.. uSb6 as .DJOI.,;Jo: J'l-IS/9~6 ·. FM 17-1 I • t6P.k~Ml' M~U\'\-. \..., DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUA TANK UNITS PlATOON, COMPANY AND BATTALION HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARM MARCH 1966 TAGO 6433A * FM 17-15 FIELD MANUAL } HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 17-15 WASHINGTON, D.C., 25 MaTch 1966 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL Section I. General --------~----~---~----------------~---------_____________ II. Organization of tank battalion ________________________ _ III. Signal communications _ ____________ _ CHAPTER 2. COMBAT OPERATIONS-GENERAL General ______________________________________ _Section I. II. Organization for combat ------------------------------------------ Combat support ___________________________________________________ _ III. IV. Fire and maneuver and fire and movement ____________________________ _ CHAPTER 3. COMBAT FORMATIONS BATTLE DRILL Section I. Combat formations ________________________________ _ II. Battle drill _________________________________ _ CHAPTER 4. TANK UNIT EMPLOYMENT TECHNIQUES Section I. Use of terrain ______ ------------------------- Use of tank's firepower ________ . _____________________ _ II. III. Actions against troops --~----------------------~-------_________ _ IV. Actions against tanks and antitank weapons _____________ _ CHAPTER 5. RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY Section I. Reconnaissance ___________________ _ II. Security ________________________ _ CHAPTER 6. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS General _______________________________________ _ Section I. Preparation and planning _______________________________________ II. III. Methods and techniques of employing tanks and mechanized infantry __ IV. Conduct of the attack _________________ --------------------------- v. Exploitation and pursuit _______________ . CHAPTER 7. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. General ---------------------------------------~-- II. Basic considerations for the organization of the defense _____________ _ Mobile defense _________ _: ___________________________ _ III. Area defense ______________________________ IV. CHAPTER 8. RETROGRADE OPERATIONS Section I. Basic considerations _____________________________________________ II. Delaying action ______________________________________ III. Withdrawal ___________________ _ TANK UNITS, PLATOON, COMPANY, AND BATTALION P:u·ngrnph 1-7 8-23 24-30 31-36 37-47 48-58 59-60 61-64 65,66 67-73 74-77 78-81 82-91 92,93 94-106 107-112 113-117 118-124 125-129 130-144 145-147 148-151 152-160 161-171 172-176 177-185 186-190 PagP 3 4 17 23 23 28 30 36 48 55 60 64 65 73 73 83 85 89 102 108 116 117 121 128 132 132 141 *This manual supersedes FM 17-15, 4 December 1961, including C 1, 23 April 1964, and FM 17-33, 23 August 1957, inclu!lin:., C 1, 11 December 1959. AGO 6433A PaJ"agraph Page • CHAPTER 9. CONSIDERATIONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF TANK BATTALIONS IN OTHER THAN THE ARMORED DIVISION OR SEPARATE ARMORED BRIGADE Section I. Tank battalions, mechanized infantry division and mechanized infantry brigade-----~-------------------~ ---~------------------ 191-194 146 II. Tank battalions, infantry division and separate infantry brigade ____ _ 195-206 147 III. Tank battalion, airborne division _________________________________ _ 207-213 150 APPENDIX I. REFERENCES ___________________________________________________ _ 161 II. HEAVY MORTAR PLATOON OF THE TANK BATTALION _____ _ 165 175 III. THE SCOUT PLATOON INDEX 190 AGO 6433A Section I. 1. Purpose This manual sets forth doctrine for the employment of tank platoons, companies, and battalions. 2. Scope a. Information is provided on the organization. capabilities, limitations, tactics, techniques of employment, exercise of command, reconnaissance and security, combat service support, and tactical operations appropriate to all tank battalions and their subordinate elements. b. The procedures described herein are intended as guides only and should be considered flexible. Each new situation in combat must be solved by an intelligent interpretation and application of the doctrine set forth herein. c. This manual must be used in conjunction with FM 17-1. General information contained in other manuals is repeated in this manual only when necessary to insure clarity and understanding. Although this manual deals primarily with tank units, it emphasizes that tanks normally operate in close coordination with infantry and other combat arms in mobile combined arms forces. Other manuals which supplement the information in this manual and with which tank'unit commanders should be familiar are listed in appendix I. d. The term "tank" is the approved generic term with respect to tank unit; i.e., tank platoon, tank company, and tank battalion. e. Unless otherwise specified, the material presented herein is applicable without modification to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare. f. Users of this manual are encouraged to CHAPTER 1 GENERAL GENERAL recommend changes or comments to improve its contents. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which change is recommended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be forwarded direct to Commanding Officer, U.S. Army Combat Developments Command Armor Agency, Fort Knox, Kentucky 40121. 3. General Technological developments and doctrinal and organizational concepts indicate that increased emphasis will be placed on tactical operations characterized by open and fluid warfare, with increased dispersion between tactical formations and installations. The decisive element of these operations will be the rapid concentration of the combat power required to achieve a tactical advantage. Upon the accomplishment of a mission, immediate dispersion of this combat power will be necessary to avoid enemy nuclear retaliation. Tank units are designed for the conduct of mounted mobile warfare. Their capabilities have assumed increased importance within the role that Army forces will play in combat. 4. The Tank a. The tank is the primary weapon of tank units. It is a vehicle-mounted weapons system designed to execute mounted, mobile operations in the offense, defense, or retrograde. With its armor-protected firepower and excellent crosscountry mobility, the tank is ideally suited for employment in all types of offensive operations, in execution of the mobile defense, in covering force and retrograde operations, and as part of a counterattacking force in the area defense. AGO 6433A b. The tank is a weapon of decision on the battlefield. The ease with which the tank can move cross-country over difficult terrain enables the crew, protected by armor, to maneuver its mounted weapons system from one favorable position to another, influencing the course of an operation in the manner the commander desires. 5. The Tanker The individual soldier in a tank unit must be indoctrinated with the spirit of the offensive. His thinking must be geared to the speed and violence of mobile warfare. He is trained to operate deep in hostile territory. He must regard the presence of the enemy to his front, flanks, and rear as a condition to be expected. He must develop a spirit of daring that will insure effective engagement of the enemy. 6. Tank Crew Teamwork a. The tank crew is a tightly integrated team. While all members have certain primary duties, it must be emphasized eonstantly-in training and in battle-that success depends upon their effectiveness as a crew. They must work together in the maintenance and servicing of their tank and equipment. They must function as one in combat and respond swiftly, automatically, and efficiently to each new situation. b. The efficiency of the tank crew can be improved greatly by training each crew member in the duties of the other crew members to the maximum extent permitted by time and the capacity of the men. This training should be conducted as soon as primary duties of each man are mastered. 7. Mission and Capabilities of the Tank Battalion (Armored, Mechanized Infantry or Infantry Divisions, and Separate Armored, Mechanized Infantry or Infantry Brigades) a. Mission. The mission of the tank battalion is to close with and destroy enemy forces using fire, maneuver, and shock effect in coordination with other arms. b. Capabilities. Tank units can ( 1) Conduct operations requiring a high degree of firepower, mobility, armor protection, and shock effect. (2) Attack or counterattack under hostile fire. ( 3) Destroy enemy armor by fire. (4) Support mechanized infantry and infantry units by fire, maneuver, and shock effect. ( 5) Exploit after breakthrough with high cross-country mobility. ( 6) Rapidly exploit the effects of mass destruction weapons. (7) Provide organic nonnuclear fire support. (8) Conduct combat operations under limited visibility conditions employing night viewing devices and surveillance equipment. (9) Participate (with reduced capabilities) in air transported operations when the armored reconnaissance/airborne assault vehicle is substituted for the main battle tank. Section II. ORGANIZATION OF TANK BATTALION 8. General a. The tank battalion organization is the same in the armored, mechanized infantry or infantry divisions, and separate armored, mechanized infantry or infantry brigades. b. The tank battalion consists of a headquarters and headquarters company, and three tank companies (fig. 1). 9. Headquarters and Headquarters Company The battalion headquarters contains the battalion commander and his staff. The headquarters company contains a cor:1pany headquarters, battalion headquarters section, battalion ground surveillance section, headquarters tank section, battalion communication platoon, battalion AGO 6433A ··~ c I I ) I I I HH 0 Figure 1. Organization, tank battalion. scout platoon, battalion heavy mortar platoon, battalion support platoon, battalion maintenance platoon, battalion medical platoon, and an armored vehicle launched bridge section (fig. 2). A chaplain section and a personnel section are provided from brigade and division resources when required. An air control team is provided by augmentation when authorized by . Department of the Army. Location of person. nel and vehicles contained in the battalion headquarters and headquarters company is shown in figure 3. 1 0. Battalion Headquarters The battalion headquarters contains the necessary officers and men to command, control, and supervise the training and operations of the battalion. These include the battalion commander, executive officer, personnel staff officer ( S 1), intelligence officer (S2), operations officer (S3), logistics officer (S4), communication officer, maintenance officer, and sergeant major. For duties and responsibilities of the battalion commander and his staff, see FM 17-1 and FM 101-5. 11. Company Headquarters of Headquarters Company The company headquarters of headquarters company provides combat service support for the company and for battalion headquarters. AGO 6433A The company headquarters section includes the company commander, executive officer, a warrant officer (automotive maintenance technician), first sergeant, motor sergeant, supply sergeant, company clerk, armorer, mechanics, mechanic helpers, and drivers. The company commander may be designated to assume temporarily the duties of any member of the staff. The warrant officer (automotive maintenance technician) is the company maintenance officer and, together with the motor sergeant and mechanics, is responsible for keeping all headquarters company vehicles and equipment at maximum operating efficiency. A discussion of the headquarters company commander's duties is contained in FM 17-1. 12. Battalion Headquarters Section The battalion headquarters section provides an S3 air, two liaison officers, and necessary enlisted personnel and equipment for operation of the battalion headquarters. This section also provides signal operating personnel and vehicular mounted frequency-modulated (FM), radioteletypewriter ( RA TT), and amplitudemodulated (AM) (both voice and CW) radio sets needed by the headquarters for the command and control of the battalion. 13. Headquarters Tank Section The headquarters ta:nk section consists of a 0. HH --------~--~--...,,...----.....--------.....--....---------------------1 I I I 11 r----.., r----.., I I ChI IPe.rsll I Sec I I Sec I 1 L----.J L ____ ..J I I I I r----, ~ I Air Con I ~ I Team I L----.J r----, I I A . 1 1 ugmentat1on L----.J Figure 2. Organization, headquarters and headquarters company, tank battalion. > 8 .,. ... "" >"" > Cl 0 BAnALION HEADQUARTERS AND ... / "' BATTALION HEADQUARTERS SECTION "' "' > AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-47 ,.,._. " ~ 'I "'l ..... "' !"" ~ Capt (54) P 1 lt (~0) R E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-4 (Op Aut) (Dvr) R E-4 (Cik-Typ) (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Mail Delivery Clk) ~ (Dvr) R tll lt Col (Bn Cmdr) P 1 "" Maj (XO) P 1 Maj (53) P "" ..... ·1 lt (LO) R 1 Capt (52) P "" "" ~ I. = ~ 'Q ..tT AN/VRC-47 AN/GRC-106 AN/VRC-24 ~ AN/VRC-46 AN/GRR-5 AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-29 RATT .c ~ ~" !:"'"' ~ ~ ~~ t:tj;1 ;::: "' .. zo t::l., ~ ~ t!!fJ 4!11 i!!:J ~ ~~ ~ Capt (51) ;:l ~§ 1 E-8 (Op Sgt) P 1 Capt (53 Air) P E-8 (Intel Sgt) P P E-7 (Asst Op Sgt) R 8-=-2 E-9 (Sgt Maj) R 'I 1 E-6 (Chemical NCO) R E-4 (IS Rod Op) R E-4 (Pers Carr Dvr) R E-4 (Cik Typ) (Dvr) R ~ :-"~ E-7 (Pers Staff NCO) R 1 E-5 (Tm Chief) R 1 E-4 (Pen Carr Dvr) R 'I l:tl.§' 00 I <' 2 E-4 (RATT Op) R E-4 (Pers Carr Dvr) R ~ 21~ 1 E-4 (Pen Carr Dvr) R -------AUGMENTATION**-------·- ~ ~~ / ~ ;::: rJJ,. "' c'nl!l ;:l R. ,::: ::t /-cH SEC'~ / PERS SEC ~r-AIR CON· TM~'\ ..c::. Nate. AN/GRC-19 r~ s Bn Camm Off and Maint Off are included in Bn Hq but are shown I E-5 (Pers Rec Supv) R AN/PRC-25'I " "' .... :;· =-= Q.. with respective sections or platoons. 1 E-5 (Pers Mgt Sp) R AN/VRC-24 "' .. tT ..... 1 E-5 (Sr Pay Sp) R AN/VRC-46~ Clg_ 1 E-5 (Sr Rec Sp) R "' c ~ .g Capt (Ch) 2 E-4 (Pay. Sp) R -.. E-4 (Ch Asst) (Dvr) R 2 E-4 (Pers Rec Sp) R ~ ;:l ... ~ 1 E-4 (Rec Rev) R ;:2 en 1 E-4 (Rec Susp Clk) R .. E-6 (Op Sgt 53 Air) R ~ E-4 (IS Rad Op) R ~ S" I<" E-4 (IS Rad Op) (Dvr) R 1€ ~ &. QO ;:l ~ HEADQUARTERS TANK SECTION .... AN/VRC-46 / [ AN/VRC-24 AN/VRC-12 AN/VRC-12 AN/GRC-125. i:l " s· --.. ~ ---... 1 E-6 (Sec Spt) P E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P 1 E-5 (Gnr) P E-5 (Gnr) P E-5 (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S E-5 (n Dvr) P, s E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S .... 1 E-3 (~oader) P, S E-3 (~oader) P, S E-3 (Loader) P, S CD COMPANY HEADQUARTERS AN/VRC~7 ANIVRC-46 / ... A ..... " 1 Lt (XO) R 1 E-6 (Sup Sgt) RCapt (Co Cmdr) P 1 E-8 (ht Sgt) R 1 E~ (Armorer) (Ovr) RE-3 (Dvr) R 1 E~ (Co Cllt) R !"' 1 E-3 (Dvr) R (') 0 El COMPANY MAINTENANCE SECTION ---------------- .., AN/VRC-53 ~ .. t>' / .,.. ' ~ '< ........ .... "' ..c 1 E-5 E-5 (Sr Track Veh Mech) RWO (Auto Maint Tech) R 1 E-7 (Motor Sgt) R (Sr Track Veh Mech) R ~ '1 E~ (Track Veh Meehl R 2 E-5 (Sr Track Veh Mech) R 4 E~ (Track Veh Mech) R E~ (Track Veh Mitch) (Dvr) R !" E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) R 4 E~ (Track Veh Mech) R 1 E-3 (Mech Helper) R 1 E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) R ~ "!t BATTALION COMMUNICATION PLATOON ~ ~· " ~ / AN/VRC~7 AN/VRC~9 " !=! g ~ .. .. ... ... ... ... ~ t ~ g .."' 1 Capt (Comm Off) P E-3 (Msg Clk) R 1 E-3 (Msg Clk) R E~ (Radar Mech) R E-6 (Comm Chief) R ::::: 1 E-3 (Dvr) R E-3 (Mtr Msgr) (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Mtr Msg) (Dvr) R E~ (Rad Mech) R E-5 (Sr Radio Mech) R 0: E. E-4 (Rad Mech) (Dvr) R E~ (Sr Msg Clk) R ::s c;· s:: E-4 (Pers Carr Dvrl R II> " Note. (Comm Plot). ~ 8 Comm Off commands Comm Plat, is assigned to Bn Hq. E! g BATTALION SCOUT SECTION h :!. 1ST SCT SEC " !!1. PLAT HQ ~2oscrstc~ ~ "/ ANJ'VRC·-46 / AN/VRC-12 AN/VRC-47 AN/GRC-125 " .. "'" SAME AS 1ST SCOUT SECTION 8 " ..... .. ;:. .., i 1 Lt (Plat Ldr) P 1 E-7 (Plat Sgt) P 1 E-6 (Sec Ldr) R E-5 (Asst Sqd Ldr) R 1 E-4 (Pers Carr Dvr) R P, M-79 E~ (Pers Carr Dvr) P, M-79 1 E-4 (Pers Corr Dvr) R 1 E-4 (Pers Carr Dvr) 1 E-3 (Sd Obsr) R E-3 (Sd Obsr) R !" 1 E·3 (Set Obsr) R 1 E-3 (Sd Obsr) R " 1 E-3 (Rad Tel Op) P AN/VRC-46 AN/GRC-125 > E-6 (Sqd Ldr) R E-5 (Asst Sqd Ldr) R 8 E-4 (Pen Carr Dvr) P, M-79 E-4 (Pers Carr Dvr) .P, M-79 "'• E-3 (Set Obsr) R E-3 (Set Obsr) R "' "' > -(l / ) > AVLB SECTION ..f ... > / ' AN/VRC~ ..... E-6 (Sec Chief) R E-3 (Radio Tel Op) (Dvr) R / AN/VRC~ ... 1 E-6 (Sec Sgt) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R AN/PP$.4 AN/GRC-125 E-.5 (Sr Radar Op)P, M-79 E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R I !'" g· ~ ~ 11:::1 1:'1 ~ ~ ci ~ 0:0. "" QI "" (! 0 " = s. 0: (IJ j;:= "~ 1t 5: . .. g " ! ~ AN/VRC-53 ..... E-5 ( Brg Sec Sgt) R E-.. (Armd Veh Dvr) R GROUND SURVEILLANCE SECTION AN/TPS-33 AN/TPS-33 AN/VRC~ AN/VRC~ AN/PRC-25 AN/PRC-25 1 E-5 (Tm Ldr) R E-.5 (Sr Radar Op)P; M'79 1 E-5 (Sr Radar Op)P, M-79 E-4 (Radar Op) R 1 E_.. (Radar Op) R E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R 1 E_.. (Radar Op) (Dvr) R AN/PP$.4 AN/GRC-125 E-.5 (Tm Ldr) R E-5 (Sr Radar Op)P, M-79 E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R AN/VRC-.53 ..... E-5 (Brg Sec Sgt) R E-4 (Armd Veh Dvr) R AN/PP$.4 AN/GRC-125 " 1 E-5 (Tm Ldr) R 1 E-.5 (Sr Radar Op)P, M-79 1 E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R AN/PP$.4 AN/GRC-125 E-.5 (Sr Radar Op) P, M-79 E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) I -o ,-0 i' / ) AN/VRC-47 f" ..... tll ~ Lt (Plat Ldr) R 5-E-3 (Dvr) R ",.. 10 "' ... " 3 ~ ,.. .. "' :;< .§'3 " .:" " / ;;:.;; "' "' ~ l "' :!:; "' > BATTAUON HEAVY MORTAR PLATOON PLATOON HEADQUARTERS (4) AN/ VKC-53 '\,. AN/VRC-46 AN/PRC-25 (3) E-5 (FO) R E-3 (Dvr) R AN/VRC-46 .,.till Capt (Main! Off) P E-4 (Track Veh Meehl R E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) ...._. E-5 (Sr Welder) R E-4 (Welder) (Dvr) R Bn Hq. SUPPLY (5-Ton) ....., WO (Sec Ldr) R E-7 (Sup Sgt) R E-4 (Gen Sup Sp) (Hv Trk Dvr) R AN/VRC-47 '-/ 1 E-7 (Plat Sgt) R • 1 E-6 (Chief FD Computer) R 2 E-5 (FD Computer) R 1 E-4 (lnstr Op) R 1 E-4 (Pen Carr Dvr) R BATTALl ON MAINTENANCE PLATOON ..., ...._. E-8 (Main! Sgt) R E-4 (Powerman) R E-4 (Shop Clk) (Dvr) R 4 E-4 (Track Veh Mech) R R 1 E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) R E-5 (Sr Track Veh Mech) R E-4 (Track Veh Meehl (Dvr) R 1 E-4 (Recov Meehl (Dvr) P, S BATTALION SUPPORT PLATOON MORTAR SQUAD(S) ' " ~ AN/GRC-125 E-5 (Sqd Ldr) R E-4 (Gnr) P E-4 (~or! Carr Dvr) R E-3 (Assi Gnr) P E-3 (Ammo Bearer) R 1 Sqd 7.62-mm MG ...._. ' 2 E-5 (Sr Track Veil Meehl R 1 E-3 (Mech Helper) R 1 E-3 (Sup Clk) (Dvr) R AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-46 ... ... E-6 (Ch Recav Mech) R E-4 (Turret Meehl R E-4 (Track Veh Meehl R E-4 (Recav Meehl (Recav Veh Dvr) P, S SECTION MESS SECTION ' /rHEADQUARTERS TEAM ~/ (3) 1 E-5 (Sr Recov Mech) P, S 1 E-4 (Turret Meehl R 1 E-4 (Track Veh Meehl R 1 E-4 (Recov Meehl (Recav Veh Dvr) P, S ~ COMPANY TEAMS \ (5-Ton) ........ ~ E-6 (Asst Sup Sgt) R E-6 (Bn Mess Steward) R 2 E-5 (1st Caok) R 1 E-6 (Mess Steward) R E-4 (Gen Sup Sp) (Hv E-5 (Is! Cook) R 1 E-4 (Cook) R 2 E-5 (ht Cook) R Trk Dvr) R E-4 (Caok) R 1 E-4 (Coak) (Dvr) R 1 E-4 (Cook) R 2 E-3 (Sup Clk) R E-3 (Caoks Helper) (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Cooks Helper) (Dvr) R I I ( ) 1\,___} ~ •• 0 "'... ~ > TRANSPORTATION SECTION (5-Ton w/Trk & Trailer" (5-Ton) Mtd Fuel Units)(5-Ton) ?' 1 Lt (Sec Cmdr) Rtil / ..... I ---E"" (Hv Trk Dvr) R .:.• 1 --E-3 (Lt Trk Dvr) R E"" (Hv Trk Dvr) R ~ 1 E-3 (lt Trk Dvr) R E-5 (Sr Hv Trk Ovr) R E-3 (ANt Hv Trk Dw) R E-3 (Aut Hv Trk Dvr) R =~ .. (5-Ton w/Trk & Troller (5-Ton) 'j 0 «i• ... ., ~ ----COMPANY HEADQUARTERS > "' HEADQUARTERS SECTION~ .. "' ., ?> / AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-12 AN/VRC-12 AN/VRC-47 """ ~ ....._._. ;::l ~ ;::l ... --a. ...... 1 E-8 (ht Sgt) P E-6 (Sup Sgt) R " ;:.-Capt (Co Cmdr) P E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P .,~ E-5 (Gnr) P E-5 (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Comm Chlotf) P E-4 (Co Clk) R E-3 (Dvr) P, M-79 ·""" E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (Dvr) R E-3 (Dvr) R E-3 (Loader) P, S E-3 (loader) P, S § Noles. 1. Supply Trk transports 5 s\'archlights 18-inch diameter reflector when not mounted on tanks. ""' 2. 1 Hq Tk is equipped with bulldozer earth moving tank mounted. c / MAINTENANCE SECnON ' ,I'" SECURITY SECTIONV-,, " ~ ~ AN/VRC-47 AN/PRC-25 AN/VRC-46 _," AN/PRC-25 '' ~ ~ ;::l ""' ...... ala .... "'" ~ 1 lt (XO) P E-6 (Motor Sgt) P 1 E-.5 (Sr Recov Meehl P, S 3 E-4 (Track Veh Meehl P 1 E-6 (Sec Ldr) R ~ 1 E-4 (Recov Mech) (Recov 1 E-4 (Pera Carr Dvr) P 1 E-3 (Track Veh Mech Helper) E-5 (Sr Track Veh Mech) P 1 E-4 (Turret Meehl (Armorer) ~ (Dvr) R Veh Dvr) P, S P 2 E-3 (Security Guard) P, M-79 E-4 (Rod Mech) P (Dvr) ~ 2 E-3 (Security Guard) R E-4 (Track Veh Meehl 1 E-4 (Turret Mach) P ......_ (Pers Carr Dvr) P 1 E-3 (Track Veh Mech Helper) R 4 E-2 (SecuriiJ Guard) R ~ Note. XO is located In Hq Sec by TOE. ~ § t:.l / ***1ST TANK PLATOON .. AN/VRC-12 AN/VRC-.53 AN/VRC-.53 AN/VRC-12 AH/VRC-.53 ~ .::· '""" -~ --... --a. ~ --a. --a. " t lt (Plat ldr) P E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P E-7 (Plat Sgt) P 1 E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P E-5 (Asst Tk Cmdr) (Gnr) P E-5 (Gnr) P E-5 (Gnr) P E-5 (Asst Tk Cmdr) (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Gnr) P ~ E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-.5 (Tk Dvr) P, S ·"' E-3 (loader) P, S E-3 (loader) P, S E-3 (Loader) P, S E-3 (Loader) P, S 1 E-3 (loader) P, S '(" ~ "'" ;:! ~ * Mounts TOE Col .50 MG on ring mount or ground mount. ** The Security Section is an augmentation authorized only by DA. ;:. "' *** 2d and 3d Tonk Platoons ore the same as the 1st Tonk Platoon. "' ~ ~ - ~ ~ !,1'1 used by the first sergeant. It may also serve as a messenger vehicle. d. Maintenance Section. The maintenance section provides organizational maintenance for the company as outlined in the 20-series technical manuals. The section includes the company motor sergeant and radio, recovery, turret, and tracked vehicle mechanics. The extent of its operations is determined by the capabilities of its men and the time, tools, and repair parts available. Vehicles requiring extensive repairs that cannot be accomplished at company level are turned over to the battalion maintenance platoon. The motor sergeant supervises company organizational maintenance and directs the procurement and exchange of company repair parts. Specific duties of the motor sergeant are contained in FM 38-5. For recov -~ryand evacuation of vehicles, see FM 17-1. e. Security Section. The security section is provided by augmentation when authorized by Department of the Army. The section consists of a section leader, eight security guards, and a driver for the armored personnel carrier in which the section is transported. The mission of this section is to form a security force for the protection of company headquarters and to provide replacement tank crewmen. When not immediately required for their primary mission, members of this section may be used to assist other elements of the company. 23. Tank Platoon a. General. The tank platoon consists of five main battle tanks, numbered 1 through 5. The platoon leader is mounted in the number 1 tank and the platoon sergeant is mounted in the number 4 tank. The platoon operates as an entity; however, the enemy situation, terrain, or platoon mission may require the platoon leader to employ his platoon in two sections for fire and movement. However, the platoon leader still retains command of the entire platoon. Prefixes or suffixes may be used in conjunction with tank numbers as prescribed in organiza tional SOl and SSI. b. Duties. (1) Platoon leader. The platoon leader is responsible to the company commander for the discipline and training of his platoon, the maintenance of its equipment, and its success in battle. (2) Platoon sergeant. The platoon sergeant is second in command of the platoon and is responsible to the platoon leader for the conduct of the platoon. (3) Tank commander. The tank commander directs the movement of the tank, the laying and firing of all tank weapons, the maintenance and supply of the tank, and initial first aid treatment and evacuation of wounded crewmembers from the vehicle. He also aims and fires the .50 caliber machinegun and operates the rangefinder. He is responsible to the platoon leader for the tactical employment of the tank and the training and discipline of the crew. The gunner assigned to the tanks of the platoon leader and the platoon sergeant, is also the assistant tank commander. He is responsible for the operation of the crew during the absence of the tank commander or the platoon sergeant. ( 4) Driver. The tank driver moves, positions, and stops the tank in such a manner as to provide as even a platform for the main gun as possible. While driving he constantly searches for targets, the best route of movement, and defilade positions to which he can rapidly move if suddenly engaged by antitank guns or other tanks; so far as possible he maintains his tank's position in the formation, watches for visual signals, and observes the movement of dismounted infantrymen. During an assault the driver moves the tank at a high rate of speed, striving to crush resisting enemy personnel beneath his tank tracks, stopping only in order that the gunner may engage an enemy tank or antitank gun with the main armament. He is responsible to the tank commander for the maintenance and refueling of the tank. He assists the other crewmembers as required. (5) Gunner. The tank gunner constantly searches for targets; aims and fires the main gun and the coaxial machine- AGO 648SA gun. He is responsible to the tank commander for the maintenance of the tank armament and fire control equipment. He assists the other crewmembers as required. (6) Loader. The loader loads the main gun and the coaxial machinegun ; stows and cares for the ammunition; and tunes and maintains the tank radio. He assists the other crewmembers as required. Section Ill. SIGNAL COMMUNICATION 24. General Each tank unit commander is responsible for the establishment, operation, and maintenance, within his capabilities, of the communication system of his command. In addition, he is responsible for the efficient operation of the portion of his communication system which is functioning in the system of the next higher headquarters. The communication system must be organized to fit the unit task organization. The communication systems of subordinate and supporting elements must be integrated into the unit communication system. 25. Communication Means a. Radio is the primary means of communication used in tank units. Supplemental means of communication include wire, messenger, visual, and sound. Because no one means of communication is completely reliable by itself, all means must be employed habitually to insure a satisfactory communication system. Instructions for use of these means are contained in SSI, SOl (or extracts), and other pertinent signal directives. b. The flexibility of radio communication allows the unit commander to command and control subordinate elements, without restricting their ability to maneuver. Radio communication is subject to interference from static, enemy jamming, terrain, and weather. The characteristics of assigned radio equipment must be considered in planning the communication support of any tactical operation. The most important characteristics of radio communication that may affect the tactical situation are the communication planning range of radio sets and the compatibility of tactical communication equipment. c. Tank units employ primarily vehicular FM and AM radios. Portable FM radios are used for dismounted operations and to supplement mounted radios. 26. Battalion Communication Platoon a. The battalion communication platoon provides organic communication support to the battalion. The communication officer advises the battalion commander on the technique and use of the organic communication syst~m. He also advises the company commanders on the employment of their communication specialists. He has staff supervision over communication specialists' training. b. The communication platoon performs the following functions: (1) Supervises the operation of the battalion communication system. (2) Installs, operates, and maintains the wire net within the battalion command post and, when required, to subordinate elements, companies, strongpoints, and outposts. (3) Operates panel displays and message pickup facilities. (4) Operates the battalion message center and provides messenger service. (5) Provides message encrypting facilities. (6) Provides that organizational maintenance outlined in the 10-and 20-series technical manuals for the headquarters and headquarters company's communication and other electronic equipment (less cryptographic), and provides limited organizational maintenance support for the line companies. (7) Procures signal repair parts for the battalion (less crytographic provided for by division signal battalion) and provides for the evacuation of all signal equipment that requires repair beyond organizational maintenance level. (8) Prepares, maintains, and distributes SOl extracts. AGO 6483A 27. Communication Security Communication security includes all measures taken to prevent or delay the enemy's receipt of information from friendly communication systems. It is the responsibility of the unit commander to determine the maximum degree of communication security that he can employ consistent with his mission and the reaction time available to the enemy. 28. Maintenance of Signal ·Equipment Each unit commander is responsible for maintenance of signal equipment within his command. The battalion commander is assisted by the communication officer and the battalion communication platoon in the execution of this responsibility. The company commander is assisted by his communication chief and radio mechanic. 29. Tank Battalion Communication System a. Type Radio Nets. ( 1) Battalion nets. The tank battalion employs FM radio nets to control its organic, attached, and combat support elements. FM radio nets established by the battalion are ( a) Battalion command net FM. (b) Battalion administrative-logistical net FM. (c) Battalion heavy mortar platoon command net FM. (d) Battalion reconnaissance platoon command net FM. (e) Battalion surveillance net FM. (2) Nets to higher headquarters. The tank battalion has FM and AM radios and a radio teletypewriter (RATT). AM equipment extends the communication range. RATT equipment is well-suited for the transmission of lengthy messages. FM radio nets provide the battalion commander and certain key staff officers with a personal means of voice communication with the brigade commander and brigade staff officers. The FM, AM, and RATT radio eq~ipment is employed in the following higher headquarters nets: (a) Brigade command net FM. (b) Brigade administrative-logistical net FM. (c) Brigade command net RATT. (d) Brigade intelligence net FM. (e) Division air request net AM. (f) Division warning broadcast net AM. (3) Special purpose nets. (a) Supporting artillery nets. Vehicular .radio equipment is used by the artillery liaison section to permit operation in the tank battalion command net, the supporting artillery fire direction net, or the supporting artillery command and fire direction net. This radio equipment is organic to the supporting artillery unit. The artillery liaison officer uses these nets to coordinate artillery fires with the tank battalion scheme of maneuver. Supporting artillery radio nets are not shown in figure 6 except for one set which is used by the heavy mortar platoon FDC to coordinate fires with the supporting artillery unit or the artillery liaison officer. See FM 610 for a detailed discussion of artillery communications means. (b) Tactical air direction net UHF. The forward air controller is provided a tank-mounted or a full-tracked personnel carrier-mounted UHF ground-to-air radio set for communication in the tactical air direction net UHF. Using this net, he directs air strikes in support of the battalion. (c) Spot report receiver system. Radio equipment is provided to the battalion headquarters to monitor spot reports from pilots flying tactical air missions for the division. (d) Other special purpose nets. These may be established as required. (4) Type radio net. A type radio net diagram for the tank battalions of a division or separate brigades is shown in figure 6. b. Type Wire Net. The tank battalion wire net is installed when appropriate and is oper- AGO 64~3A I NOTE SPT PLAT .II. I ... NOTEl S2 track chang• to comd Mol for movement. Figure 6. Type radio net diagram, tank battalion. TO COMPANIES "" A ated by the battalion communication platoon. This net is installed whenever time permits and is normally used for internal communication at the battalion CP during periods of radio silence, in defensive or stabilized operations, and in assembly areas. Wire lines are installed to each organic and attached company. Lateral wire lines are installed to adjacent units wherever possible to increase flexibility. Wire lines from supporting units are integrated into the battalion wire system. Brigade installs wire lines from the brigade command post to the battalion. Figure 7 shows a type wire net diagram and indicates the equipment used. 30. Tank Company Communication System a. Communication Specialists. The tank company has a communication chief and a radio mechanic. b. Type Radio Nets (fig. 8). (1) Platoon command net FM. Each pla- AGO 6433A 19 1-J TO COMPANY SB OPERATOR SB-993/GT SB-22/PT BN S2 BN Sl, S4 HQ co COMDR EB 0 0 4. 2-INCH MORT SQDS TEL T A-264/PT TEL T A-312/PT TEL TA-1/PT TO BDE SC 0 UT PLAT SURVL SEC Figure 7. Typical wire net diagram, tank battalion. > p "'.. .."' > L: I 1\ ) ""-__ ___,/ ;... C) ~ .., .., ;... TKIEE TANK PLATOONS CO MAINT SEC Figure 8. Type. radio net diagram, tank company." ..., toon of the tank company operates in its own platoon FM radio net. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant monitor the company command net. (2) Company comrnand net FM. The tank company operates in a company command net, by which the company commander controls his units from one of the company headquarters tanks or his %-ton truck. (3) Higher-headquar-ters nets. The tank company operates in the battalion command net FM and the battalion administrative-logistical net FM. (4) Nets used by artille1·y and mortar forward observers. An artillery forward observer operating with a tank company is provided communication equipment for monitoring the tank company net and for direct communication with his fire direction center. This radio equipment is in addition to that brought by the observer from the supporting artillery unit. The mortar forward observer brings all of the radio equipment he needs to communicate with the mortar fire direction center and the supported unit. For a detailed discussion of forward observer communication, see FM 6-10 for the artillery forward observer and appendix II for the mortar forward observer. c. Type Wi1·e Net. Normally, the tank company moves frequently during combat and has little opportunity to use wire. However, in a~sembly areaR and during the conduct of an area ( 1 2 3 ARTY PLAT PLAT PLAT FO SB-993/GT OP CO HQ TO BATTALION 0 TEL TA-312/PT 0 TEL TA-1/PT Figure 9. Typical wire net diagram, tank company. defense, wire can be used to advantage. The tank company wire net is installed, maintained, and operated under the supervision of the company communi'cation chief. The switchboard normally is located in the company command post. One line is installed to each platoon. The switchboard ties in with the battalion wire net when lines are installed by battalion (fig. 9). Wire may also be used within the platoon by using the local and remote control units as telephones. AGO 6433A CHAPTER 2 COMBAT OPERATIONS-GENERAL Section I. 31. Fundamentals of Employment a. The employment of armor is governed by the application of the principles of war and certain precepts that are particularly applicable to armor. The successful use of these precepts depends entirely on how imaginative, bold, resourceful, and flexible in mind are commanders and their staffs. Commanders must be willing to take calculated risks. b. A detailed discussion of these precepts are contained in FM 17-1. 32. Factors Affecting Employment a. Armor must be employed in a manner calculated to make maximum use of its favorable characteristics. The employment of armor is based upon the commander's consideration of four paramount factors-the mission, the enemy, terrain and weather, and the troops available. These four factors are considered constantly and simultaneously by the commander. b. A detailed discussion of the factors of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, and troops available (METT) is found in FM 17-1. 33. Night Combat Basically, tank units conduct night oper- GENERAL ations in the same manner as daylight operations. However, during the night problems of identification, control, coordination and maintenance of direction are greater; dispersion is less; maneuver is restricted; movement is slower; and surprise and simplicity become major considerations. A detailed discussion of night operations is contained' in FM 17-1. 34. Counterinsurgency Operations Detailed discussions of counterinsurgency operations are contained in FM 17-1, FM 3116, FM 31-21, and FM 31-22. All tank unit commanders must be familiar with these discussions. 35. Air Defense For rules of engagement and a detailed discussion of air defense see FM 17-1. For fire commands and gunnery techniques see FM 17 12. 36. CBR Activities A detailed discussion of CBR activities is contained in FM 17-1. Tank unit commanders must also be familiar with FM 21-40 and TM 3-220. Section II. ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT 37. General a. The tank battalion normally is attached to a brigade for tactical employment. The brigade commander organizes, through crossattachment, the combat maneuver battalions that have been attached to his brigade into battalion task forces. Combat support and combat AGO 6433A service support elements are attached to or placed in support of the combat maneuver battalions as required. See FM 7-30 and FM 17-30 for a discussion of brigade organization for combat. The combat maneuver battalion commander normally will organize his battalion or battalion task force for combat by cross-attach ment of platoons of his organic or attached maneuver companies to form company teams. Combat support and combat service support elements are provided the company teams as required. b. The tank battalion task force, reinforced as may be required, may be employed directly under division control when it is not practical or desirable for it to be attached to a brigade; i.e., when employed as a covering force for the division or a brigade. The battalion commander organizes his battalion for combat in the same manner as when his battalion is attached to a brigade. c. The tank battalion and tank company may be employed without attachments when the tactical situation requires such an organization for combat. d. The commander's estimate of the situation and troops available will govern whether the tank battalion and its organic or attached companies are to be organized for combat with a preponderance of tanks, mechanized infantry, or as balanced (equal tank and mechanized infantry units) forces (fig. 10). The following conditions, used in conjunction with the factors of METT, are considered in determining the type of task organization required. ( 1) Tank or tank-heavy task organization. (a) Good tank terrain-open, few obstacles. (b) Few or no built-up areas. (c) Strong enemy armor opposition. (d) Speed and shock effect desired. (e) Pursuit operations. (2) Mechanized infantry or mechanized infantry-heavy task organization. (a) Restricted visibility. (b) Many built-up areas and natural obstacles. (c) Strong enemy antitank defense. (d) Zones to clear. (e) Built-up area to clear. (3) Balanced task organization. (a) Enemy situation vague as in movement to contact. (b) Equal requirement for tanks and mechanized infantry. 38. Tank Battalion Task Force a. A tank battalion task force is a temporary (grouping of units, formed to provide the bat talion task force commander with the number and type of units necessary to accomplish a specific mission or task. A tank battalion task force normally consists of a tank battalion headquarters and headquarters company and one or more organic companies, and one or more attached maneuver units of a different branch, plus other attachments. b. There is no definite rule to determine the size and composition of a tank battalion task force as this is based on a consideration of the factors of METT. In this respect, the tank battalion task force is similar to the brigade as units of the proper type are attached, or placed in support, in sufficient numbers to carry out the assigned missions. The composition of a tank battalion task force can be changed readily to meet varying tactical situations. c. A battalion task force is commanded by the battalion commander receiving an attachment. 39. Tank Company Team a. A company team is a tactical grouping of units under one tank company commander, formed for a specific operation or mission after consideration of the factors of METT. The company team normally consists of a complete tank company with one or more maneuver units attached, or a tank company minus one or more organic maneuver units with one or more maneuver units attached (fig. 11). b. Within the tank battalion task force, the commander may organize company teams. c. A company team normally is given a designation corresponding to the alphabetical designation of the company forming the nucleus of the team. d. A company team is commanded by the commander of the company receiving the attachment. 40. Platoons in Company Teams Platoons normally are employed as platoons, without cross-attachment, by the company team 24 AGO 6433A BATTALION TASK FORCE ORGANIZED AROUND A TANK BATTALION HEADQUARTERS EXAMPLE A "EXAMPLE B \ HQ [Q] HQ [Q] I J [Q] Organic OrgGIIIC [Q] ( [Q] I I [Q] I I ~ Attached ~ } Attached ~ r------, r-----, I Supporting Supporting I I I Uplts Units I I I I L _____ _j L _____ _j TANK HEAVY BALANCED BATTALION TASK FORCE ORGANIZED AROUND A MECHANIZED INFANTRY BATTALION HEADQUARTERS EXAMPLE A EXAMPLE B HQ HQ ~ ~ j ( J @:] Organic @J Organic I ~ ~ I [Q] ) AHached [Q] }Attached [Q] I r-----, r--------, Supporting Supporting I I I I Units Units I I I I L _____ _j L _____ _j MECHAI'IIZl:O INFANTRY HEAVY BALANCED Figure 10. Examples of battalion task forces. AGO 6433A COMPANY TEAM ORGANIZED AROUND A TANK COMPANY HEADQUARTERS EXAMPLE A EXAMPLE B EXAMPLE c \ Co Hq Co Hq Co Hq lol lol lol Organic J ... ... ( J ... [Q] \ [Q] Organic Organic ... [Q]( I Attached ... ~ ... ... lol r [Q] I ~ \ ... ... ... AHached ~ ~ } rol L .......... AHached ~-~~.It-: :C): L..........~ ~ I I (·- COMPANY TEAM ORGANIZED AROUND A MECHANIZED INFANTRY COMPANY HEADQUARTERS EXAMPLE A EXAMPLE B Co Hq ~\Co Hq ~ ... ... Wpn~ Wpn·~ Organic Organic ... ( ~ ... ~ ... ... [Q] ~ AHached ... ... [Q] } AHached lol ... l 111"::'----., :tE.): .. ___ ... :..~ Detached rm: ..:.......... Figure 11. Examples of company teams. 26 AGO 6433A commander. Tanks and infantry should not be attached in less than platoon strength. To do so is justified only when the terrain or other conditions are such that an entire platoon cannot be used effectively. 41. Tank Companies Without Attachments Tank companies may be employed without attachments, particularly if the battalion (or task force) is operating in a situation in which the success of the companies without infantry can be foreseen; i.e., tank versus tank action. 42. Mutual Support in the Tank Company Team Mutual support within the tank company team is continuous. All leaders study, plan, and prepare ways of coordinating the elements of the team to meet changing battlefield conditions. Coordinated action among platoons of a company team is attained by orders to each platoon leader from the company team commander and by coordination among platoons. 43. Reserves a. Reserves are those forces withheld from action at the beginning of an operation and available to the commander at a decisive moment to exploit success and complete the mission. A reserve provides a commander with a means of dealing with unforeseen contingencies. A reserve may be used to (1) Exploit success. (2) Reinforce an attack. ( 3) Maintain or increase the momentum of an attack. ( 4) Hold ground seized by other attacking forces. ( 5) Counterattack. (6) Provide security. (7) Block. b. A deep objective, limited knowledge of the enemy, or inability to visualize the operation to its completion will require retention of a stronger reserve than when these factors. are known. When the enemy is known to possess inferior mobility, the reserve may be smaller than when engaging a force of equal or superior mobility. AGO 6433A c. A combat force should not be held out as a reserve if it weakens the main effort. Uncommitted parts of subordinate commands may give the commander a flexible reserve. He must keep abreast of the situation so that he knows what units he has available for this purpose. d. The tank battalion commander frequently must rely on the mobility of his battalion or battalion task force and the available fire support to influence the action at the decisive moment rather than through designation of a formal reserve. Unengaged units can be moved rapidly to decisive parts of the battle area to exploit a success or counter an enemy attack. e. Tank units of company and platoon size normally do not designate a formal reserve. The company commander satisfies his requirement for a reserve by providing depth to his formation, by maneuvering his supporting fires, and by making full use of his unit's battlefield mobility. f. Nuclear weapons allocated to a tank unit which are retained for targets of opportunity may reduce or eliminate the requirement for a reserve. 44. Tank Battalion Headquarters Installations During combat the headquarters and headquarters company usually operates in two echelons-the battalion command post and the battalion trains. The composition of the command post and the trains may vary according to the situation. 45. Tank Battalion Command Post The echelon from which the commander operates is designated as the command post. The command post provides facilities for the coordination and control of combat and combat support units of the command. The command post maintains communication with higher, adjacent, supporting and lower units. It forwards information not available to the command group on new developments, continuously plans current and future operations, provides liaison with adjacent and higher units, and supervises liaison with supporting the lower units. The command post consists of the battalion commander, battalion executive officer, members of the battalion staff, such liaison officers or men as are necessary from attached and supporting units, and the necessary supporting enlisted men, vehicles, and equipment.The command post must be organized to insure continuous operations for substained periods. For additional information, see FM 17-1. 46. Tank Battalion Command Group A command group is a command and control facility, consisting of the commander and selected staff officers, signal means, and a security detachment. This group enables the commander to operate away from his command post to obtain personal knowledge of the situation, exercise leadership, and closely control the operation during critical periods. The command group remains mobile and well forward during operations. It has no fixed composition and consists of those officers and men from the command post who can best assist the battalion commander in a given situation. Those who normally accompany the battalion commander are the S3, artillery liaison officer or forward air controller, and necessary liaison and communication personnel. The vehicles in the command group must be equipped with command and fire control radio facilities. The command group must maintain continuous communication with the command post to remain informed of new developments in the situation, and new or supplementary orders from higher headquarters. Additional discussion of the command group is contained in FM 17-1. 47. Tank Battalion Trains The trains are the elements of the battalion that provide logistical support to the battalion. The trains are normally divided into the combat trains and field trains. The location of the combat trains is in the general locale, but not necessarily adjoining the battalion command post. The field trains, when employed, normally are in the brigade trains area (See FM 17-1 for a detailed discussion of the battalion trains.) Section Ill. COMBAT SUPPORT 48. Artillery a. Artillery support provides the tank unit commander with a powerful means of influencing the course of combat. Artillery provides close and continuous fire support and adds depth to combat by neutralizing enemy mortars, artillery, and close support nuclear delivery means, by restricting movement of hostile reserves, and by disrupting enemy command and communication installations. To make effective use of artillery support, the tank unit commander must be familiar with the capabilities and limitations of artillery and the means by which artillery fires are obtained. b. See FM 6-20-1, FM 6-20-2, and FM 17-1 for details of artillery support. 49. The Battalion Heavy Mortar Platoon a. General. The employment of the battalion heavy mortar platoon is based on its speed of operation and movement, and its constant readiness to provide fire support. (Mortar firing normally is conducted from the on-carrier position.) The platoon leader places himself where he can best direct the effort of his piatoon. He is often with the battalion commander or command group. He may control leading elements of the platoon during displacement, conduct reconnaissance, or visit the supported company teams for purposes of coordination. b. LitLison. The platoon leader maintains liaison with the battalion commander and staff by personal contact or by radio, using the battalion command net. Liaison with the line companies or company teams is provided by the forward observers who use the platoon command net for contact with the platoon position (s). c. Forward Observer (FO) Teams. FO teams accompany line companies or company teams as specified by battalion order. The FO normally accompanies the company team commander. Commanders of supported company teams are responsible for providing armored vehicle transportation, as required, for platoon FO. These FO teams formulate and forward requests for fire and adjust mortar fires. These fires may also be adjusted by artillery FO. All officers, noncommissioned officers, and men of the battalion must be able to call for and adjust 28 AGO 6433A fires in case FO teams are not available. The procedures for requesting, coordinating, and adjusting fires are the same as for artillery fires. d. Method of Employment. The battalion heavy mortar platoon is best employed in general support of its parent battalion. When required by range limitations of the mortars, inability of the battalion commander to control, or other exigencies of the situation, the heavy mortar squads are employed in direct support of company teams or the battalion reconnaissance platoon. The heavy mortar squads may be attached to the companies or the platoon. See appendix II for details of employing the battalion heavy mortar platoon. 50. Tactical Air Support Tactical air force units may support tank units by attacking enemy ground forces with bombs to include smoke and fire, gunfire, and rockets, or by destroying enemy aircraft operating against friendly ground forces. (See FM 17-1 for details of tactical air support.) 51. Fire Support Coordination The artillery liaison officer provided by the supporting artillery battalion functions as fire support coordinator for the tank battalion. At company level the company commander coordinates fire support for his company assisted by the artillery and mortar forward observers. (See FM 17-1 for details of fire support coordination.) 52. Short and Medium Range Radar a. The ground surveillance radar equipment organic to armor units provides an all-weather capability for battlefield surveillance. This equipment complements the other combat surveillance and target acquisition capabilities in the battalion and cavalry squadron. Its employment is coordinated closely with the employment of patrols, listening posts, observation posts, tank mounted searchlights, and with infrared and other sensory devices. Ground surveillance radar provides observation from a given vantage point 24 hours a day and can detect targets and provide accurate range and azimuth reading. The unit commander can ap- AGO 6488A preciably increase the effective use of fire support means through the use of ground surveillance radar equipment. b. Although the radar equipment is an excellent means of obtaining information, it is not intended to replace other surveillance means. The primary advantage in using radar to complement other means is its ability to detect, locate and identify moving ground targets. Radar is used primarily for operations at night or under conditions of poor visibility (haze, fog, or smoke). It also may be used effectively during periods of good visibility. The employment of this equipment should not be restricted to a certain type of terrain, a rigid set of conditions, or to a few functional operations. (See FM 17-1 for details of employment.) 53. Division Engineer Support The mission of engineers organic to divisions is to facilitate the movement of division units, and to increase combat effectiveness by means of general engineer work. (See FM 17-1 for details of engineer support available to tank units.) 54. The Battalion Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge {AVLB) Section The mission of the tank battalion armored vehicle launched bridge section is to provide A VLB support for the battalion. a. The section contains two armored vehicle bridge launchers, each equipped with a 60-foot scissor-type bridge, and normally is employed in general support of the battalion. When required, the section may, in whole or by launcher be placed in direct support of, or attached to, a leading company team or the battalion scout platoon. b. When A VLB from the division engineer battalion are in direct support of, or attached to the battalion, the battalion commander will normally use the divisional AVLB first and employ his organic AVLB as an assault bridge reserve. c. The armored vehicle launched bridge is employed primarily in assault crossings of short gaps by combined arms teams, but because of its mobility, low unit weight, and minimum crew requirements, it may be used effectively in other ways. It is particularly suitable for spanning streams, antitank ditches, craters, canals, partially blown bridges, and similar obstacles that normally would slow the momentum of attack. The A VLB may be placed over existing bridges or parts of existing bridges to increase their load-carrying capacity. d. Special employment of the AVLB (1) In instances where the flank of friendly forces is on a narrow stream or defile, the assault bridge may be used in making a flanking movement. (2) In rear areas, requirements occasionally arise for short-span bridging. The assault bridge can be employed readily in these situations because of its mobility and speed of erection compared to conventional bridging. (3) In retrograde movements, assault bridging can be used in place of conventional bridging that has been destroyed or removed. The assault bridge cannot be removed without exposing a crewmember to small arms fire. If time permits, in retrograde movements, preparation of the launching site will facilitate recovery of the bridge. e. See TM 5-216 for technical details pertaining to the A VLB. 55. Army Aviation Support The battalion task force will habitually receive Army aviation support from the brigade to which attached or from the division aviation battalion. (See FM 17-1 for discussion of the Army aviation support available to tank units.) 56. Employment of Tactical Nuclear Weapons Plans for employing nuclear weapons are integrated into the scheme of maneuver to insure the most efficient use of available combat power. Troop safety measures and other limiting requirements will be in unit SOP or as indicated by the guidance of the commander employing the weapons. For a discussion of nuclear weapons employment, see FM 5-26, FM 17-1, and FM 101-31-1 through FM 101-31-3. 57. Employment of Chemical Agents See FM 3-5, FM 3-10, FM 3-50, and FM 17 1. 58. Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Support The nature of mobile tank warfare, particularly in offensive operations, has a profound psychological effect on the enemy. This effect can be exploited by the employment of PSYOP elements such as loudspeaker teams with tank units. (See FM 17-1.) Section IV. FIRE AND MANEUVER AND FIRE AND MOVEMENT 59. General a. Tank unit tactics are based on fire and maneuver. b. Fire and maneuver is a technique employed by the commander who establishes a base of fire and designates a maneuvering force. These two distinct forces have separate missions. The mission of the maneuvering force is to close with and destroy the enemy by fire and shock effect. It consists of all available tank and infantry units. The mission of the base of fire is to neutralize or suppress the enemy weapons, thereby permitting the maneuvering force freedom of action. The base of fire normally does not join the maneuver force in the final assault against the objective. The base of fire may consist of mortars, attached antitank weapons, supporting artillery, tactical air, and naval gunfire. Tanks are not normally included in the base of fire because this role does not take maximum advantage of their characteristics. However, tanks may temporarily support by fire the other elements of the maneuvering force when ( 1) The terrain or obstacles preclude their employment in the maneuvering force. (2) The enemy positions contain tanks or antitank weapons, or when weapons pose a serious threat to the maneuvering force. c. Ideally, the maneuver force moves continu- AGO 6433A ously in mass; that is, the entire force advances on the enemy without halting, while the base of fire neutralizes the enemy's capability for interfering with the advance of the maneuver force. This advance in mass is conducted at top speed. The combination of speed and the multiplicity of targets reduces the time the maneuver force is exposed to enemy fire, thus reducing its vulnerability and producing tremendous shock effect. d. Under some circumstances, the base of fire or machinegun fire from moving tanks may be unable to neutralize enemy weapons that prevent continuous movement in mass. The maneuver force may be forced to engage the enemy with direct tank gun fire from defilade positions by designated elements while other elements continue the advance. This technique is called fire and movement. e. Fire and movement is accomplished by and within the maneuver force. A distinction is made between fire and maneuver and fire and movement to emphasize the point that tanks habitually close with the enemy and only under the circumstances discussed in paragraph 60c (1) (a) and (b) are they used as a base of fire. The distinction between fire and maneuver and fire and movement is shown graphically in figure 12. 60. Techniques of Fire and Movement a. Whenever possible, tanks advance in mass. They proceed to the objective as rapidly as possible. b. Fire and movement is a technique employed by, and within, the maneuvering force when movement in mass is not feasible. In fire and movement, one element of the maneuvering force covers by fire the advance of the remainder of the maneuvering force. Fire and movement are alternated only as is necessary until the entire maneuvering force can resume the attack in mass. The use of fire and movement is temporary and should not be used as a method of advance from the LD to the objective except (!) When terrain restrictions do not permit mass tank deployment. (2) When fire support provided by the base of fire is inadequate. AGO 643SA (3) When the maneuver force is engaged with a known enemy force capable of inflicting unacceptable losses against an attack in mass. c. The tank platoon is the smallest maneuver element in a tank company. When a tank unit, employed as a maneuver force, cannot advance in mass due to reasons stated in b(l) through (3) above the advance must still continue. Since the tank does not have a stabilized gun, the maneuver force now in need of direct fire, is obliged to advance with fire and movement. Fire and movement is conducted by two methods -movement by individual tanks and coordinated movement by bounds. (1) Movement by individual tanks (fig. 13). (a) Each tank commander determines whether to fire the machinegun while moving or to halt 'to fire the machinegun or tank gun. The tank commander selects the firing position, the target, the time of fire, and the route between firing positions. In making these determinations, he must maintain, in general, his relative position in the platoon formation. The platoon leader insures that the platoon continues to move and may direct individual tanks to fire less and move more if necessary to insure that all tanks participate aggressively in the fight. The platoon leader may direct the fire of individual tanks when necessary. (b) Movement by individual tanks is effective against any type target except those requiring the concentrated fires of more than one tank. (c) Conditions when movement by individual tanks might be used are as follows: 1. In the advance when enemy tanks or other point targets threaten the accomplishment of the mission and cannot be neutralized by the base of fire or by the tank's machinegun fire. 2. When a force is caught in the open by effective enemy fire and must Figure 12. Relationship between fire and maneuver and fire and movement. move and neutralize the fire to prevent unacceptable losses. 3. In the assault when the presence of enemy tanks requires the use of armor-defeating weapons. (d) The advance by continuous movement in mass is resumed as soon as possible. (2) Coord-inated movement by bounds. The unit commander selects the firing positions, designates who is to occupy the positions, and gives the order to displace from one position to another. The unit commander maydesignate targets, the time to fire, and the route between firing positions. A bound is a movement from one position to another in which one element advances to a predesignated limit, covered by a rear ele- AGO 64SSA • I \ "-~) > C) 0 .... "' "' "' > ,,, I ~I I 1 1 I I \ I I I I I I I \ I I I \ I I I \ I I : I I I I \ I I I \ I I \ II \ I I : \ I I I ~ \ ~ I ttl t ~ \ ,\ID r ~ ' ~ t t t til \ t lm t ~ ~ tn t \ ~ til ' ( ( 111 r ~ t r~ ..... t lm ( !"""! -----Machinegun fire l " \ ~ "'"' Tank 5 halted; others moving. Tanks 1, 4 halted; others moving. Tanks 3, 5 halted; others moving. All tanks moving. RESUME CONTINUOUSBEGIN INDIVIDUAL BOUNDS MOVEMENT IN MASS Figure 13. Movement by individual tanks. w w ment. The length of each bound is deas often as necessary. The tank termined by the effective range of the company executes alternate bounds weapons covering the advance, the by platoons. When platoons are location of suitable terrain features, forced to execute alternate bounds, and visibility. The advance may be the platoon leader decides where made by either alternate or successive and when a tank or tanks will move. bounds. The movement of all tanks is co ordinated. (a) Alternate bounds (fig. 14). In this method the leading element halts at 2. The fires of tanks in firing positions the limit of the first bound and takes may be concentrated against those up positions to support by fire the elements of the enemy that consti advance of the rear element, which tute the greatest threat to the then advances to the limit of the unit. second bound and takes up positions. 3. The advance by continuous move The initial leading element then adment in mass is resumed as soon as vances to the limit of the third possible. bound. (b) Successive bounds (fig. 15). In this 1. A part of the tank unit is ordered method the leading element, covered forward to a predesignated limit by fires of the rear element, adwhile the remainder of the unit fires vances to the limit of the first bound on the enemy. When the leading eleand takes up positions to support ment is in position, it fires on the the advance of the rear element. The enemy while the remainder of the rear element, upon arriving at a unit advances past its position to a position abreast of the leading eleseco_.J predesignated limit. This ment, halts and supports by fire the alternation of movement is repeated advance of the leading element to 1ST BOUND' 2D BOUND 3D BOUND Figure 14. Movement by alternate bounds. 34 AGO 6433A 1ST BOUND 2D -BOUND 3D BOUND Figure 15. Movement the limit of the second bound. This operation is repeated as many times as necessary. This is the slower of the two methods. 1. A part of the tank unit is ordered to a predesignated limit while the remainder of the unit fires on the enemy. Once the leading element is in position and firing on the enemy, the remainder of the unit advances to join the leading element. While the unit is together, the commander may halt all movement long enough to increase fires on the enemy. The bounds are repeated as often as necessary. The tank company com by successive bounds. mander executes successive bounds by platoons. When platoons are forced to execute successive bounds, the platoon leader decides which tank or tanks will move. 2. Movement by successive bounds is the only method that offers an opportunity to concentrate the fires of the entire friendly unit. This occurs when all elements of the unit are on the same terrain feature before continuing to the next bound. 3. The advance by continuous movement in mass is resumed as soon as possible. AGO 6433A CHAPTER 3 COMBAT FORMATIONS AND BATTLE DRILL Section I. COMBAT FORMATIONS 61. Tank Battalion Formations The tank battalion task force conducts operations in either column or line formation, or in some variation of the two. A unit is in column formation when one major subordinate unit is followed by all major subordinate units regardless of the formation adopted by each major subordinate unit. A unit is in line when two or more subordinate units are abreast, regardless of the formation adopted by each major subordinate unit. A common variation of the line formation is any formation with two or more major subordinate units attacking abreast followed by one or more remaining units. a. A formation with all subordinate units in column provides maximum control, adds depth to the attack, and permits the unit to be deployed to either flank quickly. This formation facilitates retention of the initiative, as the following units can move through or around the leading unit to maintain the momentum of the attack. b. A formation with all subordinate units on line permits employment of maximum firepower forward. c. In a formatioD> with two or more units abreast and the remaining units following, firepower forward is reduced, but depth, flexibility, flank security, and control are improved. For example, a battalion task force advancing with two company teams abreast and one team following is easier to control and has more maneuverability than when all of its teams are advancing abreast. 62. Tank Company Team and Platoon Formations The tank company team and platoon also use the line and column formations or variations thereof. The company team formations do not necessarily conform to that of the battalion. Hence the battalion could be advancing in column and its companies could be in a line formation. When the company team commander does not specify the formation for a platoon, the platoon leader selects the formation he deems most appropriate. 63. Combat Formations-General a. A combat formation is not rigid. Common sense will frequently dictate minor modifications. b. The nature of the terrain, cover, and concealment governs the position of each tank. c. The location of specific tanks within a platoon formation is established by the platoon leader and may be varied as he desires. d. Figures 16 through 19 show and discuss combat formations for tank platoons. Discussion contained therein also pertains to company team combat formations shown in figures 21 through 24. Figure 20 illustrates the technique of moving from one formation to another. No vehicle should cross in front of another. Individual tanks should make gradual adjustments in their speed and direction to take up their new positions. Halts and abrupt changes of direction should be avoided. 64. Commands and Signals a. The appropriate call sign should be substituted for the preparatory commands shown herein as (platoon) or (company). b. Signals shown for platoon formations are also used to designate corresponding company team formations. AGO 6433A COLUMN FORMATION: (1) Provides good security and permits maximum fire to the flanks, but permits less fire to the front. (2') Facilitates control. (3) Facilitates rapid deployment into any other formation. (4) Is used in approach marches, night movements, fog, and when passing through defiles or dense woods. []t 50-lOOm ~_i HAND AND ARM SIGNAL COMMAND: (PLATOON) FORM COLUMN Figure 16. Tank platoon in column (platoon leader leading). Note. For tactical operations or during training to develop confidence of the individual tank commander, the platoon leader may desire to rotate the lead in which case the command is (PLATOON) FORM COLUMN ORDEU OF MAUCH 1, 5, 1, 2, a (or the order dt'l!irt' "\ ....,.............. -__,. 11,--.n' \ II\ ) I HAND AND ARM SIGNAL II -II u__lJ COMMAND: (PLATOON) REFUSE RIGHT (LEFT) FLANK 3. On line refusing a flank Figure 17-Continued. AGO 6438A WEDGE FORMATION: (1) Permits excellent fire to the front and good fire to each flank. (2) Facilitates control. (3) Permits sustained effort and provides flank security. (4) Lends itself readily to fire and movement. (5) Is often used when the enemy situation is vague and contact is imminent. HAND AND ARM SIGNAL COMMAND: (PLATOON) FORM WEDGE. 4 2 5 3 Figure 18. Tank platoon in wedge formation. AGO 6433A ECHELON RIGHT FORMATION: (1) Permits excellent fire to the front and to the echeloned flank, fair fire to the other flank . 5 (2) Is more difficult to control than column. (3) Permits sustained effort. (4) Is employed to cover the exposed flank of another formation, with a 4 minimum loss of frontal firepower. COMMAND: (PLATOON) FORM ECHELON RIGHT (LEFT) 2 HAND AND ARM SIGNAL (FOR ECHELON LEFT REVERSE POSITIONS OF ARMS) 3 Figure 19. Tank platoon in echelon right formation. AGO 6433A ) ~ COLUMN LINE WEDGE ECHELON RIGHT ... "' .,. .,. > -... E:Qt--~-----------------------•[!Qt ...... ~ / / / .,.--· EQr------~-----------------·~ / / EQJ-E§t ~ I ffi / EQ:J.--· EQJ.---------•[.@}t---------•£21... ' ..... ' ........... ' --~ ~ ', --------· ~----·~---------•ffi ....... .............. ....... _ _______ .., -- ~-•[IQ}-----------~EQ]- LINE COLUMN ECHELON RIGHT WEDGE ~----....... .,...,.....-----------·~--~ ....IJ"l-. -....... ~ ~ ' .,.~ ' ,. EQJ----------~ ,"' --------·~_______ ..,.r;:::::::t ,_.... / --~ ~ \ .... ~ ~ ,/,...... , ...... ~ EQJ!t---GQJ-EQT @3-EQt-+E§j+--------..(@}----------------•EQ; ~',,, ...... ...... ,.... ....... r;;:;::t_ -' - ~--7 I .................... ----------......[!Q3---------------..E:Q3 / ........ _ E:QT,."" -------..EQ3--------------·~ c::::> Note: -f+-INDICATES BASE VEHICLE .. w Figure 20. Tank platoon changing combat formations. TANK PLATOON MECH RIFLE PLAT COMMAND: (COMPANY) FORM COLUMN. ORDER OF MARCH: 1st PLAT, HQ's, MECH RIFLE PLAT, 2nd PLAT, 3rd PLAT. (Or the order desired.) TANK PLATOON •Location of the HO SEC depends on the desires of the commander. Figure 21. Tank company team in column with platoons in column. AGO 6433A ) > DISCUSSION: Location of the platoons within the formation depends on the company SOP and may be 0> ~ varied as the commander desires. ~~~~~ ~~~~~-~~~~~ \ y _) \_ y ' \._ --y _J JJ TANK PLATOON TANK PLATOON TANK PLATOON * [ 50-100m ~~_j** fi HQ SEC COMMAND: (COMPANY) FORM LINE, PLATOONS ON LINE [][][][] MECH RIFLE PLAT * Depends on the desires of the commander. The commander's position is not fixed. He positions himself where he can best observe and control. * * Depends on the desires of the commander and the situation. 1. In line formation ... Figure 22. Tank company team on line with platoons.Ul ~___l 50-100m rrn' ~ ~ ~ COMMAND: (COMPANY) FORM LINE, PLATOONS IN COLUMN. []] MECH RIFLE PLAT []] [!] * Depends on the desires of the commander. The commander's position is not fixed. He positions himself where he can best observe and control. * * Depends on the desires of the commander and the situation. 2. In column Figure 22-Continued. AGO 6433A DISCUSSION: Location of the platoons within the formation depends on the company SOP and may be varied as the commander desires. TANK PLATOON ~ 1-50-100m MECH RIFLE PLAT [] COMMAND: (COMPANY) FORM WEDGE ***{1st PLATOON) WEDGE (2nd PLATOON) ECHELON LEFT (3rd PLATOON) ECHELON RIGHT * Depends on the desires of the commander. The commander's position is not fixed. He positions himself where he can best observe and control. **Depends on the desires of the commander and the situation. ***If the commander varies the SOP formation, he must announce the formation of each platoon. Figure 23. Tank company team in we{ige formation, with lead platoon in wedge and flank platoons in echelon. AGO 6433A 47 DISCUSSION: There are many possible variations of company team formations. To assume these formations, or others, the company team commander merely_ instructs his platoons as to his desires. Company combat formations and variations thereof, as well as movements of platoons past and through other platoons, should be continuously practiced. All platoons may move simultaneously or by bounds. Movement to the rear should be practiced as well as movement forward. The development of a company team SOP concerned with formation and movement will simplify operations. The location of the commander is not fixed. He must position himself where he can best observe and control. ( Plat In Une ( ) ) 1k Plat In Line o t OHO /""' 0 ~A t HQSec \. O0 ~ 1k Plat ~ lk Plat M:h 1k Plat In Col Rifle D In Col In Col Mech Rifle Plat "1».., Plat In In Col Col '--" A~*?S t g S?9..So.:\::\ l I C I Plat In Col '(/ D Mech Rifle Plat In Col I n Con ° TkPiat In Wedge DMech Rifle Plat In Col Figure 24. Some possible variation of tank company team combat formations. Section II. BATTLE DRILL 65. General and operates as an entity. However, it may at times be forced by the enemy and the terrain a. Battle drill is the adaptation of combat to employ the techniques of fire and movementformations to a specific tactical situation. The as discussed in chapter 2. drill prescribed herein pertains primarily to the tank platoon. The tank platoon is employed b. Tank action is fast and violent; units must 48 AGO 6433A COMMAND: (PLATOON) FORM WEDGE (LINE) Platoon advances across fairly open terrain in wedge (or line) formation reconnoitering wooded area by fire. COVERS MOVEMENT COMMAND: (PLATOON) ALTERNATE (SUCCESSIVE) BOUNDS. 4 AND 5 COVER. Due to heavy antitank fire, movement by bounds commences. (See Chap 2, Sect 4) Figure 25. Tank platoon as advance guard, advancing across country. be able to react quickly and effectively to unexpected or changing situations. Battle drill will familiarize tank platoons with the mechanics of reacting to these situations. 66. Training a. Preliminary to training in mounted drills, it is desirable to instruct the crews by use of models. Matchboxes or C ration cans with numbers marked on them will suffice. It should not be necessary to have classroom lectures on these ~rills, as the quickest and easiest way to learn s by doing after a brief explanation. b. Tanks practicing combat formations 'hould be buttoned up except for the tank com- AGO 6433A mander's hatch. At times when safety considerations allow, even the tank commander's hatch should be closed as tanks frequently attack under cover of their own artillery airbursts. c. Figures 25 through 28 show and discuss typical combat situations. Commands and actions depicted therein are not rigid and may be changed as desired by the commander. The purpose of these figures is to present the commander a tool with which to train platoons to react. Figures 29 and 30 discuss the coil. d. Commands for the actions shown herein begin with (PLATOON) or (COMPANY). The appropriate call sign should be substituted therefor. DISCUSSION: The tank platoon may be required to advance on roads in areas where l'n'ovement is restricted to roads. In such a situation the lead tanks may advance by alternate or successive bounds. When employing alternate bounds, the lead tanks leap frog one vehicle past the other. Distance:s and positions are governed by the terrain. COMMAND: ALTERNATE BOUNDS. 4 AND 5 LEAD. Figure 26. Lead elements of tank platoon moving by alternate bounds on a road as the advance guard in 1·ough country. AGO 6433A DISCUSSION: When employing successive bounds, the same tank leads on each bound. Distances and positions are governed by the terrain. COMMAND: SUCCESSIVE BOUNDS. 4 AND 5 LEAD. Figure 27. Lead elements of tank platoon moving by successive bounds on a road as the advance guard in rough country. 51 AGO 6433A DISCUSSION: Elements of the platoon, during a delay, often withdraw by bounds with one element covering the others movement. ~-------------------------------------, COMMAND: BLOCK AND WITHDRAW. 4 AND 5 COVER, 2 AND 3 BACK. ~~~~-i*r~ u_u u3u u111 I I 1 I / / / <. <. / ...... ...... <..-', ' -...... ... ' ' ' \ ' \ \ ' \ \ (~:)) ,_ < ~~',/ -........- 3 ---7 Figure 28. Tank platoon, blocking and withdrawing. 52 AGO 64SSA DISCUSSION: The platoon leader commands COIL and leads his platoon in forming a circle. When the circle is completed, all tanks stop and turn 90° outward. The formation is adjusted as necessary due to terrain and visibility. COMMAND: COIL *Daylight: 50 to 200 meters. Limited visibility: 25 to 100 meters. Figure 29. Tank platoon, coil. AGO 6438A 53 DISCUSSION: The coil enables the tank company to rapidly form a perimeter with firepower equally distributed. The company commander may assign platoon responsibilities according to the clock system using a direction or a terrain feature as 12 o'clock, or the company may form a coil by first forming a circle and on order, stopping a.nd turning the front of the tank outwards. HQ SEC Elements of combat trains are kept within the perimeter. Attached Mech lnf is positioned to~ cover dismounted approaches. ~ ~ COMMAND' (COMPANY) COIL ~/!JJ ~ *Daylight: SO to 200 meters. Limited visibility: 25 to 100 meters., Figure 30. Tank company, coil. 54 AGO 6433A • CHAPTER 4 TANK UNIT EMPLOYMENT TECHNIQUES Section I. USE OF TERRAIN 67. General 70. Conspicuous Landmarks Care should be used to avoid conspicuous Tank units must use terrain to obtain maximum tactical advantage. The terrain must be used to prevent premature disclosure of positions. WRONG 68. Dominant Terrain ) ( ' . Y' "r-~.( ;-\ '\ ~--, L Because high ground usually offers observa tion and fields of fire, its control frequently is ' c-~ --~ ._:--'-:'-___~:~;~~-~-~~"~ decisive. a. Before an advance through a valley, the ~~/~~~~~ rM~ ;7-~. ·, -Ji'/ c,~(, Pf(,) --""' ridges on both sides should be cleared or neutralized by fire. The enemy, if he has free use of the ridges, may encourage such an advance to ambush the tanks. ( -\ . b. Positions on high ground should be selected on either the forward or reserve slope and not on the skyline where any movement is easily detected. The crest of a hill should not RIGHT be crossed if it can be avoided. Tanks should move around the shoulders of the hill, using available cover and concealment (fig. 31). If it is necessary to cross the crest, the advance should be made in line formation, supported by other tanks in firing positions (fig. 32). 69. Cover and Concealment Cover is protection from fire ; concealment is protection from enemy observation (fig. 33). Cover should be used whenever possible. If there is no cover, the concealment offered by trees, shadows, brush, and houses should be used (fig. 34). Positions behind cover are known as defiladed positions, the degree of Figure 31. Tanks should move around the shoulders of defilade depending upon the part of the tank a hill, using available cover and concealment, while supported by other tanks in firing positions. protected from enemy fire (figs. 35 and 36). AGO 6433A 55 Figure 82. If it is necessary to cross a crest, a tank unit advances in line formation, supported by tanks in firing positions. CONCEALMENT PARTIAL COVER -._ ·::- Figure 88. Terrain characteristics in the order of their desirability are cover and concealment, cover, concealment, partial cover. landmarks because they attract the enemy's 71. Movement From Cover, Concealment, or attention. His artillery and antitank weapons Defilade will probably have registered on them (fig. 37). The head of a column emerging from a AGO 6433A ravine, woods, or defile should be protected by ·· ~. other tanks, halted in concealed positions to provide fire support (fig. 38). 72. Terrain Unfavorable for Tanks Tank crewmembers must learn to recognize unfavorable terrain at a distance. Ifthe terrain is doubtful, a crewmember should be dis mounted, under protection of the tank weapons, to see whether the ground is passable for tanks (fig. 39). Accompanying infantrymen may be used to assist in making this reconnaissance and to provide additional protection for the Figure 34. Brush may provide fairly good concealment. dismounted crewman. AFTER OBSERVING FROM TURRET DEFILADE, MOVE INTO HULL DEFILADE TO ENGAGE THE ENEMY. Figure 35. Defilade positions. 4GO 6433A 57 Figure 36. In selecting a hull-defilade position, be sure that the slope is not so steep that the gun muzzle cannot be. depressed sufficiently to engage targets. Select a position where the tank does not have an excessive cant or pitch. 73. Dusty Terrain Dusty terrain betrays the movement of tanks (fig. 40). Dust can be minimized by slow movement. Tanks must launch their assault rapidly, regardless of dust. F'igure 37. Conspicuous landmarks should be avoided. 58 AGO 6433A I Figure 38. The head of a column emerging from cover, concealment, or a defile should be supported by other tanks, halted in concealed positions to provide fire support. Figure 39. If the terrain is doubtful, a crewmember is dismounted to see whether the ground is passable for tanks. AGO 6433A 59 Figure 40. Dusty terrain betrays the movement of tanks and should be avoided whe.re possible. Section II. USE OF THE TANK'S FIREPOWER 74. Tank Armament a. Each tank has a main gun, a coaxially mounted machinegun (coax), and a .50 caliber machinegun, either cupola or turret mounted. b. The main gun is employed against targets such as tanks, fortifications, and machinegun type targets beyond the effective range of the machineguns. c. The machineguns are employed at closer ranges against targets, such as troops, unarmored vehicles, lightly armored vehicles, slow-low-flying aircraft, such as helicopters, and extensively for reconnaissance by fire. d. The .50 caliber machinegun engages ,alowlow-flying aircraft and machinegun type targets beyond the effective range of the coax. When tanks are massed, it is used to provide an umbrella of interlacing fires against an attack by low-flying, high-performance aircraft. The machineguns are normally employed in the assault as they can be fired effectively from a moving tank. The decision to employ the main gun, the coax, or the .50 caliber machinegun is based primarily on consideration of target vulnerability and range. 75. Selection of Targets a. Tanks always engage first those targets most likely to interfere with the accomplishment of their mission. While no hard-andfast rule can be applied, enemy armor commonly offers the greatest threat and, if present, will be the first target to be engaged. b. Tanks engage enemy armor and automatic weapons. Infantry elements, when attached to tank units, employ infantry tactics to support the tanks by destroying dug-in antitank guns and tank hunters that cannot be engaged by the tanks. 76. Distribution of Fire Unless the fire of a tank unit is controlled, the tank crews may expend ammunition needlessly and ineffectively. On the other hand, 60 AGO 6433A sufficient fire must be delivered to insure destruction or neutralization of the target in the shortest possible time. The tank company commander and the platoon leaders control the distribution and volume of fire. (For methods of attacking targets, see FM 17-12.) The following factors are considered : a. Aggressive Application of Firepower. (1) The assigned mission of the unit, the tactical situation, target characteristics, terrain, and observation will dictate when to open· fire with the main gun in its direct fire role. The advantage of being the first to obtain a hit outweighs any other single factor in determining the winner of an engagement between weapons of comparable destructiveness and range characteristics. This is of particular significance when engaging a numerically superior enemy. Should the first round miss, the initiator of a fire fight can probably fire one or more subsequent shots before receiving hostile return fire. The probability of hitting the target is greater on each successive shot. (2) In both the attack and defense the first priority for friendly tank fire is the destruction of the most dangerous enemy elements such as tanks and high velocity antitank weapons. However, to insure a very high probability of attaining afirst round kill against these type targets, fire may be withheld until the target closes to within 1200 meters or less. This tactic is used only when surprise can be achieved or when it is probable that the enemy cannot pinpoint our tank locations or cannot place effective fire on them. If in doubt as to the enemy's capability or surprise cannot be achieved, the option to open fire should be exercised when the target is within effective range. (3) In retrograde operations where the primary mission is to delay and disorganize the enemy advance, tank elements normally open fire at maximum ranges. b. Number of Tanks in Position to Fire. When more tanks are in position than are needed to destroy a single target, only those in Figure 41. When more tanks are in position than are needed to destroy a single target, only those in the most favorable positions will fire. The others continue to observe in their assigned sectors for new targets. AGO 6488A Figure 42. When there is more than one important target, fire is distributed to e.ngage as many targets as possible. the most favorable positions will fire (fig. 41). To make this possible, each tank must be assigned a clearly defined, primary sector of responsibility. A company may have only one platoon in action, with the others remaining concealed until another target appears. Such a procedure may lead the enemy commander to underestimate the force opposing him and thereby produce opportunities for surprise (g below). c. Supporting Units Available. (1) If supporting units are available to protect its flanks or to provide early warning, the tank company concentrates its fire on targets to its front. Otherwise, certain tanks must be designated to watch for targets of opportunity to the flanks and rear. (2) Supporting artillery and mortars should be employed against distant or area type targets, leaving the tanks free to engage closer targets. (3) Supporting artillery or mortars should also be employed to provide smoke the tank company may require. (4) Nuclear weapons should be employed against lucrative targets, permitting tanks and other supporting fires to be used against targets more appropriate to their capability. d. Distant Targets. Accuracy of fire decreases with an increase in range. Therefore, the greater the range to a target, the more tanks that must fire on the target to insure its destruction or neutralization. e. Number of Targets. ( 1) When there is more than one target, fire should be distributed to engage as many targets as possible (fig. 42). (2) Should a dangerous new target appear at a moment when the entire tank company is engaged, certain tanks must be designated to take it under fire. (3) Ifthe company does not have sufficient firepower to engage all available targets, it requests assistance from the battalion commander. Such a request may include the type of fire support, such as nuclear artillery or tactical air, AGO 643SA considered most appropriate. Mean while, the company continues to en gage the most dangerous targets. f. Type of Target. (1) Generally, the more dangerous a target, the more fire is concentrated upon it. For example, the destruction of heavy tanks and self-propelled guns may require converging fire from several tanks. (2) A target that is hard to see is hard to hit and therefore requires a greater volume of fire than one in the open. For example, a well-concealed antitank gun may be very difficult to destroy or neutralize even though its general location is known. g. Surprise. (1) When the tank company is able to surprise an enemy force, each platoon is given a definite sector of fire. The platoon leaders, in turn, designate definite sectors or targets for each tank. All tanks fire together on the company commander's order. (2) If the company is attacked suddenly, each tank commander immediately engages the most dangerous targets in his assigned sector of fire until the platoon leaders and company commander are able to determine the point or points where fire should be concentrated. h. Firing Positions fo.r Tanks. (1) Tanks used for fire support are placed in hull-defilade firing positions (fig. 35). A tank is in hull-defilade when the portions below the main gun are covered from enemy direct fire. The use of hull-defilade provides maximum protection while engaging enemy targets with direct fire. (2) Firing positions are classified as primary and alternate. See paragraph 150b for a detailed discussion. (a) A primary firing position offers the best conditions for carrying out the assigned mission. (b) An alternate firing position is used for carrying out the assigned mission when the primary position becomes unsuitable. Figure 43. Reconnaissance by fire. AGO 6433A ( \ Figure 44. Reconnaissance by fire during the attack. the target area and picks up movements of the 77. Reconnaissance by Fire enemy or the exact location of a gun returninga. A tank unit is frequently able to develop the fire. the situation and obtain a degree of security and protection from surprise by use of reconnaisb. Reconnaissance by fire is not conducted sance by fire. Elements fire into the general so as to disclose prematurely the tank position. area where enemy positions are suspected, in However, during the attack, tanks make liberalan attempt to cause him to disclose his presence use of fire to locate and neutralize suspectedby movement or return fire (figs. 43 and 44). enemy weapons. This is not to imply an indis The coaxial and cupola machineguns are used at short ranges. The tank commander watches criminate use of ammunition. Section Ill. ACTIONS AGAINST TROOPS a. If the attacking tanks have the advantages 78. General of high ground and good fields of fire, they mayTanks can overrun and crush enemy crewtake initial positions to rake the enemy forma served weapons, shallow entrenchments, per tion with fire. Normally, this surprise fire is ofsonnel, and light vehicles. When combined with short duration (2 or 3 bursts of machinegunfire and rapid movement, this capability can be fire and 1 or 2 rounds from each main tankemployed advantageously by tank units attackgun). It is designed to kill as many enemy ing enemy troops. troops as possible before they can take cover. As soon as the tank unit commander sees that 79. Attack Against Moving Troops maximum advantage has been gained from this initial surprise fire, he.orders his units to attack In fast-moving, fluid situations, especially the enemy with as much speed and violence asduring exploitations, tank units may encounter possible. The unit advances, machineguns firmarching formations of enemy troops who are unaware of the immediate presence of tanks. ing, directly into the enemy formation, employ- AGO 6433A 64 ing essentially the same tactics as are used in the final assault of any objective. b. If the attacking unit is not in a position to take the enemy under surprise fire from a vantage point, the tank unit rapidly moves into a combat formation that will allow maximum firepower forward and attacks directly into the enemy formation, preferably from a flank. 80. Attack on Concentrations of Troops Whenever the enemy has concentrations of troops, such as in asse~bly areas and attack positions, he can be expected to take security precautions to prevent the surprise attack of his main body. When such a concentration is encountered, attacking tank units must depend on rapid movement to inflict the maximum shock effect on the enemy. The commander must quickly plan his attack, transmit orders by radio, and assault without halting. One or more elements of the attacking force should move on line directly into the enemy formation, machineguns firing. At least one element should be given the mission of enveloping the enemy to take advantage of any exposed flank and add to the enemy's confusion. 81. Attack Against Troops in Fixed Positions Dismounted enemy defending a fixed position can be expected to have antitank weapons and mines sited to cover likely avenues of armor approach. In the attack of such a position, tanks should be accompanied by infantry and engineer elements. Once the antitank defenses have been disposed of and the enemy defenses have been penetrated, tanks should move into and through the enemy position rapidly, machinegunning and crushing the enemy in foxholes and other defensive works that can be overrun. Section IV. ACTIONS AGAINST TANKS AND ANTITANK WEAPONS 82. Tank Versus Tank-General a. The material presented in this and the following paragraphs applies to the engagement of enemy tanks and armored self-propelled weapons. b. Tank crewmen must be prepared to- ( 1) Engage enemy tanks at any time, usually with little warning. (2) Strike concentrations of hostile armor, by either attack or counterattack, to destroy the enemy's power for offensive combat. c. Tank design is a compromise of the desired degrees of armor protection, cross-country mobility, firepower, speed, and crew and stowage space. Consequently, a type of tank possessj_ng any one or more of these characteristics to an unusual degree will be below average in others. For example, a tank carrying extremely thick armor and heavy armament will be slow and difficult to maneuver, and the larger the caliber of a tank's gun, usually, the fewer rounds of ammunition it can carry. It is probable that some types of enemy tanks will possess f)utstanding characteristics but at the same time "Vill be particularly vulnerable in some respects. AGO 6488A Tank crewmen must study the different types of hostile armored vehicles, learn their respective strengths and weaknesses, and develop techniques to defeat each type. d. All tankers must be trained in recognition of both friendly and enemy tanks and other armored vehicles. Tank crewmen must be able to determine at a glance whether a tank is friendly or enemy. This will insure that enemy tanks are engaged immediately and friendly tanks are not fired upon. 83. Tanks in the Antitank Role a. General. The tank is the primary antitank weapon in the armored, infantry, and mechanized divisions. Other antitank weapon,s systems and passive measures, such as antitank obstacles are also employed, but they do not possess the tank characteristics of mobility and armor-protected firepower. The tank is the principal means for destroying enemy armor. b. Action Against Enemy Armor. In an attack against enemy armor, tank units use fire, movement, and deception to permit the employment of their weapons at the most effective ranges and from the most effective positions. All Figure 45. Active utilization of fire and maneuver by tanks is the primary means available to commander for destroying hostile armor. available cover and concealment must be used; smoke may be employed to restrict the enemy's observation, and to screen movements of friendly elements (fig. 45). 84. Tank Versus Tank-Action a. Surprise may be attained by rapidly launching an attack against enemy tank elements when and where they least expect to be attacked. Effective reconnaissance determines where the weakest or least secure part of the enemy formation is located. b. Artillery, nuclear fire support, and tactical air should be used in conjunction with the tank attack. This attack usually should be directed against the hostile flanks. Aggressive rnaneuvering and accurate fire are combined into a violent and continuous attack (fig. 46). ( 1) Nuclear fire breaks up and destroys the enemy formations and isolates parts of the hostile force so that it can be destroyed in detail. Artillery and mortar fires cause tanks to button up, impede their progress, and make them more vulnerable to direct fire. (2) Under favorable conditions, smoke can be highly effective. However, care must be exercised, because a slight change in the wind may shift the smoke to the enemy's advantage. (3) In an attack against enemy tanks, some friendly tank elements may be employed in an overwatching role to pin down enemy tanks by direct fire while the remainder of the force closes with the enemy. c. Requests should be submitted for airstrikes on enemy tank concentrations (par. 48 and FM 17-1). These airstrikes must be carefully coordinated with artillery fires and the attack of the maneuvering force. d. On occasion, it will be possible for a tank platoon or company to ambush enemy tanks with flanking fire from covered or concealed positions. On such occasions, each tank is assigned a definite target or sector. All tanks open fire together on order (fig. 47). (1) The enemy is subjected to several aimed shots before he can recover and return the fire. (2) As soon as the first effect of surprise is over, fire and movement is begun against the surviving enemy tanks. This part of the action must be anticipated in advance, so that the attack is immediate and violent. e. When it is possible to ambush enemy tanks in a defile, the rear and lead tanks should be destroyed first to entrap remaining enemy tanks and restrict their movement. Fire and movement may be employed against the surviving enemy tanks. 85. Tank Versus Tank-Weapons and Ammunition a. If the guns of the enemy tanks are infer- AGO 6433A ~--- . ________ ..,. ...~--- .,_ II HE AND SMOKE FROM SUPPORTING WEAPONS Figure 46. Aggressive maneuvering and accurate fire, combined with fire support from available weapons, should be used when fighting enemy tanks. "(PLATOON)-SHOT-DIRECT FRONT ONE-FIVE, LEAD TANK; ONE-FOUR, SECOND TANK; ONE-TWO, FOURTH TANK; ONE-THREE, TANK ON HILL; -(PAUSE)-FIRE!11 Figure 47. When engaging enemy tanks, the commander assigns each of his tanks a definite ,target or sector. AGO 6433A 67 Figure 49. Tank gun HE may be effective against tracks and suspension systems. rear of tanks are weaker than the frontal plates and can be penetrated at ranges greater than those necessary for frontal engagement. d. HE or HEP may be effective against the tracks and suspension systems of enemy tanks at maximum range (fig. 49). Figure 48. Smoke and HE fires may be used to obscure the vision of enemy tank crewmen while the attacking e. WP may be used to obscure the vision of force closes rapidly to effective range, maneuvering to individual tanks or gun emplacements, mark hit the enemy tanks in the flank or rear if possible. targets or screen areas. f. If heavy enemy tanks must be engaged at ior, the friendly tanks open fire beyond the a range that does not insure penetration, a conenemy•·s effective range and destroy them. In centration of fire is placed on each tank to the attack of an enemy whose armament is retard its advance, set it afire, make its fire superior, supporting artillery may fire HE and ineffective, and provide an opportunity for smoke, and tanks may fire WP, to blind and friendly tanks to maneuver into an advantageconfuse the enemy while the attacking force ous position. HE and WP fires harass the crews, closes rapidly to effective range (fig. 48). Fire force them to button up, and obscure their should be directed at the side or rear of an vision. While the enemy tanks are being enenemy tank if possible. If WP is not available, gaged with this fire, friendly tanks close to a tanks may fire HE. range from which they can destroy the hostile vehicles. b. The armor defeating chemical energy round of ammunition is not dependent upon g. See FM 17-12.gun-target ranges for target effect; therefore, it is equally effective at all normal combat engage86. Tank Versus Tank-Distribution of Fire ment ranges (0-2000 meters) and is normally a. If the enemy tanks are superior in numemployed in frontal engagements. ber, friendly tanks on the flanks fire on the c. A kinetic energy projectile (APDS, HVAP, enemy's flank tanks and then shift their fire and APC) penetration is dependent upon its toward the enemy's centzr, while friendly cenmass, velocity, and the gun-target range ter tanks initially fire on the enemy's center as well as the thickness and obliquity of the tanks and then shift their fire to the hostile target being attacked. Therefore when using flanks. This insures that all hostile tanks are this type projectile, enemy tanks should, whentaken under fire and kept under continuous fire. ever possible, be engaged from the flank at a Another method is to smoke some of the enemy range that insures penetration. The sides and tanks and concentrate fire on the others. AGO 6433A 68 b. If the enemy is outnumbered, fire should l~ be massed upon his tanks. This may be accom plished by ( 1) Ordering several friendly tanks to engage each hostile tank until it is destroyed. (2) Engaging each enemy tank with one friendly tank, while concentrating the fire of the rest of the friendly tanks on successive enemy tanks. 87. Antitank (AT) Guns-General a. Enemy AT gun positions can be expected to have good fields of fire, observation, cover and concealment, and will be protected by mines, other obstacles, and infantry. Guns encountered in open terrain may be dug into hedgerows, open fields, clumps of brush, or farm buildings. Guns in rolling or broken terrain may be in partial defilade, on reserve slopes, or on hill crests. Both towed and self-propelled guns may have one or more alternate and supplementary positions. b. Antitank guns seldom operate alone. The organization of their positions usually provides for flanking fire, mutual support, and defense in depth. Infantry with machineguns and rocket launchers protect their positions from surprise, while mines and other obstacles may be used to canalize friendly tanks into the antitank guns' fields of fire. ( 1) Flanking fire must be expected, as the enemy usually attempts to locate his guns in positions from which they can fire on the lightly armored sides and rears of passing tanks. (2) Mutual support by antitank guns makes it difficult to attack any one of them without coming under the fire of one or more of the others. Their combined fire covers all logical approaches, and they are placed so that they can protect one another. Each gun usually is able to fire at the side or rear of a tank attacking another gun (fig. 50). c. The antitank defense is flexible. Selfpropelled guns shift from position to position, maneuvering around the emplaced towed guns. AGO 6433A ~ ENEMY GUNS DUG IN ON REVERSE SLOPE TO FIRE ON YOUR REAR OR FLANKS Figure 50. Enemy antitank defenses usually are organized in depth. The first gun to fire may not be the nearest one. d. Deception is an essential part of antitank defense. A light gun in the rear of the position may open fire first to draw the tanks into the flanking fire of heavier forward guns. Guns on reverse slopes fire into the rear of tanks that have passed their position. Dummy positions may be set up. 88. Attack of Antitank Guns a. Direct fire is employed against enemy antitank gun positions whenever possible. Although it is desirable to attack antitank weapons by maneuvering to their flanks or rear, the maneuvering force must be careful not to become engaged by other antitank guns that are Figure 51. In attacking enemy antitank guns, tank gun HE, machineguns, indirect fires including smoke and the mobility of the tank are used. mutually supporting those being attacked. Smoke is used to obscure the vision of hostile gun crews, and HE, HEP, and machinegun fire are used to destroy or neutralize them (fig. 51). Because enemy antitank guns are often protected by mines, tanks normally do not overrun the guns, but destroy them with short range HE fire (fig. 52). Attached mechanized infantry or infantry elements may assist by locating enemy tanks and self-propelled guns and designating them as targets to the tanks. When unarmored antitank guns are so positioned that tanks cannot destroy them, attached dismounted infantry move in, supported by tank fire, and destroy the crews with infantry weapons (fig. 53). b. Tanks engage self-propelled antitank guns as if they were enemy tanks. Towed guns caught moving are practically helpless. Tanks immediately destroy them by fire, machinegunning and overrunning their crews. 89. Attack of Artillery Positions a. Enemy artillery positions will normally be encountered immediately in rear of the hostile defensive positions. The destruction of this artillery materially assists a breakthrough, as the enemy will attempt to employ it for both direct and indirect fire against the advancing tanks. b. The tank company maneuvers against enemy artillery. Towed artillery is at a disadvantage when attacked from the flanks and rear, or when caught moving. Tanks engage self-propelled artillery as they would enemy tanks, taking advantage of the relatively limited traverse that characterizes most armored artillery. Enemy heavy artillery, whether self-propelled or towed, is slow and difficult to maneuver and therefore vulnerable to tank assaults when surprised. 90. Individual Antitank Measures Individual antitank measures include all means employed by dismounted soldiers to destroy tanks or their crews. A courageous infantryman, equipped and trained for such action, may be fully as dangerous as an antitank gun. AGO 6433A RIGHT WRONG Figure 52. Because antitank gun positions may be protected by mines, they should not be a. When the tanks are supported by infantry elements, the infantry can assist in protecting the tanks during periods of reduced visibility or in difficult tank terrain. b. When the leading element of the attack consists of tanks alone, one or more of the following methods may be used. (1) The supporting element watches the area immediately around the tanks, placing machinegun fire on anything that moves in their vicinity. (2) The advancing tanks use coaxial machineguns to neutralize possible rocket-launcher positions and to keep foot troops down and away from them. HE may be used against dug-in personnel. Flamethrowers, if available, are excellent for this work. (3) The advancing tanks also protect themselves by adopting a formation that enables each tank to cover the front or the flank and rear of another. ( 4) The advance of the leading tanks may be covered by artillery airbursts. AGO 6433A overrun recklessly. 91. Action Against Antitank Guided Missiles Tanks opposed by antitank guided missiles employ the same tactics used against antitank guns. Maximum use is made of existing cover and concealment, including wooded areas that limit the effectiveness of antitank guided missiles. When attacking an objective, the avenue of approach is selected based on cover available, consistent with the accomplishment of the mission. Reliance is placed on speed of movement, use of existing cover and concealment, and positive action to eliminate or reduce the effectiveness of any such weapons encountered by a. Placing fire on known or suspected launching sites. b. Placing SI11oke and fire on known or suspected control sites. c. Employing dismounted mechanized infantry elements in covered and concealed approaches to attack either the launcher or control personnel or both. Figure 53. Infantry attacking hastily occupied enemy antitank gun positions. AGO 6488A CHAPTER 5 RECONNAISSANCE AND SECURITY Section I. RECONNAISSANCE 92. Reconnaissance, General a. Reconnaissance is a directed effort in the field to collect information of the enemy and the area of operations. b. The purpose of reconnaissance is to obtain combat information of the enemy and the area of operations for the production of combat intelligence, which is used by the commander in forming his plan of operation. c. Reconnaissance and security complement one another and cannot be readily separated. Effective reconnaissance provides a certain amount of security. The activity of a security force provides a certain amount of reconnais sance. d. For detailed discussion of reconnaissance classifications, agencies, fundamentals, type missions, control and coordination, see FM 536, FM 17-1, and FM 17-36. 93. Reporting Information of the Enemy and Area of Operations All units conduct reconnaissance to some degree. Reconnaissance is continuous on the Section II. 94. Security, General a. Security includes all measures taken by a unit to protect itself from surprise or observation by the enemy. Its purpose is to preserve secrecy and to gain and maintain freedom of action. b. Security is achieved by effectively providing for the detection of a threat, for sufficient time to react to the threat, and for the battlefield, and all information of the enemy and terrain is reported as it is obtained, including negative information. All personnel and commanders are alert to report information concerning a. Location of antitank weapons, mines, and manmade or natural obstacles and barriers. b. Changes in the location or types of friendly troop units. c. Progress of the operation. d. Avenues of approach, routes of withdrawal, and routes of communication. e. Changes in enemy dispositions. f. Changes in enemy strengths, by type and number. g. Enemy attacks; their nature (i.e., air, tank, CBR, nuclear) and size. k. Probable direction and composition of enemy counterattacks. i. Changes in enemy weapon fires to include density, direction, size, accuracy, and type shells. SECURITY avoidance, neutralization, or destruction of the threat. All units are responsible for their own security, regardless of the security provided by other units. A security force for a larger formation must be strong enough, and must be properly located to provide adequate time for the main body to react. However, security measures must not unnecessarily divert forces or effort from the accomplishment of the mis- AGO 6488A 73 sion of the main body. See FM 17-1 for a detailed discussion. 95. Security Forces, Armor Security for the tank battalion is provided by specifically designated security forces; air and ground reconnaissance to the front, flanks, and rear; liaison with adjacent units; and the composition of the force. Combat service support elements may be protected by being placed in proximity to tactical elements. Depending on the situation, security may be provided by one or all of the following types of security forces. (See FM 17-1.) a. Covering force. b. Advance guard. c. Flank guard or guards. d. Rear guard. e. Rear area security force. f. Screening force. g. Forces left in contact. 96. Covering Force, General a. The mission of a covering force is to provide an early development of the situation, defeat enemy forces within its capabilities, and delay, deceive, and disorganize the enemy. A covering force operates beyond advance, flank, or rear guards and may be employed when the main body is engaged in offense, defense, or a retrograde movement. b. A covering force engages in any type action necessary to accomplish its mission, but usually conducts an offensive action or a delaying action. The force must not become so engaged as to allow itself to be overrun or bypassed. A tank battalion operating as a covering force should be reinforced with infantry, artillery, engineers, and cavalry elements. All elements should be completely mobile. c. When operating as covering force in an offensive operation, a tank battalion task force normally advances with companies abreast to insure complete coverage and to eliminate the possibility of unknowingly bypassing enemy elements. At the same time, sufficient strength should be retained in reserve to influence local actions. The reserve is so located that it can be employed readily to assist in the accomplishment of the mission. Permission to bypass an enemy force capable of inflicting serious damage to the main body must be obtained from the next higher commander. d. All elements of the covering force, including engineers, artillery, armored cavalry, and air cavalry should be placed under one commander. The covering force commander operates under the direct control of the main body commander. The main body commander specifies the area of operation or the units to be covered. e. A tank-heavy task force employed as a covering force during defensive operations is initially positioned forward of the FEBA at a distance prescribed by the headquarters assigning the mission. Its actions are the same as those of a tank-heavy task force conducting a delaying action (ch 8) . The covering force executes its mission by preparing for and conducting a delaying action from its initial position back through the security elements of units occupying the FEBA. The covering force sector is divided into company team sectors, and the company teams are deployed to cover their assigned sectors. Observation posts and mobile patrols are established and maintained forward of the initial blocking positions until forced to withdraw. Simultaneously flank security and contact with adjacent units must be established and maintained to prevent the enemy from encircling or bypassing the task force. Blocking positions are organized on key terrain dominating likely avenues of enemy approach. Normally a tank-heavy reserve should be maintained. All available tactical air and supporting fires are employed at the earliest opportunity in an effort to destroy, stop, or force the enemy to deploy. Each weapon is employed against the enemy as he comes within its effective range; consequently, the nearer the enemy the greater the volume of fire to which he is subjected. Limited counterattacks are employed as opportunities develop. When forced to displace and upon approval of the commander of the force being secured, the covering force avoiding decisive engagements conducts a delaying action back through the security elements of units occupying the FEBA. Every effort must AGO 6433A be made to deceive the enemy as to the true location of the main defensive position. f. When employed as a rear covering force to cover a withdrawal or a retirement, the covering force uses the friendly frontline, or a position near it, as its initial position. To perform such a mission, a tank battalion task force uses the techniques described in e. 97. Advance Guard, General a. An advance guard is a security detachment that operates ahead of the main body and behind the covering force if used to provide early development of the situation; to insure the uninterrupted advance of the main body; to protect the main body against surprise ; to cover the deployment of the main body if it is committed to action; and to facilitate the advance by limited removal of obstacles, clearing routes, or locating bypasses. b. The advance guard moves as rapidly as the situation will allow. It performs continuous reconnaissance to the froDt and flanks and pushes back or destroys sn all enemy groups before they can hinder the aovance of the main body. When the advance guard encounters large enemy forces or heavily defended areas, it acts immediately to develop the situation. It employs every means available to determine the location, strength, disposition, and composition of the enemy. It may then be required to join in the attack by the main body. The advance guard must be far enough in front of the main body to insure that the commander has freedom of action in the employment of the main body. However, it must not be so far in front that it can be destroyed by enemy attack before assistance can reach it. Distances are reduced at night, in close terrain, under conditions of low visibility, and during adverse weather. c. The advance guard normally advances in column until contact is made. It may move continuously or by bounds. Movement by bounds is employed when contact with the enemy is imminent and the terrain favors this technique. d. When contact is made, the following occurs: (1) Deploy. AGO 6433A (a) Tanks should move immediately to positions from which they can fire, observe, or be employed against the enemy. (b) The immediate action of the commander is to report the enemy contact to his higher headquarters. (2) Develop the situation. This consists of the action necessary to determine the strength, location, composition, and disposition of the enemy encountered. (3) Choose a course of action, Afterdeyel--~. "~ oping the situation, the commander must choose a course of action that is appropriate in the immediate situation and will insure the accomplishment of the assigned mission. (4) Report. The commander then reports to his higher headquarters. This report includes the (a) Complete enemy situation as it has been developed. (b) Course of action the commander will follow. 98. Tank Company and Platoon-Advance Guard a. A tank company or company team may form the advance guard for a battalion task force or a brigade. A tank platoon may form the advance guard for a company team or a battalion task force. However, in the normal situation where the company team is operat.. ing as part of the battalion task force, the leading company team need not employ a platoon as advance guard, as the main body commander will have designated an advance guard for the entire main body. b. For a suggested formation of a tank company team employed as the advance guard for a larger force, see :figure 54. In each situation, the factors of METT will dictate the exact formation to be adopted. Tanks usually lead, in order to place maximum armor-protected firepower forward. Mechanized infantry elements are kept far enough forward in the column to support the leading tank platoon; when required, engineer elements may be attached to or placed in support of the advance guard. At night or when hostile contact is imminent, the advance guard sets the rate of march; at other times, the advance guard conforms to the rate of the main body. The platoon leader of the lead platoon places himself where he can best cope with any arising situation Normally the lead tank of the leading platoor. is rotated by tanks within the platoon, and the leading platoon by platoons within the company. c. The leading platoon of the advance guard Figure 55. All-round o.bservation, main gun traverse!! is responsible for its own all-round security, and searches within assigned sector. and there are certain measures that it must take to provide this security. (1) All-round observation. In figure 55 (2) Maintaining designated intervals and it will be noted that the leading tank distance. This avoids bunching and does not have a primary sector of helps to prevent exposing all tanks of observation. The reason for this is the platoon to enemy fire at the same that its commander is busy selecting time. the detailed route; however, he still (3) All crews remain alert and ready for observes to the front and flanks. The immediate action. second tank is given the primary mis (4) Employing reconnaissance by firesion of observing to the front, the next before moving out of a covered ortank to the right flank, the next tank concealed position when the enemy'sto the left flank, and the last tank to location is not known and duringthe rear. movement (para 77). (5) Rapid movement forward. (6) Designating air sentinels to watch for enemy aircraft. d. When his unit is designated as the advance•• guard, the tank company commander or HO I0 Iteo, ARTY & MORT FO) platoon leader should ascertain from the higher commander the following : (1) The route or axis and rate of advance of the main body. (2) The frontage to be covered by the advance guard. (3) The fire support available from the main body. MAY VARY DIRECTION CBT 6oJ (4) Possible assistance from tactical air OF MOVEMENT craft and from air cavalry units or Army aircraft. (5) The mission of the company or platoon upon completion of its advance guard mission. (6) The tactical situation, including both Figure 54. Typical formation, tank company as the friendly and enemy information. advance guard for a battalion task force. AGO 6433A 76 e. When advancing on the road, the advance 99. Flank Guard-General guard normally attacks directly from march a. A flank guard is a security detachmentcolumn to destroy enemy forces that attempt to that protects the flanks of the main body. A impede its advance (fig. 56). A standing opflank guard may be employed during offensive,erating procedure, consisting of several simple defensive, or retrograde operations to protectbattle formations, such as used in battle drill, the main body from ground observation, directis useful in dealing with light opposition (see fire of hostile weapons, and surprise attack. It para 65 and 66). This SOP should cover the employs offensive, defensive, or delaying actionemployment of artillery, mortar, and support as necessary to accomplish the mission. The from the main body as required. See chapter flank guard is mobile when the main body is 6 for details of attacking from march column. conducting an offensive operation or a retro- Methods of requesting fire support are dis. grade movement, and is stationary when the cussed in FM 17-1. main body is in the defense. f. The advance guard commander deploys his b. The flank guard regulates its rate of moveforce rapidly directing supporting fires against ment on that of the main body. It must be far the hostile force while attacking with his enough from the main body to insure that the platoon (s) in mass. He does not permit parts main body commander has adequate time and of his force to remain inactive on the road or space in which to maneuver to counter an in the open. Covered routes of approach to the enemy threat. This distance is not fixed, butobjective are used to the maximum extent depends on the factors of METT. All otherpossible. When executing an advance guard factors being relatively equal, the stronger themission and support fires are not readily availflank guard, the greater the distance at whichable, timely, or adequate, the tank platoon it may operate from the main body.leader will develop the situation by fire and c. If the flank guard becomes overextended,movement (fig. 57). it will not be able to furnish the desired protec g. Ifthe advance guard is unable to overcome tion to the main body. If the area to be secured the enemy force the main body commander may becomes so wide that it cannot be secured employ the technique used against heavy adequately, the flank guard commander should resistance. In this situation the leading tank ask for permission to cover part of the area by platoon being unable to overcome the resistance, screening, or to be relieved of responsibility for continues to develop the situation employing all the rear part of the area. This request should available fires, and reports the disposition and be in the form of a recommendation to the main strength of the enemy to the company combody commander. mander. The company commander may order d. For detailed discussion of a flank guardJs the lead platoon to continue fires against the methods of movement for such forces as an enemy while the remainder of the team advancing force, a penetrating force, a demaneuvers to attack the enemy in mass from fensive force, etc., see FM 17-1. a new direction. 100. Tank Company and Platoon-Flank h. A night advance is conducted generally in Guard the same manner as a daylight advance. a. The tank company seldom is employed asSecurity detachments of the advance guard are the flank guard for a unit smaller than a strengthened; the mechanized infantry is moved farther forward in the column, and brigade. Frequently, the tank platoon operates distances between elements are shortened. The with the battalion scout platoon when performrate of advance is slower, and supporting fires ing this mission. When it so operates, the tanks are less effective; however, the possibility of engage enemy threats discovered by elements gaining surprise is greatly increased. Particscouting and observing. Tanks also may be used ular care must be taken to establish the reto cover roadblocks in conjunction with disquired security before passing through defiles. mounted elements of the flank guard. AGO 6433A 77 --\,\J.u.._ __.uUU, ____ ~_ --~--~"----~ --:tlf6. ---illiL_--~- ~--~--'"b-~ -~--"" "'"-~ --.....illJL....-----lllt~-----l\\li,---~-----ill~ ""---.nlJL. Figure 56. Tank platoon, advance guard action. b. When the road net permits, the flank (fig. 58). When no parallel routes exist and guard moves parallel to the main body. It sends cross-country movement is difficult, the flank out elements to observation posts and to comguard secures the flank by operating from the manding terrain along the route of advance main body. Elements are sent out to occupy or AGO 6433A control key terrain features (blocking positions) along the route of march. These elements use the alternating bounds (leapfrogging) or marching method of movement. c. Army aircraft are used as aerial observation posts. This enables a tank unit acting as a flank guard to cover more area and reduces the requirement for ground observation posts. 101. Rear Guard-General a.. A rear guard is a security force that protects the rear of a column from hostile forces during an advance or a withdrawal. b. During the advance, the rear guard defeats or delays hostile forces attacking the rear of the main body, protects the trains, and collects stragglers. It follows the main body at · a distance prescribed by the main body commander and usually moves on the axis of advance of the main body. c. During a withdrawal, the rear guard covers the disengagement of the main body. It employs delaying action tactics and withdraws by bounds, basing its rate of movement on that Figure 57. Tank platoon, employing fire and movement during an advance guard action. Figure 58. When the road net permits, the flank guard moves parallel to the main body, prepared to block roads (1, !J, and 3), observing /'rom hills (4, 5, and 6), and reconnoitering woods (7). AGO 6488A 79 of the main body or moving in accordance with prearranged plans. The rear guard must not allow itself to be bypassed or driven in on the main body. 102. Tank Company and Platoon-Rear Guard a. During an advance, a tank platoon is capable of acting as the rear guard for a tank battalion task force. In a withdrawal, at least a tank company team will be required to perform this mission. b. In a withdrawal, the rear guard engages the enemy to cover the disengagement of the main body. Usually it delays by successive bounds, basing its rate of delay on that of the main body. It must not allow itself to be driven in on the main body. The rear guard normally employs a delaying action. During movement the main guns of vehicles remain oriented on the enemy. While his main concern usually is to the rear, the commander of the rear guard is also responsible for his security to the front and flanks. When counterattacking, the rear guard commander must remember that he cannot expect help from the main body, except for fire support. The rear guard does not withdraw, except in accordance with prearranged plans, until the main body commander authorizes it to do so. The rear guard destroys all material that cannot be evacuated. Engineer elements with the rear guard are employed to execute demolitions and to install minefields and other obstacles to delay the enemy advance. 103. Screening Force a. A screening force is a detachment that shields an area or a body of troops from surprise by observing and reporting enemy activity. Screening is the securing of an extended area by surveillance in which the security force observes, reports, and maintains visual contact with hostile forces. The missions of the screening force are to ( 1) Provide timely warning of enemy approach. (2) Gain and maintain contact with, and report the movement of, enemy forces. (3) Destroy or repel enemy patrols within its capability. (4) Annoy and harass the advance of enemy forces. b. Though air cavalry, armored cavalry, and mechanized units are better suited for a screening mission, a tank battalion, suitably reinforced, is capable of performing such a mission. The principles and techniques in FM 17-36 will apply to the tank battalion when conducting a screening mission. 104. The Tank Company on an Outpost Mission A tank company may be assigned the mission of providing security for a larger unit. The larger unit may be the security force in a mobile defense or other type of security element. The tank company and platoon establishes outposts in the accomplishment of the security mission. The outpost position is held until permission is given to withdraw. a. The tank company commander assigns sectors of responsibility to his platoons. He will seldom have sufficient forces to allow withholding of a reserve. Mechanized infantry elements attached to the tank company are employed with the tank platoons as the situation and terrain may require. A tank platoon outpost in open terrain normally requires less infantry protection than does an outpost in broken or heavily wooded terrain. Once the platoons have organized their respective sectors, the company commander coordinates their dispositions, making any necessary adjustments. ( 1) The tank company commander and the forward observer plan for fire support. Artillery and mortar concentrations are prepared to cover possible avenues of enemy approach. Nuclear fires are planned on likely target areas. (2) A system of patrols maintains contact between the outposts. b. At night, positions are taken up closer to the main body than those occupied during the day. The tank company commander must coordinate the movement of his platoons from the day to the night positions. The medium and short range radars are integrated into the outpost system. 80 AGO 6433A 0 0 ............., ' '•' QB •..•.~0 ··--••____ 0 I 18 0 :Tanks move directly to outpost position using march security. Tanks cover dismounted Tanks move to reconnoitreconnaissance. ered positions. Figure 59. A method of assuming an outpost position. c. If attacked, the positions are defended with all available weapons, including supporting fires. Estimated strength, composition, and actions of the enemy are reported to higher headquarters. 105. The Tank Platoon on Outpost Mission ,a, The tank platoon leader receives the general location of the outposts, and the limits of his sector, from his company commander. He makes as detailed a reconnaissance as time permits before moving his platoon to a temporary position in his general area of responsibility. Once there, he makes a rapid dismounted reconnaissance to locate exact outpost positions for each tank (fig. 59). b. The outposts are placed on the best defensive ground available to cover likely avenues of enemy approach. For daytime positions, fields of fire, observation, cover and concealment, and the presence of natural obstacles are all desirable, in the order given. At night, tanks should be drawn closer AGO 6438A together. New positions should be occupied before dark using covered routes (fig. 60). c. After selecting a primary firing position, each tank commander selects an alternate position and reconnoiters satisfactory routes between firing positions. If a supplementary platoon position has been assigned, the platoon leader insures that each tank commander reconnoiters the route to his primary and alternate firing positions within the supplemental position. Range cards are prepared for each position. A good range card must be complete, simple, and easily read. Two of the range cards meeting this basic requirement are the circular and sketch range cards. For details on preparation and use of range cards, see FM 17-12. Obstacles are supplemented and improved using all available material, including mines. Obstacles should be covered by tank and infantry weapon fires. Necessary sentries should be posted at each obstacle, to warn friendly troops of the location of mines employed in its defense. Precautions are taken to liD DAY POSITION Iii NIGHT POSITION SUPPORT AND ~AIN BODY Figure, 60. For daytime positions, fields of fire, observation cover and concealment, and the presence of natural obstacles are all desirable. At night, tanks should be drawn in closer, occupying their withdraw sentries into the outpost before enemy approach. d. The platoon leader establishes observation posts (listening posts at night) to the front of each of his outposts. Outposts should consist of tanks supported by mechanized infantry or infantry elements. The platoon leader also establishes contact with adjacent friendly units. e. To insure hits on enemy troops or vehicles advancing along approaches when observation is poor, tanks should be sited to fire down avenues of enemy approach. Daytime positions can be some distance from the avenue of approach. f. A part of the mechanized infantry or infantry unit may be teamed with the tanks to form one or more outposts on terrain that would be difficult or impassable for the tanks. If this is done, the platoon leader arranges to support the mechanized infantry or infantry element with tank fires. g. As soon as his sector is organized, the platoon leader reports his exact dispositions to his company commander, submitting a sketch whenever possible. He plans artillery and mortar concentrations to cover avenues of enemy approach. new positions before dark if possible. h. If the enemy attacks, the observation post gives warning and, on order, withdraws into the outpost, maintaining contact with the enemy. The platoon leader reports the situation and calls for supporting fires. If the enemy force is small, the outpost may ambush it or counterattack. He holds his outpost position until relieved or authorized to withdraw. 106. Employment of Patrols a. Patrols are small tactical units employed to gain information and to insure security (FM 21-75). A tank cannot be used where stealth is desired. However, in some fast-moving, fluid situations, tank units can be used to advantage in patrols; for example, when it is necessary to establish liaison with an adjacent unit and the area to be moved through contains enemy forces. Tank units participating in patrol actions should be reinforced and prepared to engage in tactical operations to accomplish their mission. b. Tanks on patrol must not become roadbound. Crewmembers should be prepared to dismount and reconnoiter doubtful areas on foot. AGO 6433A ; --~, CHAPTER 6 OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. 107. General a. Tank units conduct or participate in the penetration, envelopment, turning movement, and exploitation (including pursuit). The basic forms of offensive maneuver are the penetration and the envelopment. The frontal attack is a variation of the penetration; a double envelopment artd a turning movement are variations of the envelopment. The exploitation is an offensive operation which may follow a successful penetration or envelopment. The pursuit is an extension of a successful exploitation. See FM 17-1 for a detailed discussion of the above. b. Tank units engaged in offensive action to close with and defeat the enemy; to impose the commander's will on the enemy; and to seize territory in order to further operations against the enemy. c. Offensive action gives the commander the advantage of the initiative and the opportunity to create or exploit favorable situations. 108. Distribution of Forces in the Attack a. An attacking force usually employs two elements. These are the maneuvering force and the base of fire. The maneuvering force closes with the enemy by maneuver and destroys him by fire and shock effect. The base of fire pins the enemy to the ground and neutralizes his weapons, thereby providing the maneuvering force with freedom of action. For a detailed discussion, see paragraphs 59 and 60. b. A third element, the reserve, may be constituted when the tactical situation requires. The reserve is an offensive weapon used by the AGO 6433A GENERAL commander to exploit success, repel a counter attack, and retain the initiative. The tank battalion task force commander may designate a reserve. However, the tank company team commander will rarely have sufficient forces to permit retention of a reserve without dangerously weakening his attack. Uncom mitted elements are normally considered a reserve in a tank battalion task force or com pany team. 109. Combat Support in the Offense a. Artillery provides ( 1) Support during movement to the attack position, Neutralization fires on known and suspected enemy positions and covering fires for mine removal parties are provided. (2) Support during the attack. All available artillery fire is used to protect the assault echelon. Fire is placed on observation posts, enemy artillery, targets of opportunity, and areas of resistance (fig. 61). Tanks and mounted mechanized infantry are often covered by artillery airbursts until the mechanized infantry dismount. (3) Support during consolidation and reorganization. Hostile elements are engaged by counterbattery and interdiction type artillery fires. ( 4) Support against counterattack. Artillery fire is massed against enemy counterattacks. Prearranged interdiction fires may be delivered on routes of approach. Figure 61. Artillery support during the attack. (5) The artillery liaison officer (fire supreconnaissance and surveillance capabilities of port coordinato·r.) Employed to perthe division, and to increase the security of the form the detailed tasks of fire support maneuver elements. While performing recon planning for the battalion task force. naissance or security mission, they attack He coordinates the organic heavy hostile ground targets within their capabilities. mortar fire support capabilities of the It is important to realize that these elements do not and cannot perform in the role of tactical battalion, as well as that provided by artillery and tactical aviation. At Air Force aircraft, but merely supplement the company level, the artillery forward reconnaissance and security capabilities of the observer assists the company comground elements (FM 17-l and FM 17-36). mander in fire support planning and f. Battalion Heavy Mortar Platoon. Supports coordination. the attack by firing on targets that cannot be b. Engineer. Employed to assist the advance engaged by flat-trajectory weapons and by of the maneuvering elements. See FM 5-135 providing screening smoke. Fires of the platoon and FM 17-1 for details pertaining to engineer are coordinated with the fires of the artillery support. (see app II). c. Tactical Air Support. Employed to provide g. Air Defense Artillery. Air defense artilcolumn cover, engage targets of opportunity lery is employed to provide air defense for the and to destroy hostile reserves. See FM 17-1 tank units in offensive operations. (See FM for details pertaining to tactical air support. 17-1, and FM 44-1 for details pertaining to employment of air defense weapons.) d. Army Aviation. Employed to support airmobile operations; to evacuate casualties; to extend the reconnaissance and surveillance 11 0. Security capabilities of the ground elements; for comTank unit commanders must provide for the mand and control; and for resupply (FM security of their units during the preparation17-1). for, and the conduct of, the attack. After con e. Air Cavalry. Employed to extend the sidering all available information, the com- AGO 6433A 84 mander determines the requirement for security (4) During periods of poor visibility when and fulfills that requirement with the minimum maximum control is desired. forces necessary. Security must be provided d. A formation with less depth is favoredduring the occupation of the assembly area, the (1) Against limited objectives. conduct of the attack, the consolidation of the (2) When major enemy strongpoints andposition, the reorganization of the unit, and troop concentrations are known. the continuation of the attack. Security is provided by assigning security missions to (3) When the objective is strongly held by specific parts of the attacking unit and by the the enemy, and there is a requirement formation adopted for the attack. Depth in the to place maximum fire upon the objec formation gives added security; unengaged eletive. ments can maneuver to meet enemy threats. (4) When the situation requires maximum Security may also be obtained by echelonment freedom of action by subordinate of a unit to a threatened flank. Security for the units. maneuvering force may be provided by troops e. See chapter 3 for a detailed discussion ofused in the base of fire. tank battalion, company, and platoon formations. 111 . Formation for the Attack a. The initial formation for the attack and 112. Control Measuressubsequent changes to the formation are based a. The control measures used by tank unitsupon the factors of METT (mission, enemy, in the offense may include: assembly area,terrain and weather, and troops available). attack position, axis of advance, direction of b. A formation with depth permits greater attack, zone of action, line of departure, phase flexibility in the employment of the attacking lines, checkpoints, and objectives. An attack force. It also assists in maintaining the momen-. position, if used, is occupied for the shortest tum of the attack; however, the primary conpossible time; preferably units move through sideration in selecting a formation is that the and deploy into combat formations without commander must be able to place all available halting. See FM 17-1 for a detailed explanation -A-e upon the objective at the decisive time. of control measures and their use. An attack in depth is favoredb. The fundamental consideration in the selection of control measures for an attack is ( 1) Against deep objectives. that the least restrictive measures possible (2) When the enemy situation is vague, should be used to allow maximum freedom ofand major enemy strongpoints or action to subordinate units. A commandertroop locations are not known. selects only those that provide him the requisite (3) When a requirement exists for degree of control without hampering the security against a counterattack. actions of his subordinates. Section II. PREPARATION AND PLANNING 113. General 114. Troop Leading Procedures • The success of an attack by a tank unit may The commander of a tank unit normally redepend to a large degree on the deliberateness ceives his mission from a higher commander, of the planning preceding the operation. Wellwho specifies the composition of the unit for conceived plans, violently executed, will result the projected operation.The commander then in successful accomplishment of the unit must prepare to receive troops placed at his mission. This section prescribes techniques of disposal. The commander follows the basic steps planning and preparing for an attack by a in troop leading in preparing for the attack. tank unit. A more detailed discussion is conSee FM 17-1 for a discussion of troop leading procedures. tained in FM 17-1. AGO 6438A 85 115. Plan of Attack a. General. After the commander has completed his estimate and arrived at his decision, he completes his plan of attack. This plan is simply a detailed translation of the fifth step of the estimate-the decision. At battalion level, details usually are worked out by members of the staff; at company level, the company commander may be assisted by artillery and mortar forward observers and commanders of any attached unit. Subordinate commanders must be kept informed of the part they will perform in the plan, to insure adequate time for them to complete their reconnaissance and plan the details of their action. The plan of attack is designed to insure teamwork and coordination within the attacking force through out the operation. The plan must be simple, but it must cover all essential details. It includes the scheme of maneuver and the plan of fire support. b. Scheme of Maneuver. The scheme of maneuver is the detailed plan for the placement and movement of subordinate units in carrying out the mission. The scheme of maneuver is designed to move or place the various elements of the attacking force into advantageous positions with respect to the enemy or the objective. In developing the scheme of maneuver, consideration is given to its possible effects on future operations. It includes (1) Task organization. (2) Objectives. (3) Formation. ( 4) Direction of movement. ( 5) Line of departure. (6) Time of attack. (7) Attack position (if used). (8) Other control measures as appropriate. c. Plan of Fire Support. A well-coordinated plan of fire support covers all available fires, including those of organic and attached weapons, tanks, army aviation and supporting artillery, plus tactical air and nuclear weapons. Fires support the advance, lifting or shifting at the last possible moment to keep enemy troops fixed until the assault elements are upon them. These fires must lift or shift at the last possible moment but soon enough to prevent losses to friendly troops. The plan of fire support must be highly flexible. Enemy positions located be fore the attack are destroyed or neutralized by • prearranged fires. In larger units, the plan of fire support is issued as an annex to the opera tion order. Complete details for fire support planning are contained in FM 6-20-1 and FM 6-20-2. 116. Battalion Task Force-Preparation for Attack a. The tank battalion commander is assigned his mission by the next higher commander who allots necessary tactical and combat service support to the battalion for accomplishment of the mission. Upon being assigned his mission, the battalion commander accomplishes his troop leading procedure assisted by his staff, fire support representatives, and subordinate commanders. To these assistants the battalion commander announces his concept of the operation, including a tentative scheme of maneuver and general plan of fire support as early as possible during the planning phase, so that they can prepare recommendations relative to their areas of interest. b. Based on his estimate and the recommendations of his staff, fire support representatives, subordinate commanders, and commanders of supporting units, the plan of attack is prepared and formalized into an operation order, oral or written, and issued to elements of the battalion task force. When time permits, usually at the beginning of an operation, a complete written order is issued. After the operation has begun, oral fragmentary orders are used as necessary for changes and to continue the attack. c. While the key commanders and staff officers of the battalion are conducting their troop leading, the battalion elements normally are located in assembly areas in which preparations (maintenance and supply) for the coming operation are accomplished. As troop leading is completed, final checks are made so that the battalion can move directly into the attack, avoiding unnecessary delays. d. Planning and preparations are accomplished to the degree that time permits. In fast moving situations in which there is little time for planning and detailed preparations, the 86 AGO 6433A battalion enters the attack rapidly through the use of fragmentary orders and accelerated troop leading. 117. Tank Company and PlatoonPreparation for the Attack a. The tank company may attack as a company or as a tank company team of a battalion task force. The battalion order assigns the company mission, objectives, and other control measures and designates the supporting and attached units, along with other pertinent details that the company commander must know to accomplish the mission. b. Before an attack, the tank company team may assemble in an assembly area designated by the battalion commander. Here, detailed preparations for the attack are completed. When the tank company team attacks from march column to exploit a situation, it normally moves directly into the attack without occupying an assembly area. However, if time and the enemy situation permit, the tank company team normally uses an attack position and a line of departure. c. Normally, while the company team is preparing for the attack, the company commander joins the battalion commander to receive the operation order. He usually takes with him the individuals necessary to plan the attack (artillery and mortar forward observers and the commanders of attached units). The executive officer normally remains with the company team and makes certain that the unit is ready for combat. All vehicles and weapons are inspected; company radio nets are checked, and the necessary resupply of ammunition, fuel and lubricants, and assault rations is accomplished. If the company is attached to another unit, the company commander reports to the commander of that unit. Commanders of any units or elements attached to the tank company team report to the company commander. The application of these techniques to all attacks is limited by the time available for preparation and planning the attack. d. The tank company commander's preparations for the attack normally consist of coordination with units of other arms, planning and conducting a reconnaissance (fig. 62), making Figure 62. Commanders of units in the company team make their reconnaissance together. AGO 6433A 87 FROM BASE OF FIRE ~ I ! I I I I I I I I ~~ ~~ <~ B~ ATTACK POSITION (MAY NOT BE USED) ASSEMBLY AREA Figure 63. Tank company team plan of attack. AGO 6433A an estimate of the situation, forming a plan of attack, issuing his oral operation order, and moving the company to the line of departure. At all times, he actively supervises the execution of preparations and orders. e. The tank company commander develops his plan of attack in conjunction with the platoon leaders and the artillery and mortar forward observers. He already has decided, from his estimate of the situation, which course of action is best for his company. The plan of attack will include the who, when, where, how, and if appropriate the reasons for the company's actions in carrying out the assigned mission. In developing the plan of attack, the company commander should consider how he will organize and maneuver his force to accomplish the mission, and how he can best use the available supporting fires (fig. 63). f. Operation orders should be complete, covering all details of the operation. Brevity is desirable, but clarity is essential. Oral orders, fragmentary orders, and warning orders are considered standard for tank unit operations. If possible, orders should be issued at a point from which the area of pending operation can be seen; otherwise, the order is issued in the· assembly area. Orders should be issued as early as possible to permit dissemination and to permit time for reconnaissance, liaison and planning. For additional discussion of orders, see FM 17-1. g. Platoon leaders accomplish their troop leading in the same general manner as the company commander. h. The company team leaves the assembly area so as to cross the SP area at the time prescribed by the battalion commander. When a specific time has not been specified, elements leave at the time necessary to insure reaching designated points as required. Movement to the line or departure or attack position, if used, is conducted as a tactical march. Section Ill. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF EMPLOYING TANKS AND MECHANIZED INFANTRY 118. General a. Tank and mechanized infantry units normally conduct offensive operations as battalion task forces and company teams. In the conduct of the attack, the arrival of the tank and mechanized infantry elements at the objective should be so timed as to attain the maximum effects of shock effect and armor protected firepower inherent in the combined arms team. Within the context of this discussion of combined arms forces, tl;le term mechanized infantry refers to cadier-mounted infantrymen; if the infantrymen are dismounted, it is so noted in the discussion. The techniques used by infantry are equally applicable to mechanized infantry elements operating dismounted as part of the tankinfantry team. Tank unit leaders should be familiar with FM 7-11 and FM 7-15. b. In fast-moving situations the advance of tanks and mechanized infantry can be coordinated by combining the combat formations of each into one mutually supporting formationtanks preceding mechanized infantry with the entire attacking force moving forward together. The selection of the attack formation for the tanks and mechanized infantry is based on considerations of the mission, enemy situation, and terrain and troops available as well as on the firepower, security, and control desired by the commander in a given action. See chapter 3, section I for a discussion of combat formations. c. In slower-moving situations, when the tanks are advancing from one covered position to another, the mechanized infantry may be moved by bounds behind the tanks. Movement by bounds increases the security of the mec'Q.anized infantry and reduces the time they are exposed to direct-fire weapons. If the tanks are moving in mass, mechanized infantry usually will follow, by bounds, one or two covered positions to the rear. If the tanks are moving by bounds, mechanized infantry will usually occupy a defilade position behind the rearmost tank elements. In either event, the speed of movement of the mechanized infantry element must be regulated by the force commander to AGO 6433A insure that it is in a position to join the tanks in the assault on the objective. d. The maneuver force moves in mass without halting. It moves rapidly toward the objective using the selected method of attack. When compelled by enemy action, terrain, or insufficient fires from the base of fire, the force advances by fire and movement. See paragraphs 59 and 60 for a detailed discussion on conduct of fire and movement. 119. Basic Principles a. The role of attached mechanized infantry or infantry elements in tank company teams is to assist the advance of the tanks by ( 1) Breaching or removing antitank obstacles within their capabilities. (2) Assisting in the neutralization or destruction of antitank weapons. (3) Designating targets for the tanks. ( 4) Protecting the tanks against individual antitank measures. ( 5) Leading the attack dismounted when necessary. ( 6) Providing security for tanks. (7) Clearing and assisting in consolidation of the objective. b. The roles of tank elements in tank company teams are to ( 1) Provide the mobile protected firepower required to enable the combined arms team to advance in the face of the enemy. (2) Neutralize or destroy hostile weapons by fire and movement. (3) Clear paths for dismounted infantry through wire. ( 4) Neutralize fortified installations with direct fire. (5) Support by direct fire when dismounted infantry leads the attack. ( 6) Provide antitank protection. (7) Lead the attack whenever feasible. c. Because tanks desirably lead in the integrated formation, the force commander must consider the distance desired between the tanks and mechanized infantry before starting the assat1lt. This distance is based upon consideration of four factors (!) Mission. If the mission requires rapid, closely controlled movement and if un • due enemy interference is not anticipated, mechanized infantry may follow more closely behind the tanks than would be the case if effective antitank fires were being directed at the tanks. (2) Type and capabilities of enemy antitank weapons. If the enemy is equipped only with short range antitank weapons such as rifle grenades and rocket launchers, the mechanized infantry may follow the tanks closer than would be the case if the defending forces were using large-caliber, long-range, high-velocity, flat-trajectory, antitank weapons. ( 3) Type of terrain. If the terrain is rolling or rough, affording numerous defilade positions, mechanized infantry may follow the tanks closer than would be the case if the terrain were open and relatively level or flat. ( 4) Enemy action. The distance between tanks and mechanized infantry in the integrated formation must not become so great as to permit the enemy to interpose an effective force between its elements, which might permit separate defeat of both tanks and mechanized infantry. d. Tanks and mechanized infantry normally attack in a closely coordinated, mutually supporting formation. This is not to imply that tanks and mechanized infantry are intermingled in the same formation, for tanks usually lead, followed at varying distances by the mechanized infantry. e. The armored personnel carrier is designed to give battlefield mobility to infantry with a degree of armor protection against artillery fragments, small-arms fire, and effects of nuclear radiation. Loss of armored personnel carriers seriously reduces the mobility potential of mechanized infantry; the commander must not expose them unnecessarily to effective enemy antitank fire. AGO 6433A f. Mechanized infantry should not be dismounted before it is necessary. In the attack, mechanized infantry dismounts in the closest possible, tactically feasible position, preferably in defilade. The assault is normally conducted on foot. In some situations, because of the nature of the terrain or nature of enemy resistance, it may be unnecessary to dismount the mechanized infantry until the objective is overrun. The decision as to when and where to dismount mechanized infantry, if they are to be dismounted, is the decision of the local commander (team commander or platoon leader) based on the existing situation. 120. Methods of Attack for Tanks and Mechanized Infantry a. There are three general methods of employing tanks and mechanized infantry together in the attack (1) Tanks and mechanized infantry attack on one axis. (2) Tanks and mechanized infantry attack on two converging axes. (3) Tanks support by fire only. b. During an attack, any one or more of the three methods may be used. As the combat situation changes, it may become necessary to employ a method other than the one used initially. The attacking force must be capable of changing from one to another as the attack progresses. c. Regardless of the method or combination of methods used, the following apply: (1) Tanks must be employed so that maximum use is made of their battlefield mobility, armor-protected firepower, speed, and shock effect. (2) The rate of advance of the attack should be the maximum rate permitted by the terrain and enemy situation. ( 3) The mechanized infantry should remain mounted as long as possible so that (a) The attacking force can move forward under cover of their own artillery fire at the speed of the tanks and armored personnel carriers to close with and destroy the enemy. AGO 6433A (b) The battlefield mobility of both elements of the tank-mechanized infantry team is retained. (c) Casualties are minimized in areas swept by small-arms and artillery fire. (d) Artillery airbursts can be employed in support of the attacking force. (e) A degree of protection is afforded against the effects of nuclear weaPons. (f) The energy of the infantryman is conserved so that he will be better able to fight when needed. (4) Mechanized infantry normally dismount when it is necessary for them to (a) Prevent their destruction by enemy antitank fire. (b) Breach or remove obstacles that prevent forward movement of the tanks. (c) Assist in the neutralization or destruction of antitank weapons that are holding up the forward movement of the tanks and armored personnel carriers. (d) Take part in an assault through heavily wooded areas or very rough or broken terrain. (e) Lead an assault across defended rivers that cannot be crossed by armored personnel carriers. (f) Take part in an assault through fortified areas or through defended towns and villages that cannot be bypassed. (g) Assist the tanks forward under certain conditions of low visibility and restricted fields of fire (darkness, smoke, heavy woods, broken terrain). (h) Clear a defended objective and assist in the consolidation. 121. Tanks and Mechanized Infantry Attack on One Axis a. General. In the attack on one axis the entire attacking force uses the same approach to the objective. The infantry may be either mounted or dismounted using varied formations in their advance. b. Advantages. This method promotes coordination and control, since the entire attacking force is moving in one direction on the same axis. Compared with other methods, it permits close mutual support among elements of the attacking force. c. Favoring Conditions. Conditions favoring this method include (1) Attack over open terrain devoid of vegetation capable of concealing armored vehicle movement. (2) Only one likely avenue of approach is available. (3) The objective cannot easily be flanked. (4) Control is simplified in comparison with the other methods of attack. d. Tanks with Mechanized Infantry. (1) Tanks and mechanized infantry employed in mass. (a) The attack of tanks and mounted mechanized infantry units can be coordinated by combining the combat formation into one mutually supporting, integrated formation (fig. 64). The distance between elements in the formation is based on the tactical situation. Tanks lead so they can use their firepower. The armored personnel carriers are located to the rear of the tanks so as not to be unduly exposed, but assist with machinegun fire to the extent possible. This technique is used against enemy positions not strong in antitank weapons. (b) The arrival of the tanks and mechanized infantry at the objective should be so timed as to provide close mutual support during the assault (para 120). (2) Tanks with mechanized infantry, movement by bounds. (a) Mechanized infantry follow the tanks by bounds (fig. 65). This tech nique of movement increases the security of the mechanized infantry. If the tanks advance as a unit from one terrain feature to the next, the armored personnel carriers must move rapidly into defilade behind successive terrain features. (b) Control must be exerted to make certain that tanks precede infantry onto the objective in one coordinated assault. This normally requires a rapid final movement by the mounted mechanized infantry to close the distance to the tanks. e. Tanks with Dismounted Infantry. (1) When dismounted infantry and tanks are advancing together, the infantry may move between or immediately to the rear of the tanks (fig. 66). As the advance progresses the relative positions of the tanks and infantry are adjusted according to the enemy resistance and the terrain. For instance during an assault the infantry will normally move immediately to the rear of the tanks to permit close mutual support yet allow maximum use to be made of the tanks' firepower. (2) When terrain, obstacles, or enemy antitank weapons restrict or stop the movement of tanks but permit dis mounted infantry to move forward, tanks may temporarily support by fire while the infantry advance. When the infantry attack has progressed sufficiently or an obstacle has been removed, the tanks may move forward, pass through the infantry, and lead the assault. This type of action must not be confused with the method of tanks supporting by fire only, as the intent is for the tanks to participate in the assault of the objective. (3) When the tanks assault under cover of artillery or mortar airbursts, the dismounted infantry follow at a safe distance behind the airbursts killing or capturing surviving enemy personnel. ( 4) The armored personnel carriers should AGO 6433A :.· ~' I ' \I\{ \ ~'\ ' \ \· ,I ' ,. -~--.. ----------.. ~-- --:..-.= ·----~-· \ ·, ' i '• } ' . rJ f \ (,I ' .. AGO 6488A Figure 65. Tanks and mounted mechanized infantry on one axis (movement by bounds). follow closely behind the infantry to be readily available when needed to continue the attack mounted or to assist in the consolidation of the objective. They may move forward by bounds or follow the attacking force. 122. Tanks and Mechanized Infantry Attack on Two Converging Axes a. General. The attacking force uses two different axe3 for the approach to an objective. Two techniques may be used-tanks with mechanized infantry on both axes, and tanks on one axis with dismounted infantry on a separate axis. Coordination of the assault is more difficult than in other methods. b. Advantages. This method normally achieves the maximum surprise effect, particularly when the elements on both axes are mounted. It provides a greater opportunity for the attacking force to strike the enemy flanks or rear, and it has the advantage of forcing the the enemy to fight in two directions. When tanks are employed on both axes, hostile tanks are more often forced to expose their vulner • able sides and rear to fire from one of the friendly tank elements. c. Favoring Conditions. Conditions favoring this method include (1) More than one avenue of approach is available. (2) At least one a· •enue of approach provides concealment. (3) The objective can be flanked. (4) Control of the unit is not a major problem. d. Tanks with Infantry on Both Axes. (1) A force of both tanks and infantry attacks along each axis. On each axis the infantry may be either mounted or dismounted as the situation dictates (fig. 67). (2) The movement on each axis of tanks and infantry is governed by the same considerations as when a single axis is used. e. Tanks on One Axis with Dismounted Infantry on a Separate Axis. (1) Normally a force of both tanks and AGO 643:lA AGO .6433A ·::: .. . . . . . :. ::: .. : .. ,:':''::,',>':':':':'::':', . ·:::. ": ... . . . . . . . . . :: .. :. :::: :_ ",: ':::: .. :: .. ::: ::: "::: . . . . . . .· : : ; ~ ~ ; : ·: :. :. :.. ::: : : ~ :~ : ·.. ·: ·. . . . . . . ·.. :. :.. : . . . . ::: . .~ .~ : . : : . . :. :. : .. : . . . . . . :: ... AUU soo mechanized infantry attacks along ---,\ each axis. Situations may arise in which it is necessary to employ infantry dismounted on one axis and tanks on another axis (fig. 68) . (2) When the attacking force is held up by enemy antitank fire or obstacles, dismounted infantry may move along a covered route impassable to tanks in order to strike the enemy flank. The tanks initially support by fire, then move on their axes to the objective. The elements on each axis should arrive on the objective at approximately the same time, or the attack may be so timed that the tanks arrive first, under artillery or mortar airbursts, with the infantry following. (3) This technique is employed when one avenue of approach is suitable for tanks but unduly exposes the dismounted infantry while the other can be used by dismounted infantry but restricts or prevents the movement of tanks. 123. Tanks Support by Fire Only a. The infantry attack to seize the objective, and the tanks support by fire only (fig. 69). Conditions that make it necessary to use this method are (1) Obstacles prevent the tanks from moving in the attack, and an objective must be seized to protect the reduction of the obstacles. For example, it might be necessary for infantry to seize a terrain feature from which the enemy is covering a minefield or roadblock that is holding up the advance of the tanks. (2) Ground impassable to tanks must be seized. b. When unfordable streams must be crossed, tanks support mounted mechanized infantry by fire only. Armored personnel carriers can cross streams unfordable for tanks; therefore, the tanks should take up defiladed firing positions from which they can support by fire the crossing of the armored personnel carriers (fig. 70). AGO 64SSA c. This is the least desirable of the three methods and should be employed only when necessary. Even though the shock effect of the tank is lost, its fire support can assist the infantry. As soon as the obstacles are breached or a suitable avenue of approach is uncovered, the tanks move rapidly to join the infantry on the objective. 124. Conduct of the Assault a. General. The desired goal in the assault is to bring the maximum firepower and shock effect of tanks, infantry, and artillery to bear upon the enemy simultaneously to destroy him as rapidly as possible with the fewest casualties, either troop or vehicular, to friendly forces. The commander must achieve this goal by forceful and decisive action coupled with judgment in employing the combined arms team. The assault of a defended position by tanks and mechanized infantry supported by artillery make take three forms (1) Tanks and dismounted or mechanized infantry assa·ult in coordination. As the team or task force approaches the objective, the objective is under heavy supporting fires. The tanks maintain their rate of advance, and increase the volume of fire by saturating the objective with machinegun fire and by use of the main gun. At this time the mechanized infantry increases its speed in moving to dismount positions to overcome the loss of time in dismounting and to maintain the proper tank-infantry coordination in the assault. As the force reaches the near edge of the objective, supporting fires are lifted or shifted to the flanks or rear of the objective to prevent escape of the enemy or to break up counterattack formations. The fires of infantry and tank weapons replace the indirect supporting fires. The mechanized infantry, behind the tanks, stop in the closest, tactically feasible, hull defilade position short of the objective and the infantry dismount. Although a tentative dismount position may have been designated, its location is changed during the attack as required. AGO 6433A I' / rI ' l /r:; 1; ,' I I r I ( I /{\•( /,. 'I,,, ( /· 1 'f I I .. flf· ' I I,I \\..... ( ~ l { \1. I ' • I I;' I I I I I ~ ., 4A .. c <;:; //iI ~ :;:., ./j .' "" ..:.: ' ..., c <:l r ..., <:l Cl) ,[ :;:., .t; z ~ ::> <:l ..... C) -~ .~ ""' f t R. ~ R. c ...... ;:l z ' 00 00 ..:.: < I ~ I <:l .... ,; ""' ..., ;:l -~ r.:. AGO 6433A AGO 64SSA As the tanks assault the objective, the infantry, now dismounted, follow the tanks at such a distance as will provide protection to the tanks by engaging the infantry type targets such as individual antitank weapons and tank killer teams. Whenever possible, the machineguns of the armored personnel carriers are used to support the assault until their fires are masked by advancing riflemen. The successful movement of the attacking riflemen is largely dependent upon the effectiveness of the supporting fires. Normally, enemy resistance will dictate an advance by fire and movement. In this case the enemy position (s) offering resistance must be singled out by rifle platoon and squad leaders as individual objectives. When the fires of the attacking echelons have eliminated or neutralized effective enemy fire, assault fire techniques are employed. The shock effect of assaulting tanks and infantry is multiplied by rapid movement and heavy volumes of fire, including the use of grenades. During this time the tanks continue to saturate the objective with machinegun fire, destroying enemy positions and weapons with the main tank gun. As the tanks arrive at the far edge of the objective, fire is directed on the enemy dispositions beyond the objective area. Effective placement of this fire reduces materially the enemy's capability of organizing and launching a counterattack. As soon as the objective is seized, the tanks and mechanized infantry are moved to positions dominating avenues of enemy approach and prepare to repel counterattacks or to continue the attack. Further actions to consolidate the positions are carried out. (2) Tanks and mechanized infantry in the mounted assault. In some situations, when there is limited enemy resistance or because of the nature of the terrain, it may be unnecessary to dismount the mechanized infantry until the objective is overrun. The mounted assault differs from the dismounted assault in the employment of supporting fires and relative time that mechanized infantry is dismounted, if necessary. In the mounted assault, the integrated force may assault the objective under cover of overhead artillery and mortar fire. Under cover of this fire, tanks and mechanized infantry move onto the objective and may immediately continue the attack. If it is necessary to secure the objective by dismounted action, supporting fires are shifted to isolate the objective. (3) Tanks support by fire only. Terrain or obstacles may make it impossible for tracked vehicles to join in the assault. In this situation mechanized infantry (dismounted) will conduct the assault just as any other infantry unit. Tanks support by fire with full consideration given to the long range and rapid rate of fire of the tank weapons and the precision and control with which these fires can be delivered. As soon as the obstacle can be overcome, tanks will rejoin the infantry and again lead in the attack. b. Coordination and Cooperation in the Assault. The tank-mechanized infantry grouping is a team employed by the commander in a manner that takes maximum advantage of the best characteristics of both elements. Maximum destructive effect on the enemy is obtained only by careful coordination and complete cooperation among the individuals of the tank and mechanized infantry platoons and their leaders, and between platoons and company teams. Lack of such coordination may lead to one or more of the following undesirable situations: (1) Undue separation between tanks and mechanized infantry in the assault. This condition may permit the enemy to man his weapons, destroy supporting dismounted infantry, and attack unsupported tanks at extremely close ranges. (2) Armored personnel carriers mingle with or precede tanks in the assault. AGO 64SSA 101 Such action exposes the armored personnel carrier to fires it was not designed to withstand. Further, infantry mounted in carrier has little power to counterattack. However, this does not preclude actively supporting the team with carrier-mounted machinegun fire whenever the situation permits. (3) Cruising the objective. Unless tank commanders and armored personnel carrier commanders or drivers are given specific directions as to their mission upon completing the assault, vehicles may needlessly be exposed to enemy fire as a result of confusion and resulting unnecessary, uncovered movement on the position. (4) Armored personnel carriers left in exposed positions. The vehicle commander must insure that the driver places the vehicle in a protected or defilade position immediately after the squad dismounts to preclude its needloss from antitank or other fires. (5) Remaining mounted too long. Vehicle commanders, platoon leaders, and company commanders must realize that remaining mounted too long may expose the vehicle and its squad to needless destruction by short range weapons manned by determined enemy soldiers. c. Rejoining of Armored Personnel Carriers and Squads on the Position. Once the assault has cleared the position, it is necessary to bring armored personnel carriers forward to rejoin their units. Any of several techniques may be employed, but the method used must be coordinated with vehicle drivers before the mechanized infantry dismounts. (1) Radio. All armored personnel carriers are provided with vehicular radios that net with the sets carried for dismounted use. If this technique is employd, the range of the transmitting station must be considered and the driver must constantly monitor the radio. (2) Messenger. A dismounted messenger may be sent to the position occupied by the armored personnel carriers to guide them to their respective units. This method depends on a route clear of the enemy for its success and is the slowest method. (3) Pyrotechnic devices. A pyrotechnic signal may be fired to indicate to vehicle drivers the time to move and the approximate location of the unit. This technique is dependent for success on constant scanning of an area by the driver, visibility in the area, availability of pyrotechnics to which this meaning may be assigned, and possession within the unit of the signal device. (4) Vehicles follow dismounted personnel. Under conditions of limited visibility and when effective enemy antitank fires are unlikely, armored personnel carriers may follow dismounted mechanized infantry keeping the last man in sight. This technique has the advantage of keeping armored personnel carrier close to its unit with little time lost in remounting, but may result in its loss if the unit becomes involved in a fire fight. Section IV. CONDUCT OF THE ATTACK 125. Conduct of the Attack by the Maneuvering Force a. The maneuvering force, composed of all available tank and infantry units that can be profitably employed, moves in mass from the LD to the objective. In this respect, mass is with reference to movement without fragmentation of the force while recognizing proper dispersion of and within the force. This technique of movement capitalizes on the strength of the tank, maximizes shock effect, and reduces vulnerability of enemy fires. b. The maneuvering force must close on the objective in the shortest possible time with AGO 6433A maximum combat power. The longer the force is exposed to enemy fire, the greater its loss. Movement is made by routes affording the best available cover and concealment. Rapid movement and the use of all available supporting fires multiply the closing shock of the maneuvering force. If the maneuvering force is forced to employ fire and movement, aggressive action must be taken to insure that movements are executed rapidly and that the entire force con tinues to advance on the enemy. At the earliest opportunity, as the situation permits, or in preparation for the assault, the advance in mass is resumed. c. The maneuvering force places maximum fire on the enemy as soon as it is within effective range. This fire reinforced by all available supporting weapons hinders the enemy observation and movement, and destroys his troops and defenses. 126. Battalion Task Force-Conduct of the Attack a. The battalion task force crosses the line of departure at the time prescribed by the brigade operation order. When preparatory fires are used, all available artillery and mortar fires commence just before, or as the battalion begins its attack. If a nuclear preparation is used, it is normally fired before the conventional fires. Only necessary combat and combat support elements move to the line of departure as the attack begins. Reserves, other combat support, and combat service support elements are moved forward as planned, or on order after the leading company teams have begun their attack. b. The battalion task force commander controls fire support and the movement of his company teams. c. As leading elements advance, supporting fires are lifted or shifted, usually by the forward observers accompanying the company teams. The company teams, moving in mass, close onto and assault their objectives. d. Throughout the attack the leading company teams make maximum use of all available supporting fires. Indirect-fire weapons may displace by echelon to provide continuous support or, particularly in mobile operations, continue AGO 6483A to move until needed. Radiation detection teams with attacking companies report dangerous radiation areas. These areas are bypassed or crossed rapidly in vehicles to reduce radiation exposure. e. The reserve, if constituted, normally follows the maneuvering company teams. The reserve may be so placed in the formation as to provide security for the command; this is especially true of an element that is considered a reserve merely because it has not been engaged. The reserve is located where it can best perform its mission, support the attack, or cover the flanks. As soon as the maneuvering force reaches the objective, the reserve may close onto the position to assist in consolidating and repelling counterattacks. The commander of the reserve keeps abreast of the situation by liaison and observation. He continually formulates plans to cover the commitment of his unit to any probable type of action or mission. 127. Tank Company Team and PlatoonConduct of the Attack a. The tank company team crosses the line of departure in an attack formation at the time prescribed in the battalion operations order. Supporting fires are used to fix the enemy in his position and cover the maneuver of the team. The company team commander normally moves the entire team in mass. When conditions exist as noted in paragraph 60, the team commander may employ fire and movement. When the situation permits, the company team resumes the advance in mass. Enemy resistance that does not constitute a threat to the accomplishment of the company team mission may be engaged by organic weapons and supporting fires and, with the permission of the battalion commander, bypassed. b. The tank platoon crosses the line of departure in an attack formation at the time prescribed by the company commander. The platoon moves in mass and participates in fire and movement, as part of the company team. c. A tank company commander with the maneuvering force controls the advance of his platoons. He keeps his battalion commander advised of all changes in the situation. He obtains artillery and mortar support through the artillery and mortar forward observers with his company, either on his own initiative upon encountering heavy resistance or at the request of a platoon leader. Similarly, air strikes, nuclear fires, and air cavalry elements armed with rockets and guided missiles may be requested through command channels. (1) A tank platoon leader with the maneuvering force controls his unit in the attack on the objective. While maintaining his platoon's place within the maneuvering force, he varies the platoon formation to meet changes in the situation confronting him. His major concern is to push the attack. (a) The platoon leader's tank is a fighting vehicle constituting 20 percent of the platoon's firepower. The platoon normally fights as a unit with the platoon leader directing the action of his five tanks ; his tank is not merely a platoon headquarters. The platoon leader exercises command over the entire platoon. While the platoon leader fights his tank, he ·has two constant considerations-he must not become so involved in fighting his own tank that he forgets to control the action of the whole platoon ; his actions must not indicate to the enemy that his is a command tank. When the platoon leader is fully occupied in fighting the platoon as a whole, he can assign his gunner a sector of fire, with the gunner firing at about the same rate as the rest of the tanks. The platoon leader positions his tank within the platoon where he can best control and influence the action. He observes in all directions, noting any evidence of enemy activity and the progress of other friendly units and keeps his company commander informed of the terrain and enemy resistance encountered, reporting any changes in the situation. (b) Upon meeting strong resistance or targets that his tanks cannot engage effectively, the platoon leader requests supporting fires through his company commander. \ He adjusts artillery and mortar fire if a forward observer is not available, and requests other fire support as required through command channels. (2) The actions of the tank commander in the conduct of the attack include ( a) Direct the movement of the tank in a sound tactical manner. (b) Direct the fire of the tank weapons. (c) Maintain contact with the platoon leader (visual or radio) . (d) Make constant reconnaissance. (e) Keep the platoon leader informed of the situation. d. The company teams and platoons press the attack as rapidly as possible using all available fire support. As elements reach a position at or in front of the objective (or enemy position) the assault is begun. 128. Assault on the Objective The assault of the objective may be made employing one of three methods (para 120). (Whichever method is used, the tanks destroy enemy groups, defensive works, weapons, and emplacement by direct fire. The riflemen close with the destroy the enemy in close combat and protect the tanks from individual antitank weapons.) Each rifle squad is located in a formation according to the directions of the mechanized rifle platoon leader. Supporting fires increase as the company and its platoons close on the objective. They shift to isolate the objective as the company team begins the assault. As soon as the assault starts, the tanks advance onto the objective, firing their machineguns. Armored personnel carrier machineguns may be used to support the assault until masked by advancing riflemen. Infantrymen use assault fire to close with the enemy. During the assault, the tanks provide support for the infantry, who will be clearing the objective. The tanks advance to the far side of the position, where they prepare for a possible counterattack and for the continuation of the attack to the next AGO 6483A objective. See paragraph 124 for methods and ~, techniques of employment of tanks and mechanized infantry in the assault. 129. Actions on the Position a. General. The actual occupation of the objective is the critical stage of the attack. This is the stage during which control is most difficult and the time when an aggressive enemy delivers a carefully planned and coordinated counterattack, covered by all available supporting fires. When an armor unit has assaulted and seized an assigned objective, it enters into activities called actions on the position. These actions are consolidation and reorganization. In nuclear warfare, the actual seizure of the objective will often be followed by either a continuation of the attack or rapid move to dispersed locations from which the unit can dominate the position, but avoid presenting a lucrative nuclear target. Such actions will be in accordance with plans made by a higher commander. b. Battalion Task Force-Consolidation. Consistent to the degree possible with previous plans, and as soon as the assaulting forces have seized the objective, the following actions are taken: (1) Eliminate any remammg enemy pockets of resistance. (2) Prepare to meet counterattacks. Elements of the force take up defensive positions on terrain controlling avenues of enemy approach. Elements not required for this task disperse to other locations to avoid presenting a lucrative nuclear target. (3) Prepare to continue the attack. The commander makes a map and visual reconnaissance of the future area of operations, issues necessary fragmentary orders to subordinates. ( 4) Improve defense posture. Elements of the force on the position continue to organize and improve their defensive posture until ordered to continue the advance. Plans for repelling enemy counterattacks also continue. c. Company Team Consolidation. As soon as AGO 6488A leading elements of the assaulting forces reach the objective, the following actions are taken with the greatest possible speed to destroy remaining enemy resistance, prepare to move to dispersed locations, avoid presenting nuclear targets, or to continue the attack on order. (1) The leading tanks take up defilade or concealed positions from which they can dominate the position and destroy enemy vehicles, weapons and troops by fire (fig. 71). Tank commanders employ hand grenades against dug-in enemy troops where the use of the tank guns might endanger friendly troops. If enemy tank hunters are active, the leading tank unit commander may request artillery and mortar airbursts over his position until friendly infantry arrive (fig. 72). Both tanks and infantry should avoid the sky line; tanks must not cruise aimlessly. (2) As he arrives on the position, each tank platoon leader goes to his assigned sector and takes up a position where he can regain visual contact with, and full control of, his platoon. As the remaining tanks of his platoon arrive, he assigns them general position areas and sectors of fire. He establishes local security, posting observers to warn of enemy activity and contacting friendly units on his right and left (fig. 73). The company takes immediate action to (a) Hold the position against counterattack. The subordinate unit's security measures are coordinated to provide for all-round observation and defense. Tanks are positioned to cover the logical avenues of enemy approach. The mechanized infantry organize hasty defensive positions. Through the artillery and mortar forward observers, arrangements are made for supporting fires to protect the newly captured positions. (b) Continue the attack. The tank company commander makes a map and RIGHT Figure 71. The leading tanks take up defilade or concealed positions from which they can dominate the position, and destroy visible enemy weapons by fire. visual reconnaissance of the terrain between him and the next objective and issues any fragmentary orders that may be necessary. When necessary, guides are sent back to meet supply trucks, company maintenance section, and medical aidmen. No action will be taken, however, that will interefere with immediate preparations for continuing the attack. (3) Troops on the position continue to organize and improve their defensive arrangements until ordered to continue their advance. Measures to be employed against enemy counterattacks are determined before the attack and are included as part of the attack order. d. Reorganization on the Position. Reorganization pertains to the unit. It includes all the actions taken to restore maximum combat effectiveness and control. It may include (1) Reports. All subordinates report ac complishment of their miSSIOn, and the status of troops, equipment, and supplies. (2) Replacement of casualties. So far as possible, losses are replaced. (3) Evacuation. Arrangements are made for the evacuation of troop casualties, prisoners of war, and damaged equipment. (4) Supply. Ammunition and equipment are redistributed as required; requests for additional ammunition, fuel, and other supplies are initiated; any supplies received are issued if time permits. Vehicles are resupplied on position or in a covered area immediately behind the position. Resupply must be accomplished as rapidly as possible yet not in such a manner as to result in unnecessary casualties. (5) Communication. Contact is restored with any units temporarily out of communication. 106 AGO 6433A ... "-. 0 ti "' 0 <:> "' :t <:> •o-. "' ..0 0 "' ~ <= 0 ..:,: "' g .... ~ t-. .. <:> ;:! ."".., r.. AGO 6433A WRONG Figure 79. Tanks should rally on the objective in their assrgned trectors within visual distance without crowding together. Section V. EXPLOITATION AND PURSUIT 130. General Exploitation is a type of offensive operation that may follow a successful penetration or em,..lopment. Exploitation takes full advantage of ::-1ccess in battle and is dependent upon retention of the initiative. Pursuit is a phase of exphitation that has as its primary purpose the capture or destruction of a retreating enl!uly force (FM 11-1). 131. Characteristics of the Exploitation a. General. An exploitation force operates through a gap or around a flank and usually is assigned a physical objective deep in the enemy rear. The exploiting force strives to reach the objective with maximum force in the shortest possible time. The exploiting force does not concern itself with any actions of the enemy except those that could seriously interfere with, or prevent accomplishment of, the assigned mission. Thus, enemy forces frequently are reported and bypassed with the permission of the next higher commander. Terrain permitting, exploitation forces advance on a broad front. b. Enemy Situation. When the exploitation stage has been entered, the local enemy situation will almost certainly be one of confusion and partial disorganization. A rapid exploitation will further cause the enemy dispositions to disintegrate. Enemy resistance will consist mainly of delaying actions by small units, defense of scattered dispositions, and reliance on obstacles, both defended and undefended. As the attack penetrates deeper into the enemy's disposition, his disorganization increases proportionately. c. Objectives. Objectives in enemy rear areas include(!) Enemy reserves and artillery. (2) Command, communication, and supply installations. (3) The rear or flank of strongly held positions. ( 4) Vital terrain features or critical AGO 6433A points, such as defiles, road junctions, railroad centers, and bridges. ( 5) Linkup with friendly airborne or airmobile forces. (6) Nuclear delivery agencies or storage sites. d. Freedom of Action. After entering the exploitation phase, the tank unit commander should have greater freedom of action than before, because the rapidity of the attack necessitates instant decisions. However, permission must be requested from the next higher headquarters before making major deviations from the original plan. e. Nuclear Support During the Exploitation. Nuclear weapons increase the speed of the advance. Used in conjunction with relatively small forces they can eliminate resistance that might otherwise require deployment of a sizeable force. In the exploitation, nuclear fires are used primarily on targets of opportunity. These fires are used to destroy hostile reserves and seal enemy escape routes. When nuclear fires are used, the tank unit commander's main concerns are to (1) Take adequate precautions for the safety of his unit when in the vicinity of friendly detonations. (2) Integrate nuclear and nonnuclear fires. (3) Exploit the effects of friendly nuclear weapons. ( 4) Insure that tree blowdown, rubble, and secondary fires do not interfere with the maneuver of the force. f. Organization of the March Column. The exploiting force must be organized to attack from march column. g. Attacking Enemy Dispositions. The ex ploiting force must rapidly destroy enemy dispositions that its leading elements surprise, or that are lightly held. The leading elements deploy and close on enemy forces utilizing all the speed and violence of armored and mechanized warfare. Reconnaissance usually consists only of observation of the objective and intervening terrain before launching the attack. Orders are disseminated quickly by AGO 6438A voice radio. If surprise is not attained, the unit may have to deploy, although extensive preparations are unnecessary unless the enemy is strong. If a strong enemy force is encountered, detailed preparations or the use of nuclear weapons may be necessary. h. Command. Command in exploitation depends, to an unusual degree, on aggressiveness, initiative, boldness, an understanding of tactics, constant alertness, and force. A thorough knowledge of the higher commander's plan will assist in carrying out the assigned mission. i. Control. The column must be controlled so that it can react quickly and best apply its force. Strict march discipline is a basic require ment. · 132. Security in the Exploitation a. General. Each commander is responsible for the security of his unit. An armor unit engaged in exploitation is, because of its position deep in enemy territory, particularly vulnerable to enemy attack on its flanks and rear and to harassment by small pockets of resistance and guerrilla forces. Therefore, security becomes increasingly important. b. Security During Movement. On the move, security is provided by security forces; by air and ground reconnaissance and surveillance to the front, flanks, and rear; by liaison with adjacent units; and by the formation of the column. Combat service support elements in the column are protected by placing combat elements close to them. Depending on the situation, column security may be provided by one or all of the following types of security forces (see ch 5): (1) Advance guard. Normally used by leading elements and should be a reinforced tank unit. (2) Flank guard or guards. Units are responsible for their own flank security. (3) Rear guard. May be a reinforced tank unit or a reinforced mechanized infantry unit. ( 4) Army aircraft. Army aircraft reconnoiter to the front, flanks, and rear. (5) Air cavalry. See paragraph 109e. c. Security at the Halt. When the head of the column is halted, the remainder of the column continues to move forward, coiling up in available space on each side of the axis and near the head of the column. Elements coil in prearranged formations, ready for instant action in any direction. Local security measures are taken. Passive air defense means must be considered for security from air attack and surveillance. Commanders immediately move to the head of their units to determine the reason for unexplained halts. 133. Composition of Exploiting Force a. General. In the exploitation, tank units must be capable of preforming any type of ground operation and be able to start an action in the minimum amount of time. They must be so organized that the commander has under his control all elements he may need to accomplish his mission. A battalion task force must include tanks, mechanized infantry, engineers, and adequate combat service support elements; supporting fires must be provided by artillery and organic indirect-fire weapons. Close coordination with air cavalry units and supporting tactical air must be achieved. b. Mobility. Mobility becomes increasingly important during exploitation. Combat and combat service support elements must be highly mobile. c. Organization. The task organization and order of .march are based on consideration of the factors of METT (mission, enemy, terrain and weather, and troops available). The order of march must correspond to the order of anticipated employment (fig. 7 4). d. Tanks and Mechanized Infantry. Tanks and mechanized infantry are distributed in depth throughout the column. These units are employed to lead the attack, maneuver to either flank, and secure the column by their positions. A tank-heavy force normally will be the leading element. e. Command Group. The commander must be well forward in the column so that he can obtain early .firsthand information of any situation arising to the front. His personal observation will permit rapid decisions, formulation of plans, and issuance of orders. The command group normally travels in rear of the leading subordinate unit of the main body (para 46). f. Artillery. The attached or supporting artillery normally remains in column until resistance is met. To insure adequate fire support for the leading elements, artillery should be so placed in the column that it can support the head of the column. An artillery battalion may employ an advanced battery, or the entire battalion may be placed in one position well forward in the column. In either case, it is essential that sufficient tanks and mechanized infantry precede the artillery to crush moderate resistance, to develop the situation in the event of heavy resistance, and to provide protection for the artillery itself. g. Engineers. Engineers are positioned well forward. An element of the engineer unit supporting the exploitation should be located with the leading elements so as to be immediately available to undertake such tasks as locating, marking and removing mines; removal of obstacles; repair or clearance of roads and bypasses; provision of assistance in crossing gaps and streams; and the conduct of road and bridge reconnaissance to determine the load bearing capacity and condition of each in an effort to maintain the momentum of the force. • • h. Command Post. The command post is located where its control facilities can best be used in the conduct of operations. 134. Speed in the Exploitation Speed is essential to successful exploitation. Speed and aggressiveness assist in achieving surprise, a vital factor to success. When the exploiting force moves rapidly, the enemy is seldom able to maneuver his troops to interfere seriously with the exploitation. However, speed must not be confused with haste. 135. Battalion Task Force-Conduct of the Exploitation a. In the conduct of an exploitation, combat action by the tank battalion task force consists most frequently of short engagements launched from march column. When resistance is en countered that cannot be quickly overcome, the AGO 6433A \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I ••• \ ADV GUARD~ i ) : ~ ~ .h. SCT~ / CMD GP~ / ~ / ~ ! I l ' : I I HHIQI (-) \ \ I ~\-) \ \ \ c•'\ \ \ REAR GUARDIQI \ I Figure 74. Task organization and order of march, to tank battalion task force, exploitation. battalion either launches a coordinated attack or bypasses the resistance. A unit bypasses only with the permission of the next higher commander; this permission may be included in the mission. b. The battalion takes full advantage of existing routes when conducting an exploitation. Company teams may move on separate routes with the remainder of the battalion following one or more of the leading teams. c. The exploitation is characterized by fluid situations and an extremely effective form of offense is the attack against successive dispositions (fig. 75). Such attacks are characterized by the employment of elements of the unit against several dispositions in rapid succession-sometimes concurrently. This method of attack can be used to save time when the entire strength of the unit is not needed to take each individual disposition. AGO 6433A (1) Within a battalion task force, company teams may be formed for the attack of successive dispositions. The strength of each company team will vary with enemy strength on the disposition. The operation begins with an attack on the first disposition. As soon as it has been seized, or as soon as the task force commander is certain that the attack force will be able to clear it of enemy troops, he orders a team to attack the second disposition while the clearing process on the first is being completed. In a like manner, a third team may attack through or around the team on the second objective to seize a third disposition. The attack by each team should be supported by the fires of another team and tactical aircraft if possible. (2) This method of attack may be used to clear small inhabited areas on the route of an exploiting column. A battalion task force often can clear a series of villages in a relatively short period of time. 136. Tank Company in Exploitation The tank company normally is used as part of a larger exploiting force. However, when suitably reinforced with mechanized infantry and tactical support, it is capable of limited independent action, such as reducing isolated strongpoints, seizing and holding critical defiles or key bridges, or acting as a flank guard. The tank company team normally attacks from march column in the exploitation. 137. Attack From March Column, General The attack from march column differs from the coordinated attack in that there is little time for preparations, such as detailed recon naissance and deliberate planning. Instead, the tank unit attacks swiftly and in mass, obtaining the full effect of shock action with a minimum of delay. An attack from march column demands speed and aggressiveness. The initiative must be seized and retained. Lacking specific orders, the company commander or the platoon leader takes whatever action that / \ ~ \\ ~ lJ !'! -~., ., ., ., ., &l 1 tZ l -~ ., ., -~ ....., ., ..,., .0 Q 'i:i l-., ..~ ' ...... Q ..:c ., tZ .... .... ""-ca.. ~ ~ "~<:> ~ -~ r.., AGO 6488A • he believes is required to carry out his assigned mission. 138. Attack From March Column Against Light Resistance During the exploitation, there are numerous occasions when, because of surprise or inferiority of numbers or armament, the enemy cannot offer serious resistance. Columns of trucks or other vehicles, towed antitank guns, and artillery, infantry, or cavalry in close formation, bivouacs, supply installations, and command post are all profitable objectives. See paragraph 98 for the attack against light resistance. 139. Attack From March Column Against Heavy Resistance a. If the enemy resistance is so heavy and stubborn that the leading elements can make little progress, it may be necessary for them to contain the enemy until other friendly forces arrive. b. Figure 76 shows an attack from march column by a tank company team against heavy resistance. As the leading tank platoon was unable to overcome the resistance, it continued to develop the situation, and reported the disposition and strength of the enemy to the company team commander. The leading platoon, in this case, covers the deployment of the remainder of the team. The company commander has the leading platoon continue to fire from its deployed position while the remainder of the team maneuvers. Artillery, air strikes, nuclear fires if appropriate, and mortar fires are requested to support this type of operation. Forward observers are usually present with the team, and supporting fires are included in the plan of attack. The next higher commander may order the resistance to be bypassed, or the team may be required to block or hold the enemy for the maneuver of the team or battalion. If the leading platoon leader or team commander desires to bypass resistance, he must obtain permission from the next higher commander. 140. Attack From March Column-Reduction of a Roadblock • a. Most roadblocks will be located at narrow defiles where maneuver is difficult and normally .. HQI oleo, FO's ...co,~~/ JC)/I Note: Deployed platoon joins in the assault. / .Figure 76. Attack from march column against heavy resistance. will be defended by antitank guns, mines, and automatic weapons. The leading tank platoon leader makes a quick estimate and seeks to envelop the roadblock by employing the basic principle of fire and movement. All possible fire is brought to bear on the roadblock and its defenders. If tank maneuver is not possible, he deploys, takes defenses of the roadblock under fire, and reports to the company commander. In many cases mechanized infantry or infantry, along with any accompanying engineers, will be required to reduce the roadblock, with the tanks supporting by fire. Fire. support will be requested. No attempt should be made to overrun an obstacle with tanks; it may be mined and booby trapped. However, once the task of removing barriers at the obstacle begins, tanks and tank dozers may be used to remove bulky objects such as logs. b. Figure 77 shows an attack of a roadblock by a tank company team. The leading platoon AGO 6433A 113 Figure 77. Attack from march column to reduce a roadblock. was proceeding along the road in column. When it approached the stream, it encountered a roadblock that was covered by antitank guns and automatic weapons. The platoon leader made a quick estimate, determined that he could not move forward, and reported to the company commander. In this instance, the terrain prevents the tanks from enveloping the enemy position; they support by fire, along with available mortars and artillery, the maneuver of the mechanized rifle platoon. The mechanized infantry platoon maneuvers dismounted through the woods and closes with the enemy. The tanks and artillery then lift or shift their fires according to a prearranged plan. Once the enemy is either destroyed or dispersed, the mechanized rifle platoon and supporting engineers assist the tanks over or around the obstacle and the company continues on its mission. 141. Continuation of the Exploitation During the Night To exploit success to the fullest, the advance is continued throughout the night. A night advance is conducted in generally the same manner as a daylight advance; however, security forces are strengthened, the distance between vehicles is shortened, and the leading tank elements are more heavily reinforced with mechanized infantry. When enemy resistance is encountered and it is necessary to attack, the attack will be conducted in accordance with the principles set forth for night operations (FM 17-1). The rate of advance is usually slower at night, and supporting fires are less effective, but there is a better chance of gaining surprise. 142. Pursuit Pursuit is a phase of exploitation to capture or destroy a specific body of enemy troops. The enemy troops may be static or moving, and the pursuit force must orient its movement on the enemy concentration. Divisions or brigades may be simultaneously assigned pursuit missions and missions of taking physical objectives. However, battalion-size units normally .e~cute one type of mission at a time. 143. Conduct of the Pursuit a. Contact with the enemy must be gained and maintained. The employment of Army aircraft facilitates command and control and provides observation of the enemy's movements and early warning of substantial buildups. Air cavalry units assist ground units by conducting reconnaissance and security operations and destroying hostile ground elements within their capabilities. Available Air Force aircraft pro vide column cover, destroy enemy elements, and provide information. b. Pursuit is accomplished by the use of two distinct forces-direct-pressure force and encircling force. A direct-pressure force exerts heavy pressure on the enemy. This force drives in or envelops the enemy's covering forces or rear guards, forcing the enemy's main body to halt and deploy to defend itself. The directpressure force contains the enemy until an attack by the encircling force accomplishes the 114 AGO 6433A pursuit m1sswn (fig. 78). At battalion level -~, there is a little difference between pursuit and other phases of exploitation; at platoon level, there is almost none. c. The mission of the encircling force is to get in the rear of the enemy, block his retreat, then attack to destroy him in conjunction with an attack by the direct-pressure force. When terrain and tactical conditions permit, the encircling force advances along routes parallel to the enemy's . route of withdrawal to reach ciitical points-defiles, bridges, etc.-before the arrival of the enemy's main body. However, when the enemy cannot be out distanced, the encircling force may strike the enemy's flank. A detailed discussion is contained in FM 17-1. 144. Additional Considerations in the Offense See FM 17-1, for a detail discussion of a. Tank sweeps. b. Counterattacks. c. Raids. • d. Night attacks. e. Employment of the tank-mounted searchlight in battlefield illumination. f. Attack of a fortified area. g. Attack of a built-up area( street fighting). h. Attack of a defile. .• DIRECT PRESSURE FORCE ENVELOPING ENEMY REAR GUARD AND AnACKING REAR OF MAIN BODY Figure 78. Actions of the direct-pressure force and encircling force in pursuit. i. Attack in woods. j. Attack of a river line. k. Minefield breaching (includes actions upon encountering mines). l. Employment of armor in conjunction with airmobile and airborne operations. See FM 7-11 and FM 7-20 for discussion of infantry in airmobile and airborne operations. m. Jungle operations. n. Desert operations. o. Operations in deep snow and extreme cold. p. Mountain operations. q. Counterguerrilla and counterinsurgency operations. AGO 6433A CHAPTER 7 DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Section I. 145. General a.. There are two basic types of defensemobile defense and area defense. There are various combinations of the two basic types (FM 17-1). Detailed discussions of the area defense and mobile defense are contained in FM 17-1. b. The commander organizes and conducts the defense through application of the following basic considerations as discussed in FM 17-1: ( 1) Proper use of terrain. (2) Security. (3) All-round defense. ( 4) Defense in depth. ( 5) Responsiveness. ( 6) Dispersion. (7) Maximum use of offensive action. (8) Antitank and antimechanized defense plans. (9) Integration and coordination of de fensive measures, including(a.) Fire planning. (b) Barrier planning. (c) Mutual support. (d) Surveillance planning. (e) Counterattack planning. (10) Time and space. ( 11) Defense against air attack. c. Combat support in defense operations. (1) Air Support. Close air support is used to assist engaged units, to attack enemy forces along the FEBA and to attack enemy armor and mechanized forces as far forward of the FEBA as possible. This causes attrition GENERAL thus reducing the number of armored vehicles that the ground elements must defeat. (2) Artillery. Artillery is employed well forward to take the enemy under fire at extreme ranges and force his early deployment. Fires are planned to interdict enemy avenues of approach, deliver harassing fire, destroy enemy formations, and provide continuous fire support throughout the operation (FM 17-1). (3) Engineer. Necessary engineer support normally will be placed in direct support of, or attached to, the tank battalion. Engineers prepare demolitions and create barriers within the battalion area of operations. Emphasis is placed on slowing and halting the advance of enemy armor and mechanized forces (FM 17-1) . Nuclear demolitions are integrated into the obstacles system as required (FM 171). (4) Army Aviation. Tank units are provided Army aviation support as required. Army aircraft are used for command and control ; to extend ground reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities, and adjustment of artillery and mortar fires ; and for casualty evacuation and resupply (FM 17-1). (5) Air Cavalry. Air cavalry is employed to extend the reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities and to increase the security of the maneuver elements. While performing reconnaissance or AGO 6433A security missions, they attack hostile ground targets within their capabilities. It is important to realize that these elements do not and cannot perform in the role of tactical Air Force aircraft, but merely supplement the reconnaissance and security capabilities of ground elements (FM 17-1 and FM 17-36). (6) Battalion Heavy Mortar P'Uhtoon (app II). 146. The Tank Battalion in the Mobile Defense The tank battalion participates in the mobile defense as part of a larger unit that is conducting the mobile defense. It may be part of the fixing forces, form part of the reserve, or, on occasion, when suitably reinforced, act as the covering force. 147. The Tank Battalion in the Area Defense In the area defense, the tank battalion can best be employed as a reserve for a higher command. The tank battalion normally should not be assigned a sector to defend. It may be used to reinforce the brigades in the forward defense area. Section II. BASIC CONSIDERAliONS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENSE 148. Organization of the Ground for Defense Measures for increasing the effects of fire and maneuver take precedence over all other work in the defense. The ground is organized to assist in bringing accurate fire on the enemy while avoiding his fires, and to impede enemy movement while facilitating that of friendly elements. Camouflage is used at every opportunity, with emphasis given to concealment from the air. Every effort is made to take advantage of natural cover and concealment. Normal priority of work is a. Clearing of fields and preparation of counterattack routes. b. Preparation of defensive positions. c. Strengthening of the defensive position. d. Preparation of routes for supply and evacuation. e. Establishment of a communication system, with emphasis on warning of enemy approach. 149. Clearing of Fields of Fire and Preparation of CounteraHack Routes The clearing of fields of fire and preparation of counterattack routes receives first priority. Weapons are located in positions where they can best place effective fire on the enemy; sectors of fire are cleared. A reconnaissance is conducted based on tentative counterattack plans to determine the requirements for the preparation of routes to permit the rapid movement of counterattacking forces. 150. Preparation of Defensive Positions a. The battalion commander assigns defensive positions or sectors to his companies or company teams. When positions are assigned, the battalion commander may also designate such supplementary positions as necessary for the execution of the battalion task force scheme of defense. Each company or team commander then reconnoiters his assigned position or sector and, on the basis of that reconnaissance and all available information, locates his platoons to cover avenues of approach into his position or sector. Successive reconnaissance by lower unit commanders results in fixing the exact location of the smallest units and their weapons (fig. 79). b. Each unit improves its defenses as soon as the position is occupied. It clears fields of fire where necessary. Primary and alternate firing positions are selected for each tank and crew-served weapon. In the construction of obstacles, priority is given to the most likely avenues of enemy approach (fig. 80). (1) Primary firing position. The primary position is the best available position from which the mission can be accomplished. The platoon leader designates AGO 6483A 117 THERE ARE FOUR LIKELY AVENUES OFENEMY APPROACH TOTHIS POSITION.WELL HAVE TO PAYPARTICULARA1TENTITO THE WOODED AREA ALONGTHE CREEK. Figure 79. Commanders conduct reconnaissance, select positions, and planthe organization of the position. AGO 6433A J ) I > Cl c ~ :>- ARTILLERY OR MORTAR CONCENTRATIONS Figure 80. 01·ganization of the position. ~' .._._________ .:-;;;;-_.-~--- ~~~rn~)L-----~ -.if.i.~ £.'-l ... '~~~ ~ .. Note. The alternate and supplementary positions for the tanks and machineguns and supplementary positions for the rifle squads are not shown because of limited space on the sketch. The supplementary positions would be integrated into one or more maneuver plans with which the platoon leader could shift forces quickly in the event of an attack from the flanks or rear. - a general area and a specific direction of fire for each tank. The tank commander selects the exact location of his primary position. (2) Alternate firing posttion. The alternate firing position is to be occupied when the primary firing position becomes untenable, yet permits the same mission to be accomplished. This position, and the route thereto, is selected by the tank commander. It must be in the area for which he has been assigned responsibility. (a) The tank commander decides when his position is untenable and moves on his own initative from his primary to his alternate firing position. As soon as possible the tank commander informs the platoon leader of his action. As the action continues the procedure is reversed with the tank moving from its alternate back to its primary firing position. (b) Due to the rapidity of events in tank versus tank actions, the decision of when the tank's position is untenable must be left to the tank commander. A relatively heavy volume of artillery or mortar fire in the general area does not of itself render a tank position untenable. Antitank fire renders a position untenable only when the tank itself is known to be the target (by proximity of the projectile path or strike) and the tank is unable to immediately destroy the source. Such a situation could be when the tank cannot pinpoint its adversary or when it is subjected to the aimed fires of several hostile tanks simultaneously. (c) There is no specific distance that the alternate firing position should be from the primary firing position. However, the tank commander must remember that his adversary will be scanning within the close proximity of the primary firing position waiting for him to reappear. (3) Supplementary position. The supple mentary position is for firing on targets that cannot be engaged by a tactical element from its primary or alternate firing position. These positions permit the reorientation of the unit's fire or a portion thereof to the flanks or rear. The battalion commander designates the supplementary positions for a company. The company commander designates supplementary positions for his platoons. The exact location of each tank in the supplementary position is chosen by the tank commander within the limits specified by the platoon leader. Supplementary positions are occupied only on order of the platoon leader, company commander, or battalion commander. c. Each tank position should possess good observation, fields of fire, concealment, and cover, and should be easily accessible. These positions should have natural protection from enemy fire including nuclear fires (FM 17-1). Positions should not be selected close to landmarks or such objects as lone trees or chimneys, on which the enemy artillery is likely to place fire. Routes between positions are selected, marked, and, if necessary, improved. d. Range cards are prepared for appropriate weapons at all positions. When time permits, tank commanders and gunners reconnoiter the terrain within range of their weapons, actually ranging to select reference points along probable routes of enemy advance. This tends to insure that effective fire can be delivered in smoke, darkness, and fog. Artificial obstacles should be sited to protect the positions and to force the advancing enemy under the flanking fire of the defender's tank guns. For further discussion, see FM 17-1 and FM 17-12. e. Infantry elements erect necessary camouflage to conceal their activity, site their weapons along principal directions of fire, and dig in; they are prepared to fight in any direction. f. Command posts, mortars, and combat support units are normally incorporated within the defensive positions for protection. They should be located in concealed, defiladed · positions. g. The armored personnel carriers provide AGO 6433A mobility, increased means of radio communication, and tactical supply and evacuation. Their vehicular machineguns provide additional firepower for the defense. The armored personnel carriers are integrated into the allround defense of the position. h. For additional detail and discussion related to strengthening the position, use of mines, chemicals, preparation of routes for supply and evacuation, command and control, and fire planning, see FM 17-1. 151. Defense by a Tank BaHalion in a Perimeter a. In the conduct of offensive, defensive, or retrograde operations, it may become necessary for a tank battalion task force to establlish a perimeter to defend itself. The task force commander analyzes the factors of METT (mission, enemy, terrain and weather, and troops available). He then assigns sectors to his company teams. He should maintain a tankheavy reserve so located that it can move quickly to any part of the defensive system. b. The company teams organize dominating and key terrain in their assigned defensive sectors. They establish their positions far enough from the center of the defensive area to give the reserve adequate room for maneuver. Freedom of maneuver for the reserve is essential. c. Company teams assigned defensive sectors normally must defend extended frontages. As a result, they must organize their positions to insure complete domination of likely avenues of approach into their sectors. Each company assigned a sector of the perimeter defense establishes a security force. These forces are disposed on the exterior of the perimeter to prevent surprise attack by providing early warning of enemy approach. The distance at which this security force operates in front of the defensive positions depends upon the enemy and terrain. The battalion reconnaissance platoon may operate forward of company security forces providing observation over routes leading to the perimeter, be integrated into the security echelon designated by the task force commander, or may be attached to a company occupying the perimeter. If used in a security role, the platoon may be made a part of the reserve upon withdrawal into the perimeter. d. The task force commander, in determining how much of his force to employ in the establishment of the position and how much to keep out as his reserve, considers the enemy situation, the terrain and weather, the strength and condition of the companies, and the mission of the task force. Normally, the reserve is tank-heavy, and the bulk of the infantry is placed on the perimeter. e. The headquarters elements of the battalion are located in the least vulnerable position within the defensive position, preferably in defilade for protection from direct fire. f. The fire support plan includes all available fire support. The tank battalion task force on an independent mission may have artillery attached. The artillery is located where it can best support the perimeter. g. Short and medium range radar are positioned to cover avenues of approach in accordance with the battalion surveillance plan developed by the battalion 82 (FM 17-1) . h. The forces on the perimeter make every effort to stop an enemy attack. If the perimeter is penetrated or is on the verge of being penetrated, the reserve may be committed to attack the enemy force. If the counterattack is successful and the enemy threat is eliminated, the perimeter is maintained as originally established. If the counterattack is not successful, it may be necessary for the task force commander to order that sector of the perimeter under attack to withdraw to previously prepared supplementary positions to regain freedom of maneuver for both the forces under attack and the reserve. Section Ill. MOBILE DEFENSE b. The success of the mobile defense depends 152. General upon timely and accurate information of the a. Elements of the mobile defense consist of enemy, and the ability of forces within the security forces, fixing forces, and the reserve (FM 17-1 and FM 17-30). defense area to move rapidly. Aggressive re- AGO 6483A 121 conhaissance is conducted to determine the b. The battalion task force commander indistrength, composition, direction, and time of cates to his company team commanders the the enemy attack, and all information pertigeneral trace along the forward edge of thenent to the area of operation. Security is of battle area (FEBA) to be organized by the vital importance in the mobile defense; units company teams and designates company secmust not be surprised or prematurely engaged. tors within which blocking positions may be All commanders must take positive action to designated to be occupied initially or on order.insure that communication is maintained andthat their units are prepared at all times to c. If the width of the sector and the terrainmove rapidly to support the scheme of defense. permit, the battalion task force commander selects a disposition that will provide depth 153. Tank Battalion Task Force as a Security to his defensive sector. This is accomplished byplacing one or more company teams in depth. A Force tank battalion as part of the fixing force doesWhen a division is conducting a mobile denot normally hold a reserve.fense, the division's armored cavalry squadronnormally is assigned the covering force misd. The battalion task force commander, insion. If the situation requires, however, a tank organizing his task force for combat, normallybattalion task force or brigade may be asassigns tank-heavy teams in sectors favorablesigned this mission. When so employed, the batto hostile armor approach, and mechanized infantry-heavy teams in sectors to cover likely talion is normally assigned a covering force avenues of dismounted enemy approach. Ter mission forward of the FEBA. To accomplishsuch a mission, the tank battalion must be rerain within the task force sector may favorinforced with. mechanized infantry and engibalanced teams. The battalion heavy mortarplatoon is employed in general support to pro neers, and be supported by artillery, Army avivide fire support across the front of the bat ation, and air cavalry. The battalion task forceorganizes company teams to operate across the talion task force sector and at maximum rangeextended front common to this type mission. in front of the FEBA. Once organized for combat, the battalion task e. The battalion task force commander nextforce conducts a covering force operation as considers the security of his task force duringdiscussed in paragraph 92 and FM 17-1 and the organization and preparation for the deFM 17-36. fense. The battalion scout platoon and companyteams in the forward defense area establish 154. Tank Battalion Task Force as Part of a observation posts to the front of the forwardFixing Force defensive positions. Communication is estab a. The plan of defense is based upon the lished between the observation posts and theforward company teams. Patrols and observa plans developed by higher headquarters. After tion posts are established as necessary to thestudying the terrain and reconnoitering the flanks to insure security for the battalion for area, the battalion task force commander de mation. velops his plan of defense (fig. 81). It includes plans to deny key areas within his batf. Ground surveillance radars are sited totalion task force sector. These plans include cover probable avenues of enemy approach.the selection of blocking positions critical to Short range radars are normally attached to his plan of defense and company team councompany teams; medium range radars remain terattacks to insure retention of the positions. under battalion control. See paragraph 52 andFM 17-1. Based on the size, number, and location of theblocking positions, the terrain, the troops availg. To preserve security during the organizaable, and the counterattack plans, the comtion of, and preparation for, the defense, and mander determines the assignment of sectors to insure that the battalion task force does notand blocking positions and the composition of present a nuclear target, the task force comcompany teams. mander may assign company team assembly 122 AGO 6433A areas for the initial movement of his teams into the forward defensive area. The assembly areas are normally well forward in the company team sectors, and are located where ground masses provide maximum protection from enemy weapons. The assembly areas are used as bases from which the company teams organize and prepare assigned blocking positions and their initial defensive positions. The assembly areas should provide maximum cover and concealment and permit rapid movement to assigned positions. h. Counterattack plans are developed concurrently with the organization of blocking positions and initial defensive dispositions. Battalion task force counterattack plans are made to accomplish the fixing force commander's plan of defense. Control measures outlined in paragraph 158b are designated for each counterattack plan. i. Certain blocking positions may be used as supplementary positions from which the enemy can be engaged if penetrations or attacks from certain directions occur. The scheme of defense also includes the use of blocking positions from which units therein can support by fire, or conduct limited-objective attacks against enemy forces that threaten another position. j. The battalion task force command post (less command group) is located to the rear, where it will receive protection by the tactical disposition of the company teams. Elements of the division artillery may be located within the battalion task force area. Liaison and communication are established with such elements, and the location of the artillery units is coordinated with the dispositions of the company teams. The battalion combat teams are located in the general area of the battalion task force command post; all vehicles not essential to the immediate defense are organized into field trains and located with the brigade trains. k. The battalion task force may be assigned a position in depth within the fixing force or may be designated as the brigade reserve. In such a case, the battalion task force may be assigned any one or a combination of the following tasks to support the fixing force commander's plan of defense: AGO 64SSA ( 1) Act as a counterattack force for the fixing force. (2) Cover the withdrawal of forward troops. (3) Move to supplementary positions to support counterattacks. (4) Deny key terrain within the forward defensive area. ( 5) Be prepared to join the division reserve in the conduct of a counterattack. 155. Organization of the Company Team Sector as Part of Fixing Force a. When the company team commander receives the battalion task force for defense, he coordinates the team's movement into the ini tial assembly area. As soon as possible, he makes a reconnaissance of his area to develop his plan for the defense (fig. 82). b. The company team commander develops his plan to support the battalion task force scheme of defense. This includes selection of routes, lines of departure, task organization, and initial formations for each counterattack plan and the organization of each blocking position as required. In addition, the company team commander studies the terrain to determine the plan of defense of his initial position. This may include occupation of defensive positions to defend the FEBA, limited counterattack, or delaying back to a blocking position selected by the battalion task force commander. Each route is reconnoitered by key commanders, and movement is rehearsed if time permits. c. Positions for platoons are selected in each defensive position to provide long-range fires and be mutually supporting. Tanks are located to provide long-range fires; mechanized infantry are dismounted and located to protect the tanks from tank-killer teams and to cover likely avenues of dismounted enemy approach. Sentinels are located to the front and flanks to provide local security. Routes to supplementary positions are reconnoitered, and the task organization for the occupation of each blocking position in the sector is determined. d. The plan of fire support is developed. Range cards are made for tanks and appropri A --------, FEBA "---- -- ~--------,(ASSEMBLY AREA) --------------- _,_ ........, , ' (ASSEMBLYl 'AREA 1 ,,_.,1 ,,, '' .~, I ~ I I -: I I ,, '-' ,....--...__., ~ ,----, ,_-I•• ROUTES THAT HAVE BEEN RECONNOITERED. 9CCUPIED BLOCKING POSITIONS. 'UNOCCUPIED BLOCKING POSITIONS. Figure 81. Example of a battalion task force organization of defensive sector. ate weapons for other positions. Overlays are made and submitted to the battalion task force commander, showing the organization and planned fires for the initial position and for each blocking position within the company team sector. Illumination plans are made a.s required. e. Blocking positions normally are selected on key terrain. The company team commander may delay occupation of the position until the enemy has advanced to a point where his employment of a nuclear weapon against the blocking position would also endanger his force. The bulk of the company team may be located in a company team assembly area or other covered position that permits rapid movement into the blocking positions. f. Terrain is normally the primary factor that influences the method of employing platoons of a tank company team. A team commander may be able to organize his entire team on one terrain feature, or he may be forced to assign platoons to separate terrain features. Thus, a company team could have three sep- AGO 6433A A ,,...... ---.....,, ... ' (BLOCKING POSITION\ -' ALFA I ,........---...,, '--...,,.___.,.., I ' -----BLOCKING POSITION (;s:~~:LY ") ''-~JAV~......./ '-...... ___.,...., c_,.,,.------........~ f ' BLOCKING POSITION \ CHARLIE _,1 ............ _,_ _.til ./") INITIAL PLATOON POSITION, WITH SECTOR (...e..... OF FIRE. ,.......___ REPRESENTS RECONNOITERED ROUTES FOR POSSIBLE MANEUVER OF COMPANY TEAMS. OCCUPIED BLOCKING POSITION. UNOCCUPIED BLOCKING POSITIONS. Figure 82. Example of company team organization of defensive sector. arate platoon positions within the team position. Further, it may have one platoon occupying one terrain feature while the remainder of the team occupies another terrain feature. In some instances, due to the nature of the terrain and width of sector, platoon positions may be out of immediate fire support range of other elements of the company team. Mutual support by movement between platoon positions is essential; mutual support by fire is desirable. To be considered mutually supporting by fire, each platoon must be able to give some assistance by fire to an adjacent platoon under attack. g. Based on the plan of defense, the company team may be required to prepare one or more supplementary blocking positions to NJ,O 6438A which it can move against enemy forces threatening another unit of the battalion. These blocking positions must provide for mutual support by movement to the assistance of the threatened unit, supporting it by fire, reinforcing it, or counterattacking the enemy force. 156. Conduct of Battalion Task Force, Fixing Force Mission a. As early as possible, depending upon the development of the situation by the covering force and actions of the enemy attacking force, the brigade commander informs the battalion task force commander of the brigade's plan of defense. This plan may be any or a combination of the following : (1) A tank sweep (FM 17-1) to destroy advancing elements of the attacking enemy. (2) Stop and fix the enemy in front of the FEBA for a counterattack by the division reserve or for a nuclear strike. (3) Have one or more battalion task forces stop and fix the enemy in front of the FEBA for a counterattack by one or more battalion task forces. b. If the scheme of defense is a counterattack by the brigade, the brigade commander ifesignates the counterattack plan to be executed or develops a new plan based upon the enemy's action. The battalion task force commander insures that his companies remain mobile and prepared to execute the counterattack. c. If the scheme of defense is to stop and fix the enemy in front of the FEBA, the task force commander initiates his scheme of defense to accomplish this mission. One or more company teams may be ordered to defend key terrain while others conduct a limited-objective attack. d. The observation posts adjust supporting fires on the enemy to slow or stop his attack. Army aircraft and air cavalry are used to locate enemy reserves behind the initial attacking formation and to seek targets for artillery and nuclear weapons. In addition, air cavalry engage hostile ground targets within their capabilities. The Air Force supports units in contact and engages enemy armor and mechanized forces as far forward of the FEBA as possible to cause the maximum possible attrition, thus reducing the number of armored vehicles that the ground forces must defeat. When forced by enemy action, observation posts withdraw through the FEBA to assume new missions. e. As the enemy attacking force comes within effective range of the defending force, supporting fires are delivered against the enemy to inflict maximum casualties. As contact is gained, the battalion task force commander initiates actions to stop, destroy, repel, and disorganize the enemy and to divert him toward an area suitable for his destruction. The enemy is kept under relentless pressure and is given no opportunity to establish himself in the battalion task force area. Every effort is made to disorganize the enemy attack formation, to separate elements of his attacking force, and to upset his plan of attack. f. When an attack is directed against the battalion task force sector, the commander seeks to retain his mobility to shift his firepower to the critical area. If certain blocking positions are in danger of being overrun, he may order forces on these positions to occupy supplementary positions. Company teams may be ordered to support blocking positions that are under heavy attack. This is accomplished by a limited-objective counterattack, supporting fire, or actual reinforcement of the forces on the positions. g. As the attack increases in strength and the initial company team positions are in danger of being defeated, the battalion task force commander may be forced to conduct a delaying action, using the blocking positions selected in depth. 157. Company Team, Conduct of the Fixing Force a. Within their area of responsibility, the company teams may resist the advance of the enemy by defense of key terrain, by counterattack, or delay of the enemy. b. Company team commanders assign positions and sectors of fire to platoons based on the task force order, forces available, and en emy avenues of approach into their sectors. The tank company team does not withhold a reserve. c. If the plan of defense requires a counterattack, it is conducted in the same manner as an attack. The necessary coordination is made; the attack formation is announced, and the company team executes the plan as ordered (ch. 6). d. If the plan of defense requires the occupation of one or more blocking positions, the company team commander executes this plan by moving his forces to previously prepared positions within his sector. e. Before the passage of the covering force through the company team's forward position, liaison is normally established by the covering force. The company team commander assists in expediting the passage of the covering force. f. When the enemy action forces the observation posts in front of the company team sector through his front lines, the company team commander orders his units to open fire at the maximum effective range of weapons, and calls for supporting fires upon the enemy. Every effort is made to stop and disrupt the enemy's attack. g. As the enemy attack develops, the company team commander must be prepared to move on order to supplementary positions, conduct limited-objective counterattacks to relieve pressure on other blocking positions, or move to a position from which the company team can better engage the enemy. h. Situations will exist when it is necessary to hold key terrain, and when there is a requirement for the company team to remain in a blocking position. In this situation, the company team conducts the defense as described for the area defense. Maximum effort is made to stop and disrupt the enemy attack before the enemy can assault the position. If the enemy succeeds in advancing to a position where he can assault, the commander calls for final protective fires in front of his position. The authority to call for platoon final protective fires is normally delegated to platoon leaders on the FEBA. During firing of the final pro- AGO 6433A tective fires, tanks continue to engage targets of opportunity within their sectors. i. If the battalion task force is receiving the enemy attack, and terrain is not key to the defense, the company team commander may be ordered to conduct a delaying action in his sector. He uses the blocking positions and other terrain features as delaying positions from which he can inflict casualties upon the enemy. 158. Tank Battalion Task Force, Reserve a. General. When the armored or mechanized division is conducting the mobile defense, a tank battalion task force given a reserve mission is normally employed as part of a brigade. b. Plans. ( 1) When a tank battalion task force is employed in the reserve, the task force commander prepares counterattack plans for the employment of his force based on orders of the brigade commader who outlines his concept and prepares the overall counterattack plans for the brigade. The battalion task force plans include control measures, supporting fires, and necessary coordination as discussed in FM 17 1. Control measures include but are not limited to ( a) Lines of departure. (b) Direction of movement denoted by axis of advance (arrow) or direction of attack (arrow) dependent upon the degree of control required. (c) Objective(s). Additional control measures, if required, may include attack positions and routes thereto, and boundaries. (2) Final approval of the reserve's counterattack plans must be given by the commander conducting the mobile defense. After plans have been approved, key members of the battalion task force are made familiar with the plans and given an opportunity to reconnoiter the attack area. Enemy action seldom permits the reserve to execute its attack exactly as planned. AGO 6433A The tank battalion task force commander must be prepared to modify quickly any attack plan to insure success, regardless of what course of action the enemy follows. c. Reconnaissance. Formulation of the attack plans should be preceded by a thorough reconnaissance of the attack areas designated by the commander conducting the mobile defense. The attack by the reserve should take place over terrain favoring the attacker. It should strike the enemy from the flanks or rear and pin him against an obstacle. d. Initial Locations of the Reserve. A tank battalion task force employed with the reserve usually is positioned to add depth to the forward defensive area. The task force commander, as a matter of second priority to the completion of the counterattack plans, organizes a position on key terrain within his assigned area. However, no action is taken that would interfere with the rapid movement of the task force in implementation of any of its counterattack plans. The initial location of the reserve is determined by the next higher commander. Its location should facilitate the use of the best routes to any threatened point. e. Decision to Commit the Reserve. The decision to commit the reserve is based to a large extent on the information furnished by the forward elements. When committed, the reserve attacks swifty, and in mass, over previously reconnoitered routes, to hit the enemy with the maximum surprise, firepower, and shock effect. f. Conduct of the Counterattack. When the reserve is committed, the reserve force commander assumes command of the area between his line of departure and his objective. After passage by the reserve, the mission of the fixing force may continue to be blocking, delaying or canalizing the enemy. The reserve is given priority of supporting fires and close air support during its counterattack. 159. Conduct of the Battalion Task Force, Reserve a. At the decisive time and place, the reserve is employed in a counterattack role to destroy the enemy. If possible, the counterattack is launched before the enemy attack gains momentum. Once the enemy has been canalized into a preselected area and orders have been issued committing the reserve, all available fires are brought to bear on the enemy. Nuclear strikes may be used initially to destroy enemy forces. Close air support is used to attack enemy concentrations and to prevent its reinforcement. b. Frequently it may not be possible to canalize the enemy into the preselected areas, but the action, as it develops, may create areas that facilitate destruction of the enemy. c. Upon completion of a successful counterattack, the battalion task force may return to a prearranged location or assume another mission. d. In the event of a major penetration of the forward defensive area, the battalion task force must be prepared to assume the mission of fixing forces while other elements of the division conduct a counterattack. The battalion task force must also be prepared to conduct a delaying action if the strength of the enemy attack makes such action necessary. e. For details concerning the attack see chapter 6. 160. Conduct of Tank Company as Part of the Reserve The company team commander must formulate his plans to support the battalion task force missions. Actual rehearsals are conducted when time permits. As a minimum requirement, key members of the team should make a map and ground reconnaissance of routes, attack positions when used, lines of departure, blocking positions, and objectives. For details concerning the attack, see chapter 6. Section IV. AREA DEFENSE 161. Missions of the Tank Battalion in Area Defense a. The area defense should exploit to the maximum the capabilities of the tank battalion. In this type of defense, the tank battalion must be assigned missions where it can use its mobility and shock effect to the greatest possible extent under the existing conditions. These missions include ( 1) Acting as the reserve for a larger force. (2) Forming a general outpost for a larger force. b. In area defense, the tank battalion is best employed as the reserve. On occasions the battalion may be employed as part of the forces of the forward defensive area. When such instances occur, the battalion should be heavily reinforced with infantry. c. Additional details of the area defense are contained in FM 17-1. 162. Security Forces, General Security echelons consist of a general outpost and combat outpost. The general outpost is established by the division commander. Combat outposts and local security are established by elements holding the forward edge of the battle area. 163. The Tank Battalion on a General Outpost Mission The general outpost is normally organized and controlled by the division or higher commander. The mission of the general outpost is to obtain timely information of the location, strength, and activities of the enemy, to disorganize and delay his advance, and to deceive him as to the true location of the battle area. a. Though an armored cavalry squadron is normally used for such a role, the tank battalion, reinforced with mechanized infantry or infantry, and air cavalry, and supported by engineers, artillery, and Army aviation, may be employed to form all or part of the general outpost for the division. The exact location of the general outpost is normally prescribed by the division commander. b. When given a general outpost mission, the tank battalion task force commander makes a AGO 6483A personal reconnaissance of the position, sup ~',l plemented by a map and aerial photo study. Based on the mission and reconnaissance, he / makes his plans, including security measures, dispositions and frontages of troops on the position and on advantageous delaying positions in the rear, organization and coordination of fires, organization of the ground, means for deception and disorganization of the enemy throughout the action, and movement to successive positions in the rear. Extended frontages are covered by increasing the intervals between units; these intervals are covered by observation and fire. c. Battalion actions during conduct of a general outpost mission are essentially the same as for a covering force mission. Unless the outpost is required to hold for a definite time, it begins its withdrawal to subsequent positions as soon as it is apparent that a superior enemy force is deployed for action and outposts are likely to become decisively engaged. The action upon each successive delaying position is designed to create as great a change as possible in the direction of the enemy attack, and to bring about the deployment of the maximum number of hostile units. 164. The Combat Outpost The combat outpost is normally located on the first high ground in front of the forward edge of the battle area. It is normally far enough forward to deny the enemy close ground observation of the battle area. The elements of the combat outpost are usually furnished by the forward forces occupying the FEBA. If a tank battalion task force is given a sector along the FEBA to defend, a company team or the battalion scout platoon may be used as its combat outpost, or appropriate portions of the COP may be assigned to the company teams. The platoon may be reinforced if necessary. Artillery and other supporting fires usually are furnished to the combat outpost from firing positions in the battle area. a. The combat outpost, within its capabilities, performs the same missions as the general outpost. b. The combat outpost maintains contact with security forces to the front and flanks, AGO 6433A and with the forces in the battle area. Routes are reconnoitered and coordination is made for the rearward movement of the combat outpost through the forward defense area. c. The combat outpost maintains contact with, and assists in covering the withdrawal of, the general outpost. It seeks early contact with the enemy to bring supporting fires upon his forces as they advance. The combat outpost withdraws on order of the commander controlling its actions; normally, it is withdrawn before it becomes involved in close combat with the enemy. The withdrawal is made by previously selected routes that do not interfere with fires from the battle area. 165. Organization and Functions of Battalion Task Force on the FEBA The brigade or division commander confronted with an armor avenue of approach into his sector, may direct a tank battalion task force to defend a position in depth on the FEBA to maximize the use of the battalion antitank capability. The battalion commander makes a reconnaissance of the terrain and assigns company-size defensive areas along the FEBA. Boundaries are designated between company teams in the forward area. The defensive areas should be mutually supporting by fire if the terrain and the width of sector permit. The battalion commander designates blocking positions he deems essential for the accomplishment of his mission. A plan for organization of the ground, a plan of fire support, and a plan for surveillance are made. Communication is established between the combat outpost and the task force command post. Routes are reconnoitered, and coordination is made for the rearward movement of the combat outpost through the FEBA. 166. Conduct of the Battalion Task Force as Part of the Forces on the FEBA a. The success of the area defense depends upon the retention of terrain, maximum application of firepower in front of the FEBA, and timely execution of counterattacks to destroy or eject enemy penetrations. The commander conducts the defense aggressively. The defense progressively disrupts and weakens the enemy. The situation may require that certain ground be held regardless of the cost or risk involved; therefore, no commander may evacuate his position without approval of his higher headquarters. b. Forces in the defense area engage the enemy at maximum effective range. As the enemy continues to advance within range of other weapons, the volume of fire is increased. If the attack is not disrupted by the close defensive fires and the enemy prepares to assault the position, final protective fires are delivered. Commanders may reinforce these final protective fires with the fires of additional weapons. c. The tanks normally remain concealed in the vicinity of their primary firing positions, moving into them when the enemy attacks. d. The tank positions, including alternate firing positions, should be located within occupied areas. In some cases, it may be necessary to extend the occupied area to include suitable tank positions. One of the advantages of the tank as an antitank weapon in the defense is its ability to move under small-arms and artillery fire. e. For maximum coordination, flexibility, and control in area defense, tanks are not attached to units below company level. 167. Organization and Functions of the Reserve, General a. The reserve is constituted from forces not required to hold the FEBA. The reserve is located on, or to protect, key terrain. It is positioned to block penetrations from the front and flanks. Counterattack plans are developed for possible penetrations by the enemy; counterattack plans are developed to strike the enemy in front of the FEBA or to the flanks. Objectives, routes, lines of departure, and directions of attack are selected for each counterattack plan. Key individuals reconnoiter the terrain covered by each counterattack plan. The reserve also prepares plans to reinforce frontline units or to cover the withdrawal of frontline units. The reserve should be tank heavy; however, its exact composition is determined after a study of the factors of METT. Depending upon the frontage assigned and the terrain, each unit in the area defense, from the company team through the division, retains a reserve whenever possible. b. All available combat and combat support forces of the defenders may be used to participate in the counterattacks. Plans must be sufficiently flexible to permit the reserves of frontline battalion task forces to participate in the counterattacks. c. Forces in the battle area not heavily engaged may be moved to supplementary positions from which they can deliver fires upon the flanks of the penetration~ These forces may conduct limited objective attacks to seal off the enemy force in the penetration. Nuclear weapons may also be used to assist in blunting or to seal off an enemy penetration. 168. Conduct of Battalion Task Force as Brigade Reserve A battalion task force may be assigned a reserve mission as part of a brigade. The .task force commander studies the terrain and selects company team positions that block likely avenues of enemy penetration. After consideration of the factors of METT, he determines the task organization for each team. In locating and organizing his forces, he considers the counterattack plans developed by higher headquarters. Plans are developed to execute these counterattack plans. Supplementary positions are selected to ·meet enemy threats from the flanks, and each is reconnoitered and organized. 169. Conduct of Tank Company as Part of the Reserve A company team may be designated as the reserve for a battalion task force or brigade. When a team is given such a mission, the higher commander designates its location. The reserve position is organized for all-round defense and normally permits the team to support forces on the forward positions by fire. Supplementary positions to the flanks are selected and organized. Plans are developed to carry out or support the counterattack plans of the task force, to reinforce forces on the FEBA, and to block enemy penetrations. 170. Tank Platoon in Defensive Combat a. Whenever possible, tanks avoid disclosing their positions and hold their fire until the enemy tanks are within effective range of the AGO 6433A Figure 83. Individual tanks shift from their primary firing position to their alternate firing position and back as one or the other becomes untenable (para 151b). main tank gun. Although their primary target is hostile tanks, they engage armored personnel carriers, enemy infantry, supporting weapons, hostile aircraft, and other targets as discussed in paragraphs 74 through 77. b. The tank platoon leader controls the fire and movement of his platoon. Individual tanks shift from their primary firing position to their alternate firing position and back as they deem necessary (fig. 83). These shifts are made rapidly and the platoon leader must be kept informed. Supplementary positions are occupied only on order of the platoon leader. It is imperative that all positions and routes thereto be preplanned and reconnoitered as indecision or delay in moving from one firing position to another may result in unnecessary casualties. Once the direction of the hostile main effort is determined, the commander responsible for the defense of the position may direct the platoon leader to move most of his tanks to oppose it. c. The tank platoon may be employed in conjunction with the mechanized infantry or in fantry battalion reserve, for small-scale counterattacks. Such an action is especially appropriate in situations where the enemy force consists almost entirely of infantry or when the accompanying enemy tanks have been destroyed. 171. Additional Considerations in Defense See FM 17-1 for a detailed discussion of a. Defense applicable to ( 1) Jungle, desert, and mountain operations. (2) Operations at defiles. ( 3) Limited visibility operations. ( 4) Counterguerrilla and counterinsurgency operations. (5) CBR operations. ( 6) Rear area security operations. b. Night combat techniques, mine warfare, use of obstacles, and employment of ground surveillance radar. AGO 6433A CHAPTER 8 RETROGRADE OPERATIONS Section I. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 172. General A retrograde operation is a planned movement of a command to the rear or away from the enemy. Tank units conduct retrograde operations when forced to do so by enemy action or voluntarily to obtain a tactical advantage. In the conduct of retrograde operations, tank units seize every opportunity to employ offensive actions in accomplishment of their mission, and they must be prepared to resume the offense when the situation becomes favorable for resumption of the attack. 173. Types of Retrograde Operations There are three types of retrograde operations-retirement, withdrawal, and delaying action. See FM 17-1 and FM 61-100 for a detailed consideration of the types and purpose of retrograde operations. 174. Tank Units in Retrograde Operations Tank units normally participate in retrograde operations as part of a larger force. a. Retirement. The retirement begins after a unit has disengaged from the enemy and regained freedom of action ; the operation consists primarily of a tactical road march (FM 17-1). (The material contained in the remainder of this chapter is limited to the withdrawal and delaying action.) b. Delaying Action. Tank units conduct delaying actions to delay the advance of an enemy force. Paragraphs 177 through 185 contain principles and techniques for the conduct of delaying actions. c. Withdrawal. Tank units conduct day and night withdrawals to regain freedom of action. Paragraphs 186 through 190 contain doctrine for the employment of tank units in withdrawals. 175. Combat support as discussed in paragraph 141 c is also applicable to the delay. 176. Control Measures a. Control measures used in retrograde operations include: phase lines, checkpoints, coordinating points, zones, routes, and delay positions. (See FM 17-1 for a detailed discussion of control measures.) b. In selecting control measures, the commander should allow maximum freedom of action at the small unit level; however, missions and details of execution will be more detailed than in other operations. Section II. DELAYING ACTION 177. General capability of initiating planned action by the introduction of firepower or maneuver at its a. A delaying action is an operation in which echelon. The tank battalion, because of its mo maximum delay and damage are inflicted on an advancing enemy without the delaying force bility and armor-protected firepower, is well becoming decisively engaged in combat. A unit suited for a delaying action mission. When such is decisively engaged when it has lost its freea mission is given, the battalion usually delays dom of maneuver and no longer possesses the on successive positions. Delay on successive po- AGO 6488A sitions consists of organized resistance on an --~ initial position and the continuation of this , resistance through successive delaying positions. See FM 17-1 for a discussion of the fundamentals of delaying action. b. A delay may also be conducted using alternate positions. In such a case, the delaying force is divided into two elements. One element organizes and occupies the initial delay positions; the other simultaneously organizes and occupies the second delay position. When the forward element is forced to withdraw, it displaces through or around the rear element and moves to, occupies and organizes the next delay position. This procedure is repeated as necessary. The requirement for a reserve is fulfilled by the element not in contact. Tank battalions seldom operate on a front narrow enough to permit delay on alternate positions. c. Tank battalion delaying positions normally are not organized in great depth. They are strong in firepower, with the bulk of the force concentrated forward on likely avenues of enemy approach. A tank battalion conducting a delaying action is divided whenever possible into two major echelons, the delaying force and a reserve. Companies normally do not designate reserves. The battalion commander controls the action by assignment of company zones and phase lines, and by designation of battalion alternate or successive delaying positions. The basic considerations for the defense listed in paragraph 145b are also applicable to the delay. d. FM 17-1 discusses planning and organization for the delay in detail. 178. Reconnaissance and Selection of Delaying Positions A reconnaissance to select delaying positions is made as early as possible. Likely avenues of approach are located, and plans are made to deny their use to the enemy. In selecting delaying positions, the tank unit commander considers the same factors as those considered in selection of any defensive position. He selects positions affording long range fields of fire with routes suitable for withdrawal and lateral movement, and establishes priorities thereon. Additional delaying positions are selected be- AGO 6433A tween the delaying positions specified by higher headquarters. 179. Disposition of Forces for Delaying Action a. The battalion commander assigns company zones encompassing the most likely avenues of enemy approach to and through the battalion zone (fig. 84). Boundaries are designated between companies to indicate zones of responsibility. Where possible, each avenue of approach and the terrain dominating the avenue are assigned to one unit. Each company zone should include at least one good route of withdrawal. b. When a battalion reserve is designated it is located initially in an area from which it can block or move rapidly to any threatened point, or can execute a counterattack rapidly. c. The battalion command post is located well to the rear, to avoid the necessity of frequent displacement and interference with the actions of the tactical elements of the battalion. The command group, however, should remain well forward with the engaged elements and should be among the last to withdraw. The combat trains are located to the immediate rear of the next delay position where they can effectively support the operation yet avoid interference with combat elements. d. The company commander deploys his platoons to cover likely avenues of enemy approach into his zone (fig. 85). In a wide company zone with several good avenues of approach, all platoons may be used on line. However, whenever possible, at least one tank platoon should be positioned to provide some depth. This platoon differs from a reserve in that its primary function is to deepen the position by reinforcing the defenses of the forward platoons. Attached mechanized infantry or infantry elements are placed where they can best protect and support the tanks and cover parts of the zone not covered by other fires. 180. Task Organization of a Tank Battalion Task Force Conducting Delaying Action a. A tank battalion conducting a delaying action normally has mechanized infantry or in AVENUES OF ENEMY APPROACH __s--SCT~-- WELL FORWARD RESERVE LOCATED IN AREA FROM WHICH IT CAN BLOCK OR MOVE RAPIDLY TO REINFORCE OR COUNTERATTACK -+-----f.-- REAR OF THE TF POSITIONSECOND DE:LL.A~Y~======t====== - Figure 84. Tank battalion task force. dispositions on a delaying position (schematic). fantry attached. The resulting battalion task of a company of tanks less one tank platoonforce may be either tank-heavy or balanced. A with one or two mechanized rifle platoons attypical tank battalion task force may consist tached. The task force reserve is normally tankof two organic tank companies and a company heavy, but must have sufficient mechanizedof mechanized infantry. In turn, the organizainfantry to operate effectively anywhere in the tion of company teams by the task force com task force zone.mander is based on a consideration of thefactors of METT. A company team may consist b. The battalion scout platoon may be re- AGO 6433A 134 sance provides one of the best sources of security. Ground reconnaissance may be extended by ground radars, Army aircraft, andair cavalry. Close coordination between adjacent units is essential to avoid presenting an exposed flank to the enemy. b. Security to the Front. If elements of thedelaying force are not in contact with theenemy, action must be taken to prevent surprise of the delaying force and to provide earlywarning of enemy approach. The battalionscout platoon may be used as a security forceforward of the company delaying positions.Observation posts are established to the frontof delaying positions during daylight. Theseare replaced by listening posts at night. Routesfrom the position out to the observation postare chosen very carefully to avoid detectionby the enemy. • c. Security to the Flanks. A tank unit on thedelaying position must establish its own flanksecurity by all-round observation, patrols, andcontact with adjacent units. Careful reconnaissance enables the delaying force to locateavenues of approach the enemy is likely to useFigure 85. Tank company delaying position. in an effort to envelop the delaying force. Lead ing elements of any enemy force attempting to tained under task force control for the execuadvance along such avenues can be blocked ortion of such missions as flank guard or reconambushed. When not otherwise used, the batnaissance within the position or the rear. talion scout platoon should be assigned the Sections, or squads when the battalion is opermission of screening an exposed battalion flank. ating on an extremely wide front may be at d. Reference. For additional details and dis tached to company teams, to conduct observa tion or patrol missions, or to assist in the reconcussion of control measures, .combat support, naissance of the next delaying position (app. employment of fires, and use of obstacles in theIII). delaying action, see FM 17-1. c. The battalion heavy mortar platoon nor 182. Occupation of A Delaying Position mally is retained under task force control. Inaccomplishment of its mission, the platoon is a. The occupation of a delaying position bypositioned where it can best support the fora tank unit is generally the same as for any deward company teams. fensive position. However, the commanderplaces greater emphasis on engaging the enemy 181. Security in Delaying Action at maximum effective range and on dispcsing a. General. During a delaying action, the his forces so that he can efficiently execute theplanned withdrawal to the next delaying po enemy will make every effort to envelop and sition. destroy the delaying force. The battalion taskforce commander must be particularly careful b. Basic factors to be considered for thethat the enemy does not turn his flank or suroccupation of a delaying position by a tank unitprise him in position. Continuous reconnais-include- AGO 6433A 135 ( 1) Primary firing positions. (2) Alternate firing positions. (3) Supplementary positi 8 a> ... !::> Cll - BAnALION HEADQUARTERS AND BAnALION HEADQUARTERS SECTION AN/VRC-49 AN/VRC-49 AN!VRC-49 AN!VRC-49 AN!VRC-49 / "" "" "" "" ... 1 Moj (XO) P 1 Maj (S3) P 1 Capt (54) P 1 lt (LO) R lt Col (Bn Cmdr) P E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R AN/VRC-48 AN/VRC-49 AN/PRC-25 AN!VRC-49 AN/VRC-24 AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-29 AN/VRC-29 (RATT) AN/GRR-5 AN!VRC-49 (RATT) 4lf£Q. .... ~ 1 E-8 (Op Sgt) P Capt (S3 Air) P Capt (S2) P Capt (51) P 1 E-6 (Chem NCO) R E-7 (Asst Op Sgt) R E-8 (Intel Sgt) P 1 E-5 (Tm Chief) R 2 E-4 (RATT Op) R 1 E-5 (Tm Chief) R E-4 (Op Asst) (Dvr) R E-5 (Ln Sgt) R 2 E-4 (RATT Op) R E-4 (Cik-Typ) R E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R ,--AUGMENTATION** -, """" ttl' AN/GRC-19 AN/PRC-2.5 ' .......... AN!VRC-24 Notes. (Bn Hq Sec.) AN/VRC-46 PERS SECTION 1. AN/PRC-25 authorized S3 Air may be operated dismounted or mounted in S3 Air vehicle. E-5 (Rec Tm Ldr) R 2. Bn Comm Off and Maint Off are included in Bn Hq but are E-5 (Pers Mgt Sp) R ... shown with respective platoons. E-5 (Sr Pay Sp) R E-6 (Op Sgt Air) R 1 E-5 (Sr Pers Rec Sp) R E-4 (IS Rod Op) R 2 E-4 (Pay Sp) R E-4 (IS Rad Op) (Dvr) R 2 E-4 (Pers Rec Sp) R 1 E-4 (Rec Rev) R 1 E-4 (Rept Sus Clk) R 1. Airborne division tank battalion headquarters and headquarters section. (LEGEND: P-PiBtol, R-Rif!e, S-Submachine Gun.) Figure 95. Manning chart, headquarters and headquarters company, tank battalion, airborne division. AN!VRC-49 ... ' 1 lt (LO) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R .., E-9 (Sgt Maj) R E-7 (Pers Staff NCO) R E-6 (Legal Clk) R E-4 (Cik-Typ) R E-3 (Mail Clk) (Dvr) R Cll COMPANY HEADQUARTERS w / AN/VRC-49 AN/VRC-47 -... .. •...... " I Capt (Co Cmdr) P I lt (XO) R I E-6 (Sup Sgt) RI E-3 (Dvr) R I E-8 (1st Sgt) R I E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) RI E-4 (Co Clk) RI E-3 (Dvr) R AN/VRC-46 ~ ...._. ..-.• E-6 (Mtr Sgt) R I E-5 (Sr Track Veh Mech) R E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) R I E-5 (Sr Track Veh Meehl R I E-4 (Track Veh Mech) R I E-4 (Track Veh Mech) R E-4 (Track Veh Mech) (Dvr) R 1 E-4 (Track Veh Mech) (Dvr) R GROUND SURVEILLANCE SECTION / ' AN/PRC-25 AN/PRC-25 AN/PRC-25 AN/VRC-47 AN/PRC-25 AN/VRC-46 AN/PPS-4 AN/PPS-4 AN/PPS-4 AN/PPS-4 AN/TPS-33 ...... ...... ..... ...... .... ...,. E-6 (Sec Sgt) R E-5 (Tm Ldr) R E-5 (Sr Radar Op) R E-5 (Tm Ldr) R E-5 (Sr Radar Op) R E-3 (Dvr) R E-5 (Sr Radar Op) P, M-79 E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R • E·5 (Tm Ldr) R E-5 (Sr Radar Op) R E-4 (Radar Op) R E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R E-5 (Sr Radar Op) R E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R AN/VRC-46AN/TPS-33 ..., 8 E-5 (Sr Radar Op) RE-4 (Radar Op) R E-4 (Radar Op) (Dvr) R 2. Airborne division tank battalion hesdquarten, eompan:y headquarters, and the battalion ground surveillance aeetlon. ! Figure 95-Continued. ) § = : > BAnAUON COMMUNICATION PLATOON ' / AN/VRC""' AN/VRC_.B ,.._. ... ... ... ..... 1 Capt (Cainm Off) P E-3 (Msg Clk) R 1 E-3 (Msg Clk) R 1 E_. (Sr Msg Clkl R 1 U (C-m Chief) R 1 E-3 (Ovr) R E-3 (Mtr MstJr) (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Mtr Msgr) (Dvr) R 1 E_. (Rad Meehl R 1 E-5 (Sr Radla Meehl R 1 E_. (Rad Meehl (DYrl R 1 E_. (Radar Meehl R 1 E-3 lOw) R Nate. (Camm Plat.) Camm OH cam,..anda Camm Plat, Ia anlgned ta In Hq. , BAnAUON RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON ~ SCOUT SECTION ' , RIFLE SQUAD' / TANK SECTION ____,,r PLATOON HQ' / AN/VRC_.7 AN/VRC-46 AN/GRC-125 AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-12 AN/VRC-12 AN/PRC-25 ...._. 1 E-7 (Plat Sgt) P 1 E-6 (111 Cmdr) P 1 Lt (Plat ldrl P 1 E-6 (Sec ldr) R 1 E-5 (Ant Sqd ldr) R 1 E-6 (Sqd ldr) R 1 E-5 (Gunner) P 1 E_. (Pen Carr Dvr) R 1 E_. (Pen Carr DYr) P, M-79 1 E_. (Pen Carr DYr) P, M-79 2 E-5 (1m leader) R 1 J-5 (Gunner) P 1 E-5 (111 Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (Set Obar) R 1 E-3 (Set Obsr) R 2 E_. (Grenadier) P, M-79 1 E-5 (111 Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (~der) P, S 4 E-3 (Rifleman) R 1 E-3 (loader) P, S 1 E-3 (Dvr) RAN/VRC-46 AN/GRC-125 1 E-6 (Sqd ldr) R 1 E-5 (Ant Sqd ldr) R 1 E_. (Pen Carr DYr) P, M-79 1 E_. (Pen Carr Dvr) P, M-79 1 E-3 (Set Obar) R 1 E-3 (Set Obsr) R 8. Airborne division tank battalion communication and reconnaissance platoona. Figure 95-Continued. - Ul ,~ ..... / Cll BATTALl ON MORTAR PLATOON PLATOON HEADQUARTERS (4) MORTAR SQUAD(S) ~ / " r " AN/PRC-25 AN/VRC-48 AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-48 .... ...,._. 1 Lt (Plat ldr) R E-5 (FO) R 1 E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-7 (Plat Sgt) R E-5 (Sqd ldr) R E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E-6 (Chief FD Camputor) R E-4 (Gnr) P2 E-5 (FD Computor) R E-3 (Asst Gnr) P1 E-4 (lnstr Op) R E-3 (Ammo Bearer) R1 E-3 (Dvr) R E-3 (Dvr) R BATTALION MAINTENANCE PLATOON / AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-46 AN/VRC-46 .... ...., ... ....._. ....._." Capt (Mtr Off) P WO (Auto Maint Tech) R E-6 (Mtr Maint Sgt) R E-3 (Mech Helper) (Ovr) R E-3 (Mech Helper) (Dvr) R E-4 (Turret Mech) R E-5 (Sr Track Veh Mech) R E-5 (Sr Track Veh Mech) RE-4 (Track Veh Mech) (Dvr) R E-4 (Track Veh Meehl (Dvr) R E-4 (Shop Clk) (Dvr) R ..._. ..._. .----tl~ sri~ E-4 COrd Sup Sp) R E-5 (Sr Welder) R E-3 (Sup Clk) (Dvr R E-4 (Welder) R E-4 (Track Veh Mech) (Dvr) R E-4 (Track Veh Mech) (Dvr) R E-4 (Powerman) R 1 E-4 (Turet Meehl (Dvr) R 8 4-Airborne division tank battalion mortar and maintenance platoons. Figure 95-Continued. t,. > )~ BATTALION SUPPORT PLATOON § / ~ SUPPLY SECTION MESS SECTION ' = / PLATOON HQ ' /> ~ "', HEADQUARTERS TEAM,, (3) COMPANY TEAMS ' AN/VRC..&7 ...__. .•3"j .fill ~ ... ..... 1 WO (Sec Ldr) R E-6 (Asst Sup Sgt) R E-6 (Bn Mess Steward) R 2 E-5 (1st Cook) R 1 E-6 (Mess Steward) R lt (Plat Ldr) (Asst 54) R 1 E-7 (Sup Sgt) R E-4 (Gen Sup Sp) R E-5 (1st Cook) R 1 E..& (Cook) R 2 E-5 (1st Cook) R E-3 (Dvr) R 1 E..& (Gen Sup Sp) R E-3 (Sup Clk) (Dvr) R 1 E..& (Cook) R 1 E-3 (Cooks Helper) (Dvr) R 1 E-4 (Cook) R 1 E-3 (Sup Clk) (Dvr) R 1 E..& (Cook) (Dvr) R 1 E-3 (Cooks Helper) (Dvr) R TRANSPORTATION SECTION AN/VRC-47 -' / (3) .,._, -- "'tllll lt (Sec Cmdr) R 1 E-3 (lt Trk Dvr) R 1 E-3 (lt Trk Dvr) R E-4 (Sr lt Trk Dvr) R E-2 (Am..;o Handler) R E-4 (Sr lt Trk Dvr) R • (5) ... .... ... (3) 1 E-3 (Lt Trk Dvr) R E-3 (Lt Trk Dvr) RE-6 (Truckmaster) R E-4 (Ammo Sp) R E..& (Sr Lt Trk Dvr) R E-2 (Asst Lt Trk Dvr) R E-4 (Sr lt Trk Dvr) R E-3 (lt Trk Dvr) R E-2 (Ammo Handler) R BATTALlON MEDICAL PLATOON AN/PRC-25 AN/VRC-53 AN/PRC-25 / (3) ... (3) ' R E..& (Med Aidman) P Capt (Plat Ldr) (Bn Surg)P E..& (Med Aidman) P 1 Lt (Med Op Asst) (Plat Sgt) R E-4 (Amb Dvr) R E-4 (Med Aidman) (Dvr) R E-4 (Amb Dvr) R 1 E-7 2 E-6 (Med Asst) R 1 E-5 (Sec Sgt) P Note. Three additional E-5 (Ca Aid2 E-5 (Sr Aidman) R man) R not shown hore are 1 E-4 (Med Aidman) (Dvr) R assigned and normally at tached to the tank com panies. * Mounts TOE Cal .50 MG on ring mount or ground mount. * * These personnel cind their equipment are an augmentation author ized only by DA. -Cll 6. Airborne division tank battalion support and medical platoons. Cll Figure 95-Continued. I ( ) I : I COHO I TANK PLAT - I I I I I I I I I I I r---.&----, I I - PLAT HO I SCTY SEC I HO SEC MAINT SEC I I No.1 Tank No.2 Tank -1...-------.J (No. 3 Tank No.4 Tank r-------, ·No.5 TankI I Augmentation I I L-------.J Figure 96. Organization tank company, tank battalion, airborne division. are shown in figure 95. Its companies are organized similar to other tank companies (fig. 96). Equipment and personnel organic to the company are shown in figure 97. 209. Considerations a. Airborne operations are normally initiated by an assault phase that is usually followed by a defensive phase lasting until linkup is established with friendly forces. Concurrently with the defensive phase, limited offensive operations are conducted to seize additional objectives that facilitate the defense or favor future operations. However, after initial objectives have been seized, the success of an airborne operation depends upon the successful defense of the airhead (s). All the combat power in an airborne division, including the tank battalion, may be employed to seize initial objectives and then to defend until linkup is accomplished. Other differences between the employment of the airborne division tank battalion and other tank battalions are as follows: ( 1) The much smaller ratio of combat vehicles with an antitank capability to infantry. (2) The increased resupply problem entailed in providing an adequate supply of ammunition, fuel, and lubricants by means of air transportation. (3) The necessity for extensive maintenance in an objective area where maintenance personnel, equipment, I an'd facilities will be, by necessity, very limited. (4) The lack of all-round armor protection when equipped with the M56. b. For detailed discussions of airborne op- AGO 6433A ___) > Cl ... / ~ .,. .,. > / / AN/VRC-47 ..... Lt (XO) P E-3 (Track Veh Mech Helper) (Dvr) R r:::vRC-12 ... Lt (Plat Ldr) P E-5 (Asst Tk Cr:tdr) (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (loader) P, S COMPANY HEADQUARTERS HEADQUARTERS SECTION AN/VRC-47 AN/VRC-47 ... ... Capt (Co Cmdr) P E-8 (1st Sgt) P E-3 (Dvr) P, M-79 E-5 (Camm Chief) P E-3 (Dvr) R MAINTENANCE SECTION AN/VRC-46 .-.... E-6 (Mtr Sgt) P E-5 (Sr Track Veh Meehl P E-4 (Rod Mech) P E-4 (Track Veh Mech) P E-4 (Turret Mech) (Dvr) P AN/VRC-53 ti& 1 E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P 1 E-5 (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (loader) P, S h ---- y * Mounts TOE Cal .50 MG on ring mount or ground mount. * * These personnel and their equipment ore an augmentation ized only by DA. ~ 2 E-3 (Sec Gd) P, M-79 3 E-3 (Sec Gd) R 4 E-2 (Sec Gd) R ...... E-4 (Trock Veh Mech) P E-4 (Track Veh Meehl (Dvr) P 1ST TANK PLATOON AN/VRC-53 ~ 1 E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P 1 E-5 (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (loader) P, S 2D TANK PLATOON 3D TANK PLATOON E-4 (Track Veh Meehl P E-4 (Turret Meehl (Dvr) P AN/VRC-12 ~ 1 E-7 (Plat Sgt) P 1 E-5 '(Asst Tk Cmdr) (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (loader) P, S SAME AS 1ST TANK PLATOON author ' ~ " E-6 (Sup Sgt) R E-4 (Co Clk) R E-3 (Dvr) R , ·--AUGMENTATION*~~ , ~ SECURITY SECTION ~~ AN/VRC-46 ~ AN/PRC-25 1 E-6 (Sec Ldr) R ~ ~ 1 E-6 (Tk Cmdr) P 1 E-5 (Gnr) P 1 E-5 (Tk Dvr) P, S 1 E-3 (loader) P, S ~ ~ - Figure 97. Manning chart, tank company, tank battalion, airborne division. ...,"' erations see FM 7-11, FM 7-20, FM 7-30 and c. Marshaling and other preparations forFM 57-10. the assault are described in FM 7-20. 21 0. Operations and Employment 212. The Assault and Consolidation The tank battalion and company commanders a. Upon landing tank elements move to prehave the same responsibilities as do their designated areas and participate in the seizurecounterparts in the infantry divisions. To pro of objectives with the infantry unit to whichvide maximum assistance to detached comattached.panies, the tank battalion must maintain coordination and liaison with the division staff, b. Security forces may land on or movethe brigade staff, and the tank company comdirectly to the planned COP positions. Tankmanders. Staff visits to each company should elements may be attached to these forces andbe made frequently. move with them to furnish long-range antitank fires. a. When equipped with the M56, the battalion provides the division with a mobile antic. Upon consolidation of the objectives thetank support that is normally employed by atbrigade or task force commander regains directtachment of platoons and companies to bricontrol of all tank units at the earliest opporgades and airborne infantry battalions. tunity to integrate them into the antitank defense plan for the defensive phase of the oper b. When equipped with the AR/AAV, the ation. battalion is employed as the nucleus of a bri gade or division reserve, or to reinforce aird. When elements of the tank battalion areborne infantry units in both offensive and deemployed as a part of the division or brigadefensive operations. reserve, the planning for air movement, landing, and reorganization are the same as for 211. Preparation for the Assault those elements attached to the task forces assigned assault objectives. When elements of a. Task Organization. the division or the brigade are simultaneously ( 1) One or more tank companies may be committed in widely separated areas, the reattached to an airborne brigade for serve may be held in a departure area, prethe assault phase. The brigade may pared for aerial delivery on call.in turn attach a company or one ormore platoons to the task forces. The 213. Defense of the Airheadallocation depends primarily upon the During the defense phase of an airborne estimate of combat power necessary operation, elements of the tank battalion arefor seizures of initial objectives. Duremployed primarily in the antitank role. Deing the assault phase they normally pendent upon the estimate of the enemy tankwill assault objectives with the in threat the commander may make tank elementsfantry elements and provide close, part of his reserve. continuous direct-fire support. a. Tank Elements with Forward Task Forces. (2) The airborne division tank battalion All antitank weapons are integrated into the(-), with or without tank companies, task forces antitank plan. First priority ismay enter the objective area as part given to covering approaches favorable to enof the division or brigade reserve. emy armor. The remainder of the M56 or AR/ b. E'chelonment. Whereas the entire airborne AAV may be placed to provide depth to theinfantry battalion may enter the airhead in the antitank fires to the front, flanks, and rear.assault echelon, the tank companies normally Elements in depth are prepared to assist theenter as part of the task force to which attached task force reserve in the counterattack.and the tank battalion (-) as part of the di b. Tank Elements Attached to the Division vision or brigade reserve. or Brigade Reserve. The entire tank battalion 158 AGO 6433A or the battalion (-) may be retained under ments should be reinforced with infantry and division or brigade control as the division or prepared for employment in the counterattack brigade reserve. In this situation the tank ele-role. • --~ \ \ AGO 6433A 159 APPENDIX I REFERENCES 1. Field Manuals FM 1-5 Army Aviation Organizations and Employment. FM 1-100 Army Aviation. FM 3-5 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological ( CBR) Warfare. FM 3-10 Chemical and Biological Weapons Employment. FM 3-12 Operational Aspects of Radiological Defense. FM 3-50 Chemical Smoke Generator Units and Smoke Operations. FM 5-15 Field Fortifications. FM 5-20 Camouflage, Basic Principles and Field Camouflage. FM 5-22 Camouflage Materials. FM 5-25 Explosives. and Demolitions. • (S) FM 5-26 Employment of Atomic Demolitions (ADM) (U). FM 5-31 Use and Installation of Boobytraps. FM 5-135 Engineer Battalion, Armored, Mechanized, and Infantry Divisions. FM 6-10 Field Artillery Communication. FM 6-20-1 Field Artillery Tactics. FM 6-20-2 Field Artillery Techniques. FM 6-40 Field Artillery Cannon Gunnery. FM 6-135 Adjustment of Artillery Fire by the Combat Soldier. FM 6-140 Field Artillery Battalions and Batteries. FM 7-11 Rifle Company, Infantry, Airborne, and Mechanized. FM 7-15 Rifle Platoon and Squads; Infantry, Airborne and Mechanized. Infantry, Airborne Infantry, and Mechanized Infantry Battalions. FM 7-20FM 7-30 Infantry, Airborne, and Mechanized Division Brigade. FM 8-15 Division Medical Service, Infantry, Airborne, Mechanized, and Armored Divisions. FM 17-1 Armor Operations. FM 17-12 Tank Gunnery. FM 17-30 Armored Division Brigade. FM 17-36 Divisional Armored and Air Cavalry Units. FM 17-95 The Armored Cavalry Regiment. FM 19-40 Handling Prisoners of War. FM 20-32 Land Mine Warfare. FM 20-33 Combat Flame Operations. FM 20-60 Battlefield Illumination. FM 21-5 Military Training. FM 21-6 Techniques of Military Instruction. FM 21-10 Military Sanitation. FM 21-11 First Aid for Soldiers. FM 21-15 Care and Use of Individual Clothing and Equipment. -~ FM 21-18 Foot Marches. AGO 6488A 161 FM 21-26 FM 21-30 FM 21-40 FM 21-41 FM 21-48 FM 21-60 FM 21-75 FM 21-76 FM 21-77 FM 21-150 FM 22-5 FM 22-100 FM 23-8 FM 23-30 FM 23-32 FM 23-33 FM 23-35 FM 23-41 FM 23-43 FM 23-55 FM 23-65 FM 23-67 FM 23-71 FM 23-82 ;FM 23-90 FM 23-92 FM 24-18 FM 24-20 FM 27-10 FM 30-5 FM 30-10 FM 30-16 FM 30-30 FM 30-102 FM 30-103 FM 31-10 FM 31-15 FM 31-16 FM 31-21 FM 31-22 FM 31-25 FM 31-30 FM 31-50 FM 31-60 FM 31-70 FM 31-71 FM 31-72 FM 33-1 Map Reading. Military Symbols. Small Unit Procedures in Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Operations. Soldier's Handbook for Chemical and Biological Operations and Nuclear Warfare. Chemical, Biological, and Radiological ( CBR) and Nuclear Defense Training. Visual Signals. Combat Training of the Individual Soldier and Patrolling. Survival. Evasion and Escape. Combatives. Drill and Ceremonies. Military Leadership. US Rifle, 7.62-MM, M14. Grenades and Pyrotechnics. 3.5-inch Rocket Launcher. Rocket, High Explosive, 66-MM, Antitank, M72. Pistols and Revolvers. Submachine Guns, Caliber .45, M3 and M3Al. 90-MM Full-Tracked, Self-Propelled Gun M56. Browning Machine Guns, Caliber .30, M1917A1, M1919A4, M1919A4El, M1919A6, and M37. Browning Machine Gun Caliber .50 HB, M2. Machinegun 7.62-MM, M60. Rifle Marksmanship. 106-MM Recoilless Rifle, M40Al. 81-MM Mortar, M29. 4.2-Inch Mortar, M30. Field Radio Techiques. Field Wire and Field Cable Techniques. The Law of Land Warfare. Combat Intelligence. Terrain Intelligence. Technical Intelligence. Aircraft Recognition Manual. Aggressor, The Maneuver Enemy. Aggressor Order of Battle. Barriers and Denial Operations. Operations Against Irregular Forces. Counterguerrilla Operations. Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations. US Army Counterinsurgency Forces. Desert Operations. Jungle Operations. Combat in Fortified and Built-up Areas. River-Crossing Operations. Basic Cold Weather Manual. Northern Operations. Mountain Operations. Psychological Operations-US Army Doctrine. AGO 6433A FM 33-5 FM 41-10 FM 44-1 (CMHA) FM 44-95 FM 44-96 FM 54-2 FM 55-15 FM 57-10 FM 57-35 FM 61-100 FM 100-5 FM 100-10 FM 101-5 FM 101-10-1 FM 101-10-2 (S) FM 101-10-3 FM 101-31-1 (S) FM 101-31-2 FM 101-31-3 Psychological Operations. Civil Affairs Operations. US Army Air Defense Employment. Air Defense Artillery Missile Battalion NIKE HERCULES (U). Air Defense Artillery Missile Unit, HAWK (Battalion and Battery). Division Logistics and the Support Command. Transportation Reference Data. Army Forces in Joint Airborne Operations. Airmobile Operations. The Division. Field Service Regulations-Operations. Field Service Regulations-Administration. Staff Officers' Field Manual ; Staff Organization and Procedure. Staff Officers' Field Manual ; Organizational Technical and Logistical Data -Unclassified Data. Staff Officers' Field Manual; Organizational Technical and Logistical Data-Extracts of Tables of Organization and Equipment. Staff Officers' Field Manual; Organizational Technical and Logistical Data -Classified Data (U). Staff Officers' Field Manual; Nuclear Weapons Employment. Staff Officers' Field Manual; Nuclear Weapons Employment (U). Staff Officers' Field Manual; Nuclear Weapons Employment. 2. Technical Manuals TM 3-210 TM 3-220 TM 9-2300-224 10 TM 9-2350-21310 TM 9-2350-21510 TM 9-2520-22335 TM 9-7022 TM 10-405 TM 21-306 TM 57-210 TM 57-220 3. DA Pamphlets DA Pam 27-10 DA Pam 108-1 DA Pam 310- Series 4. Training Circulars TC 5-9 TC 5-10 -~ \ AGO 6438A Fallout Prediction. Chemical, Biological and Radiological ( CBR) Decontamination. Carrier Personnel, Full Tracked: Armored Ml13, Operators' Manual. Gun, Antitank, Self-Propelled: 90-MM, M56, Operators' Manual. Tank, Combat, Full Tracked: 105-MM Gun, M60A1; Tank Combat, Full Tracked: 105-MM Gun, M60, Operators' Manual. Tanks, Combat (Full-Tracked) 90-MM Gun, M48A1; M48A2. Operator and Organizational Maintenance Manual: Tank, Combat, Full Tracked: 90-MM Gun, M48A2; M48AC. Army Mess Operations. Manual for the Tracked Vehicle Driver. Air Movement of Troops and Equipment. Technical Training of Parachutists. Military Justice Handbook. Index of Army Motion Pictures, Film Strips, Slides, and Phono-Recordings. Military Publications Indexes (as applicable). Near Infrared Night Vision and Detection Equipment and Its Application. Mine, Antipersonnel, Nonmetallic, M-25, with Integral Fuze. TC 7-3 Antipersonnel Weapon (CLAYMORE) M18 and M18Al. TC 17-4 The Tank Gunner's Guide (Tank, 90-MM Gun, M48A1). TC 17-5 The Tank Driver's Guide ('l':mk, 90-MM Gun, M48A1). TC 17-6 The Tank Loader's Guide (Tank, 90-MM Gun, M48A1). TC 17-9 The Tank Gunner's Guide (Tank, 105-MM Gun, M60). TC 17-10 The Tank Driver's Guide (Tank, 105-MM Gun, M60). TC 17-11 The Tank Loader's Guide (Tank, 105-MM Gun, M60). 5. Army Training Programs ATP 17-2 Headquarters and Headquarters Company or Troop (All Armor Units). ATP 17-15 Airborne Division Tank Battalion. ATP 17-17 Army Training Program for Tank Companies, Airborne Division Tank Battalion. ATP 17-35 Tank Battalion. ATP 17-37 Tank Company Tank Battalion. 6. Army Regulations AR 600-9 Army Physical Fitness Program. AGO 6438A APPENDIX II THE TANK BATTALION HEAVY MORTAR PLATOON Section I. GENERAL 1. General (b) Is responsible for the employment of the platoon in accordance with This appendix presents the organization, misorders received from the battalionsion, capabilities, and doctrine for the tactical commander or the unit to whichemployment of the tank battalion heavy mortar attached. platoon. (c) Issues orders to his subordinate elements. 2. Mission (d) Supervises execution of orders. The heavy mortar platoon provides close and (e) Within guidance provided, selectscontinuous mortar fire support to its parent position areas and controls thebattalion. movement of all elements of the platoon not attached to other units. 3. Capabilities (f) Keeps himself informed of the The platoon has the following capabilities : enemy and friendly situation. u.. Delivery of a heavy volume of high ex-(g) Establishes and maintains liaison plosive fire onto area or point targets. with the supported units through the forward observer teams. b. Screening large areas with smoke. (h) Establishes a fire control systemc. Battlefield illumination. within the platoon. d. Delivery of toxic chemical munitions onto (i) Prepares a plan for heavy mortar area targets. fire support. e. Marking targets for other weapons. (j) Within guidance provided plans, initiates, and supervises the timely 4. Organization displacement of all elements of the platoon not attached to other units. The battalion heavy mortar platoon is organized as described in chapter 1 (fig. 3) and para(k) Maintains adequate security. graph 15. (l) Supervises the supply of ammunition to each of the firing squads not at 5. Duties tached to other units. a. Plat()on Headquarters. (m) Supervises the platoon communication system. (1) The platoon leader commands the platoon and supervises the training of all (n) Insures that liaison is established elements. He makes full use of the and maintained with the fire supchain of command to assist him in port coordinator (FSCOORD). carrying out these responsib1lities. ( o) Performs other duties as a battalion Specifically, he-special staff officer. (a) Makes recommendations for the em(2) The platoon sergeant is the second in ployment of his platoon. command and principal enlisted assist ftGO 6~83A ant to the platoon leader and assists him in matters pertaining to discipline, training, and efficiency of enlisted men. He ( a) Is in charge of ammunition supply for the platoon. (b) Performs reconnaissance as directed by the platoon leader. b. Fire Direction Center. (1) The chief FDC computer ( a) Takes charge of the fire direction center (FDC) and plans, coordinates, and supervises its activities and training under the direction of the platoon leader. He keeps himself informed of the tactical situation and the schemes of maneuver of the supported units. He is responsible for the preparation of firing data for all fires. (b) Makes the decision to fire mortars. When a target is reported, he examines its location relative to the frontline, mortar position, and reference points. Then, based upon the nature of the target, the ammunition available, and the announced policy of the battalion commander, he decides whether to fire the mission, as well as the number of mortars to be fired and the amount of ammunition to be used in engaging the target. (c) Is responsible for maintaining ammunition records and initiating ammunition supply action. (d) Is responsible for informing the battalion headquarters of all intelligence information received in the FDC. (e) Checks the accuracy of the chart operators, and records and posts intelligence and tactical information. (2) The computers and instrument operator, under the supervision of the chief computer, operate and maintain firing charts for the platoon. They formulate and issue fire commands to the squads and maintain a firing record of each mission fired. They operate platoon fire control instruments. They also maintain ammunition records and advise the chief computer of ammunition status. c. Forward Observer (FO) Teams. These teams accompany the forward units and advise the commander of the supported units of the capabilities of the mortar. They request fires for supported units, observe and adjust fire for the platoon, and may request and adjust artillery fires through the battalion mortar platoon FDC. (For a detailed discussion of the duties of the forward observers, see FM 23-92.) d. The Heavy Mortar Squad. The heavy mortar squad contains the men and equipment needed to serve one heavy mortar. The squad leader is responsible for the training, discipline, control, and employment of the squad. He supervises the movement of the squad to designated locations, the preparation of the firing positions, and the delivery of fires by the mortar crew. 6. Communication The platoon employs a flexible communication system using FM radios as the principal means. The platoon leader must operate in the battalion command net FM and in his own platoon net FM. The platoon fire direction center (FDC), operating in these two nets, must also maintain communication with the direct support artillery battalion which is in support of the brigade. Platoon forward observers must enter their supported unit net FM and maintain communication with the mortar platoon FDC. Mortar squads have the capability to operate in the platoon net FM, but will normally install wire for communication with their FDC when employed under centralized control. See figure 6 for type radio diagram and figure 7 for typical wire net diagram. 7. Fundamentals of Employment a. General. The employment of the platoon is based upon its speed of operation and movement, maximum and minimum range, and its constant readiness to provide fire support. The platoon leader places himself where he can best control the employment of his platoon. He is often with the battalion commander or com- AGO 6433A mand group. He may control leading elements of the platoon during displacement, conduct reconnaissance, or visit the supported company teams for coordination. b. Control. The platoon normally operates under battalion control and furnishes support to the line companies or company teams. The platoon is usually employed in general support under the control of the platoon leader; however, a priority of fires may be assigned to a specific unit. c. Concentration of Effort. This is achieved through centralized control. The platoon normally masses its fires for one mission at a time ; however, it can fire two missions concurrently. d. Displacement. The platoon is 100 percent mobile. This mobility permits rapid maneuver of platoon fires throughout the battalion area of operations. The mortar platoon may displace as a unit or by sections. One squad at a time may be displaced if required. Normally the platoon will displace by section (two squads). e. Security. The platoon is normally located within, or adjacent to, other friendly combat or combat support elements to obtain maximum security from the friendly elements. The platoon has a limited capability to provide its own security by using platoon members as sentinels. 8. Conduct of Fire See FM 23-92 for conduct of fire details. 9. Observation a. General. ( 1) Continuous observation affords. flexibility of fires and serves as a principal means of gaining information about the enemy and its own units. (2) The forward observer's area of responsibility for observation is the zone or sector of the supported unit. He observes the most critical areas within the battalion's area of operations. He must maintain a close working relation with artillery and company forward observers. Mortar and artillery observers may request and adjust each other's fires through their respective ·~. FDC. (For forward observer proced ures and duties, see FM 6-40 and FM 23-92.) b. Observation Posts. (1) Observation posts, including alternates, are established in the area of action of the supported unit to locate targets and direct fire for that unit and other units as may be required. (2) An observation post should have the following desirable characteristics : (a) Afford the most favorable view of the target area and zone of action. (b) Afford ease of communication with the supported unit and the FDC. (c) Be away from outstanding landmarks. (d) Afford cover and concealment. (e) Afford covered routes of approach from the rear. (3) The observer selects alternate observation posts to use when hostile fires force him to move or when the primary post is blinded by smoke or haze. When practical, the alternate posts should have a covered route of approach from the primary post. (4) The location of the observation posts must be coordinated with those of artillery, and when available, 81-mm mortar forward observers of attached mechanized infantry unit to insure overlapping coverage of the area forward of, and within, the battle area. ( 5) The observer occupies positions. and displaces to locations where he can best observe the zone of action of the supported unit. c. Coordination of Observation. The battalion commander, through his 82, coordinates all organic observation to provide maximum coverage. Additional observation is provided by the supporting artillery. Heavy mortar and artillery units cooperate in fire control by using each other's forward observers to observe and adjust fire. This insures support by the weapon that will best accomplish the mission. d. Reports. The forward observer teams re- AGO 643SA port significant enemy and friendly activities directly to the FDC of the battalion heavy mortar platoon. e. Aerial Observation. Army aircraft may observe and adjust fires. Direct radio communication is established between the FDC and the observing Army aircraft (FM 1-100 and FM 23-92). 10. Liaison The platoon establishes and maintains continuous liaison with the artillery liaison officer. Communication is maintained with the battalion headquarters and the supporting artillery FDC. During the planning phase and during critical phases of operations, the platoon commander remains with or near the battalion commander. The forward observer teams coordinate with artillery forward observers and the company team commanders in whose area they are working. The platoon commander coordinates with supporting artillery through the artillery liaison officer. 11. Fire Direction a. The definitions, objectives, techniques, and doctrine of fire direction for indirect firing and mortar gunnery are prescribed in FM 23-92. The purpose of fire direction is to achieve (1) Continuous and accurate fire support under all conditions of weather, visibility, and terrain. (2) Prompt massing of fires. (3) Flexibility of fires. (4) Simultaneous placing of fires on numerous targets. b. The FDC is that element of the platoon consisting of fire direction specialists and equipment that the commander uses for fire direction and fire control. The FDC is located where the fires of the platoon can best be controlled. The FDC helps the commander control the fire missions, translate target intelligence, and convert observers' requests for fire into commands to the firing squads. The efficiency and speed of execution of fire missions depend upon the skill of the men in the use of fire direction techniques and equipment. The chief fire direction computer supervises the activity of the FDC. c. Mortar fire direction procedures are explained in detail in FM 23-92. d. The platoon FDC monitors the supporting artillery fire direction net. To insure adequate coverage of targets and to avoid duplication of effort, the battalion FSCOORD integrates the fires of the platoon and the supporting artillery. 12. Fire Support Planning a. General. The general principles governing coordination of fire support described for higher command levels are applicable within the battalion. b. Mortar Fires. ( 1) Responsibility and control. The platoon leader is responsible for planning, coordinating, preparing, and delivering all fires by his platoon. He gives priority to calls from his parent battalion; however, his platoon may, upon approval of the battalion commander, fire on call of division artillery or adjacent units when such firing will not interfere with firing in support of the battalion. (2) Characteristics of mortar. The mortar has certain characteristics that must be considered in fire planning. These are (a) High rate of fire for short periods. (b) Ability to fire from deep defilade. (c) Steep angle of fall resulting in a large lethal area. (d) Capability of employment close to mask for protection against enemy fire and observation. (e) Relatively large dispersion pattern. (f) Limited maximum and minimum range capability. (g) Displacement capability and limitations. c. Mortar Fire Planning. (1) Fire planning involves the following principles: (a) Close and continuous support of the attacking or defending troops. (b) Maximum prearrangement of fires. (c) Cooperation with adjacent units. (d) Continuous planning. AGO 6488A (2) The detail in which fire plans are prepared depends upon the time available for planning, the extent and accuracy of target locations, the type of operation in which the supported unit or force is engaged, and the requirements of the fire support plan of the higher echelon. Fire planning for a specific operation begins at each level, with the commander's announcing his concept of fire support. At battalion level, the fire plan is based primarily upon requests from company teams, battalion headquarters, and those generated from acquired· targets. Coordination of heavy mortar and artillery fires is accomplished simultaneously at the battalion CP and at the supporting artillery FDC. The result is one fire plan containing all required information such as graphic layout, target lists, and schedule of fire. (3) To facilitate the compilation of planned fires, it may be desirable to arrange concentrations into groups, series, or schedules of fires. A system of number and letter prefixes should be used. (4) The fire capabilities of the platoon is the aggregate of the fire capabilities of its squads. The fire capabilities chart should show the area that can be covered by each squad. d. Company Team Fire Planning. The company team commanders, through the mortar and artillery forward observers, request the organic and nonorganic fire support desired. Prior to formulating this request, the forward observer informs the supported commander of the capabilities of the fire support available and obtains from him the following information: ( 1) Present location of forward elements. (2) Plan of attack or defense. ( 3) Known enemy locations, including probable avenues of approach, assembly areas, and weapons positions. ( 4) Protective fires desired. ( 5) Location of the company command post. AGO 6483A e. Processing Fire Plans. ( 1) Both the mortar and artillery forward observers send the company commander's fire requests to their respective FDC for consolidation and coordination. Mortar fires are integrated into the artillery fire plan bythe fire support coordinator. (2) Company plans for fire support and the requirements from the battalion commander are integrated intg,.-the battalion fire support plan. This plan is prepared under the supervision of the FSCOORD or his designated representative (normally the liaison officer from the artillery battalion in direct support of the brigade) and submitted to the battalion commander for approval. 13. Classification of Fires a. General. Mortar fires are classified according to type (effects desired), prearranged fires, fires not prearranged (fires on targets of opportunity), and observed and unobserved fires. b. Types of Fires. ( 1) Destruction fires are delivered for the purpose of destroying material objects. Destruction fires may be accomplished by penetration, blast etfect,incendiary action, or by a combination of these actions. (2) Neutralization fires are delivered to screen; cause casualties; hamper and interrupt the firing of weapons, movement, or action; and to reduce the combat efficiency of enemy troops. (3) Harassing fires are of less intensity than neutralization fires and are designed to inflict losses, or, by the threat of losses, to disturb the rest of enemy troops, curtail movement and, in general, lower morale. ( 4) Interdiction fires are placed on an area or point to prevent or hinder its use. Interdiction fire is usually of less intensity than neutralization fire. c. Prearranged Fires. These are fires for which data has been prepared in advance. They may be prearranged as. to both time and place (scheduled fires) or they may be prearranged as to location only and fired on request (on-call fires). ( 1) Scheduled fires are prearranged fires delivered at a specific time during the maneuver or operation of the supported force. Time is specified in terms of before or after H-hour or on accomplishment of a predetermined movement or task. (2) On-call fires are prearranged fires fired as requested. These fires may have fire data prepared or may be planned as to location only. (3) Preparation fire is intense fire delivered in support of an attack. It is designed to disrupt the enemy's communications, disorganize his defenses, and neutralize his fire support means. Preparations begin before, at, or after H-hour and continue until lifted. They may be lifted at a prearranged time or on request. ( 4) Counterpreparation fire is a system of intensive fires delivered when imminence of the enemy attack is discovered. It is designed to break up enemy formations ; disorganize the enemy's system of command, communication, and observation; decrease the effectiveness of his artillery preparation; and impair the enemy's offensive spirit. (5) A concentration is a volume of fire placed on an area within a limited time, or on an area designated and numbered for future reference as a possible target. All fires except registration fire and barrages are termed concentrations and may be prearranged fires on targets of opportunity. The actual area covered by any con centration depends upon the nature of target to be engaged. (6) A barrage is a planned barrier of fire to protect troops and installations by impeding enemy movement across d~ fensive lines or areas. The four mortar squads normally fire one joint barrage approximately 200 meters wide and 50 meters deep. The general location of the barrage is designated by the battalion commander. The exact location of the barrage is selected by the company commander in whose area it is to be located. These barrages are an integral part of the final protective fires. They are usually planned close-in to friendly positions to cover dangerous avenues of approach. Some factors that influence the distance of barrages from forward troops are ( a) Range from mortar to barrage location. (b) Inability to survey-in mortars or to register. (c) Conditions that result in decreased accuracy of fires (e.g., worn weapons, changing weather conditions, and the state of training of the crew). (d) The degree to which friendly troops are dug-in and protected by overhead cover. (e) The presence of terrain features that might increase fragmentation effect or decrease accuracy (woods or steep slopes) . d. Fires on Targets of Opportunity. Targets of opportunity are those targets located during the course of an action. They may be engaged at any time on request from anyone who can identify the target and adjust fire on it. If a target appears at a point for which no data has been prepared, it is engaged by adjustment following an estimation of the correction in range and deviation from the nearest reference point or by determining its geographic location on a map. e. Observed and Unobserved Fir·es. Fire is adjusted by observation whenever possible. Unobserved fires may be delivered on accurately located targets. The effectiveness of unobserved fire depends upon accurate survey data. 170 AGO 643:JA 14. Reconnaissance, Seledion, and Occupation of Position a. General. The purpose of reconnaissance, selection, and occupation of position (RSOP) is to facilitate rapid movement of mortars into position, insure close and continuous indirectfire support, and provide flexibility of movement. The platoon leader must keep himself informed of the situation and anticipated future operations to accomplish timely RSOP. Selected position areas or routes are reported to the battalion 83 and FSCOORD. The battalion mortar platoon leader coordinates the firing positions with the artillery liaison officer. Procedures to be followed by the platoon in the RSOP parallel those outlined in FM 6-140. b. Reconnaissance. (1) Position reconnaissance involves a search for locations for the various elements of the platoon, including firing positions, command posts, and observation posts. Mortar range limitations make it imperative that reconnaissance for new firing' positions be continuous. In addition to the primary position, alternate and supplementary positions must habitually be reconnoitered and selected. If time permits, these positions and the routes between them are prepared. Reconnaissance parties should be limited to those men and vehicles actually required. (2) Based upon their knowledge of the weapon, squad leaders must be prepared to recommend position areas from which they can accomplish the desired fire support. Continuous reconnaissance is necessary to locate good positions. • c. Selection. The primary requirement of a position area is that it permit accomplishment of the mission. It is desirable to select position areas that provide concealment and defilade, sufficient space for dispersion, and terrain adaptable for defense of the unit. The high angle firing characteristics of the mortar permit wider selection of positions than is normally considered for artillery weapons. Mortars can be positioned in small openings in AGO 6433A woods and close to the base of hills or bluffs; ravines may also be used. These ground formations offer some protection from enemy observation or detection and from weapons other than high angle types. Desirable characteristics of mortar positions include ( 1) Dry, well-drained ground, free from large stones and other obstructions. ( 2) Availability of alternate positions. ( 3) Location within or near reserve units when such location would not interfere with the mission of either unit. _ d. Occupation. ~hell::~~,~~~-:t'"-~?si,~_i9_n.,_,:,_ the platoon lea'der'fu1fst pianfor occupymgtfie~ area selected, including location of the weapons, vehicle park, wire routes, and routes into the position. Once he forms his plan, he must issue orders for implementation to include communication and security. 1 5. Displacement To carry out its mission of close and continuous fire support, the platoon must displace promptly from one position to another. Planning for displacement and reconnaissance for new positions is continuous. Effective planning and reconnaissance reduce the time that mortar elements are out of action during a displacement. The scheme of maneuver of the supported unit influences the time and method of displacement and the location of new positions. Elements normally displace in their organic vehicle. At times they may be displaced by Army transport aircraft-such as during sup port of an airmobile operation. 16. Class V Supplies a. General. Class V supplies as related to the battalion mortar platoon include nonnuclear ammunition, pyrotechnics, antitank mines, and chemical ammunition. The commander is responsible for the supply of ammunition to his platoon except for elements attached to other units. In such cases, the commander of the unit to which they are attached is responsible for their ammunition supply. b. Ammunition Loads. The basic load is that quantity of ammunition authorized to be carried on individuals and vehicles of a unit. Replenishment of basic loads to keep pace with expenditure of ammunition is a command responsibility. Only that ammunition necessary to meet anticipated needs is offloaded at positions. c. Ammunition Replenishment. Ammunition is replenished from the battalion trains as stocks are depleted. Unit distribution is used to deliver ammunition to firing positions when the platoon is employed under battalion control. When mortar squads are attached to company teams, the company team commander will supply ammunition direct to the firing positions. Section II. TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT 17. General Regardless of the type operation being conducted, the mortar platoon provides close and continuous fire support to its parent battalion. This section sets forth doctrine for the employment of the platoon in tactical operations. 18./Tactical Missions a. Tactical missions must be assigned to the battalion mortar platoon in the same manner as tactiCal missions are assigned to artillery units. Tactical missions for the mortar platoon are general support and direct support. ( 1) General Support. General support is the mission of supporting the majority of the parent battalion. The battalion commander retains control of the fire and movement of the platoon. The mortar squads are best employed in mass under the platoon leader with the mission of general support. This method affords maximum flexibility in that massed fires can be placed on targets throughout the battalion area of operations. When the platoon is employed in the general support mission FO are normally sent to each team within the battalion (task force). If there are more teams than there are forward observers, priority will be given to sending forward observers to those teams which will be initially committed. A priority of fire may be assigned to a team as required. (2) Direct Support. Direct support entails establishment of communication with the supported unit; dispatch of forward observers when applicable; advising supported unit on employment, fire planning, and displacement, to conform to the plans of the supported commander. The entire platoon or one or more of its squads may be given the mission of direct support when the platoon cannot be effectively employed in general support. The platoon or its squad are positioned by the platoon leader to fire for the supported unit. b. One or more of the mortar squads may be attached to a company team. At this time, the team commander assumes complete control of, and responsibility for, the mortar squad(s). Attachment is a status, not a mission. The team commander may assign the mission of general support or direct support. 19. Marches a. The position of the mortar platoon in a march column is prescribed in the battalion march order. The position of the mortar platoon is based on its mission. When the march is toward the enemy and contact is probable, the mortars are normally assigned to a position immediately to the rear of the leading company team. When the battalion is marching in a direction other than toward the enemy, the platoon is assigned locations from which they can best furnish supporting fires to the bulk of the battalion. When a requirement for supporting fire arises, the mortars move to these locations to reach a position from which the desired fires can be delivered. b. The mortar platoon must be prepared to receive fire missions during movement, deploy from march column, lay, register, and fire the mission with speed and accuracy. 20. Assembly Areas a. The battalion mortar platoon occupies an assembly area employing the same principles 172 AGO 6488A and techniques applicable to other armor units. See FM 17-1 for the general considerations applicable to occupation of assembly areas. b. Mortars are positioned to cover likely enemy avenues of approach into the parent organization or supported unit position. Fires are planned to the extent that time and the situation permit. 21 . Preparation for Attack a. The battalion mortar platoon prepares for the offense by accomplishing the basic tasks incident to preparation for combat by any armor unit. The platoon usually accomplishes all combat preparations before moving from the assembly area. Weapons, vehicles, radios, and other equipment are checked; ammunition is stowed, troops are briefed on the situation and future operations. b. Initial firing positions are selected and plans are completed for their occupation and for registration of weapons to support the attack. Positions are occupied at the latest practicable time before the attack to minimize detection by the enemy. c. Fires are planned to support all phases of the attack. These fires are planned in as much detail as possible. When lack of information precludes detailed planning, leaders prepare general plans for providing fires to supported units, including selection of firing positions or the position within the attack formation if contact is not imminent. 22. Conduct of the Attack a. Fires are delivered in accordance with platoon and squad fire plans. Scheduled fires are delivered at the time and on targets prescribed. Upon completion of scheduled concentrations, the platoon prepares to engage targets of opportunity and deliver on-call fires as requested by supported elements. b. The platoon leader keeps himself informed of the situation and continues his estimate. Alternate firing positions are occupied when hostile fire makes the primary positions untenable. Supplementary positions are occupied should it become necessary to deliver fires in an area which cannot be covered from the primary or alternate firing positions. f.GO 6~33A c. Mortars displace before supp'orted elements move beyond effective range of the weapon. As a general rule, the platoon or its squads should begin displacement when supported units reach distances equivalent to onehalf the range of the primary weapons. When required to insure continuous fire, the platoon displaces by sections or by squads as the requirement for fire support and the tempo of the operation dictate. When mortar squads are attached to companies, the commander of the company to which attached will direct the squad leaders to displace. In fast-moving attacks and in movement to contact, the heavy mortar platoon, or one or more squads, must deploy from march column and fire missions as requests are received. 23. Exploitation and Pursuit The heavy mortar platoon fires are effective in exploitation and pursuit operations as they can be employed against enemy targets with minimum delay and coordination. 24. Night Attacks The heavy mortar platoon is employed at night to provide fire support, including illumination. 25. Defense a. Regardless of whether the parent organization is conducting an area defense or is participating as part of a larger force in a mobile defense, the battalion heavy mortar platoon applies the same general principles in providing fire support. b. The platoon is employed using the method that best provides the fire support needed by battalion elements. Where possible, the platoon is employed in general support to provide for maximum flexibility; however, squads m~y be placed in direct support of companies as required. c. Fire planning in th~ defense is similar to that described for offensive situations. Fires are planned as (1) Long range fires (concentrations) to bring the enemy under fire, deceive him as to location of the battle position, and inflict casualties. (2) Close defensive fires (concentrations) to prevent the enemy from reaching a position from which he can launch his assault. (3) Final protective fires. The heavy mortar platoon participates in the final protective fires of the battalion. These fires are assigned to the heavy mortar platoon as one barrage on which all four squads fire jointly. ( 4) Fires (concentrations) within the battle position that can limit enemy penetration and support counterattacking elements. d. When the parent organization is all or part of the reserve, fires are planned as described for offensive operations. Fire plans are prepared that support the counterattack plans. e. During conduct of the defense, fires are delivered on prearranged concentrations and targets of opportunity as requested by supported commanders. f. Alternate and supplementary positions are designated by the platoon leader or commander of the unit to which heavy mortar squads are - attached. Squads move to alternate positions when hostile fire threatens primary positions; supplementary positions are occupied as necessary. 26. Retrograde a. General. The battalion heavy mortar pia toon is employed in retrograde operations applying techniques similar to those used in the defense. b. Retirement. The platoon moves as part of its parent organization when participating in a retirement. The heavy mortar squads are interspersed within the column to facilitate rapid deployment into firing positions and to provide fire support to all elements of the battalion. c. Withdrawal. The platoon provides fire support for its parent battalion throughout all phases of the withdrawal. As the main body withdraws, one or more mortar squads are attached to the security force. The remainder of the platoon withdraws under control of the platoon leader or commander of the unit to which attached. Additional security measures must be taken to prevent weapons left with the security force from falling into enemy hands. d. Delaying Action. The platoon fires are planned in support of delaying actions. Squads may be placed in direct support of companies because of the relatively wide frontages incident to delaying actions. Positions are occupied and fires are planned to subject the enemy to attack at maximum effective ranges. Targets of opportunity are engaged as they are detected. Use of aerial observers permits full use of the range characteristics of the mortars. ~174 AGO 6433A APPENDIX Ill THE SCOUT PLATOON Section I. GENERAL 1 . Organization a. General. The scout platoon is organized and equipped the same in the mechanized infantry and tank battalions. It consists of a headquarters section and two scout sections (fig. 3(2) ). b. Headquarters Section. The headquarters section consists of the platoon leader and platoon sergeant, one armored personnel carrier and one command and reconnaissance vehicle, two drivers, two scout observers, and one radio telephone operator. c. Scout Section. The scout section consists of two scout squads. Each squad consists of a squad leader, assistant squad leader, two scout observers, two drivers, and two M114. The section leader also commands the first squad. 2. Mission and Capabilities a. Mission. The mission of the scout platoon is to perform reconnaissance and security missions for its parent battalion and to assist in the control of the movement of the battalion or elements thereof. b. Capabilities. The scout platoon can ( 1) Conduct route reconaissance. (2) Conduct area reconnaissance. (3) Conduct zone reconnaissance. ( 4) Screen one flank, or the front, or rear of the parent battalion. ( 5) Conduct liaison. ( 6) Provide contact parties. (7) Act as a quartering party. (8) Provide traffic control and road guides. (9) Conduct limited pioneer and demolition work. (10) Conduct chemical detection, and radiological monitoring and survey operations. ( 11) Participate in area damage control operations. (12) Establish a roadblock. ( 13) Act as part of the advance, flank or rear guard. (14) Establish observation posts and listening posts. 3. Firepower a. General. The platoon has rifles, machineguns, light antitank weapons (LAW), pistols, and grenade launchers. Frequently, scouts must request and adjust artillery or mortar fire; therefore, all scouts should be thoroughly trained in observed-fire procedure (FM 6-135). All scouts should be proficient in the use of all weapons organic to the platoon. b. Rifle Fire. When required to operate dismounted, each scout squad, within its capability, functions essentially the same as a rifle squad and each vehicle crew as a fire team (FM 7-11). c. Machinegun Fire. Each vehicle has a .50 caliber machinegun and a 7.62-mm machinegun. The .50 caliber machinegun is employed from the vehicle, and the 7.62-mm machinegun is employed either from the vehicle or is dismounted and carried by the scout observer. (1) The .50 caliber machinegun is employed from the vehicle to (a) Conduct reconnaissance by fire. (b) Return enemy fire. AGO 6433A 175 (c) Cover moving elements. tions that preclude the use of vehicles (d) Engage and defeat targets within at a key point such as an OP or LP.its capability as required by the ( 3) All scouts are trained as messengers mission and situation. and to prepare clear and concise oral (2) The 7.62-mm machinegun is employed · and written messages. When comfrom the vehicle to accomplish the municating by messenger, the imporsame results within its capabilities as tance of the message must be conthe .50 caliber machinegun and is sidered before dispatching a vehiclefrequently used for dismounted action. with its crew. When a vehicle isdiverted to messenger service, the d. Light Antitank Weapon (LAW). Each scout squad loses a vehicle, thereby scout squad carries several LAW's for close-in reducing its capabilities. antitank protection or to destroy point targets ( 4) Wire communication is used as re as necessary to accomplish its mission. The quired. exact number carried will depend on the mission and enemy situation. Specific individuals ( 5) Plans are made for visual and audibleshould be assigned responsibility for carrying means of communication before anthe LAW's when the squad is dismounted. operation starts. These means are·especially useful for transmitting e. Grenade Launcher M-79. Each scout short, prearranged messages. driver is armed with a M-79 grenade launcher. The M-79 can be effectively employed against 5. Duties of Key Personnel enemy personnel, automatic weapons, emplacements, bunkers and lightly armored vehicles. a. General. The platoon leader and noncommissioned officers must be expert in the use oforganic weapons, maps, supporting fires, demo 4. Communications litions, and field expedients. They must be a. The communication means available to the familiar with armor and infantry tactics andscout platoon permit the rapid transmission of be able to react swiftly to changing situations.information (fig. 6). Information and orders Each must be able to employ his element alone are transmitted without delay. Communication or as part of a combined arms team.is maintained throughout the period of operations. When radio contact cannot be maintained, b. Duties of Platoon Leader. The platoon _me~;sengers or relay stations (air or ground) leader is responsible to the headquarters andare used to reestablish communication. When headquarters company commander of thecommunication with the next echelon of comparent battalion for the discipline, combat mand is disrupted, scout elements bypass this readiness, and training of his platoon, and forechelon and send information directly to the its maintenance and equipment; however, thehigher headquarters. platoon is normally employed tactically undercontrol of the battalion S3. The platoon leader b. The following are of importance to scout must have a thorough knowledge of combinedunits in maintaining contact: arms tactics and be proficient in the tactical ( 1) All scouts must be thoroughly trained employment of the platoon. He must know thein the operation of FM radios, radio capabilities and limitations of the personnel andprocedure, and communication securequipment in the platoon and must be thority. Personnel should be trained to oughly familiar with all aspects of commandperform authorized maintenance and and leadership as discussed in FM 17-1.to make proper use of communication c. Duties of Platoon Sergeant. The platoon expedients. sergeant commands elements of the platoon as (2) Vehicular-mounted and portable radidirected by the platoon leader and assumesos are used in the combination diccommand of the platoon in the absence of thetated by the existing situation. Remote platoon leader. During tactical operations, he control units are used during opera may assist in control of the platoon. The pia 176 AGO 6433A toon sergeant assists the platoon leader in maintaining discipline, in training, and in maintaining control of the platoon. He assists also in matters pertaining to maintenance of equipment, supply, and other combat service support matters of the platoon. d. Duties of Sectiorn and Squad Leaders. Sec tion leaders are responsible to the platoon leader for the training, discipline, tactical employment, and control of their sections. They closely supervise the maintenance and operation of all vehicles anq equipment organic to their sections. Squad leaders have the same responsibilities with respect to their squads as section leaders have to their sections. Section II. COMBAT OPERATIONS-GENERAL 6. Offense, Defense, and Delay The scout platoon is not organized and equipped to conduct independent offensive, defensive or retrograde operations. It operates as part of the battalion and should be assigned missions that capitalize on its reconnaissance and security capabilities. a. Offense. Prior to the battalion crossing the line of departure, the scout platoon is normally employed to reconnoiter and outpost assembly areas, attack positions, reconnoiter routes, and assist in the movement of the battalion. After the battalion has crossed the line of departure, the scout platoon may be employed to screen one flank or screen the battalion's advance to contact. Once the battalion has made contact with the enemy, the scout platoon will normally move to and screen one flank, or provide rear area security, or be employed to assist in the evacuation of prisoners from the company teams, or to provide security for the command group. b. Defense. During defensive operations, the scout platoon may be employed as part of the combat outpost; to provide patrols between elements of the battalion task force ; to screen a flank ; or to assist in providing rear area security. It is frequently employed to reconnoiter counterattack routes for the reserve. c. Delay. When the parent battalion is in the delay, the scout platoon is normally employed initially as a security force forward of the initial delay position (IDP). Once an enemy force is detected, the platoon maintains contact with it and attempts to deceive it as to the true location of the IDP. The platoon delays, disorganizes and destroys the enemy within its capability. When the enemy can be engaged by the forces positioned on the IDP, the scout platoon withdraws through the IDP and may be assigned a reconnaissance or security mission such as reconnoitering and patrolling routes of withdrawal and delay positions for the delaying forces or screening a flank. 7. Movement to Contact a. General. The scout platoon may be required to screen an advance to contact of its parent battalion. Movement to contact by scout elements combines mounted movement with dismounted movement to insure security against enemy ground observation and direct fire. All scouts should master the techniques of mounted and dismounted ground movement. b. Formations. The formation adopted must be flexible so that each new situation may be met effectively. The relationship of the formation to the parent unit will be dictated by the mission. c. Mounted Movement. Mounted scout elements normally work in pairs and move by bounds (para 9 below) . When enemy contact is imminent, one element normally remains stationary and covers the movement of another element with observation and fire (fig. 98). This procedure assists in locating enemy positions, furnishes fire to cover the movement of leading vehicles, and insures rapid transmission of information. The basic techniques of movement used by the scout platoon are (1) Before moving, the leading scout element determines its next position and a favorable route to it. During movement, the scout element moves as rapidly as the situation permits and watches for enemy troops, cover, and concealment. AGO 6433A 177 ..... CD -~~%-_d:;-_-~~-~-=o--_ _COVERING ELEMENT CLOSELY "'- OBSERVES ALL AREAS WHERE -·-- ENEMY MAY BE IN HIDING ~--4I~ w ""~- AND PROTECTS THE BOUNDING BOUNDING ELEMENT MOVES RAPIDLY ELEMENT. TO THE NEXT STOPPING POINT. The lead vehicle moves forward to the selected stopping point covered by the rear vehicle. _::::;-- --~:::=--~~~=--~-=-~-::._~~- AFTER STOPPING POINT IS REACHED AND DETERMINED TO BE CLEAR, THE REAR VEHICLE IS SIGNALED FORWARD. When the lead vehicle arrives at the selected stopping point, the car commander dismounts and reconnoiters the area to the front, keeping his vehicle concealed until he has signaled the rear vehicle forward and the next bound has been determined. If the rear vehicle now leads the next bound, the squad will be employing alternate bounds. If the rear vehicle agC.Iin covers the movement of the same lead vehide, the squad will be employing successive bounds. .."' .... Figure 98. Scout squads moving by bounds. > (2) When approaching a position affordreports the enemy contact to his higher heading new areas of observation, the comquarters, develops the situation, and chooses a mander of the leading vehicle halts course of action. Then he reports the situation his vehicle and dismounts preferably that has been developed and his course of acin a covered and concealed position to tion. An effort is made to determine the flanks prevent enemy elements beyond the of the enemy position. When terrain permits, position from detecting his presence. the enemy position is reconnoitered by mounted The fundamentals of individual movereconnaissance. If the terrain restricts vement discussed in FM 21-75 are aphicular movement, the situation is developed plicable. When the position has been with dismounted patrols while other elements checked, the overwatching scout elesupport their movement. Reconnaissance by ment moves forward. fire is used extensively when time is critical. (3) Scouts must not become vehicle-bound. They should dismount in order to im9. Successive and Alternate Bounds prove observation, to prevent enemy Vehicles within the scout squad, scout squads detection, and to provide security. within the section, or sections within the pla (4) The distance of each bound is detertoon may advance employing either successive mined by the nature of the terrain or alternate bounds. and the range at which the covering a. Successive Bounds (fig. 99). In this meth element can effectively support the od, the leading element, covered by the re.ar moving element. Normally, this dis tance should not exceed the effective range of organic weapons. (5) Movement in each bound is completed rapidly; however, it should not be done so rapidly that efficiency of oper ation and coordination between ele ments are lost. (6) When covering elements are moved forward, they move as rapidly as pos sible to avoid delaying completion of the mission. (7) Movement is oriented on the enemy, the main body, or terrain features as dictated by the mission. See FM 171 and FM 17-36. (8) When the movement of advancing vehicles is being covered, observation is directed at terrain from which fire is expected and not on the moving vehicles (para 10/ below). d. Dismounted Action. Dismounted scouts apply the principles described in FM 21-75. All scout personnel must be skilled in map reading and able to maintain direction of movement. SCT-~ SCT~ 8. Action on Contact I When an enemy force is encountered, the platoon leader immediately deploys the platoon, Figure 99. Scout section movement by successive bounds. AGO 6483A 179 vation has been accomplished. Observation byall scouts must be continuous and systematic.To insure the best results from observation,scout leaders should see that a. Personnel make maximum use of binoculars and observation telescopes. I b. Concealed positions are selected that offer 4TH MOVE I good observation of the area to be covered. II Observers should be dismounted from theirI vehicles. c. Terrain is visually searched in strips asexplained in FM 21-75. d. Observation is accomplished by teamwork.One scout watches the area to detect movement,while another conducts a systematic searchwith binoculars or an observation telescope. e. All-round observation is maintained byassigning a sector to each individual in the vehicle crew. When working by squad or section,each vehicle crew is assigned responsibility fora specific sector of observation. f. When the movement of other vehicles isbeing covered, observation is on the terrainfrom which fire is expected and not on themoving vehicles. Stationary personnel canusually detect hostile fire or movement moreeasily than those in moving vehicles. Figure 100. Scout section movement by alternate bounds. g. Personnel are trained to identify targetselement, advances and takes up positions to or possible target areas quickly.cover the advance of the rear element. The rear element, upon arriving at a position h. When a scout squad is observing from astationary position, the squad leader organizes abreast of the leading element, halts and again his personnel so that they can obtain adequatecovers the advance of the leading element. Only one element moves at any one time. rest, yet make maximum use of the observationequipment available. b.· Alternate Bounds (fig. 100). In this method, the leading element halts and takes up i. Constant liaison and communication withpositions to cover the advance of the rear eleadjacent units are maintained. This aids inment, which then advances past the leading keeping an enemy force under continuous obelement and takes up positions: The initial servation. leading element then leapfrogs the initial rearelement and advances to a new position. Only 11. Establishing Observation Postsone element moves at any one time. This meth a. The purpose of an observation post (OP)od of movement is usually more rapid than is to provide early warning of enemy approach;successive bounds. report the location, strength, disposition, andmovement of the enemy; and adjust long range 10. Observation by Scouts, General fires to cause early deployment of the enemy, As enemy contact becomes imminent, moveand to inflict casualties (FM 21-75). Observa ment is undertaken only after thorough obser-tion of the enemy is maintained as long as 180 AGO 6438A possible; therefore, OP personnel must be pre accurately located by map to assist in reporting pared to remain in a position until it becomes information and adjusting fires. Vehicles are placed under cover and concealment. Remote untenable and then to move quickly. control equipment may be used by the observers b. The scout platoon normally establishes to send information to the vehicular-mounted four OP's (one per scout squad); however, it radio, which relays it to higher headquarters. may establish up to eight op•·s (two per scout f. Scouts manning observation posts often squad) for a limited time. In determining the number of OP's to be established, the platoon work in conjunction with Army aircraft and air cavalry, and with elements of the battalionleader must consider that his ability to conduct ground surveillance section. patrolling between OP's diminishes as he increases the number of OP's. 12. Establishing Listening Posts c. Normally, the scout platoon leader selects During hours of darkness, listening poststhe general position for each OP. The specific may be established near the main body or inlocation is then selected by the scout squad the vicinity of the daylight OP's. Listeningleader. Each OP must have communication and posts are positioned to cover likely enemy avethe necessary personnel to observe and provide nues of approach. Observers use both theirsecurity for its operation. Areas that cannot sight and hearing. Observation telescopes andbe observed from established OP's are covered by ground or aerial patrols. binoculars are as important at night as during daylight. The short and medium range radars d. In the selection of an OP position, conorganic to the battalion may be employed to sideration should be given to overlapping fields supplement the surveillance effort. Warning of observation with other OP's, concealment of devices, such as trip flares and mines, may also the OP and routes thereto, ease of installation be used for detection and local security. Norand maintenance of communication, and avoidmally, vehicles are located to expedite withance of landmarks. The position should be lodrawal. Radios or telephones are used for cated on ground high enough to provide as communication. wide and · deep a field of view as possible and good observation of likely enemy avenues of 13. Reporting Proceduresapproach. The choice of a position on the for ward slope or on the topographic crest of a The most important contribution made by hill depends on the. terrain and mission. A the scout platoon during reconnaissance or forward slope position affords a better view of security missions is the accurate and timely the immediate foreground and a good backreporting of information concerning the enemy ground for concealment. A crest position allows and the area of operations. initial occupation during daylight, allows a. Information and Reports of the Enemy. greater freedom of action, and facilitates in All information obtained during the performstallation, maintenance and concealment of ance of a given mission should be reported,communication equipment. Normally, scouts regardless of its apparent value. Negative rewill occupy a crest position (fig. 101). ports are sometimes of significant importance e. Scouts manning observation posts do not and therefore should be rendered. Initial confire their weapons except to defend themselves tact with the enemy is reported immediately. or cover their withdrawal. The noncommisInformation of the enemy must be accurate and sioned officer in charge of the OP is responsible must answer the questionsfor keeping the area of responsibility under ( 1) What enemy was observed and in constant observation. Generally, two men obwhat strength? serve, one man operates the radio or telephone, (2) Where was the enemy observed? and the remainder provide security. When an ( 3) When was the enemy observed? observation post is occupied, its position and ( 4) What was the enemy doing? other prominent terrain features should be 181 concise, complete, and timely. Time permitting, b. Information and Reports of• the Area of Operations. When information of a particular an overlay or sketch of an area, delivered by route or area is desired, personnel are thormessenger, is an effective means of reporting. oughly briefed on what information is desired c. Information and Reports of Own Unit. and where it is to be sought. They must be Scout elements must keep their higher headfamiliar with the requirements for assembly quarters continually informed as to their ownareas and attack positions, the techniques and location. This information may be reported procedures of route reconnaissance as discussed in FM 5-36, and the effects of weather and according to a time schedule or as predeter Check points,terrain on various types of operations. The mined positions are reached. battalion SOP should prescribed a format for phase lines, and coded coordinates can be used reporting this information so that reports are effectively in reporting these locations. Sedion Ill. RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS (2) Reconnaissance of a bridge includes 14. General checking both underneath and on topa. For a detailed discussion of reconnaissance for mines, boobytraps, demolitionmissions, see FM 17-1 and FM 17-36. charges, and purposely weakened con b. In executing reconnaissance missions, the struction. scout platoon obtains information by infiltra(3) Information of the enemy and area of tion, observation, and, when dismounted, by operations should be reported in constealth. When employed on a reconnaissance formance with paragraph 13.mission as part of a larger force, the scout c. Conduct. platoon often executes its assigned mission while being overwatched and supported by ( 1) One route. When the platoon is re other elements of the force. connoitering one route, the leading section normally moves by bounds,c. The method by which the platoon performs covering the main route, while theits mission is determined by the mission, enemy other section covers lateral routes andsituation, terrain and weather, and specific incritical terrain features. structions received. (2) Multiple routes. When a scout platoon is required to reconnoiter more than 15. Route Reconnaissance one route, each scout section may be a. General. The scout platoon is particularly assigned the mission of reconnoiteringwell-suited to perform route reconnaissance for a route. The section reconnoiters itsits parent battalion. It may perform reconnaisassigned route by employing the scoutsance on one or more routes simultaneously. squads in closely coordinated moves b. Type of Information. All information ob(fig. 102). While one squad moves by tained during the conduct of a route reconnaisbounds to reconnoiter the main route, sance is reported regardless of its apparent the other squad is used to reconnoiter value. lateral routes and key terrain features (1) The specific information of a given along the main route. The squad reroute or series of routes should inconnoitering the main route must regclude minimum width of roads, types ulate its movement so that the other· of roads (all-weather, limited allsquad reconnoitering to the flanks can weather, and fair weather), loadkeep up. To keep the two squads movcarrying capacity of roads and bridges ing together, the squad operating on the route, and a description of on the main route may check some obstructions or other limiting factors. portion of the lateral routes or terrain AGO 6433A 183 (2) When the obstacle cannot be readilyreduced, the platoon bypasses the obstacle, reports the bypass, and, if appropriate, recommends to higherheadquarters the action necessary toeliminate the obstacle. (3) When the resistance encountered willinterfere with the assigned mission,the platoon leader reports and seeks abypass. When a bypass is found, it isreported to the higher unit commander and the platoon continues onits original mission unless otherwisedirected. 16. Zone Reconnaissance a. General. In a zone reconnaissance, thescout platoon operates generally in the samemanner as in a route reconnaissance. Theformation adopted depends on the width of LEGEND: ---zone, terrain, vegetation, enemy situation, time ~MAIN ROUTE ------LATERAL ROUTE allocated to complete the mission, and thoroughAND CRITICAL ness of effort desired. In a zone reconnaissance, TERRAIN elements of the platoon move over routes thatpermit the quickest and most complete coverage Figure 102. Scout section performing route aissance. of the zone. b. Conduct. In conducting a zone reconnaisfeatures, or the squads may be altersance, the scout platoon normally uses a lineformation. Elements not required abreast may nated along the main route and lateralroutes or terrain features. When the be employed to protect an exposed flank, to besquads alternate, the leading squad a reserve, or to reconnoiter terrain features tomoves along the main route until it expedite the zone reconnaissance. Each squadcomes to a lateral route or a terrain makes maximum use of observation pointsfeature which must be reconnoitered. along its route to rapidly cover the entire zone.While this is being done, the rearsquadmoves up and continues along the c. Action on Contact. See paragraph 8 above. main route until it reaches otherlateral routes or terrain 17. Area Reconnaissance featureswhich must be investigated. a. General. In an area reconnaissance, thescout platoon moves directly to the area to be d. Action at an Obstacle. reconnoitered. Any enemy opposition encoun (1) When an obstacle is encountered durtered en route to the area is reported and by ing the route reconnaissance, its locapassed. When the platoon arrives at the desigtion and description are reported. The nated area, it may perform reconnaissance inplatoon takes the necessary action to the same manner as in a zone reconnaissance orreduce the obstacle if such action is move directly to preselected points of observawithin its capabilities and does not tion from which the area can be observed. Theinterfere with the accomplishment of area may be divided into sectors, so that eachthe mission. scout section reconnoiters a portion of the area, 184 AGO 6488A or the scout platoon may reconnoiter the area of an area reconnaissance, the platoon may be required to secure the area until other friendly as a whole, with scout sections operating under troops arrive. control of the platoon leader and canvassing the area in ·a systematic manner. Upon completion b. Action on Contact. See paragraph 8 above. Section IV. SECURITY MISSIONS 18. General 20. Scout Platoon ~s a Part of a Flank Guard a. The scout platoon may be employed on a a. General. The scout platoon performs a security mission during offensive, defensive, or flank guard mission as part of a larger force. retrograde operations as a screening force or as b. Conduct. In the accomplishment of a a part of a larger security force conducting flank guard mission, as part of a larger force,advance guard, flank guard, rear guard, and the scout platoon is frequently employed to rear area security or covering force operations. establish observation posts, conduct patrols,For a detailed discussion of security missions, and maintain contact with the main body, whichsee FM 17-1 and FM 17-36. may be stationary or moving. The scout platoon b. Communication should be established beleader determines the specific friendly element with which contact should be maintained andtween scout elements, and aircraft and other assigns this mission to a specific scout element. tactical units operating in the area to insure a constant exchange of information. When the main body is moving, the remainder of the flank guard moves on a route parallel to the main body and performs flank security 19. Scout Platoon as a Part of an Advance (fig. 103). Guard a. General. Normally the battalion task force 21. Scout Platoon as a Part of a Rear Guard employs a company-size unit as the advance a. The scout platoon may participate as partguard; however, all or part of the scout platoon of a larger force or be reinforced when requiredmay be attached to the advance guard or work to perform as a rear guard. When so used, thein close coordination with it. scout platoon protects the rear of the main b. Conduct. The scout platoon may provide body from enemy ground observation and atflank security for the advance guard or be the tack. The rear guard will follow the main leading element of the advance guard, particubody at a distance normally prescribed by the larly when contact with the enemy is not immimain body commander. nent. It will normally be directed to maintain b. The scout platoon normally participates ina prescribed rate of advance. It is the responsia rear guard action as part of a larger force.bility of the scout platoon leader to maintain The platoon may be employed on one or boththis rate of advance unless the platoon is flanks of the rear guard to detect, and within::;topped by enemy action or an obstacle. When its capability, to prevent the enemy from byenemy resistance is encountered, the platoon passing the rear guard and striking the mainshould immediately deploy, report contact, and body. attempt to determine the size and extent of the enemy force. Tanks and infantry elements 22. Scout Platoon as Screening Force from the advance guard should be committed a. A screening force is a security detachment promptly to destroy or disperse the enemy. If an obstacle is encountered, the scout platoon which protects an area or body of troops from leader immediately reports the situation to the surprise by observing and reporting enemy advance guard commander and reconnoiters activity. It normally operates over an extended for a suitable bypass. area. AGO 6433A 185 OBJs 1. A SCOUT SECTION MAY BE REQUIRED TO RECONNOITER AREAS (1) (2) (3) AND (4) FOR THE FLANK GUARD. 2. A SCOUT SECTION II.AY PROVIDE CONTACT BETWEEN MAIN BODY AND FLANK GUARD. SCOUT SEOION MAINTAININGCONTAO WITH MAIN BODY J J Figure 103. Scout Bection performing aB part of a flank guard. 186 AGO 6433A b. The scout platoon may be assigned a posts and listening posts are discussed in para screening mission. The frontage which a plagraphs 11 and 12. toon can screen is determined by the limit of observation afforded by terrain and visibility, 23. Roadblocks the number of patrols required, and communiWhen the movement of vehicles is largely cation facilities. Due to extended frontages, restricted to roads, a roadblock may materially maximum use is made of the platoon sergeant assist the scout platoon in accomplishing an and his vehicle and radio to assist in controlling assigned mission. Before establishing a roadand coordinating the action of the platoon. Once block, the platoon leader should consider all contact is made with an advancing enemy force, means to obstruct, delay, and canalize enemy it should be maintained. movement. Natural obstacles, mines, boobytraps, wire, demolitions, and logs are the normal c. When acting as a screening force, the scout means used. In addition, the element of surplatoon secures its assigned area by establishprise and the platoon's ability to cover aning observation posts and conducting patrols. obstacle by fire must be considered. The roadAt night, listening posts replace the observation block should incorporate obstacles covered byposts. Since a screen normally covers an exfire; however, if time or the lack of obstacletended area, the scout section selects observamaterial prevents the platoon from physicallytion posts that give the widest field of vision. placing an obstacle on the road, it establishesDead space between observation posts should the roadblock by fire alone. Having selected thebe covered by mounted patrols. If the screen point or area along a road where the roadblockis required to remain mobile and move with the will be established, the platoon leader mustmain body, elements of the screen must move select positions for each element of the platoonby bounds in order to keep abreast of the main and allot tasks for preparing the position andbody. When the enemy is observed, the observadeveloping the obstacle. tion post notifies the platoon leader, who in turn a. One scout section is normally employed tonotifies the main body commander. The scout secure the flanks and to assist in covering pos squad occupying the observation post remains in visual contact with the enemy and withdraws sible bypasses which the enemy may use to avoid the obstacle. by bounds. b. The remaining scout section is normally . d. In a screening mission the battalion cover the roadblock by fire. employed to ground surveillance section is normally atMachineguns are positioned to obtain the best tached to the scout platoon. fields of fire available. Scouts with rifles cover e. The techniques of establishing observation areas not covered by machinegun fire. Section V. OTHER MISSIONS son mission. Information that the scout platoon 24. General may be required to deliver or receive includes-The scout platoon is frequently employed in performing liaison, participating in the quara. Location and identification of friendly tering party, providing contact parties, and units. acting as guides. b. Location and time of enemy contact. c. Trace of frontline units. 25. Liaison Liaison is maintained with units on the left d. Operation plans. and right so that their location and activities e. Chemical detection and radiological moniare known. All personnel must be trained to toring and survey data. perform liaison because a section or squad is often required to perform an independent liai-f. Report of enemy nuclear attacks. AGO 8438A 187 26. Scout Platoon in Quartering Party 29. Damage Control Operations The scout platoon or its elements may be used The scout platoon or portions thereof may bein the battalion quartering party. The duties of required to assist in damage control operations the quartering party are discussed in FM 17-1. in the battalion area. During damage controloperations, the scout platoon may be required to 27. Scout Platoon Providing Contad Parties detect and identify chemical agents and perElements of the scout platoon are often used form radiological monitoring conduct radio as contact parties. Before attempting to make logical survey, assist in restoring communica contact with another unit, the scout section or tion, control traffic, and assist as directed by squad leader determines the location of the the control and assessment team (CAT). contact point or alternate contact point, when the contact is to be made, and what is to be 30. Chemical Agent Detedion and Identifi accomplished on contact. He also determines cation and Radiological Monitoring and the radio frequency of the unit to be contacted, Survey action desired if contact is not made, and meth a. Chemical Agent Detection and Identifica od of reporting contact or information received tion. The scout platoon may be required toat the contact. If contact is to be made at a perform chemical agent detection and identifispecific point by a scout section, one squad cation to include warning of contaminated moves directly to the designated point while the areas. other squad overwatches and provides security. b. Radiological Monitoring and Survey. 28. Scout Platoon Providing Guides During Radiological monitoring is a function freMovement quently performed by the scout platoon in addition to the primary mission of the platoon. a. The scout platoon is often used to provide Monitoring is conducted either on a periodicguides during a march. The platoon leader or a continuing basis. When the scout platoon supervises the placing of direction or route is assigned a survey mission, the size and markers, insures the accomplishment of liaison composition of the survey team is based on awith the unit to be guided, ascertains the rate consideration of the number of personnel in the of march, and identifies the beginning and end platoon that can be diverted from the primaryof the route of march. mission; the area to be surveyed; equipment b. When time permits, the scout platoon available; the road net in the area; and theleader should reconnoiter the route. If a passpecific information desired. An operation exsage of lines is to be accomplished, scouts may posure guide (OEG) for radiation is specified by the commander who ordered the survey and assist the battalion by providing guides. Theplatoon leader should coordinate with the unit the survey team is notified of the operation exposure guide for the survey. The platoonthrough which the passage will take place, be headquarters normally acts as the control partycome familiar with the tactical situation, locafor survey parties organized within the platoon. ' tion of friendly troops, obstacles in the area, and with the terrain in general. c. Chemical agent detection and identificationand radiological monitoring and survey are c. Scouts performing as road guides are discussed in greater detail in FM 17-1. Foroften required to control or assist the military further details, see FM 3-12 for radiological police in controlling traffic. monitoring and survey, and FM 21-40 for d. Scouts should be employed in pairs when chemical agent detection and identification.used for road guides in guerrilla infested territory. They should remain hidden until elements 31. Pioneer Work by Scout Platoonof the battalion approach, then while one scout a. General. The scout platoon may be orprovides the necessary guidance the other dered to perform limited pioneer and demolition covers him. work. This type of mission may include the 188 AGO 6433A installation or clearance of minefields and other b. Capabilities. The various limitations affecting the use of tanks in counterinsurgency obstacles ; destruction of bridges, buildings, supplies, and equipment ; and the preparation operations are largely overcome by the scout platoon ; and the reconnaissance and security of fording sites. capabilities of the scout platoon are especially b. Equipment. The axes and shovels carried valuable when supporting a tank battalion'son all vehicles and the demolition set in the counterinsurgency operations. The scout pla platoon headquarters are used for pioneer and toon is particularly able todemolition work. (1) Provide escort for convoys. c. Pioneer and Demolition Work. Pioneer (2) Provide a reserve force capable ofand demolition work must be coordinated with quickly reaching the scene of an inthe unit for which it is being performed. Prisurgent attack. ority of demolition work, based on the mission, enemy, and terrain should be established. When (3) Assist in internal security operations the platoon is required to install minefields, by controlling the population and records and reports are made in accordance movement of material and supplies with guidance in FM 20-32. FM 5-34 contains along authorized routes by establish engineer field data for pioneer and demolition ing mobile check points. work. (4) Contribute important information concerning guerrilla forces and the area 32. Scout Platoon in Counterinsurgency of operations. Operations (5) Contribute to military civic action bya. General. The scout platoon can effectively . using its organic communications toassist the battalion in counterinsurgency operarequest medical or other emergencytions. Such assistance will generally take adassistance, and by providing emervantage of the mobility and firepower provided gency transportation of sick and by the vehicles of the scout platoon. See FM 17-1 for discussion of Armor in counterinsurgwounded personnel or critical medical or other supplies to outlying areas. ency operations. AGO 8488A 189 Action(s): Against antitank guided missiles _ __ ----------------Against tanks and antitank weapons __ ----------------·-· Against troops ---------------Delaying ____ ---------------On the position --------------- Tanks vs tank ______________ Additional considerations: Defense _____________________ _ Offense Tank battalion, airborne division -------------------- Tank battalion, infantry division, and separate infantry brigade -------------------- Tank battalion, mechanized infantry division, and separate mechanized infantry brigade __ Advance guard: General _ ---------------------Tank company and platoon _____ Airborne division tank battalion _- Air cavalry. (See Support.) Air defense ______________________ _ Alternating bounds. (See Fire and movement.) Antitank: Action by tanks Guns, attack __________________ Measures, individual ___________ Area defense. (See Defense.) Armored vehicle launched bridge section ------------------------- Paragraphs Page 91 71 82-91 65 78-81 64 177-185 132 129 105 84-86 66 171 131 144 115 207-213 150 195-206 147 191-194 146 97 75 98 75 207-213 150 35 23 83 65 87, 88 69 90 70 54 29 _ 89 70 Support . ___ ---------48,109, 28, 83, Army aviation, support __ 55, 98d(4), 30, 76, 100c, 110 79,84 Artillery: Positions, attack of artillery positions ________________ Assault: Conduct Objective Attack: Antitank guns __ _____________ Artillery positions _________ ___ Concentrations of troops _______ 145c 116 124 97 128 104 88 69 89 70 80 64 INDEX Attack-Continued Converging axes ______________ Coordination. (See Planning.) Fire and maneuver ------------ Fire and movement ____________ Formations -------------------Maneuvering force ------------March columns ---------------Methods ----------------------Moving troops ----------------One axis ---------------------Plan ------------------------- Planning _____________________ Paragraphs Page 122 94 57 30 59 30 111 84 124 97 137-140 111 119 90 79 64 121 91 115113-115 86 85 Preparation ------------------113-117, 85,148 197 Tanks and mechanized infantry, methods _______ 120 91 Troops in fixed positions ___ 81 65 Aviation. (See Army aviation.) Base of fire. (See Fire and maneuver.)Battalion _________________________ 7, 8, 191, 4, 146, 195,207,208 147,150 Battle drill -----------------------Bounds. (See Fire and movement.) Bridge section ____________________ Capabilities: CBR Activities ________________ Mortar platoon ---------------- Scout platoon _________________ Tank battalion ---------------Chem'cal agents. (See Employment.) Clearing of fields of fire ____________ Column formation. (See Formations.) Combat: Defensive _____________________ Formations. (See Formations.) Operations ------------------Outpost ---------------------Support. (See Support.) Command: Group ______ ------------------Post __ ___ _____ -------------Communication: Means ---------------------- Platoon ---------------------Security----------------------Company ------------------------ 65, 66 48, 49 53 29 36 23 App II 165 14 12 7 4 149 117 170, 192, 130, 146, 199-201 148 31-47 23 164 129 46 28 45 27 25 17 16,26 12,17 27 18 22 13 Conduct ----------------------125-129, 102, 148 Composition. (See Organization.) 198 Concealment ----------------------69 55 190 AGO 6433A Paragraphs Page Paragraphs Page Conduct: Assault ______________________ _ Attack. (See Attack.) Battalion task force: Delaying action __________ Fixing force ______________ Forward defense area _____ Reserve ------------------Company team: Fixing force ______________ Reserve, as part ___________ Delaying action ---------------Exploitation __________________ Maneuvering force ____________ Pursuit ----------------------Consolidation of the position Conspicuous landmarks Control measures: Offense _______ _ Retrograde operation __________ Coordination fire support __________ _ Counterattack routes, preparation __ Cover: Cover ------------------------Movement --------------------Covering force ------------------- Crew, tank ----------------------- Daylight withdrawal. (See Withdrawal.) Defense: Additional considerations Area ------------------------- Basic considerations ___________ Forward area _________________ 1.9·3-199, 204, 213 149, 158 Mobile -----------------------146,117,121, 152-160,192 146 Perimeter --------------------Tank battalion: Airborne ----------------- Infantry _________________ Mechanized _______________ Defensive: Combat. (See Combat.) Defilade, movement ----------------Delaying action ___________________ Conduct ----------------------Disposition of forces __________ Positions: Reconnaissance and selection Occupation ________________ Security ----------------------Task organization ____________ _ Withdrawal to next position ___ _ AGO 6433A 124 97 183 136 156 209 166 129 159,168 127,130 1'57 126 160, 169 126, 130 177-185 132 135 135 125 102 143 114 129 105 70 55 112 85 176 132 51,109 29,83 149 117 69 55 71 56 96,153 74,122 6 4 171 131 147, 117,128 161-171 148-151 117 165-166, 129, 147, 151 121 213 199-203 158 148 192, 193 143,147 71 56 177-185 132 183 136 179 133 178 133 182 135 181 135 180 133 184,185 138,139 Distribution: Fire. (See Firepower.) Forces. (See Type force..) Duties of personnel, platoon ____ _ 23 16 Employment. (See also Techniques.) Chemical agents ______________ _ 57 30 Factors affecting ______________ 32 23 Fires, in delaying action. (See Delaying action.) Fundamentals _______________ _ 31 23 Maneuvering force ____________ 59 30 Battalion heavy mortar platoon __ 15, 108 12,83 81- Patrols -----------------------105 Tactical nuclear weapons _________ 43, 56, 76, 27, 30, Tanks(s): Battalions ________________ Airborne _____________ Infantry ------------~ Mechanized ___________ Enemy armor. (See action.) Engineer support. (See Support.) Exploitation: Characteristics ________________ During the night ______________ Force, composition ____________ Security, in ___________________ Speed, in the -----------------Fire: Fields -------------------- Maneuver _______________ _ Movement ________________ Reconnaissance ___________ Firepower: Distribution ______________ Selection of targets _______ _ Use ---------------------- Fixing Force: Tank: Battalion, task force ______ _ Company, conduct _________ Company, organization of sector ------------------ Flank guard ______________________ Formations: Attack _______________________ Battalion, combat ____ _________ Operations -------------------145-171, 116, 146, 192,193,147,148, 199-203,213 158 84, 104, 66, 80, 131,167 108,130 7 4 207-213 150 195-206 147 118-124, 89, 97, 191-194 146, 147 131 108 141 114 133 110 132 109 134 110 149 117 59 30 60 31 77 64 76,86 60,68 75 60 74-77 60 154-156 122 157 126 155 123 99, 100 77 111 85 61 36 Column ___________________ Figs. 16 & 21 37,44 Combat formations-general ___ 63 36 Company and platoon combat ___ 62 36 Echelon ----------------------Fig. 19 42 Line ____________________ Figs.17(1-3), 38, 40, 22(1-2.) 45,46 Wedge ____________________Figs. 18 & 23 41,47 Forward defense area. (See Defense.) Fundamentals of employment. (See Employment.) 191 Paragraphs Page Paragraphs Page General outpost mission. (See Outpost.) Ground. (See also Terrain.): Organization for defense _______ 148 117 Radar. (See Radar.) Surveillance seetion -----------21, 52 13,29 Headquarters: Battalion --------------------10 5 Company -------------------- 22b,22c 13 Headquarters company -------9 4 Section: Battalion ----------------12 5 Company -----------------11 5 13 5 Tank ----------------------- Heavy resistance, attack from march column ------------------139 113 Individual antitank measures 90 70 Infantry: Division tank battalion. (See Tank battalion.) Mechanized. (See Mechanized infantry.) Riding tanks __________________ 206 149 70 55 Light resistance, attack from march column ------------------138 113 Line formation. (See Formations.) Landmarks ---------------------- Maintenance: Platoon ----------------------19 13 Signal equipment _____________ _ 28 18 Maneuver: Fire -------------------------59 30 Scheme -----------------------115 86 Maneuvering force, conduct --------125 102 March column, attack ________ _ 137-140 111 Mass. (See Fire and movement.) Mechanized infantry: Tanks, employed with. (See Employment.) Methods of attack, with tanks __ 120 91 Medium range ground radar. (See Radar.) Mess section ----------------------17e 13 Method. (See Techniques.) Mission: Battalion scout platoon -------14b 12 Fixing force. (See Fixing force.) Tank battalion ________________ 7a 4 Area defense -------------147,161 117 General outpost ----------163 128 Mobile defense. (See Defense.) Mortar platoon --------------------15b, 109, 12, 83, App. II 16~ Movement, fire -------------------60 31 Mutual support, tank company team_ 42 27 Nets. (See Radio and wire.) Night: Exploitation, during ----------141 114 Withdrawal. (See Withdrawal.) Objective, assault -----------------Occupation of delaying position ____ Offensive operations: Additional considerations ______ Tactical support. (See Support.) Tank battalion: Infantry -----------------Mechanized ---------------Operations. (See Type of operation.) Counterinsurgency ____________ Organization: Combat ----------------Headquarters installations _ Platoon in company team __ Tank company:Team ________________ Without attachments __ Defense ----------------------148-151, 117, 146 Exploiting force --------------Reserve ----------·------------Tank: Company ----------------Battalion ----------------Airborne ------------Platoon ----------------- Task force: Forward defense area__ Sector of fixing force___ Task, delaying action ______ Outpost: Combat ---------------------Tank battalion --------------- Mission: Company ----------------Platoon ------------------ Patrols, employment -------------- Perimeter defense. (See Defense.) Planning, for the attack ----------Plan of attack. (See Attack.) Platoon. (See Type platoon.) Position: Alternate, primary, and supplementary firings _____________ Action on the position _________ Defense. (See Defense.) Defensive preparation _________ Attack ----------------------- Tank Battalion: Infantry ------------- Mechanized ___________ Counterattack routes __________ Defensive positions ___________ 192 133 110 167 130 22 13 8 4 208 150 23 16 165 129 154 122 180 133 164 129 163 128 104 80 105 81 106 82 113-115· 85 76, 150, 60,117, 170 130 129 105 150 117 113-117 85 197 148 113-117 85 149 117 150 117 Pursuit---------------------------142,148 114,117 Radar, ground -------------------Radio nets: Tank: Battalion ----------------Company ---------------- 128 104 182 135 144 115 195-198 147 191 146 34 23 37 23 46 28 42 27 39 24 41 27 52,154 29,122 29 18 30 19 AGO 6'88A • Rear guard ----------------------Reconnaissance. (See also Security.): Delaying positions -----------Fire, by ---------------------Reduction of roadblock -----------References -----------------------Reorganization of the position _____ Reserves: Brigade and division --·--------· General ---------------------- Tank battalion ____________158-160, 108b 127,83 Retrograde operations : Considerations ---------------- Control measures _____________ _ Tactical support _____________ _ Tank: Battalion, infantry ________ Unit in retrograde operations --------------Types ------------------------Roadblock, attack from march column Role ----------------------------- Scheme of maneuver. (See maneuver.) Screening force ------------------ Security. (See also Reconnaissance.) Delaying action --------------Exploitation ------------'-----Force(s): Armor -------------------Defense: Area ----------------- Mobile _______________ Offensive operations _______ _ Selection: Delaying positions ____________ Target. (See Firepower.) Short range ground radar. (See Radar.) Signal Communications ___________ Smoke Successive bounds. (See Fire and movement.) Supply section ------------------Support: Air -------------------------- Air cavalry Army aviation ---------------- Artillery --------------------- AVLB section -----------------Combat ---------------------- AGO 6488A 172 132 176 132 145,175 116,132 205 174 173 140 119 113 181 132 95 162 153 110 178 24-30 50-84, 85,86 17d 50, 84, 96, 98, 109,145 96, 98, 113,145 55, 98, 100,109, 145 48, 109, 149 132 132 113 90 85 135 109 74 128 122 84 133 17 29, 66, 68 12 29, 66, 74, 75, 83,116 74, 75, 85,116 30, 75, 77,83, 116 28, 83, Paragraphs Page 101, 102 79,80 178 133 77 64 140 113 App. I 161 129 105 152, 203, 121, 149, 210 158 43,167 27,130 145, 175 116, 132 54 29 48-58 28 Paragraphs Support-Continued 145 Defense ---------------------- Engineer ____________________ _ 53, 54, 109,145 Fires, in the attack ____________ Infantry, by tanks -----------Mortar platoon --------------- Offense _______________________ Retrograde operations ---------Tanks, by infantry ____________ Surveillance section. (See Ground surveillance section.) Tactical: Air. (See Support.) Nuclear Weapons. (See Employment.) Tank: Action. (See Action.) Antitank, in the role __________ 115 123 49,109, 145 109 175 119 83 Page 116 29, 83, 116 86 97 28, 83, 116 83 132 90 65 Area defense ______________147, 161-170,117,128, 193,199-204 147,148 Battalion scout platoon ______14, App. III 12, 175 Command: Group. (See Command group.) Post. (See Command post.) Communications platoon _______ Covering force, actions _______ _ Formations. (See Formations.) General outpost mission _______ Ground surveillance section ____ IIeadquarters _________________ Section ------------------- Tank section ______________ Infantry division -------------Fundamentals of employment ------------Operations --------------- Defensive ____________ Offensive _____________ Retrograde -----------Mechanized division ___________ Fundamentals of employment ____________ Operations ---------------Defensive ____________ Offensive ------------- Retrograde ___________ Task force ------------------Conduct: Attack _______________ Exploitation __________ Covering force ____________ Delaying action ___________ 16, 26, 12, 17, 28 18 96 74 163 128 21 13 10,45 5,27 12 5 13 5 195-206 147 195 147 196 147 199-204 148 197-198 148 205 149 191-194 146 191 146 192-194 146 192-193 146 191 146 194 147 38 24 126 103 135 110 96,153 74,122 180, 183 133, 136 Fixing force --------------154, 155, 122, 123, 156 12.5 Forward defense area _____ 165,166 129 193 Paragraphs Page Paragraphs Page Tank-Continued Preparation for attack _____ Security force ____________ Reserve -----------------Train --------------------Tank company -------------------- Advance guard ________________ Combat formations ____________ Communications system _______ Conduct: Attack -------------------Fixing force ______________ Covering force, as part ________ E-xploitation __________________ Flank guard------------------ Forward defense area __________ Headquarters _ __ .. ___ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ Maintenance section ___________ Organization_____________ Outpost mission _____ . _ Preparation for attack Rear guard ________ ____________ Reserve, as part __ . Security section ___ _____________ Team __ _ _______________ ______ Delaying position _________ Fixing force sector Mutual support ___________ Withdrawal _______________ Without attachments ______ Crew teamwork. (See Crew, tank.) Methods of Attack, with mechanized infantry __ _ Platoon: Advance guard ___________ Combat formations ________ Conduct of the attack ____ _ Defensive combat _________ Employment techniques __ _ Flank guard _____________ Outpost mission _______ Rear guard ______________ Preparation for the attack 116 153 158 47 22 93 57-60 29 122 152 96 136 99,100 86 122 127 28 13 73 30 18 94 121 74 111 77 Tank company-Continued Retrograde operations _________ Tank unit employment techniques __________________ Tank vs tank: Action ___________________ Distribution of fire ________ Weapons and ammunition __ Tanker Techniques. (See also employment.): Fire and movement ____ Tank and infantry employment ______________42, 118-124 27,89 172-190 132 67-91 55 82, 84 65,66 86 68 85 66 5 4 60 31 165, 166, 129, 147, 193,202 22b 22d 22 104 117 112 169 22e 39 184 155 42 149 13 16 13 80 87 85 130 16 24 138 123 27 186-190, 141, 147, 194,205 41 120 98 61-64 127 170 61-89 100 105 102 117 149 27 91 75 36 103 130 36 77 81 80 87 Task: Force. (See Battalion task force.) Organization. (See Organization.) Team. (See Tank company.) Teamwork, tank crew. (See Crew tank.) Terrain: Dominant Dusty ______ Unfavorable for tanks Use --------------------------Transportation section ____________ _ Troops, action against. (See Action.) Troop leading procedure Vehicle launched bridge. (See Armored vehicle launched bridge.) Weapons and Ammunition. (See Tank vs tank.) Wedge formation. (See Formations.) Wire communications: Battalion net _________________ Company net ____________ ________ Withdrawal ______________________ Daylight ---------------------Delaying action. (See Delaying action.) Night _________________________ 68 55 73 58 72 57 67-73 55 17c la 114 85 29 18 30 19 186-190, 141, 147, 194, 205 149 188, 189 141, 142 187, 190 141, 143 AGO 6433A • By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Official: J. C. LAMBERT, Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General. Distribution: Active Army: DCSPER (10) ACSI (10) DCSLOG (10) DCSOPS (10) ACSFOR (10) CORC (10) CRD (5) COA (5) CINFO (5) TIG (5) TJAG (5) TPMG (3) TSG (3) OPO (10) CofEngrs (3) CofCh (3) USACDC Agcy (5) USCONARC (10) USAMC (15) USACDC (10) ARADCOM (10) ARADCOM Rgn (10) LOGCOMD (5·) Armies (25) Corps (15) Div (10) Div Arty (5) Bde (5) RegtjGp/Bg (5) Avn Bn (5) Engr Bn (5) Inf Bn (5) FA Bn (5) Med Bn (2) Ord Bn (2) QM Bn (2) Sig Bn (2) MP Bn (2) Avn Co (2) Cml Co (2) Engr Co (2) FA Co (2) Med Co (2) Ord Co (2) QM Co (2) Sig Co (2) MP Co (3) USAWC (5•) AFSC (5) USMA (25) USACDCEC (5) USACDCCAG (5) USACDCIAS (1) USACDCSWG (5) USACDCNG (1) USACDCSSG (5) PMS Sr Div Units (2) PMS Mil Sch Div Units (2) Br Svc Sch (25) MAAG (5) Mil Msn (5) HAROLD K. JOHNSON, General, United States Army, Chief of Staff. TOE Units: 7-17 (10) 7-18 (10) 7-27 (10) 7-37 (10) 7-47 (1'5•) 17-16 (35) 17-17 (25) 17-18 (25) 17-27 (25) 17-36 (35) 17-37 (25) 17-45 (10) 17-46 (10) 17-55 (10) 17-56 (5) 17-57 (5) 17-105 (10) 17-106 (5) 17-107 (5) 17-108 (5) 17-157 (25) 29-15 (5) 29-17 (2) 29-25 (5) 29-27 (2) 29-35 (5) 29-37 (2) 29'--55 (5) 29-65 (5) 55-11 (2) 55-19 (2) 55-87 (2) 55-88 (2) 55-457 (2) 55-458 (2) 55-468 (2) NG: State AG (3); Units-Same as Active Army except allowance is one copy to each unit. USAR: Untis-Same as Active Army except allowance is one copy to each unit. For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50. tr U.S. Government Printing Office: 1966-200-509/6433A AGO 6433A 195