COAL TAR COLOURS, 
 
 AND 
 
 REGENT IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 IN 
 
 DYEING Al CALICO PRIII1. 
 
 DR. F. CRACE CALVERT. 
 
D.VANNOSTRAND 
 
 IYbUSHER & IMPORTER. 
 o r 
 
 Scientific Books 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
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 JViaryAnn T> mwxs 
 (Decorati]/eo4tt 
 
 oiucaorL 
 
 STERLl N G 
 AND FRANCINE 
 
 C1A1UC 
 ART INSTITUTE 
 L1BRAJOT 
 
I D.V 
 Pr 
 ( 
 
LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 COAL TAE COLOUES, 
 
 AND ON 
 
 RECENT IMPROVEMENTS AND PROGRESS 
 
 IN 
 
 DYEING AND CALICO PRINTING, 
 
 EMBODYING COPIOUS NOTES TAKEN AT 
 
 Cjw Jast Jonhtt international fejjiMftm, 
 
 AND 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS PATTERNS OF FABRICS DYED 
 WITH ANILINE AND OTHER COLOURS. 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. F; CRACE CALVERT, F.R.S., F.C.S., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION, MANCHESTER J CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF 
 
 THE ROYAL ACADEMIES OF TURIN AND ROUEN ; OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY 
 
 OF PARIS; SOCliTE INDUSTRIELLE DE MULHOUSE, &C. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 
 406 WALNUT STREET. 
 

FIRST LECTURE. 
 
 I cannot presume to give, in a short course of lectures, a full 
 account of all the improvements and inventions which must have 
 occurred in such extensive trades as those of dyeing and calico printing, 
 since the Exhibition of 1851, and especially during a period of extra- 
 ordinary progress like that which has just passed. The utmost, 
 therefore, that 1 can do is, to lay before you an outline of the principal 
 discoveries which have come to my knowledge during the period under 
 consideration. 
 
 I wish, however, to state that the processes of which I shall speak 
 are those generally known to calico-printers and dyers ; for it will be 
 easily understood that many may use methods peculiarly their own, and 
 that it would be a breach of confidence were I to publish any such pro- 
 cesses that may have been communicated to me. 
 
 I shall divide the subject into two heads. First, treating of new 
 dyeing materials obtained from well-known dyestuffs, and then of dye- 
 stuffs altogether new, together with their application to dyeing. 
 Secondly, I shall consider the subject of calico printing. 
 
 Madder* — It is impossible within the limits of a Lecture to enter at 
 any length into all the facts connected with this important dyestuff, the 
 one, of all others, most extensively used in the arts of dyeing and calico 
 printing, owing to the facility with which, by means of different mor- 
 dants, a great variety of colours is obtainable, such colours being easily 
 modified in tone, and resisting the action of light and most chemical 
 agents. This valuable dyestuff, which is chiefly imported from France, 
 Turkey, Italy, and Holland, is obtained from the Rubia Tinctornm. 
 Our chemical knowledge of the composition of this root, was, up to 
 1851, in a most unsatisfactory state. Thus, whilst we find that 
 MM. Decaisne, Jean Gerber, Edmund Dollfus, &c., asserted only one 
 colouring principle, to which they gave the names of alizarine, colorine, 
 or azale; others, such as MM. Persoz, Runge, &c., admitted two colour- 
 ing principles, alizarine and purpurine, and Kuhlmann added to these 
 two, a third, called xanthine. But Dr. Edward Schunck, F.R S., pub- 
 lished, in 1851, his most valuable and extensive researches on the 
 chemical composition of madder, which not only threw much light an the 
 colour-giving principle of the rubia root, but also, as I will presently 
 
 rv 
 
 r>. 
 
show, led to valuable commercial applications. He adopted the view, that 
 although the roots contained a certain quantity of colouring matter called 
 alizarine, yet that the ultimate source of this only colour-giving prin- 
 ciple was a substance to which he gave the name ol rubian. He further 
 found that one equivalent of this substance under the influence of a 
 ferment called erythrozym, or of acids, or alkalies, would, by losing 14 
 equivalents of water, be converted into 4 equivalents of alizarine, as 
 the following equation shows : — 
 
 C 56 H 84 30 = 4 (C 14 H 5 4 ) + 14 H0 
 Rubian. Alizarine. Water. 
 
 This result satisfactorily explained the change of madder into garan- 
 cine by the action of sulphuric acid on that root, from the fact that 
 rubian was susceptible of conversion, under the same influences, not 
 only into alizarine, but also into two valueless substances, called 
 rubiretine and verantine. This led Mr. Simon Pincoffs, in conjunction 
 with Dr. Schunck, in 1852, to the production of a most important 
 dyeing material, called by them commercial alizarine. But to enable 
 you to understand in what this product differs from garancine, and also 
 its mode of preparation, it is necessary that I should state that the veran- 
 tine and rubiretine are not colour-giving principles, and that they interfere 
 with the beauty and brightness of the fine shades of purple given by 
 alizarine, which, according to Dr. Schunck, is the only colour-giving 
 principle contained in madder.* 
 
 Garancine, which, even before 1851, was extensively used for pro- 
 ducing red, purple, and chocolate, upon calico, was obtained, as you are 
 aware, either by mixing together at an ordinary temperature equal 
 weights of madder and sulphuric acid, then adding water, when the 
 garancine was produced, requiring only to be thoroughly washed so as 
 to remove the acid; — or by mixing the roots with one-third their 
 weight of sulphuric acid previously diluted with water, and carrying 
 the whole to the boil for one or two hours, washing, the residue re- 
 peatedly, and using, in the last operation, some alkaline carbonate. 
 
 Specimens of Garancine Styles, f 
 
 * Dr. Schunck also obtained as products of decomposition of rubian, rubi- 
 anine and sugar. Those who are interested in these chemical researches will 
 find them fully detailed in the Transactions of the Royal Society. 
 
 f We are indebted to Messrs. Wood and Wright for the above specimens. 
 
Although garancine thus prepared gave colours similar to madder, yet 
 they were wanting in solidity. This effect, especially as regards purples, 
 was overcome by Messrs. Pincoffs and Schunck by taking principally 
 garancine prepared as above, but thoroughly depriving it of acid, and 
 submitting it to the action of high-pressure steam, when the substance 
 called verantine is decomposed or modified so as to stain the whites less 
 and not to interfere with the purple-dyeing power of alizarine. The 
 advantages possessed by this product, which is now so extensively used 
 in calico printing, that several millions of pieces have been dyed with 
 it, are, as stated by Messrs. Pincoffs and Schunck, as follows : — It 
 produces good lilacs economically and without soaping ; great prompti- 
 tude and regularity in the production ; facility of producing combination 
 of lilacs with catechu, lilac and chocolate, and lilac and orange, which 
 results cannot be obtained so satisfactorily with madder or garancine ; 
 production of lilac shades graduated ad libitum as to cost. Lastly, 
 economy of mordaunts. I shall again refer to this in speaking of calico 
 printing. 
 
 Specimens of Alizarine Styles .* 
 
 i. 
 
 r; 
 
 Mr Higgins lias lately devised a method of preparing commercial 
 alizarine, which differs from that of Messrs. Pincoffs and Schunck, 
 in that he boils garancine, carbonate of soda, or a little ammonia. 
 The liquor, which is alkaline at starting, becomes acid after being boiled 
 twenty-four hours, which converts the garancine into alizarine. 
 
 * Kindly supplied by Messrs. Pincoffs & Co, 
 
Whilst on this class of madder products, I may refer to an improvement 
 effected by Mr. John Lightfoot, in the manufacture of garanceux (dis- 
 covered in 1843 by Mr. Schwartz), or spent adder, which has been treated 
 with sulphuric acid, as above described, for the preparation of garancine. 
 The method now generally followed is to collect the spent madder in bags 
 as it runs from the dye-becks, and then throwing it on to a heap, to be 
 ultimately converted into garanceux, by acting upon it as above described 
 with sulphuric acid. Mr. Lightfoot, however, recommends large vats to 
 be provided, allowing to run into them the hot spent madder liquors of 
 the dye-becks, together with vitriol, leaving the whole to stand for 24 
 hours, running off the clear liquor and washing the solid garanceux thus 
 produced until all impurities and acid are removed. The advantages 
 claimed are, first, saving of fuel, by economising the heat of the waste 
 liquors, and secondly, the production of one-fourth more colouring 
 matter. 
 
 Having now laid before you an outline of the researches of Dr. 
 Schunck, and briefly described the commercial product which resulted 
 from them, as well as garancine and garanceux, also closely allied in their 
 nature to commercial alizarine, I shall proceed to draw your attention to 
 some scientific data, as well as practical results, both of which strongly 
 tend to confirm the views of M.M. Persoz, Runge, &c, respecting the 
 existence of two distinct, colouring principles in madder, viz , alizarine 
 and purpurine. According to these chemists, the following are the dis- 
 tinctive characteristics of these two colouring principles: — 1. Alizarine 
 gives with alkalies a beautiful violet solution, whilst Purpurine 
 gives a bright red. 2. The alkaline solution of alizarine resists 
 the action of the atmosphere, whilst that of purpurine does not. 
 8. Alizarine is nearly insoluble in a boiling solution of alum, whilst 
 purpurine is freely soluble in that menstruum, yielding to it a fine pink 
 colour. 4. The best process, however, to distinguish these two sub- 
 stances is that published in 1860, by Professor Stokes, of Cambridge, 
 Secretary to the Royal Society, and which is so delicate that he states, 
 in a letter to me, that he is able to detect the presence of purpurine 
 in a solution of alum in which he had boiled one grain of dyed calico. 
 Professor Stokes further states that in examining some specimens of 
 cloth, one dyed with commercial alizarine and the other with garancine, 
 he found the colouring matter of the first to be alizarine with a trifling 
 quantity of purpurine, and of the second to be purpurine with a small 
 quantity of alizarine ; so that according to this gentleman the garancine 
 lie examined might be called " commercial purpurine." He further 
 states that .he is quite satisfied that madder contains no other substance 
 or mixture of substances possessing the optical properties which he ob- 
 served as especially characterizing purpurine. 1 consider these original 
 researches of Professor Stokes to be so new and important to the dyer 
 and printer as to require the insertion here of an extract from a paper 
 published by him in the Memoirs of the Chemical Society, vol 12. 
 
" Optical Characters of Pur purine and Alizarine. — The optical characters 
 of purpurine are distinctive in the very highest degree ; those of alizarine 
 are also very distinctive. The characters here referred to consist in the 
 mode of absorption of light by certain solutions of the bodies, and oc- 
 casionally in the powerful fluorescence of a solution. They are specially 
 valuable because their observation is independent of more than a moderate 
 degree of purity of the specimens, and requires no apparatus beyond a test- 
 tube, a slit, and a small prism, a little instrument which ought to be in the 
 hands of every chemist. 
 
 " Alkaline solution of purpurine. — If purpurine be dissolved in a solution 
 of carbonate of potash or soda, (it is easily decomposed by caustic alkalies,) 
 the solution obtained absorbs with greatest energy the green part of the 
 spectrum. In this and similar cases it is necessary to take care either to 
 use a sufficiently small quantity of the substance, or else to dilute suffici- 
 ently the solution, or view it through a sufficiently small thickness ; other- 
 wise a broad region of the spectrum is absorbed, and the peculiar characters 
 of the substance depending on its mode of absorbing light are not per- 
 ceived. If the solution be contained in a wedge-shaped vessel, the effect of 
 different thicknesses is seen at a glance ; but a test-tube will answer per- 
 fectly well if two or three different degrees of dilution be tried in succession. 
 When the light transmitted through an alkaline solution of purpurine of 
 suitable strength, after being limited by a slit, is viewed through a prism, 
 
 Fig. 1. — Solution of pur- 
 purine in carbonate of soda or 
 
 potash, or in alum-liquor. 
 
 Fig. 2. — Solution of pur- 
 purine in bisulphide of carbon. 
 
 Fig. 3. — Solution 
 purine in ether. 
 
 of 
 
 pur- 
 
 Fig. 4, 
 alizarine. 
 
 — Alkaline solution of 
 
 two remarkable dark bands of absorption (Fig. 1) are seen about the green 
 part of the spectrum, comprising between them a band of green light, 
 which, though much weakened in comparison with the same part of the 
 unabsorbed spectrum, is bright compared with the two dark bands, which 
 latter in a sufficiently strong solution appear perfectly black. The places 
 of the dark bands, estimated with reference to the principal fixed lines of 
 the spectrum, are given in the figure. 
 
 " Solution in a solution of alum. — This solution has the same peculiar 
 mode of absorption, and (Fig. 1) will serve equally well for it. But it has 
 the further property of being eminently fluorescent, which the alkaline 
 solution is not at all. The fluorescent light is yellow, out ordinarily appears 
 orange from being seen through the fluid. The difference between the 
 alkaline and alum-liquor solutions as to fluorescence does not depend on the 
 acid reaction of the latter, but on the alumina. A solution exhibiting to 
 perfection the peculiar properties of the alum-liquor solution may be ob- 
 tained by adding to a solution of purpurine in carbonate of soda a solution 
 of alum to which enough tartaric acid to prevent precipitation, and then 
 carbonate of soda, has previously been added ; and in this case the fluo- 
 
8 
 
 rescent solution is obtained at once and in the cold. This forms a very 
 striking reaction in a dark room, according to the method described in the 
 Philosophical Transactions for 1853, p. 385, with the combination, solution 
 of nitrate of copper and a red (Cu 2 0) glass. Some other colourless oxides 
 besides alumina develop in this manner fluorescence, though to a less 
 degree." 
 
 Messrs. Schaaff and Lauth having exhibited in the French depart- 
 ment of the late Exhibition some most beautiful commercial prepara- 
 tions obtained from madder, called by them Purpurine and Green 
 Alizarine, I forwarded samples to Professor Stokes, who pronounced the 
 alizarine to be composed almost entirely of that substance, with a dark 
 green resin, which Emile Eopp considers to be produced by the decom- 
 position of chlorogenine ; whilst the purpurine was declared by him to 
 be that substance in a high degree of purity. As both these substances 
 are now beginning to be extensively used by French printers, and to 
 some extent by English houses, I cannot do better than give you an 
 outline of Messrs. Schaaff k Lauth's process, as devised by the eminent 
 chemist, Mr. Emile Kopp : — Six hundred pounds of ground madder are 
 allowed to macerate for ten hours in a vat containing 800 to 1000 gal- 
 lons of a solution of sulphurous acid, and after running off this liquor, 
 the madder is again treated with 200 to 250 gallons of the same acid 
 solution. These liquors are then mixed with three per cent of sulphuric 
 acid, specific gravity 1 60, and the whole heated to about 100° by means 
 of steam, when the purpurine separates itself under the form of large 
 red flakes, which, in a few hours, settle at the bottom of the vat. The 
 liquors are then run off, and carried to ebullition for three or four hours, 
 when a new substance called green alizarine is liberated and precipi- 
 tates. Both these products require only washing to be ready for the 
 printer. The dyeing power of these new substances is remarkable, 
 that of purpurine being equal to forty or fifty times the same quantity 
 of madder, and the green alizarine to thirty -eight times that of madder. 
 The 6001bs of madder yield about 4lbs. of purpurine and about 16lbs. 
 of alizarine. The madder treated as above described, can be converted 
 into garancine, the dyeing power of which is equal to half that of 
 ordinary garancine. Green alizarine can be employed for the same 
 purposes as commercial alizarine. Purpurine gives magnificent reds 
 and pinks with alumina mordants, but no purple with iron mordants. 
 
 To Dye Wool or Silk with Purpurine. 
 The wool is mordanted in the ordinary manner as for garancine either 
 with alum and cream of tartar, or with a solution of tin and tartar. 
 The solution of tin which has hitherto given the best results is the 
 following ; — 
 
 300 parts Nitric Acid ... ... \ This mixture being placed in a cold 
 
 100 „ Water ... ... ... > water bath 50 parts of tin are added 
 
 50 „ Sal- Ammoniac ) by degrees, until all is dissolved. 
 
 This solution is not ready for several days after filtration. To mor- 
 dant wool it is dipped in a bath at about 80°, temperature, containing 
 
9 
 
 a small quantity of the above solutiou, and the bath is raised during 
 half an hour to about 186°. The wool is then removed and washed. 
 It is then dyed wtth purpurine, in a bath containing the colouring 
 matter, the temperature of the bath commenceing at 86° and rising to 
 the boil in half an hour. 
 
 Or the following process may be substituted with advantage. 
 Purpurine is neutralized with a small quantity of soda crystals, or car- 
 bonate of ammonia, by placing the purpurine in a vessel, and pouring 
 boiling water upon it, to which the alkali is then added. 
 
 Wool mordanted with alum and cream of tartar gives a brilliant 
 crimson red. 
 
 Wool mordanted with tartar and a solution of tin gives a scarlet 
 almost as fine as that from cochineal. 
 
 From 30 to 50 grains suffice for a square yard of wool or merino. 
 
 To obtain a brilliant orange red, the wool is mordanted with tartar 
 and tin solution to which has been added a little fustic or cuba wood. 
 The whole is heated in a tinned boiler to 160°, and then washed. 
 The wool is then dyed with purpurine as above directed. If the 
 shade is not yellow enough, a little fustic may be added to the dye 
 itself. 
 
 Although purpurine and alizarine differ considerably in some of their 
 chemical reactions, as well as in the colours they yield with various mor- 
 dants, still there is no doubt that they are closely allied to each other in 
 their chemical composition, for Dr Schunck has proved that both these 
 substances yield phthalic acid when decomposed by nitric acid; a property 
 which belongs, as far as we know, to no other substance except napth- 
 aline, a white solid crystalline substance obtained from coal tar. 
 Without entering into the observations made by Mr. Strecker on the 
 relation subsisting between chloro-napthalic acid and alizarine, I 
 cannot refrain from drawing your attention to a statement by Mr. Z. 
 Roussin, who in 1861 startled the scientific world by declaring that he 
 believed he had discovered the means of making from naphthaline the 
 important colour-giving principle which I have already mentioned to you 
 when speaking of madder, called alizarine, and what strengthened his 
 belief was, that he thought he had succeeded in removing two equivalents 
 of oxygen from binitronaphthaline, and transforming the nitrogen thereof 
 into ammonia, leaving, as a residue, alizarine, as seen by his formula : — 
 
 Binitronaphthaline... ... ... C i2 H6 N 2 8 
 
 Minus oxygen ... ... ... — 2 
 
 Plus hydrogen ... ... ... + H 6 H 2 
 
 Equals 
 
 Alizarine ... ... ... ... C 12 H 6 6 
 
 Plus ammonia ... ... N 2 H 6 
 
 Plus water, ... 2HO 
 
 The simple process which he devised to obtain a crystalline substance 
 which gave a red colour with an alumina mordant, consists in dissolving 
 slowly binitronaphthaline in concentrated sulphuric acid, and raising 
 
10 
 
 the temperature gradually to 392°, when he adds granulated zinc in 
 successive small portions. After a short time sulphurous acid is given 
 off, and the conversion of binitronaphthaline into a red colouring matter 
 is effected. All that is now required is to dilute the liquor with eight 
 or ten times its volume of water, and carrying it to the boil, filter, and 
 allow the whole to cool, when M. Eoussin's so-called alizarine deposits 
 under the form of fine red or orange coloured crystals. Although this 
 product possesses some properties similar to those of alizarine, it differs 
 from it in many of its chemical reactions, and also because it does not 
 furnish the purple and chocolate colours given by alizarine with iron, 
 and iron and alumina mordaunts. Still these results, arrived at by 
 M. Roussin, are so remarkable, that it is to be hoped that he will per- 
 severe in his endeavours to solve this interesting problem. Of late 
 years the French calico printers have applied, for light styles of mad- 
 der-pinks, extracts of madder, or garancine, which have generally been 
 obtained by treating madders or garancines with alcohol or wood -spirit, 
 and adding to them acetate of alumina and acetic acid ; a similar 
 process has recently been patented by Mr. F. A. Gutty. Another and 
 most interesting process has recently been published by Mr. Emile 
 Kopp, for the production of pure crystallized alizarine from garancine. 
 It consists in submitting dry garancine in a double cylinder to the 
 action of superheated and saturated steam, when the alizarine is carried 
 off by the steam, and the whole condensed in a refrigerator. 
 
 Flower of Madder, — This product, which is now extensively used 
 by continental printers, and which was introduced to the trade by 
 MM. Julian and Roquer towards the beginning of 1852, is prepared by 
 allowing madder to ferment, and then washing it thoroughly, which 
 removes from it, not only all soluble matters such as sugar, mucila- 
 ginous substances, acids &c, which interfere with the fixation of the 
 alizarine on the various mordants, but also (in accordance with Dr. 
 Schunck's researches on the influence of the ferment erythrozym on 
 rubian), increases the quantity of colour-giving principle or alizarine. 
 It is found, by experience, that 100 parts of flower of madder are 
 equal to about 200 parts of ordinary ground roots, and that the shades 
 are finer, the pinks and reds also having greater solidity. Mr. E. 
 Mucklow has recently patented a process similar to the above, which 
 consists in alternately macerating and pressing madder roots so as to 
 expel from them various materials which, as above stated, interfere 
 with the dyeing of the fabrics. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of this valuable tinctorial substance, I 
 think it advisable here to touch upon its most ancient, though fre- 
 quently improved application, viz , that of Turkey red dyeing, so 
 celebrated for the brilliaucy and fastness of its colours, and any one 
 who carefully examined the late Exhibition must have been struck 
 with the great number of the specimens of this colour which appeared 
 in almost every department, but especially in those of Prussia, Switzer- 
 land, and France. 
 
11 
 
 Without entering into a full detail of the numerous and tedious 
 manipulations undergone by the yarn in the course of its preparation 
 for fixing the colouring principles of madder, it may be stated that the 
 chief characteristic of Turkey-red dyeing, is the use of olive or Gallipoli 
 oil as a fixing agent. The bleached yarn is first soaked in a peculiar 
 quality of this oil — I say peculiar, because the oil used must, when 
 mixed with a small quantity of an alkaline carbonate, form a white 
 emulsion ; this is due, as we now know from M. Pelouze's researches, 
 to a ferment which the oil, as it is liberated from the berry, carries with 
 it, and which resolves the oil into its component parts, viz., glycerine 
 and fatty acids ; and it is the oils so modified which are adapted for 
 Turkey-red dyeing The yarns saturated with these acids are dipped 
 into a solution of carbonate of soda, and then exposed to the action of 
 the air, or air and steam in a warm room. After this treatment has 
 been repeated a sufficient n^nber of times, the yarns are passed through 
 a solution of nut-galls, then into a solution of a salt of alumina, called 
 red mordant, and the yarn so prepared is ready for dyeing, to effect 
 which it is boiled for two or three hours in a bath to which madder-root 
 has been added. Lastly, the brilliancy of the colour is completed by 
 boiling the yarns in a strong solution of soap. 
 
 Indigo.— -I have the pleasure again to draw your attention to a series of 
 researches by Dr. Edward Schunck, and to enable you to appreciate the 
 value of his discoveries in connection with this important dyestuff, it is 
 necessary that I should first statathat chemists held two different opinions 
 as to the condition in which the colouring matter existed in the indigo 
 plants. Thus, Chevreul, Girardin, &c, considered that the indigo con- 
 tained in the plant was in the form of white, or de-oxygenated blue indigo ; 
 whilst Giobert and others believed that it did not pre-exist in the vege- 
 table, but was formed during the process of fermentation, which is usually 
 employed for the extraction of the colour from the Isatis tinctoria and In- 
 digofera anil. Serious doubts having arisen in the mind of Dr. Schunck, 
 whether either of these theories correctly explained the state in which in- 
 digo existed in the indigo plant, he undertook a long series of researches 
 b}^ which he was enabled to show, with a positive certainty, that the Isatis 
 tinctoria contains a substance easily soluble in hot and cold water, alcohol, 
 and ether, and which, by the action of strong mineral acid, yields indigo 
 blue. Further, that the information of the colouring matter from it can 
 be effected without the intervention of oxygen or of alkalies, and that the 
 latter, indeed, if allowed to act upon it before the application of acid, en- 
 tirely prevents the formation of the colouring matter; viz., indigo blue. 
 To ascertain whether the substance which he calls indican, pre-existed in 
 the plant, Dr. Schunck operated as follows : — He digested in ether some 
 perfectly dry leaves of the Isatis tinctoria, removed the ethereal solution, 
 and having exposed it to spontaneous evaporation, it left a green syrupy 
 residue, from which water extracted indican, for by the action of boiling 
 sulphuric acid, it yielded an abundance of indigo blue. To obtain the 
 
12 
 
 indican in a high state of purity, he found it necessary to treat the leaves 
 with alcohol and ether, and to submit the extract to various chemical 
 operations, to get rid of all impurities, so as to obtain indican as a yellow 
 transparent glutinous substance, of a slightly bitter and nauseous taste. 
 This substance presents the remarkable property (similar to that of 
 rubian in madder) of being susceptible under the influence of a ferment 
 in the plant, or of acids, of yielding indigo blue and sugar, as seen by 
 the following chemical formula : — 
 
 1 eq Indican C 62 H 31 N0 34: ) (C 16 H 5 NO 2 1 eq Indigo blue. 
 4 eqs Water H 4 O 4 j "~ ( C 36 H 30 36 3 eqs Sugar. 
 
 C 62 H 36 N0 8 8 C 52 H 35 N0 38 
 
 To obtain this interesting decomposition with acids, it is simply 
 necessary to heat the indican with strong sulphuric or hydrocloric acid, 
 when the indigo blue precipitates while tlffe sugar remains in solution. 
 But indican is so liable to undergo modifications, that if the action of 
 the acids be continued, besides the indigo blue an indigo purple is 
 formed, called by Dr. Schunck indirubine. To fully appreciate the 
 value of these researches it is necessary that I should lay before you an 
 outline of the manufacture of indigo, as some of you may not be ac- 
 quainted with it. Commercial indigo is obtained from plants belonging 
 to the leguminous tribe, known under the general name of indigofera, 
 which plants are mowed and placed in large vats with water, and 
 allowed to ferment for 8 or 10 hours, when the supernatant liquor first 
 becomes green and then blue. It is then run off into other vats and 
 well agitated, so as to bring it thoroughly under the action of the atmo- 
 spheric oxygen, when the white soluble indigo becomes thoroughly 
 oxydised into blue insoluble indigo. A little lime water is now added 
 and the whole left to settle, the deposit collected on a cloth, drained, 
 pressed, divided into square lumps, and dried in the sun, when it con- 
 stitutes commercial indigo. Dr. Schunck's researches show, as above 
 stated, that under the influence of a ferment the indican is converted 
 into sugar and white indigo; and they also explain that if the 
 manufacturer is not extremely careful he may experience great loss 
 in the amount of indigo obtained, for Dr. Schunck has observed that 
 indican, when dissolved in water, is liable to undergo rapid modi- 
 fications, and that instead of yielding by the acids indigo blue and 
 indirubine, it gives indiretine, indihuniine, &c. You will, doubtless, 
 be struck with the great similarity which exists between the colour- 
 giving principles of the madder and indigo plants, and with the light 
 thrown upon this class of tinctorial matters by the laborious researches 
 of Dr. Schunck. 
 
 To make indigo available for dyeing it is necessary to render it 
 soluble, which is effected by the action of sulphuric acid on it. Two 
 distinct preparations of indigo are found in commerce, viz. : the acid 
 sulphate of indigo, and the neutral sulphate, carmine of indigo, or 
 
13 
 
 sulpho-indigotate of soda, also called extract of indigo. To obtain the 
 acid sulphate of indigo one part of finely pulverized indigo is gradually 
 added to about eight parts of concentrated sulphuric acid, and care 
 taken that the temperature does not rise beyond a maximum of 150° F. 
 The whole is kept at that temperature for several hours, when it is 
 mixed with a large quantity of water, to which has been added some 
 chloride of sodium to render the sulphate of indigo insoluble. The 
 whole is then thrown on niters, made of thick woollen blankets, which 
 retains the sulphate whilst the impurities pass through. The washing 
 of the pasty mass left on the flannel is continued until the washing 
 liquor has lost all trace of the green colour which injures the beauty of 
 the blue. To dye with the paste thus prepared, it is simply necessary 
 to dissolve it in boiling water, and to dip wool in the solution, a beautiful 
 blue shade being the result. 
 
 The carmine of indigo is prepared by neutralizing the excess of acid 
 of the sulphate of indigo with carbonate of soda, when the sulpho- 
 indigotate of soda thus formed becomes insoluble in the saline solution. 
 The extract thus obtained is thrown on filters as above, and washed 
 with a weak solution of chloride of soda until the impurities are re- 
 moved. Superior qualities of these products have of late years been 
 introduced into commerce by substituting for ordinary indigo, refined 
 indigo, which has had a marked influence on the increased beauty and 
 brilliancy of the shades of blue and green characterizing the dyed goods 
 at the last Exhibition. To obtain this quality, two different processes 
 may be followed. The first consists in treating finely pulverised 
 ordinary indigo several times by strong muriatic acid, and applying a 
 gentle heat so that the muriatic acid will not only dissolve the iron, lime, 
 &c, which the indigo may contain, but also convert the amylaceous sub- 
 stance into dextrine or sugar, which is removed, together with the iron, 
 lime, &c, by subsequent washing. The indigo is then further treated 
 with a weak solution of caustic soda, which dissolves the chlorophyll 
 and other organic impurities which pollute the indigotine. A still 
 purer quality of indigotine may be obtained by adding to a large 
 quantity of w r ater, one part of finely pulverised indigo, two parts of 
 •sulphate of protoxide of iron (green copperas), and a quantity of 
 caustic soda, slightly in excess of that necessary to neutralise the 
 sulphuric acid of the copperas, carrying the whole to the boil and 
 allowing it to settle, when the supernatant liquor is run off from 
 the sediments and well agitated, in order to oxydise the white soluble 
 indigo into the blue insoluble one, which is collected and dried. 
 The insoluble sediment is treated several times with a weak solution 
 of caustic alkali, in order to remove the whole of the indigotine which 
 it may contain. Mr. Haeffly has drawn the attention of dyers to a 
 beautiful preparation of sulphate of indigo which he calls sulpho-indi- 
 gotic acid, and which he obtains by mixing one part of indigo with four 
 parts of sulphuric acid, but instead of allowing these to remain for 
 several hours together he throws them into a large quantity of water, 
 
14 
 
 after they have been in contact only a short time, when the sulpho-indi- 
 gotic acid falls as an insoluble depot, which is washed so as to remove 
 the whole of the excess of acid. This product, mixed with a little hy- 
 drochloric acid and water yields to wool a most beautiful blue colour, 
 which is transformed into a lavender or purple colour by passing 
 the woollen fabric into a hot and weak solutiou of caustic alkali. To 
 obtain the sulpho-purpurate of soda of Mr. Bolley, it is simply ne- 
 cessary to neutralise with carbonate of soda the sulpho-indigotic (or 
 purpuric) acid of Haeffly. It is useless to take up your valuable time 
 by describing the various well-known processes for dyeing wool, silk, 
 &c, in indigo vats, although these processes have not lost their interest 
 by age. 
 
 Orchil. It is hardly necessary for me to state that this dyestuff has 
 been used for producing violets, mauves, reds, and other colours, for 
 many years, and that the colouring matter was obtained by allowing 
 lichens to remain in contact at natural temperature for several weeks 
 with putrid urine and a little lime, and that of late years ammonia has 
 been substituted for urine, with the addition of a little carbonate of 
 soda, nitrate of soda, or alum. You are also doubtless aware that Robiquet 
 was the first to obtain a colourless principle called or cine, and to show 
 that under the influence of oxygen and ammonia it became transformed 
 into water and a red colour called orceine, and that Dr. Schunck proved 
 that a substance extracted by him under the name of lecanoric acid, 
 from lichens, would, under the influence of heat and a solution of baryta, 
 decompose itself into water, carbonic acid, and orcine. Without over- 
 looking the interesting researches of Heeran and Sir Robert Kane on 
 this subject, I must especially mention the labours and valuable 
 researches of Dr. Stenhouse, which not only added greatly to our 
 knowledge of the various chemical principles existing in lichens from 
 which the orchil colouring matters are obtained, but also led him to 
 discover a commercial method of extracting from the lichens the 
 various organic substances capable of giving orchil colours when 
 placed in favourable conditions. He also showed that the very small 
 per-centage of colouring matters in proportion to the bulk of weed 
 might be cheaply and commercially extracted in the locality where 
 the lichens grow, thus saving the enormous expense of carrying a large 
 bulk of useless matter from Africa and elsewhere to this country. If 
 this valuable hint of Dr. Stenhouse's has not yet been acted upon as 
 regards the saving of transport, his process for extracting the colour- 
 giving principle has of late years been extensively adopted by manufac- 
 turers of orchil, enabling them to obtain cheaper and better colours 
 from lichens. But still none of these advantages led manufacturers 
 to the great desideratum of giving fastness to the beautiful purple 
 shades obtained from orchils, until 1856, when Mr. Marnas, of the firm 
 of Guinon, Marnas, and Bonnet, of Lyons, found that by treating 
 lichens, as suggested by Dr. Stenhouse, with milk of lime, filtering 
 
15 
 
 the lime liquor off and precipitating the colour-giving principle from it 
 with hydrochloric acid, gathering these on a filter, and after having 
 properly washed them, dissolving them in caustic ammonia, and keeping 
 this ammoniacal liquor at a temperature of 153° to 160° for 20 to 25 
 days, when under the influence of that temperature, the colour-giving 
 principles of the lichens fix ammonia and oxygen and are transformed 
 into a new series of products ; these Mr. Mamas separates from the 
 cjloured liquid by adding chloride of calcium, which causes a fine purple 
 lake to he deposited, which, after being well washed and dried, is 
 sold under the name of French purple. It is easy to understand that 
 the chloride of calcium can be replaced by salts of alumina, tin, &c. 
 What characterises this orchil colour from those previously known is, 
 that it dyes animal fibres with greater facility than the common orchil, 
 that it gives directly mauve colours, which can be modified by adding to 
 them a little carmine of indigo, roseine, &c. ; but the essential differ- 
 ence of these purples and mauves from ordinary orchil colours is — that 
 while the latter are destroyed by acids and light, those of Mr. Marnas, 
 on the contrary, withstand their action. 
 
 To dye silk or wool with French purple it is simply necessary to mix 
 the lake with its weight of oxalic acid, boil with water and then filter, the 
 oxalate of lime remaining on the filter while the colour passes in the 
 filtrate. This liquor is then added to a slightly ammoniacal liquid con- 
 tained in the dye-beck ; all that is now necessary is to dip in the beck, 
 silk, wool, cotton, mordaunted with aibumen, or cotton prepared for 
 Silk dyed with Turkey red, when any of these materials will be- 
 French Purple. come dyed with magnificent fast shades of purple 
 or mauve. 
 
 It is a curious coincidence that after many years 
 of anxious search, two purples from widely diff- 
 erent sources should have been first discovered 
 in the same year ( 1856) in different countries. I 
 allude to Mr. Perkins purple from coal tar, to 
 which I shall refer further on. 
 
 Catechu, or Terra Jap onica, which is extracted from the wood of the 
 acacia catechu, and which we import in large quantities from the East 
 Indies, is daily becoming of increased importance, owing to the great 
 variety of colours that can be obtained with it. It contains two very 
 distinct substances, a tannin (studied by Mr. Stenhouse) which gives a 
 green precipitate with salts of per-oxide of iron, and also a substance 
 called catechine, which under the influence of alkalies and oxygen is 
 rapidly transformed into two acids called japonic and rubinic acid. As 
 in catechu, the tannin gives various shades of drab, the catechine giving, 
 with proper metallic salts, salmon, red, and wood colours. Some calico 
 printers have of late, under my advice, washed with cold water pulverised 
 catechu, which dissolves freely the tannin, leaving the catechine insoluble 
 in cold water, this, however, being soluble in hot water, becomes 
 
16 
 
 susceptible of application. Mr. Saac has recently published an inter- 
 esting observation on the action of sulphuric acid upon catechu, shewing 
 that it is decomposed principally into glucose and a brown resin, which 
 brown resin when dissolved in moderately strong sulphuric acid or a 
 solution of an alkali, assumes a beautiful purple colour, remarkable for 
 its stability, and which will doubtless be employed with advantage as a 
 substitute for catechu in the various applications of that substance in 
 dyeing and printing. 
 
 Aloes. — Owing to the interesting researches of Drs. Schunck and 
 Stenhouse upon the resin obtained from the aloe socotorina, and imported 
 from the East and West Indies as well as Africa, the various colouring 
 matters obtained by them have, of late, been employed by the French 
 dyers for producing pinks, violets, maroons, and other shades. 
 
 Lac Dye. — Messrs. "K. Brooke and Co., of Manchester, have intro- 
 duced into commerce a lac dye superior to that 
 imported from India, which, as you are aware, 
 is prepared from stick lac. Their improvement 
 consists in treating stick lac with weak ammonia, 
 and adding to this solution chloride of tin, when 
 a fine red insoluble matter is formed which pre- 
 cipitates. This is collected, and is ready for use. 
 
 Chlorophyll. — For many years attempts were 
 made to fix upon fabrics the green coouring matter of leaves, but 
 unsuccessfully, until, in 1854, MM. Hartmann and Cordillott, of 
 Mulhouse, succeeded by the following simple process in obtaining 
 on silk, wool, and cotton, fine green brilliant and solid colours. 
 After having boiled a quantity of grass, so as to remove everything 
 soluble in boiling water, it was heated with a hot caustic lye of 
 specific gravity 1-03, this alkaline solution being then neutralized 
 with hydrochloric acid, a fine green precipitate was thrown down. This 
 precipitate was then dissolved in a solution of caustic lye, to which 
 had been previously added some phosphate of soda and oxide of tin.* 
 This mixture, properly thickened with gum, was printed and fixed by 
 steaming. No doubt, by a slight modification in the modus operandi, 
 this colour might be applied to dyeing. 
 
 Chinese Green, called Lo-kao. — In 1851 and 1852, public attention 
 was drawn, by several English gentlemen, to samples of a green co- 
 louring matter, imported from China ; and in 1853, Messrs. Guinon, 
 of Lyons imported such quantities of the material as to enable them 
 
 * Any one who wishes for farther information on the green colouring matter 
 from plants, will find a most interesting paper by M. Fremy, published in the 
 Compter Rendus of the French Academy, for 1860, volume 50, in which that 
 chemist shows that chlorophyll is composed of two colouring matters called 
 phylloxanthine and phylloxcyanine. 
 
17 
 
 to dye silks for the requirements of the trade. The silks so dyed by 
 them, under the names of Vert- Venus, Vert-Azof, and Vert Lumiere, 
 were especially admired, from the beautiful green shades they assumed 
 in artificial light ; and although the price of the dye fell from £21 
 per pound in 1853, to £4 in 1860, these beautiful shades of green 
 (especially in artificial light) have almost disappeared from the market, 
 owing to the two following reasons : — first, their want of stability; 
 and, secondly, because Messrs. Guinon, Manias, and Bonnet, have 
 found the following means of producing, at less cost, shades of green 
 which also maintain this character under the influence of artificial 
 light, i.e. by first dyeing their silks in Prussian -blue, and then dyeing 
 them in an acidulated bath of carboazotic, or picric acid. 
 
 Vert Lumiere. It is an interesting fact to observe that, while 
 
 the greens produced by indigo and picric acid 
 appear blue in artificial light, those produced as 
 above, with prussian-blue and picric acid, appear 
 green under the same conditions. I cannot leave 
 this interesting subject without making two fur- 
 ther remarks : — first, Lo-kao is the only sub- 
 stance with which I am acquainted capable, with 
 proper reagents, of producing the seven colours 
 of the spectrum ; secondly, that thanks to the advanced state of 
 chemical and botanical science, we have succeeded in producing, 
 in Europe, the identical substance imported only a few years ago, as 
 a great novelty, from China — and for which, but for those sciences, 
 we should still probably have remained tributary to that empire. Thus 
 Mr. Charvin, of Lyons, has been able to obtain Lo-kao from a weed 
 indigenous to Europe, viz., Rhamnus caiharticus, for which he has re- 
 ceived, from the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons, a gold medal worth 
 6,000 francs.* Samples of this were to be seen at the late Exhibition. 
 
 Murexide, or Roman Purple, — The colour to which I am now about 
 to draw your attention furnishes another example of the assistance 
 which the progress of chemical science has rendered to the art of calico 
 printing. In 1776, the illustrious Swedish chemist, Scheele, dis- 
 covered, in human urine, uric acid. In 1817, Brugnatelli found that 
 nitric acid transformed uric acid into a substance, which he called 
 erythric acid, but which was subsequently called, by Wohler and 
 Liebig, alloxan. In 1818, Dr. Prout found that the latter substance 
 gave, when in contact with ammonia, a beautiful purple red colour, 
 which he called purpurate of ammonia — the product known by the 
 name of murexide since the researches of Liebig and Wohler, pub- 
 lished about 1837. These discoveries remained dormant in the field 
 of pure science until the year 1851, when Dr. Saac observed that 
 when alloxan came in contact with the hand it tinged it red. This led 
 
 * For full details on this subject, see Report presented to the Chamber of Com- 
 merce, at Lyons, by the Rev. Helot, M. Persoz, &c. 
 
18 
 
 him to infer that alloxan might be employed to dye woollens red, and 
 further experiments convinced him that if woollen cloth were prepared 
 with a salt of tin, passed through a solution of alloxan , and then 
 submitted to a gentle heat, a most beautiful and delicate pink colour 
 resulted. In 1856, MM. Depouilly, Lauth, Meister, Petersen, and 
 Albert Schlumberger, applied it as a dyeing material to silk and wool, 
 and succeeded in obtaining red and purple colours, by mixing tho 
 murexide with corrosive sublimate, acetate of soda, and acetic acid. 
 For printing, a mixture of murexide with nitrate of lead or acetate of 
 zinc, properly thickened, is applied on cotton fabrics, which are then 
 allowed to dry for a day or two, when the colour is fixed by passing 
 them through a mixture of corrosive sublimate, acetate of soda, and 
 acetic acid. The Roman purple style of printing has been carried out 
 extensively by Messrs. Edmund Potter and Co. ; Boyd, Sons, and 
 Hamel ; James Black and Co. ; and Littlewood and Wilson. 
 
 No doubt you will wonder whence such quantities of uric acid, or mu- 
 rexide, could be drawn to supply a demand like that which has arisen. 
 This result has been achieved by the following process of extracting uric 
 acid from Peruvian guano. Guano is treated repeatedly with hydro- 
 chloric acid, until all soluble matters are removed by heat and washing. 
 The insoluble mass, which consists chiefly of sand and uric acid, is care- 
 fully treated with nitric acid of specific gravity of 1*40. When the 
 action of the acid is completed, the mass is treated with warm water, 
 and thrown on a filter. The filtrate, which has ajtyellowish colour, and 
 contains alloxan, &c, is evaporated carefully to such a degree, that 
 when left to cool it becomes a brownish red or violet solid, called by the 
 inventor, carmin de pourpre, which is the substance chiefly used for 
 printing, as above described. It is to the enterprising commercial 
 spirit of Mr. Robert Rumney, chemical manufacturer, of Manchester, 
 that is due the extensive production and application of murexide in 
 this country. 
 
 Doubtless you are aware that alum, and cream of tartar, are used 
 largely as mordaunts in the dyeing of silk, wool, and cotton, and that 
 the latter substance has much risen in price, owing to the failure of the 
 wine crops of late years ; therefore, any process for economising the use 
 of cream of tartar is a matter of importance. I am happy to state that 
 Mr. Kuhlmann has, within the last few weeks, published in the Memoirs 
 of the French Academy, a paper in which he furnishes a means of at- 
 taining that end. Having first confirmed a most important observation 
 of Mr. Chevreul's, viz , that when cream of tartar is used as a mordaunt 
 it is decomposed into tartaric acid, which adheres to the fibre, and into 
 a neutral tartrate which remains in solution and is lost, and that if, 
 on the contrary, instead of using the cream of tartar as a mordaunt, it 
 is first decomposed into tartrate of baryta, and that this salt be used as 
 a mordaunt, in connexion with a little hydrochloric acid, the two 
 equivalents of the tartaric acid of the cream of tartar become available, 
 
19 
 
 and consequently a saving of one-half the quantity of cream of tartar 
 formerly used is effected. 
 
 In the hope that it may prove interesting to the members of this 
 Society, I will now give some details respecting a few new processes 
 for dyeing silk, before proceeding to treat of coal tar colours. 
 
 Catechu Black. — The silks are first passed into a solution of salts of 
 peroxide of iron, then into a hot soap solution containing an excess of 
 soap, from whence they are passed into a slightly acid bath of prussiate 
 of potash. The silks which have thus been dyed Prussian blue, are 
 dipped in a solution of persalt of iron, having a specific gravity of 
 1*15, the object of which is to give an iron mordaunt to the silk. They 
 are then thoroughly washed and passed into a bath of catechu for 
 organzine at 203°, and for tram at 172°, the silks being worked in this 
 bath until it is cold, so as to saturate thoroughly the iron mordaunt 
 with the colouring principle of catechu, and thus produce a black. 
 They are then wrung on the peg and exposed to the atmosphere for 
 24 hours, after which they are passed into a soap solution at 150°, 
 washed thoroughly, and the organzine is then dipped in a bath of weak 
 acetic acid, and the tram in one of weak hydrochloric acid ; finally, 
 the silks are passed through an emulsion of oil, well worked on the 
 peg and allowed to dry. These last operations are intended to remove, 
 by means of the fatty matters, the harshness which the silk would 
 otherwise possess. Whilst speaking of black silks, I may mention 
 that public notice was drawn at the Exhibition to some samples shown 
 by M. Gilet, of Lyons, which were dyed with a substance from 
 Algiers, called le Hennee des Arabes, with which substance a superior 
 weighted black silk is obtained. 
 
 The following is a process for preparing dyed silks, so that when 
 woven into fabrics these will be fit for taking the moire antique :— 
 Two parts of pure olive oil are mixed with one of concentrated 
 sulphuric acid, and agitated until sulphurous acid begins to be 
 liberated. It is then well mixed with 15 parts of lukewarm water, 
 and the whole further diluted with boiling water. Tne silks are 
 then passed into this bath and then into a second similar bath, to 
 which has been added a little free vitriol. After this, they are suc- 
 cessively dipped in a hot bath containing a little citric acid, then in 
 the previous No. 2, to which is added a little sulphate of alumina and 
 a little black dye to restore to the silk any colour it may have lost 
 during the former operations. The silks, after having been dried in 
 the air, are ready for weaving. The object of these processes is to 
 introduce into the silk fatty acids, the property of which is to com- 
 municate to the silk a great degree of softness, and adapt it to 
 receive, by intense pressure, the intended moire. 
 
 I will now describe a process for dyeing silks white. The silks, 
 after having been boiled, are first passed into a slightly ammoniacal 
 bath, and from thence into another of water, in which has been dis* 
 
20 
 
 solved a little French purple, and lastly into another bath containing 
 lukewarm water, to which is added, in successive portions, some car- 
 mine of indigo, and the silks are then dried. Many of you will 
 doubtless remember that in my papers read here in 1851, I explained 
 that, when the three primitive colours of the spectrum are mixed in 
 due proportions, they produce white if reflected, and black if absorbed. 
 The French purple gives the red ; the carmine- of indigo blue ; and 
 the silk itself the required yellow. 
 
 Several improvements have also taken place in the production of 
 maroons, greens, and Prussian blues, but time will not allow of my 
 laying the details before you. 
 
%\ 
 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 COLOURS DERIVED FROM COAL TARJ 
 
 These colours possess great interest, not only for their beauty and 
 brilliancy but also on account of the source from whence they are 
 derived, and present a remarkable instance of the services which 
 abstract science frequently renders to the material interests of society. 
 The discovery and application of these brilliant and enduring colours 
 to dyeing and calico printing, may be said to constitute the chief dis- 
 tinction in this department of the arts, between the Exhibition of 
 1862 and that of 1851, and it will be highly interesting to trace the 
 various scientific steps which have culminated in such remarkable re- 
 sults, that a substance which was originally, and so recently as 
 1826, a purely scientific product, has become, by a series of dis- 
 coveries, the source of some of the most valuable dyeing materials. 
 Thus, in 1825 Faraday obtained, for the first time, benzine from 
 coal gas. In 1826 Unverdorben discovered a substance which was 
 ultimately named aniline by Fritsche, and subsequently found by Dr. 
 A. W. Hofmann as a product of coal-tar; and finally, by the re- 
 searches of eminent chemists, the benzine of Faraday has become the 
 aniline of Hofmann. 
 
 There can be no doubt that it is to the interesting and learned re- 
 searches of Dr. Hofmann on aniline, that we owe the possession of 
 these splendid colours, and further, it was one of his pupils, Mr. W. 
 A. Perkin, who produced for the first time, on a commercial scale, 
 aniline, and then the splendid purple colour which it is susceptible 
 of yielding. Before describing to you the process patented by Mr. 
 Perkin in 1856, to produce his purple, allow me to lay before you an 
 outline of the present plan followed for obtaining aniline. The 
 carburetted hydrogen, called "Benzine" (C 12 H 6 ), and obtained 
 by the careful distillation of purified coal naphtha at a temperature of 
 about 186°, is treated with strong nitric acid, when a violent action 
 ensues, which gives rise to nitrobenzine or C 12 H 5 NO 4 . To convert 
 this compound into aniline, the following simple and practical process, 
 devised by M. Beschamps, is adopted: — one hundred parts of nitro- 
 benzine are mixed with an equal quantity of acetic acid, and 200 parts of 
 iron filings, heat is produced, and the following chemical action ensues : 
 
 C 12 H 5 N0 4 +2HO + 4 Fe=2 (Fe 2 3 ) + C 12 H 7 N 
 nitrobenzine. water. iron, oxide of iron. aniline. 
 
 The mass when cool is introduced into a retort, and the raw product 
 which passes from it is mixed with a little alkali or lime, and again 
 
2.2 
 
 distilled, when aniline is obtained. This important substance is a 
 colourless fluid, which boils at 359°, has a decided alkaline reaction, 
 and sp gr. of 1 028. 
 
 Purple from Aniline. 
 Asa purple was the first colour commercially produced from aniline, 
 and applied for dyeing purposes, and as the process then patented by 
 Mr Perkin still remains one of the best for producing that colour, 
 1 cannot do better than quote Mr. Perkin's own description of the 
 process, as well as of the properties of his purple, as given by him 
 in a paper read at the Chemical Society, in 1861 : 
 
 " The method adopted for the preparation of aniline purple is as follows: — 
 Solutions of equivalent proportions of sulphate of aniline and bichromate of 
 potassium are mixed and allowed to stand till thrown on a filter and washed 
 with water, until free from sulphate of potassium. It is then dried. This 
 dried product is afterwards digested several times with coal tar naphtha until 
 all resinous matter is separated, and the naphtha is no longer coloured brown. 
 After this it is repeatedly boiled with alcohol to extract the colouring matter. 
 This alcoholic solution when distilled leaves the colouring matter at the 
 bottom of the retort, as a beautiful bronze-coloured substance." 
 
 " The aniline purple prepared according to the process just described, 
 although suitable for practical purposes, is not chemically pure. If re- 
 quired pure, it is best to boil it in a large quantity of water, then filter the 
 resulting coloured solution, and precipitate the colouring matter from it by 
 means of an alkali. The precipitate thus obtained should be collected upon 
 a filter, washed with water until free from alkali, and dried. When dry it 
 is to be dissolved in absolute alcohol, the resulting solution filtered, and 
 then evaporated to dryness over the water bath. 
 
 Thus obtained, aniline purple appears as a brittle substance having a 
 beautiful bronze-coloured surface ; but if some of its alcoholic solution be 
 evaporated on a glass plate, and viewed by transmitted light, it appears of a 
 beautiful bluish violet colour. If considerable quantities of an alcoholic so- 
 lution of the colouring matter containing a little water be evaporated to dry- 
 ness, the surface of the colouring matter next to the evaporating dish, often 
 exhibits a golden green appearance when detached. 
 
 Aniline purple is with difficulty soluble in cold water, although it imparts a 
 deep purple colour to that liquid : it is more soluble in hot water ; but its 
 hot aqueous solution, when left to cool, assumes the form of a purple jelly. 
 It is very soluble in alcohols, though nearly insoluble in ether and hydro- 
 carbons. Aniline dissolves it readily. In properties it seems to be slightly 
 basic, as it is more soluble in acidulated than in pure water. Alkalies and 
 saline substances precipitate it from its aqueous solutions as a dark purplish 
 black powder. Bichloride of mercury precipitates it in a very finely divided 
 state. A little of this precipitate (which appears to be a double compound 
 of chloride of mercury and colouring matter) when suspended in water, and 
 viewed by transmitted light, appears of a blue or violet colour. 
 
 A small quantity of hydrate of potassium or sodium added to an alcoholic 
 solution of the colouring matter causes it to assume a violet tint, but with- 
 out effecting any change in the colouring matter itself. Ebullition with 
 alcoholic potash does not decompose it." 
 
23 
 
 Perkins Purjrfe. Aniline purple dissolves in concentrated sulphuric 
 
 acid, forming a duty green solution which, when 
 slightly diluted, assumes a beautiful blue colour; ex- 
 cess of water restores it to its original purple colour. 
 It may even be heated for an hour to 100°C. with 
 Nordhausen sulphuric acid without suffering decom- 
 position, being restored to its original colour by 
 means of water, and possessing precisely the same 
 properties it had before being subjected to this 
 powerful agent. Hydrochloric acid acts upon it in the same manner 
 as sulphuric acid. It is decomposed by chlorine, and also by fuming nitric 
 acid. Bichloride of tin is without action upon it. 
 
 Powerful reducing agents have a peculiar action upon this colouring 
 matter, somewhat analogous to the action of reducing agents on indigo. An 
 alcoholic solution of sulphide of ammonium mixed with an alcoholic solu- 
 tion of aniline purple, causes it to assume a pale, brownish tint. This solu- 
 tion, when brought in contact with the atmosphere, instantly recovers its 
 original beauty and intensity of colour. An alcoholic solution of the colour- 
 ing matter mixed with a little protoxide of iron, changes to a pale brown 
 colour. This solution also becomes purple when exposed to the action of 
 the atmosphere ; sulphurous acid does not afTect the colour of this substance. 
 Aniline purple forms a remarkable compound with tannin. When an 
 aqueous solution of it is mixed with a solution of tannin, precipitation takes 
 place. The precipitate thus formed after having been well washed, no longer 
 possesses the properties of the pure colouring matter. It is insoluble in 
 water. Like the pure aniline purple, it dissolves in concentrated sulphuric 
 acid, forming a dirty green liquid ; but on adding an excess of water to this 
 solution, the new compound is precipitated unchanged ; this compound is 
 rather duller in colour than the pure colouring matter itself." 
 
 Without wishing to detract in the least from Mr. Perkin's merit in 
 discovering and perfecting this important invention, it is due to two 
 gentlemen, who laboured for some time with me, with a view of 
 producing colours from the aniline, obtained directly from coal tar 
 by Dr. Hofmann's process, to state that as early as the commence- 
 ment of 1857, Mr. Clift, Mr. Lowe, and myself succeeded in pro- 
 ducing purple and red colours by oxydising aniline by means of 
 peroxide of manganese, bichromate of potash, or nitric acid, and during 
 our researches on the methods of purifying these colours we found that 
 tannin would precipitate them ; and with these tannates dissolved in 
 acetic acid we dyed specimens of silk, wool and cotton, which were 
 exhibited at my lecture before the Society of Arts, early in 1858. 
 
 The application, however, of Mr. Perkin's purple remained ex- 
 tremely limited until the spring of 1859, at which time the extensive 
 employment on the continent, of Messrs. Guinon, Marnas, and Bonnet's 
 French purple (described in my former lecture), brought into fashion 
 the mauve colour, and led to an enormous demand in this country for 
 the aniline purple. The result was, that several parties commenced to 
 seek for new methods of manufacturing the dye, and amongst these I 
 may notice the following : — 
 
24 
 
 Messrs. Depouilly and Lauth's method* (patented in June, I860), 
 consisted in adding to a salt of aniline a solution of chloride of lime, 
 which yielded a purple insoluble precipitate which was repeatedly 
 washed in slightly acidulated water, dissolved in concentrated sul- 
 phuric acid, and reprecipitated by the addition of a large quantity of 
 water to the solution; it was then simply necessary to thoroughly wash 
 the precipitate to render it fit for use when dissolved in alcohol or 
 methylated spirit. Messrs. Beale and Kirkham also patented this pro- 
 cess in 1859. Mr. Kay, in January, 1860, took out a patent fqg pro- 
 ducing purple aniline, called harmaline, by adding to sulphide of 
 aniline some peroxide of manganese, and heating the whole to 212°, 
 when the harmaline so produced remained in solution, and was separated 
 from an insoluble depot. The dissolved colour was precipitated by adding 
 to the solution ammonia, sufficient to neutralize the acid, after which the 
 insoluble colour was washed, dried and dissolved in, methylated alcohol. 
 In January, I860, Mr. Greville Williams patented the right of using 
 permanganate of potash as a means of oxydising aniline, and producing 
 purples and other colours. At about the same period Mr. D. Price took out 
 a patent for acting on sulphate of aniline by means of the peroxide of lead. 
 On the 12th January, 1861, another interesting process to obtain 
 aniline purple was patented by Mr. Adam Girard. Pure red aniline 
 (known in this country as magenta), is mixed with an equal weight of 
 aniline, and the mixture heated for several hours to 329°, when the mass 
 is changed to a fine purple colour, requiring only to be mixed with 
 water, and hydrochloric acid, to remove any aniline or red dye in excess, 
 leaving the purple insoluble, but on being well washed with water, this 
 becomes soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, wood naptha, and boiling water 
 slightly acidulated with acetic acid. The above process has, I believe, 
 been, successfully worked by Messrs. Renard Freres, of Lyons, who 
 call the product Violet Imperial. 
 
 Dale dbCaro's Purple. Messrs. Dale and Caro patented, in 1860, the 
 
 following interesting process for preparing purple 
 
 aniline. One equivalent of a neutral salt of aniline 
 
 is mixed with six equivalents of perchloride of copper 
 
 and chloride of sodium, dissolved in as much water 
 
 as is equal to 30 times the weight of the aniline used. 
 
 A dark precipitate is formed during the ebullition of 
 
 this fluid, which is thrown on a filter and washed with 
 
 a weak solution of an alkali or alkaline carbonate, the 
 
 colour being extracted by means of boiling water; it is then reprecipitated 
 
 by a small amount of alkali and dissolved in methylated spirit -f 
 
 In 1862, Mr. G. C. Nicholson secured a patent for producing a very 
 
 * These gentlemen have availed themselves of a reaction first noticed by Mr. 
 Runge several years previously. 
 
 f The black matter left on the filter is now sold by Messrs. Roberts, Dale, & Co. 
 to Printers, to be used as a pigment. 
 
25 
 
 beautiful purple, called Regina purple, and as this dye has been largely 
 used of late by dyers and printers, I think it desirable to give you a 
 full description of his patent. 
 
 " I take red dye, such as is made from aniline or its homologues, and 
 without the admixture of either aniline or its homologue I heat it care- 
 fully in a suitable apparatus to a temperature by preference between 
 390° and 420° Fahrenheit, the substance quickly assumes the appear- 
 ance of a dark semi-solid mass, the red dye being transformed into a 
 dark substance with evolution of ammonia, the mass I prefer afterwards 
 to extract with acetic acid, using a quantity of acid about equal in weight 
 to the amount of red dye treated, and this acid I dilute with enough 
 Regina Purple.* alcohol to make a dye of convenient commercial 
 strength. The solution obtained is of a deep violet 
 or purple colour, and may be used directly for 
 dyeing purposes. 
 
 What I claim is the producing a violet or purple 
 colour from red dye, such as is made from aniline 
 or its homologues by carefully treating it as des- 
 cribed without admixture either of aniline or its 
 homologue." 
 
 I cannot terminate this outline of the history of aniline purples with- 
 out mentioning that Mr. J. Stark has lately patented a method of pro- 
 ducing this colour by boiling for two or three hours a mixture of a salt 
 of aniline with red prussiate of potash, leaving the whole to cool, when 
 a grayish blue precipitate settles at the bottom. It is, however, not 
 advisable to occupy your time with further details of this process, be- 
 cause I am not aware whether the colour obtained by it can compete 
 with those already used, and also because the use of red prussiate of 
 potash for producing aniline purple was mentioned by Mr. Emile Kopp 
 previously to the date of this patent. 
 
 Rosaniline, or red colour from aniline. 
 
 The production of this brilliant colour, popularly known as magenta, 
 was first observed by Mr. Natanson, in 1856, but more especially by Dr. 
 Hofmann, when preparing carbo-triphenyl-triamine by the action of 
 tetra-chloride of carbon on aniline, and although this eminent chemist 
 did not furl her investigate its production, there can be no doubt that it is 
 to his researches that the introduction of magenta into commerce is 
 chiefly due ; for it is easy to show that Mr. Verguin's substitution 
 of anhydrous bichloride of tin for the chloride of carbon, was an 
 obvious inference from Dr. Hofmaun's observations. The best proof 
 of the correctness of this view is that Dr. Hofmann's process has been 
 further developed by M. Gerber- Keller, and is now in practical opera- 
 
 * Kindly supplied by Messrs. E. Brooke & Co. 
 
26 
 
 Dr. Hofmanris tion at Mulhonse. The process consists in heating 
 Magenta. » together under pressure at a temperature of about 
 
 347° three parts of aniline with one of bichloride 
 of carbon ; after several hours a brown red mass 
 is formed, which is then treated with water evapo- 
 rated to dryness, and the resulting colour dis- 
 solved in alcohol. It is by this method that 
 the beautiful colour of the annexed specimen was 
 obtained. 
 
 I have been informed that Messrs. Monnet and Dury, of Lyons, 
 manufacture rosaniline by the above process, and purify the residue 
 from the water solution before dissolving it in alcohol, by washing it 
 with a little benzine. Before, however, giving you an outline of the 
 processes which have been and are followed to obtain this colour 
 commercially, I will bring under your notice Dr. Hofmann's com- 
 plete and exhaustive researches on the composition of rosaniline, 
 which are so remarkable not only for the light thrown on the general 
 composition of the aniline colours, but also because several of the 
 most eminent chemists of Europe had vainly endeavoured to un- 
 ravel the composition of magenta. Omitting the chemical details 
 contained in Dr. Hofmann's paper (which may be found in the Chemical 
 News, vol. 5, 1862), I may state that the substance which gives the 
 magenta colour is itself perfectly colourless, until it is combined with 
 an acid such as hydrochloric, nitric, acetic, &c, when it becomes red ; 
 thus roseine is the acetate, azaleine the nitrate, and fuchsine the 
 hydrochlorate, of rosaniline. 
 
 It is easy to prove that these coloured salts of rosaniline contain 
 the colourless alkaloid, rosaniline, by adopting Dr. Hofmann's process, 
 viz. : — By boiling, for instance, roseine with a large excess of ammonia, 
 when the greater part of the base is precipitated in the form of reddish 
 crystals In removing the ammoniacal liquor from this precipitate and 
 allowing it to cool, the remainder of the rosaniline deposits in perfectly 
 colourless crystals. Rosaniline, composed as follows : — 
 
 C 20 H 10 N 3 H 2 
 is a powerful and well defined base, susceptible of combination 
 with one, two, or three equivalents of acid, but the salts with 
 one equivalent of acid are those most readily formed, and which 
 crystallize with the greatest facility. Most persons must have admired, 
 in the recent exhibition, the beautiful crowns of acetate of rosani- 
 line exhibited by Messrs. Simpson, Maule, and Nicholson, which pre- 
 sented in reflected light the green metallic lustre of cantharides' wings. 
 This acetate of rosaniline, or roseine, appears to be the salt of this base 
 which is'generally preferred by dyers and calico printers, at least in this 
 country. During the researches of Dr. Hofmann on roseine, he made 
 the curious observation that if rosaniline was submitted to the action of 
 reducing agents, such as hydrogen in a nascent state, two equivalents of 
 * Supplied by M. Gerber-Keller. 
 
27 
 
 hydrogen were added to it, and a new substance called Leucaniline (C 20 
 H 21 N 3 ) was formed, the composition of which bears the same relation 
 to that of rosaniline, as the composition of white indigo bears to that of 
 blue. Dr. Hofmann has published several highly interesting papers upon 
 the coal-tar colours, to each of which I shall draw your attention as we pro- 
 ceed, and in the meantime I will lay before you the principal processes 
 which have been devised and carried out for producing magenta com- 
 mercially. 
 
 The first commercial production of this colour was made by Mr. 
 Verguin, of Lyons, who employed, as stated above, anhydrous bichloride 
 of tin, and whose mode of preparation was patented in April, 1859, by 
 Messrs. Renard Freres. of Lyons, who gave the name of Fuchslne to the 
 product. Into a glazed iron pan are introduced 100 parts of aniline and 
 60 parts of anhydrous bichloride of tin, and the whole is heated for 1 5 or 
 20 minutes, at a temperature of about 392°. The dark red*liqu$r thus 
 produced is left to cool, when it becomes thick and glutinous ; it is then 
 mixed with boiling water and the solution filtered ; to the filtrate is 
 added chloride of sodium, which determines the precipitation of fuchsine, 
 which, when dissolved in methylated alcohol, is ready for use. 
 
 Roseine was first introduced into the trade early in 1860, by Messrs. 
 Simpson, Maule and Nicholson, and manufactured by them according to 
 the following process, patented by Mr. D. Price, in 1859. The process 
 consisted in boiling a solution of one equivalent of sulphate of aniline 
 with two equivalents of binoxide of lead ; the red coloured solution thus 
 obtained was filtered, and the filtrate evaporated to a small bulk, when 
 a resinous matter separated. To the solution was then added an alkali, 
 which threw down the colouring matter which was washed and dried. It 
 was then simply necessary to dissolve it in methylated alcohol to render 
 it fit for use. These manufacturers, however, shortly afterwards became 
 possessors of Dr. Medlock's patent for the production of magenta, by 
 means of arsenic acid, and as this substance appears to be the best 
 adapted for the manufacture of roseine, I think it advisable to give a 
 detailed account of the process. 
 
 Although the use of arsenic acid was mentioned in a patent taken out 
 by Mr. Gerber-Keller on the 10th December, 1859, still the first patent 
 containing a description of the mode of employing that substance was 
 that of Dr. Medlock, dated 18th January, 1&60, in which he states, — 
 " I mix aniline with dry arsenic acid, and allow the mixture 
 to stand for some time, or I accelerate the operation by heating it 
 to or near to its boiling point until it assumes a rich purple colour, and 
 1 then mix it with boiling water and allow the mixture to cool, when 
 cold it is filtered or decanted. The aqueous solution which passes 
 through the filter contains a red colouring matter or dye, while a tarry 
 substance remains on the filter; this tarry substance dissolved in alcohol, 
 methylated spirit, or other suitable spirit furnishes a purple dye. These 
 solutions of colouring matter may be used at once in the process of dye- 
 
28 
 
 ing, concentrated or diluted according to the tints required/' It is to be 
 regretted that Dr. Medlock, as a chemist, did not give a more complete 
 and precise description of the method of producing roseine with arsenic 
 acid, for he would then have conferred on this country the honour of 
 having devised the best means of making this important dyeing material. 
 Before giving you the details of the most perfect process of employing 
 arsenic acid in this manufacture, I may here state that the main defect in 
 Dr. Medlock's specification is the insertion of the word 'dry,'in connection 
 with arsenic acid, for with dry (anhydrous) arsenic acid, no colour what- 
 ever is obtained, and even when the tri-hydrated or solid acid is used, 
 but a small amount of colour is generated; whilst if a highly concen- 
 trated solution of arsenic acid is used, the greatest part of the aniline is 
 converted into magenta. It is mainly owing to this important fact that 
 the following patent of Messrs. De Laire and Girard, dated 26th May, 
 1860. has proved so successful, and I have great pleasure in laying be- 
 fore you a copious extract from their specification. 
 
 "By our new process we put into a distilling apparatus twelve parts 
 arsenic acid, and twelve parts water, and the arsenic acid having become 
 completely hydrated, we add ten parts of kyanol (the " aniline " of 
 French chemists). The whole is then agitated or shaken, so as to pro- 
 duce a thorough mixture, forming a homogeneous, clammy, or nearly 
 solid mass. This mass is heated at a low fire, so as to gradually raise 
 its temperature, when liquefaction takes place. By this modus oper- 
 andi water and only a small quantity of kyanol is evaporated, if the 
 operation is conducted with proper care. At a temperature of 248° 
 Fahrenheit, a great quantity of the kyanol or aniline is already convert- 
 ing into colouring matter, and care should be taken to keep the tem- 
 perature at that point for some time, after which it is further raised, 
 but in no instance above 320° F. We thus obtain a perfectly homo- 
 geneous and fluid mass above 212° F. This operation lasts from four 
 to five hours. When cooled, the mass solidifies and becomes a hard 
 brittle matter, of a coppery hue, similar to Florentine bronze. This 
 matter is highly soluble in water and other solvents, such as alcohol, and 
 imparts them a fine pure, red tint, having no admixture of violet, the 
 intensity of this colouring matter being so great that after having been 
 boiled and concentrated it appears altogether black. 
 
 This colouring matter may, without inconvenience, be directly applied 
 to dyeing or otherwise colouring fabrics and other substances, the sub- 
 stance thus coloured not retaining the slightest trace of arsenic. The 
 arsenic may also be eliminated in an easy way by either of the following 
 processes : — 
 
 First process. The mass is pulverized and digested with chlorhydrie 
 (hydrochloric) or sulphuric acid, diluted with water. The clear solution 
 thus obtained is then saturated with a slight excess of soda or carbonate 
 of soda ; thus the colouring matter precipitates, whilst the arsenic is 
 dissolved in the alkali. The colouring matter is next washed once or 
 twice in cold water, when it may be filtered or decanted. 
 
29 
 
 Second process. The colouring matter, after having been dissolved 
 in water is digested with a quantity of lime corresponding with the 
 portion of arsenical compounds contained in it, the lime being slightly 
 in excess. The colouring matter is thus precipitated, as well as the 
 arsenical compounds, which combine into insoluble calcareous salts. 
 The precipitates both, and the solution are then (without being separated) 
 acted upon by either of the carbonic, tartaric, or acetic acids, which 
 dissolve the colouring matter, the whole of the arsenic remaining 
 insoluble. 
 
 There are several other means for purifying the colouring matter 
 obtained, such as sulphuretted hydrogen " benzine," any of which agents 
 may be used as may be found most advantageous. 
 
 We also obtain a violet colouring matter, and also a combination of 
 blue and other colouring matter, by merely changing the proportions of 
 the arsenic acid used. Thus instead of employing the proportions above 
 stated, if we act with eighteen, twenty, and twenty-four parts of arsenic 
 acid on ten parts of aniline, or a quantity of any salt containing 
 ten parts weight of anilirre, a colouring matter is produced that is more 
 or less violet, tending towards the pure blue, and the matter thus ob- 
 tained may be used directly, as it is, or the blue ingredient may be 
 used as such." 
 
 Azaleine, or nitrate of rosaniline, has been extensively manufactured 
 in France under the patent of Mr. Gerber- Keller, and in England 
 under that of Mr. T. D. Perkin. The following is an outline of Mr. 
 Perkin's specification. When aniline, or one of its homologues, is 
 mixed with perfectly dry per-sulphate, per-nitrate, or sub-nitrate of 
 mercury, especially the latter, until no further change of colour or action 
 is produced, the mixture is heated to about 347° F., when the mass 
 becomes brown and gradually changes to a dark crimson, the whole of 
 the metal of the mercurial salt collecting at the bottom of the vessel. 
 The hot liquor is removed from the mercury and allowed to cool, and to 
 purify this solid mass of nitrate of rosaniline, it is simply necessary 
 to wash it first with a little cold water and then to dissolve it in 
 boiling water, from which solution it can be separated in a nearly pure 
 state by the addition of common salt. I will not trouble you with Mr. 
 Gerber-Keller's process, as it is very similar to the above, the prin- 
 cipal difference being that this gentleman recommends a temperature 
 not exceeding 212°. 
 
 I believe also that a magenta colour was manufactured under a patent 
 of Mr. Greville Williams, by the employment of permanganate of 
 potash, but as it is merely another method of oxydising aniline, 1 shall 
 not detain you with further details of the process. Messrs. Dale and 
 Caro also patented, in 1860, a plan for manufacturing magenta, which 
 consists in heating two parts of aniline with two parts of finely powdered 
 nitrate of lead, and carrying the whole to near the boiling point of 
 aniline, viz, 360° Fahrenheit ; then one part of anhydrous phosphoric 
 
30 
 
 acid is gradually added to the mass, which is well stirred and maintained 
 at the above temperature for an hour or two. The colour is extracted 
 by hot water, and precipitated from the aqueous solution by common 
 salt, and when dissolved in methylated spirit it is ready for use. These 
 gentlemen have also patented the following process, which is more 
 simple and practical than the above. One part of aniline is saturated 
 with dry hydrochloric acid gas, and this hydrochlorate of aniline is mixed 
 with two parts of dry nitrate of lead, which is added in small portions. 
 The red colour thus produced is treated as described in the previous 
 section of their patent. 
 
 Messrs. Laurent and Casthelaz displayed at the Exhibition a fine red 
 colour, said to be produced by a new chemical reaction which, if there 
 is no error in their results, deserves further notice. The novelty 
 consists in obtaining the magenta from nitro-benzine or its homo- 
 logues without the previous conversion of the same into aniline. To 
 effect this they mixed 12 parts of nitro benzine with 24 parts of iron 
 filings, and six parts of concentrated hydro-chloric acid, which they 
 allow to stand at natural temperature for 244iours, the resulting solid 
 mass of a resinous appearance is treated with water, which dissolves 
 the colouring matter; and this having been precipitated by chloride of 
 sodium, is again dissolved in water, and reprecipitated by the same agent, 
 when it is considered by the patentees to be erythro-benzine, and fit 
 for use ; what renders this reaction exceedingly interesting is that 
 it closely resembles that by which aniline is produced, viz. the de-oxyda- 
 tion of nitro-benzine. 
 
 I shall complete my observations upon the manufacture of this 
 magnificent colour (magenta) by a short description of a most interesting 
 and novel mode of producing a red colour from aniline, the original idea 
 of which is due to the eminent chemist Dr. Stenhouse, and its realization 
 on a practical scale to Mr. Jules Persoz. On mixing and well agitating 
 together an aqueous solution of furfurol with acetate of aniline, a 
 beautiful red colour is produced, and on being allowed to stand for 
 some time, a red mass is deposited, presenting the brilliant green 
 reflection of cantharides' wings. When the whole of the aniline em- 
 ployed is so transformed, the liquor is removed and the red coloured 
 deposit is washed with water. If it were not for its inability to resist 
 the action of light this colour would compete in brilliancy and beauty 
 with magenta. 
 
 The difference between magenta and purple aniline is that when 
 mixed with strong sulphuric acid magenta gives a yellowish solution, 
 whilst purple gives a dark green, but both colours are re-established 
 when large quantities of water are added to the above solutions. 
 Magenta is reduced by sulphurous acid, whilst purple aniline is un- 
 affected by that re-agent. Both give a precipitate with tannin, but I 
 shall refer to the compounds of tannin and colouring matters when I 
 speak of the application of these colours to calico printing. Silk and 
 wool are dyed with magenta, by simply adding some of the colour to a 
 
31 
 
 slightly acidulated bath. The dyeing power of this material is so great 
 that ten grains will dye two square yards of silk. 
 
 Blue Colouring Matters from Aniline. 
 The blue colours from aniline can be classed under three different 
 heads : — 
 
 1. Blue colouring matters of light huo, resisting the action of acids, and 
 to a certain extent that of light, but decolorized by alkalies Such are the 
 dye called Azuline, prepared by Messrs. Guinon, Marnas, and Bonnet, 
 of Lyons ; that prepared under Mr. C. A Girard's patent, and called 
 Bleu de Lyon, also Bleu de Paris, prepared by the process of Messrs. 
 Persoz, de Luynes, and Salvetat, and probably the Bleu de Mulhouse, 
 obtained by the process of Messrs. Gros-Kenaud and Schaeffer. 
 
 2. Blue colouring matters giving shades very similar to those of in- 
 digo, offering great resistance to light and alkalies, but turned green by 
 acids. Of this kind are Azurine, patented by Messrs. Crace Calvert, 
 Clift, and Lowe, and the same colouring matter as observed by M. 
 Fritzche, M. Emile Kopp, &c. • 
 
 3. Blue colouring matters of a light shade but highly fugitive, turn- 
 ing yellow when in contact with acids ; such as that produced by Mr. 
 Lauth's method. 
 
 Although the above classification will enable you to understand the 
 distinctive properties of the various blue dyes from coal tar, it will, in 
 describing the processes by which these colours are obtained, be more 
 convenient to follow another order. I shall, therefore commence by 
 stating, that Mr. Charles Lauth had observed, as early as December 
 24th, 1860 (see vol. 31 of the Bulletin de la Societe industrielle de 
 Mulhouse), that when magenta dyes, but more especially azaleine, were 
 heated with a reducing agent, such as protochloride of tin, a purple and 
 even a blue were obtained. In continuing these researches he also 
 observed that a blue colouring matter could be easily obtained by heating 
 azaleine with various organic compounds, such as aldehyde, several of 
 the hydrurets, of benzoile, acetyle, and many of the natural essences. 
 But as this blue colour cannot resist the action of acids or light, it is 
 useless to occupy your time with a further description of its manufac- 
 ture, but the following chemical reaction is worthy of your notice. Mr. 
 Willm has recently published an interesting paper on this aniline blue, 
 which not only shows how aldehyde acts, but exhibits the composition 
 of the blue itself. 
 
 Azaleine. Aldehyde. Water. 
 
 2 (C 36 H 20 ISU 4 ) + 5 C 4 H 4 2 + 8 HO 
 
 Blue or Oxyphenylanilide. Acetate of Ammonia. 
 
 = 3 (C 24 H 1X N O a ) + 5 C 4 H 3 (N H 4 ) 4 
 
 Therefore the triamine azaleine has been transformed into a monamine 
 blue, by a new chemical reaction, for aldehyde not only acts as a redu- 
 cing agent, but converts a part of the nitrogen into ammonia. 
 
32 
 
 Mr. Lauth has also observed a blue colour similar to the above by 
 acting on methylaniline with bichromate of potash. Although the 
 blue I am now about to describe is, like the last, obtained ""by the 
 reduction of magenta, yet, strange to say, it belongs to the first 
 class, that is, it resists the action of acids, and also to a great extent 
 of light. The process was patented January 12th, 1861, by Mr. C. A 
 Girard, and consists in heating for several hours at a temperature of 
 329° F., equal weights of magenta and aniline, and allowing the whole 
 to cool ; the substance produced is of a violet hue, and is mixed with 
 weak hydrochloric acid, thus removing the excess of aniline and red 
 dye, and leaving a pure purple colour, which is either used as such 
 under the name of violet imperial (previously noticed), or further 
 reduced into a blue colour, by boiling it several times with slightly 
 diluted hydrochloric acid, and then washed with boiling water. 
 The substance thus obtained is of a fine blue colour, with a 
 beautiful coppery lustre. To employ this colour in dyeing it is 
 sufficient to dissolve it in acetic acid, or methylated alcohol, and to add 
 these solutions to the dyebeck. I am inclined to think that this colour 
 is the one which was extensively imported into this country under the 
 name of Bleu de Lyon, and is now manufactured by Messrs. Simpson, 
 Maule & Nicholson. 
 
 There is another similar instance of the reduction of magenta into a 
 purple and blue, and which no doubt is identical in composition with 
 the above, and called Bleude Paris. Messrs. Persoz, de Luynes, and 
 Salvetat, have called public attention to a new blue which they produced, 
 and to which they gave the name of Bleu de Paris ; this they prepared by 
 heating for thirty hours, in a sealed tube, at a temperature of 356°, 
 one part of anhydrous bichloride of mercury with two parts of aniline. 
 The mass is then treated with boiling water and precipitated by chloride 
 of sodium, this method of purification being repeated several times, until 
 the whole of a green colour is removed. The blue thus produced can 
 resist the action of weak acids and alkalies, but assumes a red hue when 
 acted on by these agents in a concentrated state. Sulphurous acid has 
 no action upon it, and it dyes animal fibres with facility. 
 
 But one of the most interesting reductions of aniline red in a com- 
 mercial point of view is the formation of the Bleu de Mulhouse, which is 
 due to Messrs. Gros-Renaud and Schasffer, who operate as follows : — 
 They dissolve in one litre ofboiling water 
 
 50 grammes of white gum lac, 
 18 „ of carbonate of soda, 
 
 50 „ of a solution of azaleine, 
 
 which solution is composed of 125 grammes of azaleine dissolved in half 
 a litre of water, and half a litre of alcohol. The whole is kept boiling 
 for an hour, taking care to maintain the fluid at its original level by the 
 addition of water. A purple colour can also be produced by slightly 
 modifying the above proportions. 
 
33 
 
 But the most valuable and most scientific method of manufacturing 
 aniline blue is that discovered by Mr. Marnas, of the firm of Guinon, 
 Marnas and Bonnet, of Lyons, not only because it is based upon a novel 
 chemical re- action, but also because by it the blue is produced directly from 
 aniline, this substance being gradually and slowly oxydized into a blue, 
 by means oipeonine, which I shall describe in speaking of rosalic acid. 
 The following is an outline of the patent taken out by this firm. Five 
 parts of peonine are mixed with eight parts of aniline, and the whole 
 heated to the boiling point for some hours, until nearly all the material 
 is transformed into a blue colouring matter, which is purified by suc- 
 cessive washings, the first with boiling water acidulated with sulphuric 
 or hydrochloric acids, the second with hot oils of tar, the third with a 
 Amline. diluted solution of caustic alkali, and finally with 
 
 slightly acidulated water. The azuline so pre- 
 pared, presents itself as a reddish powder with a 
 golden lustre, soluble in alcohol, or methylated 
 spirits, which solutions can be used for dyeing or 
 printing. The patentees also claim the right of 
 substituting aniline by naphthalamine, toluidine, 
 cumidine, or other natural or artificial alkaloids. 
 The following is the process for dyeing silk and wool : — To an acidu- 
 lated lukewarm bath of water an alcoholic solution of azuline is added, 
 and the silk or wool worked in it until it is of the required shade. It 
 is then transferred to another bath of boiling water, acidulated 
 with sulphuric acid, when the purple colour is dissolved, leaving a most 
 brilliant and permanent blue upon the material. The dyed silk or wool 
 is washed repeatedly, passed through a bath containing a little tartaric 
 acid, and dried. 
 
 I shall conclude my observations on this remarkable colour by drawing 
 your attention to the following analysis made of it by Mr. Willm, whose 
 name I have already had the pleasure of citing. He considers azuline 
 to be composed of 
 
 C 24 H 12 N 0* 
 
 which according to him may be considered as dioxyphenylamide, or 
 
 C 12 H 5 2 
 JC,« EU 2 
 
 ( 12 i± 5 Oj 
 C 12 H fl 0, 
 I H 2 
 
 I shall now proceed to give you an insight into the production of the 
 dark blue aniline colours resembling indigo. 
 
 Mr. Fritzche observed, during some of his researches on aniline, the 
 production of a dark blue substance, which he prepared by mixing to- 
 gether equal volumes of a solution of a salt of aniline and alcohol, and 
 adding to this another solution, containing chlorate of potash and hydro- 
 chloric acid. After a short time a dark indigo blue precipitate is pro- 
 duced, which when washed with water may be dried and preserved, 
 
34 
 
 but this colour has received no application, owing to the difficulty of dis- 
 solving it, either in water, alcohol, ether, oils, hydrocarbons, &c. 
 
 Dr. Hofmann also produced this colour hy acting on a solution of 
 hydrochlorate of aniline with a solution' of hypochloric acid. Messrs. 
 Clift, Lowe, and myself, also produced it by acting on an acid hydroch- 
 lorate of aniline with chlorate of potash, but I shall more especially refer 
 to this process when I speak of its application to calico printing. Mr. 
 Willm has also obtained this peculiar blue by mixing the sesquichloride 
 of iron with nitrate of aniline ; after a short time a chemical action is set 
 up, when the liquor becomes purple, from which is gradually deposited 
 the blue colouring matter. The same reaction is obtained by sub- 
 stituting bichromate of potash for the chloride of iron. This gentleman 
 has also devised another interesting method of procuring this blue, which 
 consists in mixing the same salt of aniline with red prussiate of potash, 
 but the blue produced in this instance is stated to be soluble in alcohol, 
 which is not the case with previous ones. 
 
 As these blues resist all chemical agents excepting acids, which turn 
 them green, this is the only drawback to their employment as substitutes 
 for indigo ; but as, notwithstanding this defect, they are employed in 
 calico printing, for producing greens, blues similar to indigo, and such 
 dark blues and greens as to appear black, I shall refer again to these 
 colours w 7 hen I come to calico printing. 
 
 I may conclude my observations on the various processes for pro- 
 ducing the aniline colours, by remarking that it is quite evident that 
 magenta may be transformed into purple or blue, and that therefore blue 
 is the first degree of oxydation of aniline, purple the second, and red the 
 third. 
 
 Having described different methods of applying the aniline dyes to silk 
 and wool in the course of the preceding observations, it now only remains 
 for me to call your attention to the methods of dyeing vegetable fibres 
 with the same colours, so as to resist the action of soap, as these 
 fibres require a special treatment to adapt them for dyeing, 
 whilst silk and wool, as previously noticed, fix these beautiful colours 
 without the aid of morclaunts. At the last exhibition there were 
 exhibited in the French and Belgian departments some magnificent 
 specimens of cotton yarns, which had been dyed with magenta and purple 
 aniline, after having been prepared as for Turkey red, but that 
 process of preparation is so expensive, that this application of 
 aniline colours does not appear to have been extensively carried 
 out, and, in fact, it has been superseded by the following process devised 
 in 1857, by Messrs. Puller and Perkin. Their process is based upon 
 the formation of an insoluble compound of the colouring matters, with 
 tannin and a metallic base in the fibre. To effect this, the cotton is soaked 
 in a decoction of shumac or any other tanning substance for an hour or 
 two, and then passed into a weak solution of stannate of soda, and after 
 having been worked therein for an hour, it is wrung out and dipped into 
 
35 
 
 dilute sulphuric acid, and well rinsed. To dye the cotton so prepared, 
 it is simply necessary to work it in a slightly acidulated bath, contain- 
 ing purple aniline or magenta. 
 
 Cotton may also be dyed a very good and fast colour, by mordanting 
 it with a basic salt of lead, and then working it in a hot solution of soap, 
 to which the colouring matters have been added. Although cotton may 
 be dyed with these colours, by means of albumen orlactanne mordaunts, 
 still there are practical difficulties which have hitherto prevented the 
 adoption of this method. 
 
 Several brown colouring matters are produced from aniline by the 
 action of different chemical agents, and as these shades are of secondary 
 importance to dyers, the aim of chemical manufacturers has been rather 
 to avoid, than to promote their production. I have however, lately seen 
 some silk dyed with a brown substance prepared by Messrs. Muller 
 and Co., of Basle, which is probably extracted from some of the refuse 
 products of their manufacture. 
 
 Before leaving the aniline colours I will give you an outline of Dr. 
 Hofmann's researches on a yellow colouring matter, called chrysaniline^ 
 or p/iosphine, which has been discovered by Mr. E. C. Nicholson, and 
 introduced into commerce by the firm of Simpson, Maule and Nicholson. 
 I cannot give you a description of Mr, Nicholson's method of obtaining 
 this colour, because, so far as I am aware, he has not published his 
 process, but from Dr Hofmann's experiments it would appear to be a 
 secondary product, generated during the formation of roseine. Chrysan- 
 iline strongly resembles chromate of lead, is slightly soluble in water, 
 and very soluble in alcohol and ether ; it is the alcoholic solution which 
 is employed to communicate to silk and wool a beautiful orange yellow 
 colour. Dr. Hofmann has found it to be a well defined organic base, 
 giving with nitric acid a characteristic yellow precipitate, which is very 
 insoluble. The insolubility of this salt has enabled Dr. Hofmann to sepa- 
 rate chrysaniline from all other substances, and by boiling it with am- 
 monia, he isolated the base, which he found to have a most interesting 
 relation to rosaniline and leucaniiine, as shown by the following diagram. 
 
 Chrysaniline C 20 H 17 N 3 
 Rosaniline C 2 o H 19 N 3 
 Leucaniiine C 20 H 2l N 3 
 
 As everything relating to aniline is of great interest at the present 
 time, 1 must not omit to lay before you some' recent (January, 1863), 
 researches of Dr. Hofmann's on this important substance. This learned 
 chemist in examining some alkaloids contained in the refuse remaining 
 after the purification of aniline by distillation, and which alkaloids passed 
 over at a temperature of 626° F., succeeded in obtaining two new sub- 
 tances, which he calls respectively paraniline (C 12 H 14 N 2 ), (this 
 being in reality two equivalents of aniline condensed into one), and 
 xenylamine [C 13 H n N ) . 
 
36 
 
 Opal or Bleu de Lyon,* Phosphine* Rose hie * 
 
 Colours from Napthaline. 
 
 Owing to napthaline (C 10 H 8 ) being a refuse product of no value in 
 the manufacture of coal gas, and in the distillation of tar, many attempts 
 have been made to introduce the beautiful colours which it is susceptible 
 of giving when submitted to various chemical reactions ; and although 
 these attempts have not hitherto been commercially successful, still the 
 cheapness of the first material, and the great brilliancy of the colours 
 produced, induce me to lay before you a few facts with reference to this 
 subject. Shortly after Laurent had published his remarkable researches 
 on napthaline, Streckner drew the attention of chemists to the great 
 similitude there was between chloroxynapthalic acid (C 14 H 4 C10 4 ), and 
 alizarine (C 14 H 6 4 ), for he shewed that it was only requisite to replace 
 the chlorine by hydrogen, to transform the acid into alizarine. This acid 
 is yellow, and its salts are orange, yellow, and crimson ; silk dyed with 
 the ammoniacal salt acquires a good golden yellow colour, little affected 
 by light. As Mr. W. A Perkin has devoted much time and labour in 
 the endeavour to apply napthaline colours commercially, I cannot do 
 better than give you his own description of the preparation and properties 
 of some of these colours. 
 
 " Nitrosonaphthalin. — This peculiar body is a product of the action of 
 nitrous acid on napthaline. It is prepared by mixing a solution of hydroch- 
 lorate of naphthaline with nitrate of potassium. From this mixture it sepa- 
 rates as a reddish-brown precipitate. This, when washed with water on a 
 filter and then dried, is dissolved in alcohol, filtered, and evaporated to dry- 
 ness on the water-bath. Thus prepared, it is a crystalline dark-coloured sub- 
 stance, having a greenish metallic reflection. It is soluble in alcohol and 
 also in benzole, forming orange-red solutions. 
 
 When acids are added to an alcoholic solution of nitrosonaphthalin, it 
 immediately assumes a most beautiful purple or violet colour as fine as any 
 of the aniline purples. Alkalies restore it to its original colour. Silk may 
 be dyed a beautiful purple shade with this substance, provided a certain 
 quantity of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid be present ; but what is most un- 
 fortunate is, that when the silk thus dyed is rinsed in water, the colour 
 immediately passes back to that of pure nitrosonaphthalin, and, also, that the 
 amount of acid required to keep up the purple shade, if left in the silk, rots 
 it in a few days. Could this purple be fixed, nitrosonaphthalin would be- 
 come a cheap and most useful dye. 
 
 * Kindly supplied by Messrs. E. Brooke and Co. 
 
37 
 
 I have endeavoured to produce a sulpho-acid of nitrosonaphthalin, think- 
 ing that if such a compound could be obtained, it would possess the purple 
 colour, because it would be an acid itself. But although sulphuric acid does 
 dissolve it, forming a blue solution, no combination takes place. I also en- 
 deavoured to produce this desired result by treating sulphonaphthalamic acid 
 with nitrous acid, but obtained only nitrosonaphthalin, the acid of the sul- 
 phonaphthalamic acid having apparently separated. 
 
 Naphthamein. — Piria observed that naphthalamine and its salts produce 
 blue precipitates, afterwards becoming purple, when brought in contact with 
 perchloride of iron, terchloride of gold, nitrate of silver, and other oxidizing 
 agents. This product of oxidation he terms naphthamein. Silk and cotton 
 may be dyed with it ; but the colour of this compound is so inferior as to 
 render it useless as a dyeing agent." 
 
 Naphihalaynine. — This substance, which has the same relation to 
 naphthaline, as aniline has to benzine, is obtained by a series of 
 chemical transformations similar to those which benzine undergoes in 
 order to be converted into aniline, and has been recently manufactured on 
 a rather extensive scale by the Tower Chemical Company near Manchester, 
 Naphthalamine crystallizes in white needles, is fusible at 86°, boils at 572°, 
 is nearly insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, and com- 
 bines readily with acids. This product of naphthaline appears to me to 
 be the one most likely to yield colours susceptible of application in dyeing 
 and calico printing, for it assumes under the influence of various oxy- 
 dising agents, similar colourations to those presented by aniline when 
 acted upon by the same agents. Thus, Mr. Brunner produced in my 
 laboratory, about three years ago, a very fine purple, by heating at a 
 moderate temperature, a mixture of naphthalamine and arsenic acid, which 
 after proper purification, imparted very satisfactory colours to samples of 
 silk, and animalized cotton. Mr. du Wildes published about the same 
 period, a method of producing a purple with naphthalamine, which con- 
 sisted in heating a mixture of this alkaloid with the nitrates of mercury. 
 
 Mr. Roussin has also published an interesting paper on this subject, 
 and finds that if a colourless solution of hydrochlorate of naphthala- 
 mine is mixed with a solution of nitrite of potash, a fine red precipitate 
 is produced, which is completely insoluble in water. The formation of 
 this colour on fibres is most simple and easy, for if skeins of silk or 
 wool are first dipped in a solution of hydrochlorate of naphthalamine, 
 and after having been wrung are then plunged into a solution of nitrite 
 of potash, washed and dipped in a weak alkaline bath, the fibres acquire 
 various shades of red or maroon, according to the more or less diluted 
 state of the liquor. What especially characterizes this colouring matter, 
 is its resistance to the action of light, of acids, of alkalies, and lastly 
 of chlorine. Mr. Roussin has further observed the production of a violet 
 red colour of great intensity, by acting on naphthalamine in the same 
 manner as Messrs. Persoz, de Luynes, and Salve tat, acted on aniline 
 to produce a purple and a blue already noticed. Thus on heating to a 
 temperature of 472°, a mixture of hydrochlorate of naphthalamine and 
 
38 
 
 protochloride of tin, a blackish brilliant mass is obtained, which on being 
 well washed with water, yields to alcohol a fine red purple colour. Mr, 
 Koussin further adds that when this colour is applied to fabrics it resists 
 the action of light, acids, and alkalies. 
 
 Lastly, Messrs. Guinon, Marnas, and Bonnet, also propose to employ 
 naphthalamine as a substitute for aniline in the production of a blue 
 colour, for which purpose large quantities of the compound have been 
 commercially prepared. 
 
 Carbolic Acid, 
 
 This product of coal tar is destined to play a most important part 
 in the production of artificial colours, for it has already yielded in 
 the able hands of Mr. Marnas three valuable dyes, viz. : — a blue dye 
 {azuline) already noticed, a red dye (peonine), and a yellow dye 
 (picric acid), both of which I shall presently describe. 
 
 Garbolic Acid, (C 12 H 6 2 ), which was discovered by Runge, is now 
 prepared by a process devised by Laurent ; it consists in treating the 
 oils of tar which boil between the temperature of 300° or 400°, with a 
 highly concentrated solution of hydrate of potash or soda, when a white 
 crystalline substance is formed and precipitates. The supernatant 
 liquor is decanted, and the solid mass dissolved in a small quantity of 
 water, the whole separating into two layers, the lighter, or oily-like 
 mixture of acid substances being removed, and hydrochloric acid added to 
 the other, or aqueous portion, which separates the carbolic acid as an oily 
 substance floating on the surface of the saline fluid. The carbolic acid 
 is further purified by washing and distillation. Carbolic acid presents it- 
 self in long colourless needles, melting at a temperature of 96°, and 
 boiling at a temperature of 370°. It is soluble in 25 parts of water, and 
 freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and concentrated acetic acid. Carbolic acid 
 when heated with ammonia in a sealed tube is partially converted into 
 water and aniline, and the same result follows when vapours of carbolic 
 acid and water are passed over heated cyanide of potassium. If a piece 
 of pinewood is dipped in carbolic acid and then in hydrochloric acid, 
 and afterwards allowed to dry in the atmosphere, it assumes a beautiful 
 blue colour. Another, characteristic property of this substance has been 
 lately published by Mr. Berthelot, consisting in giving a beautiful blue 
 colour when it is mixed with a little ammonia and chloride of lime. 
 Mr. Monnet has observed that carbolic acid combines freely with two 
 equivalents of sulphuric acid, forming a compound called sulpho-carbolic 
 acid, which compound gives even when much diluted with water a fine 
 purple colour, on being mixed with perchloride of iron. This same 
 compound also assumes various colours when brought into contact with 
 binoxide of nitrogen. But the most interesting property of carbolic 
 acid is its conversion by means of oxydation into a red colouring matter, 
 called rosalic acid. 
 
 Rosalie Acid.— This beautiful red colouring matter was first discovered 
 by Bunge, in 1834, who remarked its production as well as. that of red- 
 
39 
 
 brown colour, called brunalic acid, whilst examining some refuse products 
 of carbolic acid. Runge succeeded in separating rosalic acid from brunalic, 
 by dissolving them in alcohol, and adding a solution of lime, which preci- 
 pitated the brunalic acid, and left in solution a rosalate of lime, from 
 which the rosalic acid was separated in the form of a dark red precipitate 
 on the addition of acetic acid. In 1857, Mr. Tschelnitz observed that 
 when the oils of tar or carbolic acid were left in contact with the atmos- 
 phere and lime, the latter became red, which coloration he ascertained 
 was due to the formation of rosolate of lime. Dr. Hugo Miiller also no- 
 ticed that when crude carbolate of lime is exposed to a moist heated at- 
 mosphere, as that of an ordinary drying stove, it gradually assumes a 
 dark red tint, rosolate and brunalate of lime being formed. After 
 having separated rosalic acid by the process first adopted by Runge, and 
 further purified it, Mr. Miiller states that pure rosalic acid is a solid 
 substance of a dark red colour, with the green lustre of cantharides, in- 
 soluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies and alkaline earth 
 solutions, communicating to these a most magnificent crimson colour, 
 which I regret to say is altered by light. But we owe to Dr. R. Angus 
 Smith the explanation of the transformation which carbolic acid under- 
 goes to become rosalic, which consists in the fact that two equivalents of 
 carbolic acid, by absorbing two equivalents of oxygen become transformed 
 into one of rosalic. 
 
 2(C 12 H 6 2 ) + 2 = C 24 H 12 6 
 carbonic acid. rosalic acid. 
 
 He arrived at this result by passing vapours of carbolic acid over a 
 heated mixture of caustic soda and peroxide of manganese, the peroxide 
 of manganese yielding oxygen to the -carbolic acid, and the rosalic acid 
 thus formed combining with the soda. The rosalate of soda on being 
 dissolved in water readKly yields rosalic acid on the addition to it of 
 acetic acid. Mr. Jourdain, in a paper recently published, confirms Dr. 
 Smith's results, and gives a more active means of oxydising 
 carbolic acid by passing vapour of carbolic acid, at a temperature of 
 302° over a mixture of binoxide of mercury and soda, when metallic 
 mercury and rosalate of soda are the results of the reaction. On dissolving 
 the mass in water, mercury deposits at the bottom of tho vessel, and 
 pure rosolate of soda remains in solution. 
 
 But the most interesting method of producing this colour has lately 
 been published in a patent taken out in this country by Messrs. Guinon, 
 Marnas and Bonnet, who proceed as follows : 
 
 " Take about twenty-three pounds of phenic or carbolic acid, from about 
 ten to twenty pounds of oxalic acid, and from about seven to fourteen 
 pounds of sulphuric acid. This mixture is heated until the colouring mat- 
 ter is formed of the requisite color and consistence. When this operation 
 is considered to be finished, the matter is washed with boiling water, in 
 order to remove the excess of acid. It is then in the state of a light pitch, 
 and with a green shade of cantharide. It may be dried and reduced to powder 
 by means of heat, or by a longer process without heat." 
 
40 
 
 Peonine. — Up to a very recent date, no means had been discovered of 
 fixing this splendid colour (Rosalie acid) on fabrics, nor of modifying 
 it so as to render it fast. This important result has, however, been 
 attained by a most ingenious process, and one which will ultimately prove 
 extremely valuable in the art of manufacturing artificial colours, for the 
 above-named gentlemen have proved that the loose colours rosalic acid and 
 rosalate of ammonia can be rendered fast, if rosalic acid and ammonia 
 (or rosalate of ammonia) are heated together to a sufficient temperature so 
 that the elements may react one upon the other, to produce water and 
 amide, or in other terms, so as to incorporate nitrogen as one of the 
 elements of the compound resulting from the reaction. What renders 
 this reaction (or the formation of Peonine) still more interesting is, 
 that by the introduction of nitrogen to the colour itself, it imparts to 
 it the property of fixation upon fabrics which do not contain that element, 
 and thus places those fabrics more nearly on a par in this respect with 
 those which, as is well known, owe their power of receiving dyes to 
 the presence of nitrogen in their composition ; for example, wool and 
 silk as compared with cotton and linen. This discovery is sufficiently 
 important to justify me in giving you verbatim the specification of 
 Messrs. Gumon, Marnas and Bonnet. 
 
 *• The matter thus produced is converted into more solid matter by the 
 following process. Take about two pounds and a quarter of this less solid 
 matter, and about five pounds and a half of ammonia of commerce. This 
 mixture is put into a closed metallic vessel, then heated to a temperature of 
 about 270° of Fahrenheit for about three hours. This is allowed to cool, 
 and then the vessel is opened. The matter originally introduced therein 
 becomes completely dissolved in the ammonia, thence yielding a liquor 
 rather thick, and possessed of a considerable colouring power. This liquor 
 when treated by acids furnishes a deep red precipitate, which is the fast 
 colouring matter modified as required, and which !s capable of dyeing red 
 silk, wool, and other textile materials. 
 
 " The matter thus prepared is called * Peonine,' and is applicable to dye- 
 ing and printing generally. 
 
 " Having thus described the nature of the said invention, and in what 
 manner the same is to be performed, I would remark that in the first part of 
 the process or processes hereinbefore described, other oxydising bases may be 
 employed, such as salts of mercury or other salts, arsenic acid, oxide of lead, 
 and others, not only on ordinary phenic or carbolic acid, but on the analo- 
 gous substances such as creosote, * cresil/ and others. And in the second 
 part of the process or processes hereinbefore described ammoniacal salts or 
 other azotic bases such as the acetate or benzoate of ammonia, urea, and 
 others, used at a suitable temperature, either with or without pressure. But 
 what I claim as of the invention communicated to me from abroad as afore- 
 said is, the preparation of a red colouring matter from phenic or carbolic 
 acid as hereinbefore described, and the application of the same to dyeing 
 and printing." 
 
 Picric or Carboazotic Acid. This acid, which has been known to 
 chemists for many years, was formerly obtained by acting with nitric 
 
41 
 
 acid on a variety of organic substances, such as indigo, benzoin resin, 
 xanthorrhea hastilis, salicine, &c; the use of these substances was how- 
 ever superseded by that of the oils of tar boiling between 300° and 400°, 
 and finally by carbolic acid ; this last process having been discovered by 
 Laurent, and first carried out commercially by myself. 
 
 When nitric acid acts upon carbolic acid it gives rise to three suc- 
 cessive degrees of oxydation, viz. : — 
 
 Mononitrophenic Ci 2 H 5 (N 4 ) 3 
 Binitrophenic ... C 12 H 4 2 (N 4 ) 2 
 Trinitrophenic... Ci 2 H 3 3 (N 4 ) 2 
 
 the composition of carbolic acid being C 12 H 6 2 , consequently the 
 above products are generated by the substitution of hyponitric acid for 
 hydrogen, and as the first two are only interesting in a scientific point of 
 view, I shall confine my remarks to the third, viz. — trinitrophenic or 
 picric acid. 
 
 The process for manufacturing picric acid consists in acting upon 
 carbolic with nitric acid, when a violent action ensues, and the above men- 
 tioned products are obtained, but by continuing the chemical action, the 
 first two are transformed into the third or trinitrophenic acid. The whole 
 being allowed to cool, fine crystals of picric acid are deposited, which 
 can be further purified by dissolving the acid in water, neutralizing it 
 with carbonate of soda, crystallizing this salt, and obtaining the acid 
 from it, by decomposing the hot solution of the salt with a slight excess of 
 sulphuric acid, when pure picric acid will deposit in the form of elon- 
 gated rectangular blades, of a very pale yellow colour. These crystals have 
 an intensely bitter taste, which is communicated to the various salts 
 which arise from its combination with metallic oxides. Most of these 
 salts when heated, are of a highly fulminating or explosive nature. Picric 
 acid has the curious property (lately observed by Fritsche), of combining 
 with several hydrocarbons, and forming insoluble crystalline compounds. 
 It possesses very extraordinary dyeing powers, one part of acid being 
 sufficient to give a tinge to 300,000 parts of water. All animal 
 fibres are dyed by it with great facility, and when pure, and carefully 
 prepared, it communicates to them rapidly, without any mordaunt, 
 a most brilliant yellow colour, the fastness of which will be found com- 
 mensurate with the purity of the dye. M. Emile Kopp states, that 
 one part of pure picric acid dissolved in water, with a little sulphuric 
 acid, is sufficient to give to 1,000 times its weight of silk a moderate 
 shade of yellow. Although picric acid will dye wool a fine shade 
 without any mordaunt, still if the wool is first mordaunted with a 
 little cream of tartar and alum the colour is much faster. Animal 
 fibres so dyed resist satisfactorily the action of light and air. This 
 colour gives with refined extract of indigo or prussian blue most 
 magnificent greens, as already mentioned. 
 
 I shall now proceed to mention some of the transformations which this 
 acid undergoes, resulting in the production of two different colouring 
 matters. 
 
42 
 
 ft 
 
 Picramic Acid. — Wohler was the first to observe that when picric 
 acid was reduced by a hot solution of sulphate of protoxide of iron, and 
 caustic baryta was added, a beautiful red salt crystallized as the liquid 
 was allowed to cool, from which he isolated an acid which he named 
 nitrohematic* and now called picramic. Mr. A. Girard has given us the 
 best process for obtaining this acid. It consists in reducing picric acid 
 by sulphurretted hydrogen, as shown by this formula. 
 
 C 12 H 3 3 (N0 4 ) 2 + 6 HS= C 12 H 3 2 (N0 4 ) (NH 2 ) 2 + 4 HO + 6 S. 
 
 The picramic acid obtained by this process presents itself in the form of 
 needles of a brilliant ruby red, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, and 
 but slightly so in water. 
 
 Isopurpuric Acid. — This interesting transformation of picric acid, 
 would, if it had been discovered a few years sooner, have possessed 
 considerable importance, for it would have been a cheap method of pro- 
 ducing murexide, a dye at one time very extensively used. Mr. Carey 
 Lea first observed that cyanide of potassium had a marked action upon 
 picric acid, but it was Mr. Hlasiwetz who first fully investigated the 
 subject, and devised the following method of producing the remarkable 
 acid, isopurpuric. To an aqueous solution consisting of two parts of 
 cyanide of potassium to four of water, at a temperature of 140°, is added 
 slowly, one part of picric acid dissolved in nine parts of boiling water. 
 The liquors acquire an odour of ammonia and cyanhydric acid, and on 
 cooling, yield an abundant crystalline mass. The whole is thrown on 
 a filter, and the solid mass washed with a little cold water ; it is then 
 dissolved in boiling water, from which well defined crystals of isopur- 
 purate of potash are deposited, which have a red brown colour with 
 transmitted light, and a green metallic one with reflected. By substi- 
 tuting ammonia for potash isopurpurate of ammonia is formed, which 
 is isomeric with purpurate of ammonia or murexide. I believe, with 
 Mr. Nickles, that if cyanide of ammonium were substituted for cyanide 
 of potassium, or still better if the salt of potash above mentioned were 
 decomposed by chloride of ammonium, murexide would be forthwith 
 obtained. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS BLUE COLOURING MATTERS. 
 
 Cyanine. — M. Menier exhibited in the French court of the last ex- 
 hibition, fine crystals, the faces of which glistened with a metallic green 
 lustre, having' a golden reflection, and which represented cyanine in a 
 great state of purity. These crystals are nearly insoluble in ether and 
 water, but freely soluble in alcohol, and the latter solution is of a deep 
 blue colour with a coppery lustre on its surface. The colour is destroyed 
 by acids and ammonia, and alkalies precipitate it from its alcoholic solu- 
 tions. The green crystals are the iodide of a peculiar alkaloid which is . 
 
43 
 
 isomeric with iodide of amyl-lepidylammonium, and have the following 
 composition : — 
 
 or two equivalents of amyl-lepidine, minus one equivalent of hydroiodic 
 acid. Dr. Hofmann, to whom we owe our knowledge of the composition 
 of this beautiful blue colour, detected with great skill that this substance 
 was soiled with a small quantity of the iodide of amyl-chinoline ammo- 
 nium. The magnificent blue solution which cyanine yields when dis- 
 solved in alcohol attracted so much attention at the time of its discovery 
 by Mr. C. Greviile Williams, and by the subsequent offer from the So- 
 ciete Industrielle de Mulhouse, of 10,000 francs for its fixation, that I 
 deem it my duty to give you an outline of the process by which it is 
 obtained. When cinchonine is distilled with caustic potash a large 
 quantity of various volatile alkaloids distil, among which are lepidine and 
 chinoline. In order to procure the blue colour with this product, one 
 part of impure lepidine is boiled for ten minutes with one and a-half 
 parts of iodide of amyl. After allowing the mass to cool, it is boiled 
 for a short time with six parts of water, and the whole being thrown on 
 a filter, the liquor is carried to the boil, and a solution of caustic potash 
 gradually added, when the fluid is again filtered to separate some 
 resinous substances. The resulting product is a solution of the magnifi- 
 cent blue colour cyanine, with little or no shade of red. The high favour 
 which this colour first obtained has not been contiuued, owing to its 
 being fugitive. 
 
 Blue Colour from Cotton Seed Oil. — Mr. Kuhlmann studied in 1861 
 the production!^ a blue colour from this novel and unexpected source of 
 production, but as it has received no application, I shall only say a 
 few words upon it. When the refuse which remains from the refining 
 of cotton seed oil is maintained for six hours, at a temperature of 212° 
 with 3 or 4 per cent of concentrated sulphuric acid, 48 per cent of their 
 bulk is converted into a dark blue colouring matter. To separate this from 
 the other substances existing in the mass, it is repeatedly washed with 
 warm water, and acted upon with boiling alcohol, which dissolves the 
 blue colour ; this can then be separated in a solid form by the addition 
 of water. To obtain it quite pure it is washed when dry with benzine. 
 
44 
 
 THIRD LECTURE. 
 
 Calico Printing. 
 
 The art of calico printing depends upon so many branches of 
 mechanical as well as of chemical science, that it is impossible for me 
 to give detailed information of all the improvements which every 
 department of this manufacture has undergone, during the period 
 embraced by this course of lectures. 1 shall, however, draw your attention 
 to a few of the prominent points that have come under my notice, but 
 before doing so allow me to make a few observations on the late 
 Exhibition. It is to be regretted that many important firms of various 
 countries, but especially of Great Britain, declined to take part 
 in the recent Exhibition. From this remark, however, must be 
 excepted France, ' who omitted nothing requisite to insure a worthy 
 display of her excellence in this branch of manufacture, whether by 
 encouraging the competition of the various houses, or b$^ judicious and 
 systematic selection of those most likely to sustain her credit. Not- 
 withstanding the above-mentioned grave disadvantage, the printers of 
 the United Kingdom have made since the Exhibition of 1851 most im- 
 portant advances in this branch of manufacture. Thus in the recent 
 Exhibition the printers of Great Britain, though comparatively few, 
 have shown by many examples that they are well able to avail them- 
 selves of the mechanical and chemical means at their disposal for pro- 
 ducing a large variety of goods fitted, both by design and execution, for 
 this as well as for numerous foreign markets ; and there can be little 
 doubt that the close observer of the goods exhibited, even by a few only 
 of our best printers, will form the opinion that no country surpasses, if 
 it equals, Great Britain in the class of goods called " cheap and fast 
 prints," which class, after all, forms the great staple of our production. It 
 should be kept in mind, in estimating the comparative merits of different 
 styles of printing, that the great aim of the British manufacturer is to find 
 cheap methods of producing, in large quantities, good, but at the same time 
 low-priced prints ; for some of our printers will turn out as many as a 
 million or a million and a half of pieces in a single year. It follows, 
 therefore, that the printers of Great Britain, as well as those of several 
 other countries, are obliged to cultivate both precision and rapidity of 
 
45 
 
 execution, impossible of attainment with methods which may well remu- 
 nerate the foreigner who aims # at extreme delicacy and finish of work- 
 manship, but whose interest, at the same time, is to produce only in 
 limited quantity. For instance, several of the leading French houses 
 exhibit goods which, at a short distance, appear like embroidery, instead 
 of, as they are, merely prints ; this effect is obtained by pasting the 
 entire piece on a long table or frame, and then skilfully applying the 
 colour with blocks. When the piece has been removed, washed, and 
 finished, the colours have a body, and at the same time, through not 
 having penetrated the substance of the cloth, they acquire a transpa- 
 rency which produces on the eye an effect as if the pattern were in 
 relievo. Fine examples of this style of printing were to be seen in the 
 cases of Guillaume and Son and Onfroy and Co. The chief difference, 
 however, between this Exhibition and those of 1851 and 1855, is the 
 extension of the pigment style ; for whereas in 1 85 1 the class of goods 
 produced in that style was extremely limited, in 1862 they formed the 
 greatest bulk of the prints exhibited, and, by their brilliancy of colour 
 and beauty of design, obtained the admiration of the jurors and the 
 public in general. Although no one could otherwise than admire these 
 beautiful specimens of human skill (especially in the French department) 
 which rivalled in form and colour the productions of nature, still every 
 well wisher of the art of calico printing must regret that this style 
 should have so entirely eclipsed the more permanent though less brilliant 
 style which supplies the wants of the million, and which was so beauti- 
 fully exemplified by the goods shown in the British department ; as for 
 example the fabrics exhibited by Messrs. T. Hoyle and Sons, Butter- 
 worth and Brooks, Littlewood and Wilson, Bradshaw and Hammond, 
 Macnaughton and Thorn, Newton Bank Printing Company, &c. Let 
 me also state that there were in the class with which I was connected 
 196 exhibitors, of whom only 59 were British, and that the following 
 remarks were suggested to my mind in examining the goods of various 
 countries. 
 
 Austria never appeared to equal advantage in any previous Ex- 
 hibition ; the designs were varied and in good taste, and the quality of 
 colour and neatness of impression were alike excellent. 
 
 Though the Zollverein showed no printed calico, there was a good col- 
 lection of printed silk handkerchiefs, and a fine collection of cheap 
 printed shawls and carpets from Saxony. 
 
 Russia displayed, as already noticed, some good specimens of 
 Turkey-red dyeing, especially those obtained with the species of madder 
 known by the name of Marena; also a good collection of goods well 
 suited for Eastern markets, especially in the style called Lapis. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the best printers of Belgium and Switzer- 
 land, like those of Great Britain and the Zollverein, abstained from 
 exhibiting, and it is therefore impossible to form a correct idea of the 
 progress of calico printing in those countries. 
 
46 
 
 It may be as well to state here, though there were no prints of native 
 production in the Indian Department worth notice, the Cotton Supply 
 Association exhibited, through Mr. Cheetham, some fine specimens 
 of goods printed in England on Surat cotton ; and although the details 
 of the processes used are not sufficiently known for a close comparison 
 of these goods with similar ones printed on American cotton, still the 
 results were so good as to be highly satisfactory, and warrant the belief 
 that Surat cotton may be very eztensively substituted for American. 
 
 France. — What has been already said will doubtless have led to the 
 anticipation that the printed goods exhibited in the French department 
 were, generally speaking, of a very high class, and justified the reputa- 
 tion which the best printers of France have long since acquired, especi- 
 ally in those fashionable styles known popularly by the name of haute 
 nouveautt. In this class of prints elegance of design, beauty of colour, 
 and delicacy of execution stood unrivalled by those of any other 
 nation, and they applied the new tar colours with a perfection of 
 skill which left nothing to be desired. It will also be seen in the 
 course of this report that they exhibited several original improve- 
 ments. 
 
 Engraving of Rollers. — This branch of calico printing has made great 
 progress. Not only have tbe engravings acquired sharper outlines and 
 finer details, but the methods of engraving have greatly multiplied. I 
 may cite as instances the application of the principle of the pentagraph, 
 so as to trace patterns on the surface of copper rollers, by Messrs. 
 Smith, who as w T ell as Messrs. Lockett, Sons, and Leake, have effected 
 such improvement since the first pentagraph was exhibited in 1855, as- 
 to render this mode of engraving most useful to the art of calico print- 
 ing. Calico printers have also extensively availed themselves 
 of Mr. Lockett' s improvements for producing the groundwork of 
 prints, or as they are termed " covers," by applying " eccentric 
 engraving/' or etching, which produces with facility most complicated 
 patterns on a varnished roller, by means of a diamond point guided by 
 machinery. Another improvement, highly interesting in a scientific 
 point of view, is the application of galvanism to the diamond tracer, by 
 Mr. Gaeff , of Paris, which is doubtless destined to exercise considerable 
 influence upon the progress of calieo printing. By combining the 
 galvanic action with an eccentric motion, most beautiful and delicate 
 engravings may be produced. This is done by tracing the pattern 
 with varnish on a zinc cylinder, which is so placed in the engraving 
 machine that as a needle passes over its surface and comes into con- 
 tact with the zinc, the galvanic current is established, and by simple 
 machinery causes the diamond to trace the corresponding pattern on 
 the copper roller. The communication is so rapid and precise that a 
 great saving of time is effected. In the last exhibition, there were tw r o 
 machines in which this was very successfully applied, several diamond 
 points being made to engrave at the same time the same patterns on 
 
47 
 
 various parts of the copper roller. But if mechanical art has greatly 
 assisted the engraver, chemistry has rendered him equally important 
 services, by enabling him to abandon costly and cumbrous modes of 
 impressing by force the designs on the cylinder, substituting for them 
 a great number of etching processes. By some of these processes, as 
 by every other addition to the resources of the engraver, an entirely 
 new and beautiful class of engraving is produced, unattainable by any 
 other known means For instance, owing to various improvements, 
 rollers of 43 inches in circumference and 44 inches long have been in- 
 troduced, enabling the calico printer to produce cheaply large furniture 
 patterns. 
 
 En passant, I wish to call your attention to an application which has 
 been made of a process greatly admired by many of you at the Exhibi- 
 tion of 1851, invented by Mr. John Mercer, the eminent calico printer, 
 by which the beauty of dyed and printed goods was increased by 
 passing the cotton fabrics through a strong solution of caustic lye, and 
 afterwards through a weak solution of sulphuric acid, and then 
 thoroughly washing. If this process has not been generally adopted, 
 it is no doubt owing to the contraction which the cotton fibres expe- 
 rience under the above chemical influences, but the increased strength 
 which the fibre thus acquires has been turned to good account, by en- 
 abling the printer to use it as a substitute for what is technically called 
 the "blanket," that is, an endless cloth which passes over the engraved 
 rollers with the goods to be printed. This material is found by its 
 strength to resist better than most others the heavy strain which the 
 blankets have to undergo during printing. 
 
 Bleaching. — One of the main improvements in bleaching calicoes 
 has been that of effecting the operation under high- pressure, which by 
 facilitating the conversion of insoluble matters into soluble ones, sim- 
 plifies and quickens the process. The method of Mr. Barlow and 
 others, of forcing the scouring liquor to circulate uniformly through 
 the cloth by means of pressure, causes much more speedy and regular 
 removal of the impurities of the material. Great improvements are 
 stated to have been effected on the continent in the bleaching of grey 
 calicoes, by the following process, by which the pieces, instead of 
 being dipped in cold water, as they usually are on their *ai rival at the 
 bleacher's, are soaked in water at a temperature of 140°, to which a 
 small quantity of malt is added; this causes the conversion of the starch 
 in the pieces into dextrine or sugar, thus facilitating greatly the 
 removal of the size from the warps. 
 
 Singeing. — I shall here also allude to two improvements effected by • 
 Mr. John Thorn, of Manchester. The first, applicable to all kinds of 
 cotton or woollen fabrics, destined for printing or dyeing, consists in 
 an improvement in the singeing or removing the nap from fabrics. The 
 usual mode is to pass the fabrics either through a gas flame, or over a 
 semi-circular he a ted iron plate. In the latter case, however, a large 
 
48 
 
 amount of fuel was wasted in maintaining the heat of the plate, owing 
 to the free radiation of heat into the atmosphere, and to its absorption 
 in the currents of cold air in contact with the plate. Mr. Thorn's in- 
 vention remedies these defects, by enclosing the plate under a brick 
 arch, so that no air can enter the chamber except that which passes 
 with the piece, and that limited quantity is, by a proper arrangement 
 of flues, conducted into the furnace which heats the plate. 
 
 Messrs. Joshua Schofield and Sons have introduced a new machine, 
 for singeing with gas, patented by Mr. James Cooke, which ingenious 
 mode of singeing differs from the old method, in that instead of the 
 gas flame being drawn through the fabric it is made to flow upon the 
 surface, thereby removing the nap without destroying the loose fibres 
 in the interstices. In consequence of the great heat of the flame, 
 which is a mixture of coal gas and oxygen, the goods can be passed 
 over with such rapidity as to remove the nap without injuring the 
 fabric, a great advantage for fustians and heavy goods. To give an 
 idea of the rapidity and consequent economy of this process, it is 
 stated, that at Messrs. Edmund Potter and Co.'s works, more than 4000 
 pieces of calico have been singed in a day with this machine. Lastly, 
 this machine, which consumes only 1000 feet of gas for 1000 pieces, 
 has the same advantage as that of Mr. Thorn, viz. : that it does not 
 allow the fumes from singeing to create any offensive odour. 
 
 Sulphuring, — The second improvement of Mr. Thorn was devised 
 some years ago, but it is only recently that it has come into general 
 use amongst printers. It is especially applicable to mixed fabrics, 
 such as mousselines-delaine^ which require, after they have been 
 singed and before they are printed, to be bleached. This was for- 
 merly effected by hanging, for several hours, the moist pieces in 
 chambers filled with sulphurous fumes, and is now performed by Mr. 
 Thorn's process in a few minutes, by passing them- over a number of 
 rollers confined in a chamber filled with the same vapours. 
 
 Printing Machines. — Although of late years many improvements 
 have taken place in the construction of printing machines, most of 
 which are of too technical a nature to be described in this lecture, 
 still there are one or two which have exercised so marked an influence 
 on the general progress of the art of calico printing as to require notice. 
 One of these is the arrangement by which an independent motive 
 power is provided for each machine instead of connecting all machines 
 in an establishment with one steam engine ; the advantage thus 
 gained by the machine printer is to regulate the speed of his work at 
 any moment ; at the same time the spent steam is made to pass into 
 the drying machines, thus affecting an economy and drying the pieces 
 more quickly. Another improvement is the greatly increased number 
 of rollers which each machine is adapted to work ; thus there are some 
 Lancashire houses which can print from 16 to 20 colours simulta- 
 neously. Messrs. Onfroy and Co., of Paris, exhibited at the last 
 
49 
 
 Exhibition a most ingenious means of obtaining reserves on fabrics, 
 which improvement is the more advantageous, the chemical reserves 
 generally in use being imperfect in their composition, of difficult 
 application to the fabric, and still more difficult of removal. The 
 ingenious process of Messrs. Onfroy consists in punching out 
 patterns from a sheet of cardboard lined with gutta percha, in 
 such places as are intended to remain white or reserved. The 
 cardboard is then rolled on the pressing cylinder of the printing 
 machine, so that when the machine is working, the parts of the 
 pattern which have been cut out receive no impression, and 
 thus form the reserve parts of the pattern. It is evident that to 
 obtain satisfactory results the greatest precision must be observed in 
 applying the cardboard to the pressing cylinder, so that the engraving 
 roller will only apply where required. The great advantage of this 
 mode of producing reserves is that by employing a pressing roller of 
 sufficient diameter, reserves of large surface can be easily obtained. 
 This same firm also exhibited a machine called Tireur mecanique^ 
 which is a great improvement on the old Tobby sieve, or the other 
 mechanical means which have been devised to enable the block-printer 
 to carry on his block several colours at once. M. Onfroy has succeeded 
 in enabling the block-printer, by simply moving his feet, to feed the 
 surface of his sieve with a great variety of colours, and to level them 
 with a brush, also mechanically moved, so that whilst he is applying 
 the block to the fabric the machine is preparing the colour for feeding 
 it afresh. 
 
 Thickening Substances. — It will be readily understood that it is 
 necessary that the mordants or colours to be printed, should be of 
 sufficient consistency to remain on those parts of the fabrics when 
 they are left by the rollers, so as to produce sharply-defined patterns, 
 and as a great variety of chemical products are employed, a great 
 variety of thickeners becomes also necessary. 
 
 Thickeners can be classed under two heads. Firstly, those which 
 are merely employed to give proper consistency to the colouring mat- 
 ters, and secondly, those which not only fulfil that purpose, but also 
 serve to fix the colours on the cloth. As I intend to refer to the 
 second class when speaking of the pigment style of printing, I shall 
 here confine my remarks to the first class of thickening substances. 
 I may, however, just state that egg albumen is obtained by evapora- 
 ting in the air at a moderate temperature the white of eggs ; blood 
 albumen by heating in the same manner the serum of blood separated 
 from the red colouring matter called hematosin ; lactarine by curding 
 milk with an acid or rennet, collecting the curd caseins, and washing 
 and drying it ; and gluten by making wheaten flour into a thick dough, 
 aud washing the same under a gentle stream of water, which removes 
 the starch and leaves the elastic substance called gluten. The first 
 class of thickeners consists of wheaten flour, wheaten starch, farina, 
 sago, gum arabic, gum Senegal, &c., and also of a variety of artificial 
 
50 
 
 gums or preparations of flour and starch, which were called into use 
 in consequence of the great increase in the price of gum arabic arising 
 from its extensive employment in printing. Thus farina heated to a 
 temperature of 250 to 300°, and thereby rendered soluble as a gum, 
 became extensively employed as a substitute, and of late years it has 
 assumed an important place in the list of materials used by calico 
 printers. To effect this curious change at the present day, farina is 
 heated to the above temperature, either in a revolving cylinder or in 
 iron troughs placed in a stove for several hours, when it acquires an 
 umber colour, and becomes soluble in water. This change is entirely 
 a molecular one, as the raw and calcined farina have the same compo- 
 sition, notwithstanding which, farina gives a blue colour with iodine, 
 and when calcined a purple. As the colour of calcined farina is an 
 objection to its employment in many instances, it was a great deside- 
 ratum to find a process for its conversion at such a low temperature 
 as to leave the converted farina nearly colourless. This was first 
 effected in 1838, by M. Payen, who found that if to 400 parts of dry 
 farina one part of nitric acid at 1*40 was added, after having been 
 diluted with sufficient water to form with the farina a hard paste, and 
 this then dried slowly and heated in a close chamber for 20 hours, at 
 a temperature of 200° a nearly white farina was obtained. It is 
 interesting to observe how so small a quantity as a few thousandths of 
 acid can effect this great molecular change. Since that time many 
 processes have been devised to attain the same end, for instance the 
 employment of lactic acid by Mr. Edward Hunt, of oxalic and tar- 
 taric acids by others, and lastly a process by Mr. Charles 0'.Neil, which 
 is valuable as it enables him to convert insoluble farina into soluble 
 farina, or dextrine, without any change of colour. This he effects by 
 subjecting starch, farina, and other amylaceous substances to the 
 chemical action of muriatic acid gas, or other acid gas or vapour in a 
 cylinder, the exterior of which is surrounded by an atmosphere of 
 steam. This beautiful preparation has extended the employment of 
 soluble farina as a substitute for gum arabic, the colour which was in- 
 separable from farina previous to this discovery excluding its use in 
 many instances. As calico printing in its present extraordinary de- 
 velopment requires thousands of tons of soluble materials for thick- 
 ening the mordants and colours used, a great variety of this class of 
 artificial gums are prepared so as to meet these requirements. Thus, 
 besides farina, sago, rice, slimes and wheaten flour are used; the latter 
 when heated generally bears the name of British gum, which differs 
 from calcined farina in being soluble in water only at a boiling tem- 
 perature. 
 
 Madder Styles — Although there has been no marked change in this 
 important branch of calico printing, still there are one or two depart- 
 ments in which considerable improvements have been effected, to 
 which I desire to draw your attention, and to enable you better to 
 understand the nature of these improvements, I shall describe them 
 
51 
 
 in the order in which they come into play in the production of this 
 class of goods. The first is the improvements in patterns, arising out 
 ot the before-mentioned advances in the art of engraving. Secondly 
 a saving in the quantity of mordant used ; for the fact which I have 
 already stated with reference to commercial alizarine, viz., that weaker 
 mordants are required, has been proved by Mr. Pincoffs to hold good 
 with all tne other preparations of madder, the strength of the mordant 
 required to obtain the same intensity of shade being less, in proportion 
 as the colouring matter is purer. It is also advisable that I should 
 here slate that the mordants generally used for madder styles, are the 
 pyroligmtes, or acetates of iron and alumina, which under the influ- 
 ence of ageing, ' to be described presently, are so decomposed or mo- 
 dified as to leave on the cloth, either an insoluble oxide or a subsalt, 
 which becomes the intermediate agent for fixing on the fabric the colour- 
 ing matters called alizarine and purpurine, iron giving from a dark pur- 
 ple to alight lilac, alumina from a dark red to a pink, and a mixture of 
 these two mordants a variety of chocolate tints. Thirdly, the most im- 
 portant improvement which has taken place in this branch of printing 
 viz ? a great saving of time and labour in the fixing of mordants by 
 ageing, was first practically carried out by Mr. Walter Crura the 
 emment scientific calico printer. Dr. Schunek says that, " On the 
 proper ageing of printed goods depends, in a great measure, the 
 success of many styles; should a room be too hot or too dry, imper- 
 fect fixation of the colour ensues, and meagre and uneven tints are 
 obtained in the subsequent operations. 
 
 To give a further idea of the importance of this step in calico-printing, 
 I may state that ' ageing-rooms' as they are called, are in several 
 print works of enormous dimensions, and are generally a separate 
 
 rl! # 1 A * ° f MeKS1 ' S Edmund Potter and Co., and Messrs. 
 ihos Hoyie & Sons, may be particularised as forming quite a feature 
 in their works. The process of ageing in calico printing is that by 
 wh.cn a mordant, alter being applied to" a cotton fabric, is placed in 
 circumstances favourable to its being completely incorporated with, 
 and fixed in the fibre. It has generally been found desirable that calicJ 
 printed with a mordant, should, before dyeing, be exposed to the 
 atmosphere for some time in the ageing-room in single folds, which, 
 generally speaking requires several days, the object being, as before 
 Elated, to liberate the acetic acid from the acetates of iron or sulpho- 
 acetaue of alumina, and to oxydise the protoxide of iron. It was for 
 many years believed that oxygen was the only necessary agent, and al- 
 though some printers had observed that moisture facilitated the process, 
 this fact was not generally known until Mr. John Thorn, of Manchester, 
 claimed the introduction of moisture as an important agent in the phe- 
 nomena of ageing, in a patenf which he took out in 1 849. Mr. Walter 
 Crura, f.R.S., was the first printer, however, who, as far as I am 
 aware, practically applied this principle. But I cannot better convince 
 you ot the great saving effected by the judicious employment of steam in 
 
52 
 
 this process, than by giving you, in Mr. Crum's own words, the parti- 
 culars of the plan adopted at Thornliebank printworks: — 
 
 "A building is employed 48 feet long inside and 40 feet high, with 
 a mid-wall from bottom to top running lengthwise, so as to form two 
 apartments each 11 feet wide. The manner in which they are fitted 
 up will be understood by reference to the drawing. 
 
 " In one of these apartments the goods first receive the moisture 
 they require. Besides the ground floor, it has two open sparred floors 
 26 feet apart, upon each of which is fixed a row of tin rollers, all long 
 enough to contain two pieces of cloth at their breadth. The rollers, 
 being threaded, are set in motion by a small steam-engine, and the 
 goods to be aged, which are at first placed in the ground floor, are 
 drawn into the chamber above, where they are made to pass over and 
 under each roller, issuing at last at the opposite end (on the right- 
 hand side of the drawing), where they are folded into bundles on one 
 (at a time) of the three stages which are placed there. These stages 
 are partially separated from, the rest of the chamber by woollen cloths. 
 
 "While the goods are traversing these rollers, they are exposed to 
 heat and moisture, furnished to them by steam, which is made to issue 
 gently from three rows of trumpet-mouth openings. The temperature 
 is raised from 80 to 100 degrees, or more of Fahrenheit — a wet-bulb 
 thermometer indicating at the same time 76 to 96 degrees, or always 
 four degrees less than the dry -bulb thermometer. In this arrangement 
 50 pieces of 25 yards are exposed at one time, and as each piece is a 
 quarter of an hour under the influence of the steam, 200 pieces pass 
 through in an hour. Although workpeople need scarcely ever enter 
 the warmest part of this chamber, a ventilator in the roof is opened 
 when there is any considerable evolution of acetic acid. 
 
 "The mordant, as already explained, does not become fully "aged" 
 by this process alone, although as much so as if it had hung a whole 
 day in cold air. It has received, however, the requisite quantity of 
 moisture (about 7 per cent, of the weight of the printed piece), and is 
 thereby enabled, if an iron mordant, to take oxygen from the air, and 
 to become changed (with time) into the sesquiacetate and sesqui- 
 hydrate of iron. In order to be sufficiently aged, it must be left 
 one or two, or even three days in an atmosphere still warm and moist. 
 
 "It had fortunately been ascertained long before, at Thornliebank, 
 that exposure in single folds after moistening was not necessary. Mr. 
 Graham's experiments on the diffusion of gases through small aper- 
 tures had served to suggest that for the absorption of the small quantity 
 of oxygen required, the goods might as well be wrapped up and laid 
 in heaps. Accordingly, in the operation in question, the moistened 
 goods are carried in bundles into the building on the opposite side of 
 the mid- wall already mentioned, and deposited there upon the sparred 
 floors which are placed there at heights corresponding with the stages 
 in the first apartment on which the goods are folded down. Upon 
 these floors seven or eight thousand pieces may be laid at a time, and 
 
53 
 
 as each piece is 25 yards long, 100 miles is therefore the quantity 
 that can be stored at once. It is necessary, of course, that an elevated 
 temperature, and a corresponding degree of moisture, be preserved in 
 the storing apartments day and night, and 80° Fahr. is sufficient, with 
 the wet bulb at 76°. To effect that object a large iron pipe is placed 
 along the ground-floor underneath, and moderately heated by steam, 
 while a row of small jets in the same position are made to project steam 
 directly into the air of the apartment. The whole building is defended 
 from external cold, and consequently from condensation of steam, by a 
 warmed entrance room, and by double windows and double roof. Small 
 steam pipes are also placed at other points where they seem to be 
 required ; and the apartment with rollers is specially heated, when not 
 in use, by a couple of steam pipes, which are placed under the ceiling 
 of the ground floor. 
 
 "The process of ageing, as thus detailed, was in operation at Thorn- 
 liebank, in the autumn of 1856. About a year afterwards it began to 
 be adopted by other printers, and now it is already in use at at least 
 16 different printing establishments in Scotland and in Lancashire." 
 
 Fourthly, Dung Substitutes. — During the last few years the various 
 dung substitutes, such as the double phosphate of soda and lime, the 
 arsenites and arseniates of soda, and the silicates of soda have com- 
 pletely taken the place of cow dung in the process of dunging, that is 
 to say, a process which consists in passing the mordanted and aged 
 cloth into weak and hot solutions of the above-named substances, with 
 tho view of fixing thoroughly the mordaunt in the cloth, and removing 
 any excess that may have been used, without allowing it to fix itself 
 on the white or unmordanted parts. By the introduction of these 
 dung substitutes, and improved dunging vats, a great saving of time, 
 labour and expense has been effected. Thousands of pieces are now 
 done in the same vat, where formerly as many hundreds only could be 
 so treated. 
 
 Fifthly, Washing Machines, — As madder goods have to be 
 thoroughly washed, not only after this operation, but also after dyeing, 
 several improved machines have been introduced into the trade. I 
 shall only here mention those of Messrs. Mather & Piatt, Mr. Furnival, 
 Mr. S. Barlow, Mr. D. Crawford, the last of which is much used for 
 steam work and loose colours, and especially that of Mr. Thomas 
 "Whittaker, which I have heard highly praised by madder and garancine 
 printers. To give you an idea of the vast capabilities of some of those 
 machines, I will cite the following fact mentioned by Messrs Whittaker : 
 — "Our machine will wash 6,000 yards for all kinds of dyeing purposes, 
 and 12,000 yards for all bleaching purposes, per hour (which only re- 
 quires the attention of a person of 12 or 14 years of age)." 
 
 Sixthly. After the madder goods have undergone the above improved 
 processes they are ready for the dyebeck, where the mordaunts assume 
 the colours for which they are adapted. Here, also, a slight improve- 
 
54 
 
 ment has been effected, the advantage of which is a saving of time ; 
 as it now requires for saturating the mordaunts with alizarine or pur- 
 purine only lj hours for garancine, and 2 hours for madder. After 
 leaving the dye becks the pieces are thoroughly washed in the improved 
 washing machines, but as the white parts (or those not mordaunted) 
 are still soiled and the colours dim, it is necessary to pass the pieces 
 for half an hour into a rather strong soap solution heated to 180°, when 
 the loose dye is not only removed from the white parts, but also from 
 the parts on which colour has been fixed. To finally brighten the 
 colours and completely clean the white portions, the pieces are passed 
 into a weak solution of what is called " chimic," or an alkaline-hypo- 
 chlorite of soda, with a little sulphate, of zinc, until the desired effect 
 is obtained, but latterly this process has been improved by passing the 
 goods rapidly into chimic and then through a steam chest. As the 
 pieces have not yet, however, a commercial appearance, they further 
 undergo what is called finishing, that is, the pieces are passed through 
 a solution of sour flour (flour which has been fermented for several 
 weeks), starch, farina, &c, and then between rollers, dried, and lastly 
 through calenders, the object of which is to fill up the interstices of 
 the fabrics and to give them a glossy appearance. Much improvement 
 has also taken place in this department of printing by the introduction 
 of new T machinery, especially in the methods of adapting the finish to the 
 various markets of the world. I wish to take the opportunity of impres- 
 sing upon printers the importance of dispensing, as much as possible 
 with the use of sour flour, and confining themselves to that of starch 
 or farina, with the addition of about 1 ounce of sulphate of zinc per 
 piece, for the purpose of diminishing the risk of mildew and other 
 stains, to which a low class of printed goods are liable, during their 
 transit in tropical climates, and especially those dyed with common 
 garancine, bark, sumach, and peachwood. 
 
 Specimens of Madder Styles* 
 
 Of late Mr. Emile Kopps purpurine and alizarine have been intro- 
 duced with great success as substitutes for several styles of madder, and 
 the specimens here annexed will show how successful the application of 
 these new colouring matters has proved. 
 
 , * Supplied by Messrs. Symonds, Cunliffe & Co. 
 
00 
 
 The following are the instructions given by Messrs. SchaafY & Lauth, 
 for the application of these new colouring matters : — 
 
 Purpurine dyes with great facility, and at a very moderate tempera- 
 ture ; the bath is perfectly clear, and may serve until exhausted. Upon 
 calico, red and black mordants are dyed very quickly ; a weak soap bath 
 of from 112° to 120° restores the whites and brightens the colours. 
 Violet mordaunts take the colour with the same facility, but the shades 
 are grayish. 
 
 To fasten purpurine colours and preserve the whites it is necessary to 
 mix with the purpurine 15 to 20 times its weight of bran and a sufficient 
 quantity of water, at about 104°, and add it to a bath at about 130°, 
 which is then heated so as to boil in about 3-4ths of an hour, and kept 
 boiling for another 3-4ths of an hour, during which the pieces are passed 
 into it, and afterwards into a boiling bran bath, after which a simple 
 washing will suffice to render the whites perfect. 
 
 To prepare a steam colour with purpurine for cloth, mordaunted with 
 alumina, the following is the best plan : The purpurine is added to 20 per 
 cent of its weight of carbonate of soda ; the whole being well brayed to- 
 gether, hot rain water is added to it, and a magnificent red solution is 
 obtained, which is filtered and left to cool. It is then thickened with 
 starch to the required consistency, and maybe preserved without altera- 
 tion for a long time. When required it is printed, steamed and washed in 
 cold water. With 20 grammes (about 300 grains) of purpurine per 
 quart, a good colour is obtained. 
 
 If in filtering the purpurine solution there is any deposit on the filter, 
 it may be used in ordinary dyeing. 
 
 Alizarine. — This colour is used for dyeing upon cotton and calico in 
 the same manner as garancine and flower of madder. Its properties 
 are very similar to those of flower of madder, but the colours are faster. 
 
 Upon calico, double and triple violets, with black single and double 
 roses, and Turkey red, are obtained as easily with this product as with 
 any preparation of garancine. 
 
 The colours of alizarine possess the great advantage of being acted 
 upon by soap, acid, alkalis, and the salts or solution of tin, without 
 losing intensity, and at the same time they gain in brilliancy ; it is there- 
 fore necessary to use an eighth or tenth less of the mordaunt, to avoid 
 obtaining deeper shades than would be produced by garancine or flower 
 of madder. 
 
 In dyeing with alizarine it should be moistened with warm water be- 
 fore being placed in the bath, otherwise it will float, and, perhaps, stain 
 the cloth. 
 
 As alizarine does not part with its colouring principle at a lower tem- 
 perature than from 105° to 120°, it is not necessary to pass the goods 
 into the bath below 85° to 90°, but it is better to keep them at that 
 heat two hours before proceeding to the boil. 
 
56 
 
 The brightening of the various colours dyed with alizarine is done in 
 the same way as for garancine, &c, but as the whites remain better, 
 less soaping is required. 
 
 Lime has a great affinity for alizarine, and it is therefore necessary to 
 attend to the purity of the water used, neutralizing it, if required, with 
 oxalic acid. 
 
 Purpurine.* Alizarine.* Purpurine* 
 
 
 
 The process for producing Turkey-red on fabrics being identical with 
 that for yarns (already described in my first lecture), it is unnecessary to 
 repeat here the details of the process, But besides the intricate and 
 difficult manipulation which Turkey-red goods have to undergo, there is 
 another peculiarity connected with them, viz., the method by which the 
 whites are obtained, which is the reverse of that followed with madder 
 goods, in which the whites are preserved, whilst in the case of Turkey- 
 red the whites are obtained by destroying the colour after it has been 
 fixed. This is done by printing tartaric acid on the cloth, and then 
 bringing it into contact with bleaching liquor (or hypochlorite of lime), 
 or by forcing a weak solution of sulphuric acid and bleaching powder 
 through perforated plates, the result being that the red is destroyed on 
 those parts where the acid and bleaching liquor have come in contact 
 with the fabric. 
 
 In the last Exhibition there were some beautiful examples of plain 
 and printed Turkey red fabrics exhibited by the following firms : — 
 
 United Kingdom. — H, Monteith and Co., J. 0. Ewing and Co., W. 
 Stirling and Sons. 
 
 France. — C. Steiner. 
 
 Russia. — A. Baranova. 
 
 Switzerland. — Luchsmejer, Elmer, and Oertli (367). 
 
 I wish specially to state with reference to the Turkey-red goods ex- 
 hibited by the above Scotch houses, that they have succeeded in retaining 
 among them a large share of this important manufacture, which has 
 disappeared from some districts where it had originally attained its 
 greatest renown. 
 
 The last improvement which I am aware of in this branch of manu- 
 facture is that invented by Mr. Horace Koechlin, who has lately pub- 
 lished a simple method for obtaining a blue or a green, by means of 
 
 * Supplied by Messrs. SchaafF & Lauth. 
 
67 
 
 a compound of iron and lead. A lead mordaunt is fixed on the 
 fabrics by means either of ammonia or sulphate of soda, the fabric being 
 further padded in a weak solution of either silicate or arseniate of soda. 
 The pieces are then padded at a temperature of 140° in a beck contain- 
 ing 200 gallons of water, six pounds of sulphate of protoxide of iron, and 
 three ounces of protochloride of tin. The pieces are washed and then 
 passed into a second hath, composed of 200 gallons of water, 151bs. of 
 yellow prussiate, with 31bs. of sulphuric acid, after which they are washed 
 and dried. By this process the ground of the piece is blue, and wherever 
 there is lead green is produced. 
 
 Indigo, — Most of the styles obtained with this valuable dye-stuff 
 are due to the mixture of printing and dyeing, and only a few im- 
 provements have been effected herein, to my knowledge, during the 
 last ten years. 
 
 First, the usual method of dyeing cotton, plain or self blue, is to 
 fill with water large stone vats, and dissolving in them two parts of 
 sulphate of protoxide of iron, adding one part of finely ground indigo, 
 and then three parts of hydrate of lime. After having well stirred 
 the whole for several hours, pieces of calico which have been hooked 
 on a frame and dipped in lime water, are then plunged for 15 minutes 
 into the vat, when the blue indigo which has been converted into white 
 indigo by the protoxide of iron, and rendered soluble by the excess of 
 lime, fixes itself on the fibre, and, on the exposure of the latter to the 
 atmosphere, re-absorbs oxygen and becomes blue. When white patterns 
 are required, the pieces are printed before dyeing with what is called a 
 u reserve," that is, a composition which prevents the colour from fixing 
 itself on the fibre ; the chief ingredient for that purpose is sulphate of 
 copper, which acts by prematurely oxydising the indigo, and thus pre- 
 venting its fixation. In both these cases the pieces are passed through 
 a weak sulphuric acid bath to perfectly fix the indigo, and formerly 
 the copper thereby liberated from the fabrics was completely lost. Mr. 
 Joseph Leese has recently devised a method of saving this valuable 
 metal. To effect this, the diluted solution of sulphate of copper is made 
 to filter through vessels containing wrought-iron turnings, the acid 
 thus dissolving the iron, which may be used as sulphate of protoxide of 
 iron for future operations, whilst the copper deposited on the excess of 
 iron employed may be used, if thought fit, to manufacture again sul- 
 phate of copper. To give an idea of the importance of small savings, 
 I may state that this ingenious, but apparently trifling improvement, 
 saved at least £3,000 a-year to one firm. 
 
 Secondly. A few years ago I was also able to effect an economy in this 
 branch of calico printing, which consisted in extracting from the cold 
 indigo vats which were considered by the printer to be exhausted, a 
 considerable percentage of the indigo originally employed. Having 
 observed that a green insoluble flocculent matter, which remained in 
 the vats, and which was considered by chemists and printers to be 
 simply oxide of iron, was in reality a compound of indigo and iron, I 
 
58 
 
 devised the following simple means of extracting the indigo therefrom : 
 — The green pulp alluded to was conveyed from the several exhausted 
 indigo vats into a general receptacle, and there mixed, first with a 
 small quantity of hydrochloric acid, so as to remove the excess of lime, 
 allowing the green pulp to settle, and running off the liquor. The so 
 purified green pulp was then treated with strong hydrochloric acid, 
 when chloride of iron was produced, and the indigo liberated, which 
 required only to be washed to become again fit for use. 
 
 Thirdly. Although the printing of indigo offers great difficulty, still 
 several printers have recourse to it from time to time, with greater or 
 less success. The usual method of printing indigo consisted in mixing 
 finely-powdered indigo with orpiment, or protochloride of tin, with a 
 caustic alkali, and this process was further facilitated by printing the 
 pieces in an atmosphere of coal gas, as devised by Mr. Bennett Wood- 
 croft, the present learned officer of the Great Seal Patent Office, and 
 carried out by Messrs. T. Hoyle and Sons, of Manchester. But of late 
 years Mr. Joseph Leese, of Messrs. Kershaw, Leese, and Co., has suc- 
 ceeded in applying the following method, first devised by Mr. Fritzsche. 
 The indigo is finely ground, and reduced to an impalpable powder, and 
 then mixed with glucose, lime, and caustic soda, in such proportions 
 as are needed to produce the shade of colour required. These materials 
 are all mixed cold, and after the cloth is printed with the mixture it is 
 passed through a steam chest, in which it is exposed for the space of 
 from 30 to 60 seconds. In this short period the indigo is completely 
 reduced and rendered soluble, when it enters into the fibre, and on 
 emerging from the steam chest it becomes oxydised and fixed by ex- 
 posure to the atmosphere, or the pieces may be immersed in a solution 
 of an oxydising agent, such as dilute sulphate of copper, after which 
 they only require to be washed, dried, and finished. 
 
 I am not aware of any marked improvement in the style of printing 
 called " spirit colours/' but in that of "steam colours" considerable 
 advance has been made since 1851, rather, however, in a mechanical 
 and artistic, than in a chemical point of view on the other hand. Still 
 it is so largely used at the present day, especially in producing furni- 
 ture prints, it is desirable to give an outline of its chief characteristics. 
 Either the colour is mixed with a mordaunt and then printed on the 
 cloth and submitted to the action of steam in a close chamber or over 
 a perforated cylinder, or the pieces are passed through a tin solution, 
 the oxide of tin being precipitated on the fabric by a chemical process, 
 when the colour, properly thickened, is printed and afterwards sub- 
 mitted to the action of steam. It is chiefly by this style of printing that 
 such fine effects are produced upon mixed fabrics of cotton and wool. 
 It was owing to certain mechanical improvements that Mr. Robert Kay, 
 calico printer, of Manchester, and his workmen, had the honour of 
 obtaining the gold medal at the Paris Exhibiton of 1855. The beau- 
 tiful furniture patterns which he exhibited there were the result, not 
 only of artistic skill, and of improved machinery, by which twenty 
 
59 
 
 colours can be printed at once, but also an invention patented by Mr. 
 K. Burch, of Macclesfield, of which Mr. Kay availed himself with great 
 tact. Of course you must be aware that, in order to produce light 
 shades of colour, the darker shades are diluted with gum water, or re- 
 duced liquid ; this was the work of the colour mixer, and, therefore, 
 to produce four colours and four shades of each colour, sixteen rollers 
 would be required. Now the invention of Mr. Burch consists in re- 
 ducing the colour upon the cloth during the process of printing. The 
 pattern of the paler shades of each colour in a chintz design being 
 engraved on one roller, an impression in gum- water or reducing liquid 
 is given off upon the cloth first, the impression of the other rollers then 
 following in the usual order ; where the different colours fall upon the 
 gum- water a lighter shade is produced, owing to the dilutipj^of the 
 colour on those parts, which effect may be still further heightened, by 
 more lightly engraving the corresponding parts of the colouring roller, 
 so that a less quantity of colour shall be given off. The application of 
 this process to furniture styles, first by Mr. Kay, and of late by Messrs. 
 Littlewood and Wilson, and other large printers of Manchester, to- 
 gether with the substitution of the large rollers above mentioned, for 
 block printing, has produced quite a revolution in furniture styles, of 
 which fine specimens were seen at the last Exhibition. By the adap- 
 tation to this style of the " pigment' ' principle, some French houses 
 exhibited some most magnificent examples of furniture printing, of 
 which I noticed especially those of Messrs. Thierry Meig, and Hugue- 
 nin Collineau. 
 
 The introduction of the tar colours has enabled the woollen and silk 
 printers to obtain, with the aid of steam, most excellent effects, by 
 which many of them, chiefly foreigners, have displayed a great variety 
 of very beautiful specimens, this being particularly noticeable in the 
 production of cheap and elegant goods, principally shawls, in the 
 Prussian and Austrian departments. I also admired some fine speci- 
 mens of steam work on mixed fabrics for ladies' dresses in the exhibit 
 of Messrs. Leitenberger (Austria), and the Rossendale Printing Com- 
 pany, Manchester. 
 
 Pigment Printing. — This style remained for many years in a dormant 
 condition, owing, firstly, to the insufficient varieties of pigments, and 
 secondly, to the difficulty of finding a proper fixing agent, for it was 
 necessary to find a substance which would give the pigment the required 
 consistency, and at the same time cause it to ad- 
 here to the cloth. In 1843 india-rubber dissolved 
 in naphtha was proposed as a fixing agent for ar- 
 tificial ultramarine, but owing to the danger of fire, 
 and for other reasons, this method was abandoned. 
 In 1847, egg albumen was introduced into this 
 country for the same purpose, but owing to the 
 coarseness of the ultramarine, and its high price, 
 which was about £8 per lb, (it is now Is. 3d.) the progress of this mode 
 

 60 
 
 of printing was greatly retarded. In 1849, Mr. R. T. Pattison, of 
 Glasgow, patented the use of caseine from milk, which he called lacta- 
 rine, which promoted the use of ultramarine, buff, and stone pigments 
 in shawl printing. About the same period, another fixing agent was in- 
 troduced, viz., albumen obtained from blood. The style of pigment 
 printing, however, received an extraordinary impetus in the spring of 
 1859, when the purple aniline of Mr. Perkinwas successfully introduced 
 by Messrs. James Black and Co., of Glasgow, and the French purple of 
 Messrs. Guinon, Marnas, and Bonnet, of Lyons, by Messrs. Walter 
 Crum and Co., Dalglish and Co., Boyd and Hamel, Inglis and Wake- 
 field, Heys, &c, who obtained the splendid mauves and purples which 
 astonished the world by their beauty, fastness, and brilliancy, by 
 printin^albumen or lactarine on muslin, and fixing the same by coagu- 
 lating ltby the action of steam. The pieces were then passed into the 
 dyebeck, containing in solution Mr. Perkin's aniline purple, or Messrs. 
 Guinon, Marnas, and Co.'s French purple, first dissolved in oxalic acid, 
 French Purple. and then added to a slightly ammoniacal bath, 
 when the albumen or lactarine took up the colour 
 and fixed it on the cloth, the pieces being then 
 thoroughly washed, to remove any excess of colour. 
 In the middle of the same year, a beautiful green 
 W& jPji pigment, which had been patented in 1858, by Mr. 
 
 1&& ; Guignet, was introduced, and as it is extensively 
 
 ^P employed, it may be interesting to know how this 
 green oxide of chrome is produced. Three parts of 
 boracia acid are intimately mixed with one part of bichromate of potash 
 and a sufficient quantity of water to form the whole into a thick paste. 
 It is then introduced into a furnace, and heated to a dull red heat, when 
 Guignefs Green. a borate of potash and a borate of oxide of chrome 
 .^ yi.^.^ fc^rf, are produced. The mass is allowed to cool, and 
 is then thrown into cold water, when the borate 
 i of potash dissolves, and the borate of oxide of 
 chrome is decomposed, the hydrate of oxide of 
 chromium, C2 Os + 3HO, falling to the bottom as 
 a magnificent green powder, which requires only to 
 .jA be well washed and drained to be ready for use. 
 The peculiarity of this green, as w 7 ell as of one 
 prepared by Mr. Arnaudon, of Turin, from phosphate of ammonia and 
 bichromate of potash, is that, besides being of a brilliant green, they 
 maintain this colour by artificial light. In the last Exhibition I noticed 
 some very fine intensely dark green pigment on some muslin fabrics, 
 and on inquiry, found that it was produced by a German chemist, and 
 was assured that it was a cyanurated compound of chrome, corresponding 
 in composition to Prussian blue, the chromium being substituted for 
 iron. 
 
 In the month of November, 1859, the magenta colour, or fuchsine, of 
 
61 
 
 Messrs. Henard, was also introduced to the printing trade, and fixed by 
 the above described method. The beautiful pinks thus obtained were 
 soon followed by the application of roseine, azaleine, and other aniline 
 reds. In May, 1859, a further improvement was made, which reduced 
 the cost of applying these colours to muslins, by Mr. Walter Crura, who 
 made the curious observation that if the gluten of wheaten flour is 
 allowed by exposure to the atmosphere to fall into a semi-fluid condition, 
 it is easily dissolved in a weak solution of caustic soda, which solution he 
 used as a substitute for albumen or lactarine. About the same time, Mr. 
 Scheurer-Kestner also introduced the use of gluten by the aid of weak 
 acids, and Messrs. W. A. Perkin, and Matthew Gray, of the Dalmarnock 
 Printing Company, proposed to fix the coal tar colours on fabrics by 
 means of a lead soap, already referred to in my previous lecture*; 
 
 Early in 1860 calico printers succeeded in printing the aniline 
 colours directly with the animal mordaunts, instead of dyeing the mor- 
 daunts after the latter were printed and fixed, and thus were enabled 
 Pigment Printing. not only to print a variety of colours on the same 
 j - piece, but also to effect a great saving and sim- 
 
 plicity in the operation. By this means the 
 pigment style was fully developed, and an entirely 
 new class of prints was introduced into this 
 market. 
 
 Owing to the great extension of this style, the 
 cost of the animal mordaunts became such a 
 serious consideration as to cause anxious search 
 for other means of fixing the colours, and Mr. Charles Lowe and 
 myself having observed in 1856 that tanning matters would precipitate 
 and render insoluble certain coal-tar colours, and having further 
 observed, at the end of 1859, that tannin, when printed on cloth 
 and submitted to the action of steam would become fixed, and serve 
 as a mordaunt for coal-tar colours, we took out a provisional specifica- 
 tion on the 10th of December, 1859, for fixing the insoluble tanning 
 compound formed by adding a solution of gall-nuts, to a coal-tar colour, 
 on cloth prepared with oxide of tin or alumina, or other metallic oxides. 
 For various reasons this patent was not proceeded with, but in the early 
 part of 1861 Mr. Gratrix, with the intelligent and persevering assist- 
 Anilim fixed by Messrs. ance of Messrs. Butterworth and Brooks, of Man- 
 Butteruwrth^? Br^>ks. cnes t e r, succeeded in fixing aniline purples, which, 
 though faster against soap than those printed with 
 albumen, did not so perfectly resist the action of 
 light. The first process used by Mr. Gratrix was, 
 with a very "slight modification, the same as that 
 described above, but his second process, which I 
 think he preferred, was the following : — he took 
 cloth prepared with oxide of tin, such as is gene- 
 rany used tor steam colours, and after having printed it with a gall-nut 
 
62 
 
 solution, submitted it to the action of steam, when the tannin became 
 fixed and insoluble ; the pieces were then passed through a dunging 
 liquor, washed, and then into a beck containing aniline purple mixed 
 with a little acetic acid. As the bath was gradually carried to the boil, 
 the colour fixed itself on the tannin, and thus produced the print, but 
 as the whites were rather soiled, the pieces were passed into a weak 
 acid bath, or through a weak solution of printing clearing liquor, such 
 as is used for garancine. 
 
 Early in 1860, Mr. John Lightfoot also took out a patent to fix 
 Aniline fixed by Messrs. colours, especially those from coal-tar, "bv various 
 Littlewood ft Wilson. means? tne chief of which was taunate of" gelatine. 
 In 1861 patents were secured by Messrs. Patti- 
 son, Miller, and Nathaniel Lloyd, and J. G. Dale. 
 The last of these patents is, in my opinion, one of 
 the best which have been taken out for that pur- 
 pose, and is successfully worked by Messrs. 
 Littlewood and Wilson, of Accrington. 
 
 I cannot cto better than give this extract from their patent : — 
 
 " Our invention consists in an improved method of fixing that class of 
 colours derived from aniline, naphthaline, &c. (known under the names of 
 mauve, magenta, rosaline, roseine, &c.) upon cotton or linen materials or 
 fabrics. In order to accomplish this object we mix tannin with the colour to 
 be printed, and thicken it with gum Senegal or any other appropriate thick- 
 ening. This colour is printed upon unprepared goods, steamed, and passed 
 through a boiling solution of tartarized antimony; or we print on tannin 
 alone thickened with gum Senegal, steam, and pass through the antimony 
 solution, and afterwards dye the cloth in a weak solution of mauve or other 
 aniline colour, which solution we prefer to be used with acetic acid. When 
 we desire to use the first-mentioned process we take a colour compound as 
 under, — 
 
 1 gall, gum water, 8 to 10 oz. of pure tannin. 
 Coloring matter to shade required. 
 
 This is then printed upon unprepared goods, steamed at a pressure of 
 from fib to lib. per square inch, and passed through a bath of tartarized 
 antimony of the strength of about 2 oz. per gallon of water, at a temperature 
 of from 180° to 2L2° F. After passing through this solution the goods ere 
 washed, dried, and finished in the usual manner. 
 
 Mr. Emile Kopphas lately published an interesting paper on the tan- 
 nate of rosaniline, which although insoluble in water is soluble in acetic 
 acid, and thus is susceptible of application^, for after the application of 
 this solution on a print, its solvent (acetic acid ) is easily driven off by 
 steam, and the tannate of rosaniline is fixed on the fabric. Strong 
 alkalies and acids decompose this product, and therefore spoil the 
 colour. Mr. Kopp has further made the interesting remark that when 
 tannate of rosaniline is mixed with wood spirit containing but a small 
 quantity of acid, its colour changes from red to purple, and then to 
 
63 
 
 blue; a gentle heat facilitates this curious transformation. This blue 
 can be precipitated from its alcoholic solution by the addition of a 
 small quantity of carbonate of soda. The alcoholic solution can be 
 employed for dyeing silk and wool, but the shades are not sufficiently 
 brilliant to compete with those of azuline or bleu de Lyon. 
 
 Although it has been long known to chemists that aniline would yield 
 a green colour when submitted to the action of certain oxidizing agents, 
 up to the present time all efforts to dye silk or wool commercially with 
 it have failed; but in 1860, Messrs. Calvert, Clift and Lowe, introduced 
 a most easy and practical method of producing it, under the name of 
 emeraldine, on cotton fabrics, specimens of which were exhibited in the 
 chemical department. 
 
 Enieraldine. 
 
 The process consists in printing an acid chloride of 
 aniline on a cotton fabric prepared with chlorate 
 of potash, and in a few hours a beautiful bright 
 green gradually appears, which only requires to 
 be washed. If the green fabric is passed through 
 a solution of bichromate of potash, this colour is 
 transformed into a dark indigo blue, called azurine. 
 The production of this colour directly on the 
 fabric is most important, and it will probably lead 
 to the similar production of the other coal-tar colours, without previous 
 treatment, directly on the cloth. By this means not only the great loss 
 oi aniline in the original production of the colour will be avoided, but 
 a considerable economy of mordants will be effected. 
 
 These gentlemen also induced Messrs. Wood and Wright at the end 
 of 1860 to produce by their process dark green or blue, which they con- 
 sidered sufficiently good to be introduced into the market, and Messrs. 
 Wood and Wright have further effected an improvement in these dark 
 shades, which may be called black, by adding to the chlorate of potash 
 persalts of iron, or other oxydising agents ; also by oxydising the colour 
 thus produced on the fabric (which is the chief novelty of this process), 
 either by a weak solution of bichromate of potash 
 or bleaching powder. Nitrate of copper may be 
 mixed with the hydrochlorate of aniline, without 
 the addition of chlorate of potash, and the mix- 
 ture printed on the fabric, when gradually a dark 
 green or black is produced. This mode of printing 
 directly on the fabric gives green or blue, so dark 
 as to be almost identical with black. 
 
 Dark blues imitating indigo have also been produced on a commer- 
 cial scale by this process, and its success was such that if the colour 
 had not been affected by acids, it would have superseded most of the 
 indigo styles. 
 
 A most interesting and valuable method of applying aniline colours 
 on fabrics has been devised by M. Onfroy, of Paris. It consists in 
 
 Aniline Black. 
 
64 
 
 printing the aniline red, purple, or blue, on a solid black or brown 
 ground, in which gallic acid has been used instead of the ordinary tan- 
 ning matters, the result of which is, that the black or brown ground is 
 more easily reduced, so that if he mixes with the aniline colours and 
 animal mordaunts some acid, such as oxalic acid, the black or brown is 
 destroyed, and the aniline colour fixed. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the beautiful colours obtained from coal-tar 
 should be exposed to injury in public estimation, owing to certain par- 
 ties printing them with starch only, by which they are so loosely at- 
 tached to the fabric, that a slight washing in pure water will entirely 
 remove the colour and leave nothing but white cloth. By such means 
 the reputation of this style of printing is being rapidly destroyed, and 
 these colours, which might otherwise become a valuable addition to the 
 printers' repertoire, are likely to lose altogether the favour of the public. 
 This subject is so important that I cannot refrain from making another 
 remark, viz , that if the use of coal-tar colours were properly encou- 
 raged, they would doubtless gradually decrease in price, and this coun- 
 try, instead of being tributary to others for its dyestuffs, would in time 
 become the purveyor of dyeing materials, or of the substances yielding 
 them, to the whole world. 
 
 I cannot conclude this paper without calling your attention to the 
 immense extent to which calico printing is carried out, and the wonder- 
 ful progress it has made. Thus in 1830 about 200,000 pieces were 
 printed. In 1851, according to a lecture delivered before this society 
 by Mr. E. Potter, MP., the estimated quantity of goods exported was 
 6,465,000 pieces, and the same authority estimates that in 1857 the 
 export of printed calico amounted to about 27,000,000 pieces. 
 
 %* The optical apparatus for detecting madder colours (mentioned in 
 page 7) may be obtained of Mr. G. Dancer, Cross Street, Manchester. 
 
 Specimen of "Picric Acid — (omitted in its proper place.) 
 
 Palmer and Howb, Printers, Bond Street, Manchester, 
 
JPR^CTICAX, 
 
 AND 
 
 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 
 
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 M®* Any of the following Books will be sent by mail, free of postage, at tho 
 publication price. Catalogues furnished on application. 
 
 American Miller and Millwright's Assistant : 
 
 A new and thoroughly revised Edition, with additional En- 
 gravings. By William Carter Hughes. In one Volume, 
 12mo $1.50 
 
 Armengaud, Amoroux, and Johnson. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN'S BOOK OF 
 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN, and Machinist's and Engineer's 
 Drawing Companion; forming a complete course of Mechan- 
 ical Engineering and Architectural Drawing. From the 
 French of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof, of Design in the 
 Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. Ar- 
 mengaud the younger, and Amoroux, Civil Engineers. Re- 
 written and arranged with additional matter and plates, 
 selections from and examples of the most useful and gener- 
 ally employed mechanism of the day. By William Johnson, 
 Assoc. Inst. C. E., Editor of "The Practical Mechanic's 
 Journal." Illustrated by fifty folio steel plates and fifty 
 wood-cuts. A new edition. 4to $10.00 
 
 Among the contents are '.—Linear Drawing, Definitions and Problems^ 
 Plate I. Applications, Designs for inlaid Pavements, Ceilings, and Balco- 
 nies. Plate II. Sweeps, Sections, and Mouldings, Plate III. Elementary 
 
 1 
 
PBACTICAL A3STD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Gothic Forms and Rosettes, Plate IV. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas and 
 
 Volutes, Plate V. Rules and Practical Data.' Study oj : ProhTiovsl rfe 
 
 mentary Principles, Plate VI. Of Prisms and other Solids, Plate VII 
 
 Rules and Practical Data. On Coloring Sections, with Applicatdns-Conven 
 
 tional Colors Composition or Mixture of Colors, Plate X. Continuation o, 
 
 the Study oj Projections-Vse of sections-details of machinery, Plate XI 
 
 Simple apphcations-spindles, shafts, couplings, wooden patterns, Plate XII 
 
 Method of constructing a wooden model Or pattern of a coupling, Elemen 
 
 tary applications-rails and chairs for railways, Plate XIII. Rules an, 
 
 Practical Data-Strength of material, Resistance to compression or crush 
 
 ing force, Tensional Resistance, Resistance to flexure. Resistance to torsion 
 
 Friction of surfaces in contact. ^ 
 
 The Intersection and Development of Surfaces with \pplica- 
 
 ttons.-T^ Intersection of Cylinders and Cones, Plate XIV. The Delincatio% 
 
 and Development oj Helices. Screws, and Serpentines, Plate XV. Application 
 
 of the hehx-the construction of a staircase, Plate XVI. The Intersection 
 
 nnil £11* - a T ^ lcatl <> ns to stopcocks, Plate XVII. Rules and Practical 
 
 nf h^if S-' nit - y ° f h ??' Heatin S surface, Calculation of the dimensions 
 
 of boilers, Dimensions of fire grates, Chimneys, Safety valves 
 
 The Study and Construction of Toothed Gear.— Involute cvcloid 
 and epicycloid, Plates XVIII. and XIX. Involute, Fig. 1 ^ Plate XV II.' 
 ^ y ,r°l d ;if lg ; 2 ' fi Plae . X y i ? L ., External epicycloid, 'described by a circle 
 fU S g w«£ vTv ed nT le 1 ?- Slde { h Fi - 3 ' Plate XIX - Internal epicycloid, 
 'iffyft P1 A te XIX - f Delin eation of a rack and pinion in gear, Fig. 4, Plate 
 x y. n j . Gearing of a worm with a worm-wheel, Figs. 5 and 6, Plate XVIII 
 Cylindrical or Spur Gearing, Plate XIX. Practical delineation of a couple of 
 Spur-wheels Plate XX. The Delineation and Construction of Wooden Patterns 
 for Toothed Wheels, Plate XXI. Rules and Practical D«ta-Toothed gearing 
 Angular and circumferential velocity of wheels, Dimensions of gearing' 
 Thickness of the teeth, Pitch of the teeth, Dimensions of the web, Number 
 and dimensions of the arms, wooden patterns. 
 
 Continuation of the Study of Toothed GEAR.-Design for a pair 
 of bevel-whee s in gear Plate XXII. Construction of wooden patterns for 
 a pair of bevel-wheels, Plate XXIII. Involute and Helical Teeth. Plate XXIV 
 Contrivances for obtaining Differential Movements— The delineation of eccen- 
 t^ an ,i cai ? 3 ' pla ^ e XXV * Rules and Practical Data— Mechanical work of 
 < effect, Ihe simple machines, Centre of gravity, On estimating the power of 
 prime movers, Calculation for the brake, The fall of bodies, Momentum, 
 Central torces. ' 
 
 Elementary Principles of Shadows.— Shadows of Prisms, Pyramids 
 and Cylinders Plate , XXVI. Principles of Shading, Plate XXVII. ' ConZuZ 
 HonoJ the Study of Shadows, Plate XXVIII. Tuscan Order, Plate XXIX 
 Rules and Practical Data-Pumps, Hydrostatic principles, Forcing pumps, 
 Lilting and forcing pumps, The Hydrostatic press, Hydrostatical calcula- 
 tions and data-discharge of water tnrough different orifices, Gauging of a 
 water-course of uniform section and fall, Velocity of the bottom of water- 
 courses, Calculations of the discharge of water through rectangular orifices 
 of narrow edges, Calculation of the discharge of water through overshot 
 rWho'fT? det fr i ^ 1I J e the vvidth of an overshot outlet, To determine the 
 depth of the outlet, Outlet with a spout or duct. 
 
 ^? P1 r ICA T IO o N OF s hadows to Toothed Gear, Plate XXX. Application 
 of Shadows to Screws Plate XXXI. Application of Shadows to a Boiler and its 
 1 urnace Plate XXXII. Shading in Black-Shading in Colors, Plate XXXIII 
 m i n , UT TJ N ? AN ^ Shapin g of Masonry, Plate XXXIV. Rules and Prac- 
 tical Data— Hydraulic motors, Undershot water-wheels, with plane floats 
 fhi h R c r c f ula " ch ™ R & » Diameter, Velocity, Number, and capacity of 
 the buckets Useful effect of the water-wheel, Overshot water-wheels, Water- 
 
 M^mSmS?tS$* Wate ™ heel with c —<* ^cketB, Turbines. 
 
 The Study of Machinery and Sketching.— Various applications and 
 combinations: The Sketching of Machinery, Plates XXXV. and XXXVI 
 Drilling Machines ; Motive Machines; Water-wheels, Construction and set- 
 
 ? g *} p J? f water-wheels, Delineation of water-wheels, Design of a water- 
 vvv\V?t o,° a w ater " wh eel ; Overshot Water-wheels, Water Pumps, Plate 
 yyyvttt % e «™* Iotors i High-pressure expansive steam-engine*, Plates 
 rilon-l. }■ ' XX , •' and , XL - Delails °f Construction; Movements of the 
 Visb ibuiion and Expansion Valves ; Rules and Practical Data— Steam-engines • 
 Low-pressure condensing engines without expansion valve, Diameter 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 nf piston. Velocities, Steam pipes and passages, Air-pump and condenser, 
 Cold-water and feed-pumps, High-pressure expansive engines, Medium pres- 
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 fugal governor. 
 
 Oblique Projections.— Application of rules to the delineation of an 
 oscillating cylinder. Plate XLI. 
 
 Parallel Pi. rspective.— Principles and applications, Plate XLII. 
 
 True Perspective. — Elementary principles, Plate XLIII. Applications 
 — flour mill driven by belts, Plates XL1V. and XLV. Description of the 
 mill, Representation of the mill in perspective, Notes of recent improve- 
 ments in flour mills, Schiele's mill, Mullin's "ring millstone," Barnett'a 
 millstone, Hastie's arrangement for driving mills, Currie's improvements in 
 millstones. Rules and Practical Data— Work performed by various ma- 
 chines, Flour mills, Saw-mills, Veneer sawing machines, Circular saws. 
 
 Examples of Finished Drawings of Machinery.— Plate A, Balance 
 water-meter; Plate B, Engineer's shaping machine; Plates C, D, E, Express 
 locomotive engine; Plate F, Wood planing machine; Plate G, Washing 
 machine for piece goods ; Plate H, power-loom ; Plate I, Duplex steam 
 boiler ; Plate J, Direct-acting marine engines. 
 
 Drawing Instruments. 
 
 Arrowsmith. Paper-Hanger's Companion : 
 
 By James Arrowsmith. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Baird. The American Cotton Spinner, and 
 Manager's and Carder's Guide : 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning ; giving the Di- 
 mensions and Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist Calcu- 
 lations, etc. ; with notices of recent Improvements : together 
 with Kules and Examples for making changes in the sizes 
 and" numbers of Roving and Yarn. Compiled from the pa- 
 pers of the late Robert H. Baird. 12mo $1.50 
 
 Contents. — Introduction ; On the Plan of a Factory Building ; On the 
 Main Gearing ; On Water-wheels ; Calculations of Horse- Power for Pro- 
 pelling Cotton Spinning Machinery ; Willie or Picking Machine ; On Wil- 
 leying Cotton ; Spreading Machine ; On Spreading Cotton ; Carding ; Cards 
 and Carding- ; Covering Emery Rollers and Emeries ; The Drawing-frame ; 
 Roving ; General Remarks on Drawing and Roving ; Throstles : Remarks 
 on Throstles ; Mule Spinning ; General Observations on Mule Spinning ; 
 Weaving ; Belting ; Miscellaneous matters. 
 
 Beans. A Treatise on Railroad Curves and 
 the Location of Railroads : 
 
 By E. W. Beans, C. E. 12mo. (In press.) 
 
 Bishop. A History of American Manufac- 
 tures : 
 
 From 1608 to 1866 : exhibiting tlie Origin and Growth of 
 the Principal Mechanic Arts and Manufactures, from the 
 Earliest Colonial Period to the Present Time ; with a Notice 
 of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Results of each 
 Decennial Census. By J. Leander Bishop, M. D. ; to which 
 is added Notes on the Principal Manufacturing Centres and 
 Remarkable Manufactories. By Edward Young and Edwin 
 
 T. Freedley. In three vols., 8vo $8.00 
 
 3 
 
PRACTICAL AZKTD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Blmn. A Practical Workshop Companion 
 for Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-Plate Work- 
 ers: 
 
 Containing Kules for describing various kinds of Patterns used 
 by Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-Plate Workers ; Practical Ge- 
 ometry; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids; Tables of the 
 Weights of Metals, Lead Pipe, etc. ; Tables of Areas and Cir- 
 cumferences of Circles ; Japan, Tarnishes, Lackers Cements 
 Compositions, etc., etc. By Leroy J. Blinn, Master Me- 
 chanic. With over One Hundred Illustrations. 12mo. $2.5(1 
 
 CONTENTS.-Mej for Describing Patterns.— An Envelope for a Cone A 
 Frustrum of a Cone, A Can top or Deck flange ; A Pattern for, or an Enve- 
 {?£n a f0 I % FrUS . trU1 ^ of 1 a A C ? n f' £ papering Oval Article to be in four Set 
 l™? 8 > a A J a P erin S °val Article to be in two Sections, A Tapering Oval Ar- 
 S^, 1 ^ Oval and Oblong Article, the sides to b?Stpa!ght .with 
 Quarter Circle corners, to be in two Sections, A Tapering Oval or Oblong 
 Article i,the sides i to be Straight , one end to be a Semicircle, the other end 
 tt straight, with Quarter Circle corners, to be in two Sections, A Tapering 
 £ ?1 £ 2 l ?ng A £ tlcle '. the *l a ™ to be Straight, with Semicircle ends, to be 
 in two Sections, Covering of Circular Roofs, Two different Principles To 
 cover a Dome by the first Method, To cover a Dome by the second Method 
 
 Jn°,P \T»T J^ e °^ ne r? f a C 2 Ur ? e of ™™™S to a Dome, without refeS 
 ence to a Section of the Dome, To describe a Pattern for a Tapering Square 
 Article, A Square Tapering Article to be in two Sections, A Tapering Art™ 
 cle, the Base to be Square, and the Top a Circle, in two Sections, A Tapering 
 Article, the Base to be a Rectangle, and the Top Squa *e, in two Sections A 
 Tapering Article, the Base to bl a Rectangle, andthe Top a Circle, in t'wt 
 Sections, A Tapering Article, the Top and Base to be a Rectangle, in two 
 Sections, Tapering Octagon Top or Cover, A Miter Joint at Right Angles for 
 a Semicircle Gutter, A Miter Joint at any Angle for a Semicircle Gutter 
 A Miter Joint for an 06 Gutter at Right Angles, A Miter Tint tor an O S 
 Cornice at Right Angles, also an Offset, An Octagon O G Lamp Top or 
 
 rSnS^^^V* + R . isht ^ n ^ es .' A T Pi P e at anf Angle, A T Pi P e, P the 
 Collar to be smaller than the Main Pipe, A T Pipe at any Angle, the Collar 
 to set on one side of the Main Pipe, A Pipe to fit aflat Surface at'any Angle 
 as the Side of a Roof of a Building, A Pipe to fit two flat Surfaces, as the 
 Root of a Building An Elbow at Right Angles, An Elbow Pattern at any 
 Angle, An Elbow in three Sections, An Elbow in four Sections, An Elbow in 
 five Sections, A Tapering Elbow, An Oval Boiler Cover, A Flange tor a Pine 
 that goes on the Roof of a Building, Octagon or Square Top or Cover, 
 Steamer Cover, An Ellipse or Oval, having two Diameters given, An Ellipse 
 with the Rule and Compasses, the Transverse and Conjugate Diameters 
 being given, that is, the Length and Width, To find the Centre and the two 
 Arcs of an Ellrpse, To find the Radius and Versed Sine for a given Frustrum 
 of a Cone, Practical Geometry, Decimal Equivalents to Fractional Parts 
 of Lineal Measurement, Definitions of Arithmetical Signs, Mensuration of 
 Surfaces, Mensuration of Solids and Capacities of Bodies, Tables of Weights 
 of Iron, Copper, and Lead, Tables of the Circumferences and Areas of Cir- 
 cles, Sizes and capacity of Tinware in form of Frustrum of a Cone, such as 
 Pans, Dish Kettles, Pails, Coffee-pots, Wash Bowls, Dippers, Measures, 
 Druggists' and Liquor Dealers' Measures, American Lap Welded Iron 
 Boiler Flues, Table of Effects upon Bodies by Heat, Weight of Water, 
 Effects produced by Water in an Aeriform State, Practical Properties o/ 
 Water, Effects produced by Water in its Natural State, Effects of Heat at 
 ^certain I emperatures, Tempering, Effects produced by Air in its Natural 
 and ma Rarefied State, Table of the Expansion of Atmospheric Aii bv 
 Heat, Size Length, Breadth, and Weight of Tin Plates, Crystallized Tin 
 Plate, List of Calibre and Weights of Lead Pipe, Calibre and Weights of 
 Fountain or Aqueduct Pipes, To ascertain the Weights of Pipes of various 
 Metals, and any Diameter required, Weight of a Square Foot of Sheet Iron, 
 Copper, and Brass, as per Birmingham Wire Gauge, Recapitulation of 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Weights of Various Substances. Practical Receipts.— Japanning and Var 
 ilishing, Varnishes— Miscellaneous, Lackers, Cements, Miscellaneous Re- 
 ceipts, Britannia, Solders, etc., Strength, of Materials. 
 
 Booth and Morfit. The Encyclopedia of 
 Chemistry, Practical and Theoretical: 
 
 Embracing its application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mineral- 
 ogy, Geology, Medicine, and Pharmacy. By James C. Booth, 
 Melter and Refiner in the United States Mint, Professor of 
 Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, etc., assisted 
 by Campbell Morfit, author of " Chemical Manipulations," etc. 
 7th edition. Complete in one volume, royal 8vo. 978 pages ; 
 with numerous wood-cuts and other illustrations $5.00 
 
 Brewer; (The Complete Practical.) 
 
 Or Plain, Concise, and Accurate Instructions in the Art of 
 Brewing Beer, Ale, Porter, etc., etc., and the Process of 
 making all the Small Beers. By M. Lafayette Byrn, M. D. 
 With Illustrations. 12mo $1.25 
 
 Buckmaster. The Elements of Mechanical 
 
 Physics. 
 
 By J. C. Buckmaster, late-Student in the Goverment School 
 of Mines ; Certified Teacher of Science by the Department 
 of Science and Art ; Examiner in Chemistry and Physics 
 in the Royal College of Preceptors ; and late Lecturer in 
 Chemistry and Physics of the Royal Polytechnic Institute. 
 Illustrated with numerous engravings. In one volume, 
 12mo . $2.00 
 
 Contents. — The Elements of Mechanical Physics — Chap. I. — Statics and Dy- 
 namics ; Force ; Gravitation and Weight ; On Matter — its Mass, Density, 
 Rnd Volume. II.— Centre of Gravity; Stable and Unstable Equilibrium; 
 To find the Centre of Gravity of a Material Straight Line of Uniform Den- 
 Bity ; To find the Centre of Gravity of two heavy Points joined by a rigid 
 bar without Weight ; To find the Centre of Gravity of a number of heavy 
 points ; To find the Centre of Gravity of a Material Plain Triangle. III. — 
 Levers ; Levers are of three kinds ; Virtual Velocity ; Balances ; The Safety 
 Valve ; Mechanical Combinations and their Advantages. IV. — The Wheel 
 and Axle : The Compound Wheel and Axle. V. — The Pulley ; Wheels and 
 Pinions ; Cranks and Fly- Wheel. VI. — The Inclined Plane ; The Wedge ; 
 The Screw. VII. — Composition and Resolution of Forces. VIIL— Falling 
 Bodies ; Ascent of Bodies ; Projection of Bodies Horizontally. IX,— Mo- 
 mentum. X. — Sound ; The Pendulum. 
 
 Elements of Hydrostatics. — Chap. I. — Hydrostatics ; Bramah Hydrostatic 
 Press. II. — Specific Gravity ; Table of Specific Gravities. III. — Elastic Fluids ; 
 The Air Pump and its Operation ; The Construction of the Condenser and its 
 Operation ; The Barometer ; The Action of the Siphon ; How to Graduate 
 a common Thermometer ; To Reduce the Degrees of a Thermometer in Fah- 
 renheit's scale to a centigrade and the converse ; The Construction of a 
 Siphon gauge ; The Construction of a common Pump and its Operation ; 
 The Construction and Operation of a Force Pump; The Operation of a Fire 
 Engine ; The Operation of a Lifting Pump ; The Hydraulic Ram ; The 
 Archimedian Screw ; The Chain Pump ; Mercurial Steam Gauge ; Examina- 
 tion Papers. 
 
 Appendix.— Examples ; Answers to Examples. 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Bullock. The Rudiments of Architecture 
 and Building : 
 
 For the use of .Architects, Builders, Draughtsmen, Ma- 
 chinists, Engineers and Mechanics. Edited by John Bul- 
 lock, author of " The American Cottage Builder." Illus- 
 trated by Two Hundred and Fifty Engravings. In one vol- 
 ume, 8vo $3.50 
 
 Burgh. The Slide Valve Practically Consid- 
 ered. 
 
 By N. P. Burgh, Engineer. Completely Illus. 12mo.. .$2.00 
 
 Burgh. Practical Rules for the Proportion of 
 Modern Engines and Boilers for Land and 
 Marine Purposes. 
 
 By N. P. Burgh, Engineer. 12mo . . $2.00 
 
 Contents. — High Pressure Engines ; Beam Engines (condensing) : 
 Marine Screw Engines; Oscillating Engines; Valves, etc.; Land ana 
 Marine Boilers. Miscellaneous. — Coal Bunkers. Marine; Decimals, etc. ; 
 Eccentric, Position of, for Land Engines ; Eccentric, Position of. for Marine 
 Screw Engines ; Fire Bars ; Keys and Cotters ; Link for Land Engine, Ra- 
 dius of; Levers ; Link for Oscillating Engine, Radius of; Link for Marine 
 Screw Engine, Radius of; Proportion of Connecting Rods having Strap 
 Ends; Paddle Wheels, Centres of Radius Rods; Plummer Blocks; Propor> 
 tions of Steam Cocks with Plugs secured by Nuts and Screws ; Proportion' 
 of Marine Cocks ; Proportions of Bolts, Nuts, etc. ; Proportions ot Pins, 
 Studs, Flanges, etc. ; Proportions of Copper Pipes ; Proportions of Engines ; 
 Sliding Quadrant ; Toothed Wheels (Gearing). Proportions of Engines Pro~ 
 duced by the Rules: Proportions of an Engine 20 HP nominal ; Proportions of 
 a Condensing Beam Engine 150 HP nominal ; Proportions of a Pair of Marine 
 Engines of 200 HP Collectively ; Proportions of a Pair of Oscillating Engines 
 of 400 HP Collectively ; Proportions of Boilers. 
 
 Byrne. Pocket Book for Railroad and Civil 
 Engineers* 
 
 Containing New, Exact, and Concise Methods for Laying 
 out Kailroad Curves, Switches, Frog Angles and Crossings ; 
 the Staking out of Work; Leveling ; the Calculation of Cut- 
 tings, Embankments, Earth-work, etc. By "Oliver Byrne. 
 Illustrated, 18mo $1.25 
 
 Byrne. The Practical Metal-Worker's As- 
 sistant. 
 
 Comprising Metallurgic Chemistry ; the Arts of Working all 
 Metals and Alloys ; Forging of Iron and" Steel ; Hardening 
 and Tempering ; Melting and Mixing ; Casting and Found- 
 ing ; Works in Sheet Metal ; the Process dependent on the 
 Ductility of the Metals ; Soldering ; and the most Improved 
 Processes and Tools employed by Metal-Workers. With 
 the Application of the Art of Electro-Metallurgy to Manu- 
 facturing Processes r collected from Original Sources, and 
 6 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD 
 
 from the Works of Holtzapffel, Bergeron, Leupold, Plumier, 
 
 Napier, and others. By Oliver Byrne. A New, Revised, 
 
 and Improved Edition, with additions by John Scofiern, 
 
 M, B., William Clay, William Fairbairn, F. R. S., and James 
 
 Napier. With Five Hundred and Ninety-two Engravings, 
 
 illustrating every Branch of the Subject. In one volume, 
 
 8vo. 652 pages $7.00 
 
 Contents. — On Metallvirgic Chemistry ; Special Metallurgic Operations; 
 Recently Patented Refining Processes ; Refining and Working of Iron ; 
 Manufacture of Steel ; Forging Iron and Steel; On Wrought-Iron in Large 
 Masses ; General Examples of Welding, Hardening and Tempering; Hard- 
 ening Cast and Wrought-Iron ; On the Application of Iron to Ship-Build- 
 ing ; The Metals and Alloys most commonly used ; Remarks on the Char- 
 acter of the Metals and Alloys ; Melting and Mixing the Metals ; Casting 
 and Founding; Works in Sheet Metal made by Joining ; Works in Sheet 
 Metal made by raising and flattening of thin Plates of Metal ; Processes de- 
 pendent on Ductility; Soldering; Shears; Punches; Drills; Screw-cutting 
 1 ools ; Electro-Metallurgy. 
 
 Byrne. The Handbook for the Artisan, Me- 
 chanic, and Engineer. 
 
 By Oliver Byrne. Illustrated by 11 large plates and 185 
 
 wood engravings. 8vo $5.00 
 
 Contents. — Grinding Cutting Tools on the Ordinary Grindstone ; Sharp- 
 ening Cutting Tools on the Oilstone; Setting Razors ; Sharpening Cutting 
 Tools with Artificial Grinders ; Production of Plane Surfaces by Abrasion : 
 _ Production of Cylindrical Surfaces by Abrasion ; Production of Conical 
 Surfaces by Abrasion ; Production of Spherical Surfaces by. Abrasion ; Glass 
 Cutting ; Lapidary Work; Setting, Cutting, and Polishing Flat and Rounded 
 Works ; Cutting Faucets ; Lapidary Apparatus for Amateurs ; Gem and 
 Glass Engraving ; Seal and Gem Engraving; Cameo Cutting ; Glass Engrav- 
 ing, Varnishing, and Lackering; General Remarks upon Abrasive Pro- 
 cesses; Dictionary of Apparatus ; Materials and Processes for Grinding 
 and Polishing, commonly employed in the Mechanical and Useful Artu. 
 
 Byrne. The Practical Model Calculator: 
 
 For the Engineer, Mechanic, Manufacturer of Engine Work, 
 
 Naval Architect, Miner, and Millwright. By Oliver Byrne. 
 
 1 vol. 8vo., nearly 600 pages , §4.50 
 
 The principal objects of this work, ^re : to establish model calculations to 
 guide practical men and students ; to illustrate every practical rule^nd 
 pi-inciple by numerical calculations, systematically arranged ; to give infor- 
 mation and data indispensable to those for whom it is intended, thus sur- 
 passing in value any other boolc of its character ; to economize the labo-' of 
 the practical man, and to render his every-day calculations easy and com« 
 prehensive. It will be found to be one of the most complete and valuable 
 practical books ever published. 
 
 Cabinet-maker's and Upholsterer's Compan- 
 ion. 
 
 Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet-making 
 and Upholstery, with Familiar Instructions, illustrated by 
 Examples for attaining a proficiency in the Art of Drawing, 
 as applicable to Cabinet-work; the processes of Veneering, 
 Inlaying, and Buhl-work ; the Art of Dyeing and Staining 
 Wood. Bone, Tortoise Shell, etc. Directions for Lackering 
 
 7 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Japanning, and Varnishing ; to make French Polish ; to pre- 
 pare the best Glues, Cements and Compositions, and a num- 
 ber of Keceipts particularly useful for workmen generally. 
 By J. Stokes. In one vol., 12mo. With Illustrations. ..$1.25 
 
 Calvert. On Improvements and Progress in 
 Dyeing and Calico Printing since 1851. 
 
 Illustrated with Numerous Specimens of Printed and Dyed 
 Fabrics. By Dr. F. Grace Calvert, F. E. S., F. C. S. A 
 Lecture delivered before the Society of Arts. Eevised and 
 enlarged by the author. [Nearly Ready.) 
 
 Carey. The Works of Henry C. Carey : 
 
 CONTRACTION OR EXPANSION? REPUDIATION 
 OR RESUMPTION? Letters to Hon. Hugh McCulloch. 
 8vo 38 
 
 FINANCIAL CRISES, their Causes and Effects^ 8vo. 
 paper 25 
 
 FRENCH AND AMERICAN TARIFFS : Compared in a 
 Series of Letters addressed to Mons. M. Chevalier. 8vo. 
 paper 50 
 
 HARMONY OF INTERESTS : Agricultural, Manufacturing, 
 
 and Commercial. 8vo., paper $1.00 
 
 Do. do. cloth 1.50 
 
 LETTERS TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED 
 STATES. Paper ....75 
 
 MANUAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. Condensed from Ca 
 rey's " Principles of Social Science." By Kate McKean. 
 1 vol., 12mo $2.25 
 
 The Text-Book of the Universities of Berlin (Prussia), Pennsylvania, 
 and Michigan, and of the College of New Jersey, Princeton. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS : -comprising " Harmony of In 
 terests," "Money," "Letters to the President," "French 
 and American Tariffs," " Financial Crises," " The Way to 
 Outdo England without Fighting Her," "Resources of 1he 
 Union," "The Public Debt," "Contraction or Expansion?" 
 etc., etc. 1 vol. 8vo., cloth $3.50 
 
 MONEY: A LECTURE before the N. Y. Geographical and 
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 PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 8vo $2.50 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE. 3 volumes. 8vo M 
 cloth $10.00 
 
 Contents— Volume I : Of Science and its Methods $ Of Man, the Subject 
 of Social Science; Of Increase in thfl Numbers of Mankind; Of the Occu- 
 pation of the Earth ; Of Value ; Of Wealth ; Of the Formation of Society ; 
 8 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CARE5T BAIRD. 
 
 Of Appropriation ; Of Changes of Matter in Place ; Of Mechanical and 
 Chemical Changes in the Forms of Matter. Volume II : Of Vital Changes 
 in the Form of Matter ; Of the Instrument of Association. Volume III : Of 
 Production and Consumption ; Of Accumulation ; Of Circulation ; Of Dis- 
 tribution ; Of Concentration and Centralization ; Of Competition ; Of Popu- 
 lation ; Of Food and Population ; Of Colonization ; Of the Malthusian 
 Theory ; Of Commerce ; Of the Societary Organization ; Of Social Science. 
 
 THE PUBLIC DEBT, LOCAL AND NATIONAL. How 
 to provide for its discharge while lessening the burden of 
 Taxation. Letter to David A. Wells, Esq., U. S. Revenue 
 Commission. 8vo., paper 25 
 
 THE RESOURCES OF THE UNION. A Lecture read, 
 Dec. 1865, before the American Geographical and Statistical 
 Society, N. Y., and before the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Social Science, Boston 25 
 
 THE SLAVE-TRADE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN: 
 Why it Exists, and How it may be Extinguished. 12m o. 
 cloth $1.50 
 
 THE WAY TO OUTDO ENGLAND WITHOUT FIGHT- 
 ING HER. LETTERS TO THE HON. SCHUYLER 
 COLFAX, Speaker of the House of Representatives United 
 States, on "The Paper Question," "The Farmer's Ques- 
 tion," " The Iron Question," " The Railroad Question," and ' 
 the " Currency Question." 8vo., paper 75 
 
 Campin. A Practical Treatise on Mechan- 
 ical Engineering; 
 
 Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, 
 Workshop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manufac- 
 ture of Steam-engines, etc., etc. With an Appendix on the 
 Analysis of Iron and Iron Ores. By Francis Campin, C. E. 
 To which are added, Observations on the Construction of 
 Steam Boilers and remarks upon Furnaces used for Smoke 
 Prevention; with a Chapter on Explosions. By R, Arm- 
 strong, 0. E., and John Bourne. Rules for Calculating the 
 Change Wheels for Screws on a Turning Lathe, and for a 
 Wheel-cutting Machine. By J. La Nicca. Management of 
 . Steel, including Forging, Hardening, Tempering, Annealing, 
 Shrinking, and Expansion. And the Case-hardening of Iron. 
 By G. Ede. 8vo. Illustrated with 29 plates and 100 wood 
 engravings $6.00 
 
 Contents.— Introduction— On Metallurgy; On Forging Iron; On Moulding 
 *nd Casting; On Cutting Tools; On Workshop Machinery; On Manipulation ; 
 On the Pnysical Basis of the Steam-engine ; On the Principles of Mechanical 
 Construction ; On the General Arrangement of the Steam-engine ; On the 
 General Principles of Steam Boilers ; Preliminary considerations on the 
 Applicability of various kinds of Steam-engines to various purposes ; On 
 the details of Steam-engines ; On Pumps and Valves ; On Steam Boilers ; 
 On Propellers ; On various applications of Steam-power and Apparatus 
 connected therewith; On Pumping Engines; On Rotative Engines; On 
 Marine Engines; On Locomotive Engines; On Road Locomotives; On 
 Steam Fire Engines ; On Boilers generally, and a Radical Reform in those 
 
 9 
 
PBACTICAL AIsTD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 for Marine purposes suggested ; Smoke Prevention and its fallacies ; Re- 
 marks on Smoke-burning, by John Bourne ; Explosions : an investigation 
 into some of the causes producing them, and into the deterioration of Boil- 
 ers generally ; Rules for Calculating the Change Wheels for Screws on a 
 Turning Lathe, and for a Wheel-cutting Machine ; Explanation of the 
 Methods of Calculating Screw Threads ; The Management of Steel. 
 
 Appendix.— The Analysis of Iron and Iron Ores. 
 
 Glossas *. —Index. 
 
 Capron de Dole. Dussauce. Blues and Car- 
 mines of Indigo. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of every Commer* 
 cial Product derived from Indigo. By Felicien Capron de 
 Dole. Translated, with important additions, bv Professor H. 
 Dussauce. 12mo ." $2.50 
 
 Clough. The Contractor's Manual and Build- 
 er's Price-Book : 
 
 Designed to elucidate the method of ascertaining, correctly, 
 the Value and Quantity of every description Df Work and 
 Materials, used in the Art of Building, fron their Prime Cost 
 in any part of the United States, collected from extensive 
 experience and observation in Building and Designing ; to 
 which are added a large variety of Tables, Memoranda, etc., 
 indispensable to all engaged or concerned in erecting buildings 
 of any kind. By A. B. Clough, Architect, 24mo., cloth. . .75 
 
 Colburn. The Locomotive Engine: 
 
 Including a Description of its Structure, Pules for Estima- 
 ting its Capabilities, and Practical Observations on its Con- 
 struction and Management. By Zerah Colburn. Illus- 
 trated. A new edition. 12mo $1.25 
 
 Daguerreotypist and Photographer's Com- 
 panion. 
 
 12mo., cloth « $1.25 
 
 Distiller. (The Complete Practical). 
 
 By M. Lafayette Byrn, M. D. With Illust'ns. 12mo.. . .$1.50 
 
 Duncan. Practical Surveyor's Guide. 
 
 By Andrew Duncan. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Dussauce. Practical Treatise on the Fabri- 
 cation of Matches, Gun Cotton, and Fulmi- 
 nating Powders. 
 
 By Professor H. Dussauce. 12mo $3.00 
 
 Contents.— Phosphorus— History of Phosphorus ; Physical Properties ; 
 Chemical Properties ; Natural State; Preparation of White Phosphorus: 
 Amorphous Phosphorus, and Bonoxide of Lead. Matches— Preparaf a ol 
 10 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Wooden Matches ; Matches inflammable by rubbing, without noise ; Com- 
 mon Lucifer Matches; Matches without Phosphorus; Candle Matches; 
 Matches with Amorphous Phosphorus ; Matches and Rubbers without 
 Phosphorus. Gun Cotton— Properties ; Preparation ; Paper Powder ; use of 
 Cotton and Paper Powders for Fulminating Primers, etc. ; Preparation of 
 Fulminating Primers, etc., etc. 
 
 Dussauce. A New and Complete Treatise on 
 the Arts of Tanning, Currying, and Leather 
 Dressing: 
 
 Comprising all the Discoveries and Improvements made in 
 France, Great Britain, and the United States. Edited from 
 Notes and Documents of Messrs. Sallerou, Grouvelle, Duval, 
 Dessables, Labarraque, Payen, Ren6, De Fontenelle, Mala- 
 peyre, etc., etc. By Prof. H. Dussauce, Chemist. Illus- 
 trated by 212 wood engravings. 8vo $10.00 
 
 Dussauce. Treatise on the Coloring Matters 
 Derived from Coal Tar : 
 
 Their Practical Application in Dyeing Cotton, Wool, and 
 Silk ; the Principles of the Art of Dyeing and of the Dis- 
 tillation of Coal Tar, with a Description of the most Import- 
 ant New Dyes now in use. By Professor H. Dussauce, 
 Chemist. 12mo $2.50 
 
 Dyer and Color-maker's Companion: 
 
 Containing upwards of two hundred Receipts for making 
 Colors, on the most approved principles, for all the various 
 styles and fabrics now in existence ; with the Scouring Pro- 
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 Finishing the Goods. In one vol., 12mo $1.25 
 
 Easton. A Practical Treatise on Street or 
 Horse-power Railways : 
 
 Their Location, Construction, and Management ; with gen- 
 eral Plans and Rules for their Organization and Operation ; 
 together with Examinations as to their Comparative Advan- 
 tages over the Omnibus System, and Inquiries as to their 
 Value for Investment; including Copies of Municipal Ordi- 
 nances relating thereto. By Alexander Easton, C. E. Il- 
 lustrated by 23 plates. 8vo. cloth $2.00 
 
 Engineer's Handy-Book: 
 
 Containing a Series of Useful Calculations for Engineers, 
 Tool-makers, Millwrights, Draughtsmen, Foremen, and Me- 
 chanics generally, (in Press.) 
 
 Erni. Coal Oil and Petroleum : 
 
 Their Origin, History, Geology, and Chemistry ; with a view 
 of their importance in their bearing on National Industry 
 
 11 
 
PBACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 By Dr. Henri Erni, Chief Chemist, Department of Agricul- 
 ture. 12mo $2.50 
 
 Erni. The Theoretical and Practical Chem- 
 istry of Fermentation: 
 
 Comprising the Chemistry of Wine, Beer, Distilling of Li- 
 quors ; with the practical methods of their Chemical exam- 
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 Wines. With an Appendix, containing well-tested Practical 
 Rules and Receipts for the manufacture, etc., of all kinds of 
 Alcoholic Liquors. By Henri Erni, Chief Chemist, Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture. (In Press.) 
 
 Fairbairn. Principles of Mechanism and 
 Machinery of Transmission : 
 
 Comprising the Principles of Mechanism, Wheels and Pul- 
 lies, Strength and Proportions of Shafts, Couplings for Shafts, 
 and Engaging and Disengaging Gear. By Wm. Fairbairn, 
 Esq., C.E., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Corresponding Member of 
 the National Institute of France, and of the Royal Academy 
 of Turin ; Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, etc., etc. Illus- 
 trated by over 150 wood cuts $2.50 
 
 Contents. — General Views, Link Work, Wrapping Connectors, * 
 
 Wheel-work : General Views Relating to Machines ; Elementary Forms 
 of Mechanism ; Link-work; Wrapping Connectors ; Wheel-work producing , 
 
 Motion by rolling Contact ; Sliding Pieces producing Motion by sliding 
 Contact ; On Wheels and Pullies ; Wrapping Connectors; Toothed Wheels ; 
 Spur Gearing ; Pitch of Wheels ; Teeth of Wheels ; Bevel Wheels ; Skew 
 Bevels ; The Worm and Wheel ; Strength of the Teeth of Wheels ; On the 
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 Fairbairn. Useful Information for Engi- * 
 neers. 
 
 By William Fairbairn. (In Press.) 
 
 Kobell. Erni. Mineralogy Simplified: 
 
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 means of simple Chemical Experiments in the Wet Way, 
 Translated from the last German edition of F. Yon Kobell 
 with additions, by Henri Erni, M. D., Chief Chemist, Depart- 
 partment of Agriculture, author of " Coal Oil and Petro- 
 i leum." In one volume, 12mo $2.50 
 
 Gilbart. A Practical Treatise on Banking. 
 
 By James William Gilbart, F. E. S. A new enlarged and 
 improved edition. Edited by J. Smith Homans, editor of 
 "Banker's Magazine." To which is added "Money," by 
 
 H. C. Carey. 8vo $3.50 
 
 12 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Gregory's Mathematics for Practical Men ; 
 
 Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechan- 
 ics, and Civil Engineers. 8vo., plates, cloth $2.50 
 
 Gas and Ventilation. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Gas and Ventilation. By E. E. Per- 
 kins.- 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Griswold. Railroad Engineer's Pocket Com- 
 panion for the Field. 
 
 By W. Griswold. 12mo., tucks $1.25 
 
 Hartmann. The Practical Iron Manufactu- 
 rer's Vade-mecum. 
 
 From the German of Dr. Carl Hartmann. Illustrated. (In 
 
 ' Press.) 
 
 Hay. The Interior Decorator: 
 
 The Laws of Harmonious Coloring adapted to Interior De- 
 corations : with a Practical Treatise on House-Painting. By 
 D. E. Hay, House-Painter and Decorater. Illustrated by a 
 Diagram of the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Colors. 
 12mo. (In Press.) 
 
 Inventor's Guide: 
 
 Patent Office and Patent Laws ; or, a Guide to Inventors, 
 and a Book of Keference for Judges, Lawyers, Magistrates, 
 and others. By J. G. Moore. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Jervis. Railway Property. 
 
 A Treatise on the Construction and Management of Kail- 
 ways ; designed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular 
 style, to the holders of this class of property; as well as 
 Railway Managers, Officers, and Agents. By John B. Jervis, 
 late Chief Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, Croton 
 Aqueduct, etc. One volume, 12mo., cloth $2.00 
 
 • Contents. — Preface— Introduction. Construction. — Introductory : Land 
 and Land Damages ; Location of Line ; Method of Business ; Grading *, 
 Bridges and Culverts ; Road Crossings; Ballasting Track ; Cross Sleepers: 
 Chairs and Spikes ; Rails ; Station Buildings ; Locomotives, Coaches dfcia 
 Cars. Operating.— Introductory : Freight ; Passengers ; Engine Drivers 
 Repairs to Track ; Repairs of Machineiy ; Civil Engineer ; Superintendent ; 
 Supplies of Material ; Receipts ; Disbursements ; Statistics ; Running 
 Trains ; Competition ; Financial Management ; General Remarks. 
 
 Johnson. A Report to the Navy Department 
 of the United States on American Coals, 
 
 Applicable to Steam Navigation, and to other purposes. 
 By Walter R. Johnson. With numerous illustrations. 
 
 607 pp 8vo., half morocco $6.00 
 
 13 
 
PBACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Johnson. The Coal Trade of British America : 
 
 With Kesearches on the Characters and Practical Values of 
 American and Foreign Coals. By Walter K. Johnson, Civil 
 and Mining Engineer and Chemist. 8vo* $2.00 
 
 Johnston. Instructions for the Analysis of 
 Soils, Limestones, and Manures. 
 
 By J. F. W. Johnston. 12mo 38 
 
 Kentish. A Treatise on a Box of Instru- 
 ments, 
 
 ( And the Slide Rule ; with the Theory of Trigonometry and 
 Logarithms, including Practical Geometry, Surveying, Meas- 
 uring of Timber, Cask and Malt Gauging, Heights and Dis- 
 tances. By Thomas Kentish. In one volume, 12mo.. $1.25 
 
 Leroux. A Practical Treatise on Wools and 
 Worsteds : 
 
 By Charles Leroux, Mechanical Engineer, and Superinten- 
 dent of a Spinning Mill. Illustrated by 12 large plates and 
 34 engravings. In Press. 
 
 Contents.— Part I. Practical Mechanics, with Formulae and Calculations 
 applicable to Spinning. Part II. Spinning of Combed, and Combed and 
 Carded Wools on the Mule. Part III. French and English Spinning. Part 
 IV. Carded Wool. 5 
 
 Larkin. The Practical Brass and Iron Found- 
 er's Guide: 
 
 A Concise Treatise on Brass Founding, Moulding, the Metals 
 and their Alloys, etc. : to which are added Recent Improve- 
 ments in the Manufacture of Iron, Steel by the Bessemer 
 Process, etc., etc. By James Larkin, late Conductor of the 
 Brass Foundry Department in Reaney, Neafie & Co.'s Penn 
 Works, Philadelphia. Fifth edition, revised, with Extensive 
 Additions. In one volume, 12mo $2.25 
 
 Lieber. Assayer's Guide; 
 
 Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners, and Smelters. 
 By Oscar M. Lieber. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Love. The Art of Dyeing, Cleaning, Scour* 
 ing, and Finishing, 
 
 On the Most Approved English and French Methods : being 
 Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, Woollens, and Cottons, 
 Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc. ; Scouring and Cleaning Bed 
 and Window Curtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc. ; French and Eng- 
 lish Cleaning, any Color or Fabric of Silk, Satin, or Damask. 
 By Thomas Love, a working Dyer and Scourer. In i vol., 
 
 12mo $3.00 
 
 14 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Lowig. Principles of Organic and Physiolo- 
 gical Chemistry. 
 
 By Dr. Carl Lowig. Translated by Daniel Breed, M. D. 
 8vo., sheep $3.50 
 
 Main and Brown. The Marine Steam-engine. 
 
 By Thomas J. Main, Professor of Mathematics, Royal Naval 
 College, and Thomas Brown, Chief Engineer, K. N. Illus- 
 trated by engravings and wood-cuts. 8vo., cloth $5.00 
 
 The text book of the United States Naval Academy. 
 
 Contents.— Introductory Chapter— The Boiler ; The Engine ; Getting up 
 the Steam ; Duties to Machinery *when under Steam ; Duties to Machinery 
 during an Action or after an Accident ; Duties to Engine, etc., on arriving 
 in Harbor. Miscellaneous. Appendix. , 
 
 Main and Brown. Questions on Subjects Con- 
 nected with the Marine Steam-engine, 
 
 And Examination Papers ; with hints for their Solution. 
 By Thomas J. Main, Professor of Mathematics, Royal 
 Naval College, and Thomas Brown, Chief Engineer. R. N. 
 12mo., cloth $1.50 
 
 Main and Brown. The Indicator and Dyna- 
 mometer, 
 
 With their Practical Applications to the Steam-engine 
 By Thomas J. Main and Thomas Brown. With Illus- 
 trations $1.50 
 
 Makins. A Manual of Metallurgy, 
 
 More particularly of the Precious Metals, including the 
 
 Methods of Assaying them. Illustrated by upwards of 50 
 
 engravings. By George Hogarth Makins, M. R. C. S., F. C. S., 
 
 one of the Assayers to the Bank of England ; Assayer to 
 
 the Anglo-Mexican Mints ; and Lecturer upon Metallurgy 
 
 • at the Dental Hospital, London. In one vol., 12mo.. .$3.50 
 
 Contents.— General Properties of the Metals ; General View of the Com- 
 bining Properties of the Metals ; Combination of Metals with the Non- 
 Metallic Elements ; Of Metallic Salts ; Of Heating Apparatus, Furnaces, 
 etc. ; Of Fuels Applicable to Metallurgic Operations ; Metals of the First 
 Class ; Metals of the Second Class ; The Principles of Electro-Metal- 
 lurgy. 
 
 Marble Worker's Manual: 
 
 Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in 
 general, their Cutting, Working, and Polishing ; Veneering, 
 
 etc., etc. 12mo., cloth $1.50 
 
 15 
 
PBACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Molesworth. Pocket-book of Useful For- 
 mulae and Memoranda for Civil and Me- 
 chanical Engineers. 
 
 By Guilford L. Molesworth, Member of the Institution of 
 Civil Engineers, Chief Kesident Engineer of the Ceylon 
 Kail way. From the Tenth London edition $2.00 
 
 Contents. — Civil Engineering— Surveying, Levellingj Setting Out, etc. ; 
 Earthwork, Brickwork, Masonry, Arches, etc. ; Beams, Girders, Bridges, 
 etc. ; Roofs, Floors, Columns, Walls, etc. ; Railways, Roads, Canals, Riv- 
 ers, Docks, etc. ; Water-works, Sewers, Gas-works, Drainage, etc. ; Warm- 
 ing, Ventilation, Light, Sound, Heat, etc. 
 
 Mechanical Engineering.— Gravity, Mechanical Centres and Powers ; Mill- 
 work, Teeth of Wheels, Shafting, Belting, etc. ; Alloys, Solders, and Work- 
 shop Recipes ; Steam Boilers, and Steam-angines ; Water-wheels, Turbines, 
 etc., and Windmills ; Paddle and Screw Steamers ; Miscellaneous Machinery. 
 
 Weights and Measures, English and Foreign ; Logarithms of Numbers ; 
 Triangles, Trigonometry, and Tables of Sines, etc. ; Properties of Ellipse, Pa- 
 rabola, Circle, etc. ; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids ; Tables of Areas, 
 and Circumferences of Circles ; Weights and Properties of Materials ; 
 Squares, Cubes, Powers, Roots, and Reciprocals of Numbers ; Engineer- 
 ing Memoranda and Tables ; Supplement by J. T. Hurst, C. E., contain- 
 ing Additional Engineering Memoranda and Tables ; Tables by Lewis 
 Olrick, C. E. 
 
 Miles. A Plain Treatise on Horse-shoeing. 
 
 With illustrations. By William Miles, author of the " Horse's 
 Foot" $1.00 
 
 Morfit. A Treatise on Chemistry, 
 
 Applied to the Manufacture of Soap and Candles : being a 
 Thorough Exposition in all their Minutiae of the Principles 
 and Practice of the Trade, based upon the most recent Dis- 
 coveries in Science and Art. By Campbell Morfit, Professor 
 of Analytical and Applied Chemistry in the University 
 . of Maryland. A new and improved edition. Illustrated 
 with 260 engravings on wood. Complete in 1 volume, large 
 8vo $20.00 
 
 Mortimer. The Pyrotechnist's Companion : 
 
 By G. W. Mortimer. Illustrated. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Napier. Manual of Electro-Metallurgy: 
 
 Including the Application of the Art to Manufacturing 
 
 Processes. By James Napier. From the second London 
 
 ! edition, revised arid enlarged. Illustrated by engravings. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo $1 .50 
 
 Napier. Chemistry Applied to Dyeing. 
 
 By James Napier, F. C. S. Illustrated. 12mo , . $3.00 
 
 16 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Nicholson. Bookbinding : A Manual of the 
 Art of Bookbinding : 
 
 Containing full Instructions in the different Branches of 
 Forwarding, Gilding, and Finishing. Also, the Art of Mar- 
 bling Book-edges and Paper. By James B. Nicholson. Il- 
 lustrated. 12mo.. cloth i $2.23 
 
 Contents. — Sketch of the Progress of Bookbinding, Sheet-work, Forward- 
 ing the Edges, Marbling, Gilding the Edges, Covering, Half Binding, Blank 
 Binding, Boarding, Cloth-work, Ornamental Art, Finishing, Taste and De- 
 sign, Styles, Gilding, Illuminated Binding, Blind Tooling, Antique, Color- 
 ing, Marbling, Uniform Colors, Gold Marbling, Landscapes, etc. ; Inlaid Or- 
 naments, Harmony of Colors, Pasting Down, etc. ; Stamp or Press-work, 
 Restoring the Bindings of Old Books, Supplying imperfections in Old Books, 
 T.nts to Book Collectors, Technical Lessons. 
 
 Morris. A Hand-book for Locomotive En- 
 gineers and Machinists. 
 
 By Septimus Norris, C. E. New edition, illustrated, 12mo., 
 cloth $2.00 
 
 Nystrom. On Technological Education and 
 the Construction of Ships and Screw Pro- 
 pellers for Naval and Marine Engineers. 
 
 By John W. Nystrom, late Acting Chief Engineer U. S. N. 
 Second edition, revised with additional matter. Illustrated 
 by 7 engravings. 12mo $2.50 
 
 Contents.— On Technological Education ; The knowledge of Steam En- 
 gineering behind the knowledge of Science ; Failure of Steamers for a want 
 of Applied Science ; Fresh water Condensers, and combustion of Fuel ; 
 Knowledge pi Steamship Performance ; Expansion experiments made by 
 the Navy Department ; Natural effect of Steam or maximum work per unit 
 of Heat ; Natural effect of Steam-engines ; Nystrom's Pocket-book ; Reform" 
 wanted in Scientific Books ; America has taken the lead in Popular Edu- 
 cation ; Technological Institutions wanted ; The National Academy of 
 Sciences ; Object of Technological Institutions ; Steam-engineering and 
 Ship-building ; Necessity of complete Drawings before the building of 
 Steamers is commenced ; America has taken the lead in the new Naval 
 Tactics ; The Naval Academy, at Annapolis, not proper for a School of 
 Steam-engineering; Want of 'applied Science in our Workshops ; Locomo- 
 tive Engineering; Communication to the Secretary of the Navy on the 
 •Science of Ship-building ; Ship-builders consider their Art a Craft; Ship- 
 builders' jealousy ; Ship-building developed to the condition of a Science ; 
 Memorandum ; Chief Engineer Isherwood does not approve the Parabolic 
 Construction of Ships ; On the Parabolic Construction of Ships ; Applica- 
 tion of the Parabolic Construction of Ships ; Recording Formulas ; Record- 
 ing Tables ; The labor of calculating the Ship-building Tables ; Mr. W. L. 
 Hanscom, Naval Constructor, on the Parabolic Method ; Mr. J. Vaughan 
 Merrick on the Parabolic Construction ; Resignation, by the Author, as 
 Acting Chief Engineer in the Navy ; Memorandum ; The Science of Dyna- 
 mics in a confused condition ; Illustrations required in Dynamics ; Mr. 
 Isherwood declines having the subject of Dynamics cleared up ; The sub- 
 ject of Dynamics submitted to the National Academy of Sciences ; On the 
 elements of Dynamics ; force, power, and work, defined ; Work, a trinity oi 
 Physical Elements ; Discussion with Naval Engineers on the subject of 
 Dynamics ; Questions in Dynamics submitted to the Academy of Sciences * 
 Vis-viva ; Unit for Power ; Unit for Work ; Navy Departmen attempting 
 
 V 
 
PKACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 to reorganize the Corps of Engineers ; Washington Navy Yard ; Engineers 
 in the Navy Department ; Captain Fox on Engineering and the Construe* 
 tion of Ships ; Secrecy respecting Ships' Drawings ; Steam Boiler Explo- 
 sions ; Review of Screw Propellers; To Construct^ Plain Screw; Pro- 
 peller with a Compound Expanding Pitch; Propeller as Constructed by 
 Chief Engineer Isherwood ; Propeller as Constructed from Mr. Isherwood's 
 Drawings; Centripetal Propeller ; Centripetal Propeller with Compound 
 Expanding Pitch ; The Office of the Coast Survey an example of what 
 the Bureau of Steam-engineering should be ; The Engineer-in-Chief of the 
 Navy a Grand Admiral ; Constructions ought not to be made in the Navy 
 Department; The office of the Coast Survey and the Light-house Board na- 
 turally belong to the Navy. 
 
 O'Neill. Chemistry of Calico Printing, Dye- 
 ing, and Bleaching: 
 
 Including Silken, Woollen, and Mixed Goods ; Practical and 
 Theoretical. By Charles O'Neill. [In Press.) 
 
 O'Neill. A Dictionary of Calico Printing and 
 Dyeing. 
 
 By Charles O'Neill. [In Press.) 
 
 Painter, Gilder, and Varnisher's Compan- 
 ion. 
 
 Containing Rules and Regulations in every thing relating* to 
 the Arts of Painting, Gilding, Yarnishing, and Glass Stain- 
 ing ; numerous useful and valuable Receipts ; Tests for the 
 detection of Adulterations in Oils, Colors, etc.; and a state- 
 ment of the Diseases and Accidents to which Painters, Gild- 
 ers and Yarnishers are peculiarly liable, with the simplest 
 and best methods of Prevention and Remedy ; with directions 
 for Graining, Marbling, Sign Writing and Gilding on Glass. 
 Tenth edition. To which are added complete Instructions 
 for Coach Painting and Yarnishing. 12mo, cloth $1.50 
 
 Pallett. The Miller's, Millwright's, and En- 
 gineer's Guide. 
 
 By Henry Pallett. Illustrated. In 1 vol., 12mo $3.00 
 
 Contents! — Explanation of Characters used ; Definitions of Words used 
 in this Work; United States Weights and Measures; Decimal Fractions; 
 On the Selection of Mill-stones ; On the Dressing of New Mill-stones— mak- 
 ing their Faces Straight, and ready for putting in the Furrows ; Furrows : 
 the manner of Laying them out : their Draft, and cutting them in : Direc- 
 tions for laying off and cutting the Holes for the Balance Ryne and Driver ; 
 Directions for putting in the Balance Ryne and the Boxes for the Driver, 
 and making them fast; Of Setting the Bed Stone, and fastening the Bush 
 therein; Directions how to Bridge or Tram the Spindle; Instructions for 
 Grinding off the Lumps of New Stones, Turning the Back of the Running 
 Stone, Rounding the Eye and Balancing the Stone; Directions for Dressing 
 and Sharpening Mill-stones when they become dull ; Respecting the Irons 
 of the Mill; Description of Plate 4, Showing the Principle upon which the 
 Mill-stones work; How to Fit a New Back on a Stone that has been Run- 
 Ding; Of the Elevator, Conveyor, and Hopper Boy; Of Bolting Reels and 
 Cloths, with Directions for Bolting and Inspecting Flour; Directions for 
 Cleaning Wheat; Instructions for Grinding Wheat; Directions for Grind- 
 ing Wheat with Garlic amongst it, and for Dressing the Stones suitable 
 
 is 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENBY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 thereto ; Directions how to put the Stones in Order for Grinding Wheat 
 that has Garlic amongst it; Directions for Grinding Middlings, and how to 
 Prevent the Stones from Choking, so as to make the most of them ; Reels 
 for Bolting the Middlings ; Instructions for a small Mill, Grinding different 
 kinds of Grain ; Of the Manner of Packing Flour ; Table Showing the num- 
 ber of Pounds which constitute a Bushel, as established by Law in the 
 States therein named ; The Duty of the Miller; Pearl Barley or Pot Barley; 
 The Art of Distillation; Of the Importance of Draughting and Planning 
 Mills : Cogs : the best time for Seasoning and Cutting them; Ihe Framing 
 of Mill- work; Windmills; A Table of the Velocity of Wind; Instiuctiona 
 for Baking; Receipt for making Babbitt Metal, etc.; Cement; Solders; 
 Table Showing the Product of a Bushel of Wheat of different Weights and 
 Qualities, as ascertained from Experiments in Grinding Parcels; Of Saw- 
 mills and their Management; The Circular Saw : Rules for Calculating the 
 Speed the Stones and other pieces or parts of the Machinery run at: To find 
 the Quantity, in Bushels, a Hopper will Contain: Table of Dry Measure; 
 Spouts; the Necessity of making them Large; To lay off any required 
 Angle: Of Masonry; of Artificer's Work; Bricklayer's Work; Bricks and 
 Lathes — Dimensions ; Timber Measure ; Table — Diameters in inches of Saw 
 Logs reduced to inch board measure; Of the Wedge; Of Pumps; The 
 Screw; Table showing the power of Man or Horse as applied to Machinery ; 
 Measure of Solidity; Rules for calculating Liquids ; A Table showing the 
 Capacity of Cisterns, Wells, etc., in Ale Gallons and Hogsheads, in propor- 
 tion to their Diameters and Depths ; Steel — Of the various degrees of Heat 
 required in the Manufacture of Steel; Composition for Welding Cast Steel ; 
 Directions for Making and Sharpening Mill Picks; A Composition for Tem- 
 pering Cast Steel Mill Picks ; Governors for Flouring Mills ; The Governor 
 or Regulator; The Pulley; Of the Velocity of Wheels, Pulleys, Drums, etc.; 
 On Friction; Belting Friction ; Of the Strength of different Bodies: Falling 
 Bodies ; Of the different Gearings for propelling Machinery ; The Crown or 
 Face Gearing; On matching Wheels to make the Cogs wear even ; On Steam 
 and the Steam-engine; Of Engines— their Management, etc.; Prevention of 
 Incrustation in Steam Boilers; Double Engines; The Fly-wheel; Table of 
 Circumferences and Areas of Circles, in Feet, suitable for Fly-wheels, etc.; 
 To calculate the effects of a Lever and Weight upon the Safety-valve of a 
 Steam Boiler, etc. ; Of the Slide Valve ; Boilers; Chimneys; Explosion of 
 Boilers; On the Construction of Mill-dams : Rock Dam; Frame Dams ; Brush 
 or Log Dam ; Gates ; Description of Water-wheels ; Of Non-elasticity and 
 Fluidity in Impinging Bodies; Motion of Overshot Wheels ; The Breast 
 Wheel ; Overshot or Breast Wheels ; Table of the number of inches of water 
 necessary to drive one run of Stones, with all the requisite Machinery for 
 Grist and Saw-mills, under heads of water from four to thirty feet ; Table 
 containing the weight of columns of water, each one foot in length, and 
 of various diameters; The Undershot Wheel; Tub Wheels; The Flutter 
 Wheel ; The Laws of Motion and Rest ; Power of Gravity, Percussion, or 
 Impulse, with the Reaction Attachment; Table of the velocities of the 
 Combination Reaction Water-wheel per minute, from heads of from four 
 to thirty feet; Tables to reckon the Price of Wheat from Thirty Cents to 
 Two Dollars per Bushel. 
 
 Pradal, Malepeyre and Dussauce. A Com- 
 plete Treatise on Perfumery: 
 
 Containing Notices of the Kaw Material used in the Art, 
 and the best Formulae. According to the most approved 
 methods followed in France, England, and the United States. 
 By M. P. Pradal, Perfumer Chemist, and M. F. Malepeyre. 
 Translated from the French, with extensive additions, by 
 Professor H. Dussauce. 8vo $7.50 
 
 Contents.— Nature of the Trade of the Perfumer ; Raw Material ; Po- 
 ma*des: Almond Oils; Perfumed Oils, called Huile Antique; Powders 
 Cosmetic Preparation for the Lips and Skin ; Almond Pastes ; Cosmetic 
 Gloves Paints ; Dentifrices ; Volatile Oils ; Aromatio Waters ; Spirituous 
 
 19 
 
PRACTICAL AM) SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Odors ; Colors ; Infusions ; Tinctures ; Spirits ; Aromatic Alcohols : Fumine 
 Pastils ; Cloves ; Sachets ; Cosmetics ; Cassolettes : Toilet Vinegars : Phar- 
 maceutical Preparations made by the Perfumer ; Toilet Soaps : Various 
 Substances and Processes belonging to the Perfumer's Trade. 
 
 Proteaux. Practical Guide for the Manufac- 
 ture of Paper and Boards. 
 
 By A. Proteaux, Civil Engineer, Graduate of the School of 
 Arts and Manufactures, and Director of Thiers' Paper-mill 
 Puy-de-Dome. With additions, by L. S. Le Normand! 
 Translated from the French with Notes, by Horatio Paine] 
 A. B., M. D. To which is added a Chapter on the Manufacl 
 ture of Paper from Wood in the United States, by Henry 
 T. Brown, of the " American Artisan." Illustrated by six 
 plates, containing Drawings of Eaw Materials, Machinery, 
 
 Plans of Paper-mills, etc., etc. 8vo $5.00 
 
 Contents — Chapt. I. A Glance at the History of Paper-making. Chapt. II 
 Raw Materials-RRgB. Chapt. III. Manufacture-Sorting and Cutting : Dust! 
 ing ; Washing and Boiling ; Reduction to Half-stuff; Drainage : Bleaching ; 
 Composition of the Pulp ; Refining or Beating ; Sizing ; Coloring Matter! 
 1 he \Vork of the Paper-machine ; Finishing. Chapt. IV. Manufacture of Paper 
 from the Vat, or •^Hand-Manufacture of Paper by hand ; Sizing ; Finishing ; 
 Manufacture of Bank-note Paper, and Water-mark Paper in General ; Com- 
 panson between Machine and Hand-made Papers ; Classification of Papei 
 fhapt. V. Further Remarks on Sizing— Of the Sizing-room ; Method of Ex- 
 tracting Galatme ; Operation of Sizing ; Drying after Sizing : the Dutch 
 method preferable to the French ; Some important Observations upon Sizing • 
 A PPe n « lx upon Sizin & > Theories of Sizing ; Sizing in the Pulp ; M. Canson's 
 method of Sizing in the Pulp ; Comparison of the Two methods. Chapt VI 
 Different Substances Suitable for Making Paper— Straw Paper ; Wood Paper' 
 Chapt VII. Chemical Analysis of Materials employed in Paper-makinq— 
 The Waters; Alkalimetrical Test ; Examination of Limes : Chlorometric 
 Tests ; Examination of Manganese ; Chlorometric Degrees of Samples of 
 Manganese ; Antichlorine ; Alums ; Kaolin ; Starch ; Coloring Materials ; 
 Fuel ; Examination of Papers ; Materials of a Laboratory. Chapt. VIII 
 Working Stock of a Paper-mill— Motive Power; Rag Cutters; Dusters; ' 
 Washing Apparatus ; Boiling Apparatus ; Washing and Beating-engines 
 Apparatus for Bleaching and Draining the Pulp ; Paper-machines ; Finish- 
 ing-machines ; General Working Stock of a Paper-mill ; General Remarks 
 upon the Establishment of a Paper-mill ; General Remarks in reference to 
 Building ; General Considerations. Chapt. IX. The Manufacture of Paver 
 from Wood in the United States. Chapt. X. Manufacture of Boards. Chapt 
 XL Manufacture of Paper in China and Japan. 
 Description of the Plates. 
 
 ftegnault. Elements of Chemistry. 
 
 By M. Y. Eegnault. Translated from the French, hy T. 
 
 Forrest Betton, M. D., and edited, with notes, by James C. 
 
 Booth, Melter and Eefiner U. S. Mint, and Wm. L. Faber, 
 
 Metallurgist and Mining Engineer. Illustrated by nearly 
 
 700 wood engravings. Comprising nearly 1,500 pages. In 
 
 two volumes, 8vo., cloth $10 00 
 
 Among the Contents are— Volume I. : French and English Weights, etc. 
 Introduction— Crystallography ; Chemical Nomenclature ; Metalloids ; Oxy- 
 gen ; Hydrogen ; Selenium ; Tellurium ; Chlorine ; Bromine ; Iodine ; Fluorine ; 
 Phosphorus ; Arsenic ; Boren ; Silicum ; Carbon ; On the Equivalents of 
 Metalloids. Metals— Geology ; Physical Properties of the Metals ; CliemicaJ 
 
 20 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Properties of the Metals. On Salts. I. Alkaline Metals— Potassium ; So- 
 dium ; Lithium ; Ammonia. II. Alkaline- Earthy Metals— Barium ; Stron- 
 tium ; Calcium ; Magnesium. III. Earthy Metals — Aluminum ; Glucinum ; 
 Zirconium; Thorinum ; Yttrium; Erbium; Terbium; Cerium; Lantha- 
 num ; Didymium. Chemical Arts Dependent on the Preceding Bodies — Gun- 
 powder ; Lime and Mortar; Glass; Kinds of Glass; Imperfections and 
 Alterations of Glass ; Pottery, the Paste of which becomes Compact by 
 Burning; Pottery, the Paste of which remains Porous after Burning; Or- 
 naments and Painting ; Chemical Analysis of Earthenware. 
 
 Volume II. : Preparation of Ores, Manganese, Iron ; Reduction in the 
 Blast Furnace ; Chromium ; Cobalt ; Nickel ; Zinc ; Cadmium ; Tin ; Tita- 
 nium ; Columbium; Niobium; Pelopium ; Ilmenium ; Lead, Metallurgy of ; 
 Bismuth, Metallurgy of ; Antimony, Metallurgy of ; Uranium; Tungsten; 
 Molybdenum ; Vanadium ; Copper, Metallurgy of; Mercury, Metallurgy of* 
 Silver. Metallurgy of ; Gold, Metallurgy of ; Platinum; Osmium; Iridium; 
 Palladium ; Rhodium; Ruthenium. IV. Organic Chemistry — Introduction 
 f— Ultimate Analysis of Organic Substances ; Construction of a Formula ; 
 Analysis of Gases ; Essential Proximate Principles of Plants ; Acids Exist- 
 'ng in Plants; Organic Alkaloids; Neutral Substances in Plants; Nitrils ; 
 Essential Oils ; Products of Dry Distillation ; Fats ; Organic Coloring Mat- 
 .ers ; Action of Plants on the Atmosphere ; Animal Chemistry ; Secre- 
 tions ; Excretions ; Technical Organic Chemistry ; Manufacture of Bread ; 
 Brewing ; Cider and Perry ; Wine-making ; Beet Sugar ; Cane Sugar ; Sugar- 
 refining; Manufacture of Bone Black; Soap-boiling; Principles of Dyeing; 
 Mordants ; Calico-printing ; Tanning ; Charring Wood and Coal ; Manufac- 
 ture of Illuminating Gas. 
 
 Sellers. The Color Mixer: 
 
 Containing nearly Four Hundred Keceipts for Colors, Pastes, 
 Acids, Pulps, Blue Yats, Liquors, etc., etc., for Cotton and 
 Woollen Goods : including the celebrated Barrow Delaine 
 Colors. By John Sellers, an experienced practical work- 
 man. In one volume, 12mo $2.50 
 
 Shunk. A Practical Treatise on Railway 
 Curves and Location, for Young EngK 
 neers. 
 
 By Wm. F. Shunk, Civil Engineer. 12mo $1.50 
 
 Smith. The Dyer's Instructor: 
 
 Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing Silk, 
 
 Cotton, Wool and Worsted, and Woollen Goods : containing 
 
 nearly 800 Keceipts. To which is added a Treatise on tne 
 
 Art of Padding ; and the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins, 
 
 and Handkerchiefs, and the various Mordants and Colors for 
 
 the different styles of such work. By David Smith, Pattern 
 
 Dyer. 12mo., cloth $3.00 
 
 U3=-This is by far the most valuable book of Practical Receipts for 
 Dyers ever published in this country— has been eminently popular, and the 
 third edition is just now ready for delivery. 
 
 Strength and other Properties of Metals. 
 
 Keports of Experiments on the Strength and other Pro- 
 perties of Metals for Cannon. With a Description of the 
 Machines for testing Metals, and of the Classification of 
 
 21 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 ■ ■ ■ «■ 
 
 Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ordnance Department 
 U. S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of War. Illus- 
 trated by 25 large steel plates. In 1 vol., quarto. . . . . $10.00 
 
 $3= The best treatise on cast-iron extant. 
 
 Tables Showing the Weight of Round, 
 Square, and Flat Bar Iron, Steel, etc., 
 
 By Measurement. Cloth 63 
 
 Taylor. Statistics of Coal : 
 
 Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in Arts 
 and Manufactures ; with their Geographical, Geological, and 
 . Commercial Distribution and amount of Production and 
 Consumption on the American Continent. With Incidental 
 Statistics of the Iron Manufacture. By R. C. Taylor. Second 
 edition, revised by S. S. Haldeman. Illustrated by five Maps 
 and many Wood engravings. 8vo. cloth $6.00 
 
 Templeton. The Practical Examinator on 
 Steam and the Steam-engine : 
 
 With Instructive References relative thereto, arranged for 
 the use of Engineers, Students, and others. By Wm. Tem- 
 pleton, Engineer. 12mo $1.25 
 
 This work was originally written for the author's private use. He was 
 prevailed upon by various Engineers, who had seen the notes, to consent to 
 its publication, from their eager expression of belief that it would be 
 equally useful to them as it had been to himself. 
 
 Turnbull. The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph : 
 
 With an Historical Account of its Rise, Progress, and Pre- 
 sent Condition. Also, Practical Suggestions in regard to 
 Insulation and Protection from the Effects of Lightning. 
 Together with an Appendix, containing several important 
 Telegraphic Devices and Laws. By Lawrence Turnbull, 
 M. D., Lecturer on Technical Chemistry at the Franklin In- 
 stitute. Second edition. Revised and improved. Illustrated 
 by numerous engravings. 8vo $2.50 
 
 Turner's (The) Companion : 
 
 Containing Instruction in Concentric, Elliptic, and Eccentric 
 Turning ; also, various Steel Plates of Chucks, Tools, and 
 Instruments ; and Directions for Using the Eccentric Cutter, 
 Drill, Vertical Cutter and Rest ; with Patterns and Instruc- 
 tions for working them. 12mo., cloth $1.50 
 
 Ulrich. Dussauce. A Complete Treatise on 
 the Art of Dyeing Cotton and Wool, 
 
 As practiced in Paris, Rouen, Mulhausen, and Germany. 
 . From the French of M. Louis Ulrich. a Practical Dyer in 
 22 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 the principal Manufactories of Paris, Kouen, Mulhausen, 
 etc., etc. ; to which are added the most important Receipts 
 for Dyeing Wool, as practiced in the Manufacture Imperiale 
 des Gobelins, Paris. By Prof. H. Dussauce. 12mo...$3.00 
 
 Watson. Modern Practice of American Ma- 
 chinists and Engineers : 
 
 Including the Construction, Application and Use of Drills, 
 Lathe Tools, Cutters for Boring Cylinders and Hollow 
 Ware generally, with the most economical speed for the 
 same ; the results verified by Actual Practice at the Lathe, 
 the Yice, and on the Floor. Together with Workshop 
 Management, Economy of Manufactures, the Steam-engine, 
 . Boilers, Gears, Belting, etc., etc. By Egbert P. Watson, 
 late editor of the " Scientific American." Illustrated with 
 Eighty-six Engravings. In 1 volume, 12mo $2.50 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Part 1.— The Drill and its Office. 
 Part 2.— Lathe Work. 
 
 Part 3. — Miscellaneous Tools and Processes. 
 Part 4. — Steam and Steam-engine. 
 
 Part 5. — Gears, Belting, and Miscellaneous Practical 
 Information. 
 
 Watson. The Theory and Practice of the 
 Art of Weaving by Hand and Power : 
 
 With Calculations and Tables for the use of those connected 
 with the Trade. By John Watson, Manufacturer and Prac- 
 tical Machine Maker. Illustrated by large drawings of the 
 best Power-Looms. 8vo $5.00 
 
 Weatherly. Treatise on the Art of Boiling 
 Sugar, Crystallizing, Lozenge-making, Com- 
 fits, Gum Goods, 
 
 And other processes for Confectionery, etc., in which are 
 explained, in an easy and familiar manner, the various 
 methods of manufacturing every description of raw and 
 refined Sugar goods, as sold by Confectioners and others. 
 12mo $2.00 
 
 Williams, On Heat and Steam : 
 
 Embracing New Views of Vaporization, Condensation, and 
 Expansion. By Charles Wye Williams, author of a Treatise 
 on the Cumbustion of Coal Chemically and Practically 
 Considered. With Illustrations. 8vo $3.50 
 
 23 
 
PRACTICAL A1STD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Bullock. The American Cottage Builder : 
 
 A Series of Designs, Plans, and Specifications, from $200 to* 
 $20,000, for Homes for the People ; together with Warming, 
 Ventilation, Drainage, Painting, and Landscape Gardening. 
 By John Bullock, Architect, Civil Engineer, Mechanician, 
 and Editor of " The Rudiments of Architecture and Build- 
 ing," etc., etc. Illustrated by 75 engravings. In one vol., 
 8vo , . $3.50 
 
 Contents.— Chap. I.— Generally— Where to Build a Cottage ; Bird Cot- 
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 don's Hollow Brick Walls ; Flint Built Walls ; Walls of Framed Timber, 
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 Eaves-gutter ; Chimney-shaft ; Ventilation and Warming. 111.— Terra del 
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 Section ; Side View ; Manner of Laying the Brick and the Foundation ; 
 Chimney-cap, Perspective, and Top Views. V .—The Farm Cottage— Ground 
 Floor ; Attic Floor. VI.— The Village Cottage. Nil.— Italian Cottage. VIII. 
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 Poor. X.— Warming and Ventilation— Ventilation. XL— Model Cottage— 
 Hollow Brick Work. XIL— Rural Cottage— Basement Plan ; Plan of the First 
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 cumstances to be taken into consideration in the Choice of a Situation ; 
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 Attic; Second Floor; Suburban Octagonal Cottage. XVIII Landscape 
 
 Gardening— First steps in Forming a Landscape Garden ; The Roads and 
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 tory. XIX.— Cost— The Terra del Fuegan Cottage ; The Prairie Cottage ; 
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 Cottage of the Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor ; Prince 
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 Suburban Residence ; The Octagonal Suburban* Residence designed by 
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 by Mr. Davis. XX.— Two Residences— The Byzantine Cottage ; Ground 
 Plan ; Plan of Second Story ; The Gothic Suburban/ Residence of W. H. C. 
 Waddell, Esq., N. Y. ; First Floor; Second Floor. XXI.— Artist's and Arti- 
 san's Calling. 
 
 Smeaton. Builder's Pocket Companion: 
 
 Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and Archi- 
 tecture ; with Practical Rules and Instructions connected 
 with the subject. By A. 0. Smeaton, Civil Engineer, etc. 
 In one volume, 12mo $1.25 
 
 Contents.— The Builder, Carpenter, Joiner, Mason, Plasterer, Plumber, 
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 Architect. 
 
 24 
 

STERLING & FRANCINE CLARK ART INSTITUTE 
 
 NK8804 .C3 stack 
 
 Calvert, Frederick/Lectures on coal tar 
 
 1962 00074 1730