12 punching, or a portion of the numerical punching, needs to be verified, 0-9 Elimina tion can be installed. Normally, this feature splits the column between 0 and 11 so that Jol and 12 punches must be verified, and digits 0 through 9 are eliminated from verification. Any split other than between 0 and 11 may be specified (for example, between 8 and 7) so that all punches above split (7 through 12) must be verified, and all punches below the split (8 and 9) need not be verified. Like ll-12 Elimination, this feature operates selec tively in conjunction with program-card coding. Code 3 in a column of the program card eliminates the necessity of verifying the 0 through 9 punching, or an y specified portion of the numerical digits, but requires the verification of the 11 or 12 punching. Alternate Pmgram Device With this device, two program setups can be punched in one program card. The corresponding codes (differences for the verifier are noted in parentheses) are: Normal Code Alternate Code 12 Field Definition 4 II Start Auto Skip 5 0 Start Auto Duplication 6 (Start Auto Duplication) 1 Alphabetic Shift 7 2 Left·Zero Print 8 (11·12 Elimination) Print Suppression 9 (0·9) Elimination) When the ALT PROG key is pressed, the alternate program is effective for the remainder of that card. Program cards punched with both normal and alternate-program codes should not be duplicated. Interspersed Gangpunch Device (24, 26 only) This distinguishes master cards from detail cards by a different corner cut. All punching and programming are suspended for master cards, as they automatically release to the reading station. The master-card information is gangpunched into following detail cards. Normal use requires that the AUTO-FEED and AUTo-oup switches be ON. Card Insertion Device This simplifies manual insertion of a master duplicating card in front of a group of cards to be punched (or verified), or insertion of a blank or prepunched trailer card at the end of a group of punched cards. Self-Checking Numbe1· Device (24, 26 only) • This permits punching and verifying numerical data in one operation. Account number, part number, customer number, order number, and other classifying and indicative information contain a pre-calculated check digit. This device recalculates the field as it is punched and compares this result with the prepunched check digit. If the two do not agree, the keyboard locks and a 12 is punched in the card. High Speed Skip This device permits program-controlled skipping at a rate approximately three times normal skipping speed. This device is advantageous when 55 or more consecutive columns require skipping. Continuous Skip This device enables the operacor to skip programmed fields by pressing the continuous skip key and releasing it in the last field to be skipped. Continuous Spacing This device all ows the operator to space over successive columns as long as the key is pressed. Alphabetic Field Limit (24, 26 only) This device defines the limits of a programmed alphabetic field to prevent accidental punching beyond that field. Decimal Tabulation This device permits semi-automatic punching (or verifying) of zeros to the left of the first significant digit of a card field which has seven positions or less. To use the device, the operator presses the numerical key corresponding to the number of significant digits in the field to be punched (or verified). Zeros are automatically punched (or verified) to the left of the first significant digit, and the card is positioned at the column in which the operator is to begin keying significant digits. Eight of the regular numerical keys are used for the decimal-tabulation operation. No additional keys are needed on the keyboard. Review Questions -IBM 24, 26, 56 1. What is the purpose of the card punch? 2. How is the keyboard attached to the punch? 3. Both numerical and alphabetic information can be punched from the same keyboard. How is the shift from one to the other accomplished? 4. How are cards placed in the hopper? 5. How must the first two cards be fed from the hopper? 6. About how many columns of the card are visible after punching has started? 7. The machine contains a reading station and a punch station. What is the purpose of each? 8. How are the cards stacked in the stacker? 9. In what sequence are the cards when they have been removed from the stacker? 10. When the main-line switch is turned on, how soon can operations begin? 11. What is the purpose of the column indicator? 12. How many multiple digits can be manually punched in one column of a card? 13. The combination keys on the keyboard contain both letters and numbers. How are they distinguished from the other keys on the keyboard? 14. If the keyboard is in numerical shift and a letter key (other than a combination key) is pressed, what happens? 15. What is the purpose of the oup key with program control? Without program control? 16. What happens when the -SKIP key is used in numerical shift? In alphabetic shift? 17. \!\That does the REL key do when it is pressed? 18. Normally, what is the purpose of the SKIP key? 19. Define field. 20. What is the purpose of the program card? 21. What punch in the program card starts skipping? What punch continues skipping? 22. What punch in the program card starts duplication? What punch continues duplication? 23. What punch in the program card automatically causes alphabetic shifting? 24. How is the program card fastened around the drum? 25. How is the drum inserted in the punch? 26. What is the purpose of the AUTO-SKIP, AUTO-DUP switch? 27. What is the purpose of the AUTO-FEED switch? 28. When a card is punched on the printing punch, where do the characters print? 29. What is the purpose of the PRINT switch? 30. How are zeros printed? 31. Explain the procedure for making over a damaged card. 32. Why should punching registrations be checked daily? 33. What is the purpose of the verifier? 34. What is the procedure for turning off the error lights on the verifier? 35. How are the error cards and the verified cards indicated? IBM Card Punches and Verifiers IBM Sorters Accuracy and timeliness of reports are very important to administrative action. Documents used in preparation of these reports must be grouped and in proper order. Manual sorting or rearrangement of documents into numerical or alphabetic sequence has always . been a time-consuming and tedious operation, and frequently results in missorting due to human error. Likewise, manual selection of desired documents from a file of records is a slow and inaccurate process. One of the advantages derived from the use of IBM punched-card records lies in the ability to arrange card documents with the aid of high-speed sorting machines: the IBM 82 Sorter, rated at 650 cards per minute; the IBM 82 Sorter, Series 50, rated at 450 cards per minute; and the IBM 83 Sorter, rated at 1000 car ds per minute. • IBM 82 Sorter The IBM 82 Sorter (Figure 22) has a card-feed hopper located at the right end of the machine. This hopper has a capacity of approximately 800 cards. The cards are placed in the feed hopper of the machine face down, 9-edge toward the throat. To the left of the hopper are 13 compartments or pockets that receive the cards. Cards pass through the machine at the rate of 650 cards per minute. One column at a time can be sorted. When the START key is pressed, the cards are automatically fed from the bottom of the stack and advanced between a sorter brush and a metal roller. As the brush drops through the first punched hole in the column, contact is made with the metal roller to close Sort Brush Feed Hopper • Figure 22. IBM 82 Sorter • Figure 23. Machine Controls an electrical circuit. A chute blade corresponding to the punched hole is electrically opened, and the card is directed by the chute and feed rollers into the proper pocket. Thus, all cards punched l in the column being sorted fall into the l pocket of the machine; all cards punched 2 fall into the 2 pocket, etc. If no punching appears in the column, the card falls Figure 24. Sort Brush and Column Indicator into the reject pocket. For a double-punched column, as in the case of an alphabetic character, the card is the hopper. Each turn of the handle, clockwise or sorted according to the first contact made (punch nearcounterclockwise, moves the brush one column. T h e brush can be moved across a number of columns by est the bottom edge of the card). raising the handle to the upper position and moving the brush holder to the desired column while pulling down the finger lever on the top of the brush asse mOPERATING FEATURES bly. A column-indicator guide and pointer are located above the brush for convenient setting of the brush on any one of the 80 card columns. One column can be Machine Contmls (Figure 23) read by the sort brush at a time. MAIN-LINE SwiTCH This switch must be ON to supply current to the ma Selection Switches chine. A 50-second warm-up period is required before The selection switches (Figure 25) make it p ossi ble to the machine operates. On some models a red signal separate from a file all cards containing any specifie d light indicates the machine is ready to operate. punch, without disturbing the sequence of the remainder of the file. The selected cards fall into their START KEY This key must be pressed to start the cards feeding from the hopper. Once started, the cards are·fed automatically until the hopper is empty. STOP KEY This key must be pressed to stop card feeding. Sort Brush and Selection Handle The actual sorting of each card is controlled by a sort b rush (Figure 24), which is mounted in a holder di rectly to the left of the card-feed hopper. The sort brush can be set on any column by turning the selec tion handle located on the front of the machine near Figure 25. Selection Switches IBM Sorte rs 51 respective pockets and the remaining cards fall into the reject pocket. In normal sorting, when cards are to be sorted on all punches 9 through 12, all the switches must be in the outer position. When only cards with certain punches are to be selected, it is necessary to pull to ward the center all the selection switches except those corresponding to the punches to be selected. All other cards are treated as blanks, and rejected. The large red switch is the alphabetic sorting switch. Setting this to the center has the same effect as setting all the switches l-9; in this position, it permits sorting only the 0, II, and 12 punches (zones), without regard for the punching in the rest of the column. Pockets and Pocket Stops The 13 receiving pockets are arranged from left to right: 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, l, 0, II, 12, R. Each pocket corresponds to one of the 12 punching positions in a card column. The R (reject) pocket receives cards that are unpunched in the column being sorted, or cards treated as blanks according to the setting of the selection switches. Each pocket is equipped with a pocket-stop lever which automatically stops card feeding when a pocket is full. Each pocket has a capacity of approximately 550 cards. To resume operation, the cards must be removed and the START key pressed. 2 ~ 1 i) 2 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 2 1 ,--- 1~ 2 ~ 2 D 1 1) -1(3) ,-----------2 ~ 2 ~ 2 !) 2(3) Feed Hopper 12 22 12 23 22 21 13 12 21 13 22 11 23 22 21 ..3 Pocket -2-Pocket -.1 Pocket first Sort Figure 26 . Sorting Principle Hand Feed Wheel This wheel, located on the right end of the machine below the hopper, is pushed in and turned manually to feed cards when testing the machine or removing a card jam. • MACHINE FUNCTIONS Numerical Sorting (one field) To arrange cards in numerical order, each column in the field requires one sort. In other words, the cards must pass through the machine once for each column of numerical information to be sorted. This sorting progresses column by column, from right to left, across the field. For example, when cards are to be sorted by a department number that is punched in a twocolumn field, the right-hand or units column must be sorted first. Cards sorted in the 0 pocket contain all department numbers ending in zero; for example, department numbers 10, 50, 40, 30, 90, etc. Cards sorted in the 1 pocke t contain all department numbers ending in I; for example, department numbers 21, 31, 61, 01, 91, 81 , etc. Other cards fall in their respective pockets (Figure 26). The cards are removed from the sorter pockets, sight-checked to assure accuracy, and placed in ascending numerical sequence so that the zeros will be first, followed by 1, 2, 3, etc. 2 3 1 3 - 1 3 2 3 1 2 -- 2 2 I 2 --2 2 - ---2 --1 1 1 ,-------1 I' I 2 Feed Hopper 23 23 22 22 13 22 13 22 12 21 12 21 12 21 11 "2" Pocket "1" Pocket Second Sort To complete the numerical arrangement, the sort Major Sub brush must be set on the tens column (the next column ' 3 23 to the left), and the cards sorted a second time. Zeros 5 23 on the previous sort must be fed through the machine 5 2 2 4 2 2 first, followed by the 1's, then the 2's, and so on. On the second run, cards sorted in the 0 pocket con3 22 5 2 2 tain department numbers 01 to 09; cards sorted in the 4 2 1 1 pocket contain department numbers 10 to 19; cards ---. 2 1 sorted in the 2 pocket contain department numbers 3 2 1 3 1 3 20 to 29, and so on. If the cards are stacked in ascend --5 1 3 ing order after the completion of the second sort, the ---4 1 2 cards become arranged in numerical sequence from 3 1 2 I department number 01 to department number 99. --. ---5 I I 1 2 -----0: 11 For sorting larger fields, this procedure must be re Feed peated for the third and subsequent columns. Hopper It is usual practice to punch all numerical cardfields completely; by preceding significant data with zeros. Hence, in recording a two-digit number in a 523 522 323 five-column field, the fifth, fourth and third columns 522 422 322 521 4 21 321 (counting the columns in the field from right to left) 513 412 313 312 would be punched with zeros, and the number would 512 411 be punched in the second and first columns (for exam·s· Pocket ·~-Pocket "3" Pocket ple, 00025). Therefore, in a strictly numerical sort, no cards should fall in the 11, 12, or R pockets. Figure 27. Block Sorting Numerical Sorting (more than one field) In operations involving more than one field, block· ing can be accomplished by first sorting the major field In certain sorting operations, the desired sequence or (Figure 27). Each major group can then be treated as order involves more than one field. For instance, it a separate unit of the file. In block sorting, as in any may be desired to arrange the cards in state order other sorting operations, cards should be sight-checkedand in county order within each state. This is known as they are removed from each pocket of the machine. as a major and minor sort. Because a county is a subdivision of a state, the county field is considered the Block sorting reduces the over-all time required to minor sort, and the state field the rnajor sort. prepare a report by permitting completed blocks to be processed through other machines while the remaining Minor sorts in a small file of cards are always made blocks are still being sorted. Another advantage isfirst. Upon the completion of the minor sort, the sortthat an error in sorting is localized to a particularing brush is moved to the units column of the major block, and is easier to correct than if spread throughfield, and from then on sorting continues in the usual the entire file . Block sorting also permits the use ofmanner. more than one sorter, not only in establishing the blocks, but in the final sorting as well. Block Sorting Alphabetic Sorting When the volume of cards is so large that it would be slow and impractical to complete the sorting operaAlphabetic sorting requires two sorts on each column tion on one machine only, considerable over-all time because a letter is recorded by two holes punched in can be saved if the cards are separated into blocks, a single column. so that each block can be handled independently of Each letter A through I combines a punch in posi the others. tion 12 with a numerical punch 1 through 9; the let· If it is desired to separate the file into 10 blocks, the ters J through R combine an 11-punch with punches sort is made on the left-hand column of the field. 1 through 9; and the letters S through Z combine a Then, each block is handled as a separate group and 0-punch with punches 2 through 9. Thus, the combination 12-1 records the letter A; 12-2 records the let sorted normally from the units column of the field through all unsorted columns to the left. ter B; 11-1 records the letter J, and so on. IBM Sorters 35 In alphabetic sorting, each card column is sorted first on the numerical portion of the letters to group them by the digits I through 9, and then sorted on the zone portion by moving the red alphabetic sorting switch toward the center. This setting of the alpha betic sorting switch cuts out the normal circuits I through 9. Consequently, in the second run, all cards fall into the 12, II, or 0 pockets. The 12 pocket con tains cards punched with the letters A through I; the II pocket those with J through R; and the 0 pocket those with S through Z, all in alphabetic sequence. Note that in alphabetic sorting, as wei~ as in nu merical sorting, the sorting proceeds from right to left in a field . All cards should be sight-checked when re moved from each pocket of the machine. Because alphabetic punching can involve word descriptions with spaces between words, the unpunched columns caused by spacing are sorted into the reject pocket on the first run. It is not necessary to sort the rejected cards through the machine a second time. However, at the completion of the second sort on a column, they must be placed in front of the file when proceeding to the next column. What has been said regarding block sorting of numerical fields applies equally to alphabetic fields. Large files of cards can be sorted alphabetically for any given column of a field, after which each letter (or block) can be handled as a separate unit of the file. Single-Column Selection Cards punched with a certain digit can be selected from a file of cards without disturbing the original sequence of the remainder of the file. The sortselection switch corresponding to the specified digit must be set to the outer rim and the other switches pushed toward the center. For example, to select cards punched with the digit 6 in column 31, set the brush on column 31 and push all selection switches except number 6 toward the center. As cards pass through the machine, those punched 6 sort in the normal manner, the rest of the cards fall into the reject pocket in their original sequence. More than one digit can be selected on one pass of the cards through the machine. For example, if switch 3 is allowed to remain in its normal position, as well as switch 6, cards that are punched with either· 3 or 6 sort in the normal manner and the rest of the cards are rejected. In some cases, it may be desirable to separate the selected cards without disturbing their original sequence, and without regard to the arrangement of the remainder of the file. In this case, switches 3 and 6 are pushed toward the center with all other switches remaining in their normal position. In this operation, !14 cards punched either 3 or 6 fall into the reject pocket, in their original sequence, and cards punched with other digits are sorted normally. All impulses 1 to 9 are ignored when the alphabetic sorting switch is moved toward the center. The same • effect would be obtained by pushing in the switches for positions I to 9. For numerical selection as outlined in the preceding paragraphs, the alphabetic sorting switch should be set in its normal position. OPERATING PROCEDURE J.. Plug the cord to a source of current. 2. Turn on the main-line switch. 3. Clear the machine by holding the START key down to make sure that there are no cards in the machine. Don't throw away any cards found in the machine. They may be good records. Ask your supervisor what to do with such cards. 4. Check all selection switches. 5. Determine the exact sequence to be followed. It you 're not sure, ask your supervisor. 6. Set the sort brush on the column to be sorted. Cards must go through the machine at least as many times as there are columns to sort. Alphabetic sorting requires two runs through the machine per column. In a normal sorting operation not involving too large a volume, start sorting in the units column. 7. Joggle a handful of cards until edges are in perfect alignment, then place the cards in the feed hopper, face down, 9-edge toward the • throat. Do not drop or force cards into the feed hopper. If you do, the feed knives may damage the edges of the cards. 8·. Place the pressure plate on top of the cards. 9. Press the START key until automatic feeding starts. I 0. If card feeding stops, check the pockets to see if one is full. The pocket-stop lever, in the bottom of a pocket, stops the.machine if the pocket fills. If a pocket is full, remove the cards and press the START key to restart card feeding. Joggle the cards and sight-check them to be sure none of them has missorted, and place the cards face down in the proper compartment of the sorting tray. 11. Empty all machine pockets; joggle, sight-check, and place cards in the proper rack. 12. Move the sort brush to the next column to the left and repeat the operation, feeding O's into the machine first, followed by other digit groups in numerical order. (NoTE: In removing cards from sorting trays, be certain to feed them into the hopper from • the bottom of each compartment. If this is not from one side of the chute blades, exerting steady done, previous sequence is destroyed.) pressure on one end of the card. Be careful not to pull the chute blades out of line while re 13. Repeat the procedure for all other columns ot moving the cards. the field. 14. File the cards according to instructions from 3. Make every effort not to tear damaged cards any the supervisor. more than necessary, because this makes it more difficult to assemble the pieces in order to punch OPERATING SUGGESTIONS duplicate cards. These must be hand-filed in their proper sequence. HANDLING CARDS 4. Pieces of torn cards should be matched to be Most of the difficulty that occurs in a sorting operation can be traced to improper handling of cards. Edges certain no torn pieces still remain in the machine of the cards are sometimes damaged in joggling or in to cause further jams. placing them in the feed hopper. This may cause a 5. 'Vhen all damaged cards have been removed and jam as they pass through the machine. Cards may no pieces remain in the machine, close the top wrinkle or fold at the throat, under the brush, or beand replace the brush holder in the proper sorttween the chute blades and rollers of the machine. ing position. Always check to be sure that the wire strands of the brush are not spread or dam Always check the edges of the cards to be sure that aged. none is bent or torn. Check the fe ed hopper to be Make every effort to keep the machine clean. Dirt certain that it contains no dirt, card dust, pieces of and other foreign material can cause the machine to paper, or other obstruction that might clog the throat. jam.Always fan cards before putting them in the feed hopper. This removes static electricity, which causes TL\11 G THE BRUSH cards to stick together, particularly in damp weather. ·when it is necessary to install a new sort brush, check Fanning also allows any foreign material between the to see that it is adjusted properly. Electrical timing cards to drop out. Keep the hopper well supplied with can be affected if this precaution is not taken. cards to assure continuous card feeding. Timing the brush (Figure 28) is a simple operation: 1. Turn on the main-line switch. When cards are being fed, do not : I. Rest a hand on the cards in the hopper, 2. Use a heavier-than-normal card weight, or 3. Fill the hopper higher than the side plates. The extra weight may cause misfeeds, missorts, and rejecting of cards. CARD jAMS In the event of a jam, immediately stop card feeding by pressing the STOP key, and turn oft the main-line switch. If the jam has occurred at the throat, empty the hopper and raise the brush from the roller by turning the brush handle a half turn; that is, until the handle is in the upper position. Turn the locking key and remove the brush holder to prevent damage to the brush while cards are being removed. If part of the jam is between the chute blades, raise the glass top of the machine by lifting the front. In removing jammed cards from the machine: I. Make every effort to straighten the cards enough so that they can be run into the pockets by turn ing the hand feed wheel on the right end of the machine. 2. If the jam is severe, it may be necessary to remove the cards under the blades. In doing this, pull Figure 28. Timing the Brush IBM Sorters 35 2. Punch a card with an 8 in a column at each end of the card, and place it in the feed hopper with the card weight. 3. Set the brush on one of these columns. 4. Turn the hand feed wheel so that the card is slowly advanced into the machine until contact is made by the brush through the hole. 5. When contact is made, a click is heard caused by the dropping armature plate. The card edge should be approximately ).)2 inch under the end of the first chute blade. Press the START key. The card 5hould fall into the 8 pocket. If it does not, the brush has not been properly timed. Ask the supervisor to adjust the brush. for you. 6. Repeat the operation for the punched column at the other end of the card. This checks for proper card alignment to assure correct timing for the entire card. The transparent protecting cover over the brush holder assembly must be closed for the machine to operate. Raising it during a sorting operation stops card feeding. CHECKING AND STACKING CARDS Missorting is sometimes caused when punched holes are off-gage or when the leading edge of the card is slightly damaged. If cards appear to be off-punched, have your supervisor check several of them with a card gage. If edges are damaged, it may be necessary to have the cards duplicated. Any ~ards falling vertically into the stackers must be straightened immediately. Otherwise they may get out of sequence or cause a jam as other cards are fed into the pocket. · Sight Checking. When the cards are removed from a pocket, the sorting should be checked. Joggle the cards (Figure 29) into perfect alignment; then hold the cards in front of a source of light and look through • Figure 30. Sight Checking the hole corresponding to the pocket from which they were remo\'ed (Figure 30). If the cards have been sorted properly, the holes form a tunnel through which light car. be seen. If the position being checked is not punched in every card in the group, it is impossible to see ligh t through that position. This indicates that one or more cards have been missorte . These must be located, removed, and hand-tiled in their proper places. In hand-filing, consideration should be given to any columns previously sorted, as well as the colum n just completed. Using a Sorting N eedle. Locating missorted cards can be facilitated by using a sorting needle as illustra ted in Figure 31. A missorted card blocks the needle and can be readily removed. • • Figure 29. Joggling Cards Figure 31. Use of Sorting Needle !6 Another use of the sorting needle is for manual sorting of comparatively large groups of cards having the same punching in a given column. Stacking Cards Temporarily. After sight-checking each group of cards, stack them face down in sorter trays, usually attached to the back of the machine. In the absence of sorter trays, a working table with tile drawers or boxes should be located conveniently near the machine. If the volume of cards to be sorted is small (2,000 or less), the glass top of the machine can be used for temporary stacking of cards. Cards removed from the temporary stackers for subsequent sorting must be fed into the hopper from the bottom o£ each stack, or from the front o£ a file drawer. If this is not done, previous sequence is destroyed. IBM 83 Sorter With the exception of the differences noted, the IBM 83 Sorter (Figure 32) operates the same as the IBM 82 Sorter, but at the rate of 1000 cards per minute. OPERATING FEATURES Digit SuppTession Keys Twelve keys (Figure 33), corresponding to each punching position, can be latched down to suppress sorting on specific punches. To unlatch or reset the keys, merely run a fingertip along the bottom edges of keys. Selector Switch Main-line Switch Figure 32. IBM 83 Sorter IBM Sorters Sort Selection Sw itch Numerical (N). Cards are sorted on the first punch A 5-position rotating switch (Figure 33) determi nes the rea d . Blanks are r ej ected . Double punches are rejected sorting pattern: Numerical, Zone, Alp h ab e tic Sort I , as errors if the Edit or Edit-Stop switch is oN. Alphabetic Sort 2, and Alpha-Numerica l. Figu re 34 Z one (Z) . Cards are sorted on zone (0, 11, 12)shows the sorting pattern for each se tting of the sort punches only. Cards without a zone punch are re • selection switch. jec ted . Any card with more than one zone punch is • Figure 33. Machine Controls • POCKETS SORT SELECTION 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 11 12 REJECTS ERRORS (When SWITCH REGARDLESS Edit or Edit-Stop SETTING OF EDIT is ON) Numerical 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 11 12 Blanks Multiple-punched cords (incl . ters) Zone 0 11 12 Any card without Any cord with more a zone punch than one zone punch Alpha-1 I H G F E D c 8 A 0 11 81 onks and cards Any cord with more s-z J-R with a 12-'Zone than one zone punch punch but no digit or with more than punch. Digits 1 one digit punch to 9 . Alpho-2 J Cards with 0 or Some as A-1R,Z Q,Y P,X o,w N,V M,U L,T K,S 0-1 11-zone only ,Blanks . Letters Ato I, and 12-zone spec . char. Digits1 to 9. Alpha-9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 11 12 Blanks, O-zone Some as A-1 Numerical digit J-R A-I (S-Z) Th is pattern is based on cards being fed face dawn, 9 edge first. Figure 34. Sor ti ng Pattern fo r Sta ndard Machine 38 rejected as an error if the Edit or Edit-Stop switch is ON. Alphabetic Sort 1 (A-1). Cards punched with a digit and a 12 zone (A-I) are sorted on the digits (1 through 9). Cards punched with an 11 zone are sorted into the II pocket. Cards punched with a zero zone are sorted into the zero pocket. Blank cards, cards with only a digit punch, and cards with only a 12-zone punch are rejected. Cards with multiple-digit punches or multiple-zone punches are rejected as errors if the Edit or Edit-Stop switch is ON. Alphabetic Sort 2 (A-2) . Cards punched with a zero or II zone are sorted on the digits. Blanks, cards with a zero or 11 zone only, cards with digits only, or letters A through I are rejected. Error is the same as A-1. Alpha-Numerical (A-N). Cards with a digit punch but no zone punch are sorted into their respective digit pockets. Cards punched with an 11 or 12 zone are sorted into the II or 12 pocket, respectively. Cards punched with a zero zone are rejected. Error is the same as for A-1. Edit Switch \Vith this switch ON, errors are rejected without stopping card feeding. Edit-Stop Switch '\\'ith this switch ON, errors are rejected, the error light goes on, and card feeding stops. The STOP key must be pressed to reset the error circuits when the machine has stopped with the error light oN . Test-Sort Switch This switch is set to TEST by the customer engineer when checking machine timing. It must be set to SORT while performing sorting operation. Power On Light This light glows when the main-line switch is ON, and the machine is ready to operate. Edit Light This light glows when the Edit-Stop switch is ON and the machine senses an error. It also glows when ,the Test-Sort switch is set to TEST and the brush is reading a punch in the card. SoTt Brush (Figure 35) This assembly operates the same as for the IBM 82 Sorter, except that the selection knob moves the brush three columns for each full rotation-one-third turn per column. Pocket Stops Each of the 13 pockets has a pocket-stop lever. A control knob on the rear of the sorter can be set to adjust Figure 35. Sort Brush Assembly IBM Sorters the capacity of each pocket for approximately 400, 565, 735, or 900 cards. Figure 36 shows the pocket-stop control knob as seen from the front of the machine. From this position, the operator can adjust the control knob by moving it until it clicks into one of the four positions. Figure 36 . Control Knob for Adjustable Pocket Stop MACHINE FUNCTIONS Numerical sorting, block sorting, and single-column selection are performed the same as with the IBM 82 Sorter, but by means of the Sort Selection switch and digit suppression keys. The operator should be thoroughly familiar with the principles set forth in these sections. Alphabetic SoTting Alphabetic sorting with the IBM 83 is much like that with the IBM 82 but is accomplished by setting the Sort Selection switch on A-1 and A-2. With the switch set onA-1: I. Letters A through I are sorted into pocke ts I through 9 on the first pass. 2. Letters J through R, which have II zoning, are sorted m to the II pocket. 3. Lett('J's S through Z, which have zero zoning, are sorted into the 0 pocket. 4. Any card that is blank or punched with only a 12 zone or only a digit is rejected. If cards punched with either letters or digits in a column are to be sorted, they should be pre-sorted using the A-N setting of the Sort Selection switch. The Edit or Edit-Stop switch should be ON so that any cards with double-punched digits or double punched zones reject; if the Edit-Stop switch is ON card feeding stops. At the end of the sort on A-1, the cards should be removed from pockets 1 through 9. These are the A to 1 cards, which are sorted. The cards in the 0 and 11 pockets should be removed and kept separate, ready for the second pass. Only the cards punched with let ters A through I are sorted on the first pass. The rejects may be left in the pocket or checked for valid ·punch ing and held for the next column sort. The Sort Selection switch should be changed to A-2, but the brush setting should not be changed for the second pass. It is not necessary to put the rejects and A through I cards through again. The I1-and zero-zone cards must be fed through the machine separately on the second pass. The ll's are fed through first. This sorts the J through R cards. These cards are removed and put behind the A through I cards. Next the zero-zone cards (S through Z) are sorted. These cards are removed and placed at the end of the deck. All valid cards from the reject pocket are placed in front of the file for the sort on the next-column. This sorting is repeated on each column progressing to the left across the field. Alpha-Numerical Sorting When the Sort Selection switch is set to A-N, all the digits are sorted. Cards punched with letters are sorted to their respective zone pockets. This method offers a quick means of separating alphabetic and numerical punches. The digit-zero and the zone-zero are separated automatically: A digit-zero is sent to the zero pocket; a zone-zero is rejected. When either letters or numbers may appear in a column, the cards should be sorted using the A-N setting first, to separate the letters from the digits. The digits 0 through 9 are sorted into their respective pockets. The 12-zone, 11-zone, and zero-zone letters should then be sorted separately using the A-1 and A-2 switch settings. OPERATING SUGGESTIONS When a card jam occurs at the sort brush, rotate the locking key (Figure 35) and remove the brush assembly. The brush should be checked against the brush gage before being replaced. This gage is located on top of the selector unit (Figure 37). When a card jam occurs at the entrance to the chute blades, release the latch (Figure 37) and raise the selector unit. Care should be taken in handling the selector unit and the chute guides. When a card jam occurs in the chute blades over the pockets, raise the cover (Figure 22) and remove the Figure 37. Selector Assembly and Latch damaged cards by a steady pull on the cards, being careful not to damage the chute blades. OPTIONAL FEATURES-IBM 82, 83 Special devices can be installed on the IBM 82 and 83 Sorters to extend the application possibilities. Full discussion can be found in the IBM 82 and 83 man~als. Auxiliary Card. Counter An electrically-operated counter registers each card passing through the brush. It is mounted on the hop per side-plate to the rear of the sorter. This device is controlled by a Card-Count switch located near the machine controls. To clear the total, turn the reset wheel until all counter wheels read zero. A count for an individual group can be made by a special pass through the machine, or as each group is fed through the machine on the next sort. The capacity of ~he counter in the IBM 82 Sorter is 99,999; in the IBM 83 Sorter, 999,999. 978 Card Counting Unit This demountable device (Figure 38) has fourteen 5 digit counters to count all punches and blanks in a column and give a sub-total. If desired, this count can be made without disturbing the sequence of the file by directing all cards to the reject pocket by the Count Only switch. Figure 38. IBM 978 Card Counting Unit IBM Sorten Counters are cleared by pressing the clearing lever, and turning the crank two turns to a locked position. With the Count Switch ON, if the cable is disconnected or the counters are not properly cleared, the sorter does not operate. Card Matching Device This device enables the sorter to separate unmatched detail or master cards from a merged file. A special rail brush distinguishes a master card from a detail card by the corner cut or a punch in column I or 80. In the IBM 83 Sorter, the regular sort brush, reading a significant punch in the card, can be used to dis~ tinguish between master and detail cards. Group Sorting Device This device permits sorting an entire group of detail cards according to the punching in a leader master card. Interspersed master cards are distinguished by a corner cut, which is recognized by a special rail brush. Sorting Supp1·ession Device This device allows sorting cards into either the reject pocket or the 12 pocket, without disturbing the sequence of the two groups of cards. The cards which reject are determined by the Sort Selection switches and digit suppression keys. Multiple-Column Selection With this device, cards punched with a predetermined numerical or alphabetic code in as many as 10 consecutive columns, can be sorted in a single pass. Additional multiple-selection operations are possible: Zero Elimination. This reduces sorting time by automatically rejecting cards that need no further sorting, like those with only zeros remaining to the left. Common Digit Selection . This permits sorting out all cards having one or more common digits. Length of Field. (IBM 83 only) permits sorting cards into pockets according to last column punched. On a single pass, shorter names can be separated from longer names in order to reduce the number of times cards must be passed through the sorter. These features use a I 0-position brush assembly, inserted by the operator in place of the regular sort brush assembly. A small control panel and 10 Column Control switches (Figure 39) are located at the right end of the machine. Alphabetic Sorting Device (IBM 83 only) This device modifies the sorting pattern of the Sort Selection switch to reduce the number of card passes. Cards sort in a sequence (Figure 40) that does not require them to be removed from the pockets until the run is complete. File Feed (IBM 83 only) This device (Figure 41 ), which holds approximately 3600 cards, triples the sorter's hopper capacity. Cards are automatically joggled in the hopper by a joggle plate and in the pockets by pocket jo15giers (Figure 42). Figure !19. Ten-Column Brush Assembly, Control Panel and Switch POCKETS REJECTS ERRORS (When SORT 11 12 REGARDLESS Edit or Edit-Stop 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 SELECTION 9 8 7 OF EDIT is ON) SWITCH SETTING G E c A KN BD Cords punched Any cord with more Alpha-1 X u R 0 L I with digits only, than one zone punch OT FHwz JM zones only, 0-1 or more than one PS combination, or digit punch 1/Y blank N K H F D 8 Some as A-1 Some os A-1 Alpha-2 z w T a y v s p M J G E c A X u R 0 L I 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 KN BD Blanks. Same as A-1 A-N 9 QT FH A,C,E,G,I,wz JM L,O,R,U,X 11 PS and the combina-1/Y lion 0-1. 12 This pattern is based on cards being fed face down, 9 edge first. Figure 40. Sorting Pattern for Alphabetic Device Figure 42. Pocket Jogglers Figure 41. File Feed IBM Sorters 45 Review Questions -IBM 82, 83 I. What is the purpose of the sorter? 2. How is sorting accomplished? 3. How many pockets are there and what is the purpose of each one? 4. How are the cards placed in the hopper? 5. What directs the cards to the pockets? 6. What is the purpose of joggling cards before placing them in the sorter? 7. Why must the cards be sight·checked after removing them from the sorter pockets? 8. Why is it possible to locate missorted cards with a needle? 9. How is the brush changed from column 15 to column 18 in the IBM 82? In the IBM 83? From column 15 to column 79? 10. If a card missorts during any sort after the first one, what factors must be taken into consideration before hand filing? II. When one column of a field has been sorted, which cards should go into the machine first for the next sort? 12. Give two reasons for card feeding to stop automatically. 13. Where should cards be stacked temporarily be tween sorts when sorting small groups of cards? When sorting a large group of cards? 14. If cards are to be sorted by man number, punched in columns 13 through 18, what column would normally be sorted first? 15. In normal sorting, which punch is recognized in a double-punched column? 16. Give the advantages of block sorting. 17. How can the block sorting principle be used when sorting alphabetically? 18. Why is it necessary to sort alphabetically punched columns twice? What is the procedure on the IBM 83 Sorter using the A-I sort selection setting? 19. Describe the function of each setting of the Sort Selection switch of the IBM 83 Sorter. 20. When sorting in an alphabetic · field, why may cards fall in the reject pocket in the IBM 82? In the IBM 83? 21. If cards punched with a 2 or 5 in a given column are to be rejected and all other cards are to be sorted, how would the selection switches be set on the IBM 82? How would the digit supression keys be set on the IBM 83? 22. When is it necessary to reverse the operation described in the preceding question? 23. Describe the function of the Edit and Edit-Stop switches. 24. Explain the procedure for timing a sort brush. 25. What may cause cards to missort? A major problem of accounting is filing and file maintenance. Records must be kept accurate, up-to-date, and accessible. The IBM collator is a tiling machine that arranges cards according to a pre-determined pattern for subsequent processing. The principal function of the collator is to feed and compare two files of punched cards simultaneously, in order to match them or combine them into one file. At the same time, cards in each tile that do not match those in the other can be separated automatically from the rest of the file. Two card-feed units (primary and secondary) accommodate the two files of cards. Pockets are provided for stacking the cards in desired groupings. When cards are fed from the hoppers, the punching is compared to control card feeding and stacking. The basic operations that can be performed on the collator are: selecting specific cards from a file; checking the sequence of cards in a file; combining IBM Collators two files into one complete file, with or without the selection of cards; and matching two files of cards while selecting any unmatched cards from each file. IBM collators can be divided into groups: numer· ical -IBM 77, 85, 88; alphabetic -IBM 87, 89. For the purpose of presentation, the IBM 77 Collator is described, and the differences noted for other machines. IBM 77 Collator The IBM 77 Collator (Figure 43) compares and files two groups of cards according to the numerical information punched in the cards. Each feed can operate at a speed of 240 cards per minute. The number of cards fed when both feeds are used ranges from 240 to 480 cards per minute, depending upon the control required by the operation. Primary Feed Hopper Control Panel 45 IBM Collaton Figure 43. IBM 77 Collator Hoppers The collator has two separate feed units: the lowerfeed unit is the primary unit, and the upper is thesecondary unit. Cards are placed in the hoppers face down, 9-edgetoward the throat. Each hopper holds about 800 cardsand is equipped with a hopper-stop contact. As soon asthe last card is fed from either hopper, the machineautomatically stops·. Additional cards can be placed inthe hopper, and card feeding can be resumed by pressing the START key. StackeTs After cards are read by the brushes, they pass intoone of four pockets or stackers (Figure 45). Each pocketFigure 44. Machine Controls holds approximately 1000 cards and is equipped witha lever to stop the machine when the pocket is full.The four pockets are numbered right to left from 1 OPERATING FEATURES Machine Controls (FiguTe 44) MAIN-LINE SwncH The main-line switch controls the power and must be ON before the machine can be operated. This switch must not be turned off during operation without first pressing the STOP key. START KEY Pressing this key starts card feeding. It must be held down for three cycles before automatic operation be gins. STOP KEY This key is pressed to stop card feeding. figure 45. Stackers R uN-OuT KEY to 4. Pocket 1 is for selected primary cards; 2 for \Vhen the machine stops after the last card is fed merged cards; 3 and 4 are for selected secondary cards. from either hopper, the RUN-OUT key must be pressed Primary cards can stack in either pockets 1 or 2. Sec until the feed wi th the empty hopper is emptied of ondary cards can stack in pockets 2, 3, or 4. If two cards. sets of cards are to be merged, the merged cards stackERROR LIGHT in pocket 2. The schematic diagram of the collator (Figure 46) is, This red light goes on when card feeding stops be in effect, a cutaway view of the primary and secondary cause of an error condition recognized by control panel wiring. feed units, the three sets of brushes, and the controlunits. The lower line drawn at an angle representsERROR RESET KEY the primary feed unit; the upper line, the secondary \Vhen the red error light is on, the ERROR RESET key feed unit. The four pockets are shown at the left. must be pressed before card feeding can be restarted. Contml Panel R uNN ING INDICATOR LIGHT The control panel is the brain of the machine, and A green running indicator light goes on whenever controls card reading and card feeding. Cards are not the main-line swi tch is ON and cards are not passing fed unless a suitably wired control panel is clamped through the machine. in the machine. 46 SECONDARY SECONDARY FEED HOPPER SELECTION CONTROL PRIMARY SELECTION CONTROL SELECTED SELECTED SECOND SECOND ARIES ARIES Figure 46. Schematic of Card t"eeds MACHINE FUNCTIONS The operations accomplished by the collator fall into four major classifications: Sequence Checking, Selecting, Merging, and Matching. Sequence Checking. This term is used to describe the operation in which the ascending order of a file of cards is automatically verified. Though not ordinarily done, cards can also be checked for descending sequence. As the cards are fed through the machine, each card is compared with the one ahead to determine whether the card is higher, lower, or equal to the preceding card. This operation can be performed as an independent function, or in combination with a merging, matching, or selecting operation. In normal practice, any file to be checked for sequence is run through the primary feed, and the cards enter the second stacker (Pocket 2). The control panel is wired so that whenever an error in sequence is detected, card feeding automati cally stops and the error light goes on. An error in sequence can be defined as a step-down condition in which a card is recognized as lower in number than the preceding card. When card feeding stops because of an error in se quence, the cards should be removed from both the hopper ..,..,d the stacker. Then, after pressing the ERROR RESET key, the cards in the machine should be run out by pressing the RUN-OUT key. The step-down card is the second one run out, but may or may not be the card out of sequence. A check must be made of several cards from both the stacker and the hopper to determine exactly which card or cards are out of order PRIMARY FEED HOPPER so that they can be properly filed manually. Figure 47 illustrates three different errors in sequence: in A, the step-down card (3) is out of order; in B, the card (9) preceding the step-down card is out of order; and inC, the step-down card (3) and the two cards (4 and 5) following it are out of order. The operator should be familiar with these three types of sequence errors. An alternate method of locating a misfiled card can be used-but only with discretion and care. When an error condition occurs, press the ERROR RESET key to turn off the error light; press the sTART key to start Cards1 1·2·4.$.~7~~1~ 7 Step down ~ 0'~------~--_L~~~~--- •2 1 ' St•e=down cord (3) out of order Cord (9) preceding •tee-down card out of ord•r Co•d" 1 · 2·6-7-&.9l1~ has been de tected. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONTROL STOP LIGHTS These lights indicate that card feeding stopped for a condition in the primary or secondary feed that has been recognized by control-panel wiring. FusE LIGHT This light goes on when a fuse in the machiQe burns out. The fuses are located in a panel under the sliding top between the hoppers. File Feed This feature (Figure 54) holds approximately 3600 cards and thus triples the capacity of the primary hopper. Cards are joggled into alignment as they drop into the hopper. 52 Figure 54. File Feed Stackers The five stackers or pockets (Figure 55) are designated I to 5 from right to left. Primary cards are stacked into Pocket I unless selected into Pocket 2 or 3. Secondary cards go into Pocket 5 unless selected into Pocket 4 or 3. Pocket 3 is the merge pocket. Each pocket holds approximately 1000 cards and when filled, card feeding stops. Cards stack on the column-SO end and can be removed without stopping the machine. Figure 55. Stackers IBM 89 A.lphabetic Collator The opel ation of the IBM 89 Collator (Figure 56) is similar to that described for the IBM 77 Collator. The main difference between the two machines is that the IBM 89 Collator can read letters as well as numbers. Alphabetic characters, special characters and blanks, as well as numerical fields in a card, can be sequencechecked, selected, matched and merged. NoTE: When performing such operations as those described for locating and filing error cards, letters as well as numbers can be out of order. A zone switch on the control panel permits elimination of alphabetic zones so that the machine can be used to compare numerical information only. The collating sequence (low to high) for the various types of information is: I. 3lank column 2. Special Characters: 12-3-8 (.) 12-4-8 (o) 12 (&) 11-3-8 (S) 11 -4-8 (•) 11 (-) 0-1 (/) 0-3-8 ( ') 0-4-8 (%) 3-8 (#) 4-8 (@) 3. Letters: A through Z 4. Digits: 0 through 9 :-----_Secondory Feed Hopper Figure !i6. I B :\I 89 Collator IBM Collators Optional FeaturesIBM 77, 85, 87, 88, 89 Auxiliary Card Counter (IBM 77, 85, 88 only) This device regis ters each card passing through each feed, or the number of cards in a particular classification. Collator Counting Device With this device it is possible to perform collating operations that involve a count of cards. Control-panel wiring then performs such operations as: I. inserting a predetermined number of cards behind or ahead of each master card; 2. inserting a single card behind or ahead of a predetermined number of cards; 3. inserting a variable number of cards behind or ahead of each master card; 4. merging a predetermined number of primaries and secondaries; and 5. two·column consecutive-number checking. Alphabetic Collating Device (IBM 77, 85 only) This device permits collating a limited amount ot alphabetic information with a numerical machine. Split Control Units (IBM 77, 85, 88 only) This device splits the standard comparing units so that two or more fields can be compared independently, and the results of each used to control machine operation. Review Questions -IBM 77, 85, 87, 88, 89 I. What is the purpose of the collator? 2. H ow are cards fed into the machine? 3. In normal merging, what is the purpose of the pri • mary feed? secondary feed? 4. In what pockets can primary cards be stacked? secondary cards? How is the IBM 88 Collator different from this? 5. How long must the START key be held pressed before automatic operation begins? 6. What is the purpose of the RUN-OUT key? 7. ·what is the purpose of the ERROR-RESET key? 8. When does the ERROR light go on? 9. Can cards be fed without a control panel? 10. What is necessary before two groups of cards can be merged accurately? II. Which feed is normally used for sequence-checking? In the IBM 88 Collator? 12. How fast can the IBM 77 collator operate? The IBM 88 Collator? 13. What procedure should be followed after an error is detected, and which card(s) is the error card? 14. lf more than one card is in error, what must be done? 15. ln a merging operation, which cards of the same control number merge in front, primaries or secondaries? I G. In a matching operation, in what pockets are pri m ary cards stacked? In what pockets are secondary cards stacked? 17. In matching or merging with selection, what pocket can receive selected primaries? In the IBM 88 Collator? 18. In the same operation, what pockets can receive selected secondaries? In the IBM 88 Collator? 19. When either hopper becomes empty and the operation is complete, what must be done before the main-line switch is turned oft? IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine The science relating to the collection and classification of facts on the basis of relative number or occurrence is called statistics. Once the facts are recorded and coded they must be: I. edited to assure accuracy and consistency, 2. arranged and re-arranged to allow cross-analysis, 3. counted to enable evaluation. and 4. tabulated to permit comparison and interpretation. The IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine (Figure 57) combines in one unit the functions of editing, sorting, counting, accumulating, balancing, and summarizing of facts recorded in IBM cards. Cards are fed from the hopper, past the two SO-column reading stations, to the stackers at the rate of 450 cards per minute. Figure 57. IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine OPERATING FEATURES Machine Controls (FigU1·e 58) MAIN-LINE SwiTCH AND PowER LIGHT The main-line switch is located on the right end of the machine. After a brief delay, the POWER light goes on to indicate the machine is ready to operate. START KEY Card feeding is started by pressing the START key, and continues automatically until stopped by the sTOP key, Figure 58. Machine Controls an empty hopper, a full pocket, or control-panel wir ing. If the START key is pressed without cards in the machine stops when distributed counts do not cross hopper, the RESTORE key must be pressed before the foot to a zero balance. The RESTORE key must be START key operates again. pressed before card feeding can be restarted. STOP KEY Column Selection Switches Card feeding can be stopped at any time by pressingthe STOP key. These switches are used to select the column in whichcards are to be sorted. By means of control-panel wirRESTORE KEY ing in conjunction with these switches, any 22 columnsThe RESTORE key must be pressed before the machine of the card can be sorted successively. The two switches can be restarted after the SORT COMPARE or CROSSFOOT can be used independently for selecting columns and signal turns on, or after the START key has been control impulses during specific runs of the cards. pressed when the hopper is empty. Sort Selection Switch PRINT KEY Totals can be printed manually by pressing the PRINT This switch can be set to one of eight positions tokey. As total counts are printed, the machine checks control the following operations:their accuracy by crossfooting to obtain a zero balance. Eliminate printing andThe result of crossfooting is indicated by a zero or the summary punching of totals NP (non-print)Normal sorting and counting NC difference printed in the column to the right of the Normal sorting last count on each report. Selective sorting-4 different patterns 1-4 Sorting all cards into pocket II 5 9M SWITCH The 9M (master) switch is set to its UP position when Hopper master cards are being sorted into a file of cards. It isset to its DOWN position when master cards are being Cards are placed in the hopper face down, 9-edge toused for automatic print control and then rejected. ward the throat of the machine. The hopper holds approximately 800 cards. The machine stops when theSoRT-CoMPARE LIGHT last card reaches its pocket. This light goes on and card feeding stops if a card does Located in the bottom of the hopper is a card-feed not enter the correct pocket. Also, a line is mal'ked on stop device that suspends card feeding, but allows thethe back of the card for locating the card if it should cards in the machine to run out into the pockets. It reach a sort pocket. Ordinarily, two cards follow a consists of arms that lift cards above the feed knives marked card. The cards in the machine can be run when the STOP key is pressed, when a sort pocket beout by pressing the START key, but feeding does not comes filled, or when card feeding is stopped by constart until the RESTORE key is pressed. trol-panel wiring. FuLL PocKET-CRossFooT LIGHT This light goes on when any pocket becomes filled durHand Feed Wheel ing a sorting operation. Card feeding cannot be re This wheel is pushed in and turned manually to feedstarted until cards are removed from the filled pocket. cards when removing a card jam or testing the maThis light also goes on if, in a printing operation, the chine. 56 Pockets The machine has 13 pockets or stackers -12 for sorting cards into groups and one for rejects. Cards are directed to all pockets, except the reject pocket, by control-panel wiring. When any pocket is fill ed , card feeding stops. Printing Carriages (Figure 59) The machine can be equipped with one or two carriages {or printing reports: one for printing a total of punched amounts, a group indication, and the counts from unit-counters l through 30; the second for printing another total amount, the same group indication, and the counts from unit-counters 31 through 60. Four typebars for each carriage print the totals across the form as the carriages advance, like typewriter car riages. Preprinted or blank forms are inserted in each car riage as in a typewriter. The carriages can be equipped with pin-feed platens for feeding marginally punched paper, so that after the first form is in proper position subsequent alignment is automatic. Single-sheet forms can be used, in which case alignment can be made by placing the first columri of each form in printing posi tion. The margin stops behind the carriages can be set for 8 or 12 positions of total amount, or for normal or extra columns of group indication. These marginal stops must be, set alike on both carriages. The carriages can be moved laterally by hand, but they must be restored to the extreme right to start card feeding or printing. The carriages can be moved column by column oy alternately pressing the carriage release button on each carriage. To move the car riages freely, press the carriage release buttons on both carriages simultaneously. Single, double, or triple spacing can be set by a lever on each carriage. Control Panel The contro l panel is the brain controlling all the functions o( the mac hine. MACHIN E F U N CTIONS Sorting Cards can be arranged, or sorted, numerically or alphabetically in any desired pattern. In normal sorting, cards are stacked in their respective pockets according to the punches in the column: i. e., 9-cards into the 9-pocket; 8-cards into the 8-pocket, and so on. Selection switches and control-panel wiring permit a great variety of selective-sorting patterns: l. Group sorting according to a leader card 2. Length of name or number sorting 3. Alphabetic and special character sorting 4. Predetermined sequence 5. Nth card of a group 6. File search for specific fa cts or combination of facts 7. Sample selection Counting The number of cards in a file can be counted without disturbing their sequence, or while performing a sorting operation. As many as sixty different classifications of cards can be selectively counted in one run, according to the setting of the selection switches. Accumulating While cards are being sorted or counted, amounts in the card can be added. Two 5-digit amounts punched in the cards can be added to accumulate two 8-position totals; or one 9-digit amount, to accumulate one 12· position total. Figure 59. Printing Carriage IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine Editing Because accuracy and consistency is essential for statistical reports, the machine edits a statistical fact before the fact is sorted or counted. Cards are checked for double punches and blank columns. The code itself is checked for validity within the sorting pattern. The sequence of cards and their consecutiveness can also be checked. The actual sorting of cards is also checked to be certain a card is sorted into the proper pocket as directed by control-panel wiring. If a' card fails to sort properly it is marked on the back with an ink stripe, card feeding stops, and the Sort-Compare light goes on. A crossfooting check is made during printing, to balance all the printed counts for a line. A zero or the difference is printed in the crossfoot-check column to indicate the balance for the line. Printing When the counts for various groups are made and the amounts in a field accumulated, the totals are printed on a form in a tabulated report. An identification of the group can also be printed at the same time. Because accumulated amounts, group indications, and unit counts always print in fixed positions on a report form, the column arrangement in designing a report form is quite standard. The only difference between one design and another, therefore, is the width of the form and column headings. Figure 60 illustrates the standard column arrangement of any report form. The first column is used to print 8-or 12-position totals from accumulating counters. The second column is used to print numerical group indications. The third column is used to print a total card count from unit-counter l. The rest of the counter columns (2 through 30) are used to print totals from counters 2 through 30). The last column is used to print a zero-check signal or a difference, indicating whether or not the totals printed "''"I ......()UN, l0 ' 10 1 ' l l . > i • 7 I ' " II " ll .. I I I I I I I I f--1- '"'"' -ou""' o, I ,, ,. ,, l1 ll . .. ., ., .. ll ll " " I i I ' I I Figure 60. Standard Report Form on that line balance. When less than 30 unit-counters are used, the zero-check symbol prints in the column after the last unit-counter used. This arrangement applies to any form prepared on the left carriage. The same column arrangement applies to the right • carriage, except that the 30 unit-counts print from unit-counters 31 through 60. Printing can be suppressed on the right carriage by control-panel wiring. Summary Punching One or two IBM 524 Duplicating Summary Punches can be attached to an IBM 101, to summary punch results as they are printed (Figure 61). Summary cards can be punched automatically with group indications, accumulated amounts, and the count for each of the unit-counters. One summary punch is used for each carriage. Cards are placed in the hopper of the IBM 524 face up, column l to the left, and are ejected to the stacker face down. The standard statistical summary card (Figure 62) is designed for use with a full-capacity machine or with a single carriage machine that is equipped with not more than one accumulating counter. The summary card has 15 fields for purtching four position count totals. This means that four cards are required for the 60 possible count totals; two for the 30 counters that print on the left carriage, and two for the 30 counters that print on the right carriage. The fields are numbered to indicate the counters from which the counts are punched. At the left of the counts is a column (20) for card code. The summary punch associated with the left carriage punches a I in the card for counters I through 15 and a 2 in the card for counters 16 through 30. Similarly, cards are punched by the second summary punch with a 3 for counters 31 through 45 and with a 4 for counters 46 through 60. Consequently, the counts contained in each card are identified by card number. Notice that the arrow under each card number shows the unit-counters punched for that card. loft Carriago ,, .. .. lO ll ll ,, ll lO CKI(C " " " " " " " Righi Carriago ... ., .. .. >0 ,. ,. CMfO " " " " " " " " .. " Carriage Return Hopper Summary Punch Lever Manual Key Auto-Start Key Keyboard Figure 61 . IBM 524 Summary Card Punch STATISTICAL SUMMARY CARD I CODI .&•Ou-' Ll " '... l I i I I I • I I I I I 10 I II I II ll ! 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Standard Statistical Summary Card IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine 59 Dvplicoting Cut-out / Rock ···:: Spring Lotch 6. Eject-Stop ~~Lever Figure 63 . Inserting a Skip Bar Group indication is punched in columns 16 through 19. The same group indication is punched in all four cards and, with the card number, provides a means for sorting or merging the cards. Eight-position totals can be punched in columns 8 through 15 from accumulating counter 1 into card 1, and from accumulating counter 2 into card 3. These eight columns are X-skipped on cards 2 and 4. When the two accumulating counters are coupled, a 12-position total is punched in columns 4 through 15 of card I. In this case columns 4 through 15 in card 3 (the second summary punch) are punched automatically with 12 zeros. These columns are X-skipped on cards 2 and 4. Skipping from column to column is controlled by skip bars that are inserted in back of the punch bed. ~--;-- Figure 64. X-Skip Bar Because the two summary cards must remain in step, the skip bars in each machine must be identical. The skip bar fits over two pins and is held in position by a spring catch at the left (Figure 63). Skip bars (Figure 64) for use with the IBM 524 should be designed as follows : I. Low cut for the first position punched from accumulating counters. 2. Low cut for the first position punched with group indication. 3. X level for all other summary punch positions. 4. X level for columns on the left (up to the group indication field) if these columns are to be Xskipped or duplicated from a master card. 5. High level for columns on the left (up tp the group indication field) if these columns are always to be skipped. OPERATING PROCEDURES N oTmal Operation I. Attach power cable to source of power. 2. Turn on main-line switch. 3. Press ~TART key when the POWER light comes on, to run out any cards that might be in the machine. 4. Insert proper control panel and set the selection switches according to instructions. 5. Insert the report form and adjust for alignment and spacing. 6. Move carriage so that the typebars are in position to print the first column. 7. Fan and joggle the cards, and place them in the hopper, face down, 9-edge first. 8. Press the PRINT key to take a print cycle, in order to clear the counters of any totals left in the machine from a previous operation. 9. Press the START key and hold until automatic feeding occurs. 10. When the operation is finished, press the START key to be certain no cards remain in the machine I I. Turn off the main-line switch. 12. Remove and store the control panel. 13. File the cards according to instructions. 14. Remove the report from ~he carriage. ___;:; _c; Error Correction If card feeding stops, check for: empty hopper, SortCompare light, or Full Pocket-CrossfoJt light. ·when an error is detected and the Sort-Compare light goes on: 1. Press the START key to run out the cards in the machine. 2. Locate the marked card, earmark and hie it properly. 3. Press the RESTORE key. 4. Press the START key to continue the operation. Summary Punching ·when summary punches are to be connected to the IBM 101, use the following procedure: 1. Connect the summary-punch cables. 2. Plug the power cords of the summary punches into the power outlets in the IBM 101. 3. Insert skip bars in each summary punch. 4. Set the duplicating column cut-out buttons on both machines for the first column to be punched. Buttons slide on the bar located in front of the duplicating rack. 5. Turn the Summary Punch-Manual switch on each IBM 524 to SUMMARY PU::-ICH (Figure 65). 6. Turn on the power switches for both the IB:.r 101 and the 524's. 7. Place cards in the IBM 524 hoppers face up, column-! end toward the throat. Figure 65. Machine Controls 8. Press the Release key on the summary punch (not necessary for any summary card punched with 15 unit-counts). 9. Lower the Eject-Stop levers on both machines to permit automatic operation. 10. Press the Au to-Start key for each IBM 524. II. The IBM 101 is now ready for operation. The summary punches and the IBM 101 operate together as long as both are supplied with cards. As each item prints on the report, it is summary punched. Printing and summary punching proceed together until after the 15th (or 45th) unit-counter summary punches. The IBM 101 then pauses momentarily while the summary punch feeds another summar y card. Printing and summary punching then continue accordiQg to control-panel wiring. After the last unit-counter prints, a summary card punched with less than 15 unit-counts is automatically X-skipped to column 80 and stacked. A new summary card is fed into punching position. If, however, the Crossfoot-Check ligh t comes on, the summary card does not skip out to column 80 and both machines stop. Operation is resumed as follows: I. Press the Release key on the summary punch (not necessary for any summary card punched with 15 unit-counts). 2. Press the Auto-Start key on the summary punch. 3. Press the RESTORE key On the IBM 101. The presence of an X in the column immedia tely following the last unit-counter summary punched is an indication that the line of printing crossfooted correctly. If the X is not punched, the printing did not crossfoot-check correctly. A 12 is punched in columns 29 and 77 if printing and summary punching proceed in sequence. If, for any reason, the two get out of step, the counts and the 12's are not punched in the proper columns. When summary cards are sight checked for a 12 in columns 29 and 77, error cards can be readily detected. The 12 is not punched in a skipped column. Manual Keypunching The IBM 524 can be used as a numerical keypunch. The power cable must be removed from the receptacle in the IBM 101 and connected directly to an independent source of power. The main-line switch m ust be ON and the Summary Punch-Manual switch must be set to MANUAL. The summary-punch cable need not be disconnected from the IBM 101. The keyboard is the normal numerical keyboard with 12 punching keys, a space key and a release key. IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine OPERATING SUGGESTIONS HANDLING CARDS Most of the difficulty that occurs in a sorting opera tion can be traced to improper handling of cards. Edges of the cards are sometimes damaged in joggling, or in placing them in the feed hopper. This may some times cause a jam as they pass through.the machine. Always check the edges of the cards to be sure that none is bent or torn. Check the feed hopper to be certain that it contains no dirt, card dust, pieces of paper, or other obstruction that might clog the throat. Always fan cards before putting them in the feed hopper. This removes static electricity, which causes cards to stick together, particularly in damp weather. Fanning also allows any foreign material between the cards to drop out. Keep the hopper well supplied with cards to assure continuous card feeding. Before starting a counting operation, always take a print cycle to clear the counters of any totals left in the machine from a previous operation. When cards are being fed, do not: l. rest a hand on the cards in the hopper, 2. use a heavier-than-normal card weight, or 3. fill the hopper higher than the side plates. The extra weight may cause misfeeds, missorts, and rejecting of cards. Cards mark-sensed on the back should not be fed through the machine as sorting between adjacent brushes ma y occur. CARD jAMS In the event of a card jam, immediately stop card feeding by pressing the STOP key, and turn otf the main-line swi tch. If the jam has occurred in the throat or at the reading stations, call your supervisor. If the jam has occurred along the chute blades, release the cover latch, raise the glass cover, and remove the jammed cards. In removing jammed cards from the machine, make every effort to straighten the cards enough so that they can be run into the pockets by turning the hand feed wheel on the right end of the machine. If the jam is severe, it may be necessary to tear the cards under the blades. In removing the cards, pull from one side of the chute blades, exerting steady pressure on one end of the card. Be careful not to pull the chute blades out of line while removing the cards. Make every effort not to tear damaged cards any more than necessary, because this makes it more difficult to assemble the pieces in order to punch duplicate cards. These must be hand filed in their proper sequence. Pieces of torn cards should be matched to be certain that no pieces still remain in the machine to cause further jams. Right Carriage left Carriage - - - Caple C - Figure 66. Summary-Punch Receptacles Make every effort to keep the machine clean. Dirt and other foreign material can cause the machine to jam. The covers over the reading stations and the chute blades must be closed for the machine to operate. Raising a cover during an operation stops card feeding, but may cause missorting. SUMMARY PUNCHING The IBM 101 has two receptacles on the back for summary-punch cables (Figure 66). Summary punches connected to these receptacles punch information corresponding respectively to the information printing on the two carriages. The power cable of each summary punch must be plugged into a power outlet in the IBM 101. An IBM 524 should never be connected to an independent source of power for a summary-punch operation. The duplicating column cut-out button must be set for the first column to be summary-punched. The skip bars used in each summary punch must be identical, in order for the two carriages and summary cards to remain in step. Figure 67. Schematic of Ribbon Feed RIBBON REPLACEMENT When installing a new ribbon, make sure the leading end of the ribbon is securely attached to the empty spool. Wind enough ribbon around this spool so that the eyelet is between the spool and the ribbonreversing lever. The ribbon must pass through both ends of the ribbon-reversing lever. Thread the ribbon guide rollers as shown in Figure 67. Optional Features Auxiliary Card Counter This device registers each card passing through the machine, or, when desired, it counts the number oi cards in a specific group. Sample Selection Device This device permits the selection of any number or portion of a group at any interval according to the usual formulas for selecting samples. Review Questions I. What is the purpose of the IBM 101? 2. What major functions can be performed by the IBM 101? 3. How are cards placed in the hopper? 4. Why should the cards be fanned and joggled before placing them in the hopper? 5. When the Sort-Compare light goes on and card feeding stops, what type of error is indicated? How is the error card located? 6. How is acrossfoot error indicated? 7. How is the operation continued after a SortCompare or Crossfoot signal? 8. Explain the function of the 9M switch. 9. How should the Sort-Selection switch be set for normal sorting and counting? For counting alone? l0. How is the form aligned and the carriage positioned for printing? II. How must the IBM 524's be connected for summary punching? 12. What must be the position of the Eject-Stop lever to start summary punching? 13. How can the summary punch be used independently as a keypunch? IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine IBM Accounting Machines ~ Management must be kept constantly informed by IBM 402, 403, 419 Accounting Machines reliable up-to-date information about material, sales, inventory, payroll, production, etc. This information The IBM 402 Accounting Machine (Figure 68) operates is prepared in the form of reports ano analyses that become the basis of administrative action. automatically in both feeding of cards and printing of results. Information punched in cards can be read, Many computations must be made, checked, and added, subtracted, compared, and selected, according summarized before data can be presented in report to the requirements of a report, at a rated speed of 150, form. Because of the length of time required, manual 80, or 50 cards per minute depending on the model. methods often fall far short of meeting management Complete flexibility is provided in the arrangement of requirements. printed data on the report form. Summary, or total, When the basic information is contained in IBM cards can be punched simultaneously with the prepa cards, management reports can be prepared with speed ration of a printed report. and accuracy. The IBM accounting principle consists of three basic steps : The IBM 402 and the IBM 403 are similar in opera I. Information written on source documents is tion and function. They differ only in the number of transcribed to IBM punched cards. lines that can be printed from one card. The IBM 402 2. Punched cards are arranged by an IBM sorter In normally prints only one line from a card. The IBM the sequence desired. 403 can print three lines from a single card and, for 3. Printed reports are prepared automatically by this reason, it is called a Multiple-Line-Print (MLP) IBM accounting machines that read the holes in Machine. The IBM 419 is like the tBM 402 except that the cards, and print the reports. only numerical information can be printed. In other Several types of IBM accounting machines are covrespects these three machines are alike, and the same ered in this manual: the IBM 402, 403, 419, and 407. basic principles of operation apply to each. Print Unit Tope Carriage Non-Print Runout, Gong Punch, Lost Cord Signal LightsAuto T otol, and Feed Interlock Switches Reading Table Control Panel Cord Stocker Summary Punch Fuses Coble Receptacle Figure 68. IBM 402 Accounting Machine • Figure 69. Feed Hopper and Stacker OPERATING FEATURES Control Panel • This is the control center of the machine. It controls reading of information from the card, and printing this information in the proper place on the report form. It is inserted in the rack provided for it on the left side of the machine. Hopper and Stacker (Figure 69) The card-feed hopper is located at the left end of the machine. Cards are placed in the hopper, face down, with the 9-edge toward the throat. The hopper holds from 800 to 900 cards. As soon as the last card is fed, card feeding stops automatically; the cards remaining in the machine must be run into the stacker by pressing the START key. The stacker is located directly below the card-feed hopper. When the stacker is full, card feeding stops. Its capacity is about 1,000 cards. Cards can be added to the hopper and removed from the stacker without stopping the machine. Machine Controls (Figure 70) MAIN-LINE SWITCH To operate the machine, the main-line switch must be turned on. This switch is located beneath the right end of the reading table. START KEY This key must be pressed to start feeding cards through the machine. It must also be pressed to resume operation after card feeding has stopped for any reason other than feed interlock, as described later. The START key is also used in conjunction with the FINAL TOTAL key tO take a final total. STOP KEY When this key is pressed, card feeding stops before the next card is fed. FINAL ToTAL KEY This key provides for manual control of total printing. The following conditions must be satisfied before a final total prints: 1. The machine must be idling. 2. The hopper must be empty. 3. The last card must be in the stacker. 4. The FINAL TOTAL key must be held down while the START key is pressed. LIGHT (UNLABELED) The red unlabeled light goes on when the main-line switch is turned on and the machine is idling. STOP LIGHT This red light goes on whenever card feeding stops be cause of conditions set up by control-panel wiring. While the STOP light is on, card feeding cannot be re started. To turn it off, press the FINAL TOTAL key. FusE LIGHT This red light goes on, and card feeding stops when ever a fuse burns out. The fuses are located near the bottom of the machine below the reading table. FORM LIGHT This red light goes on and the card feeding stops whenever the last form is within 10 inches of the platen. CARD-FEED STOP LIGHT This red light goes on whenever a summary-punch operation is started by the accounting machine. It re mains on and prevents further operation of the accounting macaine if for any reason the summary punch operation is not satisfactorily completed. This light also goes on if a card fails to feed from the hop per of either the accounting machine or the summary punch, or when the hopper on the summary punch runs out of cards. Figure 70. Machine Controls IBM Accounting Machines Reading Table The reading table is provided on the machine for ar ranging cards prior to placing them in the card fee~. It also serves as a working area while the operator IS at the machine. Print Unit The function of the print unit (Figure 71) is to record information on a report form or document. This infcrmation can be alphabetic or numerical, and can be printed one line for each card (detail printing), or one line for a group of cards (group printing). The IBM 403 can print one, two, or three lines of"a data from a single punched card. The print unit consists of a variable number ot typebars, depending upon the model of the machine. The maximum number of typebars is 88, of which 43 print both alphabetic and numerical information, and ~5 print numerical information only. The 43 alphabetic Alphamericol Typebors Figure 71 . Print Unit and numerical (alphamerical) typebars are located on the left side of the print unit, and the 45 numerical typebars on the right side. A ribbon guide, equivalent to one typebar space, separates the two sets of typebars. The JBM 419, having no ribbon guide, has 89 • numerical typebars. Each alphamerical typebar consists of the 26 alphabetic characters, the numbers 0 through 9, and a special-character position that normally contains an ampersand (&). Each numerical typebar consists of the 10 numerals (0-9) and one symbol. In an odd-numbered typebar this symbol is an asterisk (•), and in an evennumbered typebar it is a credit cymbol (CR). A ribbon, similar to that used on typewriters, moves behind the typebars from a spool on the right, through the ribbon guide in the center, to a spool on the left. When the right spool is completely unwound, the action is automatically reversed. The character in the typebar to be positioned for printing is determined by the holes punched in the card, or by the totals that the machine has accumulated. Behind each typebar is a hammer that fires after the typebar has been positioned, forcing the typebar character against the paper. Hammerlock Levers Each typebar in the machine is equipped with a pair of hammerlock levers (Figure 72): a short lever, which is on the right, and a long lever, which is on the left. When both levers are down, the hammer strikes the typebar on every cycle, and printing from the typebar takes place normally. Figure 72. Hammerlock. Levers Figure 73. Hammersplit Levers When a short hammerlock lever is raised, the hammer does not strike the typebar, and no printing takes place from that typebar. When a long hammerlock lever is raised, the hammer is under the control of wiring in the control panel. If the conditions set up on the control panel for suppression of printing are not present, the hammer fires because the support bar remains in a normal position. When such conditions are present, the hammer does not fire because the support bar is tilted just enough to stop it from firing. The long hammerlocks have one general purpose, to suppress printing of all or part of the information on particular cards, or to suppress printing of totals. This is accomplished by raising the long hammerlocks for those typebars from which printing is to be suppressed. The long hammerlock levers can also be used for indicating only the first card of minor, intermediate, or major program groups. This function is known as group indication. Hammerlock -~•..!rs should not be raised by the operator while the typebars are printing. Alphamerical ABBOT BROS ABBOT BROS ABBOT BROS ABBOT BROS Figure 74. Zero Printing 011 7 912:3 1 0 11 7 912:3 1 ' 11 7 912:31 117912:31 ' Hammersplit levers 34 alphamerical, and 6, 13 and 20 numerical raised. • I I IBM Accounting Machines Hammersplit Levers Each typebar is equipped with a hammersplit lever (Figure 73), often referred to as a zero-suppression lever. Each lever, when raised, suppresses printing of zeroes to the right of it up to the next significant digit. The lever in the units position of each column of a report is normally raised so that unnecessary zeros in the adjoining columns are eliminated. Zeros in the alphamerical typebars print only when: 1. zeroes are punched in the cards or are present in a counter total; 2. the typebars are wired on the control panel; and 3. a significant digit is printing to the left. These are known as electrical zeros. These condi tions also apply for special characters in the alphamerical typebars. The upper part of Figure 74 shows printing from the alphamerical typebars without the use of hammersplit levers. The lower part shows the same printing with the proper hammersplit levers raised to suppress the electrical zeros that are not required. Numerical 1 s:8 18 9:813 I ' I Figure 75. Zero·Carry Clips When the numerical typebars are not wired, mechanical zeros print to the right of any significant digit. The upper part of Figure 74 shows printed results without the use of hammersplit levers. The lower part of the illustration shows the same results with the proper hammersplit levers raised to suppress zeros that are not required. It is possible to print zeros without a significant digit to the left either by special card punching or by using a left-zero-carry clip. This clip (Figure 75) can be placed on the hammersplit lever of a typebar printing a significant digit, and on the hammersplit levers of as many as 7 typebars to the left of this position, to force zeros to print along with the significant digit. Functional Controls SETUP CHANGE SWITCHES These switches (Figure 76) enable the control panel to perform several d ifferent types of operations, without the necessity of changing the wiring. They function either in the OFF or oN position and should be set according to instructions from the supervisor. One example of their use is changing from a detail printing to group printing. GANGPUNCH SwiTCH This switch (Figure 77) must always be OFF when the accounting machine is used. When this switch is ON and the summary-punch cable is connected to the accounting machine, the IBM 523 Gang Summary Punch SETUP SETUP SETUP CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE ... 04" ~. ~ilr. ~JI' ~ OFF OFF ~-· OFF,. 3 2 Figure 76. Setup Change Switches can operate independently as a gangpunch, but the accounting machine cannot be used. NoN-PRINT R uNOUT BurroN This button should be pressed whenever (except after • a card-feed failure) it is desired to run cards out of the machine without printing on the report. The hopper must be empty for this button to operate. LAST CARD AuTo-ToTAL SwiTCH When this switch is ON, all normal program controls are suspended, and a major program change is auto matically forced on both the run-in and run-out, re gardless of control-panel wiring. When this switch is OFF, program-control wiring functions in the normal manner. The primary purpose of this switch is to pro vide a means of obtaining totalJ automatically on the run-out, without the necessity of program control. FEED INTERLOCK START BurroN The purpose of feed interlock is to stop card feeding and prevent accidental total printing in the event of a card-feed failure. If a card fails to feed from the hopper, card feeding stops and the CARD FEED STOP light goes on. At this point, there are cards in the hopper and cards in the machine, one of which is about to add, subtract or print, according to the operation being performed. The machine cannot be restarted except by pressing the FEED INTERLOCK START button, at which time the card about to be added, subtracted, or printed runs out into the stacker. On its way to the stacker, this card performs all the normal functions except programming. The card in the hopper that failed to feed must be corrected. The last card in the stacker must then be placed in front of the corrected card and the rest of the file, and inserted in the hopper. To restart the machine, the FEED INTERLOCK START button must be pressed again. In the run-in, the first card does not add, subtract, or print, but it does compare. The operation for succeeding cards is normal. If it is not desirable to continue the run after a cardfeed failure, it is necessary to clear the feed interlock before a new run can be started. This is done by using Figure 77. Switches and Runout Buttons • the FEED INTERLOCK START button to pass a blank card through the machine. MACHINE FUNCTIONS The machine can be set up to perform the following main functions: Detail Printing Detail printing, or listing, is the printing of information from each card as it passes through the machine. Information can be selectively printed or printed anywhere on the form according to control-panel wir}ng. The rated speed of this operation is 100, 80, or 50 cards per minute on the IBM 402 and 403, and 150, 125, or 80 cards per minute on the IBM 419, depending on the model. Accumulating Amounts punched in cards can be added or subtracted selectively, according to control-panel wiring, to give a crossfoot total for a single card, or to give sub-totals or a grand total for successive cards. Gmup Printing Group printing, or tabulating, is the operation in which information on each card is automatically accumulated, but not printed. The only information printed is the indicative data sufficient to identify the group of cards and the totals for each group of cards. The rated speed of this operation is 150, 80, or 50 cards per minute, depending on the model. Programming Programming is the function by which the machine can distinguish the cards of one group from those of another, so that individual group totals can be printed. There are three classifications of program control: major, intermediate, and minor. For example, if automatic totals are desired by states, counties, and cities, state is the major group, county is the intermediate group, and city is the minor group. Summary Punching Summary punching is automatic recording of summary, or total, information in cards, in the form of punched holes. For example, when an inventory report is prepared on an accounting machine, it can be set up to show, by each type of product or material, the balance on hand at the first of the month, the receipts and issues during the month, and the l:!alance on hand at the end of the month. As totals are printed by each type of product, the information can be automatically punched into summary cards. This information is transmitted from the accounting machine to a summary-punch machine through a summary-punch cable that connects the two machines. (See section on Automatic Punches-IBM 514, 519, 523, 526, page 101.) Summary punching can be performed either in a detail-or group-printing operation. All information to be summary-punched is controlled by both the control panel in the accounting machine and the control panel in the summary punch. Before a summary-punch operation can start, two cards must be fed from the summary-punch feed hopper. Card feeding stops in both the accounting machine and the punch, and the CARD FEED STOP light goes on, when a card fails to feed in either machine, or when the punch hopper becomes empty. OPERATING PROCEDURE 1. Make sure that you understand the operation to be performed. If in doubt, ask the supervisor to explain fully. 2. See that the power cord is plugged to the proper source of current. 3. Insert the proper control panel in the slide and clamp it tightly. 4. If summary cards are to be punched, connect the summary-punch cable to the accounting machine and insert the summary-punch control panel. 5. Set the necessary hammerlock and hammersplit levers according to instructions. 6. Insert the proper control panel. 7. Turn on the main-line switch. If the summary punch is to be used, feed two cards into the summary punch. 8. Insert the proper report form and position it correctly. 9. Press the FINAL TOTAL key and the START key to be certain all counters are cleared. 10. Joggle the cards and place them in the hopper, face down with the 9-edge toward the throat. · II. Make a test run. It is necessary to hold the START key down for at least two card-feed cycles. Any errors in the test run should be brought to the attention of the supervisor. If the test is satisfactory, you are ready to start the operation. 12. Load the hopper (not too full) with cards to be processed and place the card weight on top. IBM Accounting Machines 13. Press and hold the START key till card feeding is automatic. 14. Store the cards from the stacker in the proper receptacles. 15. When the report is finished, press the FINAL TOTAL and START keys to clear the counters, and turn the main-line switch off. 16. Give the completed report to the supervisor and file the processed cards according to instructions. OPERATING SUGGESTIONS STARTING THE OPERATION Cards must be joggled and arranged in perfect alignment before being placed in the hopper, face down with the 9-edge toward the throat. When starting an operation, always hold the START key down for at least two card-feed cycles. Always make a short test run to make certain that the report form is properly positioned in the carriage. (See the Carriage section, page 77). The test should prove that the control panel is properly wired to handle every situation that occurs throughout the operation. This includes control of the counters and other special conditions indicated in the cards by X's or other types of control punching. The test deck used by the operator is usually made by the person who analyzed the requirements of the report and wired the control panel. Never attach the connector cable of the summary punch to the accounting machine unless the main-line switches on both machines are OFF. Always press the FINAL TOTAL and START keys (hopper empty) before starting an operation to be certain no totals remain in the counters. (This procedure is unnecessary if Last Card Program is wired on the control panel or the Last Card Auto-Total switch is oN). DuRING A RuN Watch the control information occasionally to see that the totals print at the end of each control group. It is good practice to check periodically the total of items listed. Use small groups of four or five items for this visual check. When card feeding stops with the STOP light on, the circuits can be reset and the light turned off by pressing the FINAL TOTAL key. The operation can then be restarted by pressing the START key. HANDLING CARDS Cards can be added to the hopper and removed from the stacker without stopping card feeding. However, if there is less than one inch of cards in the hopper at the time of reloading, card feeding should be stopped. If this is not done, cards may fail to feed because of insufficient weight when the card weight is removed. In handling cards, be careful that the cards that have gone through the machine are stacked in the proper containers. Such cards should be kept separate from the cards that are to go into the hopper. Carelessness in handling either group of cards leads to confusion and inaccurate reports. STOPPING THE OPERATION Never turn off the main-line switch to stop card feeding. Use the STOP key. Run out the cards by pressing the START key after the report is completed, because the last cards do not run into the stacker automatically. Press the FINAL TOTAL and START keys to be certain all counters are cleared. This is unnecessary if Last Card Program is wired on the control panel. CARD-FEED F AlLURE When a card fails to feed, the following operations must be performed: I. Remove the cards from the hopper. 2. Run the cards in the machine into the stacker by pressing the FEED INTERLOCK START button. 3. Correct the card that failed to feed. 4. Place the last card from the stacker in front of the corrected card, and place both cards in front of the rest of the file. Insert them in the hopper. 5. Restart the machine by pressing the FEED INTERLOCK START button. 6. If the run is not to be continued, clear the feed interlock by passing a blank card through the machine, using the FEED INTERLOCK START button. REPLACING THE RIBBON The ribbon feeds from one spool to the other about Y4 of an inch on each print cycle. It feeds in one direction until a metal eyelet about ten inches from the end of the ribbon on either spool operates the ribbonreversing lever, thus reversing the feed. When installing a new ribbon, make sure the lead ing end of the ribbon is securely hooked on the empty spool. Wind enough ribbon around the empty spool so that the metal eyelet is between the spool and the ribbon-reversing lever. Thread the ribbon around guide rollers as shown in Figure 78. REVIEW QUESTIONS I. What is the purpose of the IBM 402, 403, and 419 Accounting Machines? 2. What other functions besides printing can the machines perform? • ~ : 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1 ""' ~ Type Bars :)~ ""-Ribbon Reversing Lever Ribbon Guide Rollers ,., ~ \ ,Q, ) Metal Eyelet '~:..._,#------Empty Spool Figure 78. Schematic of Ribbon Feed 3. What is the difference between detail printing and group printing, and what is the maximum speed of each operation? 4. What is meant by programming and what is its purpose? 5. Where is the control panel inserted? 6. How are cards placed in the hopper? 7. What happens when the last card leaves the hopper? 8. Is it possible to add cards in the hopper or remove them from the stacker when the machine is running? 9. What conditions must be satisfied before a final total can be taken? 10. Name the five lights and describe the purpose of each. II. How many of the typebars can print both alphabetic and numerical information? Where are they located? IBM 923 TAPE-CONTROLLED CARRIAGE The IBM Tape-Controlled Carriage (see Figure 68) controls feeding and spacing of continuous forms at high speed while documents or reports are being prepared on the IBM 402 and 403 Accounting Machines. This carriage is controlled by punched holes in a paper tape that corresponds in length to the length of one or more forms. Holes punched in the tape stop the form when it reaches any predetermined position. The carriage accommodates continuous forms measured in 6ths of an inch up to a maximum of 22 inches in length and l9Y2 inches in width, including punched margins. Forms can be designed to permit printing in practically any desired arrangement. Skipping to different sections of the form can be controlled by controlpanel wiring and by holes punched in the carriage tape. The carriage uses the IBM Forms Tractor or the IBM Pin-Feed Platen Device for feeding continuous forms. 12. H ow many of the typebars can print numerical information only? Where are they located? 13. What symbol is normally printed by the oddnumbered numerical typebars? 14. What symbol is normally printed by the evennumbered numerical typebars? 15. What is the purpose of the short hammerlock levers? 16. What is the purpose of the long hammerlock levers? 17. What is the purpose of the hammersplit levers? What printing positions are affected? 18. What procedure should be followed to be certain no totals remain in the machine? 19. What is the procedure for starting a summarypunch operation? Operating Features CARRIAGE CONTROLS (FIGURE 79) Platen Clutch Knob. When the arrow on this knob is pointing upward, as shown in Figure 79, the platen is engaged and can be turned manually only by the Figure 79. Carriage Controls IBM Accounting Machines vernier knob. To disengage the platen from machine control, the knob is turned to the right. The platen can then be turned manually by the platen knob. Restore Key. The carriage is set at the start, or home, position by pressing the RESTORE key. This is done with the platen disengaged. Restoring is necessary because the distance that each fonn travels through the carriage, as it is being printed, is measured by the tape. Starting from the first printing line of one form, the tape moves in synchronism with the form, until the first printing line of the next form is reached. Stop Key. Pressing this key stops the carriage operation instantly, and card feeding on the accounting machine at the end of the cycle. Space Key. When the accounting machine is stopped, a form can be advanced by pressing the SPACE key. The form advances one space for each key depression, regardless of the spacing for which the space control is wired. The first form can be fed into position by pressing the SPACE key if the platen clutch is engaged, but the platen clutch should then be disengaged to permit restoring the tape without advancing the form. G~E w~ r-== ;;;--~ .. -·---• - . ~ • .. .. - - - ~ - ~ • ~ 1 • .. ~ .. " 0 c 0 .. ... • .. !;: $ • .. · ~kD • -• - • -I •~~. c; ....... - lG)_ ;;::;, -4 • - ~ • - 22" Maximum Length of Form STATEMENT THE DUNNHAN COUPVILLE, IN ACCOUNT W I TH A B SMITH & co 1 0 2 5 E MAIN ST DAYTON OHIO DATE REFERENCE CODE MD DAY 3 1 2 21046 4 2 2 8 5 2 2 4 1 0 5 0 9 6 1 Platen Knob. The platen knob can be turned backward or forward, to position the form, only when the platen clutch is disengaged. Vemier Knob. The vernier knob is used to obtain exact registra tions in relation to the horizontal lines. The platen advances, thus lowering the printing on • the form, when the knob is turned counterclockwise. Turning the knob clockwise causes printing higher on the form. In either case, the carriage tape is not affected, and adjustments can be made while the platen is engaged or while the machine is in operation. CONTROL TAPE The Control Tape (Figure 80) has 12 columnar positions indicated by vertical lines. These positions are called channels. Holes can be punched in each channel throughout the length of the tape. A maximu·m of 132 lines can be used to control a form, although for convenience, the tape blanks are slightly longer. This al" lows form depths of 22 inches when 6-lines-to-the-inch spacing is used. All forms 3% inches or less in depth are considered short forms. On the IBM 402, Series 50, forms 7y3 inches or less in depth are con- CORPORATION • N.Y. • !c uSTOMER Noj MO. DAY YR. • 177 5 6 1 ! 5\ o1\ I• COOES I . CASH 2. AtTUAH l . ALLOWANC E • CHARGES CREDIT • 2 0 6 :5 0 l • 1 3 4 16 2 2 0 6 15 0 I • I I I I I I • I I I I I I • I I I I I I •I I BALANCE DUE 1 3 416 2 • I. Channel I -First Pnnung Lme Stop. 2. Channel 2-First Body Line Stop. 3. Channel 12-Overflow Start and Page Total Control. 4. Channels 3 to II -Normal Stops. Figure 80. Control Tape and Sample Form sidered short forms. Round holes in the center of the tape are prepunched for the pin-feed drive that advances the tape in synchronism with the movement of a printed form through the carriage. The effect is exactly the same as though the control holes were punched along the edge of each form. Punching th e Tape. A small, compact punch (Figure 81) is provided for punching the tape. The tape is first marked in the channels in which the holes are to be punched. This can be done easily by laying the tape beside the left edge of the form which it is to control, with the top line (immediately under the glue portion) even with the top edge of the form . A mark is then made in the first channel, on the line that corresponds to the first printing line of the form. Additional marks are made in the appropriate channels for each of the other skip stops and the overflow signal required for the form. The marking for one form should be repeated as many times as the usable length of the tape (22 inches) allows. vVith the tape thus serving to control several forms in one revolution through the sensing mechanism, the life of the tape is increased. Finally, the line corresponding to the bottom edge of the last form should be marked for cutting after the tape is punched. The tape is inserted in the punch by placing the line to be punched over a guide line on the base of the punch and placing the center feed holes of the tape over the pins projecting from the base. The dial is then turned until the arrow points at the number of the channel to be punched. Pressing on the top of the punch, toward the back, cuts a rectangular hole at the intersection of a vertical and horizontal line in the required channel of the tape. After the tape is punched, it is cut and looped into a belt. The bottom end is glued to the top section marked glue) with the bottom line coinciding with the first line. Before the tape is glued, the glaze should be removed by an ink eraser; if this is not done, the tape ends may come apart. The center feed holes should coincide when the two ends of the tape are glued together. The last hole punched in the tape should not be less than four lines from the cut edge, as approximately the last half inch of the tape overlaps the glue section when the two ends are spliced. If it is necessary to punch a hole lower than four lines from the bottom of the form, the tape should be placed with the top line (immediately under the glue portion) four lines lower than the top edge of the form before marking the channels. To compensate for the loss, the tape should then be cut four lines lower than the bottom edge of the form. Inserting Tape in Carriage. l. Tilt back the cover of the carriage to gain access to the tape-reading mechanism. 2. Turn the PLATEN CLUTCH knob to the disengaged position. 3. Raise the brushes by moving to the left the latch located on the side of the brush holder. 4. With the tape loop held so that the printed captions can be read) place one end of the loop over the pin-feed drive wheel so that the pins engage the center drive holes. 5. Place the opposite end of the loop around the nearest half-circle guide piece. 6. Remove the excess slack from the tape by lifting the lever away from the notched bar, and by moving the guide piece unit to the right. The tape should be just tight enough so that it gives slightly when the top and bottom portions of the loop are pressed together as shown in Figure 82. It should not fit too tightly, or damage occurs to the pin-feed holes. 7. When the tape is in position, press the brushes down until they latch, and close the cover. Figure 81. Tape Punch Figure 82. Inserting Tape in Carriage IBM Accounting Machines 7!1 Figure 83. Platen 8. Press the RESTORE key to. bring the tape to its home position, and turn the PLATEN CLUTCH knob back to the engaged position. The carriage is ready to operate. PLATEN The carriage can be equipped with an IBM Pin-Feed Platen Device, or a solid platen assembly for use with the IBM Forms Tractor, or approved feeding devices of other manufacturers. Either the pin-feed or the solid platen assembly can be easily removed (Figure 83) by raising the platen lock on the left side, pulling the assmbly to the left and lifting it from the platen bearing housing. When the platen assembly is inserted, the end with the gear wheel should be placed in the slot on the right of the carriage and the left end should be dropped into the .platen bearing housing. The platen assembly must then be moved to the right, turning it back and forth in order to fit the platen drive key into the carriage drive mechanism. The platen lock is th en closed. FORM-THICKNESS ADJUSTMENT The distance between the typebars and the platen is adjustable for thickness of paper stock or for varying number of copies. The form-thickne~adjustment (Figure 84) is located under the cover between the reading brushes and the print unit. This device contains 7 notches numbered from 0 through 6. When the dial is in the 0 notch, the typebars are Ys (.125) inch from the platen. When the dial is set to 6, the distance is increased to approximately .178 of an inch. The dial should be set wherever the best results are obtained. To ad just for varying thicknesses, the dial lock is pulled out, and the dial is turned clockwise to increase the distance between the typebars and the platen, and counterclockwise to decrease the distance. Figure 84 . Form Thickness Adjustment Tension Prt!ssu re-Pelease Adjustment l ver Figure 85. Carriage Features pAPER BRAKE AND FORM STOPS In back of the platen is a paper-brake lever (Figure 85), for adjusting drag or tension on the paper. The drag on a form can be increased or decreased to obtain the best operation for a specific form, by regulating the tension adjustment lever located on the paperbrake lever. The lever can be set in one of fo ur positions above the middle line on the dial to decrease tension, or in one of four positions below the middle to increase tension. As a part of the paper-brake device, there are fou r form stops that stop card feeding when the carriage runs out of paper. When the bottom edge of the last form passes under the form stops, all four form stops drop into slots as shown, and card feeding stops. The distance between these stops and the printing line is about ten inches. Both the paper-brake and form stops can be made operative, separately or together. When the paperbrake lever is in the top notch, as illustrated, both the paper brake and form stops are operative. When the lever is in the middle notch, the paper-brake device is OFF and the form-stop control is ON. When the lever is in the bottom notch, both the paper brake and the form-stop control are OFF. PRESSURE-RELEASE LEVER When this lever is pushed back, the feed rolls are released so that the paper can be moved freely around the pla ten. Pressure must always be released when a form-feeding device is in use. Pressure should be applied when form-feeding devices are not in use. PLATEN-SHIFT \.YHEEL The platen can be moved laterally a total of six inches to the left or right by turning the platen-shift wheel. This adjustment can be made while the machine is operating. TEAR-BAR AssEMBLY The tear-bar assembly has a dual function: to hold the forms against the platen and to provide a cutting edge against which forms can be torn oft when completed. The carriage tear-bar rollers can be raised off the platen when the pin-feed mechanism is in the operating positidn. The tear-bar adjusting lever, mounted on the lefthand arm of the tear-bar, pivots forward and can be latched at any one of three positions. When the lever is at the lowest position, the tear-bar rollers rest on the platen. As the lever is raised, it causes the tear-bar rollers to be raised farther oft the platen for each succeeding latching position. The adjusting lever should be latched in the position that raises the rollers an amount corresponding to the thickness of the forms in use. IBM Accounting Machines FoRM-FEED GumEs The upper form guides are mounted on two shafts. The paper roll shaft extends through the rear set of holes in each guide. A front support shaft extends through the front holes, and rubber grommets are mounted on each end of this shaft to hold it in position. Set the guides equidistantly across the carriage so that the center guide supports the center of the form, and the outer guides support the marginal edges of the form. Carriage Functions Forms can be designed to permit printing in practically any desired arrangement. Skipping can be controlled to 8 different sections of the form. The number of sections can be increased by 3 · as an optional feature, or in some instances by repeated use of the same holes in the tape. Refer to Figure 80 for illustrations using 6 lines per inch. LINE SPACING AND NORMAL SKIPPING Single, double, or triple spacing can vary between lines as controlled by wiring on the control panel. Thus, the heading section of a form may be single spaced and the body section double spaced. When more than half inch (triple) spacing is required, it must be controlled by the tape. Spaces up to 3% inches between lines can be skipped at the same rate of speed as normal spacing. This skipping is a smooth, high-speed advance of the form. Successive lines can be printed up to 3% inches apart at the rated listing speed of the standard IBM 402 and 403 machines. (This spacing and skipping factor is 2y3 inches in the IBM 419, and 7y3 inches in the IBM 402, Series 50.) Channels 3 through 11 are used for normal skip stops. FIRST-PRINTING-LINE STOP Channel I is always punched for the first printing line of a form. This is the starting, or home, position. FIRST BODY LINE STOP Channel 2 is always punched for the first body line of a conventional two-part form using heading cards. If heading cards are not used, Channel 2 can be used as a normal skip stop. NoTE: When Channel 2 is used for the first body line, it should be at least two lines after the punch in Channell. PREDETERMINED-TOTAL LINE Any class of total can be printed on a predetermined line, whether the form is completely filled or not. For example, although only two or three items have printed on a form, the total of these items can be printed on a designated line of the form instead of directly beneath the last item printed. OvERFLow SKIPPING When one form is completely filled, it can be ejected, • and the next form advanced to the first printing line, or to the first body line. This overflow ~kipping is caused by sensing a punch in Channel 12 of the tape, corresponding to the last printing line of the form. The paper advances to the required line on the next form. If the last card of a group prints on the last available detail printing line, the total prints befor e skipping to the next form takes place. The overflow punch can also be used to initiate other operations before or after ejecting the printed form. For example, a page total or a page number can be printed on the bottom of the sheet, or page identification can be printed on the first printing line of the next form when heading cards are used. When heading cards are not used, overflow skipping is made to the first body line (Channel 2) of the next form. SINGLE SHEET FoRMS Single sheet forms can be fed easily without moving the carriage in any way . With tape control, each form can be advanced to any desired line for printing. After one or more lines or sections have been printed, the form can be ejected automatically. Operating Procedure 1. Turn the PLATEN CLUTCH knob to disengage the platen. 2. Raise the cover of the carriage. 3. Raise the carriage brushes by a slight press ure on the latch. 4. Remove the tape by raising the lever on the notched bar and moving the lever slightly to the left. The tape can then slide off the half-circle guide pieces and the pin-feed drive wheel. 5. Insert the new tape: a. Hold the tape so that the printed captions can be read. b. Loop one end over the pin-feed drive wheel so that the pins engage the center drive holes. c. Place the opposite end of the loop around the nearest half-circle guide piece. d. Remove excess slack by lifting the lever away from the notched bar and moving the guide piece to the right. The tape should be just tight enough so that it gives slightly when pressed together. 6. Clamp the brushes in position. 7. Close the cover. 8. Press the RESTORE key. 9. Push the pressure-release lever back. 10. Place the paper-brake lever in the bottom notch (brake OFF, control OFF). II. Feed the forms from the back of the machine under the form stops and under the platen, until the end of the form can be grasped by the hand. 12. Adjust and align the form according to the type of form-feed device used. If no form-feed device is used, straighten and align the form around the platen. 13. Locate the first printing line on the forms, and position the line so that it is just barely covered by the ribbon. It may be necessary to start with the second form. 14. Replace the paper-brake lever in either of the two top notches, according to instructions from the supervisor. 15. Pull the pressure-release lever forward if a pin feed mechanism is not used; otherwise, leave it back. 16. Press the RESTORE key. 17. Turn the PLATEN CLUTCH knob to engage the platen drive. 18. Press the START key to begin the operation. Operating Suggestions INSERTING THE TAPE The platen clutch should be disengaged (knob turned to right) while the tape is being inserted in the car riage, and especially when the RESTORE key is pressed. The tape must be inserted in the carriage so that the printed captions can be read. After inserting the tape, excess slack should be removed. The tape should be just tight enough so that it gives slightly when the top and bottom portions of the loop are pressed together. Be sure that the brushes are clamped in position after tape is inserted. Failure to do so causes continuous running of the tape when the RESTORE key is pressed, or when the first skip occurs. Tapes should never be folded, because the tape tends to overlap at the creases when traveling around the pin-feed drive wheel. When the carriage is not in use, the brushes should be clamped tightly against the pin-feed drive wheel. INSERTING THE FORMS Be sure that the form-thickness adjustment is set properly for the forms that are being fed through the machine. If it is set at notch 6 and single-sheet forms are being fed, printing may not be clear because the platen is too far from the typebars. The pressure-release lever should be pushed back whenever form feeding is accomplished by. a pin-feed mechanism. It should be pulled forward when form feeding is accomplished by pressure rolls. If a report form contains a positioning mark (.6.), the form should be positioned in the carriage so that the positioning mark lines up with the ribbon guide on the machine. Be sure the forms are fed under the form stops and not over them. OPERATING THE CARRIAGE Do not use the STOP key on the carriage to stop card feeding in the accounting machine. Although this key does stop card feeding, it is not intended to be used in place of the regular accounting machine STOP key. Its purpose is to stop a carriage operation. The platen cannot be turned backwards unless the platen clutch is disengaged. Make sure that the carriage is restored and the platen clutch is engaged before an operation is begun. Failure to restore causes improper spacing of the forms; failure to engage the platen causes overprinting: Review Questions l. What is the purpose of the tape-controlled carriage? 2. How are single, double, and triple spacing controlled? 3. \1\That is the purpose of the round holes in the center of the tape? 4. Which way should the tape face while it is· being inserteJ in the carriage? 5. How are the brushes lifted away from the pin-feed drive wheel? 6. How tight should the tape be for most efficient operation? 7. Can a tape be useu more than once? 8. \1\That direction must the platen clutch knob be pointing before the platen can be moved manually? 9. How is the carriage set at the start, or home, position? 10. \1\'hat is the purpose of the form-thickness adjustment? 11. What happens, when the last form passes form stops? 12. In what position must the pressure-release lever be so that the paper can be moved freely around the platen? 13. The platen can be shifted laterally six inches to the left or right. How is this done? 14. Can the platen be shifted laterally while the machine is in operation? 15. What is the purpose of the vernier knob? When can it be used? IBM Accounting Machines IBM FORMS TRACTOR The Model F-3 IBM Forms Tractor (Figure 86) designed for use with the IBM 923 Tape-Controlled Carriage, can be attached or removed from the carriage by the operator without the use of tools. With this device, marginally-punched continuous forms are fed by two tractor assemblies located above the platen. The tractors can be located laterally to accept forms of various widths up to 19 inches, including the punched margins. If forms are narrower than the minimum width that can be obtaiped between the tractors, these forms can be advanced by a single tractor engaging the pin holes in only one side of the form. The pla ten pressure rolls must be disengaged at all times when the IBM Forms Tractor is used to feed forms. With the use of this form-feeding device, six-or eight-line spacing per inch can be obtained without altering the accounting machine carriage in any way. T he operator simply shifts a drive gear plate on the forms tractor to one of two indicated positions for the desired spacing results (Figure 87) . I nstalla ti on Steps To attach the forms tractor to the carriage: 1. Rest the lower forms-tractor paper guides on the carriage paper table behind the platen. 2. Hook the rear forms-tractor mounting studs in the rear slots in the carriage side frames. 3. Lower the front of the forms-tractor assembly, and latch the front forms-tractor mounting studs in the front slots in the carriage side frames. See that the platen gear and the forms-tractor drive gear are fully meshed. Be sure the forms tractor and platen turn free ly by hand before operating under R.ght Paper Guid• Tracto r Pins Lo w e r Pe per G v•d es Figure 86. Forms Tractor • Figure 87. Six· or Eight·Line Drive power. Because the paper guides are free to disengage from the tractor-adjusting wheels when the device is not attached to the carriage, these units must be guided into engagement. When removing the device, reverse the procedure. The front forms-tractor mounting-stud latches are simply caromed out of the way as the front of the device is raised. The 6-or 8-line drive-gear mechanism is shown at the 6-lines-per-inch setting in Figure 87. When 8 lines per inch are required, revolve the spacing adjustment cam until the scribed line is opposite the 8 on the gear plate. Attach the device to the carriage and see that the forms tractor drive gear fully engages in the platen gear without binding. An improperly engaged drive gear results in non-uniform spacing. Reverse the procedure to shift the mechanism back to the 6-lines-per-inch position. Operating ProceduTe (Refer to Figure 86.) I . Loosen both lower paper-guide lock-nuts. 2. Move the left-hand paper guide and tractor laterally to the desired position and tighten that lock nut. 3. Insert forms over the lower paper guides and under the platen. 4. Move the right-hand paper guide and tractor in toward the form. Allow a slight amount of clearance between the form and the right-and lefthand guides so that forms are fed without bind ing. Tighten the right-hand paper guide lock nut. 5. Center the paper-support disk between the tractor assemblies. G. Locate the center lower paper guide midway between the outer paper guides. 7. Clip the refold guides on the tractor guide rod, and position them approximately midway between each tractor assembly. R. "'ith the carriage pressure rolls disengaged am! the tractor pressure plates raised, draw the forms up and attach the margin of the forms to the t·ractor. Lower the tractor pressure plates. 9. Center the tractor pins laterally in the marginal holes of the form by rotating the knurled adjusting wheel on each tractor assembly in the proper direction. Improperly centered pins may cause crooked feeding. 10. Usually, printing is started on the second form bccausc the first form is needed to attach to the forms tractor. H oweYer, if it is necessary to start printing on the first form, place that form on the tractor pins and engage the carriage pressure rolls. 1ext, turn the platen back\\·ards until the first line of the form is in position to be printed. Press the START key to begin the operation. After the form has advanced to the tractors, stop the machine, attach the form to the tractor chain pins, and disengage the pressure-feed mechanism. lBi\f PIN-FEED PLATEN DEVICE The IB:\t Pin-Feed Platen (Figure 88) advances forms by the retractable pin-feed mechanisms located on each end of the platen. As the platen revolves, the pins engage in the marginal holes of the forms and pull the forms forward and up, thus at;vancing the forms without the use of pressure rollers. On all IBi\1 carriages, to obtain continuous accurate form alignment when the IBM Pin-Feed Platen is being used, the pressure rollers must be disengaged. The pins alone must advance the forms. Also the forms must flow under the platen and out of the carriage without undue pull, drag, or interference of any kind. The operator can easily change the operations and functions of this platen device. Pin Wheels A pin-wheel assembly is located at each end of the platen on the platen shaft. The distance between the pin wheels can be changed to fit any standard length platen. The lateral position of the platen on the shaft is determined by the location of the left-hand, or fixed, pin wheel. The retractable pin wheels can be shifted to the inoperati1·e position so that the pins emerge at the rear rather than the front of the platen when friction-feeding the forms, or when using an abovepl ;ttctl lced i ng de1·ice. Forms ,,·ithout marginal holes, and which are shorter in "·idth than the platen, can be friction-fed 11·irhout making any changes. However, when forms Figure 88. IBM Pin-Feed Platen Ifl:\1 Accounting Machines left Index Pawl at front -------Ploten Cylinder' places pins in operating position. • Right Index Pawl at rear -----places pins in inoperative position. Right-hand Pin Wheel Figure 89. Pins in Operating and Inoperative Position the same size as the platens are to be friction-fed or fed by an above-platen feeding device, the pin wheels must be shifted to the inoperati\'e position. Any length platen can be used this way, provided the form is not wider than the platen. Type characters should never be allowed to print against, or directly strike, the metal pin wheels. CHANGING THE POSITION OF THE PINS The platen shaft assembly is designed so that each pin wheel operates as an independent assembly. Therefore, it is necessary to position the left and right index pawls so that the pins are in the operating or nonoperating position at the same time. To change the pins to the inoperative position, press and move the index pawls to the rear latching po ition (right-hand pin wheel, Figure 89). The pins are in the operating position when the index pawls are in the forward latching position (left-hand pin wheel, Figure 89). Platens Two different types of platens are manufactured for use with the IBM P in-Feed Platen Device: platen cylinders (Figure 90) and platen sectors (Figure 91). Figure 91. Platen Sectors Lot<:h Arm left-hand Pin Wheel • Figure 92. Pin-Feed Platen Assembly PLATEN CYLINDERS Platen cylinders are designed for use with the platen shaft assemblies that can easily be removed from the machine by the operator. Changing Platen Cylinders. Remove the platen assembly from the carriage in the normal manner. After the assembly (Figure 92) has been taken out of the machine, remove the left end bearing, which is held in place by spring tension. Next, the pressure placed on the platen must be released by rotating the draw nut of the right-hand pin wheel counterclockwise until the stud in the side of the draw nut lifts the drawnut latch up out of the threads in the platen shaft. When the pressure has been released, the latch arm of the left-hand pin wheel can be pressed, and the assembly will slide off the shaft. The platen cylinder can then be removed from the left end of the shaft. To re-assemble the pin-feed platen: I. Place the platen cylinder, left-hand pin wheel and left-hand bearing on the shaft in that order. 2. Bring the platen cylinder up against the left pin wheel. 3. Slide the right pin wheel to the left, aligning the key with the keyway of the platen. 4. When the right pin wheel is as tight against the platen as possible, rotate the draw-nut latch to engage with the threaded portion of the platen shaft. Turn the draw nut as far as possible. A wrench (Figure 92) is provided for this operation. Place the platen on the reading board with the wrench engaged and under the platen, and turn the platen with both hands, thus tightening it against the wrench. Positioning Platen Cylinder on Shaft. A platen cylinder can be positioned laterally to align the form with the typebars. The lateral position of the platen sectors on the shaft is determined by the location ot Draw Nut ~Drawnut Right-hand Pin Wheel Wrench the left-hand or fixed pin wheel (Figure 92). The lefthand pin wheel can be moved by loosening the draw nut and pressing the latch arm and sliding the pin wheel along the shaft to a new location. Make sure that the latch is firmly seated in one of the large crosscut locating slots in the platen shaft. PLATEN SECTORS Platen sectors are lengthwise halves of a platen. Changing the platens is thus simplified on machines with non-removable platen shaft assemblies. These sectors are manufactured as matched pairs and should be used as such. An identifying number is stamped on the inner core of each sector half so that the halves can be readily matched. Each sector half also has a red mark painted on one corner of the inner metal sleeve. The sector halves fit together properly only when these marks touch each other. Changing Platen Sectors. When removing platen sectors from the shaft, release the right-hand pinwheel draw-nut latch as previously described for platen cylinders and move the pin wheel to the right. Now the platen sectors can be pulled apart for removal. When replacing platen sectors: I. Place the two halves around the shaft. See that the red mark on each sector half is at the left end of the sllaft and over the key in the left-hand pin-wheel assembly. 2. Butt the sectors against the left-hand pin wheel. 3. Move the right-hand pin wheel in position, and tighten as previously described for tubular cylinder. Storing Platen Sectors. Cardboard tubes are provided for shipping the sectors and should be used for storing the extra sectors. Do not store the sectors near heat. Keep the platen sectors together as matched pairs at all times. IBM Accounting Machines Figure 93. 1131\1 916 fiill Feed lBM 916 BILL FEED Rapid and automatic prepar;ttion of original documents such as checks, ~en·in: bills, and earnings records is a significant feature of the IB.\I data processing method. The 111:-.t 01 G Bill Feed (F igure 9~). installed on an accounting machine, facilitates preparation ol documents (~uch as tint cards, ~inglc paper forms, folded forms or em·clopes) by automatically positioning them in the printing position desired. \\'hile the bill feed was primarily de~igned to handle small, separate forms , other records printed on large separate sheets or roll paper Gt n also be processed. The IB:\I 91!i llill Feed can be installed on the ILI:\1 <]()~or -10~ .\ccounting ,\lachine. Normal lin e spacing, printing, ;tccumulating and other functions of the accounting machine can be utilit.ed during bill-feed operations. Operating Features (Figures 9-1, 95, 96) STACKER DRUi\1 Forms are removed from the scanning pmllton (lron t bill guide) and p laced in the ·tacker by the ~tacker drum. • fronfBill Guide STACKER CoNTACT This seming arm stops card feeding when a form fails to pa~~ from the printing station to the stacker. The arm Gill be ~ituated in any one of four positions, according lO the location of the fo rm. Where two Jorms are being feel side by side, two sensing arms can be inbtallcd. FEED-DRt\ E Cu.· -rcH RELEASE ln order to t urn the platen backward, this lever must be pushed clown to release the drive clutch. The platen clutch (Figure 95) must also be released before the platen can be turned backward. PLATE:-.: KN013 The for ~1 can be moved forward or backwanl as desired by moving the platen knob. Before the knob can be turned backward, the platen clutch and feed-drive clutch must be released. uPPER FEED ROLLS The upper feed rolls can be moved horiwntally on the feed roll shaft. This permits placement of feed rolls in unpri n ted portions of the form, to prevent ~mudging the form. FRONT BILL GUIDE This guide allows the operator to observe the forms before they are stacked. It can be lifted out b y releas ing the two latches at the top of the guide assembly. Forms at this location are said to be in the scanning position. FORM GUIDE The card is guided around the platen, without inter fering with the ribbon and the typebars, by the form guide. The guide can readily be removed for adjust ment or relocation of the guide wires. These wires are spaced to fall between typebars and, if possible, they should be located in a position where there is no printing. The form guide can be adjusted to accommodate forms of various thicknesses. A small red or black dot seen through a hole at each end of the form guide indicates the amount of clearance. When the black clot is showing there is .035 inch between the bar and platen; when the red dot is showing the distance is .013 to .015 inch. The adjustment is made by removing the form guide and rotating the eccentric positioning hole for the form-guide release knob in each end of the bar. FoRM GumE RELEASE KNOBS Pulling out the form-guide release knobs releases the form guide for removal from the machine. The right knob is located inside the cover (Figure 94). RuN-OuT KEY In order to remove excess forms from the bill feed, the RUN-OUT key and the machine START key are pressed simultaneously. PRESSURE-RELEASE LEVER (FIGURE 94) The purpose of this lever is to release the pressure on the feed rolls so that individual or continuous forms can be aligned. This lever can be placed in one of three positions. Forward: all pressure is released from all rolls. Center: pressu_-.s applied to the feed rolls above the platen. This position is used for feeding con tinuous forms. Back: pressure is applied to all feed rolls. This is the normal position for feeding individual forms. CRANK STuD AND FIRST-PRINTING-LINE ADJUSTMENT NuT The distance that forms feed into the printing station determines the position of the first printing line and is controlled by the crank stud. This stud is adjusted by turning the first-printing-line adjustment nut. Moving the stud nearer the center of the gear places the first printing line nearer the top of the form. On forms less than 5 inches in depth, the first line can be printed Form Guide First Printing line I Releose Knob Cronk Mechanism Sutton Figure 94. Right Side of Bill Feed anywhere; the first printing line on 5-inch forms can not be less than ~6 inch from the top of the form. Once the first-printing-line adjustment is made, the first line is printed in the same place on all succeeding forms. When setting up the bill feed for a particular form, adjust the first-printing-line position first. STACKER ADJUSTMENT GEAR This gear with a knurled shank can be pulled out to disengage the drum stacker. The drum can then be rotated to position the grippers higher or lower ac cording to the width of the form . PLATEN-CLUTCH RELEASE (FIGURE 95) Before the platen can be turned backward, this knurled disk must be moved upward to release the platen clutch. The platen can be turned forward without operating either the platen-clutch release or the feed drive-clutch release. Figure 95 . Left Siue of Bill Feed IBM Accounting Machines LINE-SPACE ADJUSTMENT STUD Any desired line spacing between the limits of Ya inch and ~6 inch can be obtained. Moving the line-space stud upward in the slotted arm increases the space between lines. PREDETERMINED-LINE ADJUSTMENT STUD The position of a line of printing, such as a predetermined list or total line, can be pre-located on the form by the predetermined-line adjustment mechanism. Moving the screw stud in the slotted blockgear assembly adjusts the printing to fall in the required predetermined posi tion. The farther from the center of the assembly the stud is placed, the farther the predetermined line prints from the first printing line on the form. The predetermined line can be printed anywhere on the form between 1~6 inches from the bottom edge of the form and 2Ya inches from the first listed line on the form . If the last (or only) line is to be printed near the top of the form, it may be necessary to set the predetermined-line adjustment to assist in moving the form out of the printing position, after printing, so that the following form does not feed against the first form. This is necessary only when all printing is high on the form. It is advisable to have a change in the predetermined-line adjustment mage by an IBM customer engineer, because most machines are built for specific operations and standard adjustments do not always apply. STACKER-BED-PLATE RELEASE KNOB This knob must be pulled out in order to remove the stacker-bed plate. HoPPER SroE PLATEs (FIGURE 96) The side plates of the bill-feed hopper are movable and can be adjusted to align the form with the typebars and to accommodate different length forms. The side plates can be adjusted horizontally to any point • except a position occupied by a feed knife. For this reason, forms to be used with the bill feed should be located so that neither the right nor the left edge falls in a feed knife position. However, forms can terminate in feed knife positions, if no knife is installed on the particular bill feed in use. It is sometimes desirable to feed two IBM cards, or two cut forms, side by side at the same time. To do this, two extra side plates must be installed and the four side plates (two for each form) are set up to make two hoppers. The two forms being fed must be separated by at least the distance equivalent to one typebar thickness, in order to allow room for the center side plates. Removable side plates can be ordered so that, in combination jobs, the unused side plates can be removed when single forms are fed. THROAT KNIFE The purpose of the throat knife is to allow one and only one form to pass into the feed rolls on a feed cycle. At least one throat knife must be used on each form being fed, and the form should be positioned so that the knife is as near the center of the form as possible. On large forms, more than one throat knife should be used. For example, a form 17 inches wide requires two throat knives. Provision is made for placing a throat knife in any one (or combination) of six positions in the bill feed. If cards are to be fed in one run, and thin paper forms in another in the same bill feed, a special twoadjustment throat knife is provided that can easily be set for the thickness of the form being fed. Figure 96. Rear of Bill Feed FEED KNIVES The feed knives move forms, one at a time, from the hopper into the feed rolls. At least two feed knives must be used on each form being fed. Four feed knives are used when feeding large forms, or two forms side by side. A special knife cover is provided on machines equipped with more than two feed knives if only two knives are to be used. Covering the knives not in use eliminates the possibility of jamming foreign material in back of them. Bill Feed Functions As shown in Figure 97, forms are placed in the billfeed hopper (I) face down, top edge toward the throat. They are moved by feed knives (2) out of the hopper and into feed rolls (3), which move the forms against the bottom edge of the platen (4). As the previous form is ejected, the next form is drawn into position to receive the first line of printing. This ejection movement takes place between machine cycles, so that a form is always in the printing position and there is no resultant loss of accounting-machine time. After ejection, the form resets in the scanning position (5) until the next form is ejected. During this next eject cycle, the form is moved from the scanning position to the card stacker (6) by action of the stacker drum (7). LINE SPACING Line spacing can be adjusted for any dimension between Ya inch and ~6 inch. The spacing operation takes @ Form after Ejection Scanning Position ~ place in the normal manner. No wiring is necessary for normal line spacing, but extra spacing can be obtained through control-panel wiring. EJECTION Ejection consists of moving a completed form from the printing position in the bill feed and inserting another in its place. Ejection occurs at accountingmachine speed, so that no accounting-machine time is lost. SKIPPING Skipping is the term applied to the movement of the form, over one or more line spaces, to a predetermined position within the form. Only one skip is possible on each form. No machine time is lost in skipping operations. If the skip is used to cause the printing of a total in a specific position, the form is usually ejected after skipping to, and printing on, the predeterminedtotal line. However, the skip can be used to move from the heading to the first line of the body of the form where several lines are to be printed after the skip. On a non-comparing bill feed, if items are to be listed both before and after skipping, a maximum of ~ inch of printing can occur both before and after the skip. The number of lines of printing varies with the setting of the line-space adjustment stud, but when the bill feed is set for six lines to the inch, four lines (including blank spaces) can be printed before and after the skip. On a comparing bill feed, only .one line CD Feed Hopper / @Feed Knife Figure 97. Schematic of Form Feeding IBM Accounting Machines Figure 98. Bill Feed Raised, Tape-Controlled Carriage in Use can be printed after a skip. If this is a total line, followed by an ejection, the operation can be readily performed. If the skip occurs during a list cycle, however, sufficient counter capacity must be available to store the reading from the bill-feed card. With a bill feed equipped with high-low passing control, skipping to a total line is acceptable but skipping during a list cycle cannot be done. Operating Procedu?'e ENGAGING THE BILL FEED On an accounting machine equipped for operation with both a tape-controlled carriage and a bill feed, the bill feed is tilted back while the carriage is in operating position (Figure 98). When the bill feed is to be used, the carriage can be tilted up on the right end, using the carriage-lifting device, and the bill feed can be engaged (Figure 99), as outlined here. To tilt the carriage: I. Run all cards out of the accounting machine. 2. Turn off the main-line switch. • 3. Move the carriage to the left as far as it goes, so that the right end clears the machine cover when the carriage is tilted up. 4. Pull the carriage interlc.ck lever on the accounting machine forward as far as it goes to permit raising the carriage. This lever is located at the left end of the typebars under the machine cover (Figure 100). (When the carriage is to be used, this lever must be pushed back to make the carriage operative.) 5. Crank the carriage up until it locks in a vertical position, using the crank provided. The crank is inserted in the opening in the machine cover below the signal lights; it is turned clockwise to raise the carriage, and counterclockwise to lower it. (Before the carriage can be lowered, the red locking lever must be released by swinging it to the left.) The bill feed can then be engaged as follows: 1. Place the bill-feed support bar (Figure 100) in position immediately behind the typebars and screw it onto the machine frame. On top of each end of the support bar is a button, and when the bill feed is lowered, it rests on these buttons. The support-bar assembly also includes two latches that hold the bill feed in operating position, and a lever on the left end that releases the latches in order to raise the bill feed (Figure 100). 2. Make sure there are no forms in the bill-feed hopper. Set the bill-feed index (Figure 94), which latch Release · lever Figure 99. Bill Feed Lowered, Carriage Raised Figure 100. Carriage Interlock and Bill Feed Latch Assembly Figure 101. Setting Bill Feed Index is accessible when the right side cover of the bill feed is open. The proper setting of the index varies from one bill feed to another. Consult' an IBM customer engineer to determine the setting for each bill feed. The usual setting is 6 degrees or 186 degrees. The index is set by turning the first-printing-line crank mechanism counterclockwise to advance the index until the proper position lines up with the scribed line on the index pointer above. Use the hand lever wrench (Figure l00) to turn the mechanism to the desired index. 3. Unlatch the bill feed by pulling out the release button (Figure 94) located under the right side cover, toward the rear of the bill feed. Then pull the bill feed down slowly. 4. As the bill feed is lowered, make sure that the forked lever (Figure 102), which extends down from the bill feed, engages the line-space lever. The fork should straddle the small stud that extends inw::n·d from the end of the line-space lever. The forKed lever can be moved forward or backward to place it in position to engage the line space-lever stud. 5. Make sure that the bill feed is lowered as far as possible and is latched in operating position, so that it cannot be raised without lifting the release lever on the left end of the support bar (Figure 100). If the bill feed cannot be lowered far enough to latch into pcsition, the gears probably are not meshed. In this case, raise the bill feed and turn the first-printing-line crank mechanism slightly to change the position of the bill-feed gears. When the bill feed is then lowered, the gears should mesh so the bill feed can be latched into position. 6. Check the timing of the index; check that the forked lever has engaged the line-space lever. 7. Turn on the main-line switch, press the START key several times, and check the index each time. From the front of the machine, the index can be readily observed on the index idler-wheel (Figure 94). Like the setting in step 4, the position at which the index should stop at this time varies, and the proper position should be determined from an IBM customer engineer. At this time, after the START key has been pressed but cards have not been fed, the index should stop at 340 degrees on most bill feeds. If it does not stop at the correct position, turn off the main-line switch, raise the bill feed, and set the index at 340 degrees. Then lower the bill feed, turn on the mainline switch, and again press the START key and check the index. Figure 102. Bill Feed Pa rtially Lowered IBM Accounting Machines OPERATING THE BILL FEED With the bill feed in position and adjusted for printing: I. Place cards in the hopper of the accounting machine. 2. Place forms in the hopper of the bill feed, face down, top edge toward the throat. 3. Press the START key a11d hold until machine feeds automatically. 4. If the forms in the bill-feed hopper fail to feed, or if the hopper becomes empty, card feeding in the accou n ting machine automatically stops. After the bill-feed hopper is replenished, form feeding in the bill feed is started again by pressing the accounting machine START key. As a form is fed against the platen, card feeding in the accounting machine then automatically starts and normal operation continues. 5. If the accou nting-machine card-feed hopper becomes empty, form feeding in the bill feed stops until cards have again been fed into the reading position of the accounting machine in the normal manner. DISENGAGING THE BILL FEED To raise the bill feed and lower the carriage: I. Pull the carriage interlock lever forward as far as it goes (Figure I 00). 2. Raise the support-bar-latch release lever. 3. Lift the bill feed slowly and lock in the upright position. 4. Loosen the line-space-lever pivot stud and swing the spacer bar down. 5: Unscrew and remove the support bar. 6. Crank down the tape-controlled carriage. 7. Lock the carriage in place by pushing back the carriage interlock lever. Optional Devices EQUAL-UNEQUAL CoMPARING DEVICE This comparing device is designed to assure that all cards of a control group print on the correct bill-feed card, the first card of each group is compared to the bill-feed card, and then all the following cards of the group are compared to each other by the normal control wiring on the accounting-machine control panel. If, at the time of a control change in the card feed, the bil!-feed card and the card-feed card do not match, the machine stops, and the red error light goes on. The cards must be removed from both hoppers, those in both feeds must be run out, and the discrepancy lo • Figure 103. Reading Brushes and Auxiliary Control Panel cated, before the operation can be resumed. To prevent printing when running out error cards from the card feed, the NON-PRINT RUN-OUT button should be u~ed. Reading Brushes. The punched cards are fed face down, 12-edge first, and are read by a set of 45 brushes (Figure 103) mounted on the bill feed (see Schematic of Form Feeding, Figure 97). The brush holder can be positioned to read any 45 adjacent columns of the card. Once the brush holder has been set, it should not be moved. A second holder of 21 brushes (optional) is needed if any two bill-feed card columns, not within the 45-column span, are to be read in either the same or another operation. If two brush holders are adjusted as close together as possible, the separat ...m between brush 45 of the first holder and brush 1 of the second is equal to the width of nine columns. \Vhen column 1 or 80 is used for comparing, the edge of the card must be k'6 inch from the side frame for mechanical clearance. Auxiliary Control Panel. Numerical control information read by the bill-feed brushes can be made available for controlling the accounting machine by wiring an auxiliary control panel, located underneath the bill-feed mechanism (Figure 103). The panel contains the following hubs: 20 bill-feed brushes-10 standard 10 storag'e entries-5 standard With the standard equipment, any five of the first ten bill-feed brush outlets can be wired to the first five storage-entry positions on the auxiliary control panel. \ Vith this wiring, the bill-feed control information is available a t Lhe corresponding storage-exit hubs in the accounting-machine control panel. In an operation requiring passing in the card feed with the card-feed file complete, the passing is controlled on a high bill-feed reading, and a low billfeed reading should never occur. If it does occur, the low reading stops card feeding. This type of passing is advantageously used in an addressing application. ·when card feeding stops, the cards must be removed from both hoppers and those in both feeds must be run out. The cards both before and after the error should be investigated, because the low reading is merely an indication that there is some error. All operations performed on the comparing and passing bill feed installed on the IBM 403 Accounting Machine must be planned so the cards are grouped in one of these ways: 1. All cards are non-MLP cards. 2. All cards are MLP cards. 3. MLP cards and normal cards, with all MLP cards Figure 104. Reading Brush Release Arm first in each control group. 4. MLP cards and normal cards, with all normalReading-Brush Release Arm. Machines equipped cards first in each control group. with this comparing device have a lever (Figure 104) that positions the bill-feed reading brushes against the contact roll. When the brushes are not in use, the arm FoLDED-FORM FEEDING DEVICE should be locked in the upper socket to prevent unThe folded-form feeding device for the IBM 916 Bill necessary wear on the brushes. F eed permits feeding folded forms, such as policies or circulars, having a folded thickness greater than .016 HIGH-Low PASSING CoNTROL inch but not over .046 inch. With the device installed, A bill feed equipped with equal-unequal comparing all normal functions of the standard bill feed are apcan be equipped also with high-low passing control to plicable. However, any boxed-off printing positions pass unmatched cards. This device provides automatic on the form should have a liberal allowance ?f space, control between the punched card in the card feed because precise printing positions are affected by variand the punched card in the bill feed, by testing for ations in the folds. a high, low, or equal bill-feed condition. When the The forms should be machine-folded, and both the comparison is not equal, the feed containing the higher leading and trailing edges of the forms should be card stops, and the feed containing the lower card folds, The forms should be so folded that when they continues to operate until its reading becomes equal. are placed in the hopper, with the area to be printed Thus, with the file of cards in one feed hopper comdown, the open edge is on top. plete and that in the other incomplete, the extra cards Refer to the IBM 916 Bill Feed manual for specifiin the complete file are passed so that information is cations.printed on the correct bill-feed card. This type of passing is readily adaptable to ledger posting. Passing in one feed only (either bill feed or card Review Questions feed) can be accomplished with full protection if one file is known to be complete. For example, in an opera1. What is the purpose of the bill feed? tion requiring passing in the bill feed with the bill2. What is the fu'nction of the stacker contact? feed file complete, the passing is controlled on a low 3. State the use of the three positions of the pressure bill-feed reading, and a high bill-feed reading should release lever. n_ever occur. If it does occur, the high reading is due to an error in card ar .. gement in either of the two 4. How is the position of the first printing line adfiles, and can be wired to stop card feeding. justed. When card feeding stops, the ,cards must be removed 5. Explain the use of the line-space adjustment. fro!ll both hoppers and those in both feeds must be 6. How is printing adjusted for a specific line? run out. The cards both before and after the error should be investigated because the high r eading I S 7. What are the normal settings of the bill feed index? merely an indication that there is some error. How is it adjusted? IBM Accounting Machines 89 IBM 407 Accounting Machine The IBM 407 Accounting Machine (Figure 105) operates automatically both in feeding cards and in printing results. Information punched in cards can be read, added, subtracted, compared, selected, and printed at the rate of 150 cards per minute. If all typewheels are used in printmg, I 8,000 characters can be printed in one minute. Complete flexibili~y is provided in the arrangement of printed data on the report form, and summary cards can be punched simwltaneously with the preparation of reports. The machine is also capable of multiple-line reading (MLR). OPERATING FEATURES Contml Panel The control panel controls reading information from the card and printing information in the desired locations on the report form. The control panel is inserted in a rack provided for it on the right end of the machine (Figure I 06). Feed • Figure 106. Control Panel Inserted in the Machine Operating Keys ond Signal Ligh ts Figure 105. IBM 40i Accounting Machine STOP KEY Pressing the STOP key stops card feeding before the next card is fed from the hopper. This key is also used tO turn off the CARD FEED STOP light. FINAL TOTAL KEY The FINAL TOTAL key is used to print final totals manu ally, if they are wired on the control panel. Before final total prints: a. The Final Total switch must be ON. b. The last card must be run out of the machine. c. The machine must be idling. / -..) . j CARD FEED STOP LIGHT The CARD FEED STOP light goes on whenever a card in the hopper fails to be fed, or a card in the last reading station fails to be stacked. It also goes on during a summary-punch operation, if the summary punch fails to feed a card or if the summary-punch hopper becomes empty. This light can be turned off by the following proFigure 107. Hopper and Stacker cedure if a card-feed failure has occurred in the accounting machine: 1. Remove the cards from the hopper and correct Hopper and Stacker the bottom card that failed to feed. 2. Replace the cards in the hopper. The card-feed hopper and stacker (Figure 107) are 3. Press the STOP key to turn oft the light. located at the left of the print unit. Cards are placed 4. Press the START key to resume operation. in the hopper, face down, with the 9-edge toward the The cards are then fed normally without interrupthroat. Cards are fed from the hopper into the mation of the normal control or spacing operations. chine, by feed knives, and are then fed by feed rollers This light is on when the summary-punch hopper is through the machine to the stacker, located above and empty; it can be turned off by replenishing the hop behind the hopper. The hopper holds about 1,000 cards. If the hopper becomes empty during automatic per, and pressing the START key. operation of the machine, card feeding stops. FoRM LIGHTAt the end of an operation, the cards in the machine The FORM light goes on and card feeding stops whencan be run out by pressing the START key. This is unthe last form is within 13% inches of the platen, pro necessary if the control panel has been wired for autovided the Form·Stop toggle switch is ON. This light is matic runout. Cards can be added to the hopper and removed turned off by inserting a new form and pressing the from the stacker without stopping card feeding. A START key. stacker switch automatically stops card feeding when AuTo STOP LIGHT the stacker is full. The AUTO STOP light goes on whenever card feeding stops because of control-panel wiring. This light can Machine Controls (Figure 108) be turned off and the operation resumed by pressing the START key. MAIN-LINE SWITCH The main-line switch, located at the left end of the FusE LIGHTmachine, must be ON to operate the machine. This The FUSE light goes on and card feeding stops when switch should not he turned off while cards are feeda fuse burns out. The fuses are located on the lower ing, or during any other machine operation. START KEY The START key must be pressed to start feeding cards through the machine. It is also used to turn off the FORM light and the AUTO STOP light. Figure 108. Operating Keys and Signal Lights IBM Accounting Machines 91 left side of the machine. This light remains on until the fuse has been replaced and the START key pressed. LIGHT (UNLABELLED) This light (the upper half of the FORM light) is on when the main-line switch is ON and the machine is idling. RESET CHECK LIGHT The reset check circuit is designed to determine whether counters in the machine are reset correctly. The circuit is controlled by a Reset-Check toggle switch. If this swi tch is OFF the test circuit is made in operative, and the RESET CHECK light Hashes during machine operation to call attention to the fact that the test circuit is inoperative. If the switch is ON, this light goes on and card feeding stops upon detection of an error as a result of an incorrect reset. A reset error is generally caused by improper counter wiring. RESET CHECK INDICATORS These lights, located beside the reading stations un der the cover (Figure 110), operate in conjunction with the RESET CHECK light, to indicate which counter group failed to reset properly. Print Unit Printing is accomp lished by 120 printwheels arranged in a solid bank. These print within a width of 12 inches, 10 characters to the inch. The print wheels are all the same and consist of 47 separate character positions: 10 digits: 0 through 9 26 letters: A through Z II special characters: / Functional Swi tches (Figure 109) ALTERATION SWITCHES These switches enable the control panel to be used for several different types of operations, without chang ing the wiring. The switches function in both posi tions, transferred (T) or normal (N). INVERTED-FORM SWITCH This switch must be ON whenever inverted forms are being run. Inverted forms are those in which detail cards are printed before the heading cards. The switch must be OFF for running conventional forms. • FINAL ToTAL SwiTCH With this switch ON, final totals can be manually printed by pressing the FINAL TOTAL key, provided the control panel has been wired for final totals, all cards have been stacked, and the machine is idling. It also permits a run-out final total to print automatically when the control panel is wired for this operation. With the Final Total switch OFF, neither final totals nor run-out final totals can be taken, and the final total remains in the machine indefinitely and may subsequently cause an erroneous total if the counters are not reset. FORM STOP SWITCH With this switch ON, the form stops located at the back of the carriage bed are operative, and stop card feeding when the last form is within 13% inches of the printing line. VVith this switch OFF, the form stops are inoperative. R ESET CHECK SWITCH The purpose of this switch is explained under RESET CHECK light. MACHI E FUNCTIONS The IBM 407 Accounting Machine can be set up to perform the following main functions: Detail Printing Detail printing (listing) is printing information from each card as it passes through the machine. Information can be selectively printed or printed anywhere Figure 109. Functional Switches on the form, according to control-panel w1nng. The rated speed of this operation is 150 cards per minute. Accumulating Amounts punched in cards can be added or subtracted selectively according to control-panel wiring, to give a crossfoot total for a single card, or to give subtotals or a group total for successive cards. Group Printing Group printing (tabulating) is the operation in which information on each card is automatically accumulated but not printed. The only information printed is indicative data, sufficient to identify the group of cards and the totals for each group of-cards. The rated speed of this operation is 150 cards per minute. Progmmming Programming is the function by which the machine can distinguish the cards of one group from those of another, so that individual group totals can be printed. There are three classifications of program control: minor, intermediate, and major. For example, if automatic totals are desired by states, counties, and cities, state is the major group, county is the intermediate group, and city is the minor group. Summa1-y Punching Summary punching is automatic recording of summary or total information in cards, in the form of punched holes. For example, when an inventory report is prepared on an accounting machine, it can be set up to show, by each type of product or material, the balance on hand at the first of the month, the receipts and issues during the month, and the balance on hand at the end of the month. During the preparation of this report, totals are printed by each type of product, and this information can be automatically punched into summary cards. Information is transmitted from the accounting machine to a summarypunch machine through a summary-punch cable that connects the two machines. (See section on Automatic Punches-IB~! 514, page 101.) Summary punching can be performed either in a detail-or group-printing operation. All information to be summary punched is controlled by the control panel in the accounting machine and also the one in the summary punch. Before a summary-punch operation can start, two canis must be fed from the summary-punch feed hopper. Card feeding stops in both the accounting rnachine and the summary punch, and the CARD FEED STOP light goes on, when a card fails to feed in either machine, when the punch hopper becomes empty, or when a card is not fed to the stacker in the account ing machine. OPERATING PROCEDURE 1. Make sure that you understand the operation to be performed. If in doubt, ask your supervisor for complete details of the operation. 2. Plug the power cord into the proper voltage source. 3. Insert the proper control panel in the rack and close it tightly. 4. If summary cards are to be punched, connect the summary-punch cable to the accounting machine, and insert the summary-punch control panel in its rack. 5. Set the control switches according to the instructions for the particular report being run. 6. Turn on the main-line switches of both machines, if summary-punching. Also, if summarypunching, feed two cards into -the summary punch. 7. Insert the proper report form and position it correctly. (See section on the Tape-Controlled Carriage, page 76.) 8. Joggle and place the cards in the hopper, face down, 9-edge toward the throat. 9. Make a test run. Any errors in the test run should be brought to the attention of the supervisor. If the test is satisfactory, you are ready to start the operation. l0. Load the hopper (not too full) with the cards to be processed; place the card weight on top, and begin the operation. 11. Store the cards from the stacker in the proper receptacles. 12. "'hen the report is finished, turn off the main line switch and give the completed report to the supervisor. 13. File the processed cards according to instructions. OPERATING SUGGESTIONS STARTING THE OPERATION Cards must be joggled and arranged in perfect align ment before being placed in the hopper, face down, 9-edge toward the throat. Hold the START key down for at least two card-feed cycles to start automatic feeding. -, IBM Accounting Machines A short test run should always be made to make certain that the report form is properly positioned in the carriage. (To position the form correctl y, see the section on the T ape-Controlled Carriage, page 76.) The te~t should prm·e that the control panel is properly wired to handle eYery situ a tion that occurs throughout the operation. This includes control of the counters, and other specia l conditions indicated on the cards by x ·s or other types ::> f control punching. The test deck u~ed by th e opera tor is usually made by the person \dlO analyzed th e requireme nts of the report and wired the control p anel. Never a tt ac h the connector cable of a summarypunch machine to an accounting machine unless the main-line switches of both machines are OFF. During a run, watch the control information occasionall y to see that the totals print at the end of each con trol group. It is good practice to check periodically the total of items listetl. Use small groups of four or five i terns for this visual check. HANDLI:\'G CARDS Canis can be added to the hopper and removed from the stacker without stopping card feeding. However, if less than one inch of cards remains in the hopper at the time of reloading, card feeding should be ~topped. If thi s is not done, cards may fail to feed beca use of insufficient \reight when the card weight is remo,·ed. In handling cards, be careful that cards that have gone through the machine are stacked in the proper containers, and kept separate from the cards that are to go into the hopper. Carelessness in handling either group of cards leads to co nfu sion and inaccu rate re ports. STOPPil\:G THE OPERATION NeYer turn off the m ain-line switch to stop card feed ing. Use the sToP key. "\\'hen a report is completed, run the cards out of the machine by pressing the START key, if the co ntrol panel is not wired for an auto matic run-out. H a final total is to be taken, press the FINAL TOTAL key (Fi nal-Total switch ON). CARD-FEED FAlLURE When a card fail s to feed, the steps listed under Card feed Stop Light should be followed to correct the situ ation. Should a card fail to be stacked, or a jam occur in the card bed, the cards can be removed by first pressing the stacker Jock, then ra ising the stacker itself (it S\rings toward the back of the machine as in Figure II 0), and rais ing the brush holder (it swings toward the front of the machine as in Figure IiI). The cards can then be easily removed from the machine by hand. The brushes, which normally protrude slightly below the brush holder, recede into the holder when it is in a raised posi tion, thus preventing any possible damage to the brushes. • R EPLACING THE RIBBON When a new ribbon is installed make sure the leading end of the ribbon is securely hooked on the empty spool. vVind enough ribbon around the empty spool so that the metal eyelet is between the spool and the ribbon-reversing lever. Thread the ribbon around the guide rollers as shown in Figure II 2. CHECKING FOR ARESET ERROR If the machine is not equipped with a reset-check in dicator panel, the cards in the machine must be run out before the error can be found and corrected. To run out the canis: 1. Remove cards from the hopper. 2. Press the START key to run cards out of the machine. At this time re-programming occurs, and the counters are reset a second time. The machine continues to run. 3. To stop the machine, press the STOP key. The RESET CHECK light may or may not go off. 4. If the light goes off, it means that all cards are out of the machine and are in the stacker. 5. If the RESET CHECK light is still on, there are still cards in the machine. To run them out it is now necessary to: a. Turn off the Reset Check switch. b. Press the START key and run the cards ~ut into the stacker. c. Press the STOP key to stop the machine. The RESET CHECK light goes off when the machine stops . 6. Call the supervisor to find the counter error. Figure 110. Stacker Raised Second Reading Brushes Figure 111. Brush Holder Raised Metal Eyelet . / R1bbon Reverse lever Ribbon Gui de -Ribbon Spool Ribbon Feed Schematic Figure 112. Schematic of Ribbon Feed REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the purpose of the IBM 407 Accounting machine? 2. " 'hat functions other than printing can this machine perform? 3. At what speed does the IBM 407 operate? 4. Where is the control panel inserted? 5. " 'hat happens when the last card leaves the hopper? 6. Is it possible to add cards in the hopper while the machine Is running? Remove cards from the stacker? 7. Can a final total be taken automatically? Manually? How? 8. 'ame the six lights and describe the purpose of each. 9. How many printwheels does the IBM 407 have? How many can print both alphabetic and numerical information? 10. How many different special symbols can be printed from a printwheel? vVhat are they? 11. Explain detail and group printing. 12. What is programming? 13. Name four types of automatic totals. 14. Assume the CARD FEED STOP light is on. Describe the procedure to turn it off. 15. Describe the procedure to turn oft the RESET CHECK light. 16. What is the purpose of the alteration switches? 17. ·what is summary punching? 18. How is information in the accounting machine transmitted to the summary-punch machine? 19. If cards are placed in the hopper of both the accounting machine and the summary punch, and the accounting machine does not start when the START key is pressed, what is most likely the reason? 20. Do cards automatically run out of the machine into the stacker when the report is completed? IBM Accounting Machines IBM 922 TAPE-CO TROLLED CARRIAGE Mechanically and functionally the mM 922 TapeControlled Carriage is the same as the IBM 923 but is used on the IB~r 407 Accounting Machine. Only operational differences are explained in this section. Otherwise the information under IBM 923 applies to both carriages. (See page 7 I.) Operating FeatuTes The following operating features difter from those in the IBM 923 as described. FORM STOPS The form stops, located at the back of carriage bed, stop card feeding when the carriage runs out of paper, provided the Form-Stop switch is ON. The distance be tween the form stops and the printing line is about I2Ys inches. This carriage has no paper brake. PLATE ' SHIFT \VHEEL The platen can be shifted, laterally, a total of four inches by turning the platen shift wheel (Figure 113). FoRM-THICKNESS AoJ STI\!ENT The distance between the print wheels and the platen is adjustable, for thickness of paper stock or for vary ing number of copies, by the form-thickness adjust ment at the left side of the carriage (Figure 113). This device contains seven positions numbered 0 through 6. When the dial is in the 0 position, the print wheels are Ye (.125) inch from the platen. Each of the remaining six positiOns add to the Ye-inch distance by approximately the thickness of IX cards. When the dial is set to G the distance is increased to approximately .I i8 inch. The dial should be set wherever the best results arc obtained. To adjust for varying thicknesses, the dial lock is pulled out and turned to increa e or de • crease the distance between the platen and the print wheels. Operating ProceduTe l. Turn the PLATEN CLUTCH knob to dis~ngage the platen. 2. Raise the cover of the carriage. 3. Raise brushes by a slight pressure on the latch. 4. Remove the tape by raising the lever on the notched bar and moving the lever slightly to the left. The tape then siides off the half-circle guide pieces and the pin-feed drive wheel. 5. Insert new tape as follows: a. Hold the tape o that the printed captions can be read. b. Loop one end over the pin-feed drive wheel so that the pins engage the center drive holes. c. Place the opposite end of the loop around the nearest half-circle guide piece. d. Remove excess slack by lifting the lever away from the notched bar and moving the guide piece to the right. The tape should be just tight enough so that it gives slightly when pressed together. 6. Clamp the brushes in position. Figure 113. Left Side o( Carriage 7. Close the cover. 8. Press the RESTORE key. 9. Push the pressure-release lever back. 10. Feed the forms from the back of the machine, under the form stops and under the platen, until the end of the form can be grasped by the hand. II. Adjust and align the form according to the type of form-feed device used. If no form-feed device is used, straighten and align the form around the platen. 12. Pull the pressure-release lever forward if the pin wheels are not used; otherwise, leave it back. 13. Press the RESTORE key once more. 14. Turn the PLATEN CLUTCH knob tO engage the platen. 15. Press the START key to begin the operation. Operating Suggestions INSERTI NG THE TAPE The platen clutch should be disengaged (knob turned to the right) while the tape is being inserted in the carriage, and especially when the RESTORE key is pressed. The tape must be inserted in the carriage so the printed captions can be read . After inserting the tape, excess slack should be removed . The tape should be just tight enough so that it gives slightly when the top and bottom portions of the loop are pressed together. Be sure that the brushes are clamped in position after the tape is inserted. If the brush holder is not latched, the tape runs continuously when the RESTORE key is pressed, or when the first skip occurs. Tapes should never be folded, because the tape tends to overlap at the creases when traveling around the pin-feed drive wheel. '~hen the carriage is not in use, the brushes should be clamped tightly against the pin-feed drive wheel. INSERTING THE FORMS Be sure that the form-thickness adjustment is set prop erly for the specific forms that are feeding through the machi ne. If it is set at notch 6 and single-sheet forms are being fed, printing may not take place because the platen is too far from ~the typewheels. The pressure-release lever should be pushed back, whenever form feeding is accomplished by a pin-feed mechanism. It should be pulled forwa~d when form feeding is accomplished by pressure rolls. Be sure the forms are fed under the form stops, not over them. OPERATING THE CARRIAGE Do not use the STOP key on the carriage to stop card feeding in the accounting machine. Although this key does stop card feeding, it is not intended to be used in place of the regular accounting machine STOP key. Its purpose is to stop a carriage operation. The platen cannot be turned backwards unless the platen clutch is disengaged. Make sure that the carriage is restored and the platen clutch is engaged before beginning an operation. Failure to restore causes improper spacing; failure to engage the platen causes overprinting. Review Questions I. What is the purpose of the tape-controlled carriage? 2. How are single and double spacing controlled? 3. What is the purpose of the round holes in the center of the tape? 4. Which way should the tape face while it is being inserted in the carriage? 5. How are the brushes lifted away from the pinfeed drive wheel? 6. How tight should the tape be for most efficient operation? 7. Can a tape be used more than once? 8. In what direction must the PLATEN CLUTCH knob be pointing before the platen can be moved manually? 9. How is the carriage set at the start, or home, position? 10. What is the purpose of the form-thickness adjustment? 11. What happens when the last form passes the form stops? 12. In what position must the pressure-release lever be so that the paper can be moved freely around the platen? 13. The platen can be shifted laterally four inches to the left or right. How is this done? 14. What is the purpose of the vernier knob? When can it be used? IBM Accounting Machines IBM FORMS TRACTOR Two models of the IBM Forms Tractor are available for use with the IBM 922 Tape-Controlled Carriage: The IBM F-2 Forms Tractor -6-or 8-lines-per-inch spacing, The IBM F-4 Forms Tractor -6-or 4-lines-per-inch spacing. The F-2 (Figure 114) is standard. The F-4 may be specified in place of, or in addition to the F-2 . Forms Tractors for machines with serial number 407-16139-L W or higher, are not interchangeable with those for machines with a lower serial number. Within these groups IBM Forms Tractors are interchangeable. Each of these devices is used for feeding marginallypunched continuous forms, and each has two adjustable tractor-type pin-feed units, one for each side of the form. When installing the forms tractor on the carriage, position the carriage paper guides, located behind the platen, to the far left and right sides of the carriage. Then hook the r ear pins of the forms tractor in the carriage slots and lower the front to lock in position. Spacing Adjustment The F-2 provides spacing of 6 or 8 lines to the inch. The F-4 provides spacing of 6 or 4 lines to the inch. On the F-2 this adj ustment is made by moving the shift cam until its pointer is positioned between the two scribed lines at either the 6 or 8 on the side frame (Figure 115). If the pointer cannot be positioned between the scribed lines, a tooth-on-tooth condition exists between the platen gear and the forms-tractor drive gear. In this case, move the shift cam to release the pressure on the 6-or 8-line drive gear and turn the platen slightly to allow the teeth to engage fully. A similar procedure should be followed when positioning the F-4 for 6-or 4-lines-per-inch spacing. Regardless of the setting of the forms tractor (F-2 at 6 or 8 lines per inch, or F-4 at 6 or 4 lines per inch), the platen moves at 6 lines per mch. When the F-2 is spacing at 8 lines per inch, the platen has a tendency to move the back copies of a multicopy form faster tha n the original and front copies, even though the pressure-release lever is disengaged. For this reason, single spacing on the F-2 at 8 lines per inch is not recommended if the accuracy of line spacing is critical. For spacing 8 or 4 lines per inch, the control tape is p unched as it would be for normal spacing of 6 lines per inch. That is, each line on the tape always equals one line on the form regardless of whether the form • Tractor Pins lower Pape r Guide s Figure 114. IBM Forms Tractor is to be printed 4, 6, or 8 lines per inch. H owever, in measuring a control tape for a document printed 8 lines to the inch, the tape cannot be matched line for line with the forms. Instead, each line on the tape represents Ys inch on the form . Similiarly, in spacing 4 lines per inch, each line on the tape represents X inch on the form. Normal spacing is 6 lines per inch . Varia tions tha t must be considered for spaci ng 8 or 4 lines per inch are illustrated in Figure 11 6. Figure 115. Spacing AdjustmenL 8 LI N ES PER INCH 4 LI NES PER INCH6 Ll NES PER IN CH ' I I! I F-2 and F-4 II F-2 F-·· J Carr. Tape D is t a n ce on ij Carr. Tape Distance on Carr. Tape Distance on Line s Farm Lines Far01 Lines Farm Maximum Lengt h o f For m 132 Lines 22 Inches 132 Lines 16 1/2 Inches 132 Lines 33 Inches Form is I 1/2Fo rm is 3/ 4 a s times os long Le .1gth of Form Compared with Length of Tope ---Some ---long as one ---as on e to pe tape revolut ion rPVOI linn i I 12 Lines I 1/2 I nche 12 Lines 3 Inches 12 Lines 2 In ches Short Skip Maxi mum Maximum Ma ximu m Maximum Maximum Maximum Distance to Move First Printing App roximately App roximately 2 1/3 Inches 19 Lines 9 Lines Line Back from Indicator to Print 14 Lines 2 1/3 Inches ,. 2 1/3 Inches -.; * Vernier adjustment may be necessary Figure 116. Carriage Tape Specifications Earlier Fo rms Trac tors have a non-adjustable p aper Operating Features (Figures ll4, I17) weight for this purpose. TRACTOR ADJUSTMENT WHEELS 0 UTFOLD G U IDE B A R The tractor adjustment wheels can be turned to proThe outfolc.l guide bar fits across the fr ont of the F orms vide a Ya-inch lateral movement of the tractors. These Tractor as an aid in the fee ding of forms. It can be wheels make the tractor pins line up exactly with the removec.l easil y by the opera tor , if desired . center of the marginal holes in the paper after the paper guides have been set. REFOLD G u mEs PAPER TENSION CoNTROL The refold guides prov ide support for co ntinuou s This device is adjustable, and exerts a slight pressure forms passing from the Forms Tractor for refolding on on the paper as it feeds through the Forms Tractor. a forms stanc.l at the rear of the mac hine. Form Stops Platen Shift Wheel I 1: Troc;tor Pins Popet Tension Control Figure 117. Carriage Ready to Operate I BM Acco unting Machines 99 PLATEN The carriage is equipped with a removable solid platen as a standard feature. Platen hardness requirements vary with the number of parts and type of paper in each form. The following platen hardnesses are recommended: Hard platen (I 00 durometer), 2-part forms and over. Medium platen (90 durometer), most single-part forms or very thin multiple-part forms. If there is doubt as to the platen hardness required or to the quality of the carbon paper to be used, test runs should be made with sample sets of forms. The platen can be removed by raising the platen lock on the left side (Figure 113) and lifting the platen from the bearing housing. '!\Then the platen is inserted, the end with the gear wheel should be dropped into the platen-bearing housing. The platen must then be moved to the r ight, turning it back and forth to fit the platen drive key into the carriage drive mechanism. The platen lock is then closed. Figure 118 shows the platen being inserted into the carnage. Figure 118. Inserting Platen Operating Procedure l. After the Forms Tractor is in position, disengage the platen clutch. Make sure that the platen and the Forms Tractor can be moved freely by hand. 2. If the form used is less than 7 inches wide, the • center paper guide and paper-tension control may be removed. 3. Move the left lower paper guide and tractor slightly to the left of the first printing position. Place the first fmm between the left and right lower paper guides, and move the right guide in against the edge of the form. Allow a slight clearance, so that the form slides freely between both guides. Tighten both locking rings to hold the guide assemblies in place. 4. With the pressure rolls engaged, insert the form over the Forms Tractor paper guides, un..der the round rod, and then into the pressure rolls and platen·. Turn the platen by hand (platen clutch disengaged) until the end of the form can be grasped. 5. Raise the pressure plates away from the tractor pins. 6. Release the pressure rolls, draw up the form, and position the pin-feed holes on the tractor pins. 7. Lower the pressure plates. 8. Set the form so that the first printing line is even with the first printing line indicator mark on the lower part of the pressure plates; then turn the form back fourteen spaces if spacing is set for 6 lines per inch, nineteen spaces if set for 8 lines per inch, and 9 spaces if set for 4 lines per inch. Finer adjustments can be achieved by use of the vernier knob. 9. Insert the control tape, restore the carriage, and engage the platen clutch. Figure 117 shows the carriage ready to operate. Continuous forms can also be fed by a pin-feed platen instead of the standard IBM Forms Tractor. (See section IBM Pin-Feed Platen Device, page 79.) IBM Automatic Punches Monontonous repetition is a characteristic of manual records. Records made on the same day must be dated identically. Records made at the same source must have identical location information. Likewise, information used at one point may be needed at another, requiring duplication of the same basic records. In some cases, partial changes to the original records must be made continually, in order to keep the records up-to-date. At times, entire files must be partially changed or duplicated. When records are maintained in punched-card form, these repetitious operations can be performed automatically by machines known as automatic punches. The principal operations performed by automatic punches are: reproducing, verifying, gangpunching, summary punching, mark-sense punching, and end Read-Feed Punch-Feed printing. Some or all of these functions are performed by the three types of automatic punches: l. Reproducing Punches (two feeds)-IBM 514, 519, 528, 549. Reproducing punches are designed primarily to copy, or reproduce, original files so that the duplicate, or second set, can be used for diverse operations without disturbing the original hle. 2. Summary Punches (one feed)-IBM 523, 524, 526 Summary punches are designed primarily to punch tabulated information from accounting machines into total or new-balance cards. 3. Card Read Punches (one feed)-IBM 521, 529 Card read punches are designed primarily as the input-output units for calculating systems. Card Stockers Machine Controls fi!!l!l~'-------1---Comparing Indicator f Summary-Punch Cable and Switches Fi~ure 119. IBM 514 Reproducing Punch IBM Automatic Punches 101 IBM 514 Reproducing Punch The IBM 514 Reproducing Punch (Figure 119) has two card-feed hoppers: a read-unit hopper at the left, and a punch-unit hopper at the right. In a reproducing operation, one unit of the machine reads previously punched cards, while the other unit punches blank cards that are to become copies of the original. Because the card files (original and copy) are to remain separate, the machine also has two stackers that receive the processed cards, one for the cards fed through the read unit and one for the cards fed through the punch unit. The standard IBM 514 operates at a rated speed of 100 cards per min ute. The IBM 514 Series 50 is rated at 50 cards per minute. These machines can be attached to IBM 402, 403, 407, or 419 Accounting Machines as summary punches. OPERATING FEATURES Machine Controls (Figure 120) MAIN-LINE SwiTCH This switch, located on the right side of the machine, controls the power. A red signal light indicates that the switch is ON, and no cards a.re passing through the machine. START AND STOP KEYS These two keys are used to start and stop card feeding. RESET KEY This key is used to reset the double-punch and blank column detection circuits, and to extinguish the DP&Bc light when the machine is equipped with this optional feature. DP&BC LIGHT This signal light goes on when a double punch or blank column has been detected in a column being compared. Pushing the RESET key extinguishes this light. CoMPARE LIGHT The COMP light indicates that card feeding has stopped • because of an error in verifying. It is extinguished by pushing the reset lever on the comparing indicator. LIGHT (UNLA:BELED) This light indicates the main-line switch is oN, but no cards are being fed. Hoppers Each of the two hoppers holds approximately 800 cards. Cards are fed face down, 12-edge toward the throat. X-Brushes, X-Panels (Figure 121) As a card is fed from the hopper, it passes a reading station of 5 brushes in the read unit (Read X-Brushes) or 6 brushes in the punch unit (Punch X-Brushes). Each of these brushes can be positioned to read the Figure 120. Machine Controls Figure 121. X-Br ushes; X-Panel control information in a column. (Two columns must separate adjacent brushes.) Connection is made from the brushes to the main control panel by wires to a small X-panel for each feed. Stackers Each of the two stackers holds approximately 1000 cards. When either stacker is filled to capacity, card feeding stops automatically. Control Panel (Figure 122) The control panel determines the functions and operation of the machine. Summary-Punch Cable When the machine is used as a summary punch, the summary-punch cable at the left side of the machine • must be removed from its receptacle and attached to the accounting machine. When the machine is not used for summary punching, this cable must be kept in the receptacle and latched or the machine does not operate properly. Functional Switches (Figure 122) REPRODUCING SwiTCH When ON, this switch synchronizes the reading and punching feeds so the two feeds can be used together to perform an operation. When OFF, this switch permits operating the two feeds independently to perform separate operations, or allows a single feed to be used. SELECTI:VE REPRODUCING AND GANGPUNCH COMPARE SWITCH The SEL REPD and G. P. COMP switch, when ON, per mits continuous feeding in the read unit. When the switch is OFF, card feeding in the read unit can be slopped by control-panel wiring while a card is fed in the punch unit. CARD X-PUNCHED DETAIL OR MASTER SWITCH This detail-master switch controls the operations in which two types of cards are distinguished by control X-punching. It is normally used in a gangpunching operation, and should be set to MASTER when master cards have the control X-punch (punching NX-cards). It should be set to DETAIL when detail cards have the control X-punch (punching X-cards). In normal re- Figure 122. Control Panel; Functional Switches producing operations (punching NX-cards) this switch must be set to MASTER. MARK-SENSING SwiTCH This switch must be oN for any mark-sensing opera tion. MASTER-CARD PuNCHING SwiTCH In a combination reproducing and gangpunching operation with mark-sensed master cards, this switch, when oN, permits mark-sensed information to be punched into the master card. It should be OFF at all other times. BLANK-COLUMN CHECK SwiTCHES Each position of. double-punch and blank-column de tection (optional) has a corresponding switch. When the switch is oN and the position is wired on the con trol panel, card feeding stops if either a blank or double-punched column is detected. With the switch OFF, only double punches stop card feeding. Comparing Indicator When the punching in two fields wired to the comparing unit is different, card feeding stops, the coM- IBM Automatic Punches 103 Figure 123. Comparing Indicator PARE light goes on, and the comparing indicator (Figure 123) shows the comparing position containing the error. Restoring Lever The comparing indicator is cleared and the COMPARE light extinguished by pushing the Restoring lever at the left of the indicator. MACHINE FUNCTIONS Reproducing and Verifying A reproducing operation always involves two groups of cards: (I) the original (punched) group that is to be read, and (2) the group of blank (or partially blank) cards that are to be punched with information from the original cards. In any reproducing operation, the REPRODUCE switch should be turned on. When ON, this switch interlocks both feeds so that it is impossible to operate the machine unless cards are in both hoppers. Feeding and stacking cards in both units are synchronized automatically. The design of the card forms of both groups need not be indentical, and the information can be repro • duced from the original cards into the same or en tirely different columns of the blank cards. Variations in card design, or columns to be punched, are handled by control-panel wiring. The accuracy of the punching operation can be simultaneously verified by the comparing feature of the machine. The relation of the read and punch units to each other, and the sequence in which the cards pass the operating stations in the two units, are shown in the schematic diagram (Figure 124). Gangpunching Gangpunching is the operation in which information in a field of a master card is repeated or transferred to each succeeding card requiring the same information. As cards pass through the punch unit, the master card at the punch-brush station is read, and its information is automatically punched into the following card. Cards are fed continuously, and as the first detail card (field originally blank, but now punched) is read by the punch brushes, the information is transferred to the next card, a11d so on, until the operation is com pleted. · There are two types of gangpunching operations. One uses a single master card from which the same Combination Reproducing and Gangpunching information is punched in every card passing through the machine; the other uses multiple master cards; This operation combines both reproducing and gang properly interspersed throughout the file to be gang punched. This type of operation is used where the punching functions in one run of the cards through the machine, and is a simple operation when only onecommon information differs by groups within the file. master card is to be used. The original set of cardsMaster-card information is gangpunched into the folshould be preceded by a blank card in the read-unitlowing detail cards until the next master card is read. hopper, in order to prevent reproducing into the In the single-master-card operation, th~ master card master card. The master card should be placed in is placed in the punch feed in front of the file to be front of the blank cards in the punch-unit hopper.gangpunched. All cards are punched with identical From an operating standpoint, this operation is theinformation, and can be verified by sight checking. same as reproducing without gangpunching, and the When interpsersed master cards are used, they must Reproduce switch must be ON. be distinguished from the detail cards by an X-punch The comparing unit can be used to verify the reproThis X can be punched either in the master cards or ducing portion of the duplicate cards, but the gangin the detail cards, but not in both. A punch X-brush punched columns of the duplicate cards should be must be set on the column containing the control X, sight-checked each time the punch stacker is emptied. and it must be properly wired in the control panel before interspersed gangpunching can be performed. When the control X is punched in the master cards, the DETAIL-MASTER switch must be Set to MASTER. Punching is then suspended for cards containing the Summm·y Punching control X, but cards without the X are punched. Summary punching is automatic punching of totalsWhen the control X is punched in the detail cards, accumulated or summarized by an accounting mathis switch must be set to DETAIL. Cards containing the chine. X are then punched, but punching is suspended for For example, when an inventory report is being cards without the X. prepared on an accounting machine, it can be set up In either of these gangpunching operations, the REto show, by each type of product, the balance on hand PRODUCE switch must be OFF. at the first of the month, the receipts and issues during the month, and the balance on hand at the end of The SELECTIVE REPRODUCING AND GANGPUNCH COMPARING switch must be ON when gangpunched cards the month. As totals are printed by each type of prodare to be compared or verified with interspersed masuct, the information can be automatically punched ter cards. To do this, the file is run through the read into summary cards, by the summary-punching circuits unit of the machine as an independent operation, or in the reproducing punch. These summary cards can then be used the following month for the preparation simultaneously with a gangpunching operation being of the report. performed in the punch unit of the machine. 6 PUNCHS READ X BRUSHESX-BRUSHES ~ PUNCHING DIES I I ~,.,m FEED HOPPER E3 ~~"~"" 1/ffo/@ FEED HOPPER MARK-SEN SING PUNCH .all .all REPRODUCING COMPARI N G BR USHES BRU SHES BRUSHES BRUSHES READING UNIT PUNCHING UNIT Figure 124. Schematic Diagram IBM Automatic Punches 105 d II I z"-"~ i 0c::: 0 0 I u~ iJJf CD -N 0 • c::: z 0 0 .. ~ R~GULA!l "' '"" L/)1 ""O! " ~ uw ::J HOUnS '4'1 L/)1 U')l &nil ... w 0 0 WORtU:D ; z u o" > ::> «( < 00 0.1 M !w z C\1 0 .... I 0 Ml ·~ ::J 0 ..... z~ z ~ 0 ~ 0 .,., , M w 1- _, ~I "' .. ~ -I ~I t::tl I 1- :>W «( 0 1- •! w OJ. Hl H:J O!. 0"' -' I < >-0: w r) ' 0 N -"' 0 ,... N .. . 0 ....:..: ~ 0 0 0 0 0 zO ~ w .... ~I ~I ~I ~I ~I ~-;? w l!l 3' w n1 M IU H.:t ;;; 0 0 0\ ..... 0 "w z w Figure 125. Mark Sensing When summary punching is to be performed, the 3. Arrange the cards carefully to avoid confusionsummary-punch cable must be connected to the ac in handling the files during and after the operacounting machine. The cable transmits the summary tion.information to be punched in each summary card.Blank summary cards must be placed in the punch 4. Plug in the cord to a source of current and turn on the main-line switch. hopper of the reproducer, and at least two cards mustbe fed, before the accounting machine can be started. 5. Press the START key for at least three card cycles,The REPRODUCE switch must be OFF. to insure that no cards have been left in themachine from a previous operation. It is possible to gangpunch common informationthat must appear on all summary cards, simultaneously 6. If you find any cards in the stackers, turn themwith punching summary information. over to the supervisor. 7. Insert the proper control panel. Mark Sensing (Optional) 8. Check the X-brushes and notify the supervisorif they are not set according to instructions. In this operation, information recorded in the formof ELECTROGRAPHic® pencil marks on IBM cards is auto9. Set the switches according to the operation to beperformed: matically transcribed into punched holes in thosecards. Summary Punching: All switches OFF; Detail Master Switch on MASTER.Each side of a card has a capacity of 27 mark-sensing Reproducing: Reproduce switch oN; Detailcolumns. Figure 125 shows a time card with 8 mark Master Switch on MASTER; all others OFF. sensed columns in card columns 16 to 39. Gangpunching: Reproduce switch OFF; Detail-Master Switch on MASTER if master cards areX-punched, or on DETAIL if detail cards are XOPERATING PROCEDURE punched; Selective Reproduce and GangpunchComparing switch ON for checking. 1. Determine the type of operation to be perMark Sensing: Mark-Sense switch oN; Detailformed: reproducing, gangpunching, combinaMaster switch on MASTER; all others OFF. If gangtion reproducing and gangpunching, or sumpunching with mark-sensed master cards, themary punching. Master Card switch must be ON. 2. Obtain sufficient supply of the proper card 10. Place cards in the hoppers face down, 12-edgeforms to be used. toward the throat. 106 II. In a reproducing operation, place the originals in the read hopper and the cards to be copies in the punch hopper. 12. Press the START key. 13. Stop the machine after 4 or 5 card cycles, and check the cards punched to see that all required columns are being properly reproduced, gangpunched, or summary punched (depending upon the operations performed). 14. In a summary-punching operation, feed at least two cards through the machine before starting the accounting machine. When the last card is fed from the punch hopper, card feeding stops in both the summary punch and the accounting machine. If the operation is not complete, reload the hopper. 15. When card feeding stops for a comparing error, remove the cards from both hoppers and stackers. Note the comparing indicator for the position in error. Push the Restoring lever, and press the START key to run out the cards in the machine. The discrepancy is in one of the two first cards into the stackers. 16. ·when the operation is finished, press the START key until all cards remaining in the machine have been fed into the stackers. Turn oft the main-line switch. 17. File the cards according to the instructions of the supervisor. OPERATING SUGGESTIONS The following suggestions are given as an aid to most efficient operation of the IB:\f 514 Reproducing Punch. STARTING THE OPERATION When the cable is being attached to the accounting machine, the main-line switches of both accounting machine and summary punch must be OFF. In a gangpunching operation using interspersed master cards, make certain the Detail-Master switch is properly set. Also, have your supervisor check the setting of the punch X-brush. Be sure the unused read X-brushes are positioned regulc:rly across the 80 columns. If grouped at one end, uneven feeding may result. In a reproducing and gangpunching operation, the first card in the punch feed can be used for the gangpunched data. If this is not done, be certain to place a blank card ahead of the file in the read feed. Joggle cards into perfect alignment before placing them in the feed hopper, face down, 12-edge toward the throat of the feed. Do not overload hoppers nor allow stackers to become too full. In a re producing operation, fill both hoppers to approximately the same level, and replenish both at the same time. DURING THE 0PERATIC.N If th e machine stops and a red light appears, check for an empty hopper or a full stacker. Occasionall y check the punching registration on a standard card gage. When emptying the stackers during a reproducing operation, stop card feeding and remove cards from both stackers at the same time. Always match the last card removed from one stacker with the last card removed from the other stacker before placing the cards in the files. In a gangpunching operation in which only one master card is used, the cards should be sight-checked when removed from the punch stacker. Check the last card removed, to make sure that it is exactly like the master card. If it is not, card feeding should be stopped, as the entire group may need checking. It is impractical to sight-check small groups of cards in interspersed gangpunching operations, but they can be machine verified if the cards are run through the read unit. This requires a special setup on the control panel and also requires that G. P. COMPARING switch be ON. If a card jam occurs call the supervisor. The jam must be carefully removed . The operation can be learned only by personal instruction, repeated practice, and experience. STOPPING THE OPERATION When an operation is finished, remove extra cards from the punch hopper, and press the START key until all cards have dropped into the stackers. Three card cycles are sufficient. IBM Automatic Punches 107 IBM 519 Document-Originating Machine The IBM 519 Document-Originating Machine (Figure 126) is a reproducing punch, identical in function and operation to the IBM 514, with the exception that it has a print unit for printing as many as eight digits of information on the face of the cards passing through the punch unit. The information can be printed from the card itself (interpreting), from a card in the read unit at the comparing brushes (transcribing), or from an emitter. Information can be printed on either of two lines (Figure 127) in one pass of the cards through the machines. Print Unit The print unit is located behind the front cover just left of the punch stacker, and can be latched in one of three positions (Figure 128). When the print unit is latched in the notch farthest from the operator, printing occurs on the second line. When the print unit is latched in the middle notch, printing occurs on the first line. If the print unit cannot be engaged readily, the following steps should be taken: I. Draw the unit toward the front of the machine. 2. Turn the knurled knob on the left side of the unit until the letter D on the index wheel is in DEPT. NUMBER 34-09872 ~..2.71 I • I~0§ I OAV~ YEAR ;~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ -N -;o DEPT ~~ ® m ~ -~ N --~ Figure 127. End Printing line with the arrow scribed on the unit (Figure 129). 3. Hold the wheel in this position and slide the unit toward the rear of the machine, stopping at the notch desired. When the printing feature is not used, the print unit should be latched in the notch nearest the operator to prevent unnecessary wear on the ribbon and other moving parts. As an optional feature, the IBM 519 can print inverted characters or on the column-80 end of the card. Print Light The PRINT light goes on when the print unit is engaged and ready to print. The light goes oft when the unit is disengaged. Reod Hopper Punch Hopper Cord Stockers Machine Controls Comparing Indicator Sumrnory-Punch Coble Con1rol Ponol Figure 126. IBM 519 Document-Originating Machine Figure 128. Printing Unit IBM 528 Accumulating Reproducer The IBM 528 Accumulating Reproducer (Figure 130) is a high-speed punch that performs addition and subtraction in combination with any of the operations of gangpunching, reproducing and summary punching. If no printed report is required, the accumulating reproducer can prepare summary cards from detail Figure 129. Left Side of Print Unit cards at hi gh speed, without the use of an accounting machine. A second major feature of this machine is its ability to reproduce selectively, by suppressing card feeding on the basis of any control punch in the cards. This permits speeds up to 200 cards per minute in the read feed, even though the punch feed operates at 100 cards per minute. The IBM 528 operates the same as the IBM 514. Only the differences in operating features are noted here. IBM Automatic Punches 109 Figure 130. IBM 528 Accumulating Reproducer Figure 131. Machine Cont,rols CoMPARING oR RESET ERROR LIGHT (FIGURE 131) This light goes on whenever counters fail to reset correctly, or whenever readings brought to the comparing unit fail to agree. In the latter case, the lights in the comparing unit are also turned on. If counters h ave not reset correctly, the START key must be pressed to run the cards out of the machine. No punching occurs during runout. Pressing the RESET key then causes the machine to take a reset cycle to • try to reset the counters again. If the Error light goes off, the cards can be run into the machine again. If not, call your supervisor. When the iight comes on as a result of a comparing error, the cards should be removed from the hoppers and stackers, and the cards in the machine run out by holding down the START key. The cards can be compared visually against the indicator on the comparing unit to determine in which columns the error occurred. Then the comparing unit should be reset, and the cards run in again. MACHINE STOP LIGHT The MACH STOP light goes on whenever card feeding stops as a result of control-panel wiring. Card feeding can be restarted only after the operator presses the RESET key. IBM 549 Ticket Converter Current reports and low inventory levels are essential to the operation of retail establishments. Of the several sources of information, price tickets often represent the greatest volume of transactions. Transcribing sales data from these tickets into IBM cards is done automatically by the IBM 549 Ticket Converter (Figure 132). The price ticket* consists of a basic section and one or more punched stubs (Figure 133). When an article is sold, a stub is removed from the price ticket and used for accounting purposes in IBM punched-card system. To convert the ticket stubs to punched cards, these price stubs are placed in the ticket feed of the converter and cards in the punch feed. Detail information is read from the tickets and punched in any of the 80 columns of the IBM cards, which can then be processed normally for the reports needed. The IBM 549 can also perform the functions of gangpunching, summary punching and editing for double punches and blank columns. Operation is the same as that for the punch feed of the IBM 5 4. • Printed and punched by the Denni~on Print-Punch Mar~lllg Machine, manufactured by the Denmson Company of Frammg· ham, Massachusetts. Cord Hoppe r Machin~ Controls Ticket Stocker $ 598 o:o~u4J~OO o 0 °~0j)OO Basic ~~~~-o 1o:~~ -Section 00 oo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 I 89 7252 0 75G234 '-----' ..._, '----" ------------c=::J---------- DEPT.13 SIZE14 $ 598 0 oooJ ~o ooA_<:> oAoo oo 0 Second ,.,(L/1./: o~~~o?lfed +-(Resole) 00 0~~0 0 0 0 0 0 Stub 0 4189 7252 o 1ss234 '----' "--' '---' -----------c:::::::::r-------- DEPT.13 SIZE14 $ 598 °0 0 00 00 o;/ ~ ~-o Aoo oo First 0 ?r~o ~~~o"fiite4 -Stub 00 0-~~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 4189 7252 o 1s6234 ~ ..._, '----" Figure 133. Three-Section Price Ticket OPERATING FEATURES With the exception of the read feed, the operating features of the IBM 549 are identical to those of the IBM514. Cord Stacker Sumnory-Punch Coble Figure 132. IBM 549 T icket Converter IBM Automatic Punches Ill Ticket Receiver Price tickets, when removed from the merchandise, are placed face up on a spindle in a specially-designed receiver (Figure 134). This receiver is inverted and snapped into place in the ticket hopper. Ticket Hopper With the receiver in place in the ticket hopper, the tickets are fed, face down, to the reading station. Ticket Stacker The tickets are stacked at an angle, face back, in the reverse sequence from which they entered the machine. MACHINE FUNCTIONS Converting Tickets Price stubs are often unsuitable for processing in automatic accounting procedures. Tickets stubs, punched with coded information, are therefore converted (decoded and reproduced) into IBM cards that can then be used for accounting purposes. Figure 135 shows the relationship between tickets in the ticket feed and cards in the punch feed at the end of a machine cycle. If card feeding is stopped with the first card stacked, three tickets are in the ticket stacker, with the first-fed ticket at the front. Thus, the ticket corresponding to the last card stacked is always the third ticket from the back in the ticket stacker. On the next cycle when card feeding is restarted, cards and tickets move as follows: Card 2 is stacked. Card 3 is read at punch brushes for DPBC checking. Card 4 is punched as ticket 4 is read, decoded for numerical punching, and stacked. Card 5 and ticket 5 are fed from their respective hoppers. TICKET FEED Hopper Hopper Reading PX :: r = Station ii I S 4 4 55 U3, • Figure 134. Ticket Receiver Gangpunching with Master Tickets It may be necessary to precede each batch of ticket stubs with a single master ticket stub containing addi • tional required information common to all tickets or groups of tickets. During the conversion of tickets to cards, the master tickets are converted into master cards from which the common information is gangpunched into the detail cards. This is the only use for the master cards. There fore they should be X-punched, sorted out (or offset stacked), and destroyed after the conversion operation is completed. PUNCH FEED Brushes ' 0._______....;;...3-~0 Punch Stotion Brushes I 1 L=.==:==:==.J Stacker Stocker Figure 135. Schematic Relationship between Ticket and Punch Feed The IBM 523 Gang Summary Punch (Figure 136) op I~ 523 Gang Summary Punch Reproducing Punches can perform summary-punch operations. However, certain punches are designed specifically to accompany accounting machines as summary punches. Detail information is accumulated in the accounting machines and the totals conv~yed to the summary punch by a connecting cable. erates on the same principles as the punch unit of the IBM 514 Reproducing Punch. Though designed primarily as a summary punch for the IBM 402, 403, 407, 419 Accounting Machines, the IBM 523 can also be used as an automatic gangpunch in conjunction with, or independent of, an accounting machine. Figure 136. IBM 523 Gang Summary Punch IBM Automatic Punches 113 IBM 524 Figure 137. IBM 524 Duplicating Summary Punch Connected to IBM 101 IBM 524 Duplicating Summary Punch The IBM 524 Duplicating Summary Punch (Figure 137) is designed for use exclusively as the summarypunch attachment for the IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine. It can be operated independently as a card punch if its power cord is connected to a separate power source. Refer to IBM 101 Electronic Statistical Machine (page 58). • IBM 526 Printing Summary Punch The IBM 526 Printing Summary Punch (Figure 138) punches summary cards automatically while reports are being prepared on IBM 402, 403, or 419 Accounting Machines. The punched information can also be printed on the summary cards. When it is not being used for summary punching, this machine can be used as a key punch for regular card-punching (and Stocker Stop Program Unit Card Hopper Switch Reading Station Punching Station Reading Boord \ Functional Control Switches Chip Box and Fuses Control Panel Figure 138. IBM 526 Printing Summary Punch printing) operations as performed by an IBM 26 Printing Card Punch. With the exception of summary punching, the IBM 526 performs the same functions and operates the same as the IBM 26 Printing Card Punch. Refer to this section for full description (page 22). Only the differences are noted here. Operating FeatuTes PowER LIGHT A white light, located to the left of the program unit, indicates when the main-line switch is oN. STACKER STOP SWITCH This switch stops card feeding in the accounting ma chine when the stacker is full. CoNTROL PANEL The control panel governs punching and skipping op erations of-the machine. The panel must be inserted in the rack and the door closed for summary punching. If the door is opened while cards are registered at the punching and reading stations, the card bed must be cleared and new cards fed before operation can be resumed. SUMMARY-PUNCH CABLE The summary-punch cable extends from the left end of the machine. When not in use, it can be stored in a compartment provided in the side. For simultaneous inQependent operation of the IBM 526 and the accounting machine, the cable may be left connected and both machines used independently merely by not wiring the summary-punch switch hubs in the accounting machine control panel. To begin a summary-punching operation, cards must be registered at both the punching and reading stations of the summary punch, the control panel must be in place with the door closed, and the summarypunch cable mu~ u-: connected to the accounting machine. A program card is inserted to control automatic program functions. If the IBM 526 runs out of cards during summary punching, the operation can be restarted by placing cards in the hopper and pressing the FEED key twice. IBM 521, 529 Card Read Punches IBM calculators can use automatic punches as inputoutput units of the system. These punches read information from the cards and punch the calculated results in the cards. This operation is accomplished at a speed of 100 cards per minute by the IBM 521 and 529. Each punch is presented fully in the manual of its associated calculator unit: IBM 521-IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch IBM 529-IBM 607 Electronic Calculator Optional Features-IBM 514, 519, 523, 528, 549 Offset Stacking Device An error card, or one selected by control-panel wiring, can be offset Ya inch forward in the stacker. Care must be exercised in removing the cards from the stacker not to disturb the offset of the cards. This device is available for either or both the punch and read feeds. Auxiliary Card Counter One or two auxiliary card counters can be installed to count the cards processed by either or both feed units (punch feed only on IBM 549). Mark Sensing Device (IBM 514, 519 only) With this device installed on either the punch or read unit, ELECTROGRAPHic® marks on IBM cards can be sensed and reproduced into cards as punched holes. Review Questions -IBM 514, 519, 528, 549 1. What is the purpose of reproducing punches? Of summary punches? Of card read punches? 2. Narne the card hoppers and give their location on the machine. 3. How are cards placed in the hoppers? 4. What is the rated speed of reproducing punches? 5. Define gangpunching. 6. What unit of the machine is used for gangpunching? 7. What are the two types of gangpunching operations? 8. In what manner do the two methods differ? IBM Automatic Punches ll!S 9. What is the purpose of the Companng Indicator? I0. Which method of gangpunching does not require the use of the Comparing Indicator? II. What unit of the machine is used for gangpunch comparing? 12. Name the three switches and their functions. State how each would be set for a gangpunch-comparing operation. 13. What determines the setting of the Detail-Master Switch? 14. Define reproducing. 15. When reproducing information from one file of cards to another, is it necessary that the two card forms be identical? If not, how is the reproducing from one form to another varied? 16. Why is it advisable to use the comparing device in a reproducing operation? 17. Name three conditions in the machine, involving the cards that may cause card feeding to stop during a normal reproducing operation. 18. In a combination reproducing and gangpunching operation, using only one ma~ter card, what information can be verified by the comparing unit and what information is sight-checked? 19. In the above operation, how is reproducing into the master card prevented? 20. Define summary punching. 21. What machine produces the information to be • summary punched and how is the information transmitted? 22. What is the position of the Reproduce switch in a summary-punching operation? Detail-Master switch? · 23. Where is the summary-punch cable located? 24. How is the Comparing Indicator restored? 25. How do you set the print unit on the IBM 519 to end print on the first line? 26. In which feed are cards end printed? In which feed is the information read? 27. How is the print unit latched when the printing feature is not desired? 28. In which feed are the mark-sensed cards placed for transcribing? 29. Explain the function of the IBM 549 Ticket Converter. 30. Which ticket and card in the stacker correspond? IBM cards can be used as documents as well as for automatic production of reports. For example, original source documents such as address cards, payroll cards, time tickets, inventory tags, checks, income tax returns, and car registrations are often designed on IBM cards. To assist in visual reading of punched data, it is desirable that punched information be translated into printed form on the card itself. Thus, the information punched in the cards can be read with the same ease as typewritten records. Machines designed to print on the card information that has been punched in the card are called interpreters : IBM 548, 552 and 557 Interpreters. Mochlne Controls Ribbon Feed IBM Interpreters IBM 548 Interpreter The IBM 548 Interpreter (Figure 139) is designed to translate 60 columns of punched data into printed characters on each of two printing lines on the face of the card. To interpret more than 60 columns, the cards must be run through the machine a second time using the second printing line. The machine interprets 60 cards per minute. Figure 139. IBM 548 Interpreter IBM Interpreters 117 Figure 140. Machine Controls OPERATING FEATURES Machine Controls (Figure 140) MAIN-LINE SwiTCH This switch must be ON for all machine operations. A green READY light indicates the machine is ready fot operation. START KEY This recessed key must be pressed and held for thret card-feed cycles to start machine operation. STOP KEY This key must be pressed to stop card feeding and interpreting. Hopper The cards must be placed in the hopper face up, with the 12-edge toward the throat. When the supply of cards in the hopper becomes exhausted, all cards within the machine are interpreted and run out into the stacker. The capacity of the hopper is approximately 700 cards. Stacker The stacker is located directly below the hopper, and holds about 900 cards. Cards can be removed from the stacker without stopping the continuous operation of the machine. If the stacker becomes full, card feeding stops automatically. Printing-Position Knob (Figure 141) Sixty characters can be printed on either of two lines on the card face. Upper-line printing is along the top of the card above the 12-punch position (Figure 142). Lower-line printing occurs between the 12-and 11punch positions (Figure 143). The printing-position • Figure l41. Printing Position Knob knob, located in a recess on the back of the machine, behind the hopper, determines the printing line. An indicating mark shows which position is to be printed (U-upper, L-lower). To change the printing line, pull out the knob and turn it clockwise for the upper line, or counterclockwise for the lower line. This change must be made when the·machine is stopped, because the knob rotates while cards are being fed. Print Unit The printing mechanism consists of 60 'typebars. Each bar contains 39 printing characters: 10 numerical (0 through 9); 26 alphabetic (A to Z); and three special characters (when specified). For printing in specific locations, exact typebar positions must be determined before wiring the· control panel. The ratio of typebars to card columns is 60:80 or 3:4, because 60 typebar positions print horizontally in an area covered by 80 columns. Thus, typebar 3 prints over column 4; typebar 6 prints over column 8; typebar 45 prints over column 60, etc. (Figure 144). ,The ribbon in the printing unit is a little wider than the length of an IBM card; and moves vertically as each card is interpreted. It reverses its direction of movement automatically, and does not require operator attention until printing on the cards becomes too light and a new ribbon is required. IZ3491N.f:_W ~EXICO COMPANY I I I I I lo3115 P0414,40 MA~~ AltO ADrilt lS tAT E PAID ·CO lt"'O!JNT AIO 0 COUNT UriV. o.u · INY. AMO UNT I c~9,?51 J ,....CE NO ••• • • CODE INVOICE DATE INVOICE ::i AMOUNT CISCO~~H INVQICE TAL£$ AMOUNT BA . CUS~O!!ER MAN . ~~r-1'~ ~· I NAI Att lfRfS PAID DATE NUMBER 5 t. ~. 110 . 11\J. OA~!,YR . c) ~~MO. DAY:! ~ o e11 ooo~ooooO:OiJiiio'rro_o_o'l·o orooo·o·o000000 u noooooo OOOICOOIOOOOOOOOOUIOOOOOOO 0 0 0o:o0ooo 1 ~9~~~~yi~ 1~~ H~~UH6970l17l1374 7511117179il0 ~ I 2 3 4 56 1 I I 1011 111:1 14151111\119 ~2122 2324 252~ 27 1t29 JO ll l2ll :Ml5l&l1 :JilS 40 41 42 Q44 ~-uq~~~ 111111111 11.111 111111:::1111111 1111111111111111111111 1 111 1111:11 111 :1 111111:1111111111 ... 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I Ill NU[ 00 0000 000OlD 00011 ooIO 0000 00 000000 00010 Q0100 0I OIDO 0 000 OIOI IOO 0000001 o0 0 0 0000000 11 o0 0 0 I I 111111111111111 111 11 1111 11 111111 II I 'll 1'111 11 111 Ill 1 1111 111 111111 II111 1111111 11 11 I I I -212 2 2 2 2 2 2 n 1222 12 222222 2 2 212 2 2'212 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 2 2212 2 2 2 222222 2 2 2 2 22222222 2 2 212 22 2 2 2 2 22 2 I ! 333313333331311 333 n 3313 33 333333 33 3133 Jl3 3333 33333 33333 3 333 333333 33333 3333333 33 33 3 I I 444441414 4"4 444 4444 44 4444 44444444 44 414 4 414 4 4 41 411 44 4 4 4 44 4 444 444444 4 4 414 4444444 44 4 4 4 I I 5I55S5555555555 55 5 51 55 55 51 555555 Is 5151 s,s51 55 5 5 555 5 55 55 5 55 5555555 55551 5555555 51 55 s I I 666666666666166 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 666666 6 6 616 6 6,6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 66 66 6 666666 6 6 6 6 6 6666666 6 6 6 6 6 I I 711777777 7 7 777777 77 11 1 1;I 1 1 777777 7177777777 777777 77 7 7 7 7777777 7 7 7 7 7 17 7 777 777 777777 '(Mp'toffi DATE RATES TAX INFORMATION DCC NO. HIA£0 8888888 NAME soc. m. t . 888888 liND LOWER LOWE. UPPER ~~888888 COOE REG. 0.T. MO. OAT Y. Iom IcLOCK 99' 99 99 9H 9 9 9 9999 9,l~ ~~ 9 9 99999 9999 99 9 ~ 9 91~ ' 9 99 9~1; 9 9,1 ~. 9 9 9~ 99 ~Ji 9 99999 999 951,9 999999 999 9 ~s 9l9 CODE liM IT COMPL. COMPL. liMIT 7 1 I l 4 I I J I t 10 It U I) 14 IS 11 1J II II 20 i Z2 Zl 24 2'S 2'1 2J 11ll. ll lZ ll )13$ lllll& ll 40 41 42 4l 44 4S t6 U 4& '41 !10 !I I U SJ 5o4 55 Sl 57 Sl 51 50 II CJ ll lot U i& ll U 5I 70 11 12 7l 74 15 Jl rJ 71 n 10 liCUIS(OfOIUS( UMOU r.lT UIT1 .712.4U IBM Figure 143. Lower-Line Printing 11 11 ll l•ls I• I7l•l•l•o lni11I1JI" l1111111111111111oi111U lnlllllslnlnlnlnllOil1lllllllllllll" ll'i ll lll l•o l"l" IU lulosl •• I•llul•ll!o 1!'1 Sllllls•l ss1s•1111 Slls•lso) 0000~~~ 00000 00000 00000000~~0000 0 0 000 0000 0oooo.oJ.ooooo 0 0 0 0 000000oooo,oj,ooooo 0 0 00 00 0000 Ill I II 11110 1711 7114 11 11111111~1111111121 lll lllllO Ill!ll !Ill 1117311110 414HlU4 4l4JU41SO 511153515 1117SISIIqSl Sllllll 11111111 1 7171737175 1117111114j Figure 144. Interpreter Printing Position IBM Interpreters 119 __,..-t _.:-· ·. ~-. '· Figure 145. X·Brushes, X·Panel X-Brushes, X-Panel Five X-brushes are located under the top cover just to the left of the hopper (Figure 145). Each brush can be positioned by the operator to read a card column and, when wired to the X-panel, controls printing on X-or NX-cards. Control Panel Printing is controlled by the control panel, which is inserted in the front of the machine. OPERATING PROCEDURES I. Make sure that the proper control panel is inserted in the machine, and that the X-brushes are positioned properly. 2. See that lhe cord ~s plugged to the proper source of current, and turn on the main-line switch. 3. Place one card in the feed hopper, face up, 12edge first, and place the card weight on top of the card. 4. Check the printing-position knob. 5. Press the START key. • 6. Remove the card from the stacker and check the printing. This is done by reading the holes interpreted and comparing them with the printing. 7. If an error in interpreting occurs (bad positioning or wrong printing), have your supervisor check the control-panel wiring. 8. If the printing is correct, joggle the cards, load the hopper, and place the card weight on top of the cards. The hopper should not be filled beyond the level of the sides. 9. Remember that because cards feed through the interpreter face up, it is necessary to start feeding the cards from the back of the file instead of from the front, if the card sequence is to be maintained. I 0. Load hopper and empty stacker as required. As cards are removed from the stacker, fan through them to check legibility of printing. If the printing becomes indistinct, the ribbon should be replaced. 11. Joggle cards and file according to instructions. 12. When the operation is finished, turn ott the main-line switch. Reversing Handle ~--Reversing Bar Reversing Handle Figure 146. Ribbon Feed Mechanism Schematic When changing the ribbon, follow this procedure: 1. Raise the top cover; unlatch and remove the brush assembly by lifting the brush-holder release lever (Figure 145). 2. Open the front door exposing the ribbon-feed mechanism. (Figure 146 is a labeled schematic of the ribbon mechanism viewed from this position. 3. Push down either of the reversing handles A to disengage pawl E. If impossible to disengage the lower pawl, turn lower ratchet wheel B clockwise to release the pawl. 4. Turn upper ratchet wheel C counterclockwise until the ribbon leader IS wound around the uppe--~tchet wheel. 5. Push up either of the reversing handles A to disengage upper pawl D . 6. Turn upper ratchet wheel clockwise until the leader clip is in view from the top (Figure 147). 7. Disconnect the leader eli p . Be careful not to let the leader fall down into the machine. 8. Remove the ribbon by pushing the spool toward the rear of the machine. 9. Install the new ribbon with the notched end of the spool toward the front of the machine with connecting loop on top. I0. Attach the ribbon leader clip to the ribbon loop. II. Turn the bottom ratchet wheel B clockwise about I 0 times. 12. Lower and latch the brush assem bly; close the covers. OPERATING SUGGESTIONS To avoid card-feed failures, cards should be joggled and arranged in perfect alignment before they are placed in the hopper. Remember that because the cards are fed face up, the last card in the handful placed in the hopper is the first card of that group to be interpreted. Cards must therefore be taken from the back of the file, anq returned to the file in front of those already interpreted. If card feeding stops with the hopper loaded and the stacker not full, check the last card fed into the stacker. If this card did not stack properly because of folding or pleating, card feeding stops automatically. Figure 147. Ribbon Inserted IBM Interpreters 121 IBM 552 Interpreter The IBM 552 Interpreter (Figure 148) though dilterent in appearance from the IBM 548, operates almost the same. The differences are noted here. The IBM 552 has no X-brushes or X-panel for recognizing control pu nches prior to the reading station. The ribbon should be replaced only by a customer engineer, because the operation involves removing and replacing the print unit. Running Indicator IBM 557 Interpreter The IBM 557 Interpreter (Figure 149) reads information punched in a card and prints that information at the rate of I 00 cards per minute. As many as 60 • characters can be printed on one of 25 lines ot each card with a single pass through the machine. These lines are located from the 12-edge to the 9-edge of the card and can be selected by a manually-operated printing-position dial or by control-panel wiring. Flexibility of printing and control is provided through a control panel. Figure 14R. IBM 552 Interpreter 'Print line Dial Stodcer Figure 149. IBM 557 Interpreter OPERATING FEATURES Machine Controls (Figure 150) MAIN-LINE SWITCH This switch must be oN for the machine to operate. When this switch is turned on, the running indicator light indicates that the machine is ready for use. The light goes off when the machine is feeding cards. START KEY Card feeding is started by pressing the START key. Pressing this key for three card-feed cycles causes auto matic operation. STOP KEY This key can be pressed at any time to stop card feed ing. When the STOP key is pressed, cards stop feeding from the hopper; those already in the machine are automatically fed into the stacker. The STOP key is also used as a reset key when card feeding stops with the COMPARE STOP light on. f-.---Hopper Machtnc Controls Moin·Line Switch Control Panel PRINT-ENTRY SWITCH AND LIGHTS This switch controls the selection of two printing or card-form setups on one control panel. When the switch is set to I, ENTRY I light is on. Similarly, when the switch is set to 2, ENTRY 2 light is on. (When this optional feature is not installed these positions are blank.) Figure 150. Machine Controls IBM Interprcten 12!1 MACHINE STOP LIGHT the hopper, face down with the 12-edge toward the·whe n this machine is equipped with the Proof dethroat.vice and an error is detected, card feeding stops, thislight goes on, ami the Proof Indicator points out the Stacker location of the error_ The light is turned off by reThe stacker is located at the left side of the front and • setting the Proof Indicator. holds approximately 900 cards. A stacker-stop switchis provided to stop card-feeding when the stacker is CoMPARE STOP LIGHT filled . The cards stack in their original sequence. (Up When the machine is equipped with Card-to-Card to three additional stackers are available optionallyComparing, card feeding stops and this light turns on for selection of cards.) to indicate a condition set up by control-panel wiring. This light is turned off by pressing the STOP key. Control Panel Print-Line Dial The operations of the machine are directed by wiring on the control panel located on the front of the This dial can be set by the operator for any one of machine. 25 positions on the card. Figure 151 illustrates the 25 lines of printing. When the dial is set on position 1, printing occurs above the 12 position of the card; Pre-Sensing Station (Figure 152) when set on position 2, printing occurs at the 12 posi The pre-sensing brushes read any of the controltion; when set on position 3, printing occurs between punches in the 80 columns of the card. The 80 contactthe 12 and 11 positions, etc. This dial is inoperative pins corresponding to the brushes are arranged in twowhen the control panel is wired for selective line banks: odd numbers on the lower, even numbers on printing. the upper. Twenty pre-sensing wires, correspondingto the 20 control X-hubs on the control panel, can be Hopper clipped to any of the 80 terminals by the operator. The pre-sensing station is accessible when the topThe hopper, located at the right end of the machine, cover of the machine is raised. (This feature is standholds approximately 800 cards. Cards are placed in ard on Models 2 and 3 only.) Line 1 5 57 ALPH A BETIC INTERPRETER line 2 I 1111 Ill I I I line 3 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line .ol line 5 557 II I Ill I ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 6 line 7 ooooooooooloooolooooolooline 8 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER ~~"~~uuwuw~•u~nnnHnnnnna line 9 557 111111111111111111111111 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 10 line 11 557 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 212 2 2 2 22 2 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 12 3333l33333llll3l3333ll33 line 13 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 14 444444444444444444444444 line 15 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 16 !lssssssslsssslslssslsls line 17 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 18 &66666666666666666666666 line 19 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 20 771771777777777777177777 line 21 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER line 22 Line 23 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER aaa a aala a a aa a aa a aa a as8 8 s line 24 99999999999l9l999l9l999l line 25 557 ALPHABETIC INTERPRETER n~»~~uuwuM~u~~nnnHnnn~n~ Figure 151. Interpre ted Card 124 ----------------------------------~ Figure 152. Pre-sensing Station Proof Indicator The Proof Indicator (Figure 153) is located to the left of the contr~l panel. When an error is detected by the proof device, indicators are extended showing the location and type of error. The unit is reset by pressing the proof-indicator cover. This also turns off the MACHINE STOP light, which signals an error condition. The various numbers and letters on the proof indi Figure 153. Proof Indicatorcator represent the following: I through 60. These numbers indicate the typewheel MACHINE FUNCTIONS in which a printing error has occurred. These machine functions are performed by the stands. P. This indicator is extended if the suppress print ard, full-capacity model: has been controlled correctly, but the machine has failed to perform the operation. Card feeding stops on the cycle following the indication. Printing SPX. This indicator is extended for an error in the The basic operation of the IBM 557 is to record inforsuppress-print control. This may mean that the conmation from a card and print that information on trol panel is incorrect, or that the machine is in error. the same card. Information in master cards can also (A 12-punch in the suppress-print control column is be held in the print unit and repeated into successive detected as an SPX error.) detail cards. Printing can also be arranged to take TA. This indicator is extended if the typewheels are place on the next assigned line on the detail card. Up not in proper alignmem for printing. Card Ieeding to 50 lines can be selectively printed on the face of stops on the cycle following the indication. Printing a card. i~ not suppressed on the error card, but is suppressed on the following cards. Proving RP. This indicator is extended if the repeat print operation has failed, that is, the control is correct, but Proving is checking the operation of the print unit. the machine has failed to perform the operation. Incorrect printing of valid characters, failure to print RPX. This indicator is extended if there is an error in characters, the operations of repeat and suppress print, and the typewheel alignment can be checked by the the repeat-print control. It may mean that controlproof device. If any of these operations fail, an error panel wiring is incorrect, or that the machine is in error. (A 12-punch in the Repeat-Print control colis indicated, cards stop feeding from the hopper, and the cards in the machine run into the stacker. umn is detected as an RPX error.) IBM Interpreters 125 Figure 154. Selective Stackers Comparing The comparing feature verifies the operations when information from a master card is transferred to suc cessive detail cards during a repeat-print operation. The comp'aring unit can also be used to check the ar rangement of a file composed of alternating single master and single detail cards. Selective Stacking Cards can be directed, by control-panel wiring, to any one of a maximum of four stackers (Figure 154). This permits a limited sorting operation along with inter preting (for example, selecting out unmatched cards, duplicate master or detail cards, cards with special punching, etc.) OPERATING SUGGESTIONS ERROR CoRRECTION Any error indicated b'y the proof device results in stopping the machine, suppressing printing on the error card, lighting the MACHINE STOP light, and extending one or more indicators. When the error is sensed, no additional cards are fed from the hopper, and all cards already in the feed are advanced into the stacker before the machine is stopped. The error card is the second card in the stacker. Because printing is suppressed for the error card and the card following, be sure to replace these two cards ahead of the file in the hopper. RIBBON REPLACEMENT The ribbon feeds from one spool to the other, until a metal eyelet about ten inches from the end of the ribbon on either spool operates the ribbon-reversing lever, thus reversing the feed. • When installing a new ribbon, be sure the leading end of the ribbon is firmly hooked on the empty spool. Wind enough ribbon around the empty spool so that the metal eyelet falls between the spool and the ribbon-reversing lever. Threading the ribbon.:;-around guide rollers is shown in Figure 155. Optional Features Auxiliary Card Counter This device counts the number of cards passing through the machine. It can also selectively count the number of cards in dift'erent classifications or groups. Zero Elimination Device (548, 552 only) This device suppresses printing of zeros to the left of the highest significant digit in a field. Review Questions -IBM 548, 552, 557 I. What is the purpose of the interpreter? 2. How are the cards placed in the IBM 548 and 552 hopper? In the IBM 557 hopper? 3. How are they stacked? 4. What may stop cards from feeding from the hopper? 5. Where does interpreted information appear on a card fed in the IBM 548? In the IBM 552? In the IBM 557? 6. How are the printing positions controlled on the IBM 548, 552, 557? 7. How many characters can be printed on one line? 8. How can all 80 columns be interpreted? 9. What precautions are necessary to prevent failures in feeding? I 0. If a card is punched JONES and interprets as ]NOES, what do you think is the trouble? I I . On the IBM 548, 552, how should cards be run through the machine if the original sequence of the file is to be maintained? 12. What conditions cause card feeding in the IBM 557 to stop and the MACHINE STOP light to come on? 13. How do you set the X-brushes on the IBM 548? The Control X wires on the IBM 557? Ribbon Spool Empty Ribbon Spool Ribbon Figure 155. Ribbon Feed Schematic IBM Inte rpreters 127 IBM Calculating Punches Maintaining individual records makes it necessary to perform many computations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on each record. The accuracy of final reports depends on the accuracy of these computa tions. The pencil and paper method is commonly used to obtain the result of a combination of figures. Other methods involve the use of key-driven machines, manually operated, such as adding and calculating machines. Several IBM calculating punches have been developed which are capable of automatically performing computations involving adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. The factors are read from the cards and the results punched in the same, or different cards. Three of these machines are covered in this manual: the mM 602 Calculating Punch, the 'IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch, and the IBM 607 Electronic Calculator. Operating Key1 Feed Hoppe• and Signal lights IBM 602 Calculating Punch • The IB\1 602 Calculating Punch (Figure 156) reads factors punched in IBM cards, performs calculations using these factors, and punches the results either in the card from which the factors are read, or in designated cards that follow. The calculations (:Onsist of combina~ions of the basic operations of adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. The standard machine opera tes at a speed of 200 cycles per minute. The 11m 602 Series 50 is rated at 130 cycles per minute. The number of cycles required for the calculation of a card depends on the size of the factors and the type of problem. Moin·line Switch Figure 156. IBM 602 Calculating Punch Figure 157. Machine Controls OPERATING FEATURES Machine Controls (Figure 157) MAIN-LINE SwiTCH The Main-Line Switch is located at the right end of the machine. This switch must be ON to supply power to the machine. START KEY Pressing the START key causes the machine to start card feeding and calculating. STOP KEY The STOP key can be pressed at any time to stop action instantly, even though the machine may be in the middle of a calculation. Calculation and card feeding can be started again by pressing the sTART key. RESET KEY When the machine has stopped because of an error in checking, the RESET key extinguishes the COMPARE light and permits card feeding to be restarted. CoMPARE LIGHT This light is used principally to signal an error de tected during a checking operation. It may also signal a burned-out fuse, an error in control-panel wiring, a card-feed failure, a card jam, improper counter reset, improper storage punching, or a specific control-panel wiring condition. It is turned oft by pressing the RE SET key. LIGHT (UNLABELED) This light goes on when the main-line switch is ON and the machine is ready to feed cards. This light goes off while the cards are feeding. Hopper Cards are placed in the hopper, face down, with the 9-edge toward the throat. As each card enters the machine (Figure 158), it passes the control brushes, where the control punches are read. The card then moves past the reading brushes, where the factors are read for making i.he calculation. The card continues to feed in a semicircular path into the punch bed, where it is Control Brushes Figure 158. Path of Card through the Machine skipped into position for punching the results. After calculation is completed, a new card is fed, and the machine begins calculation for this card while the previous card is being punched. As soon as punching of each card is completed, it is ejected into the stacker face down. Stacke1· The stacker receives the cards after they have been processed through the calculator. When the cards are released from the punch bed, they are ejected face down and stacked in the same sequence as they were placed in the hopper. Adjustable Skip Bar The skip bar governs the location of the punching according to the fields in the card. The skip bar (Figure 159) contains 80 positions (one for each column of the card) in which a small inser~is placed for the first Skip.Stop Insert• Figure 159. Adjustable Skip Bar IBM Calculating Punches 129 MACHINE FUNCTIONS The calculating punch can be used to perform thefollowing functions as set up by the control panel: • Crossfooting Two or more factors in the same card can be added orsubtracted, and the result can be punched and/or usedas a factor for further calculations during the samepass of the cards through the machine. Crossfootingtwo factors is described as A+ B = T, or A-B = ± T.Example: Regular Hours+ Overtime Hours= Total HoursItem Amount -Cost Amount = ± Profit or Loss Multiplication One factor can be multiplied by another factor to Figure 160. Skip Bar in Rack produce a single product. Several factors can be multiplied simultaneously by a single factor to produce several products. Several individual multiplications canbe performed in a single run.Example:column of each field to be punched after a skip. The Piecework small notch under the triangular head of the insert Piecework Rate X Number of Pieces = Earningsfaces toward the back of the bar. After the skip bar is prepared, it is inserted in the machine directly behind the punch bed, which is acDivision cessible when the top or front cover of the machine is When this feature is available, one factor can be di opened (Figure 160). The skip bar is most easily revided by another factor to produce a single quotient. moved by pushing it slightly to the right and lifting Several individual division operations can be per it up. The rack holding the skip bar should be all the formed in a single run. Simple division is expressed way to the left before the skip bar is removed. as A -+-B = Q.Single skip-stop inserts cannot be placed in adjacent Example:positions; use a special double skip-stop insert for this Regular Earnings-+-Actual Hours= Average Ratepurpose. For operations requiring no punching, a skip barwithout inserts must be used. Combination Operations Crossfooting, multiplication, and division can be performed successively in any sequence during a singlerun. Separate results can be punched for each type ofControl Panel calculation and/or each result can be used as a factorfor following calculations. One type of combined The control panel, wired for the specific calculation, operation is expressed as A X B = P; P -+-C = R. is placed in the rack in the front of the machine. Thecontrol panel must be in position and the cover closedto operate the machine. Opening the control-panelcover automatically runs out the cards into the stacker Group Calculation without calculating or punching. When cards are to This method allows a common factor to be set up inbe run out, cards in the hopper should first be rethe machine. This factor is usually set up from anmoved. X-punched master card fed in front of a group of de 130 7. Press the START key and feed several cards • tail cards. Factors in the detail cards and in the master card are used in the manner determined by the conthrough the machine. When two cards have entered the stacker, press the STOP key. Check the trol-panel wiring. Example: A master card punched with the hourly computations on these two cards manually. If rate precedes the detail cards that contain the numcorrect, place them back in the stacker in proper ber of hours. The hourly rate is entered in the masequence, face down, 9-edge toward the front chine from the master card, and the hours in each of the machine, and press the START key to redetail card are multiplied by that rate; the result sume operation. If cards do not check, call the (gross pay) is punched into each detail card. As each supervisor. master card passes through the machine, the X-punch 8. At frequent intervals, remove the cards from the causes the previous multiplier to be cleared, and the stacker, joggle, and file according to instruc new multiplier to be read in. tions. 9. At the completion of a checking operation in Summary Punching which l2's are punched for correct cards and Factors or calculated results can be accumulated from X's for incorrect cards, needle-check the proper each card of a group, and the sum punched in a sumcolumn for 12's. Remove and correct any cards mary card at the end. Calculations can also be perpunched with an X. formed for the summary card. 10. When the operation is completed, turn oft the main-line switch. Checking Punched results can be verified during a separate run of the cards through the machine. Control-panel wir OPERATING SUGGESTIONSing determines whether an error is indicated by .a cardfeed stop, or by an X-punch for error cards and a STARTI::>IG THE OPERATION12-punch for all correct cards. Be certain no wires fall between the panel and the contacts, or interfere with the closing mechanism at the sides of the cover. OPERATING PROCEDURE If cards do not feed when the START key is pressed I. Make sure that you understand the operation to with the ready light on, check to see that all covers be performed. If in doubt, ask the supervisor are closed. Open doors or covers prevent the machine to explain fully. from starting. 2. See that the cord is plugged into the proper If the skip-stop inserts are positioned correctly, but source of power. The main-line switch on the cards feed from the hopper only and do not feed machine should be OFF when the machine is through the machine to the stacker, have the superbeing plugged in. visor check the control-panel wiring. 3. Insert the control panel and close its cover. Always conduct a test run of a few cards. Check these cards manually to be certain the calculations and 4. Raise the top cover of the machine and check punching are correct. If in error, call your supervisor.the adjustable skip bar to see that the inserts are in the proper columns. (If the rack is not all the way to the left, close the cover, turn on SKIP BAR OPERATION the main-line switch and press the START key.) The skip bar is most easily removed by pushing it Insert the skip bar in its holder in the machine. slightly to the right and up. The rack holding the skip bar should be all the wa y to the left before the skip 5. Turn on the main-line switch. The unlabeled bar is removed. light should glow, indicating that the machine is ready to operate. Ifskip-stop inserts are not in the proper columns, the 6. Joggle the cards into perfect alignment and results are not punched properly. If an insert is placed to the left of the proper column, card feeding stops place them in the hopper, face down, with the 9-edge toward the throat. Fill the hopper about and no punching occurs. Remove the cards from the hopper, and open the control-panel cover to cause the three-fourths full. Always place the card weight cards in the machine to enter the stacker. on top of the cards. IBM Calculating Punches 131 When checking the first cards, if you find that only part of a calculated result has been punched, the skipstop insert has been placed too far to the right. There is no other immediate indication that the card is not punched correctly. This is an important reason why the manual check of the first cards is important. When results are to be punched in the cards, failure to place inserts in the skip bar causes the machine to skip the card immediately to column 80 and remain there until the control panel is opened. DURING THE OPERATION Watch the stacker and remove cards at frequent inter vals. Don't allow the stacker to become too full. If a fuse should b,low, a small plunger drops from the lower end, making it readily detectable. This plunger prevents further operation of the machine until the fuse is replaced~ The main-line switch should never be turned oft during an operation. Stop the operation by pressing the STOP key before turning off the main-line switch. When card feed ing stops for any reason, cards in the machine can be run out automatically by opening the control-panel cover. The cards are ejected into the stacker without calculation or punching. Before the control-panel cover is opened, cards in the hopper should be removed; otherwise they all run through the machine into the stacker. In a checking operation in which card feeding stops for errors, the error card may be either the last card in the stacker or the card in the rack, depending on the way the control panel is wired. If the card is in the stacker, it has been punched and must be corrected. If the card is in the rack, the erroneous calcu lation has not been punched and the card can be rerun. To do this : I. Remove the cards from the hopper. 2. Press the RESET key. • 3. Open the control-panel rack to run out the cards in the machine. 4. Place the group of cards, from the error card on, in the hopper. 5. Press the START key to restart card feeding. REVIEW QUESTIONS-IBM 602 I. What is the purpose of the calculating punch 2. When the results of calculations are obtained, how are they recorded? 3. When a-card reaches the card bed but fails to punch, skip, or eject, what are most likely the causes? 4. The machine is wired to multiply two 2-position numbers. If the multiplier is 12 and the multiplicand is 12, the machine punches 44. What is most likely the cause? 5. The first card to enter the machine skips immediaa tely to column 80 without punching any answers. What is most likely the cause? 6. What happens when the control-panel cover is opened with cards in the machine? 7. V\'hen the COMPARE light goes on, what occurs, and how is it turned off? 8. 'Why must all covers and doors be closed before an operation is begun? 9. How can a blown fuse be located? I0. The machine has stopped and signaled an error condition. The control panel is wired so that the error card is the top card in the stacker. What must the operator do now? IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch The IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch (Figure 161) uses electronic means for performing the basic calculations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In addition to the functions of the IBM 602, the IBM 604 has increased speed (100 cards per minute) and the ability to gangpunch. The IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch consists of two basic units, which are connected by a cable: l. IBM521 Punching Unit 2. IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Unit Cards are fed through the punching unit, where factors are read for calculation. T he factors are transferred to the electronic calculating unit, where calcutions for each card are made while the card moves to the punching station in the punching unit. Calculated results are then transferred back to the punch unit and punched in the card. At a second reading station in the punching unit, the card can be read for gangpunching, recalculation, and double-punch and blankcolumn checking. Thus, while one card is being read for calculation, the card ahead is being punched, and the card ahead of that can be read for checking. Hopper Machine Controls OPERATING FEATURES Punch-Unit Controls (Figure 162) MAIN-LINE SWITCH When the main-line switch (located on the right side of the punch unit) is turned on and the POWER ON key on the calculating unit is pressed, power is supplied to both units. Operation can be started when the red unlabeled light on the punching unit and the green unlabeled light on the calculating unit go on, indicating the machine is ready to operate. STAaT KEY This key is pressed to feed cards and start calculation. It is effective only when both unlabeled lights are on. If the punch unit is used independently, the START key may be pressed as soon as the main-line switch is turned on. Figure 162. Machine Controls-Punch Unit Control Ponel Machine Controls Stocker Punch Unit Calculotor Unit Figure 161. IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch IBM Calculating Punches 1!1!1 STOP KEY This key stops the operation of both the punching and calculating u n its. RESET KEY When an error is signale.d by one of the four error condition lights, the RESET key must be pressed before card feeding can be restarted. LIGHT (UNLABELED) This red light goes on as soon as the ma'Chine is ready to operate. It goes off while cards are passing through the machine and goes on again when card feeding stops. It also goes off when the control panel in either unit is removed. UNFINISHED PROGRAM LICHT The red UNFIN PROG ligl:t goes on, card feeding stops, and all punching is suppressed, when a calculation cannot be completed in the time it takes a card to move from the first reading station to the punch sta tion. This light is operated by control-panel wiring. DouBLE-PuNcH AND BLANK-COLUMN LIGHT The red DP&.nc DETECT light goes on and card feeding stops whenever a double punch or blank column is sensed. ZERO CHECK LIGHT The red ZERO CHECK light goes on and card feeding stops if the cou n ter is not zero during a zero-check operation. This light is operated by control-panel wir ing. PRODUCT OvERFLOW LIGHT The red PRODUCT OVERFLOW light goes on and card feeding stops if the result of a calculation exceeds the number of card columns to be punched. This light is operated by control-panel wiring. • Calculating-Unit Controls (Fig{lre 163) PowER ON, PowER OFF KEYS These keys operate like a main-line switch for the calculating unit. When the POWER ON key is pressed (with the main-line switch on the punching unit also oN), power is supplied to the electronic tubes, the STARTING light goes on immediately, and the unlabeled light goes on after approximately three minutes. When the POWER OFF key is pressed, power to both the calculating and punch units is turned oft. STARTING LIGHT The red STARTING light goes on when the POWER ON key is pressed. It goes off when the calculating unit is ready to operate, as indicated by the green unlabeled light. LIGHT (UNLABELED) This green light goes on approximately three minutes after the POWER ON key has been pressed, if the mainline switch of the punch unit is also ON. It indicates that the machine is ready to operate. The light goes Figure 163. Machi ne Controls and Indicator Lamp Panel -Calculator Unit off when the control panel in the calculating unit is OPERATING PROCEDURE removed. l. Make sure that you understand the operation to be performed. If in doubt, ask the supervisor to explain fully. PROGRAM TEST KEY, PROGRAM TEST LIGHT Pressing this key once makes it possible to operate the 2. Insert the control panels in the control-panel IBM 604 one step at a time and turns on the PROGRAM racks and close the covers. TEST light immediately. Pressing the key a second time 3. Turn on the main-line switch and p~ess the returns the IBM 604 to high-speed operation. POWER ON key. After about three minutes the A program test is made to check the machine calcuready lights should glow, indicating that the lation with the planning calculation or the controlmachine is ready to operate. panel wiring. 4. Cards should be joggled into perfect alignment and placed in the hopper, face down with the CoNTROL-PANEL LIGHT 12-edge toward the throat. Always place the This red light goes on when the control panel is recard weight on top of the cards. moved from the IBM 604 Calculating Unit. 5. Press the START key and feed several cards through the machine. When two cards have entered the stacker, press the STOP key. Check thePROGRAM ADVANCE KEY computations in these two cards manually. If When the PROGRAM TEST key has been pressed once, correct, place them back in the stacker in proper the program steps can be advanced one at a time by sequence, and press the START key to resume pressing the PROGRAM ADVANCE key. No punching OCoperation. If cards do not check, call the supercurs during this operation. visor. 6. At frequent intervals, remove the cards from the stacker, joggle, and file according to instruc Hopper tions. Cards are placed in the hopper of the punch unit face 7. Whenever card feeding stops because of an down, 12-edge toward the throat. Capacity of the error, the error card is the last one into the hopper is approximately 800 cards. stacker. The RESET key must be pressed before the START key is operative. (The Error Offset feature [optional] offsets the error card in the stacker instead of stopping the machine.) Stacker 8. When the operation is completed, turn oft the The stacker of the punch unit holds approximately main-line switch and press the POWER OFF key. 1000 cards. When filled to capacity, card feeding stops automatically. OPERATING SUGGESTIONS Before starting an operation, always conduct a test Control Panels run of a few cards. Check these cards manually to beSeparate control panels are required for the punching certain the calculations and punching are correct. If unit and the calculating unit. All functions that con in error, call your supervisor. cern card reading and card punching are wired in the In the event card feeding stops because of an unfin punch control panel, and all functions concerning the ished program, the particular card involved is the topactual calculation are wired in the calculator control card in the stacker. The card is not punched and canpanel. be re-run by pressing the STOP key after each card is fed. This allows ample time to complete the calculation.Indicator Panel Scheduling work on the IBM 604 should provide for operation .as continuous as possible. Leave the ma The indicator panel (Figure 163) consists of a group of small neon lamps that light up to indicate the chine turned on if it is to be inoperative for a short period of time (one hour or less). If the calculator is factors stored and the functions performed during any given program step. Its purpose is to facilitate location inoperative for a longer period of time, it should be of errors in planning or control-panel wiring. turned off. IBM Calculating Punches 1!15 IBM 607 Electronic Calculator complex ca lcu lating pro blems " ·ithin the scope of this • The 113:\1 607 El ec tro ni c Calculator (Figure 164) functi o ns a nd o pera tes the same as the m:-.t 604, but h as additional ca pacity. The fl exibility a nd extra capacity of this ca lcul a tor ena ble it to handle a wider range of calcula ti om for bu~ incss a nd indmtry. Operatio ns and calcul a ti ons a re performed a t a ba ic ra te of 100 ca rds per minute. By contro l-panel \\·iring, th e JB.\1 G07 ca n be instructed to delay punching for a n y g i,·cn card until all calculations o n that ca rd a rc comple tely fini shed . This fea ture brings many mac hine. The 111:-.1 G07 Electroni c Calcula tor consists of two ~ ta ndard units a nd one optional unit: I. JB .\I 529 Punch Unit 2. 111\I li07 Electro ni c Ca lcula ting U nit 3. 111 .\r 9-12 Electronic Storage Unit (optional) The 111\1 529 Punch U nit is similar in operation to th e I B \I 52 1 Punching U nit o f the IB:\1 604. The 111 :-. r G07 Elec tro ni c Ca lculating Unit, cableconncc ted to th e punch unit, performs a ll calculations. The IIL\I 9 12 Elec troni c Storage nit (optional) is ca b le-connec ted to calculating and punch units. It prm·ides additional elec tronic storage to complement th e ~ t a ndard storage capacity in the calculating unit. Machine Control Indica to r Panels Machine Control Control Panel Control Panel Fig ure l ti~ . Il.lM 607 El ectronic Ca lcul a to r Figure 165. Machine Comro1s-Punch Unit OPERATI G FEATURES Punch-Unit Controls (Figure 165) MAIN-LINE SwiTCH ""'h en the main-line switch of the punch unit is turned on and the POWER oN keys or the calculating and stor age units are pressed, power is supplied to the calculat ing system. Operation can be started after a delay of approximately two minutes. The red light of the punch unit goes on as soo n as the main-line switch is turned o n ; the green ready lights of the calculating and swrage units go on when these units are ready to operate. START KEY This key is pressed to reed cards aml start calculatio n. This key is effective o nl y when the red light of the punch unit and the green read y lights of the calcula t ing and storage units are on. If the punch unit is used independently, card feeding can be started as soon as the m ain-line switch is turned on. STOP KEY This key stops the operation of all units before an other card is fed. RESET KEY When an error is signaled by one of the five error condition lights on the punch unit, the RESET key must be pressed before card feeding ca n be restarted. Pressing this ke y turns off a ll the sig n al lights only if all the error ca rds h ave been run into the stacker. LIGHT (UNLABELED) This red light goes on as soon as the main-line switch is turned on. This light goes off while cards are pass ing through the machine and goes o n again when card feeding stops. SELECT LIGHT The Hashing red SELECT light indicates that card feed ing has stopped because of a condition se t up by con trol-panel wiring. UNFINISHED PROGRAM LIGHT It is possible to set up the machine to provide ample calculating time for a ny problem. However, if an un finished program condition does occur, the red UNFIN PROG light goes on, card feeding stops, and all punch ing is su ppressed. Dot'IILE-PtJNCH AND BLANK-COLUi'viN LIGHT The red DP&IIC DETECT lights goes on wh enever a dou ble punch or a blank column is sensed. ZERO TEST LIGHT T he red ZERO TEST Iight goes on a nd card feeding stops because of control-panel wiring se t up for a checking operation. PROUl'CT OVERFLOW LIGHT The red PROD OFL light goes on and card feeding stops if the resu lt of a calcula tion exceeds the number of card columns LO be punched. FusE LIGHT The red FUSE light goes on and card feeding stops whenever a fuse in the punch unit burns out. Calculator-Unit Controls (Figure 166) PowER ON, PowER OFF KEYS These keys operate like a main-line switch for the ca lcul ating unit. When the POWER ON key is pressed (with the m ain-line switch on the punch unit also ON), power is supplied to the electronic tubes and the STARTING li g ht goes o n immediately. Pressing the POWER OFF key stops the operation of both the calculating unit and the punch unit, and turns off the lights on the calculating unit. PROGRAM TEST KEY, PROGRAM TEST LIGHT Pressing this key once makes it possible to operate the calculating unit one step at a time, and turns on the PROGRAM TEST light. Pressing the key a second time returns the calculator to high-speed operation and wrns off the light. A program test is m ade to check the machine calculation with the planning calculation or the controlpanel wiring. PROGRA:O.f ADVANCE KEY \<\' h en the PROGRAM TEST key h as been pressed once, the program ste ps (indica ted by Program Step lights on the neon panel) can b e advanced one at a time by Figure 166. Machine Con tro ls-Calculator Unit IBM Calculating Punches 137 pressing the PROGRAM ADVANCE key. No punching OC curs during this operation. STARTING LIGHT The red STARTING light goes on when the POWER ON key is pressed. It goes off when the calculating unit is ready to operate. Co;--;TROL-PANEL LIGHT The red CO:"'TROL-PA;"\EL light goes on when the con trol panel is removed from either the calculating or punch units, when a cover of the punch unit is open, or if the power is turned off either the punch or stor age unit. LIGHT ( NLABELED) This green light goes on approximately two minutes after the POWER o:-.~ key has been pressed. It indicates that the machine is ready to operate. Storage-Unit Controls (Figto-e 167) PowER 0;--;, PowER OFF KEYs These keys operate like a main-line switch tor the storage unit. \\'hen the POWER o:-.~ key is pressed, power is supplied to the storage unit and the red STARTING light goes on. When the POWER OFF key is pressed, the operation of the storage unit stops and all the lights on the storage unit go ott. • STARTING LIGHT This light goes o n when th e POWER ON key is pressed . lt goes off when th e storage unit is ready to opera te, as indicated by the green unlabeled light. LIGHT (UNLABELED) This green ligh t goes on approximately two minutes after the POWER ON key h as been pressed. It indicates that the unit is ready to operate. Indicator Pane ls THe indicator panel of the calcu la tor unit (Figure JG8) consi~ts of a group of small n eo n lamps tha t light up to indicate the factors stored and the functions performed on any gi\'e n program step. The indicator panel of the storage unit indicates the factors stored in the storage u ni t (Fig ure 169). Thee p a nels faci li ta tc location of errors in p lanning or control-panel wiring. "CW£1 'OWER OfF OM Figure 167. ;\lachine Co m rols-Storage t: n it Figure 1GB. Indicator Panel -Calculator L'nit Figure 169. Indicator Panel-Storage Unit REVIEW QUESTIONS-IBM 604, 607 1. \\'hat is the purpose of the electronic calculators? 2. What is the function of the various units of the electronic calculators? 3. When card feeding stops with an error-condition light on, how is the machine restarted? 4. "'hat is the proceJure for re-running a card that was not puncheJ due to an unfinished program? 5. \\'hat conJitions must prevail for cards to start feeding when starting an operation? 6. Explain the purpose of the PROGRAM TEST and PROGRA:'-1 ADVAI\'CE keys. 7. \\'hen card feeding stops due to an error condition, where is the error card to be found? In\! Calculating Punches 139 Glossary Accumulating-Adding or subtracting in a counter to obtain a total. A iteration Switch (Set-up Change Switch)-A toggle switch mounted on the machine to change controlpanel wiring so that a single panel can perform different operations. Auxiliary Counter -A device for counting cards passing through the machine. Bill Feed-An attachment to the 402, 403 used in place of the carriage to feed cut forms for printing (for example, bills, checks). Brush-An electrical conductor for reading information from a punched card. Normally, each brush has a corresponding hub on the control panel. Cable-A group of wires bound together and used to connect machine units (for example, summary-punch cable). Ca1·d Bed-A flat plate over which cards travel from hopper to stacker. Card Feed-The path of the card from the hopper to the stacker. Card Gage-A metal plate, precisely inscribed with all punches of an 80-column card, used to check the accuracy of punching registration . Card jam-A pile-up of cards in a machine. Card Lever-A lever for electrically detecting the presence of a card along the card path. Card Weight-A weight placed on the cards m the hopper to permit feeding the last cards. Carriage -A device on the accounting machine for controlled fetding of continuous forms. Carriage Tape-A 12-channel paper band punched with holes to stop skipping of forms at a predetermined printing position. Channel-One of 12 specific positions ory the carriage tape to govern skipping of forms. Chip Box-A container that collects the punched-out chips, or chads, from the punches. Chute Blades-Metal strips that guide a card along the card path to the selected pocket. Column Indicator-The pointer showing the column to be punched or read in a card punch, verifier, or sorter. Column Selector-A device for positioning the sort brush on a specific column. Collating-Arranging two files of cards into a single file according to a predetermined pattern. Comparing-Examining two fields in the same or different cards to see if the punching checked is the same. Some machines establish which is greater. Continuous Forms-Paper or card forms attached for continuous feeding in the accounting machine carriage. Control Panel-The demountable panel contammg the external wiring to govern machine operations. Control Punch-A punched hole (usually the X-or 12-punch) for controlling machine operation, normally by selectors. Corner Cut-A diagonal cut at the corner of a card as one means of every identification (for example, master or detai l cards) by sight or by a special rail brush. Crossfooting -Accumulating numbers in different fields in the same card. Cycle-A complete series of operations at the end of which the entire series can be repeated. Deck, Test Deck-A set of cards representative of all operations performed in a particular application. Used to test control-panel wiring and machine operation. Demountable Typebar-See TYPEBAR. Detail Card-A term applied to an IBM card to distinguish it from a master or heading card. Detail Pnnting (Listing)-Printing information from each card passing through the machine. Editing-Checking cards for accuracy of punching, counting, or sorting according to a specific pattern. I ELECTROGRAPHic® Pencil-The high-graphite-content pencil used to mark IBM cards for reading in automatic punches. ~ Ejection-Movement of a card from the card bed to a stacker. I Emitting-Originating digits, letters and special characters elec.trically within the machine rather than from the punched card. Fanning the .Cards-The operation for removing particles lodged between cards and for eliminating static charges causing cards to stick together. Grasp one end of the cards securely, draw the other end back, and allow a few cards at a time to "fan" to the normal position. Feed Knife-The device for feeding cards from the hopper into the machine. Feed Rollers-The rollers that transport a card along the card feed from hopper to stacker. Field-A column or group of columns in an IBM card allocated for punching specific information. 5081 Card -A standard IBM card printed with columns 1-80 and all 0-9 punching positions. File Feed-A device for reducing card-handling time by automatically feeding cards from a 3600-card magazine to the hopper. Form Stop-A device for sensing when the last continuous form feeds in an accounting machine. Form Thickness-The distance between the platen and print unit in an accounting machine. This distance is adjustable to accommodate forms of various thi~kn~sses. Forms Tractor-An above-platen device on an accounting machine for feeding marginally-punched continuous forms. Gangpunching-Punching information read from a master card into the following detail cards. Each card then serves as the master card for the succeeding card. Group Indication-Printed information identifying a group. Group Printing (Tabulating)-Printing group totals and group indication as cards pass through an accounting machine. Hammerlock Levers-Two levers for each printing position in the 402, 403 that can prevent printing in that position. Printing regulated by one of the levers is governed by control-panel wiring. Hammersplits-A lever for each printing position in a 402, 403 that can be raised to prevent printing zeros to the right of that position. Heading Ca1·ds-IBM cards punched with significant information used to print headings on forms such as invoices or checks. High Order-The left, or high, position of a number. Home Keys-The position from which the fingers operate in the touch system of keypunching. Hopper -The receptacle for holding cards to be fed into a machine. Interlock-A means of preventing machine operation until required mechanical or electrical conditions are met. Interpreting-Printing information on the same card in which it is punched. Inverted Form-A form (for example, remittance statement, check voucher) on which the body information is printed first followed by heading information and special instructions. joggle-To align a deck of cards by jostling them against a plane surface. Keyboard Locking-An interlocking of a keyboard because of improper operation or keying. Lacing-Extra multiple punching in a card column giving the appearance of lacework. Leader Card-See MASTER CARD. Line Finder-The scribed mark on the Forms Tractor pressure fingers serving as a guide for positioning the first printing line on a pre-printed form. Listing-See DETAIL PRINTING. Low Order -The right, or low, position of a number. Mark Sensing -Punching information marked on IBM cards with an ELECTROGRAPHIC pencil. Master Card-The first card of a group contammg fixed or indicative information for that group (for example, gangpunch master card). Glossary 141 Matching-Checking two files to see that there is a corresponding card or group of cards in each file. Merging .-Combining two files, already in sequence, into a single file. MLP (Multiple-Line Printing)-Printing more than one line from a card passing through a 403. MLR (Multiple-Line Reading)-Reading a card more than once for printing or processing with a 407. Needle Checking-Verifying that all 'cards in a deck contain the same punch in a given column. The prod or needle, pushed through the punched hole, stops at a card containing a different punch. Off-Punching-Punching not properly positioned in a card. Use a card gage frequently to check punching registration. Offsetting-Stacking cards slightly out of the normal stacking position for easy identification. Overflow -The carriage operation ejecting one fully printed form to continue printing on the next. Also, exceeding the capacity of a counter. Over-Punches -Punches (usually control punches) over the significant digits in a column. Paper Brake -The device on the carriage of the 402, 403 or on a Forms Tractor, for maintaining proper tension on continuous forms. Pin-Feed Platen-A platen device for feeding marginally-punched continuous forms. Platen-The hard rubber roller providing a solid backing for the paper at the printing position. Pockets-Receptacles (stackers) for receiving cards from the card feed in a multiple-stacker machine (for example, sorter, collator) . Print Position Dial, Knob -The device in an interpreter for controlling the location of the printing line, Print Wheels-Wheels, embossed with letters, digits and special characters, for printing on forms. Prog'ram Card -An IBM card, punched with specific coding, placed around a program drum to control automatic operations in a card punch and verifier. Program Drum -The card-controlled mechanism on a card punch or verifier for controlling the automatic operations (for example, skipping, duplicating). Programming-Establishing a sequence of operations to be performed in processing data. Proof-The editing feature of the 557 for checking the printing operation. Punch -A mechanism to punch holes in a card. Punch Feed-In automatic punches, the card-feed unit containing the punching mechanism. Punch Station -The position in the card feed where punching occurs. Rail Brush -A brush, specially installed along the edge or rail of a card feed, for reading corner cuts to distinguish cards (for example, master and detail cards). Read Feed-In automatic punches, the card feed containing the reproducing brushes. Read Station-The position in the card feed where reading occurs. Registration -The position of punched holes in an IBM card. Using the card gage, check registration daily and before every major operation, to assure accuracy. Reproducing-Copying punched information from one deck of cards into another. Restore-To clear or return a unit to its normal starting position (for example, comparing unit or carriage tape). Rolling the Keys-The rapid keying operation of pressing the second key before the first is fully released. Runout-Moving the last cards in the machine to the stacker. Scanning Position-That position along the card bed or forms path where the card or form can be fully viewed. Scored Cards -IBM cards that have been partially precut for detaching stubs or for use in a Port-A-Punch.• Selecting-Removing cards from a file, or processing cards according to predetermined conditions. Sequence Checking -Checking cards to assure that they are all in ascendin~ (or descending) order. Set-Up Change-See ALTERATION SwiTCH. • Trademark Short Card -An IBM card of less than 80 columns. Sight Checking-Examining a group of cards for identical punching by viewing a light source through the punched holes. Single Sheet Form -Forms inserted individually in a carriage for printing. Skip Bar-A bar containing inserts or cuts that determine where a punch carriage stops under the punches. Sorting-Arranging cards in a predetermined sequence according to the punching in the card. Stacker-A receptacle for receiving cards fed through a machine. Stacker Drum-A device for stacking cards or docu ments. Star Wheels-Rotating contact wheels reading the program card in a card punch or verifier. Station -Any position along a card feed where a card is processed (for example, reading station, punch station). Stripe-A narrow band of a different color across a card for identification. Also, the inked mark on the back of an error card in the l 0l. Stub Cards-IBM cards with one or more detachable portions (or stubs) scored foe easy separation. Summary Punching-Punching summary or total information in cards automatically while printing a report or while calculating. Tabulating-See GROUP PRINTING. Tape-See CARRIAGE TAPE. Tape Punch -A device for punching the 12-channel carriage tape. Tension-The pull exerted by the paper brake to keep the forms against the platen for proper printing registration. Throat, Throat Knife-The opening from the hopper into the machine. A throat knife permits only one form to be fed at a time. Toggle Switch-A manually-operated switch. Trailer Card-A card placed at the end of a group to serve as a summary or overflow card. Transcribing-Printing information punched in one card on another card. Tray -A file drawer. Typebars-A movable bar contammg letters, digits, and special characters for printing. A demountable typebar is one that can be readily removed by the operator and replaced with a different typebar. Under-Punches-The low punches in a card column (usually the digit punches under zone punching). Vernier-A device for making fine adjustments (for example, vertical positioning of printing on a form). X-Brushes-Adjustable reading brushes for sensing control punches. X-Panel-A smal: panel for connecting the X-brushes to the main control panel. X-Punches-See CoNTROL PuNCHES. Zero-Carry Clips-Clips mounted on hammersplit levers to force zeros to print to the left of a significant digit. Zone Punches-Punches in the 12, X and 0 position of a card column, used in combination with digit punches l-9 to code alphabetic and special characters. "u. s. GOVERNMENT PRlNTlNG Of'f'lCE: 1968 o-308-158 Glossary 143 I \\1\ilmm~,~~~iil\\\ 3 9072 02024414 5