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 STT RL1 N G 
 
 AND FRANCINE j 
 
 C1ARJC ■ 
 
 ART INSTITUTE 
 
 UBRAJOT 
 
 
 i 
 
r 
 
 
 
THE 
 
 British Manufacturers Companion^ 
 
 AND 
 
 Ca^lico Printers Assistant; 
 
 BEING A 
 
 TREATISE on CALLICO PRINTING, 
 
 In all its Branches, Theoretical and Practical ; 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 * 
 
 ESSAY on Genius, Invention, and Dejigningi 
 
 RULES for 
 Drawing, Cutting, Printing, Engraving, Co- 
 lour-making} Bleaching, £sfc. 
 
 Suggestions for the Advantage of Manufactures ; 
 And many valuable Hints to the Proprietors of Print-fields. 
 
 By CHARLES QBRIEN, Callico Printer. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for the Author; 
 
 AND SOLD BY HAMILTON AND CO. AT THE | 
 BUST OF SHAKSPEARE, BEECH-STREET, 
 NEAR FINSBURY-SQUARE ; AND 
 VERNQR AND HOOD, BIRCHIN-LANE, cqrnt-tt; 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 /"ir^HE following rules and obfervations 
 -*• being particularly addreffed to Artifi- 
 cers or Workmen in the Callico Printing 
 bufinefs, it is therefore deemed neceflary to 
 retain many technical words and phrafes ia 
 ufe among them, however aukward they 
 may appear, or however remote they may be 
 from critical propriety, fuch as boundage,*-* 
 putting oft) — cutting a cur / line , &c. 
 
 To many perfons fuch an intimation is 
 unnecefTary, and probably it would not have 
 been given (for nothing can prevent cavil- 
 ling and ill-natured conftrudtions) but that 
 one or two to whom the manufenpt wa 
 fhewn, although they were Callico Printers, 
 1 B began 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 began to confider it more like critics ; con- 
 fequently their further perufal of it was diC 
 penfed with, and the Copy referred to a 
 friend or two, of difcernment enough to 
 confider the critical quality, in this cafe, 
 only as a fecondary one ; and that the end 
 of the publication would be anfwered, if the 
 contents were rendered intelligible to thofe 
 forwhofe ufe they were intended. 
 
 It is likewife fuggefted, that as this is th e 
 iirft publication of the kind, and indeed 
 the firft ever offered concerning Callico 
 Printing*, the Writer had nothing but his 
 own ideas to adopt and arrange ; it therefore 
 followed that it was proportionably laborious; 
 
 * The Writer has heard of fomcthing of this natur* 
 in Franc*, but he underflands it to be more a defcriution 
 of the bufmefs than on the plan of this publication.— 
 He howerer, will not infill that his is the only one ; 
 he m»y poffibly be miftaken, although he has clofely 
 enquired concerning it« 
 
 a.nd, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and, however lightly fome may think of the 
 affertion, laborious it certainly was ; hence 
 he, with fome confidence, conceives that 
 any perfon, unlefs pre-determined to view 
 every thing unfavourably, will make the 
 neceflary allowance for whatever may not 
 be fo clearly exprefTed, or fo methodically 
 arranged as it might be, and with equal in- 
 diligence, excufe the infertion of what may 
 appear of too little importance to have been 
 remarked, or be perhaps repeatedly fpoken 
 of, as well as the omiffion of what might have 
 been inferted, either through inadvertency, 
 or as not having come within the fcope of 
 his obfervations. 
 
 Of 
 
X - 
 
 
 
 Mm 
 
t&For reafons which will afterwards appear > 
 this Work is not paged; — and every Seclion 
 , or Branch of the Bujinefs treated of y is 
 legun on this Side* 
 
 Of Pattern - Drawing* 
 
 AS defigning or drawing Patterns is 
 the obvious fource of the bufinefs on 
 which this tract is written, it may 
 be expe&ed that fomething will be 
 faid on it by way of inftrudtion or advice; but, 
 as Pattern-Drawing depends fo much on what 
 every one underftands by genius, and is fo much 
 governed by fancy, little can be faid on it to any 
 advantage; however, as bearing fome affinity 
 with it, it will be confidered in what the ex- 
 cellency of a Pattern-Drawer confifts, and what 
 fome of the helps are, which genius may poflibly 
 receive from that experience which forms the 
 bafis of profeffional judgment. 
 
 By a good Pattern-Drawer mould be under- 
 wood one, who pofTeiTes a fertility of invention, 
 with judgment to adapt that fertility to the beft 
 
 £ 3 purpofe 
 
Of 
 
 Pattern - Drawing. 
 
 
 purpofe, as it regards tafte, effect, execution and 
 expence ; or at lead, one who can improve on 
 what is doing by others, or can readily catch the 
 reigning ftyle, and by adopting it, form his defigns 
 accordingly. 
 
 He fhould likewife have a knowledge of the 
 bwfinefs in every ftage of its procefs, and confe- 
 cmently be enabled to anfwer, in fome degree, 
 how every intended effecT: may be obtained pre- 
 vious to the executive part being put into 
 operation. 
 
 Hence the Writer ventures to fay, that how- 
 ever excellently a Drawer can copy nature, or 
 combine a number of colours, yet, if that be all, 
 his utility is very limited, when compared with 
 him, who without great neatnefs of drawing or 
 brilliancy of colouring, can produce that variety 
 which gives a fpring to a bufinefs, ever dependant 
 on the capricioufnefs of tafte, and the hcklenei's 
 of fancy. 
 
 It may neverthelefs be obferved (making a 
 tranfition from Pattern-Drawing to the Patterns 
 themfelves) that it is difficult to fay, what really 
 constitutes a good pattern, as decifions on that 
 fubjed are formed by different perfons from very 
 different motives ; for inftence, a Draper's deter- 
 mination- 
 
Of Pattern & rawing. 
 
 mination of one is biafTed by what will heft fuit 
 his line of trade ; a Printer's, that which is 
 adapted to produce the defired effect at the leaft; 
 expencc ; while a buyer's opinion is guided by 
 what is moft generally exhibited in the mops ; 
 and many patterns acquire the character of being 
 good ones, merely from a Draper having it in 
 his power to command a general difplay of them, 
 under every advantage ; for the moft fanciful 
 and bell executed pattern would have little 
 chance of felling well, if feen butin a few places, 
 or the fale not otherwife forwarded; as it then 
 would not have the appearance of a generally 
 approved one, and confequently it would be 
 difregarded in a proportionate degree. But, as 
 this will be occafionally confidered in other 
 places, a few fentiments refpecling Genius, 
 Fancy, and Invention, as more immediately the 
 fubjecl: of this fection, will be now offered; as well 
 as what thofe helps are,of which genius may avail 
 itfelf, toward directing its progrefs ; with the 
 needfulnefs and means of retraining its impe- 
 tuofity, or preventing its eccentricity : fome other 
 thoughts will likewife be advanced^ rather more 
 remote to the immediate fubject, but /till having 
 fo much affinity with it, as to come under the 
 
 § cognizancp 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 cognizance of a Defigner, or thofe who have, or 
 defire to have, any concern in that department. 
 But, it may be necefTary to obferve, that as the 
 fubjecl; gives rife to feveral obfervations, not 
 fufficiently clofe to be interwoven with it, there- 
 fore,for the fake of being as methodical as poflible, 
 and the keeping together what is more immedi- 
 ately to the point, they will be referved for the 
 EfTay further on. ~— 
 
 Previous likewife to what will be faid in this, 
 and the following fecYion, relative to pntting-on 
 the block, the writer intimates, that, to avoid 
 confufion of terms, when fpeajting of Pattern- 
 Drawers, he fhall moft frequently call them De- 
 figners; patterns he fhall call defigns; Putters-on 
 the Block he fhall call Drawers; and their 
 performances putting-on ; but, in difplaying the 
 rules, fuch diftinction will not be affected, as he 
 ihall ufe them indifferently as belt fuits the im- 
 mediate purpofe. As for the terms Genius, 
 Invention, and Fancy, though diftincT: ones, 
 Fancy will be moft likely adopted to ferve for 
 either, as being moft applicable to d^efigning for 
 Callico-printing. 
 
 IN 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 IN the beginning of this feaion, it being faid 
 a deal depends on Genius in regard to the fubjeft 
 now in view, it may be expedcd, that, preparatory 
 to what will be exhibited as mecLwiical helps 
 to it, fomething will be faid wherein it confifts, 
 how it is to be improved, what aieits indications, 
 and the like; it will therefore be atte.apted, 
 not as afpiring to any thing dotfrina!, fpe- 
 cincally defcriptive, or as feeking controverfy, 
 but only as it fcems to hold a connection with 
 the fubjea treated of; for, till terms are ex- 
 plained, underftood, and univerfally received in 
 one unequivocal fenfe, we animadvert in the 
 dark, hence to afk whatGenius is,howit originates, 
 how it performs, or where is it feated ? leads 
 into fuch metaphyfical obfeurity or perplexity, 
 that the raoft intelligent are at a Iofs how to 
 fatisfy fuch inquiries ; for knowing little of the 
 elementary principles of things, as the fourcesare 
 fo remote, how can pofitive or clear confequences 
 be educed? therefore we fit down atlaft with fimply 
 calling it a faculty of the mind, and toexprefs its 
 operations, fay fomething like what is ventured 
 to be offered further on, taking certain pofitions 
 as principles or maxims, and accordingly dravf 
 cmr deductions and argue from them. 
 
 As 
 
Of Pattern Drawing, 
 
 As for the difplay or produaions of genius or 
 fancy, enough is vifible in every ftation, and 
 therefore though only treating of pattern -draw- 
 ing, an occupation of little worth or merit in the 
 eyes of thofe who hold a high rank in the fcale 
 of artifts, as if requiring little ftrength of intel- 
 lea, compafs of invention, or accuracy m execu- 
 tion ; yet, in its proper fphere, taken in all 
 circumftances, it is with thofe whom it immedi- 
 ately concerns, of as much importance, and as 
 difficult to attain, as many arts or fciences that 
 are univerfally dignified. 
 
 Genius in any fhape, it is obferved, is not fatif- 
 fied unlefs exploring unbeaten tracks, or rendering 
 that perfea which cannot be rendered fo by the 
 efforts of mediocrity ; to conftitute which and to 
 empower it fo to aft, there mufl be fancy, judg- 
 ment and tafle : by fancy, various ideas feem to 
 be carried to the mental repofaory and there 
 ftored up to be occafionally made ufe of; but ' 
 then fancy mould be reflrained or governed by 
 judgment, or its emanations will be eccentric or 
 extravagant ; and this faculty of judgment feems 
 to be properly employed in going through its 
 colleaion of ideas, to fcparate or arrange them as 
 maybe required; or in other words, judgment is 
 
 a 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 a kind of counterbalance to the eccentricity of 
 fancy, curbing it (as before intimated) when im- 
 petuous, and guiding it when prone to deviate. 
 
 Further, As judgment is chiefly underftood to 
 keep the fancy within proper bounds, "fo that no- 
 thing be unnatural or diftortive ; another power 
 is requifite to render whatever is produced, not 
 merely free from fault, but to give it a beauty, 
 and an elegant and highly polifhed finifti ; which 
 power is generally expreffed by the term tafte ;. 
 of which much has been written to define, and 
 to bring under certain rules, but with little effect, 
 bein<r a facility 3£3£= — -■>'■<* ■ ^__j vy accidc "*' f ^2SL 
 by nature, and partly depending upon circum- 
 ilances not always regulated by Uriel: propriety % 
 but as it takes in the consideration or knowledge 
 of v/hat is generally, and (in feme cafes) uuiver- 
 fally, allowed to give a (mill* to the works of art; 
 it is therefore able to form a deeifion, either -is 
 applicable to the performance under the defigneis 
 hands, or in determining on the works of others: 
 Tafte. however, according as it is employed, is 
 either fuperior, or Subordinate to judgment ; as 
 the arbitrator of ornament, it is defpotic; but in 
 following nature, it muft be fubjc&ive ; hence, 
 according as the fancy or judgment is likely to 
 
 be 
 

 Of Pattern Dra wing, 
 
 be employed, let the defigner attend to this dif~ 
 tindrion, as, in the inftance of pattern-drawing, 
 tafte is to be underftood as the uppermoft quality 
 to be acquired, nature being no way in that bu- 
 finefs likely to be very clofely imitated ; but in 
 other fituations where the performance confifts in 
 its refemblance of nature, and th.it refemblarceis 
 required, there, judgment (with tafte however 
 at its call) muli claim the precedency or firft 
 notice. 
 
 Again, Either of thefe three qualities is of 
 little fervice without the affiftance of the others, 
 fancy alcne being" verv ipaiWiu^ tg to nrodure 
 
 what is requifite (even when required to be wild 
 or grotefque) For though its productions may 
 pleafe, it can be but for a moment ; but, when 
 Tcgulated by judgment and adorned by tafte, it 
 ilrikes almoft univerfally; the decorative part 
 pleating thofe who know but little, or overlook that 
 of the natural ; and thofe who look for propriety, 
 find it, with the addition of that heightening or 
 vivification which true tafte imparts; for when 
 thefe are united, they of courfe ftrengthen and 
 add to each others power and effect, exhibiting 
 fomething novel, exprefted with propriety, and 
 embellifhed with elegance ; genius, which is the 
 
 vivifying 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 vivifying fpark, giving a fpring and fpirit to the 
 whole; and without which, the moft elaborate 
 works of judgment will never give muchpleafure 
 to any one of a refined and comprehenfive turn, 
 though for a while they may pleafe a frigid 
 obferver. 
 
 It is not the bufinefs of this little effufion to 
 particularize the indications of genius further 
 than as immediately applicable to the mechanical 
 operations difplayed further on ; the writer how- 
 ever will juft mention that many have been de- 
 ceived by an early indication of fuch a gift, 
 forming great expectations, that when ripened, it- 
 would acquire much celebrity ; but, it is not 
 eafy in juvenile objects to fay into what road 
 it may hereafter ftrike, for until their production? 
 may be fuppofed to be regulated by that degree of 
 difcernmentjwhich requires fome maturity of years, 
 there can be little of what is termed judgment :• 
 hence many youths have been put to defigning 
 though it has afterwards appeared their talents 
 have been much over-rated ; and in deciding on 
 fuch indications', a caution fhould be obferved, 
 for though genius may feem to improve as matu- 
 rity approaches ; yet ere that epocha commences,, 
 it may have pafled its meridian ; which is {een , 
 
 frequently^ 
 
Of Pattern Draivhg* 
 
 frequently to be the cafe, whenever a remarkable 
 early difplay of genius has been vifible : befides, 
 people who thus haftily decide, are not aware, 
 that while they do not expe& a perfect perform- 
 ance, and look but for an attempt, they only 
 commend its proximity to perfection ; but when 
 the time comes that fome'thingmaflcrly ihould be 
 produced, the performer may fliew that his geni- 
 us was not of the kind to arrive at that height; 
 and then, thofe who predicted great effects, are 
 proportionably difappointed and mortified. 
 
 * 
 
 It is impoflible to fpecify all the impediments 
 to a lad's improvement, or the helps he may re- 
 ceive, a deal depends on either ; for inftance, a 
 youth with ftrong indications of genius may be 
 placed where there is no one proper to cultivate 
 it, the fituation* or courfe of wcrk may not be 
 
 congenial 
 
 * This may be alluded to a« particularly appli- 
 cable to lads being put out to Pattern-drawers who 
 work at home (and it holds good refpe&ing Cutters 
 and Engravers) though this is an error in thofe 
 who put them out ; for when out of their times 
 they have in effect another term to ferve before they 
 know any thing beyond the ufe of the pencil, the 
 knife, or graver, otherwife than by mere precept ; 
 and, of courfe, can be but of proportionate fervice 
 at a manufactory. 
 
Of Pattern Braivlng. 
 
 congenial to his natural aptitude, or lie may be 
 precluded thofe circumftances which are necef- 
 fary to give him confidence, and improve his 
 underftanding in general matters ; thefe arc 
 points (lamentably for the youth) too often to- 
 tally disregarded,--- -and from thefe and other rea- 
 fons, it may be advanced, that there are fo very- 
 few good pattern drawers, (according to the de- 
 finition juft given) though fuch numbers have 
 ferved as apprentices, or been pupils to pattern 
 drawing, and this leads to fay, thinking how for- 
 ward many are, to take pupils or apprentices to 
 drawing (leaving the iv eighty confederation of 
 premiums out of the queftion) that thofe who 
 have youths to put out, and thofe who are incli- 
 ned to take them, fliould not be very prompt 
 either way, from the con fi derations mentioned 
 above, as well as what follows ; for it is of little 
 fignification to fay, that fuch a lad fhews a great 
 genius or tafte for drawing, or any bufinefs de- 
 pending on fancy, unlefs there is fome indication. 
 of an understanding equally acute and compre- 
 henfive in general matters, with other concomi- 
 tants of vivacity, good difpofition, and a plaftic 
 temper; as then, and then only, there feems hopes 
 of his genius, whatever bent it may take, furnifh- 
 ing itfelf in its approaches to maturity, as cir- 
 cumftances offer, with every reauifite towards 
 
 improving 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 improving it, and that without the formal impofiti- 
 on of precept, rule, and frigid advice ; confequently 
 when arrived at that age, in which fomething 
 beyond a mere effort is expected, his own hopes 
 and views, as well as thofe of others, will not 
 be difappointed. * 
 
 It is begged that what is above advanced be 
 not understood as giving into the common mode 
 of inveighing againft taking apprentices, from 
 the probability of leflening the value or fcarcity 
 of defigners, who have pafTed their noviciate (as 
 may likewife be faid of other branches) what 
 has been faid, is more directed to parents, who 
 are prejudiced *in favor of their children's talents, 
 or through fondnefs miftake their inclination for 
 genius, for unlefs a lad is likely to fhew thofe 
 faculties which will get him through life with 
 credit and eafe as an artifi: (in which clafs de- 
 jGgners may be included) he had better be put 
 to any common mechanical .employment, as 
 certainly nothing can be a greater mifery to a 
 man, than to think~his living depends upon the 
 productions of fancy, and he is unfortunate 
 enough not to poffefs a fingle ray of it, and that*. 
 confequently,his utmofl exertions are defpicable, 
 and of couife not worth exhibiting. 
 
 The 
 
 m 
 
Of Pattern Drawing, 
 
 The writer will now endeavour, perhaps not 
 over methodically, to throw in fuch documents 
 as feem to him moft likely to affifl: the fu'ncy in 
 its exertions, and with fuch remarks as occafion- 
 ally arife, either as more or lefs applicable to the 
 defigner or his employer ; and before he fpeaks 
 of the mechanical parts of defigning, he will 
 dwell a little on fome circumftances not totally 
 irrevalent to fuch employment, and probably not 
 abfolutely unworthy the notice of either party; 
 for, though the aim may be miffed, the intention 
 is to render the performance more eafy to one 
 party, and confequently more advantageous to. 
 the other. 
 
 In the firft place, it is fuggefted, a Defigner 
 ought not, by any means, to be confidered in 
 fo mechanical a light, as if fancy or invention 
 were of fuch a nature, that he can at all times 
 command a fuccefsful operation *; fimilar to a 
 
 perfon 
 
 3 Thofe are particularly alluded to here, who 
 are engaged as Defigners to work a ftated number 
 of hours in a 3ay. But to treat Defigners with 
 proper addrefs is what few Principals are competent 
 to.— See fomething to tiui effeft in the Not* at the 
 snd of Pinning. 
 
Of Pattern Drawing. 
 
 pcrfon performing a merely mechanical piece of 
 work, in which little more than utenfils are 
 needful, and the fubje& to be a&ed on is imme- 
 diately and conveniently at hand. To illuitrate 
 which, it may be obferved, that Principals them- 
 felves, at times, afFe£ to fay, Defigners fhould 
 only work when fo difpofed, yet many of them, 
 inconfiftently with fuch a pofition, think nothing 
 done unlefs they fee fomethingon paper ; making 
 hardly any account of what the invention is at 
 work upon ; but, contrary to this practice, it is 
 here faid, that the defigner mould not be afked, 
 except on lingular occafions, how he means to 
 do fuch a part ? what will be put in this or that 
 place ? what will be the colour of this object ? 
 and foon ; but that a proper mode is, (when not 
 left entirely to work from his own fancy) for 
 him to be told what fort of patterns is wanted ; on 
 whichjhe accordingly draws a number flightly, or 
 perhaps nearly perfect, agreeable to the nature 
 of them ; from thefe a feledtion is made as hav- 
 ing the beft effect ; afterwards another is made, 
 including that quality, with their adaptation for 
 working ; and even from thefe it may be needful 
 to make a felection as proper to jQiew, or to be 
 put into execution. 
 
 All 
 
Of Pat lev n Drawing, 
 
 All this is however offered as matter of opinion, 
 or only to be put in practice where and when 
 it can be done conveniently, as at all times and 
 in all places it cannot, neither is it always ne- 
 ceflary ; but this is however infifted on, that a 
 Defigner can do little with pleafure to himfelf 
 at a Printing-ground, if under reftraint, or fubject 
 to that kind of controul, or enquiry, which has 
 been exprefled above ; or if his employer be of 
 that caft, who confider all under them as but 
 mere machines to procure themfelves profit, and 
 that as fach, they have nothing to do but to 
 fpur every one on by any method, however coarfe 
 and unfeeling. 
 
 RefpedYing this operation, and indeed any 
 other, it may likewife be noted, that one perfon 
 only is prober to give orders (no matter how 
 many have been previoufly advifed with) for 
 rarely do two or more agree in opinion ; and for a 
 defigner or any other to receive orders from feve- 
 ral, and thofe orders different, or countermand- 
 ing, no one need be informed, is productive of 
 much embarrafTment, and often fubverfive of 
 what each party defires. 
 
 But turning now to the immediate fubje& of 
 this fe&ion, and in particular alluding to fancy, 
 
 it 
 
I 
 
 Of Pattern Drawing.. 
 
 it is fuggefted* that every one is prejudiced in 
 favor of his own ideas, or what he concludes or 
 wifhes to be underftood as fuch, Principals are 
 particularly prone to be much in love with fuch 
 apparently new ideas, and not being always un- 
 der the neceffity of confulting any one, they 
 often adopt and put in execution, too precipi- 
 tately, what has ftruck them as valuable ; not 
 difcovering how they have deceived themfelves, 
 till they find no other perfon feems ftruck by its 
 appearance when difplayed, as they were by it 
 in idea ; for if they firfl fpeak of fuch an idea to 
 their fubordi nates as very finking, they not being 
 always at liberty to pafs fentence, or even give 
 their opinions with that freedom which the prin- 
 cipal can and will on what they might offer, the 
 infatuation does not go offfo foon, nor is it feen 
 as fuch till too late. 
 
 - 
 
 Drapers like wife frequently getting hold of an 
 idea, adopt it as a good one, and endeavour to 
 communicate it- (perhaps with a friendly inten- 
 tion) but are often greatly difappointed when 
 what is drawn in confecjucace of f uc h communi- 
 cation 
 
 tap 
 
Of Pattern Drawing, 
 
 cation does not give the effect they want*. A. 
 great deal of time, trouble, and other incon- 
 venience would however certainly be prevented, 
 by letting thofe wonderfully flriking ideas reft a 
 little till thought of more coolly ; and then, if 
 no dimunition happens in their apparent value, 
 
 or 
 
 * The above fuggeftions lead the Writer to ob» 
 ferve that fome will fay tif they could but ufe the 
 psncil, they are fure they could produce fomething 
 wonderful new, and flriking in effeft !— to coirifcat 
 unthoughtful prepofleflions of fuch a kind the writer 
 knows would be to little purpofe ; he will only fay 
 of this, that he who advances fuch a notion, can 
 know nothing of the operation of the inventive fa- 
 culty in fuch a cafe, and of courfe does not diftin- 
 guilh between a certain end or point reprefented to 
 him by the livelinefs of imagination, diverted of all 
 obftru&ions to its appearing fo forcible in novelty 
 and effeft, and the operation neceffary to produce 
 or difplay it on paper by a mechanical or manual 
 proeefs, with the ufual interruptions of objections, 
 impediments, revifwns, diflatisfaftions, &c. 
 
 ■ 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 or ideal effect, there is the greater probability of 
 their fucceeding and itriking more univerfally.* 
 
 It often happens too, that many (Drapers 
 particularly) are violent in requiring fomething 
 
 new, 
 
 * Speaking of this infatuation in favour of (elf- 
 created ideas, the following little anecdote is offered, 
 and which {hews at the fame time how with a little 
 finefle, a weak fide may be played with : A perfon 
 having to (hew a number of patterns, as townfman 
 (when it was the cuftom to take a quantity of 
 patterns only at Hated times, and after (hewing 
 them, to make them general) having difplayed 
 them before a Draper, He, after praifing Come, 
 and rtejecling others, faid of one, that if altered 
 in fuch a manner"it would be much better; the 
 perfon who (hewed the patterns, willing to tempo- 
 rize, told him his obfervation was judicious, and 
 added, to heighten the flattery, that feveral others 
 had made exaftly the lame obfervation ; this fo 
 pleafed the Draper, that he fet about altering every 
 one cf the patterns in the fame judicious (tile, and 
 took fuch pleaiure in his employment, and retained 
 the other fo long, that he had little time to go elfe- 
 where that day, refolving to take care for the future, 
 how he commended the alterations fuggefted by the 
 fame perfon again. 
 
 *r 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 new, or totally different from what lias ever been 
 feen; all this has a bufy found, and in idea promifes 
 great deal, or at leaft implies the hope of a great 
 deal ; but could it be procured, the expectation 
 might not be anfwered, as it generally. feems that 
 when any thing happens to be produced, very 
 different from the common run or appearance of 
 work, or what may be called the reigning ftyle; 
 it has not the chance of getting into vogue, for 
 reafons already given, except when a Draper of 
 eminence, who holds his connections as it were 
 by a bridle, is determined to pufh what is a 
 favourite of his; though even that will not always 
 fucceed ; for fomehow or other capital blunders 
 a re now and then made by the moft experienced, -#• 
 in the chufing of patterns. Cautious Drapers 
 however are not very forward in this refpect ; 
 they know, indeed all mull, that though at all 
 times there are certain claffes of patterns that 
 enfure fale, yet a continuation of one frile, will 
 tire in time ; and the utmoft efforts to continue 
 it, will not always be propitious ; * for innova- 
 tions 
 
 * This may be illuflrated 
 by a capital connection in town, fruitlcfsly 
 
 attempting 
 

 li 
 
 Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 tions in ftyle, rarely happen abruptly ; they are 
 brought about by flow degrees, or in fa €t more 
 by accident than defign, and oftentimes in a 
 manner contrary to what any one might con- 
 ceive. Much, to be fure, is fometimes faid of the 
 licklenefs and whimficalnefs of Drapers and 
 others, but there furery is little caufe, it being 
 natural to be tired of any thing ever fo excellent 
 when very familiar, and of courfe novel or diffe- 
 rent appearances are fought after ; but when 
 interefled views are annexed, and thofe variations 
 cannot be fufficiently obtained, it is juft as natural 
 to repine. 
 
 There was a time when no one thought 
 grounding off the table could be performed as it 
 now is ; the writer well remembers when it was 
 in agitation, to print two reds and two olaves 
 at the houfe where nrft executed *. All the 
 Printers exclaimed that the two after-colours 
 could never be put in according to the defigns ; 
 
 it 
 
 attempting for two or three fcafons to force ftripes 
 into vogue ; but though the work was generally 
 good, the effort fubfided under the prevalency of a 
 different ilyle. 
 
 f This was at Weft-Ham, Effex. 
 
 ■P 
 
Of Pat urn Drrwing. 
 
 it was however attempted, and it fuccecded, and 
 nothing but that courfe of work was done there 
 that feafon. The next feafon, indeed fhortly 
 after, it was attempted at other places; and now 
 little difficulty (comparatively fpeaking) is ex- 
 perienced in it. ' 
 
 It may likewife be faid of black, dove, and 
 yellow patterns ; at firft the grand objection to 
 executing them was that a black could n^t be 
 procured ; hence when dove was introduced, it 
 was done off the table, by thofe, who wedded 
 to the old fyflem, execrated an innovation, 
 which then, for the honour of a good black, 
 appeared discreditable ; but others, who were lefs 
 tenacious of fuch honour, as well as for other 
 fufficient reafons, foon brought that courfe of 
 work into vogue ; and now, or at leaft very lately, 
 what courfe was more general ? it may be faid 
 too, in fpeaking of black, that formerly it was 
 a maxim no pattern with a mixture of colours 
 would do without it ; but it is not thought 
 fo now. 
 
 What the writer has now to advance, as 
 rules or documents reipecting defigning, would 
 follow here properly enough, but having little 
 to advance, and that little not fatisfa&ory even 
 
 to 
 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 to himfelf, he will defer it to the end of the 
 fecYion ; obferving however, as leading to what 
 he means to fay about Genius, Fancy, Invention, 
 and .drawing, that more might very probably be 
 faid or advanced as Rules, but Genius or Fancy 
 cannot be dictated to ; Fancy mull, in many 
 cafes, be left almoft intirely to itfelf, as not 
 coming under a mechanical defcription, or ana- 
 lysis : much to be fure may be faid, and pretty 
 difquifitions have been given, (perhaps thefe in 
 this article are of the number) about judgment 
 presiding with coolnefs, while fancy is wandering 
 here and there ; then tafte is ufhered in to the 
 nfiiftance of judgment, and fo on ; but he is in- 
 duced to think, that in genius is comprized that 
 faculty which foon avails itfelf, whenever op- 
 portunities happen, of what is neceffary to ren- 
 der its emanations effective ; in fa&, Rules 
 impoled on a natural genius, too often fhackle it, 
 and it is almoft proverbial, that true genius foar s 
 above all precept, and looks with a becoming 
 difdain at the formality of rule ; often producing 
 what never would have appeared, if rules autho- 
 ritatively given, had been clofely adhered to ; 
 and it may be faid, when Fancy fuffers itfelf to 
 be pinned down to Rule, it is to be fufpedted 
 there is not a great deal of genius, and that thofe 
 who can produce little ' without certain rules to 
 
 lead 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 lead them, are not much better than copyifh of 
 imitators ; but turning to the point in view, 
 which is the province of fancy, namely, defign- 
 ing, it is o»ly at certain times that it is alive,* 
 and then it defpifes fetters ; when it is not free, 
 like every thing elfe in diftrefs, it catches at any 
 amftance, and is thankful for any help that 
 offers itfelf. 
 
 Fancy notwithstanding, fhould be (as before 
 faid) at all events, free from certain impediments 
 or reftraints ; which applying to a Defigner's 
 performance at a Printing-ground, can hardly 
 be done; from the mind being confufed with 
 various confiderations, that obftruct or divert its 
 efforts, fuch as receiving orders from feveral, 
 murmurings at not always fucceeding, being 
 forced to do duty at all times, and the like ;f 
 
 but 
 
 
 •■ What is a man's genius or fancy worth, when 
 diitrefled, brow - beaten, or otherwilc illiberally 
 treated ? and how little do many think of what are 
 often the real caufes of the great difference which 
 at times appear in the works of men of genius ? 
 
 f Thefe may fecm to many but trivial obfer- 
 vations, the writer however, from experience, knows 
 the contrary ; and he is certain fome others in the 
 moft eligible fituation as engaged Defigners, know 
 the fame ; indeed an engaged Defigner at a Printing- 
 Ground is now little more than a Compiler. 
 
 
Mm. 
 
 . 
 
 
 Of Pattern Drawing, 
 
 but chiefly too much (it is again hinted) from 
 many Principals inceflantly defiring to be occu- 
 lariy -o-vinced he has not been idle; for it is 
 hue afTei /.d, that the nrft Defigner in the 
 Printing bafinefs (however the aflertion may 
 wound his pride) would be afhamed to have it 
 feen how diffatisfied he is fometimes with what 
 he moft endeavours to render perfect, the re- 
 petitions which he makes, the doubts he is in 
 about rejecting this or that idea, the difficulty 
 of fixing his attention, &c. and it is thence as 
 confidently faid, that thofe patterns which for 
 feveral feafons have been allowed the firft place, 
 would probably never have been produced, if the 
 Defigner had been fhackled by the direction of 
 others, or been in that controuled or fubordinate 
 ftate, where his own inclination mufl have given 
 way to the frigid direction of thofe, who, more 
 alive to gain than reputation, find no impulfe to 
 afcend beyond a certain height, or flretch out 
 beyond a certain diflance from the beaten path. 
 
 As for invention, ftrictly fpeaking, it is not here 
 offered to fay what it is, much lefs how to de- 
 fcribe it; there is a mutation of ltile or tafle, to be 
 fure, but nothing new; for novelty is only a name 
 for an old effect or appearance revived with a little 
 
 alteration 
 
 
Of Pattern Drawing. 
 
 alteration, and (making a metaphyseal excurfion) 
 if the queflion were afked, what is original > an 
 anfwer could not be eafily obtained fufficient to 
 fatisfy fome enquirers ; the term having no pre- 
 cife meaning, till it is agreed on all fides, how 
 ideas are acquired, whether intuitively or by (en- 
 fation, or, in other words, whether product- 
 ions termed original,are or are not but mere copies 
 of certain archetypes, conveyed to the mind by 
 its attendant faculties : and if the proudeft de- 
 figner in the printing c* any other bufinefs, would 
 be candid, he would confefs there is not near fo 
 much of invention in what he produces, as he 
 defires the world to give him credit for; fince if 
 traced to the fource it will generally appear that 
 the mind received a hint, if not fomething more 
 expremve, from fome vifible object or other ; 
 and it may further be faid, that the greateft, 
 genius would be afhamed to be discovered at 
 the little fhifts he often makes to attain a certain 
 end, by fearching into nooks and corners, as it 
 •were, for objects to flrike out fomething from, 
 or at the quantity or collection of fubjedrs he 
 fecretly heaps up to fupplyhirafelf with thoughts 
 •and hints, and the methods he takes to disfigure 
 the ideas he thus more or lefs furreptitioufly 
 purloins, to make them appear novel ; and too 
 
 glaring 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 glaring it is, how a reputed genius will contend 
 about his claim to what is palpably plagiarifm ; 
 and which among Defigners in the Callico- 
 printing mifinefs, is certainly as frequent as 
 among other claffes : Befides, if it be confidered 
 what a number of Defigners are always at work, 
 and how many thoufand patterns are produced 
 in a year, but how few of them remarkable for 
 novelty, it mutt feem ftill more clearly there 
 is very little of ftrikirtg out of the beaten paths 
 and much lefs of originality than might be 
 expected. 
 
 In fome cafes it is more difficult to imitate 
 than invent ; for the quality generally demand- 
 ed in an imitation, is to excel the original; 
 but unhappily that word excel, in this cafe, is 
 very vague ; it may very likely be altered for 
 the better, if alluding to its being rendered eaficr 
 to work ; but almoft every different perfon will 
 have a different idea about its appearing better, 
 or having a better effect, at leaft as far as they 
 chufe to fpeak, or are at liberty fo to do. 
 
 As 
 
Of Pattern Drawing* 
 
 As applicable to the preceding fentiments, it is 
 obferved that fome will fay,when a Defigner means 
 to produce fomething remarkably excellent,he firft 
 fixes on a plan in his own mind, and nearly forms 
 it there before he, transfers it to paper ; all this the 
 man of fancy fmiles at, knowing its fallacy ; for 
 whatever may be faid of the mind forming a plan 
 of fomething, the judgment regulating it, and 
 thus mentally working on it till compleat, it is 
 ftrange that any perfon is infatuated enough to 
 believe fuch a thing, or ridiculous enough to 
 afTert it can be done ; the works of the greateft 
 genius's that have been produced, no matter of 
 what fpecies, have been perfected but gradually, 
 and as it were by piece-meal, but to advance the 
 pofition juft mentioned, isjuft as if a perfon faid, 
 I have an original in my mind, and 1 will fet 
 down and copy it on paper ;--- he may to be fure 
 let about it, but the original in his mind will be 
 very far from being faithfully co; ied ; for he 
 may begin as the ideas prefent, themfelves, but 
 by being obliged to disjoint that mental original, 
 he very foon in his progrefs lofes the firft ap- 
 pearance, and before the completion of his copy 5 
 through repeated alterations, reje&ions, &c» it 
 may very probably be quite of a different ihape 
 and complexion ; and that this is the cafe in 
 
 § § Pattern- 
 
H 
 
 Of 'Pattern drawing. 
 
 Pattern-drawing, the writer ventures to fay few 
 of his brethren will deny. § 
 
 The writer begs not to be underftood by any 
 thing which he has fuggefted, as meaning to 
 depreciate merit or genius, (he himfelf as a 
 Defigner is more put to his fhif s than he at all 
 times chufes to own) his aim partly by fpeaking 
 thus freely, is to indue; thofe who are reputed 
 polTefTors of it, to be cautious how far they give 
 themfclves praife or nedit for what they do 
 pofTefs, as rarely half k vhat a pe'fon advances of 
 himfelf, is believed ; and in this cafe, Defigners 
 as well as others, whoie exiftence depends on 
 public caprice, would be lefs arrogant or puffed 
 tip in the zenith of their reputation, if they 
 frequently reflected on the verfitality of tafte or 
 
 fafhion, 
 
 
 § It is a common mode of fpeaking when applied 
 to any art or fcience, to fay, what a genius he rnuft 
 have had, who invented it; or what an excellent 
 invention it was : fuch an exclamation is truly 
 ridiculous, and void of thought : as in the inftance 
 of C: liico-pimting, it is very likely the firft efforts 
 concerning it, were hardly worth notice, but fuc- 
 ceffive improvements have formed it into fome 
 fyftem. 
 
Of Pattern Drawing, 
 
 fafliion, not knowing how foon fuch caprice or 
 mutability may affea them ; as it is not every 
 one that can readily come into every turn of that 
 fickle defpot : that this has been the cafe, is 
 well known in initances of feveral who have 
 been deemed capital Drawers, but are now almoft 
 totally difregarckd; hence, if the writer may 
 venture to advife in this point, let every Defigner 
 who wifhes to fecure his credit as long as poffible, 
 not foolimly affea to ftand alone or obftinately 
 to oppofe or contemn that itile which is pre- 
 valent * ; but gradually Aide into the changes as 
 they happen, or blend them with his own pecu- 
 liar manner ; otherwife, certain is muft be, that 
 from the ficklenefs of opinion or fancy, and the 
 confequential change of fafhion, together with 
 the probability of a rifing generation of Defigners 
 eclipfing him, he, at a certain period, will regret 
 that felf-fufficiency which blinded him to natural 
 defe&s, or that reftlefsnefs which ftined what 
 prudence ought to have fuggefted. 
 
 * This fliould be understood as likewifc addreffed 
 to Principals, who &ffe£t to oppofe a prsvaiency of 
 
 ftyle. 
 
— "~ «* ' I i TI ^K 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Of" Pattern Drawing. 
 
 It is time now to turn from thefe excurfions, 
 and proceed to give fome hints (Rules they can- 
 not be called, nor are they infrted as fuch) 
 reipe&ing the operative parts of defigning, more 
 to evince a readinefs to do thofe fome fervice 
 who perhaps expect: it, and are not to be per- 
 fuaded but that it may be obtained in fuch a 
 manner, than from any confidence in their value, 
 or fatisfaction in their difplay ; as, in refpect to 
 utility or practice, they can only be general 
 documents, from the changeablenefs of ftile or 
 tafte ; befides, every perfon who is in a fituation 
 to decide, and can have his decifion put in prac- 
 tice, has his fixed ideas of tafte, propriety, good 
 drawing, &c. fome through prejudice, fome 
 through affectation, and others through oppo- 
 fition. As for example, fome explode a certain 
 fhape of a leaf, a leaf, a flower, or other object,'* 
 either as being too plain, fVifF, common, and 
 the like; or elfe as expenfive in cutting, difficult 
 to pencil, and fo on ; while others have their 
 
 reafons 
 
 * It has the appearance as if a certain houfe faw 
 no beauty in any leaf but of this kind, fig. 119, as 
 almoft all other kinds of leaves feem to t-t avoided, 
 and refpeiting which, fee Rules 17 and 35, for 
 putting on. 
 
Of Pattern-Drawing. 
 
 reaforis for adopting the very contrary ; the fame 
 may be faid of trails, fome rejecting a curled one, 
 others an upright one ; in ihort, it would be 
 endlefs to particularize thofe different opinions, 
 or what by different perfons are adhered to as. 
 Hand ards of elegance, propriety or grace ; all fee 
 through different mediums, and of courfe are 
 differently affected. * 
 
 N. B. Refpedting the following hints, it may- 
 be noticed, that feveral of the Rules for 
 putting - on fhould be kept in fight by the 
 Defigner,---efpecially about the width of the 
 cloth,— an even face,--eafmefs of pencilling,-* 
 ceconomy in cutting, &c. Rule 6 for putting-<m 
 is almoft a counterpart of the following. 
 
 HINTS, 
 
 ' Perhaps the idea may feem itrained and wide 
 from Pattern-drawing, but fuch is the connection 
 between things apparently remote, that a good piece 
 of Hiftory Painting, as comprehending defign, 
 colouring, effect, &c. may be confideredas a model 
 to form a chintz pattern from, by fuppofing each 
 figure a flower, and the back ground, the attributes, 
 and other appendages, as leaves, or ornamental 
 parts » 
 
"li 
 
 Of Pwern-Draiving* 
 
 HINTS, &c. for Defigning or Pattern- 
 drawing. 15 
 
 In drawing trail patterns, if you mean to have 
 flowers or other objeds ftand fo as to appear 
 diftina from the other parts, firft mark their 
 diftances, obferving to make the trail fpread re- 
 gularly ; then mark what objeas are to be of 
 different colours, keeping two or more objeas 
 tbat are fimilar in fhape and colour, as far from 
 each othtr as you can, and let every colour fpeak 
 as it were, but particularly thofe that are the 
 leading or characterizing ones; or, in other 
 words, let nothing be loft or kept back, but 
 what is of the lea ft confluence. 
 
 In 
 
 • A miftake is here juft mentioned, prevalent 
 
 chiefly among fubordinates, which is, that a matter's 
 
 bufiaefs depends on having a good Drawer ; this 
 
 in lorne cafes is fai from truth ; for the goodnefs of 
 
 his Drawer is of little fervke, if his conneaions are 
 
 not refpeftable ; good drawings will undoubtedly 
 
 kelp to procure work, but they will not force it, if 
 
 there be no good undemanding in another fhape : 
 
 and which every Printer who works for Drapers 
 
 well knows. 
 
Of Pattern-Drawing. 
 In groups the greater the contraft, the better 
 the effeft, as a light object among dark ones 
 generally fucceeds ; reds and greens being the 
 molt harmonizing colours, or the mort agreeable 
 when put together, fhould therefore be properly 
 attended, fo that they may command an appear- 
 ance : where there are two or three reds it is cer- 
 tainly beft to let the body colours, that is, the 
 paleft colours, ftand clear, or without being co- 
 vered too much by the deep ones ; * but on the 
 contrary, when elaboratenefs and delicacy is 
 affected, thefe obfervations cannot avail. 
 
 In dark or fliady patterns (according to the 
 prefent humour) there feems to be a requifition 
 for a plain white object to ftand forward ; and 
 if kept in an harmonious proportion to the whole, 
 
 it 
 
 i 
 
 * This is inftanced in a late imitation of a dark 
 ground pattern, with a kind of mofs or fpray hanging 
 down in great quantities, as from the judicious 
 qircumftance of throwing in more body colour in the 
 commanding flowers, than the original had, the copy 
 had on the whole a be;ter effect. 
 
Of Pattern-Drawing* 
 
 it certainly has an enlivening effect; but to judge 
 of it according to the principle of harmonious 
 colouring, or diftribution of fhade, the effect is 
 too abrupt to produce harmony, though as above 
 faid, it may be lively. 
 
 Small copper-plate dark grounds feem particu- 
 larly to require a white object, or a diftincl: white 
 part of one, and it would not be amifs in copper- 
 plate frnall patterns, to manage them fo, that 
 when the light parts are gone, fomething ex- 
 prefllve may be left behind. 
 
 This enlivening effect is generally deftroyed 
 in dark patterns, where the colour ends in lhades 
 within an object, or without being bounded by 
 a line of fome fort, as it gives the white about it 
 a tinge, and in woalded work, the lefs the yellow 
 touch* tf or goes over the black it is the better, 
 as it generally hurts and renders it of an olave 
 hue ; this however depends upon the colour, but 
 but particular' y fo when executed without grafs- 
 ing or fielding, as in the cafe of patterns brought 
 up in fumach and bran bleached, the cloth not 
 feeing then of a good white* 
 
 lli 
 
 WfflM 
 
 I 
 
Of Pati em-drawing. 
 
 In drawing fome clafTes of patterns, it is as well 
 to make them as general as poflible, though that, 
 it is granted, is rather an after-confideration ; 
 and in patterns that are to have chemical or loofe 
 colours thrown in, -f which foon fly off, triere 
 mould be faft colours, (unlefs the whole is in 
 chemic) under them, or fo conneaed, that there 
 may feem as little deficiency as poffible, when 
 fuch loofe colours difappear. 
 
 t Of all technical phrafes among Callico Printers, 
 it is worth remarking-, that thofc procefles which 
 are the moft fnnple, mould be denominated chemical, 
 to diftinguifli them from thofe that have a Wronger 
 claim, in every refpeft, to that appellation. Per- 
 haps the writer is wrong from not knowing how it 
 originated ; but every profeflion has its vitiated 
 or perverted terms ; and if rendered proper, they 
 would not long remain fo. 
 
mm 
 
 ■B 
 
Of putting on the Block* 
 
 The writer therefore prefuming the truth muft 
 be pretty evident of the obfervation juft advan- 
 ced, that putting on the block is an operation of 
 more importance than generally deemed ; he 
 confequently thinks he cannot be too ftrenu- 
 ous in exploding the contrary idea; for even 
 thofe who have adopted it, mu ft allow, that 
 being the firft operative or mechanical movement, 
 according as that is adjufled or managed, the 
 after-procefTes muft be more or lefs perfect or 
 accurate. 
 
 Indeed when a perfon who, from his fltuation, 
 cannot be fuppofed to know much of the matter, 
 deems it a trifling performance, and eafily at- 
 tained, fuch an idea is not to be wondered at ; 
 but when one who has been his whole life in the 
 bunnefs, particularly if in the fituation of a 
 Principal, and has often verified and felt the 
 confequence of errors or failures in that depart- 
 ment, treats it in fuch a manner, or thinks that 
 the mere command of the pencil, conftitutes 
 good putting-on, it is much to be wondered at ; 
 therefore the writer is alfo induced to enlarge 
 on his afTertion, that good putting. on the block: 
 principally confifts in the contrivance and ad- 
 juftment of one requifite with another, for the 
 well finiihing of the whole procefs ; to perform 
 which, implies the- poflcflion of judgment, and 
 
 | experience 
 
I 
 
 Cf putting on the Block* 
 
 experience in the operator, and who muft ne- 
 cefTarily be fuppofed to have reduced his obferva- 
 tions to that point, which tends to fome method 
 in the performance; of it. 
 
 But, let every one well note, that the pof- 
 feffion of natural and acquired abilities, combined 
 with any fet of operations, reduced into a fyftern, 
 can be of little help to the operator, or of advan- 
 tage to his employer, unlefs properly accommo- 
 dated in refpecSt. to time, utenfils, fituation, and 
 other conveniences ;* in fhort, no rules can be 
 
 of 
 
 * The writer is the more particular on this head, 
 having been in fituationa with and without fuch 
 accommodations, and the difference to him has been 
 fuch as even to induce him to give up en- 
 gagements otherwise defireable enough ; however, 
 want of time and conveniences would not be fo 
 grating, but that, unfortunately and abfurdly, work 
 is often expe&ed to be as complete as if performed 
 under every advantage ; or at leaf! if it is not, a 
 diffatisfa&ion is rarely with held; as for time ne- 
 ceffary to be allowed, that can only be comparative, 
 but tt any rate, according to the motto on the title 
 page, there as a wide difference between expedition 
 and hurry. Sometimes it is neceffary, in all ftations, 
 to be particularly expeditious, and then of courfe, 
 -every nerv^fhould be itr&ined j but it is impvifible 
 
 far 
 
 m* 
 
Of putting on the Block, 
 
 of fervice, any more than the greateft abilities, 
 if the means are with-held that ftiould give energy 
 to them. 
 
 It may however be faid, that this department 
 has fuffered in the common eflimation of its- 
 value^ from being a branch that does not appear 
 the molt confpicuoufly when the work is 
 finished ; as then the colours only taking the 
 eye, and nearly excluding every other con- 
 sideration, the putting on is hid, as it were, or 
 forgotten, whatever the trouble might have 
 been, as tending to produce that appearance 
 which pleafes, though not thought of, as owing 
 to that operation, but in the inftances of bad 
 joinings, and other glaring faults it muft 
 ftrike every indifferent perfon as a defe£t 
 in the management of it. In truth, according 
 
 to 
 
 for the tenfion to be perpetually kept up. As for 
 faying as feme will, that when a Drawer has to put 
 on a pattern, he mould take half an hour, or an 
 hour to coniider about it,it is but partially applicable,', 
 fome patterns requiring little, if any, confideration, 
 while in others, the whole procefs is hardly any- 
 thing elfe. This oeconomy in point of time, and 
 reftraint in rioint of convenience, has been in a great 
 meafure the caufe of fuch general incorrectnefs in 
 country work.— Of which fee more further on. 
 
I 
 
 
 Of putting on the Block, 
 
 to common fpcaking, or in a loofe defcription of 
 the bufinefs, putting-on the block is fpoken of 
 in this manner (which by the bye is nearly all the 
 information the writer could procure from all 
 the publications he has examined) " A defign 
 is made on paper, which is transferred to a block 
 of fome clofe grained wood, and given to a 
 wo /.man, who with fmall knives, chinels, and 
 other instruments, leaves in relief, what was 
 drawn on the block ; " and this leads him 
 to fay, that perhaps he may be excufed for the 
 vanity of thinking, he is the firfl who has formed 
 the fubject.' of this publication into fome order 
 or arrangement, and fliewn the connections 
 and dependanees fubfiftinp- between the different 
 departments ; and he ventures to fuggeft it has 
 been owing to the want of fome fuch arrange- 
 ment, that many have looked at the department 
 of putting on the block in fo indifferent a light, 
 and not having had leifure or inclination to 
 form any fet of rules, or to make minutes of 
 obfervations, their memories have not been 
 faithful when particularly needed. But, (as 
 already intimated in the introduction) he has 
 ventured on untrodden ground, he may of courfe 
 be expected to make frequent deviations, and 
 can therefore look on the work as little more 
 than a fketch of a fyftem, which probably may 
 hereafter be moulded into tx more methodical or 
 intelligent form. 
 
 mmm 
 
Of putting on the Block* 
 
 Refpecting putting on, It is further obferved* 
 that Cutters, Printers, Pencillers, and Matters, 
 have different ideas concerning it ; a Cutter is 
 for clean drawing, without caring too often how 
 it is to work, or even whether it can work at all. 
 A Printer thinks little about fine drawing, fa 
 that when cut it is but a handy print, and (as 
 the phrafe is) that it will make a good mark. 
 A Penciller, every one knows wants a good line; 
 the Principal (as may be fuppofed) cares not 
 how many effential requifites are combined ; but 
 chiefly, that the work be found enough to do a 
 great many pieces ; or if an engaged pattern, 
 that it be able to do all the order well, with 
 wanting little repair ; each of thefe parties 
 affume a certain portion of judgment, though 
 (naturally enough) paying particular regard to 
 their particular departments ; but, after all this, 
 perhaps the writer ftarts a novel fuggeftion, which 
 is, that the Draper is the only judge ;• for unlefs 
 (as often touched on in this w 7 ork) the defired 
 effect is not pioduced, or that effect which for- 
 wards the fale, fine drawing, fine cutting, fine 
 printing, &c. has been bellowed on the pattern to 
 very little purpofe. 
 
 * That is, in refpect to engaged patterns, but : 
 with thofe who print for themfelvcs, the cafe is 
 fomething different, % . 
 
I 
 
 Of putting on the Block, 
 
 After thefe general hints, (adverting to what 
 is advanced in the beginning of this feftion 
 that is, the error of deeming inferior drawers 
 competent to the bufinefs of putting on the block) 
 it is to be obferved, that a good defigner.may not 
 be a good putter-on ; as putting-on requires judg- 
 ment only; and this neceffarily impels the writer 
 to fpeak of the time needful to be allowed for the 
 contriving part of putting-on, fimilar, in that 
 light, to what he has faid in fpeaking of pattern- 
 drawing ; as many thinking little done, unlefs 
 they fee fomething drawn with colour on the 
 block, make little allowance for mental opera- 
 tions ; but, in this cafe it is aflerted (and will 
 very likely be repeated) it can only be in the 
 general run of what a perfon can perform that a 
 proper deducement can be made refpec"ting his 
 expedition ; for a perfon whole bufinefs is to 
 ftudy or contrive, is always at work, as he muft 
 be continually thinking in what manner he is 
 to proceed ; iince, befides being under the ne- 
 ceffity of proceeding cautioufly himfelf, he has 
 to provide for the incautioufnefs of others ; and 
 that at all times, (if he has the intereft of his em- 
 ployer in view, or has any folicitude about his 
 own reputation) is fufficient employment for his 
 hopes of fuccefs, or his fears of niifchance. 
 
 Recurring 
 
Of putting on the Block, 
 
 
 
 Recurring further to the intimation that the 
 time neceffary for the contriving part of putting 
 on the block is more than fome principals think 
 needful, the writer obferves, that many often 
 conclude no work, or but very little, is done, 
 unlefs they fee a gradual progrefs of operation, 
 probably originating from the very circumftance 
 of making little allowance for the time neceffary 
 for contrivance, or elfe from over-looking every 
 other circumftance but that of gain, which to be 
 fure is excufeable, becaufe natural ; as for mere 
 drawing,- it is frequently what takes the leaft 
 time, except in variegated patterns, and where 
 the work is very fine and intricate ; befides, in 
 fome inftances, drawing on the block is time and 
 trouble thrown away, particularly where gouges 
 and other tools are ufed that take out certain 
 fhape ■:, as round .holes, barlycorns, diamonds, 
 ovals, and the tike ; the eye in fuch ca'es never 
 being able, in drawing, to carry the exact fhape 
 of every object ; and to have a fhape cut and 
 print it, is not always eafily or accurately 
 done. 
 
 As Cutters very often affect to determine on 
 the merits of putting-on, it is intimated rc- 
 fpecYmg them, if the drawing be ever fo excel- 
 lent, it is generally half deitroyed by damping 
 
 or 
 
I 
 
 Of putting on the Block. 
 
 Or fcrapiiig, though the ftroke of the pencil may 
 however flill be clear; but if a Cutter has not 
 fome idea of air or gracefulnefs, or what the 
 intention of the defign is, he will, very likely, 
 produce a ftiiF or aukward piece of work from 
 the molt exquilite drawing on ; but, on the 
 contrary, if a Cutter be a mailer of his bufinefs,' 
 he does not always deem this or that little 
 nicety very eflential, and in many cafes 
 needs little more than a fketch for his guide; 
 further, it fomerimes happens by incautioufnefs 
 or accident, that many parts of the putting-on 
 are obliterated ; hence if a Cutter abfolutely 
 need fuch formality of direction, he will often 
 be at a ftand, and his deficiency will be greatly 
 to his difadvantage and difcredit. 
 
 The writer now more immediately nddrefles 
 himfelf to the Drawer, refpedYing the operation,* 
 though in a general manner, (the particulars 
 being contained in the following rules) fuppof- 
 ing, for form fake, as thofe matters have been 
 fpoken of, that he is accommodated in every 
 
 fhape 3 
 
 * A word or two respecting miftakes, or imper- 
 fections, either as tending to prevent them, or how 
 to treat them when they happen, would not be im- 
 properly inferted in this fe&ion j but being of general 
 application, they are referved for another part. 
 
 
Of putting on the Block, . * 
 
 jftiape, and that he has a capability naturally of 
 profiting by inflru&ion, or his own experience; 
 otherwife, every body knows, all that can be 
 faid or exhibited, mull be to no purpofe in any 
 particular ; this allowed, it is obferved, that 
 there are two fpecies of faults or errors, which, 
 lliould always be diftinguifhed by the operator, 
 and though no fault is too fmallto be difregarded, 
 yet fome are more to be guarded again ft than 
 othtrs : one fpecies of the faults alluded to, is 
 that which muft firike every perfon as fuch, the 
 other is what would only appear as fuch to a 
 Drawer, or other perfon well acquainted with 
 the bufinefs ; or (more briefly) one kind is what 
 only can be feen on fearching for it ; the other 
 is what will force itfelf to be feen. 
 
 The kind eafily diftinguifhed by every body; 
 as far as relates to putting- on, is, when a joining 
 is very badly managed, or when the face of the 
 drawing,excIuliveof the joinings, is very uneven, 
 ofcourfe, in putting on a pattern, thefc are of 
 the firft confederation, for a failure in either of 
 thefe cafes, mi;.ft, in a greater or Idfs degree, 
 hurt the fale of the work ; people being dif- 
 pleafed with fomething that is faulty, though 
 
 they 
 

 Of putt w? on the Block. 
 
 they may not be able f y wn y i t \ s f .* 
 
 for if indifferently ex d in thefe material 
 
 points, no cutting, n< our, nor any operation 
 that is to follow, can f make work appear as 
 itihould do, covert; ilts juit fpecified, or 
 
 compenfate kr others e ly to be publicly 
 
 noticed; and to point nore particularly the 
 
 confequence of thefe ci c^mftances not being at- 
 tended to, how many prints that have been ex- 
 ecuted in the country, as well as many that 
 hav been executed in town, have been thrown 
 by, from the circumftances of not joining well, 
 or having an uneven race, though perhaps nicely 
 drawn, and excellently cut.-}* 
 
 * While work fells well with very capital faults, 
 which fometimes happens, a Draper does not always 
 concern himfelf much about them ; but when work 
 of fuch a complexion cannot be difpofed of, then he 
 may be expe&ed foon to point them out ; and then 
 no Callico-Printer need be informed of the ufe of a 
 Draper's damage-book. It may be even (aid, for 
 true enough it is, that when tolerable cr good work 
 does not go off, fome few Drapers are pretty ready 
 at difcerning faults, or even magnifying thofe that 
 are trifling. 
 
 f Of late the afpecl of fome country -work has 
 improved, but this is a point that will be fpoker. of 
 in another place. 
 
Of putting on the Bfocfc 
 
 From all this, the attention of every one is 
 preiTed to what has been advanced, as well as to 
 what will be difplayed further on, and the more 
 it is attended to by a Drawer, he will be 
 the abler to add many articles as he proceeds, 
 which only his own obfervations and expe- 
 rience can produce ; and which every freih pat- 
 tern that he may have to put on will furnifri 
 him with ; for mechanical as it may feem to 
 fome to put on well, it is very far from being (o 9 
 as in many instances the judgment muft be em- 
 ployed, and judgment can only refult from ex- 
 perience or clofe obfervation : as for the rules 
 which follow, if ten times as many could be 
 difplayed, they would not be much more than 
 general ones, almoft every pattern (as juft hinted) 
 requiring fomething to obferve, which no rule nor 
 precept can thoroughly fupply ; and, let it be re- 
 membered, that if a perfon with all the advantages 
 acquired from genius and general experience, be 
 liable to err, how much more fo is he who has 
 paid but little attention to what ought to have 
 been his immediate concern; efpecially, if he 
 confiders, that in every flage of it, fomething 
 may occur from caufes too difficult and numerous 
 to explain or exhibit, which the utinoft precau- 
 tion 
 
I 
 
 Of putting on the Block, 
 
 tion cannot prevent, nor the greateil experience 
 account for whenever they do appear. 
 
 As a word of advice, the writer adds, that as 
 much as poflible to provide againfr inaccuracies, 
 a Drawer fli ou Id not rely on his own judgment 
 in cafes out of the common way, whatever he 
 may think of his fagacity, or faculty of prevent- 
 ing miflakes ; for let him remember, if he errs 
 his mortification will be in proportion to the value 
 he fets on himfelf ; and fo likewife will be the 
 triumph of thofe who can detect him in an error ; 
 but by taking the opinion of others, * if a failure 
 happen, his own mortification, and the triumph 
 of others, will be proportionally decreafed : In 
 few words, abfurdly vain and arrogant indeed 
 mult that artift or workman be, who will take 
 on him to conduct an operation without failing 
 in any refpect ; and proportionally weak mull 
 that employer be, who ever looks for it from an 
 operator the moll reputably perfect. 
 
 _* See Rule 34 for putting on. 
 
 i ■ 
 
Rules &c. for 'putting on. 
 
 TT7HEN a Pattern is given to the Drawer to 
 V * be put on, the nrft thing is to note what 
 forts of blocks it requires, whether with hard or 
 foft faces, whole or joined ones, crofTed or fmglc 
 oak or other backs, the grain lengthways or 
 crofsways, he. 
 
 Under thefe confederations it may be obferved 
 that if it be a clofe fmall Pattern, a clear whole 
 face is bed ; and if nice in the joinings and will 
 require fmart knocking with the maul, firm 
 crofled oak backs are generally preferred :* If 
 the Pattern be pretty open, the joinings not very 
 nice, and the grounds not difficult to hit in, the 
 warping is not of fuch confequence, as if other- 
 wife, and therefore, larger blocks with joined 
 faces may do ; and as light patterns do not need 
 much knocking, deal backs may anfwer. 
 
 If 
 
 * The Wriier's opinion is more in favour of found 
 fingle oak backs, with itout dove-tail backs Ictincroff. 
 ways ;—See the fe&ion on blocks. 
 
Rules v5V. for putting on. 
 
 If the Cutting be coarfe, andean be made to 
 work without hatting, foft wood is preferable to 
 hard, although the foft wood itfelf may need 
 hatting ; but then the boundage for the hat may 
 be much larger. 
 
 In fome inftances, where folids are wanted 
 to fumifh, and they are not very large indeed, 
 fycaraore or fome other fpungy wood is ftill 
 better. 
 
 In refpect to work that is quite with the grain, 
 it feems that the grain of the face mould not 
 entirely conefpond with it, as fine lines lying 
 with the grain, and with the bottom propor- 
 tionably flender, cannot ftand very firmly, 
 efpecially if cut deep ; therefore in this cafe, if 
 the grain be rather waving, or curly, the work 
 will have a finiier bottom ; indeed if the work 
 be of fuch a nature that a ftrong or coarfe bottom 
 may be left, it cannot be the worfe for a ftrait 
 
 ram. 
 
 g 
 
 It is, however, very faulty where a pattern 
 chiefly confifts of fine lines or fhades, to put 
 them on acrofs the grain, and therefore in fuch 
 cafes, it is needful fometimes that the grain be 
 acrofs a block. 
 
 It 
 
Rules &£. for putting on. 
 
 It is full as bad, and under fome circumftances, 
 much worfe, to put on work with a fine face on 
 a beachy block; as in printing, or even under 
 a Cutter's hands, the furface will crumble 
 away. 
 
 Other circumftances may Tpring up which can- 
 not be precifely ascertained, but by attending to 
 the above particulars, many of them may be 
 obviated with very little trouble. 
 
 mum 
 
 2.Take notice,ordifcoverin what particular the 
 pattern conftfts, whether in refpeel: to the colour- 
 ing of it, or the fize, quantity, 01 difpofttion of 
 the commanding objects ; or, if a trail, whether 
 it be upright or meandering, clofe or open, and 
 the like ;— which having afcertained, confider 
 how to preferve or produce that erle6t on the 
 cloth, again ft the chance of indifferent cutting, 
 printing or colour ; at the fame time confider 
 where it may well be altered, or what may be 
 left out in the cutting, + or eafed in the penciling; 
 or, in Ovher words, how it may be executed with 
 the greateft eafe and leaft expence. 
 
 X This may not picafe fome cutters, but the Writer 
 makes equally free with mailers, as will appear. 
 
 If 
 
Rules &c. for putting on* 
 
 3. If the pattern be on fo large afcale as to require- 
 it, be informed of what width the cloth is for 
 which it is intended, or on what it is moft likely 
 to be worked, on account of the joining of the 
 felvedges ; making fome allowance for the varia- 
 tion that will happen in refped to the width of 
 cloth of the fame kind. 
 
 Small patterns, it may be obferved, cannot be 
 affe&ed in their appearance by the joining of the 
 felvedges when made up : the rule particularly 
 alludes to furnitures, whether trails, fprigs or 
 ftripes; for if this circumftance be not attended' 
 to, much of the cloth will be cut to wafte, or 
 the joinings of the felvedges will have a very 
 aukward appearance ; and it is not every Up- 
 holfterer or Mantua-maker that is very ready at 
 joining a Pattern by the felvedges, even if 
 contrived in the beft manner for that very 
 purpofe. 
 
 It is likewife neceflary to attend to the abov& 
 rule, in regulating the width of the Print, on 
 account of the off-edge printing ; as printing an 
 edging with a fine print does it confider.ahle 
 injury ; befides, if the edging be printed as the piece 
 goes on, the colour gathers on the off-fide of 
 the print, and caufes an, otherwife, unneceffary 
 
 bruihing 
 
Rules , l£c, for putting on* 
 
 brufhing of it, or a very bad imprefiion at the be- 
 ginning of the next table ; and if the edgings 
 are left till the whole piece is printed, the 
 edging is frequently fuller or barer than the 
 reft of the work. 
 
 The obfcrvations on Squaring a Block comes in here 
 properly, but being made a Jcftion $f it/elf, it is 
 vcnfidered further on* 
 
 4. If you have to make out the pattern, as it often 
 happens, from a fmall part ; and you mean to 
 copy exactly that fmall part, * take care that the 
 repetition be notvifible, and that one part does not 
 appear heavier than the reft, and therefore, if it be 
 a trail with objects on it or about it, obferve whe- 
 ther the objects, the trail in general, or any 
 particular part of it fooneft catches the eye; if it 
 be the objects that are moil ftriking, they muft 
 be properly difpofed firlt, or at leaft their inten- 
 ded fituations marked out, and the ftalk or trail 
 then drawn to them, taking care at the lame time 
 to balance and uniformly mix it : If it be the 
 trail only, or any part of it that ftrikesmoft, that, 
 by the fame rule, fhould be marked out flrft, for 
 thefe molt eflential parts being judicioufly or ad- 
 
 vantageoufly 
 
 * The repetition of a fmall part is* however, very 
 hazardous, for though not vifible on the block it may 
 be fo in the piece, as it hangs on the rolls. 
 
I 
 
 Rules, 13c. for putting m, , 
 
 •vantageoufly difpofed, it muft consequently follow 
 that the remaining fubordinate parts may be made 
 to compleat the uniform appearance of the whole, 
 with proportionably lefs trouble. 
 
 In order to be certain of the joinings exhibiting 
 as even an appearance as any other part of the 
 face, let your joining (if poffible) be taken from 
 about the middle of your {ketch when made 
 
 complete. 
 
 5. If the pattern you have to put on, be compofefl 
 entirely of objeas, or in which the obje&s are the 
 commanding part, that ftandpromifeu©us,ashg.i, 
 whether clofe or wide apart, be careful that one 
 part be not more crouded, or the objeas larger 
 than in another; for nothing is of greater con - 
 fequence to guard againft, as it is obvious to any 
 perfon, when the afpea of a Pattern is unequal 
 on a piece, or even when made up. 
 
 As it is very difficult by the eye to keep 
 objeas promifcucufly fituated, and at the fame 
 time prel'erve an even face, the following expe- 
 dient is offered to accomplim it, when the obje&s 
 are not very dole to each other, or not of a long 
 or ftraggling mape, as %. 2, 3, and 4, as then it is 
 heft to fet them at equal diflances, and vary the 
 face by turning the objeas about in as many dif- 
 ferent direaions as you can, or that the nature, 
 of the pattern will allow. 
 
Rules > &c.f<*r putting on. 
 Rule a number of lines, as you can beft make 
 out, from the pattern, according to the diftance 
 the objects ft and from each other, as Fig. 5, 
 which done, place an object in every other fnuare, 
 as fig. 6, that is, one at the top of a fquare, 
 another near the middle, another near the fide, 
 and fo on, thus will you be certain of the objects 
 having a regular appearance in the general difpo- 
 fition of them, and at the fame time Handing 
 promifcuouily. 
 
 6. In order to afcertain on the paper on which 
 you make your Iketch or tracing, the joinings of 
 trails as well as of fprigs that are irregularly dif- 
 pofed whether clofely or widely fituated, make 
 ufe of this method. 
 
 After you have made your fketch or tracing, 
 repeat, either on feparate papers, or on one large 
 enough for the purpofe, as much as is neceflary 
 to fhew the joinings at the head and fides, in or- 
 der to fupply that which is defective or remove 
 whatever may be improper ; having done this, 
 hold it flopingly from your fight, and look at 
 the whole from top to bottom, from fide to fide, 
 and from corner to corner, to fee that no lights 
 nor heavy lines nor bodies of objects appear, and 
 as there is generally in trails what may be called 
 the main ftalk, fee that it branches out regularly 
 from fide to fide, fo that one fide balances the 
 
Rukiy &c, for putting on. 
 
 other, and that the branchings fo run into eacii 
 other that it may feem to flow regularly all over, 
 and to be ftillmore certain of its even difpofition, 
 hold it with the back towards you betwixt your- 
 felf and the light, that by feeing it reverfed you 
 may know if it lean more to one fide than the 
 other. 
 
 7. In fmall patterns it cannot be amifs to 
 put en the halves or quarters exadtly alike, 
 according to the nature of the pattern, |j taking 
 care that the halves or quarters are not to 
 be diflinguimed,, in the repetition of them, for 
 the conveniency of one block anfwering for the 
 grounding of each part after it comes off the 
 grafs whether the pattern was intended to be fo 
 grounded or not ; for which purpofe, as rubbing 
 oft' is the lean: certain method, an oiled paper, or 
 a drawing from a itenfil is to be preferred, and a 
 ftenfil feems beft, becaufe, as it is only a part of 
 the pattern that is affected by the grafs grounds : 
 except when compofed only of plain fet objects. 
 If openings are cut in the itenfil to fit the places 
 that are either to be covered by the grounds as 
 fig. 7, or left open by them, as fig. 8, their fitu- 
 
 |j Meaning that unlefs it is on a fmall fcale, it is 
 unadvifeable to do fo, from the great difficulty of pre- 
 venting a repetition being fe»n. 
 
 ations 
 
 # • 
 
Rules, &c. for putting on. 
 
 Jitions may be cafily afcertaincd by marking thro' 
 thefe openings with a tracer or pencil, and then 
 the other parts of the pattern may be added in 
 whatfoever manner the drawer moil approves. 
 
 8. Endeavour to keep all fprigs, or bunches of 
 flowers, or even {ingle flowers, whole on the 
 piece, and likewife the main {talk of a trail, if 
 you know what will be the width of the cloth : 
 as it will be of fome importance in the falc of a 
 piece and the making of it up. 
 
 This leads to the obfervation that a Printer 
 mould not let a fprig, or principal flower, or other 
 object get off the edge one fide or the other ; for 
 in the cafe of fprigs, &c. {landing wide apart, he 
 may try, at leafl, on cloth of any width, if he can 
 preferve them whole without leaving too broad 
 an edging on either fide. 
 
 9. A pattern with fix fprigs or commanding ob- 
 jects {landing as fig. 9, cannot join whole or 
 in halves, but rauft drop or rife one third as fig. 10, 
 or the objects will not be at proper diflances in 
 the joinings, but then, of courfe, the pitches mull 
 be made to anfwer in the fame manner. 
 
 In 
 
r 
 
 Rules, l^c.for -putting on, 
 
 io. In tranfverfe patterns, that is, in patterns in 
 which the trail lines or objects run acrofs from 
 corner to corner, the way as reprefented by fig. 
 ii, whether in {tripes or all over, let the tranf- 
 verfe difpofition appear on the cloth the way 
 as fliewn fig. 12. as it will thwart the 
 right hand difpofition of the parts of a pattern 
 generally obferved in drawing, and the aptitude 
 weufuallyhave to look from the left to the right; 
 as the light is from the left, and the hand in 
 drawing naturally tends that way, otherwife we 
 mould be always incommoded by the ihade ot it. 
 
 
 ii. The ftraiter the work is of the fide or near 
 the edge j the better it is, as there will he the fewer 
 gaps, and the necemty will be obviated of having 
 (whatthePrinters call) a lift to make up the defi- 
 ciency, and lefs will be cut to wafte in the making 
 of it up. 
 
 This rule, however, mould not be fo ftric*t.ly 
 adhered to as to make the joinings too nice, by 
 cutting flraight through every thing, or particu- 
 larly through a number of objects ; for the more 
 they can be preferred intire, the lefs injury is 
 done to the pattern, as the print being pitched 
 
 too 
 
Rules, &c. for putting on. 
 
 Too high or too low, or too clofe or flack, renders 
 them all unfhapeable ; it is likewife better to 
 keep them whole "en account of the grounds, 
 efpecially the grafs ones, as they by being dis- 
 jointed mull: add to the bad fhape of the objects; 
 but, as it may happen that the breaking of the 
 objects is of little confequence from their fhape 
 or fituation, or that the ground-w©rk may be of 
 more confequence to preferve; the above obfer- 
 vation mufc be regulated by attending to what 
 are the characteriftic parts of the pattern, or what 
 firft catches the iight, and thefe mufl fuffer the 
 leaft poffible injury, whatever may be the fate of 
 the fubordinate parts. 
 
 1 2. If fome part of the pattern be coarfe or have 
 a body, it will not allow the fine parts to be fo 
 •clofe or fo fine as they otherwife might be, as 
 the quantity of colour requifite to fupply the 
 folid parts will choak up thofe that are clofe, or 
 caufe thofe to work coarfely that are fine ; and 
 here it may again be obferved, that though neat 
 drawing on is to be commended, yet, if not drawn 
 fufficiently open or clear, where for inftance, there 
 may be fhades or fhapes as fig. 13, 14, and 15,* 
 though cut by the bell cutter, and may appear 
 
 tolerably 
 
Rules, &c. for putting on, 
 
 tolerably open and fair on the block, they 
 will not appear fo in the impreflion, to fay no- 
 thing how they may fuffer from a bad cutter or 
 printer, or from being printed on coarfe cloth, or 
 when half worked out ; for a print ftiould be cal- 
 culated to work decently when a certain quan- 
 tity of work generally expected to be executed by 
 one is nearly compleated, and therefore (to 
 give forne inflances) in drawing or cutting fhades 
 as fig. 1 6, 17, it is not advifeable to put 
 them on in that manner, however graceful they 
 may aprear on the block or even in the cutting, 
 becaufe the colour will hang in the corners and 
 give the work a clumfy appearance, hence to cut 
 them with lefs of a curve as fig. 1 8, 1 9, they will,by 
 working clearer and neater, amply compenfate for 
 fuch a deviation. 
 
 13. Avoid, if you can, having any part of a 
 clofe trail as in fig. 20, at the head of a print, 
 as the prefTure from the pitching of the print will 
 render it coarfer than any other part of the trail : 
 the prefTure however may pombly be prevented 
 by the pitch pins ftanding out farther than com- 
 mon from the work : for which preventative fee 
 the rules for making pitches. 
 
 When 
 
Rules, &c.for putting on. 
 
 14. When you have fhades, as fig. 21, or parti- 
 cularly lights Handing or running with the 
 grain as fig. 22, 23, be careful to have them cut 
 fufficiently open, otherwife you will be deceived 
 by their working clofer than intended ; for when 
 a print gets moift,the opening clofes confiderably, 
 and what may have appeared open in putting on, 
 or when cut,' will be choaked up in the printing, 
 efpecially if cut with a thick knife, or if not 
 fufficiently cleared at the bottom and fides.— See 
 more refpecting this article in Rule 6, for cutting. 
 
 15. In joinings either at the head or fide, the 
 more a ftalk or trail joins in this upright direction 
 fig. 24, the better it is for working, inflead of 
 joining fig. 25, as the bell Printer cannot at all 
 times, on account of the varying of the cloth, 
 keep the joinings fo well in command at the fide 
 as he can at the head. 
 
 16. In drawing leaves or fharp-angled obje&s 
 that are to be pencilled, it is recommended to 
 terminate them as fig. 26, 27, or fig. 28, 
 infteadoffig. 29, 30, 31, as fuch a finifh will 
 keep the penciling, particularly the blue colour, 
 «on account bf its thicknefs, from being run into 
 
 C the 
 
Rules &f . for putting ot; a 
 
 the white, or the ground; for without fuch a 
 filling up of the ends, the pencillers will either 
 leave a light at the corners, as fig. 31, or, in en- 
 deavouring to fill them up, they will be apt, from 
 the largenefs of their pencils, to come over the 
 line, as fig. 32, and the fame obfervation will 
 hold good reipe&mg every other place where 
 the pencilling goes into corners or angles.* 
 
 Note, In calculating the expence of pencilling, 
 and thereby fixing what quantity Jhoulcl be in a 
 Pattern, a certain number e/Jlrokcs or dafhes, which 
 a Penciller is fuppofed to make in a Jlated time, is 
 worth a certain price. 
 
 17. In putting on the block, nothing is more 
 deceptive than having to leave lights in dark 
 grounds; for if any.fhape is drawn fig. 33, you 
 may be deceived when the ground is filled up, 
 as it takes in the line you have drawn, and makes 
 the light within-fide appear lefs ; it is ftill more 
 deceiving if you have to draw the boundage as 
 fig. 34, as its thicknefs gives the whole objea a 
 larger appearance than it really has. Here it may 
 be noticed (though touched on before) in putting 
 
 on 
 
 * An imperfeftton of this kind runs nearly all 
 through the work of one of the firft Printers about 
 town.—This, with fimilar obfervations will be en- 
 larged o»> in the progrefs of this work. 
 
Rules &c. for putting on. 
 
 on a print that is to have a thick boundage, fee 
 %• 35> particularly if it is to be a doppy, that 
 the jfhades and other work within fide fee fig. 36, 
 muft be kept fufficiently clear and open ; or the 
 weight of colour requifite to furnifh the boun- 
 dage, or doppy, will be too much for fuch clofe 
 fhades or fine work. Obferve likewife if there 
 be lights as fig. 37, to give intimation to the 
 Cutter to nrike the ends with a fma 1 go^.-ge, a9 
 fig. 38, which will prevent the colour from hugg- 
 ing in thofe otherwife fharp ends. 
 
 ■ Willi Mil 
 
 18. In drawing on grounds thathave large bodies 
 « fig. 39, that are to work in thin colour, .faci- 
 ally if they fraud wide apart, remember thai they 
 wiJl in the working, from tie fink ngbr fpread- 
 ing of the colour, and its adherence to the Ides, 
 make larger impreffions than the furface of the 
 cutting ctherwife would; hence they fhouid 
 be proportioned to that circumftan'ce, and 
 put on perhaps fmaller than they are in the 
 pattern. And as the pale colours worked with 
 fuch folids, will be loft, or appear much paler 
 when imprefTed from fine lines or pins if on the 
 fame block ; therefore in fuch cafes feparate 
 
 ■C Z grounds 
 

 Rules, tjc.for putting »». 
 
 grounds fliould be had for the fine parts or for 
 the pins. 
 
 Under this head would be confidered the 
 drawing on blotch grounds, and the other grounds 
 that fall into boundages, but as the cutting far- 
 ther or lefs into the boundage is partly regulated 
 by the thicknefs of it ; no precife dire&ion can be 
 given, as every one knows the circumftance to 
 be attended to, in this cafe, is to prevent any 
 light edges from appearing either within or with- 
 out the boundage.— See more to this purpose 
 Rule 7, under the article Cutting. 
 
 1 9 . Wherever there are to be pins, mark them on 
 the block previous to its going into the Cutter's 
 hands, that the wood be not chiuellcd away, 
 and where the pins touch or join the cutting, 
 mark them accurately, and give intimation to the 
 Cutter, that the ends of the fhades or ftalks 
 may be cut downright, otherwife a difagreeable 
 gap Willie left, as fig. 43 ; and in afcertainin S 
 the fizes of pins, be aware that as the wood gets 
 coarfe by working, the pins fink in, from the 
 repeated blows at the back ; and if worked in 
 colour that has any corrofive quality in it, they 
 ' foon get finer ; hence if provifion is not made 
 .for thefe circumflances, the impreflion of the 
 
 WOOd 
 

 Ritlcs, &e, for putting tn. 
 
 wood and pins will irr a little time be very dif- 
 proportioned. It is likewife needful to inform 
 the Cutter of what quality the pins are to be, 
 that the depth of the chiflellihg may be regulated 
 accordingly. 
 
 20. In ruling Bengals the following mode is 
 recommended, in order to make the ends join each 
 other, (provided the block has not been too much 
 warped, or any particular accident happened.) 
 
 Make on a flip of thick paper,or rather thin lead, 
 with which tea-chefls are lined, as many divifions 
 as you have Bengals to put on, then fixing it to 
 the fquare line at one end, prick through the 
 divifions on the paper, and transfer them to the 
 block, the finer the pricked holes the better ; . 
 having done this, remove the flip carefully to, 
 the fquare line at the other end, taking care that 
 the two extreme holes anfwer to the corners of 
 the fquare, and prick through the fame divifions 
 as you did before; then rule as ufual from the 
 pricked marks, thus will each end of your fquare 
 be a correct copy of the other; but as the ends 
 of Bengals are of moft. confequeace to preferve, 
 it may not be amifs with a lharp thin blade, to 
 cut a little into the wood at each end. 
 
 C 3 21. If 
 

 Rules, &c. for putting on, 
 
 ai. K it be a joined block that you life, take 
 care that the joint comes between the Bengals, 
 and as a preventative againft the confluences 
 of a print with Bengals warping under the 
 Cutter's hands, it may be neceffary to let one 
 end of the Bengals be cut thicker than the other ;. 
 fee fig. 44, and make the ends join by cutting 
 away from the broad ones, when the print goes 
 to work ; or whenever Bengals do not pitch to 
 themfelves, that is, when they join by pitch- 
 pins, it may be ufeful to cut both ends, as fig. 45, 
 and in the joining let the points run into each 
 other, as you thereby prevent the [difagrecable 
 appearance that the jundion has when two 
 fquare ends join badly, as fig. 46, but in the 
 other inftance, at the worft, they will appear as 
 fig. 47, which is confiderably better. 
 
 22. When you have a number of fet objeas, fuch 
 as rofettes, rings, leaves, &c. to put on, it being 
 very difficult, if not impoffible, to trace or draw 
 them alike in the ufual way, it is beft to have 
 the objeds cut accurately, and imprefled or. 
 printed on the block, which if you can do clear 
 
 enough 
 
 ■i 
 
Rules, &c.for pitting otu- 
 
 .enough to cut from, it will fave much time and 
 labour; or if you cannot do it fo fmartly as 
 you wifli, make a mixture of lamp black and 
 Hake white, fo as to be about the hue of black 
 lead, the paler the colour the better, and let 
 there be little, if any, gum in it; fpread this 
 pretty thinly on a piece of foft leather, and fo 
 take off your impreffions on the block, which. 
 «ione, draw over the objects, lo printed, with 
 well-tempered carmine (fome add gum bogia) 
 and when fmlfhed clear away as much as you 
 can of the colour you printed on, with a piece of 
 ftale bread; for if you ufe India rubber, it 
 will change any colour which has gum bogia in 
 it, to a very dark and dirty one. 
 
 Another method is by printing your object on 
 paper with a proper mixture of carmine and trea- 
 cle, which a little practice will afcertain, and 
 then rub it off from the paper on to the block ; 
 the advantage of which mode is, that the colour 
 does not fpeedily dry, fo that you may take what 
 time you pleafe in rubbing it on ; but the neateil 
 method is by the object being engraved, and 
 then taken off on paper, either by hand or a 
 prefs, in the red oil colour that is ufed in the 
 
 printing 
 
Rules, isle/or -putting on. 
 
 
 
 printing on paper ; which not fpecdily drying 
 any more than the treacle colour, it may be 
 rubbed on the fame manner. 
 
 Other methods of a fimllar kind for another purpofe, 
 are propofed further on. 
 
 23. If for any particular purpofe you want to fix 
 your colour on the wood, a thin white tranfpa- 
 rent varnifh will fee u re it ; or if you ufe a black 
 lead pencil only, flrew fome powdered rofin all 
 over, and then move a hot iron about at a little 
 diftance over it, by which method the rofin will 
 liquidate and forma kind of varnifh over it ; or what 
 is ftill more fimple, if you only draw your tongue 
 wet with faliva, over a black lead drawing, and let 
 it dry, the black lead cannot be eafily removed. 
 
 24. When you have a pattern to put on, con- 
 fining of very fmali objecls, very clofely and 
 promifcuoufly fituatcd, an eligible way to prefcrve 
 an even face, is to take a fmall portion of the 
 fquare of the block (in fome cafes half ah inch 
 will do) and fee how many objects will go in it, 
 
 "and then repeat this portion on another paper, to 
 what fize you pleafe ; varying the difpofition. of 
 the obje&s as much as the pattern will admit, in 
 order to prevent the appearance of a repetition. 
 
 Note, Small clofe patterns will well bear enlarging 
 a little, elfetn the cloth they appear Jmalkr and clofe*. 
 
 
Rules > &c.for putting on* 
 
 25. As circles, rofettes, and other common ob- 
 jects, are always in ufe, it would not be amifs 
 to have punches of different forts and fizes, to 
 ufe occafionally on paper or blocks, particularly 
 where the objects are on dark grounds, as fig. 48, 
 or have a thick boundage, as fig. 49, as the ob- 
 ject impreffed on the wood will be vifible s to cut 
 or g* uge from ; or if the impreffions fuffer from 
 damping, they may be drawn over in red, and 
 thus from their accuracy much trouble would be 
 faved ; cr if you want a folid object repeated, 
 accurately, it may be managed by ftenfelling it, 
 that is, by an object as fig. .50, cut out of a piece 
 of oil-fkin, a piece of thick paper rubbed over 
 with bees wax, or a piece of thin fheet lead, and 
 then lay the colour on with a pad, or in what 
 other manner you find convenient; or if yoa 
 want to do fomething like fig. 51, it may be 
 managed by cutting out the object nearly all 
 round, as fig. 52, leaving juft joining enough 
 to prevent the inner piece from falling out, the 
 impreffion of courfe will be imperfect as fig.' 53, 
 which imperfe&ion mufl be made good by the 
 pencil. 
 
 26. A 
 
Rules, tsV. for putting on. 
 
 26. As fometimes on emergency things cannot 
 be got on too foon, you may, after having put 
 on the print, trace the fame accurately with a 
 firm oiled paper, and then retrace it on another 
 block, or at leaft thofe parts that the ground 
 which you mean to put on, falls into, or joins; 
 on which accordingly draw your grounds ; but 
 ftric"t charge muft be given to the cutter that he 
 does not deviate in the leaft from the drawing. 
 
 The advantage of this mode is evident, in 
 having the principal grounds ready as foon as the 
 print; and if they do not exactly fit,' perhaps a 
 little alteration may make them ; and that is bet- 
 ter than fetting fome prints to work before the 
 grounds are cut, as then whatever is amifs in the 
 impremon of the print, muft remain fo. 
 
 It is however fuggefted concerning this article 
 and the preceding one, that they mould only be 
 nfe.d in cafes of abfolute ncceffity, as their neat- 
 nefs and accuracy cannot be much infifted on. 
 
 In fact, every one muft grant that any opera- 
 tion, efpecially where contrivance is neceffary, 
 and has to go through many hands, if exe- 
 cuted with precipitancy, cannot reafonably be 
 expected to be free from fome fault or other ; 
 and in this inftance it moft undoubtedly is ic- 
 quifite, that, withr very few exceptions, prints 
 and grounds fhould be adjufted to each other be- 
 fore they go to work. 
 
 i 
 
 KM 
 
 —«•» 
 
Rules, i^c. for putting on. 
 
 27. In finishing the joinings of fome certain 
 prints it will do no harm, to let the ends of ftalks 
 or obje£ls, that join at the heads and fides, be a 
 little too long, it being an eafy matter to pare or 
 cut away what is fuperfluous ; or fometimes if 
 particular parts of a joining are fuffered to remain 
 rather longer than might feem needful, as 
 fig. 54 ; they prevent the appearance of a break 
 in the ftalk, fee fig. 55, 56, 57, if the print is 
 flackly joined. 
 
 28. Avoid fo difpofing of a leaf, a flower, or 
 feveral ftalks at the corners of a print, as to 
 require four joinings to bring them together, 
 fee fig. 58, 59, 60, but, if ppflible, let the 
 corners of the fquare fall in fome open or blank 
 . part of the pattern, as the joinings are lefs. likely 
 to be perfea at the corners than any where 
 elfe. 
 
 The above rule, it may be obierved, chiefly 
 refpe&s patterns where the work is clofe, or the. 
 objeas fmall ; as in loofe patterns, or where the 
 
 C 6 objefts 
 
Rules, &c* for putting en. 
 
 obje&s are large, and light of work, it may not 
 be of much conference where the .joinings are 
 
 made. 
 
 N.B. In joinings it is perhaps be ft not to give 
 much latitude to Printers, as it thereby makes. 
 
 fome of them more careful in the joining, and 
 rarely fatisfy them howjhe grafs grounds fall % \ 
 
 for if they know they may run their joinings a. 
 little, they will be. apt to over-run that latitude;. 
 It is however neceffary to- inform them what 
 work is to be grounded, that they may be.accor- 
 dingly cartful in pulling over their pieces, and. 
 folding themfmoothly and even. The Foreman of 
 a fhop Jhould be informed of the defign of every 
 fat tern. 
 
 29. Inftead of the common way of making 
 cut die joinings, by rubbing off from black lead, 
 or by an oiled paper, the following mode is 
 offered where particular nicety is required, at 
 leaft it muff be fomething more certain, from 
 tbe circumftance of one fide and end being cut, 
 than the ufual mode, as there is always a pro- 
 bability of the Cutter deviating from the draw- 
 ing, or the marking out of the joinings. 
 
 e" 
 
 
 After 
 
Rules, &c» for putting en. 
 
 After liaving regulated your joinings, 
 draw or finifh one end and one fide, as you 
 mean it be joined to the others, leaving the 
 other end and fide unnniihed, at leaft within a 
 quarter of an inch, or perhaps lefs, where t<hs 
 joinings are to be made;, then let the end and 
 fide that you have drawn perfect, be cut a little 
 way in, the work, and iikewife the fquares ; 
 then dab a little treacle and lamp-black on the 
 edge of the part that is cut, and lay over it a 
 flip ot ftrong paper, and prefs it fufficiently to 
 receive an impreffion, taking care that you take 
 the impreflion of the fquares, unlefs you chufe 
 to prick through the two corners, for the pur- 
 pofe of transferring them to- the other ; either 
 •way remove the paper carefully to the other 
 fide or end, by joining the fquares that you have 
 rubbed off, to the other fquares, or fixing the 
 pricked holes to them : then rub the impreffion 
 which you have received from the end or fide 
 which you have cut, which will convey it to 
 the block, to which impreffion you accordingly 
 have to make good, the drawing for the joinings. 
 —In fome cafes it may be more convenient 
 to let the print be cut all over to within a very 
 little of one of the fides and ends, obferving the 
 fame procefs of rubbing, as before fuggefted. Or„ 
 
 by 
 
 I 
 
 > i 
 

 Rules, &c* for putting en. 
 
 by putting temporary pitches at a diflance from 
 the fquare, at the bottom and off-fide, and hav- 
 ing holes or phis to anfwer to them, within the 
 fquares, and at the fame diflance from them, if 
 you firike an impremon on paper, and then join 
 it, (obferving to guard the blank part of the 
 block from the dipping) you will have at once 
 the impremon ef that part of the block which is 
 cut, and by which you may the eafier regulate 
 the joinings. 
 
 
 
 30. In prints with fprigs that Hand wide apart, 
 or in very loofe trails, if it can be done without 
 hurting the ground, a few pins placect between, 
 and filed nearly to a point, and rather below the 
 furface of the wood, will keep the cloth down ; 
 and caufe the work to appear neater, by pre- 
 venting the edges of the objects prefTing too 
 much on the cloth ; it likewife anfwers the pur- 
 pofe of keeping the fubilance of the block nearly 
 equal, as otherwife a deal of wood mufl be hand- 
 tooled out ; and the hollows that remain muft 
 weaken the block, and render it more apt to 
 warp, or perhaps fplit, if the print requires much 
 knocking. In grounds where the parts Hand far 
 i each other, it can be done very conveni- 
 ently, by letting thefe (what may be called) 
 
 guard 
 
Rules, t3c*jor putting ««• 
 
 guard pins, full into parts of the impreffioh of 
 the print. 
 
 It is granted that an objection lies againft this 
 obfervation, as the points of pins Handing at 
 great diftances from each other, are apt to make 
 holes in the fieve, or in the cloth, efpecially 
 where coarfe or too much blanketing is ufed on 
 the table; and if one thread of the piece is broken, 
 it will in the procefs of copper or field-work be- 
 come a hole ; therefore forne caution is 
 needful in this cafe to place the pins, not too 
 far from the work, efpecially round the outfule 
 of it, fo that the circumftance alluded to be 
 prevented; 
 
 .31. Where a print or ground is put on with- 
 out any drawing, fuch as rings, bengals, that 
 are executed with dividers, tracers, &c. fo that 
 only an indenting is made in the wood, if a 
 thin mixture of colour be fpread all over, and 
 the block afterwards fcraped with a fine edge, 
 fome of the colour will remain in the indenting* 
 or hollows, and be tolerably vifible ; befides, 
 by purfuing this method, if the wood be damped, 
 and the indentings fwelled up, there will ftill 
 
 be 
 
nMl 
 
 mtm 
 
 Rules, &c.for putting on. 
 
 be fome guide to the Cutter ; in fliort, it will ' 
 have nearly the fame effect as oiling, the wood 
 where a curf line is cut. 
 
 32. In drawing for pinning, be aware that 
 though in the drawing, your lines may appear to 
 nanddiftina as fig. 61, 62, 65, yet the print 
 when pinned will not have that appearance, the 
 certain vacancy between the pins deftroying it, 
 as the pins will appear as %. 64, 65, 66. Obferve 
 the fame in drawing lights in bodies of pins, as 
 fig. 67, for though the object may appear tolera- 
 bly fhapeable, while only as a line, yet it will be 
 deftroyed when enclofed in pins as fig. 68, there- 
 fore in fuch cafes, let there be a proper openefs 
 •bferved or provided for. 
 
 33, In drawing pinwork for cylinders, recollect 
 that there will be fome difference between the width 
 of the furface of the pins, and the bottom of them 
 which in rings, rofettes, &c. will be of fome 
 conference, 
 
 
Of Pitches. 
 
 t N the nrft place it can never do any inj ury alway 3 
 to have fquai es cut at the corners, and oftentimes 
 in the middle, both of ends and fides, the ne- 
 cemty of which the nature of the pattern will 
 determine ; but at any rate (as above faid) they 
 are needful at the corners, as they determine 
 when you join the print by them, whether the 
 pitch -pins are on the fquare or not; and that 
 you may the better join the print by the fquares, 
 let the fhape of them be as fig. 69, or rather as 
 fig. 70, to hinder the clogging of the colour in 
 the corners, unlefs the fituation of the work 
 hinders their being fo cut, and let them ftand 
 out as far at leafr as the pitch-pins; becaufe in 
 the firft trial of the joinings (fuppofing the 
 fquares are cut as they mould be) the print may 
 be joined by them, as the pins may be then 
 adjufled, if not put in right, or if moved by 
 any accident. 
 
 
 If it were not for the conveniency of joining 
 by the fquares, inflead of the fhape above recom- 
 mendedjit would be belt, to cut them as at fig. 
 
 7 1 ; 
 

 Of PITCHES. 
 
 71 ; but however, when they are cut as fig* JZ 
 (for as fig. 73 they never ftiould, though too 
 commonly done fo, as the impreffion gives no 
 certain ftiape) they ftiould not be drawn on the 
 ruled line, .as the ruling will perhaps mifguide 
 the cutting of them ; and if the fquares are left 
 for the purpofe of ruling grounds from, they 
 ftiould be drawn within the fquare line. 
 
 
 2. At the head the pitches mould . ftand out 
 from the work near one quarter of an inch, that 
 the wood may not prefs on the cloth in pitching 
 the head of the print, and of courfe appear 
 heavier than the reft of the worko. 
 
 The firft pin at the head mould be at leaf! 
 one quarter of an inch within the fquare line of 
 the near fide, for fear of the near edge running 
 on the table ; the fecond pin, for the convenience 
 of the off-edge printing, mould be regulated ac- 
 cording to the width of the print, and of the 
 cloth it is likely to work on ; for if the width of 
 the print is fuch, that the edging is lefs than 
 half that width ; which by the way is a bad 
 circumftance for the face of the print (as obferved 
 already) there is no occafion for a middle pitch, 
 
 either 
 
 
Of PITCHES. 
 
 either for print or grounds ; and the fewer pins 
 for pitches is always the better ; for if the firft 
 pitch ftiould get off the near edge, the Printer, 
 for the fake of the grounding, muft get on again 
 if he even makes a cut : as for the third or off 
 pin, it is little matter how near* the off-fquare it 
 is, fo it does not ftand out beyond the line 
 of the work on the off-edge, as it then would 
 be particularly liable to accidents. 
 
 3. As the pitches of the print, from their 
 outward fituation, are in danger of being re- 
 moved or otherwife injured, it mould be a rule 
 to put flout pieces of wire deep in the wood, 
 rather flanting, and leflen the tops with a 'file 
 or other inftrument ; and in cafe the print mould 
 run on the table, it would not be amifs, efpe- 
 cially if it be a ciofe one, to put pins at the 
 off-edge, unlefs the mape of the work will an- 
 fwer the purpofe, to fall into certain places, in 
 order to fill up the vacancy, if there be any of 
 confequence, at the near edge. Likewife for fear 
 the print mould come off the hear edge, and of 
 courfe the fide pitches for the grounds be rendered 
 
 ufelefs + 
 
0/ p i r 
 
 CHE 
 
 Si 
 
 oielefs : let there be a pin at the bottom of the 
 ground to fall into the work, if it can be fo ma- 
 naged, at the. bottom of the print. 
 
 4-, The firft fide pitch fhouldbe abotlt half an inch- 
 down the fide, the other as near the bottom as con- 
 venient, and if it can be done, let them pitch* into 
 objects fo that they be little feen, taking care 
 however that the joining of the print does not 
 obfcure them, Side-pitches need not be out 
 farther than juft to be clear of the work ; in or^er 
 to. prevent a light edging. 
 
 5. The pitches for the print being afcertained* 
 put in the pitches for the grounds which work 
 next in fucceffion; thefe muft be diftincl: from the 
 pitches of the print, and be clear . when the print 
 is joined ; one pin towards the. bottom of the near 
 fide is fufficient for the ground, taking care to 
 place it below rhe fide pitch of the print, that it 
 may not hinder the printer from feeing his print 
 pitch ; this however is not neoeiTary to be parti- 
 cular about when the ground pitch is placed 
 
 within . 
 
Of PITCHES. 
 
 within the work : Endeavour likewife at all times 
 to make one pitch or a fhape do for as many- 
 grounds as you can, obferving however, that a 
 ground that works to another ground ought not 
 to pitch to the print. 
 
 6. If the work is to be grounded after it comes 
 off the grafs (as you can make no alteration then) 
 be particularly careful that the pitches for thofe 
 grounds be not obfcured by any means, and if you 
 .can place them where pale colour only will cover 
 them, it will be the better, as that will partly 
 hide them ; and let them be but juft large enough 
 to be feen, which rule indeed fliould be carefully 
 obferved in refpect. to pitches in general, or if 
 > large pins are put in, the tops fhould be leffened. 
 
 7. To be more certain of having your pitch pins 
 
 • in their proper places, they had better be put in 
 
 before prints or grounds are given to be cut (un- 
 
 lefs you have no doubt of the carefulnefs of th. 
 
 cutter, in that refpe&) and before your prints or 
 
 fome 
 
Of P I T C H E S. . 
 
 fome certain grounds go out, be fure to rub off 
 parts of the drawing on paper,making a memoran- 
 dum what parts you rub them from, as they will 
 be checks againft the cutter in proving whether 
 he has or has not deviated from the drawing, and 
 probably prevent a deal of altercation, when the 
 work is done ; or, as a further caution,* the 
 whole face joinings and all may be procured, 
 by damping a flout piece of paper, laying it on 
 the furface and gently rubbing the back, till 
 you have a flight counterpart of the drawing ; 
 and a very flight one will be fufEcient to fhew 
 the trail, or the fhape and fituation of flowers, 
 and other objects. 
 
 A Putter-on 
 
 
 * For if a Cutter has a pique againft the Drawer, 
 or bears ill-will to the matter, or if only through 
 wantonnefs he may alter the joinings, the direction of 
 a ftalk, or fhape of an object, or in grounds, he may 
 cut out of fhape, or move an object out of its place 
 {for fuch things have been done) and then, without 
 feme check, what can the Putter-on fay in excufe, or 
 how clear hiwifelf. 
 
Of PITCHES. 
 
 A Putter on, and indeed any other perfon, is 
 likewife here advifed for his own fake, to make 
 minutes of what may have been matter of opi- 
 nion or contention between ]?is employer and 
 himfelf about the mode of performing any 
 thing when his employer or other principal has 
 it done his way, and have thofe minutes ready 
 to produce ; if, in confequence of fuch deter- 
 mination, the cffedl happens not to be as it fhould, 
 or if the performance is not fuccefsful in other 
 refpects. 
 
 As well as advifinga Putter-on to be guarded 
 again ft the Cutter, the writer advifes the Cutter 
 to be on his guard, and that is, to fee the rub- 
 bing-off performed, and that his employer keeps 
 one in his poffeffion, or elfe demand one for him- 
 felf, otherwife it is poflible the putter-on in his 
 way, may do a Cutter an injury, by altering the 
 rubbing off in fome mode or other, and thus 
 make it appear as if the Cutter had not attended 
 to the drawing, or other particulars^, 
 
Of Squaring Blocks. 
 
 IN making a fquare (as it is always called) 
 though the four fides are feldom equil, if a 
 print is intended to be a 5 overoa 5-4th cloth, or 
 about 7" 3-8ths wide, it fhould not be above nine 
 inches long, it being handier for working, and 
 not fo apt to warp, as if longer in proportion to 
 that width, and for very clofe fine prints that are 
 difficult to join, the fmaller they are the better, as 
 they have lefs cutting, are eafier to work, the 
 warping is not of fuch confequence, and the 
 grounds are more likely to be hit in, efpecially 
 the grafs grounds, and the beft general fize for 
 them is about 8 by 6 and a quarter, or 6 and a 
 half at the utmofl, or what is called a fix over, 
 for to make it any thing wider under 7 3~8ths, fo 
 much cutting would be thrown away ; as it would 
 ftill be fix over, and the worfe for it, it then 
 having to work a narrow edging on the off fide, 
 the inconvenience of which has been amply 
 dlicuiled. 
 
 D 
 
 2. For 
 
Of Squaring B LOCKS. 
 
 2. For larger prints it is prefumed the beft 
 general fizes are, for 4 overs about 12 by 9 and a 
 half, for 3 overs 15 or 15 and a half by 13, 
 but when a pattern requires a pair of prints or 
 more, the length and width muft be governed by 
 the nature of the defign ; if not drawn to any 
 particular fize, unlefs the pattern would not be 
 injured by altering it. 
 
 Note, In fpeaking here of 5 overs and 6 overs 
 it muft be underftood (as before remarked) as re- 
 ferring to ell-wide cloths ; though after all, (as 
 likewife remarked) the beft rule to abide by, is 
 knowing what cloth is moft likely to be made 
 ufe of for the respective patterns that are deter- 
 mined on. The lizes however as above will 
 nearly fuit narrows, with one more over. 
 
 This circumftance of determining on the fize* 
 of prints, is of confequence from other motives ; 
 for to have a print unnecefTarily fmall (which is 
 the cafe if the work be light and eafy to join) 
 is protracting the working of it, and encreafmg 
 the expence attending its working, if on account 
 of its fmallnefs, the Printer requires a proporti- 
 onable price ; befides, fuch a print will be as 
 much worn in doing a hundred pieces as, if 
 made a little larger, it would be in doing twenty 
 .or thirty more ; which altogetlrer is of fome im- 
 portance, 
 
Of Squaring BLO-CK'S. 
 
 TjorUnce, and mu'ft considerably outweigh the 
 circumftance of its having coft lefs for cutting, 
 if that had been an inducement to have had it 
 cut fo fmall. 
 
 It is however as neceflary to confider what it 
 may have to do in refpe& to grounding, par- 
 ticularly grafs-work ; hence if the fize is fuch 
 that the grounds cannot be worked whole, the 
 print in this cafe had better have been fmaller,. 
 and this circumftance is determinable by the eafe 
 or difficulty of the grounding, for if the grounds 
 are to fall into fmall objects or fine lines, the 
 print mould be fmall, or if it be larger the 
 grounds mutt work in halves, unlefs there is 
 good latitude for the grounds to fall, and then 
 they may work whole with fuch a print. 
 
 3, In fquaring a block the moft. expeditious 
 and certain method, as well as of making the 
 divifions, (if they are required) is to have a plate 
 of copper or pewter, fet out with a number of 
 Fquares within each other, of the different fizes 
 above - mentioned for 6-overs, 5-overs, and 
 4-oveis, as being moft generally in ufe ; and 
 fet into as many divifions as youchufe, and at the 
 
 D2 corne s 
 
Of Squaring BLOCKS, 
 
 corners of each fquare, and wherever the divifions 
 are marked, let there be holes pierced through, 
 as fine and as ftrait as poflible ; you have then 
 only to lay your plate on a block or paper, 
 and with a fine needle prick through the holes 
 where neceflary, and then rule as ufual from 
 the pricked holes left on. 
 
 4. Another method is, by having a piece of 
 thin wood or metal, made angular as fig. 74* 
 which laying on a block or paper, rule two lines 
 fig. 75, and then with your compafTcs or dividers 
 (beam compafTes fig. 76 are befi) extended to 
 the length of your print, fix one point at A, 
 and make with the other a hole or curve at B, 
 then put one point on the line as far diftant from 
 A, as, near as you can judge, what the width of 
 •your print is, and ftrike a curve as as D, this 
 done, rule a line from the bottom of the curve 
 to B, fig. 77, then move your dividers to the 
 width of your print, put one point at A, and 
 ftrike a curve as at F, and with the point at B, 
 
 make another curve, interfe&ing that at D ; 
 
 laftly, rule from the interfeclion to F, fig. 78, 
 
 and you have your fquare. 
 
 But 
 
Of Squaring BLOCKS. 
 
 But obferve, that the truth of your fquari 
 in this manner, depends on the juft form of the 
 two fides, from which you firft rule, and of the 
 inftrument which you ufe. 
 
 This inftnament, or the copper or pewter plate 
 firft fpoken of, if it be cut perfectly on the fquare, 
 will ferve to try whether pitches ftand fquare or 
 not, bv laying it to one of the ends and one of 
 the fidfs at the fame time, and repeating the 
 trial at the other end and fide. 
 
 5. If you fquare your block in the ufual way, 
 and have occafion to make divifions, divide into 
 halves firft ; then divide thofe halves ; then divide 
 thofe quarters, and fo on ; inftead of taking a 
 certain part, and running the dividers along 
 the line, becaufe of the great probability that 
 the fame number of divifions run along in the 
 fame manner, will not form the fame length 
 exactly again. 
 
 6. In fquaring a block for a ftripe pattern, if 
 
 k be on a joined face, take care that the joint is 
 
 parallel to the fide of the fquare, and (if it can 
 * be 
 
Of Squaring BLOC KS. 
 
 be fo) in the moft vacant place : to get it parallel N 
 to the fquare line, you have only to put one 
 point of your eompafles on the joint at one end 
 of the block, and with the other make a hole or 
 curve near the edge of die block, from which, 
 you mean toraife your fquare ; repeat the fame 
 at the other end, and from the two pricked holes 
 or curves, rule the line which is to be that from, 
 which you raife the fquare. This obfervation 
 Ihould be attended to in fprig patterns, or any 
 other where the joint can be pofiibly avoided. 
 
 \ 
 
Of Cutting. 
 
 
 a Sa Drawer, or Putter-on, fhould ftudy how 
 "^ to preferve the effect of a pattern before he- 
 puts it on, a Cutter fhould endeavour to pre- 
 ferve the effect intended ; and if he has the in- 
 tereft of his employer in view, as well as his 
 own, he will examine as far as his judgment lies, 
 where it is defective, or any way improper, and 
 not, as is too generally the cafe, think only of 
 contriving how to make the charge as high as he 
 can, (if the price be not agreed on before-hand) 
 to fuch it may be hinted, they are ultimately not 
 gainers, for it may be expected every employer 
 will think firft of thofe who think of his intereft 
 as well as their own immediate emolument. 
 
 From what is above fuggefted, a Cutter is not 
 to infer that he is at liberty to alter the drawing 
 or deviate from it as he pleafes, befides, he fhould 
 be very cautious in that refpe&, as he may not 
 be aware what counterparts or checks are kept 
 
 againft him. 
 
 A Cutter likewife fhould confider when he 
 takes any work whether he can do it well, if the 
 putting on, or more properly the drawing, be 
 indifferent, becaufe if he does not execute it to- 
 lerably and alledges in excufe, it was badly drawn: 
 It is the more inexcufable in him, as undertaking 
 to execute whit he knew he could not do as it 
 fliould be; as among other reafons, it muff go to 
 
Of c u 
 
 T I A G. 
 
 work bad as it may be (unlefs it be too bad) from 
 the impoflibility of its being put on and cut over 
 again in proper time. But much worfe it mufl 
 be in him who will proceed on his work, though 
 it -is evident to him, that from fome miftake in 
 inaccuracy, the article muft be ufelefs to all 
 intents. * 
 
 As a general obfervation refpe&ing cutting, 
 be it noted that the principle of found and graceful 
 cutting (if the term may be allowed) depends on 
 properly forming the knife, and having a good 
 command of it ; as for the fhifts of pinking, and 
 other expeditious modes made ufe of as fubftitutes 
 for cutting, the face, from being forced or mat- 
 tered by fuch modes, rarely works clean or (lands 
 well ; and by thofe who require found cutting, 
 the ufe of fuch modes mould be exploded, as more 
 proper for carving; but in cutting for callico- 
 printing (it is repeated) the knife, and that alone, 
 can make a proper face, where JTrcngth and neat- 
 nefs is required to be combined. 
 
 •Sorry the Writer is to fay that either through 
 pique to the drawer, enmity to the matter, or from 
 that wretched groveling principle of fuch mifchances 
 multiplying work, he has known it to be the cafe, and 
 lie is not backward to own in cafes where he has 
 blundered, or not been fufficiently accurate (for he 
 don't pretend to infallibility though he prefumes to 
 publifh this work) he has experienced inftances of 
 fuch a kind. 
 
 II 
 
Rules for Cutting, 
 
 i. A careful Cutter will at firft look at the 
 joinings and meafure and compare the difhnces 
 of the pitch pins, and if the pitch pins are only 
 marked, he will be careful to put them in as 
 foon as poflible, as the deferring of it till the 
 marks are fo faint, that they are almoft put in by 
 guefs, is productive of much trouble, for even 
 the common practice of drilling or goudging for 
 them, chifTeling the wood away, and then driv- 
 ing in the pins is deceptive, the tops of the pins 
 frequently not being where they ought to be. 
 
 If however the Cutter puts in the pitch pins 
 he mould not chifTel the wood away till the reft 
 of the print is finifhed, or if it is cut at home the 
 wood fhould not be cleared away ti I it is taken 
 to fhop or fome other proper place, as they 
 might be removed even in carrying thither. • 
 
 2. Le* 
 
Of C U T T I K G.. 
 
 2. Let the difference between tlie furface and: 
 bottom of the work be jufr. fo much as will ferve 
 as a foundation for it, as every cutter mould be 
 aware, that if thicker, the print will work the 
 coarfer, even if the furface be fine, and the firft 
 time it is pumiced it will work very clumfily; as 
 for the care of preferving a face, every tyro in 
 cutting muft know that is of the firft concern, 
 and of courfe the cutting of it away in any part, 
 or leaving fo little foundation that it is liable to 
 be injured by the fsnalleft accident, is the greateft 
 dilcredit to a profeffed Cutter that can be. 
 
 
 3. Next to a proper foundation and an even 
 face, a found print is one where the work is not 
 cut through, at the joinings of branches or fhades 
 fee fig. 79, for where the knife goes thro' thofe 
 joinings, efpecially if if be a thick one, or the 
 wood very damp, it will eafily be feen, after the 
 print has been ibxaetimc at work/ and lays in a 
 
 warm 
 
Of CUTTING. 
 
 warm or dry place ; but as in fome inflances it is 
 impoflible to cut in that manner, proper attention 
 fhould be bcftovved on thofe parts that are left 
 without the fupport alluded to, that they have a 
 firm foundation, otherwife the uighteft accident . 
 will remove thtm. 
 
 
 4. Where pins are marked to touch the furface 
 of the wood as fig 80, cut accordingly, that is, 
 down right acrofs the end, or it will be the caufe 
 of much trouble both in drawing for the pinning 
 and in the pinning itfelf, from the pins not being 
 able to ftand upright, nor join with the furface 
 of the wood J but will leave difagreeable gaps as 
 fig. 81, between the impreffion of the wood and 
 pins ; and if the pins are marked to ftand 
 near a line as fig. 82, carefully cut more upright 
 than in general on the iide the pins are to be, 
 and cut deep or fhallow according to the fize of 
 them., 
 
 
 5. Where pins are marked and have no cutting 
 near them, leave fome wood for th& file to reft 
 ©n.v 
 
 f„ Ii 
 
Of C U T C I N G. 
 
 6. If you have to cut a curf as fig. $3, cut 
 outfide the line as drawn (unlefs the putter on 
 has provided for the circumftance) otherwife the 
 line of pins cannot be where they were intended, 
 for the drawing being the line that the pins is to 
 Hand in, if you cut the curf through that draw- 
 ing, it is evident the pinning muft be within fide 
 of that line, becaufe of the wood, as fig. 84. 
 
 In cutting lights w"th the grain, be cautious 
 to cut with a thin knife, and rather flanting, 
 whether you chiffel away or not, or when the 
 work is damp the wood will clofein fome degree, 
 and of courfe appear in the impreflion not fo open 
 as thole lights which are cut acrofs the grain, tho 
 in the cutting they were full as open. 
 
 Itfecms to the Writer, that in cutting fine lights 
 with the grain, it is not the heft way to cut 
 downright of eacH fide, and chhTel away at the 
 bottom, particularly if the wood be very dry or 
 fcarcely damp when cut, as the furface will nearly 
 dole when the wood gets damp, but rather to 
 cut very deeply and take the wood out with the 
 knife, for each Tide rifing flopingly from the 
 bottom, the chance of the two edges of the fur- 
 face 
 
 
Of C U T ' T I N c. 
 
 face meeting together is not fo great ; but as a 
 counter-balance, the colour is more apt to gather 
 than when cleared at the bottom with the chiffel, 
 therefore if cutflantingly andchifTeled away with 
 a very fmall tool, that inconvenience will be pre- 
 vented. 
 
 7. Cutters are not fometimes aware how much 
 they injure a block by extreme partial damping 
 or letting it lay a long time on damp ftones or 
 bricks, efpecially if one end is kept damper than 
 the other a long while, as the face is liable to 
 come up in places by damping or wetting while 
 there is nothing but the glue to hold it ; and as 
 blocks are fometimes badly venered, or may have 
 Iain long in improper places, or may have fuffered 
 by a removal from a damp place to a warm one- 
 and the contrary, there is the greater realbn for 
 a Cutter to be cautious in that refpect, hence it 
 would not be amifs as a Cutter clears away, or as 
 foon as finiflied, if he fecured the face by a few 
 brads. 
 
 Note, The Writer purpofely inferts the follow- 
 ing article, though properly belonging to putting 
 on, in order to lead a Cutter to look a little 
 further than the point of his knife. 
 
 8. If 
 
Of CUTTING. 
 
 8. If you have to cut from an imprcmon always 
 be informed whether the cutring is to be within 
 the line, on it, or without it. as this circumstance 
 is very often a mere matter of opinion, though 
 at other times determinable by particular circum- 
 fiances. Sec Rule 18 for putting on. 
 
 And, In pafte grounds that have to hit to ob- 
 jects furrounded with ftormont, or other clofe or 
 folid ground, it is needful to cut within the line, 
 for it is better the ground ftiould come into the 
 object than not come up to it, as that will fliew 
 a difagreeable run of white outflde the line ; 
 but if the object: is only to have loofe ground work 
 round it, it would be better to fecure the filling 
 up of the object : it is only fuggefted in that cafe 
 to be better within than without, making fome. 
 allowance for the fpreading of the colour. 
 
 Again, if there be large and fmall bodies to 
 work together in the fame ground, as fig. 85, 
 cut the fmall bodies rather more within the line 
 than if they flood alone, as the quantity of co- 
 lour neceffary to be carried by the large ones and 
 the blow requisite to imprefs them, would other- 
 wife caufe the fmall ones to fpread over the line. 
 See Rules 12 and 18 for putting on, where there are 
 fimilar obferYations refpecting both prints and 
 
 ounds. 
 
 

 Of CUTTING. 
 
 Note, In f peaking of cutting, it may be ob- 
 ferved to thofe who prefer the ufeful to the fuper- 
 ficial, that as what is required of a print or 
 ground, is its being able to make a proper impref- 
 lion, and for a proper length of time, all that is 
 done which does not tend to that point is delay- 
 ing its going to work, of courfe, all that delica- 
 cy and formality in the fubordinate parts of hand- 
 tooling, chhTeling, &c. which fome affect, can 
 only give a print or ground a good appearance, 
 but does not enhance its intrific value in point of 
 utility ; as every one knows that the clearnefs 
 and foundnefs of the cutting in refpect to the 
 face, is the efTential quality that is defired; hence 
 longer time bellowed in thofe particulars, more 
 than fufHciently clearing the fupernuous wood 
 away, is, befide delaying the working of it (as 
 above-faid) rendering it unnecefTarily expenfive 
 to the proprietor.* 
 
 The Writer cannot fupprefs the infertion of a 
 word or two, as a hint to fome Mailers (though 
 copioufly difcufied with fimilar matters in the 
 
 eflay 
 
 • It is fuppofed the Writer will not be thanked by 
 many Cutters for this obfervation, but as he occafion- 
 ally makes free with Mailers (as the following ^ob- 
 fervation evinces, as well as many others, which will 
 appear at the clofe of this publication, as likewife 
 where he makes as free even with himfelf ) he truft 8 " 
 ?hey mult acquit him of partiality hi what he advances 
 
****. 
 
 Of C U T T I N 
 
 G, 
 
 
 
 efTay toward the conclufion of this work) that they 
 donot always get their cutting done fo cheap as they 
 imagine, when they prefs a man down to a low 
 price, for a Cutter who is a matter of his bufmefs 
 has a mode of working, not eafily dete&ed when 
 he brings his work home, according to the price 
 bargained for, or what he expects for it from his 
 knowledge of his employer in that particular ; 
 cfpecially if he knows his employers judgment of. 
 cutting is not very extenfive. 
 
 As there is a wide difference between being,, 
 impofed on, and getting work done for much lefs 
 than it is worth, the writer juft hints here at the 
 impolicy of fome, who when they get work done 
 very cheap, (no matter through what motive it 
 is fo done) cannot be fo far contented, but will 
 fpeak of it, and will perhaps fay who the perfon 
 was, in order to induce others to do the fame; 
 the confequence may be a combination not to. 
 work for fuch a perfon ; and any how it renders 
 fuch a man unwilling to do work very cheap 
 again : after hinting at impolicy on one fide, it is 
 proper to hint to Cutters, that it is equally 
 impolitic to make a boaft (particularly a public 
 one) how expeditioufly they can work, what ex- 
 cellent and peculiar inftruments they ufc, how 
 well paid they have been, &c. when this is. 
 the cafe, can it be much wondered that matters 
 fo often doubt the integrity of their workmen, re- 
 fpecting the value they fet on their performances ; 
 
Of Pinning. 
 
 BEFORE you begin pinning a~ block, efpeci- 
 ally if it is to be pretty full, a few brads* 
 drove in, in the vacant places or indeed a!) that 
 are neceflary, is very proper to be done, in order 
 to fecure the veneer from rifing or removing, and 
 if the pinning be very clofe or covering, take care 
 that brads are firft put in, punched down, and 
 pegs put over them, 
 
 i. A block that has many pins to be put into it 
 particularly if it is not a fmall one, jfhould be 
 hollow in proportion to the fize and quantity of 
 the pins, and fhould be in a dry ftate, for pins 
 acting as wedges even in a degree when bored for, 
 they naturally tend to throw a block round ;■ hence 
 if a block that has a great many pins, and particu- 
 larly if they be large ones,happens to be very round 
 when began to be pinned, the confequence pen- 
 haps would be its being rendered ufelefs, from 
 the extreme round ftate into which it would 
 then be thrown. 
 
 This 
 
Of PINNING. 
 
 This inconvenience may poflibly be prevented 
 in fome degree where the back, or a crofs back 
 is but weak, by having a ftrong temporary back 
 
 firmly. fixed on. 
 
 2. It is ufual for Pinners in pinning of blocks to 
 begin at one end and work gradually on to the 
 other, whether the pinning is full or not, but 
 perhaps it would be more advifeable to do a little 
 at one end, then a little at the othei, then a 
 little in the middle, and fill up or finifh in the 
 fame progreffive manner ; as, befides the chance 
 of avoiding the partial warping of the block, you 
 are more certain, by doing thus, of preferving 
 an even face of pinning ; for it fometimes hap- 
 pens that pinning is fuller at one end than the 
 other, or different in other refpe&s, from being 
 finifhed in a hurry, or put into another perfon's 
 hands, and the liko ; which would probably be 
 avoided, by purfuing the method above recom- 
 mended, or fomething fimilar to it. 
 
 3. Where large andfmall pins are toftand toge- 
 ther, it is in general neceflajy to put in the large 
 ones tuft, efpecially if they be confiderably fo, 
 as by taking up the moil room you will the better 
 judge where to put in the fmall ones, and fmall 
 ones can be theeafier fet to them. 
 
Of P I N N I N G, 
 
 4. The quicker pins are put in, the firmer they 
 hold; and the more uniformly upright they are 
 put in, the evener they work ; for if put in very 
 flaming, the fetting of them upright afterwards, 
 loofens them at the bottom ; and confequently 
 in the courfe of working, they will be eafily re* 
 moved, as well as by other common accidents.. 
 
 5. If you have a number of large pins to put in,. 
 avoid (if the pattern will admit) two or more- 
 flandihg near each other exadly in a line with 
 the grain, efpecially if not bored for, from the 
 great chance of their fplitring the. face, by ftand, 
 ing in fuch a direction. 
 
 6. If you have a flower, or leaf, or other object,, 
 as fig. 86, begin at the points, and then fill up 
 the line as regularly as you can, that is, in re- 
 fpea to the diftances of the pins from each other: 
 Ifthemapebe like fig. 87, begin at the points, 
 and then fill up the line. 
 
 If 
 
Of PINNING, 
 
 7. If you have branchings, fprays, curls, &c.as 
 fig. 88, 89, and 90, take care of the line or ftalk 
 from which the others run or branch out, as 
 thefe fhould be kept in as perfect a line as you 
 can, keeping however the angles in view, that 
 the corners may be open in making the lefler. 
 branches. 
 
 KM* 
 
 8. If you have fmall curve lines, as fig. 91, do 
 not put a pin in the middle, as %. 92, but rather 
 put two, as fig. 93, otherwife it will have an 
 angular appearance, efpecially if the pins be 
 
 large. 
 
 9. Where pins are required to be placed near 
 the cutting as fig. 94, the fhade of the wood will 
 frequently deceive the pinner, refpe&ing the dis- 
 tance to be obferved in placing the pins ; in order 
 to guard againft this circumftance, frequently 
 look at the block with the face held direaiy a* 
 gainit the light. 
 
 If 
 
Of PINNING. 
 
 10. If you file the pins without the wood being 
 wetted or fwelled, do not file them even with 
 the wood ; elfe in a very little time they will be 
 too low ; as exclnfive of the wood fwelling by 
 working, the repeated blows of the Printer at 
 the back of the block, draw the pins further in, 
 exclufive likewife of the pins wearing away, 
 cfpecially when worked in colour in which iron 
 liquor is ufed. Obferve likewife, before you 
 begin fileing, if there be fuch a quantity of pins 
 as to make it of confequence, that the face be 
 even ; or as nearly fo as it can poffibly be, 
 
 ii. If on any particular account, you fwellthe 
 wood, obferve that there be brads to prevent the 
 veneer from rifing ; this however is a bad method 
 from the chance of the face being damaged by 
 the file orpumice-ftone, and confequently ren- 
 dered coarfe or gouty ; it is therefore better t© 
 file it in a dry irate, without fileing fo low as the 
 wood, as the wood when it is damped will fwell 
 and be even with the furface of the pins, unlefs 
 the pins are left very much above it, 
 
 12. In 
 
 & H 
 
Of PINNING. 
 
 12. In bradding prints and grounds, drive the 
 brads different ways, that they may have the 
 firmer hold ; a few brads well difpofed of is better 
 than a great many, as they act as wedges in the 
 back, even if the veneer is drilled or bored 
 through, and of courfe tend to throw fome blocks 
 round the fame as pins would, as the boring for 
 the brads muft not be fo deep as the brads are 
 long, they then having no hold of the wood ; 
 and remember, in prints or grounds that have 
 backs of deal, or other flight wood ; longer brads 
 -than common are requifite; otherwife, from the 
 Toftnefs of the wood, or opennefs of the grain, 
 they will be of little fervice. 
 
 13. Take care that brads do not ftand in lines 
 clofe together with the grain, as the more dia- 
 mond wife they ftand, the better they hold ; 
 and confequently a lefs number will do ; nei- 
 ther is there fuch a chance of the face being 
 fplit. 
 
 Care mouid likewife be taken that brads are 
 not put on a joint; it is however neceflary 
 where there is a joint, to put more brads about 
 it than elfewhere, as well as round the edge. 
 
 It 
 
Of PINNING. 
 
 'Note, It may be expe&ed that more might be 
 fald about Cutting and Pinning, and more the 
 Writer could have faid, but as every Cutter and 
 Pinner has fomething peculiar in the conduc- 
 tion of tools, mode ofufing them, and the like*, 
 (though fome of the advantages they think they 
 poffefs, are only of conference, from that fa- 
 tisfaaion which every perfon experiences in doing 
 any thing his own way§) it would be to little 
 purprfe to give directions in many cafes, even if 
 ■it were poffiblc to do it explicitly. 
 
 • Every one Wvs how workmen will contend 
 about their refpeclive excellencies: This however 
 would be lefs ridiculous, if the contention was not too 
 generally carried on in improper places; 
 
 § The Writer here againmake, a remark addre/Ted to 
 M afters (,ho' touched .n already, a „d will be more gene- 
 rally dwelt on with collateral cireumitances, in the efliy 
 at the clofing of this work) that half thefacilityof a man's 
 operations (granting he has abilities) is owing t0 the 
 liberty of following his own method, hence at a ihop 
 he feldom feems to do juftioe, or that what he does 
 
 in Mailers to be minuting a, it were, how much is 
 done, as well as perpetually enquiring how fuch a 
 thing is to be done, or why not done in f uch a manner, 
 thu. the man (unlefi he is little felicitous about his 
 
 |(fituatio« 
 
Of T I N 'N I N G~~ 
 
 Hence the writer deems it fufficient to have 
 attended principally to thofe matters which im- 
 mediately lead to the point he ail along wiflies 
 to be kept in view ; that is, the effect intended 
 to be produced on the cloth : but neverthclefs, 
 Cutters and Pinners may find in other parts of 
 this work obfervations enough that concern 
 them ; though, (as already intimated) they are 
 more conveniently introduced under other heads. 
 
 , See particularly Rule i, iz, 14, 17 and *9 for 
 
 putting on, as well as feverai of the Rules for pitches, 
 and what is faid about blocks. 
 
 fituation) is under continual reftraint, and confidently 
 the progrefs of his work impeded, (to fay nothing ot 
 occafion.1 interruptions,) hence, few expedition, 
 cutters a. well as others, who can have .bufinefc at 
 home, though capable of doing much general fervicc 
 at a mop, have any inclination to be at one : It muft 
 not be concluded however, but that the progrefs of a 
 Man's work mould be looked after ; what the Writer 
 means is, that as no perfon is always alike able or dif- 
 pofcd to work, it is more advifeable to form an eftimate 
 of his abilities, by what he can do in the courfe of a 
 day or two, a week, or in feme cafes a month or 
 more, and then fet a value on him accordingly. 
 
 
Of Blockmaking. 
 
 T)REVIOU5 to what theWriter has to advance 
 •*■ on the management of blocks, a word or two 
 addrefted to Block-makers cannot be deemed 
 unneceffary, as their inattention in general (if 
 hot entirely) to what he obferves below, has 
 rendered many prints and grounds of no ufe ; 
 while the fault has been attributed tocaufes very 
 remote from the real ones. Therefore, if Block- 
 makers wifh for the credit of making firm Handing 
 or good working blocks, they mould be careful, 
 that, in the firft inftance, the faces and backs are 
 free from cracks and {hi vers, and not tending to a 
 decayed ftateno more than being too green, and 
 that of crofled backs the backs are alike in age, 
 texture and feafoning; indeed they mould be cut 
 not only from the fame plank, but from the fame 
 part of the plank, elfe the refiftance of one to the 
 other cannot be 1 reciprocal, and confequently the 
 very purpofe for which two backs are joined to- 
 gether is directly deflroyed; See the obfcrvatlon 
 refpe cling crofs-backed blocks further on* 
 
 E Block- 
 

 Of BLO CKMJKING. 
 
 Block-makers fhould likewife take care that in 
 joined faces, the pieces of the face be of the fame 
 part of the plank, as a joined face that has one 
 fide clear, hard, or ftrait grained, and the other 
 foft, beachy, curly or knotty, is hardly fit for 
 any purpofe ; the bad being unfit to go with the 
 good, which is only proper for nice work, and 
 the good part is thrown away if the whole block 
 be ufedfor fomething coarfe, or of little import- 
 ance ; and even a whole - faced one had better 
 not be fo, unlefs the whole face is of the fame 
 quality all over; therefore two or more indifferent 
 pieces of veneer had better be put together, as 
 ferving for fomething that is coarfe, and the fame 
 of two good pieces for a contrary purpofe. 
 
 Further, if one fide of a piece of veneer that 
 is broad enough for a whole face is bad and the 
 other fide good, the face had better be parted 
 than put on a back whole, it being then in the 
 fame predicament as a joined face, that has one 
 piece good and the other indifferent ; in fhort, a 
 blockmaker had better burn his very indifferent 
 wood, than fend it out, unlefs avowedly fent 
 home as fuch, and as fuch ordered, as oaly fit 
 fqr common purpofes ; otherwife fending a num- 
 ber of blocks of the above defcription, gives room 
 
 to 
 
f 
 
 Of BL OCKMAKIN G. 
 
 to fuppofe he has not a fufficient quantity of good 
 wood by him, or is too ignorant or negligent 
 of his bufinefs, or elfe incapable of attending it 
 fo as to dojuftice to the orders he may receive. 
 
 He mould likewife guard againfl being fuf- 
 pe6ted of fubftituting inferior woods (needlefs to 
 name here) for holly, pear-tree, or whatever elfe 
 may be ordered, as the difcredit will not be 
 efcapod, when, in the courfe of working, their 
 inferior qualities are too evident to cover the 
 deception. 
 
 The writer is aware that in fome of the in- 
 flances juft mentioned, much muft be left to 
 journeymen, who, too often, are not very foli- 
 citous about their matter's intereft, or reputation. 
 This however does not (with every perfon) ac- 
 quit the mafter of his refponfibility ; he is applied 
 to, and of courfe looked to for a proper perform- 
 ance of the orders. 
 
 It may therefore be obferved, as a hint ta 
 Blockmakers, or their men, that among the caufes 
 of blocks not Handing well, may be their taking 
 part of a plank for a back that has a tendancy to 
 warp one way, and a piece of veneer with a ten- 
 
 E 2 dancy 
 

 
 Of B LOCK MAKING. 
 
 dancy to warp the other, and glueing them to- 
 gether in fuch a ftate. The fame may be obferved 
 of two crofs backs ; and likewife of joined faces ; 
 in which latter cafe, the confequence is, one part 
 <of the face rifing from the back at the edges, and 
 the other rifing in the middle, that is, the middle 
 of the joined piece, not the middle of the block. 
 
 Another caufe is owing to planks, veneers, &c 
 lying in too hot, or too damp a fituation, and 
 are accordingly warped this or that way ; hence 
 when made into blocks, and laid in a proper 
 place, they cannot long remain true, but endea- 
 vour to recover their priftine ftate. 
 
 Another circumftance not always guarded a- 
 gainft, and probably the caufe of blocks cafting 
 various ways when at work, is the grain of the 
 veneer running obliquely, fometimes the grain 
 of the back, and fometimes both ; in either of 
 thefe, or fimilar cafes, it is evident the blocks 
 will warp iii different directions. A little care 
 would prevent this, by cutting or fquaring the 
 pieces either for veneers or backs, directly with 
 the grain ; and then, if they caft, it may be 
 more expeded it will be fideways or endways, 
 (according to the conftru&ion of the block) ra- 
 ther 
 
\ 
 
 O/BLO CKMA KI N G. 
 
 ther than corner-ways, which every one knows 1 
 is the moll: difficult to remedy. In fhort, it may 
 fafely be faid, of prints and grounds that have 
 never been able to do work properly from warp- 
 ing, that the caufe has been owing to circum- 
 flances not properly attended to by the Block- 
 maker, irt the inftances above-mentioned, or in 
 others of which the writer is not competent to 
 fpeak: However, what he has expatiated on, he here 
 brings to a point which may ferve as a kind of me- 
 mento to every perfon who has to do with blocks. 
 
 If it be a joined block, fee that the pieces are of 
 equal quality as to the face, whether both 
 good, or both indifferent. 
 
 If it be a whole face, fee that it be nearly the 
 fame quality of each fide. 
 
 See that the grain does not run obliquely, 
 and the fame of the back, if a fingleone. 
 
 Of crofs-backs nothing can be faid but of the 
 outer one, and of that it may be feen whether 
 or not it directly or obliquely anfwers to the 
 face. 
 
 E 3 
 
 Refpecting 
 
Of BLOCK MA KING. 
 
 Refpe&ing the feafonlng, few can judge of that 
 rat fight; the other circumftances of knotty, 
 beach y, or other kind* of veneers, are what can- 
 not always be avoided, as all blocks cannot be 
 equally good, neither is it neceflary, as very in- 
 different blocks will anfwer in fome inftances, 
 where, to ufe good ones, would be folly and 
 waftefulnefs. 
 

 Of the life and management 
 of Blocks* 
 
 iROSS-backed blocks, if they mud be ufed, 
 are moil proper for prints, but particularly 
 for prints that have much work, and that have 
 grounds to them not very eafy to be hit in; and 
 the firmer the backs are fixed to each other, the 
 better ; in order to render them as little liable to 
 warp as pofiible ; for the evennefs of the face of 
 the print being of the utmoft confequcnce to 
 preferve, no confederation fhould be fpared to at- 
 tain fo defireable an object. The grounds how- 
 ever fhould be on fingle back blocks, that they 
 may occalionally be made round or hollow, to 
 fuit the contracting or lpreading of the face of 
 the print. An objection notwithftanding lies 
 here in the cafe of prints that have the work 
 clofe and folid ; as they cannot be taken off too 
 wide, on account of the quantity of colour which 
 they carry, caufing the cloth, if foft, to dilate fo 
 much, that the grounds are generally too nar- 
 row 
 
 . 
 
Of the nfe and management of BLOCKS, 
 
 row, although the print is brought hollow per- 
 haps in order to work it. In thefe infiances, 
 probably fingle backed blocks may be belt, it 
 being difficult, if not impoffible fometimes, to 
 force crofs-backed blocks round ;. and to fwcll 
 them by foaking, lays a foundation for their be- 
 ing always out of order ; indeed if the blocks for 
 the grounds could be taken off proportionably 
 hoi low, and very dry, and made true, or rather 
 round when they went to work, it might anfwer 
 the fame purpofe. This inconvenience however 
 does not happen when the cloth is permitted to 
 get very dry, as then the quantity of colour 
 caufes it to contract ; but in this cafe, if too 
 much contra&ed, the laying of it fome time in a. 
 rather damp place, will caufe it to give out 
 again. 
 
 I 
 
 
 This object of rendering prints and grounds fit 
 for each other, and the keeping of them in that 
 itate, is, in the procefs of printing, of the fir ft 
 confequence, and (as before intimated) cannot be 
 too much attended ; as the immediate and cer- 
 tain effecl: of their not agreeing, or of the prints 
 getting out of order, is the delay of the work; 
 and the endeavouring to remedy it, by putting 
 the lace on another back, rarely anfwers the 
 
 purpofe 
 
I 
 
 Of the ufe and management of BLOCKS, 
 
 purpofe, efpecially if it gets into an unfkilful 
 printer's hands. For, among other circum- 
 flances, a great number of fcrews are ufually put 
 in, which , befide twilling the wood of them- 
 felves, the printer is continually tightening or 
 loofening fome of them, or forcing in wedges of 
 fome kind, foaking one end, then the other, and 
 fo on, till at laft, the print is rendered entirely 
 ufelefs, and the pattern is flopped from going on; 
 with, perhaps, only a piece or two printed ; and 
 as it may be too late to cut it over again, the 
 misfortune is aggravated, as the expectation of 
 gain from the working of it is at an end. 
 
 The firmer crofTed backs can be united with- 
 out fcrews (for fcrews frequently force up the 
 faces) there will be the greater, probability of 
 their {landing ; and if, for the conveniency of 
 having fpan holes, a back is let in, the fcrews 
 fliould fland quite acrofs, or in fquares ; and it 
 iliould by no means be fo tight as to afFe6l the 
 print endways ; therefore it feems more proper 
 to let the grain of the back which is let in, be 
 the fame way as that of the upper back, whether 
 it be thinner or thicker than that next to the 
 veneer ; for it may be reafonably fuppofed, that,, 
 if the upper back is nearly cut through in the 
 
 E£ ; middle 
 

 
 Of the ufe and management tf BLOCKS. 
 
 middle, to let in a fmall one, it will lofe much 
 of its power to refift the warping of the back 
 which joins to the veneer ; and much lefs of its 
 power will be loft if the upper back be cut quite 
 acrofs, as well as quite through to the other 
 back ; for from that circumrtance, together with 
 forcing the moveable back tight, the probability 
 of the print cafting endways, is aggravated to a 
 certainty. 
 
 Another reafon for endeavouring to fix prints 
 to an uniform ftate is, that when flngle backed 
 prints get very round, dove tails are generally let 
 in very tightly, in order to check that tendency ; 
 the confequence of which is, that the back rarely 
 fails of being fplit, efpecially if not eafed at 
 proper times, or otherwife carefully attended 
 to. 
 
 But after all, from the circumflance of not 
 being able to know at nrlt, whether croned backs 
 are of equal qualities, or as they fhould be in 
 other refpefts, found fingleoak backs feem prefer- 
 able for general ufe, as not laying under the dif- 
 advantage attending croffed backs ; which is the 
 great difficulty, if not impombility, to warp them 
 as you wifh ; or if once warped, to get them true 
 again at pleafure» 
 
 To 
 
 i 
 
Of the ujc and management of BLOCKS* 
 
 To keep fome particular prints true by force, 
 if force be necefTary, a ftrait piece of iron, rather 
 thin, and of a breadth anfwerable to the thick- 
 nefs of the block, might be firmly bound round 
 as a fillet, and anfwer that purpofe ; efpecially 
 if, to fuch a check, two pieces are annexed to^ 
 the fides into which the back is {lid. 
 
 The crofTed backs of blocks, perhaps fhould 
 be either all of deal, or all of oak, becaufe if one 
 back is of oak, and the oak back is next to the 
 veneer, that circumftance tends to throw the 
 .print hollow endways; neither the veneer nor 
 the deal having ftrength fufficient to refill the 
 carting of the oak ; for it may here be obferved^. 
 and proper ufe may be made of the remark, that 
 though oak is harder than deal, yet deal has an 
 advantage over oak, in not imbibing water fa 
 readily, and of courfe, not being fo likely to call 
 by damping or wetting ; but then, as a counter- 
 balance, heat will fooner afFect it. 
 
 It mav likewife be here obferved, of thofe trees 
 growing where the fun does not afFect them all 
 round, that one fide of them is fofter than the 
 other, the fame as wood is fofter or harder the 
 nearer or farther it is fiom what carpenters call 
 the fap ; to which caufe, among many others, 
 oftentimes not to be accounted for, is the aptitude 
 of fome blocks to warp this or that way, in fpite 
 of every endeavour to bring them to the flats. 
 

 Of the ufe and management of BLOCKS, 
 
 defired, or to keep them in that ftate ; from 
 which confideration, when it is evident which 
 way blocks are naturally inclined to be, arxl they 
 have remained in a proper place long in that 
 ftate, whether round or hollow, or whether that 
 tendency is in the backs, or faces, they had better 
 be brought to the ftate you defire, by plaining, 
 rather than by heat or wetting them ; elfe the 
 confequence would be, their getting into their, 
 former ftate, as foon as left at liberty. But if 
 their tendency to warp any particular way 
 is exhaufted, a fecond plaining cannot be properly 
 recommended. 
 
 Blocks mould be kept in a rather dry place, 
 without a fire, at a convenient diftance from the 
 ground : thofe intended for prints feem to re- 
 quire laying with their faces downwards, and 
 thofe for grounds with their faces upwards, prints 
 in general requiring rather a round ftate than 
 otherwife, and grounds the contrary. And for 
 conveniency the different lorts mould be 
 3cept together, but, if conveniency only is con- 
 fidered, the beft fituation for blocks to be placed, 
 is on their fides, in proper ranges on fhelves one 
 above another, fo that one can be drawn out 
 without difplacing the reft, which is ever the cafe 
 when they ftand piled one above the other. 
 
 A 
 
/ 
 
 Oj taking off Blocks 
 
 for Grounds, 
 
 JLIAVING mentioned the inconveniences at- 
 tending grounds not fitting, owing to the 
 difficulty of taking offfome prints round enough; 
 the following expedient, or fomething like it, 
 may be found to anfwer the purpofe, without 
 . being obliged to fwell the prints, or contract 
 the blocks intended for the grounds : 
 
 Let a piece of filk, fatin, parchment, leather, 
 cr whatever you approve of as fo much du&ile 
 and elaftic, that after being ftretched it may be 
 cpn tracked again, of about eleven or twelve 
 inches in width, be fattened at one end to two 
 pieces of wood, fee fig. 95, each fourteen or 
 fifteen inches long ; and at the other end let 
 two other frames be fixed to run parallel with 
 the filk or whatever elfe it may be : at the other 
 end let there be nuts to receive two fcrews which 
 are in the frame, and which being taken hold 
 of by them, you can flretch or widen the im- 
 preffion which is to be laid on the filk, or other 
 Blatter, to the degree required • which when 
 
 done, 
 
Of tarmg off BLOCKS. 
 done, lay the block on it, hitting it on the back 
 as ufual, to receive the colour from the impreflion; 
 thus, you are likely to have your purpofe an- 
 fwered, without warping either the print, or the 
 blocks intended for the grounds. 
 
 In taking offprints for the grounds in general, 
 the purpofe is beft anfwcred by having a piece 
 of thin filk ftretched and tightly fattened to a 
 frame, fufficiently broad and long, to receive the 
 largeft prints; as this method has much the ad- 
 vantage over paper, in its laying even, and the 
 colour not finking into it aftep being ufed- a 
 few times. 
 
 In laying down the block to receive the im- 
 preflion, put the edge very nearly as clofe as you 
 can, to the impreflion of the head and fide print- 
 pitches ; and if it be a ground that is to pitch to 
 another ground, obferve a fimilar precaution ; as 
 no work in the grounds can come out beyond 
 thofe pitches ; for by doing thus you fave the 
 trouble of fawing off two fides, and fometimes 
 fave likewife a portion of blqck that may be 
 of ufe. 
 
 In 
 
Of taking of BLOCKS, 
 
 In order to get impreffions clear and black, 
 unlefs (as is the cafe fometimes) a black or dark 
 impreffion is not wanted, rub the faces with a 
 fpunge juft wetted with fumach or gall liquor. 
 
 In taking blocks off with the filk, they want 
 but two or three fmart itrokes, and fometimes 
 none, to get off the impreffion ; but whether 
 taken off from paper or filk, the blows mould be 
 fmart and fharp, or the impreffion will be either 
 faint or coarfe. 
 
 When a perfon has not the conveniency of a 
 table, tub, and fieve, fome treacle and lamp- 
 black may be mixed, and^diffufed with a pad 
 madeoffmooth foft leather, fluffed with wool, 
 over the fact of the print ; then (as this compo- 
 sition will not foon dry) lay a ftiff piece of paper 
 on the face, prefling it fufficiently all over, in 
 order to receive the impreffion on it ; which when 
 done, take it off without rumpling it ; lay it on 
 the face of the block, and gently rub or prefs 
 the back till the colour, or at leaft part of it, be 
 transferred to the block. This however cannot 
 conveniently be done if the work is in detached 
 places, or if it be a large or loofe flowing trail. < 
 
 If 
 
Of taking of BLOCKS. 
 
 If you take oft with paper, endeavour to have 
 your paper fmooth and pretty {tiff; for if foft, 
 the colour will be imbibed by it, and of courfe 
 l'efs will be transferred to the block ; fuolfcap run 
 through the calendar is perhaps as well as any;, 
 as that procefs renders the furface glofly, and the- 
 colour, lays longeron. it* 
 
 
 « 
 
General Rules to be obferved 
 at a Shop. 
 
 *• ^yHEN a print comes home, if not pinn ec j 
 or bradded, or trimmed out doors, the. 
 £ril obje& is to get it bradded and pinned (if 
 there are to be any pins in it*) and fo much 
 trimmed, that an impreilion may be had of four 
 joinings ; then make what alteration&and. amend- 
 ments that may be needful, which being done, get 
 it iron liquored § and backed, or fpan-holes cut ; 
 
 then. 
 
 * If the pinning be not of fuch confequence 
 as to affcft the block, or that the grounds are not 
 affe&ed by it, the pinning can be performed in mofl 
 cafes while the grounds aie cutting, and thus forae 
 time may be faved* 
 
 v 
 
 $ It is certainly neceffary to let the face of a 
 
 print, or a ground that has fine-work, imbibe the 
 
 ion liquor, efpecially if the wood be foft, for 
 
 reafons 
 
General Rules to he ihfervedl 
 
 then get it in order, as well as your blocks, for 
 taking it off for the grounds, and when they come 
 out of the cutter's hands, juft fight them to the 
 pitches, but no more, for fear of their wanting 
 fome addition ; and try each ground to a Separate 
 impreffion of the print 4 times joined, to fee if 
 they all anfwer in refpe£t. to the pitches, joining, 
 and fitting ; which when adjufted, put all the 
 grounds to one impreffion of the print four times 
 joined, which when likewife adjufted, make your 
 lafl trial on a piece of cloth? which fhould be 
 kept for fuch purpofes ; then get them numbered,, 
 the grounds marked what colour they work in, 
 and painted between the work where handtooled, 
 and round the fides, to prevent the water much 
 affecting them, ( as intimated in the note ) 
 then give notice they are ready for working, and 
 keep them in a proper place till wanted ; which 
 you mould always know a day or two before-hand, 
 otherwife the print may go to work in a very im- 
 proper ftate, in being either too round or too 
 
 hollow 
 
 reafons well known : and to prevent the backs of 
 prints or grounds from imbibing water, the effect of 
 which is well known, it is as necefTary to paint 
 them where the veneer is hand - tooled away, and 
 likewife the fides and ends. 
 
General Rules to be ohferved. 
 
 hollow.— See the article Jetting prints and grounds 
 to work. 
 
 Note, If it be a rule to have prints and grounds 
 trimmed and bradded out doors (which, under 
 certain circumstances is moft convenient, as at 
 fome /hops there are too few people to do fuch 
 things, or they may be bufy on other matters.) 
 directions fhould be given in what manner they 
 are to be bradded, and particularly how much 
 trimmed, for fear the joinings or other parts of the 
 work be imperfect, and of courfe you may find it 
 needful to make fome additions. 
 
 2. As it frequently happens in prints arrd 
 grounds, where the work is loofe, or wide apart, 
 that the pitches ftand detatehed from the work, 
 care fhould be taken that a fufficiency of veneer 
 be left about the pitch to admit of two or three 
 brads, otherwife the brads, efpecially ifcareleffly 
 put in, are apt to fplit the veneer, and the pitch 
 pin is confequently injured, or perhaps entirely 
 removed ; which at all times is troublefome to 
 replace in a proper manner. 
 
 3. As 
 
General Rules to Be ebferved* 
 
 3. As it is probable that notwitManding the 
 care which may have been taken to render the 
 prints and grounds perfed in every particular, 
 fomething may be faulty, it is nece/Tary (and an 
 injunction mould accordingly be given) that 
 every printer when he has to begin a new print, 
 or even a ground, mould fend for the drawer or 
 fcnr proper perfon to look at it before he pro- 
 ceeds. " 
 
 This leads the Writer to obferve that a drawer 
 or putter-on ought frequently to go round the 
 Printing Shop, there being continually, frorri^ 
 £>me overfight of his own, the negligence of 
 others, or from accidents that will unavoidably 
 happen, fomething to alter, remove or re&ify. 
 
 4. A Print or ground mould never be fent to 
 the print room, or any other place to be put by 
 till wanted, without knowing of the proper per- 
 fon whether or not it is done with, and with, 
 cutters (as mentioned before) the firft objed 
 
 mould 
 
General Rules to he obferved. 
 
 mould be to brad and juft fo much trim it that 
 the pitches mould be feen, and then give it to 
 the drawer, or if it be the carpenters province to 
 brad and trim it, it fliould be fent to him, and 
 when he has done, he has to deliver it to the pro- 
 per perfon. 
 
 N.B. A firft impreflion of every print, and the 
 lafl joined one, with the grounds, mould be (Tare- 
 fully preferved ; and where there are young ap- 
 prentices, good employment may be made for 
 them, by always having impreflions of prints,- 
 and fome particular grounds, on clear paper, in 
 order to vary the colouring of the pattern as much 
 as poflible, it not being fo laborious as inventing 
 patterns, and yet partaking of the nature of it, as 
 it is inventing new grounds for them. 
 
Of preparing andfetting 
 Prints and Grounds to work, 
 
 Or, in other Words, 
 
 Making ihclafi Trial of the joinings and 
 
 fitting vf Prints and Grounds. 
 
 fF there be pin work, examine carefully whether 
 it be all in # and properly fet, then fee how 
 the pitches anfwer by joining the print by the 
 fquares, and that none of them are obfcured by the 
 joinings, and fee likewife, that the impreffion has 
 an even face. 
 
 2. If the reds are feparate, that is to fay, if 
 there be a brown red boundage for flowers, or 
 other objects, pitch the brown red next, to fee 
 
 whether 
 
 * This is 3. circumftance very apt to be more or 
 lefs omitted, and much fometimes depend on it, both 
 in pencilling and grounding, therefore whoever is 
 making this trial, mould always have the pattern 
 by him, to compare with the impreflions. 
 
Preparing and Jetting of prints and grounds to work* 
 
 whether the ftalks want lengthening, fliorten- 
 Ino- or trimming ; and if any other colour works 
 with the ftalk, it fhould be {truck in at the fame 
 time, and amended or altered where neceffary ; 
 then, if there be two purples, befides the black, 
 ftrike in the deep one, and then the pale one ; 
 and, if there be three reds, obferve the fame pro- 
 cefs with them. 
 
 3. If there be grafs grounds, fee 'that none of 
 the table-work obfcure the pitches, even making 
 an allowance for imperfect joinings ; or in other 
 words ftrike in whatever grounds there are, in the 
 fame progremon that the printer will print them. 
 
 4. If there be three purples and three reds* 
 fee that the different fhades ftand diftincl: from 
 from each other ; and if there be pinning, fee 
 that it joins or touches the wood where intend- 
 ed, or that it ftand at a proper diftancc. Paper 
 being deceiving, it is beft, (as faid before) to 
 keep a fpare piece of cloth for fuch trials, or at 
 leaft for the laft one, when it is fuppofed the 
 prints and grounds are all fit for working. 
 
 5. In 
 
 
Preparing and Jetting prints and grounds to work. 
 
 i 
 
 5. Ill order (as likewife intimate-l before) to 
 lender the work as neat as poffible, let the pitch- 
 pins, or the tops of them, be as fmall as poffible, 
 fo that they can but be feen plainly enough to 
 prevent confufion or miftake. 
 
 6. As it is in general deemed befl to work the 
 pieces as given out, firft entirely through with 
 the print alone, and then with the grounds in 
 due fucceflion ; therefore, while the print is 
 working, there is time to get the grounds in order 
 againft they are wanted ;* and a print mould be 
 carefully looked at before it goes to work, to fee 
 that it is likely to have, the grounds anfwer ; as 
 for inftance, if there be much folid work in the 
 print, ami the cloth be foft, it will be needful to 
 work it as narrow as poffible ; but if it be a light 
 one, and has to work on hard cloth, fuch caution 
 .will not be neceffiry, neither will fuch caution 
 be needful, if the print has been taken off* for the 
 grounds, by fome fuch mode as is fuggefted a few 
 leaves back, in order to extend whatever the im- 
 preflion is received on, before the blocks for tlie 
 grounds were laid on it. 
 
 F Note, 
 
 * That is, as"requircd to be either true, round 
 or hollow. 
 

 Of preparing and Jetting prints and grounds to wort:. 
 
 Note, It may be here obferved, that good 
 printing depends a great deal on the manner in 
 which cloth (as the phrafe is) is got up* ; but 
 particularly, how it is calendered ; and in the 
 cafe of cloth having to be grounded after it comes 
 off the grafs, too much attention cannot be be- 
 flowed on the means to render the performance 
 eafy and expeditious ; in attaining which, the 
 grand object is to get the cloth as near as poflible 
 to the flate in which it was printed on the 
 table ; to which fta e the nearer it can be 
 brought, it need not be laid that the execution 
 
 of 
 
 * If cloth is calendered too wet, flove drying 
 will take the calendering out ; and if one edge is 
 wetter than the other, then after flove-drying one 
 edge muft run flacker than the other, or if the calender 
 itfelf is imperfect, and the cloth naturally flimfy, 
 Printers will accordingly complain ; but, fuch incon- 
 venience may be partly removed, by running the 
 pieces through a liquid of a ftiffening quality. 
 
 The writer here mention* an error fome Printers 
 fall into of always looking at the back fide of a piece 
 for the colour : in fome cafes it is abfolutely necef- 
 fary, but in general it is wrong, to let it go quite 
 through, and in fome cafes very much fo. 
 
Of preparing andfetting prints and grounds u work. 
 
 of the after-grounding muft be proportionally 
 accurate and eafy. But, 
 
 As the common methods of ftretching and 
 rolling are far from being adequate, except per- 
 haps, for very fmall grounds, a fuggeftion or two 
 may furnifh means for improvement. 
 
 Firft, as the piece comes through the calender, 
 
 which fhould be in as fquare a direction as- poffi- 
 
 ble,* or from over the rolls, if it be flowed, let 
 
 it be received on a thin deal board turning on a 
 
 horizontal fpindle, fee fig. 96, and at the corners 
 
 and middle, let points be fixed, Handing rather 
 
 lefs than half an inch out, as fig. 97, to take 
 
 hold of the cloth as you lap or fold the board; 
 
 and at every fold where the point comes through, 
 
 make a friiall mark with fome colour that will 
 
 remain diftin£t from the colour with which the 
 
 cloth is printed ; this done, the Printer may 
 
 print from it, as it is unfolded, either by hand, 
 
 or turning it on pivots at the end of his table; 
 
 and when it has gone through the ufual procefles 
 
 Fa of 
 
 * In any cafe, much indeed depends on good 
 calendering, both for the eafc and conveniency of 
 the printer, and the delivery or receiving of the 
 colour, particularly where molt requifite, that it 
 fink not far into the cloth. 
 
' Preparing and Jetting prints and grounds to work. 
 
 of copper-work and fielding, let it, preparatory 
 to its being grounded, be received on the fame 
 : board (perhaps it may be needful to ftretch it 
 firft,) taking care that the points fall on the 
 cloth where the marks were made before ; it 
 being evident, that if they go through where 
 they did before, for which the marks are a guide, 
 and the grounds arc laid in as the cloth is un- 
 folded, they cannot be a great way out of their 
 places, even if larger grounds are made ufe of 
 than in common. In fome cafes, if the cloth be 
 received on a board without points, and a mark 
 made at every fold, it may be grounded eafier 
 than in common/by taking care that the marks 
 anfwer to every fold again in the fume manner. - 
 
 Or fomething fimilar may be done by receiv- 
 ing the cloth on a rolkr, with marks at a proper 
 diftances, and when it comes from the grafs, 
 rolled in the fame manner. 
 
 The piece might likewife be eafily grounded, 
 if Wretched on a frame to keep the impremons 
 fquare, or fuch a thing may be ufed in printing 
 ■with marks made at certain diftances, and ground- 
 ed from the fame fr.ame. 
 
Of Printing. 
 
 PReparatory to what the writer has to obferve^ 
 concerning the operation of printing, a word 
 or two of general import cannot be ^inapplicable, 
 and probably to fome Printers not unacceptable. 
 
 In the riril: place, it is obferved, that it is a 
 very common faying among printers, and even 
 held as a maxim by many, " that no perfon is 
 fit to give directions to Printers, or occafionally 
 point out any thing as faulty, or, in other wonfc? 
 to overlook that branch of the bufinefs, unlefs 
 he is, or has been a Printer himfelf." 
 
 The Writer will not fet about in a formal 
 manner to oppofe the maxim; becaufe it feems to 
 him, from what he has gathered by an attendance 
 to that department, to be founded on a very re- 
 rtricTive principle, limply this, that printers in ge- 
 neral, conclude or appiehend, a perfon who is not 
 a Printer, does not lay the necerTary flrefs upon 
 
 their 
 

 Of PRINTING. 
 
 their being properly accommodated with every 
 requisite, in refpe6t to colour, fieves, flate of 
 their piece, &c. &c. &c. and therefore cannot 
 fee the inconvenience, which, in fomeinftance or 
 another they labour under, when fuch a perfon 
 ventures to point to any part of their work as 
 not being properly executed ; he will only fay, 
 that many who make that a maxim, don't con- 
 sider, that a mere printer, is but a little more 
 competent to that Situation than a common 
 iieldman ; for unlefs he has a general judgment 
 of whatever has any relation to printing(andthat 
 includes fome knowledge of the other branches 
 tinder fome fyftematical arrangement) he is not 
 fo proper to fupcrintend as another, who poffefles 
 fuch a portion of judgment, although he never 
 had a print in his hand; as fuch a one is more 
 able to guard againft bad work (unlefs from the 
 allowed incapacity of the workman) and more 
 able to remedy it when it occurs. But with 
 thofe requifites it is neverthelefs an advantage to 
 him who has to overlook Printers in being or 
 having been a Printer. 
 
 In fact the writer apprehends, too many of 
 thofe who hold that maxim, do not clearly know 
 when every appendage is in proper condition, or 
 
 when 
 
Of PRINTING. 
 
 wlien really fo how to keep them in that ftate; 
 hence they are foon at a lofs in one inflance or 
 another, and when found fault with, quickly 
 get more confufed ; and then, not knowing how 
 to extricate themfelves; lay the fault on any 
 thing rather than their own inability or want 
 of judgment ; for unlefs their ideas go along 
 with the methods pointed out to them how 
 to remedy the fault, they are as much in the dark 
 when left to themfelves, as they were at firft, if 
 not much more embarraffed. The writer can 
 however fay, he has often feen the futility of fuch 
 excufes, by a Printer of approved abilities, ex- 
 ecuting with apparent eafe, under a fimilarity of 
 circumftances, what another could not make 
 work with fit to be feen. 
 
 Reverting immediately to the maxim above 
 fpoken of, the writer trufls, a Printer will however 
 grant, if he has every accommodation he requires, 
 that a perfon who is not a Printer may at leaft 
 know when the work does not appear as it ihould, 
 and may venture to fay how it ihould be ; and 
 this leads to remark on another common phrafe 
 of Printers, when under certain circumftances 
 fome fault is found with their work reflecting the 
 joinings, which is " that they keep to the pins." 
 
 F 4 Now, 
 
■Hte 
 
 
 
 Of P R IN TING. 
 
 Now, however ftrange it may feem to fome 
 Printers, the writer afferts that the pitch-pins are 
 not his proper and infallible guides ; for every 
 Printer finds at t^nes, that through the twift of 
 the cloth, the warping of his print, a miftake in 
 pitching, and many other caufes, the pins only 
 ftrve as mere directions or guides, to whereabout 
 he is to lay his print : in fhort, joining a print 
 and joining the pitches are different things ; the 
 fame as pitching a ground by a pin or two, or by 
 pitching the fhape of it to the work of the print, 
 
 Therefore a Printer ought always to keep in his 
 eye or his mind, how the print fhould join fup- 
 pofing he had no pins to pitch by, for what will 
 become of his printing when he lofes his joinings, 
 if he has no other mode of determining him than 
 the pins? and even in joining by the pins, his 
 fight fhould take in the whole top and fide of the 
 print, and he mould confider and know how the 
 work is to fall, otherwife he cannot work to a 
 certainty in refpect to the joinings, or getting 
 into them, when by any caufe whatever he is 
 thrown out; 
 
 It rauft be obferved however, that in this, as 
 well as in every other rule, for any operation 
 
 whatever, 
 
Of PRINTING. 
 
 whatever, it is impoffible to provide for every 
 circumftance, fo in this cafe it is allowed that 
 fome prints, from the nature of their conflrucYion,. 
 fuch as very promifcuous or irregularly fliaped 
 ones, feem to have nothing to direct the Printer 
 but the pins ; but even in this cafe, exclufivs 
 of the pitch pins, there is an attention due to 
 keeping the face at the joinings as even, or as- 
 much alike the reft of the imprefllon as poflible,, 
 which will not be the cafe if the work be too : 
 clofe, or flack at the joinings. 
 
 Further, it may be advanced tlxat in thefe" 
 .inflances, lightly as fome printers may think of 
 Grounders, they may be looked to as examples 
 for their imitation, as they rarely regard pins, fo 
 much as the fhape of the work, efpecially in 
 grafs grounds ; and that implies a neceflity of 
 ftudying (if it may be fo faid) what the nature 
 of. the pattern. is; for even when pins may an- 
 fwer, they generally have their grounds lighted 
 all round; not looking jull at this or that corner, 
 but (as every printer ought) they employ their 
 fight and attention on the whole length of the 
 ends and fides.. 
 
 After faying thus much, which the Writer 
 begs every journeyman printer not to take as 
 arrogantly advanced, but only as fuggeltions for 
 
 hira< 
 
Of PRINTING. 
 
 him to confider of, and turn to his own advan_ 
 tage, he proceeds to fpeak immediately to the 
 operative part. 
 
 When a Printer takes a new print in hand,* 
 his firft care is to try on paper, or a trial piece, 
 that it is in the fquare, the pitches firm in their 
 places, that the print does not want mending, 
 and that it is neither too round nor too narrow ; 
 likewife that his apparatus is in proper order; or 
 if he cannot have it fo, he fhould intimate to the 
 proper perfon in what particulars it is not fo; 
 and the order in which his apparatus ought to 
 
 be 
 
 • As well as the above confiderations, a Printer 
 may reflect that the expence incurred by cutting 
 the print he takes in hand, with the additional one 
 of his working it, muft be re-imburfed before any 
 profit can accrue to his employer : therefore, as all 
 that depends on his management, he is in a more 
 momentous fituation than many think : as all the 
 expence incurred, and the profit reafonably expect- 
 ed, will be loft if through his incapacity or inatten- 
 tion, he fpoils what he is entruiled to execute, or 
 fuffers his prints or grounds to get any way fo out 
 of order, that little, if any,ufe can be made of them, 
 by himfelf or any other perfonv 
 
Of PRINTING. 
 
 be, no Printer fhould need to be informed, is, 
 that Ills blanket is not too nappy nor too hard, 
 too thick nor too thin, his fieve too fine nor too 
 coarfe, and that his piece is properly calendered 
 or flowed. * 
 
 Thefe matters adjufted, the tearing is the next 
 object, and not the leaft important ; for good 
 printing cannot be performed without good tear- 
 ing ; and good tearing can only be fuch, when a 
 proper and equal quantity of colour is difpofed 
 over the fieve. 
 
 In 
 
 * Some may expeft perhaps that it be fpecified 
 here in what inftances thefe matters are to be at- 
 tended to. The writer certainly attempted it, but 
 found from various caufes, fuch as the cuftoms of a 
 particular fhop, the caprice of an overlooker, dif- 
 ferent courfes of work at different mops, &c. he 
 could not do it to his fatisfaclion : it may however 
 be here faid, that fome perfon fhould be informed 
 of what the defign of every pattern fhould be, for - 
 much, refpe&ing fieves, colour, flrength or flight- 
 nefs of the impreffion, &c. depends on that circum- 
 stance: Indeed (as before obferved) the putter-on : 
 need in raoft cafes confult a proper perfon in the 
 Printi ng-fhop* 
 

 Of PRINTING, 
 
 In the circumftance of trying the joinings, a 
 Printer may be deceived fometimes, though the 
 pitches of the print all feem to anfwer, and the 
 pitch pins of a ground anfwer to the pins or 
 holes in the print ; for both thefe cafes may 
 occur, and yet the print not join, nor the 
 grounds fit* (as intimated a little before,) hence 
 if his judgment be not fufficicnt to difcover the 
 defign of -the pattern, in refpetf: to the trail, or 
 the difpofition offetobjeas, or in what manner 
 the grounds mould fall, he fliould confult thofe 
 who may be fuppofed to know. He fliould like- 
 wife, for the convenience of thofe who have to 
 ground after him, fee that the pitches be clear,, 
 though they fhould be but barely fo (as obferved 
 in the article refpe&ing pitches) and that he keeps 
 
 his 
 
 ? This may be illuilrated by fuppofing tkat the, 
 putter-on may have miftaken his fquare, and put 
 the pitch-pins at the head further out, or nearer in, 
 than they fhould be ; and the fame at the iide : m 
 this cafe the Printer, in trying the joinings, will 
 join by the pitches, though the work may be nearer 
 or clofer in the joining than it ought to be. 
 
*> 
 
 ; 
 
 Of PRINTING. 
 
 his joinings, and his edges particularly even> 
 which but for the fake of the grounding he might 
 not be fo careful of. 
 
 As a Printer is anfwerable in a degree for his; 
 print or grounds keeping in order while he is 
 working them, he fliould carefully obferve their; 
 tendency to get round or hollow, and mould fre- 
 quently examine whether any parts are brpken or, 
 worn more than the reft ; in either of which cafes,, 
 he mould give proper notice : for if a print gets 
 very round in the courfe of working a few pieces,, 
 it mnft ftand to reafon the grounds can only fit a, 
 part of them, unlefs they mould chance to fol- 
 low the tendency of the print, or can be eafily 
 warped to fuch a ffcate ; but, as there can be no- 
 certainty of that, the work fliould be Hopped, 
 and the print gently brought to a proper ftate; 
 for every Printer mu ft know, that when (through 
 caufes, obvious enough) he continues working a 
 pnnt till it is fb much twifted, that he cannot 
 poffibly proceed ; violent methods are made ufe 
 of, and the print rarely afterwards is capable of 
 doing tolerable work. 
 
 A Printer, befides being attentive to thofe par- 
 ticulars immediately under his own eye, is ac- 
 countable 
 

 Of PRINTING. 
 
 countable for the ignorance or neglect of his 
 tearer, for as a carelefs tearer may very foon do 
 irremidiable mifchief to a print, in warning and 
 drying it, and likewife, by not properly cleaning 
 fieves, and brufhes, may do the work much in- 
 jury ; a Printer, if he is not every whit as care- 
 lefs, will fee in what manner they are done : in- 
 deed it would be well, from the many accidents 
 that happen from prints, and other matters being 
 left to the care of tearers, who are in general ig- 
 norant boys or girls, that it had been an efta- 
 blifhed cuftom for the Printer himfelf to do, at 
 leaft, part of thefe offices. 
 
 Befides the above hints immediately addrefled 
 to the Printer, as what he fhould always have in 
 his view, the greateft part, if not all, that 
 has been obferved, and may be farther fpo- 
 ken of, refpec"ting cloth, colour, blocks, and 
 prints and grounds, ihould come under a Prin- 
 ters confideration*; for unlefs he can account, in 
 
 fome 
 
 • See the not*, refpcfting the needfulnefs of a 
 Printer's referring to the rules for putting - on, 
 cutting, &c. at the conckifion of this fection on 
 printing. It may however be here (kid refpe&ing. 
 blocks, if a Printer be acquainted with their nature, 
 
 he 
 
Of PRINTING. 
 
 fome meafure, for the inconveniences or miftakes 
 that may happen in the courfe of ufing thofe ar- 
 ticles, he cannot be fuppofed to know how to 
 prevent ill-accidents, or how to remedy them 
 when they do happen through any caule what- 
 ever. 
 
 HJII As nothing that is faulty is too trivial to guard 
 againft, or to animadvert on,* the writer will 
 clofe this article on printing with mentioning 
 two or three instances of inattention in that 
 department. 
 
 The Writer once obferving, that about one 
 of the corners of every print that was laid, the 
 impreflion was heavier! ; in pointing it out he 
 
 could 
 
 
 he can the better know how to manage them ; and 
 if he be acquainted with cutting, he knows a found 
 piece ot work from an unfound one, and will, (or at 
 leait ought fo to do) ufe it accordingly. 
 
 * This may ferve as an apology for the 
 infertiou of thofe obfervations, which may probably 
 to fome perlom, feem of too little conference to be 
 
 remarked on, 
 
mm 
 
 Of PRINTING. 
 could get no other reply but that the print 
 worked fuller there than any other part ; this, 
 however, from the appearance of the face, he 
 would not grant, the Printer ftill infixing it was 
 fo, 'till at lair, looking obliquely on the fieve, 
 as the tearer worked, he faw a ridge of colour 
 left nearly in one place, after the laft ftroke,. 
 which the tearer could not rectify ; at length, 
 looking at the brum, it was plain that one part, 
 by fome means, had been burnt fo confiderably, 
 that the hairs were fo fhortened and thinned, that' 
 that part hardly touched the fieve ; and from 
 her method of holding it, a ridge of colour was. 
 always left, that caufed the effect above mention- 
 ed : nowhere was a triple inftance of inattention; 
 in the firft place, the tearer had careleflly fuffered 
 the brufh to be burnt in drying h y (as Hie 
 afterwards owned, and probably fear of being 
 reprimanded, induced her to keep it fecret) in the 
 next place me did not perceive the effect it had on 
 the fieve ; and laftly the Printer, if he perceived the 
 effect on the table, did not, as he fhould have 
 done, fee that his apparatus (which included the 
 tearing brufh) was, or was not in proper order. 
 
 Another time the writer feeing the head of the ini- 
 preflion in general fuller than the reft, he of courfe 
 mentioned it ; but here the fault could not bedif- 
 
 coYtred 
 
Of PRINTING. 
 
 covered to be in the tearing, nor did it appear to 
 be in the face of the print, and the Printer was 
 fure it was not his fault ; for he dipped and turned 
 his print, and then dipped again (the print re- 
 quiring much colour) but at laft, he was con- 
 vinced it was from his knocking it, and yet per- 
 haps he not to blame; for in the middle of the 
 back that was let in, there was a very hard 
 knot, and the other part toward the head re- 
 markably foft ; fo that by infenfible degrees the 
 knot had at length, by its refiftance to the blow 
 of the maul, caufed it to Aide as it were into the 
 foft part, where it had evidently made a cavity ; 
 and the Printer as infenfibly giving into that 
 direction of the maul, at length, inftead of hitting 
 the back in the middle, hit it nearer the head, 
 which made the impreflion heavieftin that part. 
 
 Another having a fprig print to work, either 
 mi flaking the pitch end, or chufing that for the 
 pitch that feemed moil: commodious for him 
 (for the pitches were pins pitching to pins) he 
 nnifhed what was allotted him to do in that manner, 
 and the miftake was not feen till the work was to be 
 grounded ; the confequence was, that the perfon 
 who had to ground it, was obliged either to 
 begin at the other end of the piece, or to have a 
 fet of aukward pitches pnt in to anfwer the work 
 
 the- 
 
' 
 
 
 
 
 Of PRINTING. 
 
 the way it was printed ; either way however was 
 an k ward, the fide-pitches being off the edge, 
 and particularly fo, (from circumftances which 
 cannot be well defcribed) for the grafs grounds 
 which likewife belonged to it. In this inftance 
 the Printer was in fault, in not concerning him* 
 felf about how the grounds were to fall ; or in 
 fa& it feemed as if he did not note whether any 
 grounds belonged to it, much lefs to take care, 
 as every Printer ftiould, that they were all clear, 
 and diftincl from each other, as before repeatedly 
 intimated. 
 
 Another circumftance was obferved, in a Printer 
 working a pattern of fprigs, that flood 6 or 7 in- 
 ches apart, by making it a point to work the near 
 fprigs clofe to the near edge ; by this it happened 
 that the off-edge divided a fprig, fo that but half 
 of it was on the fprig ; now the inconvenience 
 here that efcaped the Printer's notice or confide- 
 ration, was, that in making up a garment, either 
 half a fprig muft frequently appear, or two or 
 three inches of the cloth muft be cut to wafte ; 
 and the pencilling, of courfe, thrown away, 
 but in this circumftance to prevent or remedy 
 that inconvenience, the Printer had only to work 
 the near fprig an inch or two further in the piece, 
 which trom the great diftance of the iprigs from 
 each other was of little confec|uence ; and then 
 
Of PRINTING. 
 
 the fprig that was half off of the off-edge, would 
 have been entirely fo. 
 
 Thus the garment could not be made up with- 
 out either imperfect fprigs, or without cutting 
 towafte; now in this cafe it may be obferved, 
 there wanted an attention to the remote!! cir- 
 cumftance, that of the wear, or at leaft, the 
 making up of the garment j and this includes a 
 query, which might with propriety have been 
 pat to that Printer, which is, If he had been 
 printing that piece as a prefent for a favourite 
 femal©, whether he would not have beftowed a 
 little more consideration on the particular al- 
 luded to. 
 
 Other inftances to the above purpofe could 
 be adduced; it is, however, trufted, by exhibiting 
 thefe few, that every Printer understands he is 
 requeued to confider himfelf under a neceffity 
 of attending to many more circumftances than 
 at the firft glance may feem neceflary, or even 
 as apparently bearing no relation to hjs allotted 
 department. 
 
 And in proof of what the writer has advanced 
 on the neceflity of Printers (as well as others) 
 looking to other departments than their own, 
 
 if 
 
Of PRINTING, 
 
 if a Printer refer to Rules I, 3, 8, II, 14, l^* 
 13, 28, for putting-on ; Rule 7, for cutting; 
 and Rule 3, for pitches ; as well as fome others, 
 that need not be particularized, he will find 
 articles enough to obferve* 
 
 From looking back to Rule 8, refpe&ing the 
 keeping of fprigs whole, it feems proper to ob- 
 ferve, that a Printer fhould take care if they 
 drop or rife in the joining, that he carry one di- 
 rection through the piece, becaufe if they go 
 one way only half over the table, and half the 
 other, the confequence will be, that the difpo- 
 fition of the fprigs (unlefs they are all alike and 
 are to ftand one way) will appear as fig. 97 ; 
 for inftance, fuppofe fix fprigs ftand in the print 
 as fig. 98, of courfe they muft rife or drop a 
 third to make the joining ; now if the pattern be 
 compoled of two forts of iprigs, {landing thus, 
 
 %• 99 anc ^ 10 °> one ^ ort ^ 10U ^ run acf ofs the 
 piece ; but if the dropping or riling is checked 
 in the middle, (becaufe the Printer finds a little 
 inconvenience in the joining,- from fuch a cir- 
 "cumftance) they will appear thus in the middle of 
 the piece, or in fome Other part, fig. 101, that 
 is, three fprigs of the fame fort will be together* 
 This may be probably over-looked in printing, 
 but when the whole piece is feen extended over a 
 roil, it will ibon catch the fight. 
 
Of Pencilling* 
 
 THE Writer thinks little if any thing can 
 be faid of this operation, it being fimply 
 filling a line with colour, except in cafes where 
 pencillers have to form fhades or fhapes; of 
 this it may be obferved, and fomething more 
 may be faid in another place, that fome 
 attempts to be fure have lately been made, to 
 make fomething like Drawers of them, by giving 
 them only lines of pins, or others narks, as 
 fig. 102, as a guide ; but how accurately they ad- 
 here to fuch directions, or form a fhape as it 
 ought to be, every obferver muft form a 
 decifion. . 
 
 In foreign patterns, it is known a deal of 
 work is done by the pencil, but why not prac- 
 tifeable here, the writer will not (at prefent) 
 fay any thing further than, that there feems to 
 him to be a line, beyond which, in this cafe, as 
 
 well 
 

 
 Of PENCILLING. 
 
 well as in others, it is abfurd to attempt goinjr 
 beyond ;~the bell Pencil ler (fuch as we have in 
 this country) can go but a little way in making 
 ihapes of any kind, without fome boundary • of 
 courfc (as above obferved) refpeding their pen- 
 cilling to a line of pins, as well as their making 
 fhadesin flowers, or other objects, it feldom does 
 much credit to the defigner, in the imitation of 
 his defign, which they fo roughly and inaccu- 
 rately make on the cloth, efpecially when the 
 colour is of * deep hue ; in other cafes where a 
 mere flam is perhaps only wanted, they may 
 execute what the writer otherwife explodes, as 
 here the pins, or whatever elfe it may be which 
 they pencil to, catches the fight and takes off the 
 attention from the inaccuracy or bad fhape of 
 the pencilling. 
 
 See fomething refpeding pencilling Rule ,6 
 and 35 for putting on. 
 
Of Engraving. 
 
 WHAT has been before faid of the 
 putter-on, and the Cutter well consider- 
 ing how to attain the effect that is defired, 
 fhould likewife be attended to by the Engraver ; 
 for before the pattern is begun, all impediments 
 towards producing the defired effe&, fhould be 
 removed; hence the Engraver himfelf fhould 
 ftart all the objections that he can difcover to- 
 wards that end, and if reafonable, they will 
 jene£t. credit on his probity and judgment, as 
 otherwife he might to be fure engrave it, and 
 engrave it well ; and yet the plate may not be 
 able to do work properly in every refpecT ; but, 
 (as before obferved) if all impedimerts are pro- 
 vided againft, no one need be told there is the 
 greater certainty of the fuccefs of the operation ; 
 befides, if miftakes happen (and happen they 
 will to the moft careful) they will be excufeable 
 in proportion to the pains taken to prevent them; 
 
 therefore 
 
 
Of ENGRAVING. 
 
 
 therefore, that Engraver has the greater! merit, 
 who can beft engage for the effect his engraving 
 will have on the cloth through its whole procefs, 
 and can accordingly manage his work for that 
 purpofe, as well as being merely able to cut a 
 clear ftroke, or being an expeditious workman ; 
 and particularly, his value is enhanced if he be 
 well acquainted with the mechanifm of the 
 copper-plate prefs, and the operation of working 
 it; in fhort, whatever may be faid of an En- 
 graver's good fight, fteady hand, neat touches, 
 clean ftrokes, and fo on, it is the appearance 
 which his work has on the cloth when finiihed 
 (unlefs ill-managed at the prefs) that marks his 
 judgment, and makes his labour valuable. 
 
 
 It may be obferved, that as every Engraver has 
 his peculiar modes of operation (fimilar to what 
 has been faid of Cutters and Pinners) therefore 
 fuggeiiSons towards directing them muft in many 
 cafes be unneceffary ; though here an Eng aver 
 is not circumftanced as a Cutter, a Pinner, or 
 Printer, engraving being an operation that ftands 
 alone, excepting its being fo far connected with 
 block-printing, that the Engraver by making his 
 obfervations on it, may fee wherein be can imitate 
 
 or 
 
Of E NG RAVING. 
 
 or excell it in any fhape, and if he will look 
 carefully over the Rules for putting on the Mock, 
 and even for cutting, he will find many of them 
 which may be made ufeful to himfelf. For 
 initance, Rule 2 points to the neceffity of well 
 cpnfidering how to transfer the effedt of the pat- 
 tern from the paper to the cloth ; Rule 4 points 
 to the confideration of what are the moft finking 
 features of a pattern. Rule 6 directs the atten- 
 tion to the prefervation of an even face ; Rule 10 
 is often necefFary to attend to ; and Rule 17 parti- 
 cularly fo, if he has any thing to do with dark 
 ground plates. Rule 23 may probably be ufefui 
 in refpecl: to two or three colour plate-work. 
 Rule 24 may be made ufeful in an inverted man- 
 ner, that is, by taking care to keep ftalks, or 
 whatever elfc is to join, rather too fhort than 
 too long ; as it is eafier to lengthen when they 
 may be rather too fliort, than to fhorten when 
 they are too long. In fome cafes where the 
 flalks have to join to dark objects, the Rule 
 may be of ufe as it literally itands. In fhort, as 
 one principle inculcated through this work, is, 
 that expanded obfervation will form the bafis of 
 judgment ; the end of which is to attain certain 
 points ; an Engraver, by keeping that principle 
 
 G in 
 
Of ENGRAVING. 
 
 in Iws view, may be able to educe fome advan- 
 tage from articles apparently very remote from 
 his immediate department, and a flrefs is the ra- 
 ther laid on it here, becaufe it is fometimes faid, 
 a perfon may be a good Engraver without being 
 able to draw well ; but, not to draw well, in its 
 general acceptation, includes a great deal, and 
 perhaps more than is abfolutely needful for an 
 engraver to Callico- Printing to know, it is 
 however, infifted on, that unlefs an Engraver or 
 Copper puncher* ftudy in what effect confifls, as 
 taking in tafte, fpirit, exprefilon, &c. he cannot 
 tell how to enfure it, much lefs produce it, if left 
 to himfclf, or if his copy or pattern be not. well 
 managed: it may be true, there have appeared in- 
 stances of good Engravers producing good effect, 
 and yet not able to draw ; but to this it may be 
 faid, they mull have had naturally the principles 
 within them of drawing, though they have never 
 operatively evinced it; and had fuch perfon s ap- 
 plied themfelves to craving inftead of engraving, 
 it is probable they would have mevvn it; but how- 
 ever, th?s for certain will be granted, that an En- 
 graver can hardly be the worfe for being able to 
 draw, and therefore to contend about the necef- 
 fity or utility of it to an Engraver, or that a man 
 
 can 
 
 • For this operation there is no fixed term, 
 therefore if the above be an aukward one, it is 
 begged to be excufed, as the writer «mnot find a better. 
 
Of ENGRAVING. - 
 
 can be a good Engraver without it, is frivolous 
 and a mere attempt to put the beft face upon what 
 the defenders of fuch a pofition are confeioas 
 muft be a deficiency, whether originating from 
 fupinenefs, untoward circumflances, or that kind 
 of obftinacy which hinders a perfon from calling 
 forth or improving thofe faculties with which he 
 may be naturally endowed. 
 
 Immediately refpecting the following rules, the 
 writer intimates, that he purpofely omits faying 
 much of real engraving (treatifes enough being 
 published concerning it) as what he chiefly ad- 
 verts to can hardly be called engraving; yet 
 even in the prefent mechanical mode of procefs, 
 it feems very often neceflary to adhere to the 
 principle of engraving as adopted for Callico- 
 Printing*, that is, in keeping three fhades in 
 view, for in the fmalleft modern patterns that are 
 chiefly performed by punching, the keeping of 
 
 thofe three fhades muft be attended to*, as in 
 
 G 2 the 
 
 * In the Hiftory of Callico Printing at the clofe 
 of this work, fee what is faid on the introduction of 
 Engraving into the bufinefs, its progrefs, and the 
 innovations it has undergone till this time. 
 
 * Stri&ly fpeaking, the- white cannot be a fhade, 
 but propriety muft give way to arbitrary terms. = If 
 
- 
 
 
 Of ENGRAVING. 
 
 the firft inftancc a light muft be enfured, then a 
 ihade (which is belt executed by diagonal lines) 
 and then a folid; now in well proportioning thefc 
 three articles, which conftitures, in general, the 
 good appearance of this kind of patterns, it is 
 necefTary to be very careful (as obferved above) 
 that the white objeft, or whatever it is that is to 
 appear white, rifes up or ftands forward as it were, 
 as in general that it is which gives a fpirit to the 
 whole; then to obferve that the ftrokes forming 
 what may be called a fhade, be not fo open as to 
 caufe acoarfe appearance on the cloth, or fo clofe 
 as that the impremon of them will form a mafs : 
 And lafHy, That the folid part be juft fufficient 
 to give (according to the nature of the pattern) 
 a proper weight, or finifh to the whole. 
 
 is here faid too, that this circumfrancemuit be atten- 
 ded to in the firft in/lance ; — that is, rn the drawing 
 of the pattern, hence this obiervation, and perhaps 
 others, may ieem more properly belonging to the 
 defigner, but it is the rather inierted here to induce 
 Engravers (as well as the Writer has endeavoured to 
 induce Printers and Cutters) to look a little farther 
 than to their immediate departments. 
 
Rules, &c. 
 
 i. 
 
 TAGONAL ftrokes are always belt for 
 wprking, as they arc the leaft likely to 
 be injured by the adion of the doclort horizontal 
 ftrokes, are the worft, being foon torn up. 
 
 2.. Shades mould ftand clear of each other, 
 Ihat the work appear not as a mafs of colour, 
 from the common circumftance of -its fprcading, 
 which in general, is according to the texture of 
 the cloth ; hence borders for fine lawn, or other 
 handkerchiefs, admit of neater engraving than 
 tor cloth in general. 
 
 3. Two many points fliould not come to a cen- 
 tre as fig. io 3 ,as thole the moll horizontal would 
 be worn out foonfer than the reft; as likewife 
 from the confluence of the (hades, the colour 
 will fpread and appear in a body further from the 
 centre than defired. 
 
 4, In Head 
 

 Rules, 13c. for Engraving. 
 
 4. Inftead of objeas landing in dark grounds, 
 as fig. 104, there fliould be fomething between 
 them as fig. 105, to break the a&ion of the 
 doctor. 
 
 5. Great care fliould be taken as the work goes 
 on, efpecially if it be a clofe pattern, that one 
 part is not heavier than another, particularly if it 
 be a final 1 or clofe trail, to which nothing more 
 contributes, than keeping the bevil of the graver 
 alike*; the depth of the engraving fliould likewife 
 be attended to, that in repairing a plate, if rub- 
 bing down is requifite, it does as little injury as 
 
 pofhble; 
 
 * 6. In 
 
 * The proficient may probably (mile at futh di- 
 rections, as if every Engraver ought not to be well 
 acquainted with thefe circumftances : but the 
 Writer all through the work, begs every one to 
 carry in mind that it is not proficients he ventures 
 to advife, though he frequently recommends matters 
 to be retained by them in memory : in fa* the work 
 itfelf is more as a remembrancer, than a guide or 
 an inftruaor, and as a remembrancer it may be an 
 affiftant to all-See the latter part of thelntroduaioa. 
 
Rules, &c, for Engraving. 
 
 6. In folid ground patterns, objects fhould not 
 ftand wide apart, as the ground by the action of 
 the doctor will be gone fooner than obje&s, 
 or more properly the work within them. 
 
 7. In refpect to punches, the firft circumfiance 
 to attend to is, whether the impreflions they are to 
 make, or parts of an imprcflion, are to ftand alone 
 or to have fine, coarfe or folid work that is done 
 with the graver, join to them ; for, excepting fome 
 cafes, as perhaps where a ftrong outline may be 
 required to a flight or faint filling, the impiemon 
 made by the punch and the ftrength of the engra- 
 ving fhould be proportioned, as in the inflance of 
 dark grounds ; for in this cafe, if the outlines of 
 the punch be fharp and fine, the impreflion that 
 it will make in the copper will be much fooner 
 worn out than the ground, the engraving for 
 a dark ground being generally very ftrong and 
 deep. 
 
 8. Punches mould not be larger than fig. : ~>6^ 
 it being very difficult to ufe large ones, fo as to 
 make an even impreffion with them, and they 
 
 fhould 
 
Rules, tec. for Engraving* 
 
 mould be as little folic! as poffibleV— If however, 
 the object be too large to be done with one punch, 
 two or more different punches to form the object 
 had better be made* 
 
 9. Punches with coarfe bodies or thick lines 
 will caufe the copper to rife about the edges, 
 therefore in fome inflances the graver has double 
 work to do, hence the punches mould be fo 
 wrought as to form outlines, which are to be 
 filled in with the graver. 
 
 ana 
 
 10. There being always more or lefs trouble 
 in the trial of every new plate, on account of the 
 joinings, the fixing the plate to the Aider, &c. 
 it is recommended to the proprietor or wor- 
 ker of everv prefs, the following expedient for 
 the preventing of fuch an inconvenience, fimilar 
 to what is offered for fquaring blocks. 
 
 "When you have a plate that exactly accords to 
 
 that part of the roller as intended, whether a 
 
 quarter plate, on a half quarter one, or both ; and 
 
 it 
 
Rules j l^c.for Engraving. 
 
 it is likewife exactly cut on the fid' s for the pur- 
 pofe of being fcrewed or otherways fixed to the 
 Uider, let there be made at the four corners of the 
 fquare of it, and in as many intermediate divifions 
 as can be made convenient, fine ho^s drilled 
 through it, as ftraight as poffible; then, whenever 
 another plate is to be made ufe of, that and the 
 plate which has the drilled holes, are to be 
 laid face to face, and with a fine needle prick 
 through the drilled holes in the plate that lays 
 uppermoft to the plate that is beneath (taking 
 great care that neither of the plates be removed) 
 and at the fame time, as carefully mark, accord- 
 ing to the notches already cut in the fides of 
 the uppermoft plate, where they are to be cut in 
 the other ; thus will the fquare of every plate 
 (intended to work at the fame prefs) be alike, 
 without the Engraver having the trouble (as is 
 ufually the cafe) of fquaring every plate, to fay 
 nothing of the chance of a miftake; and thus 
 likewife will every plate be adjuftcd to the prefs 
 with as little inconvenience. 
 
 The writer is aware, notwithftanding what he 
 has above fuggefled, that it may be neceflary 
 fometimes to twill or turn the plate out of its 
 fquare direction, to render the work more accu- 
 rate. 
 
IP! 
 
 Rules , t3c*fer Engraving, 
 
 rate ; hence it feems better to be adjufled to the 
 prefs, after being engraved. And this brings to 
 his recollection a cafe, where a ftripe quarter- 
 plate was obliged to be twifted near a quarter of 
 an inch out of the ufual fituation ; the fquare be- 
 ing in the direction as fig.ooo therefore the flripes 
 could not join without that twift ; but had that 
 plate been fquared from a ftandard plate, per- 
 fectly fquare and adjufted to the prefs, the cir- 
 cumflance would not have happened ; and this is 
 a proof (in the writer's opinion) of the needfulnefs 
 of adopting fome fuch mode.- — See the fame ex- 
 pedient as before offered for fquaring a block* 
 
 
 
Rules, fcsV. 
 
 The Writer now concludes (at leaft for the 
 prefent) his fuggeftions on Defigning, Putting- 
 on, Cutting, Printing, and Engraving, with 
 again enforcing what he recommended at the 
 beginning, and has feveral times repeated 
 (though probably to fome the repetition may be 
 tirefome) that in every part of the operation, the 
 fucceflive ftages, and the appearance of the work 
 as for fale, mould be kept in view ; and that every 
 drawer, cutter and printer, mould confider the 
 operation under his hands, fo conneaed with, or 
 dependant on each others refpeftive branches, 
 that unlefs attended to in that light, the laft ftate 
 cannot exhibit an appearance which is undoubt- 
 edly defned, or even an appearance that will do 
 credit to any part of the operation ; as an im- 
 perfeaion in one part only, muft diminim the 
 value of the whole ; and is the more to be re- 
 gretted (at leaft in the writer's opinion) if pro- 
 ceeding from the circumftance of one perfon 
 having, fomehow or other, got his work out of 
 his hands, without being able or willing to con- 
 fider what other operations it has to go through, 
 or in what manner it may be affeaed by them ; 
 
 and therefore, as every one muft allow it is better 
 
 to 
 
Rules, &c. 
 
 in 
 
 Ho prevent faults, than having to remove them, 
 the writer has endeavoured to be as particular as 
 poflible in the fubjeft of putting on the block ; 
 as the more attentively that operation is per- 
 formed, in adapting it to the circumftances that 
 are to follow, the after-proceffes are more likely 
 tofucceed.* As for exquifitc neatnefs of drawing, 
 (except in particular cafes) the writer does not lay 
 fo much ftrefs on it as many do; he himfelf 
 feldom affected it ;-j~ it has its merits undoubt- 
 edly ; but (as fpoken of in the beginning of 
 this work) it only has it, ftriaiy fpeaking, when 
 
 united 
 
 "* See the inti-odu&ion to putting on, mewing the 
 neceffity of an operation being accommodated with 
 true and other conveniences. 
 
 t As to putting on the block, the Writer owns he 
 never very much defired to have any thing to do 
 with it, not from thinking it beneath him, but from 
 a thorough conviction of the difficulties and other 
 difagreeable ciraunftances attending it, together 
 with the great probability that after the^utmoitcare, 
 the effect at lait, from caules which cannot be always 
 forcfeen, would not be as intended. 
 
Rules , &c, 
 
 united with more generally eflential properties, 
 and which in facSt includes the confederation of 
 almofK every article which he has mentioned, 
 as well as. others which he may yet exhibit • 
 and adverting to what he has fo often recom- 
 mended, and indeed but juft alluded to, namely, 
 the acquiring a general knowledge of the bufi- 
 nefs, and in virtue of that knowledge looking 
 to the ultimate effect, let it be remembered by 
 every one, that indolence and inattention will 
 fruftrate the beft formed precepts and cleareft 
 difplayed rules ; and that he who would acquire 
 fame, or profit, mult be vigilant ; and if he 
 be fortunate enough to have forae track pointed 
 out to him, he will look on all fides, as well as 
 direaiy forward ; and not only take advantage 
 of every encouraging circumftance, but will even 
 make obitrudions and difficulties ufeful to him, 
 by Simulating him to frefh and more vigorous 
 exertions towards attaining the objea in view, 
 andofcourfe reaping the credit and recompence 
 due to fuch efforts and fuch perfeverance. 
 
 In 
 
Rules, &c. 
 
 In fine, bringing to a point all the pofitions 
 or principles which the writer has been endea- 
 vouring to inculcate, be it remembered* by 
 every one, that 
 
 He who would excell must exert 
 
 HIMSELF. 
 
 He who would be generally useful, 
 
 MUST ATTAIN A GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 IN THE PERFORMANCE OF ANY WORK THE 
 LAST STAGE SHOULD BE ALWAYS KEPT IN 
 SIGHT. 
 
 In every operation, some rule should be 
 
 OBSERVED, BUT THE APPEARANCE OF IT 
 SHOULD BE KEPT BACK. 
 
 And laftly 
 
 EXPEDITION IS THE LIFE AND SOUL 
 OF BUSINESS ; BUT SLUGGISHNESS 
 OR PRECIPITANCY ARE EQUALLY 
 ITS SVBVERSION. 
 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 '• The next Part will contain the proceffes of 
 copj^r and field-work, colour-making, account 
 of drugs, chemical proceffes, &c. fuggeflions 
 for a new mode of printing ; an ElTay on the 
 mutual attention due from matters and men to 
 each other. — Hiftory of Callico Printing, in- 
 cluding biographical Iketches of the nroft cele- 
 brated Printers, Defigners, and others. — The 
 ftate of country-work. — Remarks on the prin- 
 cipal patterns lately exhibited, &c. and other 
 matters not prudent yet to announce. 
 
 *-}** Several articles will be given with the 
 next part, in order to be transferred to this, 
 that have occurred fincethe printing of it. 
 
 *§"* It is here intimated that a work, dijlincl 
 from this, is under contemplation, rejpc fling 
 Callico-Printing , which, as it will probably 
 be expenjivc, Propofals for publijhing it, 
 will be offered as foon as pojpble* 
 
■v 
 
 *■! - 
 
V 
 
 Oj -Copper - Work, Fielding % 
 and Colour-making. 
 
 TJAVING treated of the operations carried 
 J- A on within-doors, the writer now proceeds 
 to his Suggestions on thofe executed in the Copper 
 houfe, and its appurtenances ; or, as it is ufually 
 termed, the work without-doors ; in which ' 
 though not precifely proper fo to arrange it, he 
 mall include Colourmaking, (i) from its affinity 
 to Copper-work and Fielding ; but in treating of 
 thefe departments, where he addrefTes himfelf to 
 the Workmen generally employed in them, he i s 
 aware of having to encounter prejudices of the 
 worfl kind ; for, to fpeak freely in this cafe, as 
 
 H well 
 
 (i) Colour-making- in fome refpecls maybe cc, 
 fidered as among the firft procefles,or at leaft previous 
 to printing (as obferved elfewhere) but,as there may 
 be occafion to introduce various confiderations with 
 it, that, by their length, would rather break in 
 upon what is exhibited as a feries of mechanical 
 procerus, it will be fpoken.of in a feparate feftion 
 further on. 
 
Of Copper-Work, Fielding, &c. 
 
 well as he has hitherto done, (2) the generality 
 of coppermen, and head fieldmen, and he will 
 add, colourmakers, may be deemed as little ?c- 
 quainted with the principles of their refpe-.dve 
 branches, or indeed of being able to confider them 
 in any theoretical view, as laying a foundation for 
 the pradical part, as any other clafs, and perhaps 
 lefs fo, fince 1110ft of them originally were 
 little better than attendants in the copperhoufe, 
 or colourhoufe ; hence their conceptions go little 
 further than to a certain mode of operation, the 
 only one they have feen ; and it naturally fur- 
 ther follows, that good or bad, improveable or 
 not, they rigidly adhere to it ; or, to make ufe 
 of a more common form of fpeaking among fuch 
 perfons, they only proceed by weight and mea- 
 fure, (3) (hmilar to many cutters not having an 
 
 idea 
 
 (2) See the Introduction, where fuch freedom is 
 apologized for. It may however here be added, 
 that had the work been of a mors general or public 
 concern, fuch particulars would probably not have 
 been noticed. 
 
 (3} Weighing and meafuring are in many cafes- 
 abfolutcly neceffary and convenient, but numberlefs 
 circumftances concur to render deviations from fixed 
 
Of Copper-IVork, Ficldbi^c. 
 
 idea beyond the mere drawing, or printers beyond 
 he pitch-pins) and according as they proceed in 
 this formal manner, they conclude their judg- 
 men s unimpeachable; and their operations per- 
 fect ; arid every fuperior knows when once he 
 has to contend with his Copperman or Foreman 
 of the Field, he feldom gets any advantage by 
 mere dint of argument ; for where is there one 
 who has been a long time in the bufinefs, but 
 
 H 2 w hat 
 
 or impofed rules oftentimes fully as neceflary ; and 
 this it is that requires, as in every other procefs, an 
 undemanding beyond a merely mechanical or prac- 
 tical one : As for fpeaking fo apparently lightly of 
 Coppermcn and Field Foremen, it is not from the 
 ngrecabJcnefs of it (and general pofnions will not 
 hold good in every fhape) but chiefly to induccTu- 
 periors not to be very much furprized, when they 
 commit blunders ; but, on the contrary, to confider 
 that it would be wonderful, from the reafona adduced 
 if they did not ; and thus on that account, induce 
 fuch fuperiors to exert themfelves the more to attain 
 that kind of knowledge refuking from a clofe invef- 
 tigation of the principles of each department, in or- 
 der to enable them (as fo often recommended in this 
 work) to account for failures when they happen, 
 and prevent their happening in future, 
 
» 
 
 
 Of Copper-Work^ Fielding, 13c 
 
 what will fay in fuch a cafe ? that he has feer. 
 enough to know as well as any one. 
 
 As for copperwork, the principle of it h .;Ut 
 fimple, though the various circumftanc&s that 
 occur in the practice rentier it really of conie- 
 quence ; the grand points depending on clean- 
 linefs, and the neceffary degrees of heat, and if 
 the obfervations on thefe objects be brought into 
 fome plan, and attended to in the operation by the 
 copperman, he feldom is in very great danger of 
 failing ; (5) nearly the fame may be faid of the 
 
 Foreman 
 
 
 
 
 (5) Taking it for granted, that the preceding 
 proceffes are perfect, the drugs and other articles 
 proper, and making allowance for accidents that the 
 utmoft carefulnefs cannot prevent, or what is Mill 
 more impoffible to guard again ft, the wanton or 
 mifchievous difpofitions of too many; fnniJar to what 
 as faid in a note at the end of the feclion on 
 pitches. — See likewife the hints offered to the co- 
 lour-maker about printing, &c. 
 
 Speaking of accidents that cannot be guarded 
 againft. At a printing-ground in the country, it 
 happened that for a long time mofl of the pieces 
 that came g£f the paiks were more or lefs ftained of 
 a yellowifh caft, and confiderable was the lofs fuf- 
 taineu by it, and which could not be accounted fcr,till 
 
 at 
 
Of Copper-work, lidding, &c 
 
 foreman of a Field, his inftruments are, fun~ 
 (hine, air, and water, and an attention to their 
 
 Ms on what is entrufted to his care, is to de- 
 termine his proceedings. 
 
 It is not doubted but it may hurt many Cbp- 
 permen and Foremen, that aiTecT: much confe- 
 rence, toobferve, that in fome principal grounds 
 common men only are employed at the coppers, 
 and even in the colour houfe ; the Superior him- 
 feif or a Supcrintendant giving the neceflary or- 
 ders, and attending to the beginning and doling 
 of each procefs ; (6) not but that it is perhaps 
 
 neceflary 
 
 length it was difcovered that a Rabbit-warren being 
 r.cai the place, the rabbits in the night, in running 
 over the parks, flamed the pieces with their urine, 
 or, perhaps more properly fpeaking, the alkaline 
 qua.ity of the urine diiturbed the printed colours. 
 
 ((>) The advantage arifing from, an attention of 
 this kind by the Principal, is in refpeft to weil- 
 deanfing the work, and the proper degrees of heat. 
 Tothe ci edit of perhaps the firft Printer in the vicinity 
 of London, this is obfervtd by him, and the end is 
 accordingly anfwered ; for though the ftile of work 
 (to this time 1789) in relped to the drawing, &c. is 
 
 not 
 
Of Ccpper-work, Fielding, l*fc. 
 
 necefTary to have a principal perfon, where tlv 
 bufmefs is on a fcale fufficiently large, in eac' 
 of thefe departments, as well as in every othe to 
 receive orders, and difpenfe the fubordin^'.j di- 
 rections : (8) this, however, cannot always be 
 
 do iic, 
 
 
 not of the firfl rate, yet the brightnefs of the colours, 
 andclearnefs of the ground; in ihort, the execution 
 of it altogether, in refpedt to printing and colour, 
 gives it a claim to much commendation. 
 
 (8) Principals do not always lee it, but it rarely 
 is the cafe where there is a chief copperman and 
 foreman of the field, that they agree ; for one will 
 interfere with the other's department ; and when any 
 ill accident happens in the out door work, that 
 cannot be eafily accounted for, each is ready 
 generally to lay the blame on the other ; though 
 perhaps neither of them is in fault, Of 
 which the following- circuraftance nay be a 
 proof, as well likewife, as of that deficiency of 
 knowledge fo often complained of among workmen, 
 from looking no farther than to their own immediate 
 operations. 
 
 The pale red of a number of pieces being flown, 
 when they were taken up, though the deep red was 
 
 as it fhould be ; an inquiry into the caufe of it fol- 
 lowed 
 
4 Of Copper-wdrk, Fielding, &c+ 
 
 tloucj perfons proper for the occafion not befng 
 ^always to be procured ; neither is every Principal 
 c^npetent to diftinguifh thofe that are fo ; but 
 jfSlhimfelf has a knowledge of the principles 
 of the different departments, there is not much 
 occafion for leaving the whole of the proceffes 
 to others, provided he is not of that clafs who 
 fhrink from trouble, or expect to proceed with- 
 out any caufc for anxiety. (7) 
 
 Adverting 
 
 lowed of courie : The coppcrman laid it to the fore- 
 man of the field, and he laid it to the copperman ; 
 both of them veterans in the bufinefs ; but it was 
 plain neither of them could account for it, not being 
 feble to look beyond their refpe&tve fituations ; for 
 the caufe relied in the pale red being fightned with 
 paile, an allowance of adequate ftrength not being 
 given of the non-colouring 'drug, and the printer 
 from a certain circumftance hitting the ground but 
 htty, little colour was therefore imbibed by the 
 v loth : ; and confequemly it loon flew o/F.— Sec colour- 
 
 ing. 
 
 The writer here, according to the latitude he 
 
 ha, allowed himlelf, of ilepping out of the track to 
 
 :e remarks, cannot help obferving, and wilh«s 
 
 the obfervation may have weight where jj is directed,. 
 
 which is, to thefe who not bred to callico printing 
 
 »S 
 
 02 
 
■ ■ 
 
 Of Copper-work, Fielding, &c. 
 
 Adverting now immediately to the different pr< 
 cefles confidered in this fe£tion, it is again obfe 
 ved, how difficult it feems to be to fpeak of t T (S 
 work, or arrange the different articles in it vv ery 
 methodically in regard to the procelles fucceedlng; 
 
 each 
 
 or to any of the branches, precipitate themfclves into 
 it, on a preemption that their own natural fagacity 
 or general knowledge of bufinefs, will enable them 
 foon to conduct it with eafe and advantage : but, fo 
 complex is the bufinefs of callico printing, in com- 
 prizing fo many branches that may be called diftinct 
 profeflions, and thofe branches running into other di- 
 vifions ; that few who have been all their lives in it 
 are equal to the management of it; to fay nothing of the 
 tcdioufnefs of fome of the procefles; the uncertainty that 
 attends the fucceflive ftages ; the remotenefs of time 
 from the firft operation to the lafl ; the caprice of 
 individuals or of fafhion ; heavy expcnces, and other 
 numberlefs inconveniences owing to its peculiar 
 complicatory eftablimment : hence, it may be faid 
 with confidence, that not one in ten who has thus 
 precipitately? or even deliberately, entered into ic, 
 without the neceifary preparatory knowledge, but 
 has foon found fufficient reufon to repent his fo 
 doing. 
 
 The observation may be even carried to the fitu- 
 
 
i ' 
 
 7 Of Copper-work, Fielding, &c, 
 
 • ich other; for in one refpeCr., the firfl: article 
 t^ted of fhould be mentioned as preparatory to 
 pri\i ng, but fubfequent to it in another, fo that 
 thee 
 
 coming in between, muft break any arrangement 
 whatever, and from this confideration,it was atfirfl 
 intended to fpeak of bleaching as a diftindl: fedl- 
 ion, but being in callico printing fo connected 
 with the colouring part, and not fo well under- 
 ftood as by the term preparation, it muft be in- 
 troduced as well as the c:rcumftance adduced 
 
 wilL 
 
 
 ation ofthofe who with a knowledge of the bulinefs 
 ent&r inter it, without being able to form fuch 
 connections as fhall uphold it, and hence, as a word 
 of advice, if it may be permitted to be given, let 
 every one enfure fueh connections before he enters 
 in it, as it is not always found (as hinted before ia 
 a note in the feclion of pattern drawing) that good 
 drawings and work anfwerableto them will alone be 
 fufheient, even if a large capital is not wanting. This 
 idea could be purfued further, were it ncceflary, as it 
 takes in the confideraion of acquaintancefhip, inter- 
 cflednefs, dependancy, &c. which in every ftage of 
 life tend to form thofe connexions that mere merit 
 will not always command. 
 

 Of Copper -work y Fielding, l£c 
 
 
 will permit; and that feems to be, and whi 
 will accordingly be adopted, by introducing t .ne 
 principal operations with theoretical fuggeuy r ns,& 
 fubjoining others, as notes, that are mor^Jiftant: 
 It is however apprehended that what is advanced 
 will in general appear more like a defcription of 
 the proceffes, than as an analyfis of them, or as 
 reducing them into a feries of rules, like what 
 has been done in the flifplay of the preceding 
 articles, but here the circumftance is different, as 
 a number of common labourers are employed in 
 each divifion, taking the work continually out 
 of each others hands, fo that in fadt. there are 
 as many diftincT: operations as there are opera- 
 tors, therefore a regular chain of rules can- 
 not be laid down for each toobferve;and if it were 
 poflible to arrange it as the writer wifhcs, or to 
 bring the fyftemin all its parts into one point of 
 view, it could only come under the cognizance 
 of the principal, or whomsoever he appoints ; and 
 principals (as often faid) are not thofe to whom 
 this work is only addrefled. 
 
 It may be proper to intimate, that in the Di- 
 rections, &c. refpecting the operative parts, thofe 
 points were chiefly attended to in which different 
 pr clitioners nearly agreed; for, as two or three 
 times obferved, what renders the difficulty great 
 
 in 
 
 
? Of Copper-work, Fielding, 13 c. 
 
 in treating fubjects of this nature, is, that the 
 tefcuflion appears no farther reafonable or proper 
 tcwiny one perfon, than as it is reconcileable to 
 his cVn ideas of practice; and there are feldomtwo 
 who agree in the fame mode ; hence, it is endea- 
 voured, rather than dwell upon certain little 
 practical circumftances, to give fome general 
 theoretical hints, as tending to convey what is 
 fo very much wanted among the majority of 
 thofe to whom this work is addrefled, that is, 
 fome idea of the principles on which their ope- 
 rations depend, as fuch a knowledge, if it can be 
 conveyed, every one mull grant will more lead an 
 operator towards fome perfection in his profefTion, 
 than merely exhibiting a heap of practical di- 
 rections, or difplaying a number of precife rules,, 
 as all the experience attained from long practice 
 will never form the adept, without a theoretical 
 knowledge. 
 
 Of 
 
Note, In the following fuggcflions, phrafcs am 
 words not in common ufe, will be as much avoided 
 as pojfible, and more familiar ones fubfiiutteffi 
 fuch as o\\j for oleaginous— thick or clartfviy 
 for glutinous or mucilaginous, — various \ for 
 heterogeneous, &c. A GloJJary will be however 
 annexed, explaining thofe words that could not 
 with propriety be altered. 
 
 Of Bleaching. 
 
 Or, as it is ufuaily termed Preparation.(io) 
 
 THOUGH Bleaching in a general manner 
 as praaifeel among profeffed Bleachers, does 
 not in every refpe£t come under the confederation 
 of Callico Printers, it may not be improper 
 
 to 
 
 (io) Meaning among printers that thefe procefles 
 are neceffary for preparing the cloth to be printed ; 
 hence in printing-grounds the terms bleaching or 
 whitening is confined to laying goads on the 
 grafs, and more particularly after printing. It is 
 hardly needful to fay th*t bleaching, ftriclly fpeak- 
 ing, means whitening,by whatever method it is per- 
 forme !, therefore perhaps fomewhat forciblylapp-ied 
 here, as it is iwt always feat cloth fent 4own wants 
 whitening. 
 
 '» 
 
,1 ^J »_w »_l«_ 
 
 7 Of BLEACHING. 
 
 fay two or three words concerning it ; two 
 o tfhree occafional references to it will therefore 
 be £wen, fubjoined as notes, rather than by in- 
 troducW^ them in the body of this work ;(u) 
 
 as 
 
 (ii) Woo 1 , filk, flax, and cotton, polTefTing natu- 
 rally an unctuous quality, it of courfe follows that 
 they muft undergo certain proceffcs, in order to di- 
 veff. them of that quality, or it will prevent their 
 imbibing any colour (cotton, however,has this qualify 
 but in a very fm all degree) and this procefs is termed 
 Bleaching, in general ; but as particularly applied, 
 it is called fcouring of wool, ungumming of filk, 
 whitening of thread, '&c. and for this purpofe it is 
 found neceflary to ufe occasionally acids or alkalies. 
 Alkalies act. moll powerfully, becaufe the fubftance 
 to be removed is of an oily nature; and they are 
 ufed either in a pure ftate, or elfe as a foap. Acids 
 are afterwards uled, for the purpofe likewife of whi- 
 tening, and to clear the cloth or other body of what 
 alkalies do not remove. For cleanfing wool, Hale 
 urine is made ufe of, which being alkaline, and 
 combining itfelf with the oily quality of it, forms a 
 foap A and produces the defired effect Silk, naturally 
 of a y«llow colour, is boiled in foap and water, ra- 
 ther than fubje&ed to fixed alkali, becaufe of its 
 being an animal fubftance, and hence more liable to 
 be corroded ; it js likewife ia general farther whi- 
 
 . tened 
 
 
I 1 
 
 
 Of BLEACHING. 
 
 as what Callico Printers perform in this way 
 chiefly Afhing and Souring, and in a manner 
 rather peculiar to themfelves, as eitablifj^cl by 
 
 ^cullom, 
 
 tened by fulphur. The whitening of flax, linen, &c. 
 is however performed with fixed alkali, as the 
 noxious fubftancc is more difficult to be removed 
 than from wool, or filk. Lime is ufed by many 
 bleachers, though exploded by others, particularly 
 in Ireland, from its cauitic power, when ufed 
 alone. 
 
 Sour milk, whey, or an infufion of bran, or rye- 
 flour, and other acids, fuch as verjuice, lemon juice, 
 &c. were formerly only in ufe, but oil of vitriol, 
 marine acid, and other more modern improvements, 
 have now the preference. 
 
 The antieats cleanfed their wool with a plant 
 called by Pliny, radicula, and by Linnasus, gyp- 
 fophila Struthion, the fame which is called in the 
 Ihops foap wort, ufed likewife for fulling, and taking 
 out various fpots ; it is itilj ufed in fome parts of 
 
 Spain 
 
J Of BLEACHING. 
 
 cnftom, and, as may be faid of every proferlion, 
 Nihered to more through its being fo eftablifhed, 
 th'.'n from the circumftance of examining its pro- 
 priety according to natural principles, and educ- 
 tions drawn from them ; the arrangement of the 
 procefTes, as practifed among them, will therefor® 
 be attempted to be difplayed, as they precede each 
 other; that is, where the articles intended to be 
 printed are deemed needful to go through them ; 
 in fome cafes (as may be repeated) ' they undergo 
 but a partial bleaching; in others, particularly 
 where goods are fent down brown, or ftained, 
 they undergo as much as Callico Printers can 
 give them ; but, in any cafe, they at all times 
 undergo more or lefs. 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 Spain, inftead of foap ; the pellitory and marine 
 convolulus, may be ufed in the fame manner. 
 
 A plant likewife was in ufe for whitening of linen, 
 called the peplos, or white fpurge, which grows in 
 France ; this and other plants of the fame kind, 
 abound with a cauftic milky juice, that might an- 
 swer inftead of alkalies.— See more refpe&ing the 
 anticnts in the fe&ion of Colour-making. 
 
«M 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 Of B LEAC HING. 
 REMARKS, &c. (12) 
 
 In the firft inftance, the pieces fhould be J '"> 
 perly forted by thcLoftfman, that thofe of uAly 
 the fame quality may be together ; then let them 
 
 be 
 
 /, 
 
 (!-») It is faid in a Treatifc on Bleaching, that 
 in the prcfeffed praftice of bleaching goods 
 as they come from the loom, rye- meal, bran, or 
 ley and water, is ufed in this procefs of fteeping or 
 making;, and thrown in warm to quicken the fer- 
 mentation, which after a fhort time will commence ; 
 and which will continue longer or ihorter, accord- 
 ing to the foulnefs of the goods,the ftate of the wea- 
 ther, &c. when it is abated, or no more ieems hkely 
 to be produced, they are taken out and warned, or 
 the fcum which arifes in the operation, would iub- 
 fide and damage them ; the operation here, as we.l 
 as in other fermentations, feems to be, that a degree 
 of heat being raifed, air bubbles are naturally cre- 
 ated, caufing that fweil ng of the liquid which re- 
 quires fuch force to keep the cloth down. It is added,, 
 that the apparent effect of the fermentation on the 
 cloth is, that the air-bubbles in rifing, carry up with 
 them fome of the light oily particles, which remain- 
 ing at the furface, produ.ee a froth or fcum and 
 which would, after the fermentation ceafed, foon 
 fubfide and do much injury ; the falts however be- 
 ing thus freed from their adhefion to the abforbent 
 earths, within the body of the cloth, are warned off 
 by the internal motion, and the cloth confequently 
 becomes purer and whiter. This however is not the 
 prefent practice in Ireland, or in Lancafhue, as they 
 are generally allied there as they come from the looms. 
 Cotton having (as before faid) the leaf! of an oily 
 quality, and being naturally white, is allied chiefly 
 
* 
 
 Of BLEACHING. 
 
 'Ffoaked all night, or longer, according to thcfr 
 "ulnefs, in a receptacle entirely free from 
 Soever might ilain them, and Co contrived, 
 that* a frefli fupply of water may be admitted 
 when iSceffary, and the foul drawn off, in order 
 that any loofe ftain or dirt that may have been 
 contracted, be removed. 
 
 The receptacle need not here be defcribed, as 
 every fleldman is acquainted with it; neither 
 need it be faid that the cloth fhould be fecurely 
 preffed down ; but it may be intimated, that the 
 cover of wood laid over the cloth, fliould not be o f 
 plain boards but clofely perforated ; and that it 
 be rather fecured by ports placed betwixt it and 
 the joifts, than by weights laid on it, and thofe 
 weights very probably iron ones. 
 
 for the purpofe oi freeing it from what is added to 
 it, to prepare it for weaving. 
 
 Neither in the inftance of foaking, is it quite pro- 
 per, for though in being preffed down, fomething 
 like fermentation might be incited, the foulnefs re- 
 moved by that motion from fome parts or the cloth 
 might ftain others, before they afcended to the fur- 
 lace, and mere warm water would have no effect 
 in removing, oil, Sec. Jt may be obferved (ipeaking of 
 fermentation) the principle received of it, is, that 
 the expanfive force of air, rarefied by the aftion of 
 fire, or the mutual action of air and fire, is the nni- 
 verfal caufe. And to produce a fermentation it is 
 needful that the ferment have fomething acid and 
 fpirituous, and that it be in a fpacious place. 
 
 
n» 
 
 ■^■^^■^M 
 
 
 Of Afhing:* 
 
 f 
 
 / 
 
 OF this operation it may befaid, and in which 
 confifts the Theory of Bleaching, that the 
 articles ufed in it remove ibme fubfrance from 
 the cloth, which is the caufe of the brown colour ; 
 and of courfe, by its removal, the cloth is ren- 
 dered whiter and lighter, though how this 
 is performed is but mere conjecture ; whether by 
 diflodging the oily particles in the internal fub- 
 ftance of the cloth, feparating the thick or mu- 
 cilaginous ones, or otherwife altering its texture : 
 
 that the oil is removed, is fuppofed to be the 
 
 cafe from the property of alkalies, operating as 
 diluents in oil ; experiments having been made 
 for that purpofe, by examining the liquid in 
 which afning has been performed ; the refult of 
 
 which 
 
 (13) This operation among profeffed bleachers, 
 is called bucking or boiling, and by them the cloth 
 is laid down afterwards and watered ; but with Cal- 
 lico Printers it need not be faid, they are only laid 
 loofely on the grafs. 
 
L 
 
 Of ASHING. 
 
 ■Inch was, that, after evaporation,, an oily dark 
 c^oured fubftance was left, of an inflammable 
 nature ; and, on further experiments, it appears 
 t o be'S^nipounded of a vifcid oil, and the earthy 
 particles of the flax. 
 
 It is thought by fome,that bleaching with lime 
 may be rendered advantageous ; lime having more 
 power in whitening than vitriol has, but (as juft 
 faid) at the fame time it is more dangerous if ufed 
 alone ; but with about one part mixed with four 
 of a fli, its caultic quality may not be fo effective. 
 
 It is a remarkable circumftance that fome arti- 
 cles manufactured in India, and brought over un- 
 bleached, cannot be made white here. Another 
 circumftance is, that May Dew quickly whitens 
 cloth, and of this it has been obferved, . that im- 
 menfe numbers of infe£ts are formed m the fob- 
 fiance left after evaporation, and thfefe undergo 
 very rapid changes ; but how far, or in what 
 manner fuch circumftances afFecT: the cloth, re- 
 mains to be determined. 
 
 REMARKS 
 

 Of -J S H I N G. 
 REMARKS, &c. 
 
 \ 
 
 There is no need for this operation, when £^*x?s 
 are fufficiently clear and white, and afhine^pieces 
 that are fo, can only be offervice to ^Tke out 
 greafe or any thing fnnilar to it ; but when they 
 are uniformly brown, or brown threads are here 
 and there vifible, they certainly mould undergo 
 the procefs ; therefore, in this cafe, give them a 
 few ends in the am liquor, and attend the opera- 
 tion with great care, that it be effeaually per- 
 formed ; for if it be not, it cannot be done by 
 fouring, much lefsby winching or planking ; and 
 if they are fuftcred to go to the madder copner 
 without having undergone this procefs fufficient- 
 ly, or if any greafy or oily quality remain in 
 them, (14) or if there be any part brown, the 
 maddering cannot have its due effect ; for, as that 
 brownnefs is a particular fubitance in the cloth, 
 that from its nature mult prevent the itriking ot 
 the colour, no one need be told that the madder- 
 ing muft be imperfect, if it be not removed. 
 
 Take 
 
 (14) It once happened that lb trilling a circum- 
 ftance as the ikinning of a dog fpoilt feveral pieces, 
 they having been laid, after fouring,_on the place 
 where he was ikinned. 
 
 
i 
 
 Of A S H I N C. 
 
 ^Take care that the water be not fuflered to boll, 
 "^before the afh is put in, and in that frate it mould 
 be continued fome time, and the am mould not 
 be puN^n till near the beginning of the boiling, 
 let it then boil for about ten minutes or more, 
 obferving to ftir the allies frequently from the 
 bottom. 
 
 The flrength of the ley, and the gradation of 
 heat muft be well attended, that the texture of 
 the cloth be not too violently acted on by the afh ; 
 and the more effectually to imbibe it, it mould be 
 opened by degrees ; for fimilar to common wafh- 
 erwomen obferving in putting linen, efpecially 
 body 1-inen, into boiling-water, that it fixes the 
 dirt ; or, (what is to be fure more remote) in 
 culinary procefTes,in order to boil vegetables green, 
 not putting them into the water till it boils, fo 
 here it may be faid, the oily quality in the cloth 
 would be in a manner clofed up within it, by the 
 cloth being immerfed in boiling water. 
 
 * 
 
 It is however necefTary to be careful that the 
 cloth is thoroughly dry before it is put in the 
 liquor, otherwife the ley will not enter fo readily 
 into the body of it ; for if it be wet the action of 
 the falts will not be fo powerful on the internal 
 
 ftructure 
 
 
 
— *- - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of ASHING. 
 
 ftru£ture, nor anfwcr the purpofe of diflodgii, 
 the filth by the aid of the water; but, on the 
 contrary, will a£t more on the furface, and /to- 
 bably do the cloth fome injury. + 
 
 With coarfe cloths there may not be fuch dan- 
 ger, through the water boiling before they are im- 
 merfed in it, as with line ones, from the opsnnefs 
 of the texture; but the precaution before given, 
 isabfolutely necefTary to attend where the texture 
 of the cloth is fine or flimfy. 
 
 After this operation, the goods muft be per- 
 fectly cleanfed from the afh, by foaking them in 
 • a cradle, and winching them in a running ftream, 
 clear and free from any mineral impregnation ; 
 then take them to the planks, or fomething 
 fimilar, till deemed fufficiently cleanfed ; next 
 lay them down to whiten, and after being taken 
 up, rince them, and get them ready for the four 
 kettle. 
 
 
 
 Of 
 

 
 
 Of Souring. 
 
 T) LEACHING with four milk or vegetable 
 -*-* acid, not being in ufe now among Callico- 
 Printers, the mineral is here chiefly fpoken of; 
 of which mode it may be obferved, that it un- 
 queftionably took fome time to get into general 
 pia&ice, vitriol being of fo corrofivc a nature it 
 might naturally be expe&ed to injure the cloth 
 very materially. 
 
 But experience has fhewn, that by being .pro- 
 perly weakened,, generally fo much that it is not 
 ftrongcr than vinegar, and may even be drank, 
 that confideratioh has therefore vaniflied. As for 
 vegetable acids, formerly fo much in ufe, that 
 cart-loads of lemons, crab-apples, &c. were fre- 
 quently brought into printing-grounds; all con- 
 tain a portion of oil that prevents the effect being 
 gained fo eafily as by the vitriolic acid : The 
 milk fours in vogue among bleachers, likewife 
 gives way to the vitriolic ; for with this acid no 
 fermentation happens in its not tending to pu- 
 trefaction ; but milk fours naturally tending to 
 
 corruption, 
 
 
 
tm^am^mmma 
 
 — «. 
 
 0/ SOUR IN G. 
 
 corruption, if through inattention it mould 
 happen while in contact with the cloth, it muft 
 damage it as well as undiluted vitriol ; in fact, milk 
 may be corrupted before it is ufed. Befidcs, milk 
 lours take feveral days to perform its talk, while 
 vitriol fouring is dene in a fpace of time no way 
 comparative; but above all, its effect in whiten- 
 ing is the great point in its favour, the abforbent 
 particles in the cloth imbibing it fo immediately, 
 that the effect is very foon attained.. 
 
 This operation, befides contributing to the 
 whitenefs of the cloth, is deemed generally 
 needful for the purpofe of clearing away ftailis 
 occanoned by ink, iron, or other articles, which 
 water alone would have little effect on; it like 
 wife forwards the whitening of the cloth, when 
 laid down after printing. 
 
 
 
 REMARKS 
 
Of SOURING, 
 
 REMARKS, &e. 
 
 What article to ufe iti this operation, whe- 
 ther mineral or vegetable acid, muft depend 
 a great deal upon difcretion, or other circum- 
 ftances; vegetable to be fure is now difufed among 
 printers in this procefs,(i5) but full the modes in 
 ufe are fo various, that any particular one cannot 
 be infilled on ; thofe moll ufually adopted 
 arc by the vitriolic ar.d marine acids ; the pro- 
 portions mo/l generally about 2 gallons of vitriol 
 to a keltic or upwards of 100 gallons of water, 
 and this quantity is enough for 8 pieces of 28 
 yard 4~4th wide, or the fame number of pieces 
 of 21 yards 5.4th wide ; but this depends on the 
 (brength of the fpirit, and even on the goodnefs 
 of the water; likewise the quality of the goods 
 muft be coniidercd, chiefly in rcfpecl: to the 
 fbrength of the warp, and thefe circumftances are 
 ro regulate the lime neceffrry for theprocefs(i6); 
 The heat of the water is alio of confiderable im- 
 port, for if too hot it takes away from the acid its 
 
 proper 
 
 (15) Except for the purpofe of difcharging colour 
 when ufed in printing. 
 
 (16) Very various is the tiae, different cop- 
 permeji, or their employers will allow ; it U tgbe 
 
 I 
 
 
 
I' 
 
 Of SOURING 
 
 proper energy, as it is the acid only that is fup- 
 pofed to operate in this cafe, the water being ufed 
 only for the purpofe of weakening it. By the 
 water being rendered warm the vitriolic parti- 
 cles muft. the readier enter the pores of the cloth, 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 done in a quarter of an hour, but very frequently 
 a confiderable time longer is allowed j but a point to 
 be obferved, and which ought to regulate it, is 
 knowing when the acid has had its utmoft effect, for 
 keeping the cloth in beyond that time, every one 
 muft grant is unneceiTary, and to a certain degree 
 injurious. Similar to the above observation, it may 
 be added, that the quantity of a»y article ufed in 
 any of thefe prccefTes,is as much undetermined ; and 
 even the neceffity of fome of the proceffea thcmfelves, 
 but that ever muft be the cafe, while drugs, and the 
 articles they are employed on, are of fuch different 
 qualities, and the ufe of them governed by other 
 circumftances of ceconomy, cuftom, prejudice, &c. 
 hence it is more fafe to fpeak in a general, than in a 
 fpecific or pofitive manner, and hence what is here 
 faid of the proceffes are called remarks, &c, rather 
 than rules. Galling was formerly much ufed, but 
 goods for printing being now of a iofter texture, 
 and a purer quality in general, it is nearly exploded. 
 
Of SOURING. 
 
 the P ores being by the a&ion of the warm water 
 rendered more open. (17) 
 
 If the fouring be repeated, the acid mould be 
 diminifhed, from the texture of the cloth being 
 opened by each preceding procefs ; fo that the 
 oily particles which blunted the acids are nearly 
 removed, and the alkaline and abforbent earths 
 occaiioned by the afhing, if afhing were ufed, are 
 eaiify wafhed out. 
 
 The goods then generally are cleanfed in a 
 back lined with lead, and if they are not foul, 
 the liquor may be ufed again in the kettle. 
 
 After thefe operations, they muft be well 
 cleanfed by winching and planking, or fome other 
 fnnilar procefs, then run them between the fquee- 
 zers, and as ufual hang them on the 'ftakes, or 
 in the drying - houfe, previous to being ca- 
 lendared. (18) 
 
 For 
 
 (17) A Thermometer is certainly bell for the 
 purpofe of afcertaining the warmth of the water, 
 fomc mens' hands being fo hard, that their fenfe of 
 feeling in this inftance can hardly be a criterion. 
 
 (iS) L\ refpeel: to the modes of cleanfing goods, 
 it is amuling to think of the various ones that have 
 been adopted by battledores, flocks, walh-wheels 
 
 1 2 and 
 

 
 Of SOURING. 
 
 For goods that are to be printed in chemical 
 colours, or that are to be brought up in fumach, 
 or american bark, no preparation is neceflary, un- 
 lefs the cloth is evidently too foul to pafs with- 
 out^ 19) 
 
 and the like, moft of which tend confiderably to 
 injure the cloth (this however is a circumftance 
 very likely not much defired to be prevented by 
 printers) but it does not appear abiblutely certain 
 the effect is fo much produced by fuch violences as 
 by the action of the water ; hence the waih-wheel 
 may be faid to have the preference ; the 
 wafh-whcel, though, like other improvements of 
 the day, has probably had its turn ; for mucli mif- 
 chief may happen if it be not attended ; The dumb 
 planker or <wooden-man now feems to have the pre- 
 ference. But after all, a plenty of water, with a 
 good falling force, well directed, and the cloth kept 
 in proper motion, would be better than any cf thoie 
 violent methods, efpecially if feme goods be fufFered 
 to remain a little time in a foft ibap ley, (of no very 
 confiderable ftrength) and afterwards fuflkiently 
 rinced and thoroughly dried. 
 
 (19) The complaint agftioft colours brought up in 
 fumach, or bark, is that a good white is not prccured 
 no more than a good black (as fpoken of before) 
 and confequently that courfeof work is confined to 
 dole patterns-. The writer however has leen a flight 
 fielding ufed wkhfuccefs,in light ground work. 
 
Of Calendering. 
 
 REfpe&ing this operation, it has been inti- 
 mated, how needful it is to be well perform- 
 ed, and that very much depends on it ; it may 
 however be here faid, that 'the chief care is to 
 keep the weft as much as poilible in the fame 
 ilate as when woven, that is, in refpect to the 
 direction of the threads ; the omifTion of which, 
 even when work is folded to go for fale, is evident 
 in many patterns. As for inftance, if a piece be 
 calendered fo badly, that the threads lay ail very 
 obliquely acrofs the table, and the pattern be of a 
 fquare fet kind, it mufl be clear that if printed 
 on in fuch a ftate, and in the courfe of the fol- 
 lowing procefles the cloth gets into its original 
 ■flate, the work will appear jufl in the fame ob- 
 lique direction, as the fhoot of the cloth did when 
 it lay on the table; and inftead of the object 
 being of a fquare kind, it will appear more like 
 a diamond, which is almofl making a different 
 pattern of it, aad in the inflances of f mall fprigs 
 or other fet objects, it muft greatly tend to throvy 
 them out of fhapc and their proper diftances. 
 
 The 
 
*< 
 
 
 Of CALENDERING. 
 
 The general inconvenience of calendering -in 
 refpecl: to printing is, .that the cloth in palling be- 
 tween the rollers naturally fpreads or expands 
 more or -lefs according to the clofenefs or evenefs 
 of the rolls ; hence after printing, in proportion to 
 the quantity of colour ufed, the* cloth gets into 
 its natural ftate, and is generally found to contract 
 the morl lengthways, fo that it is often very diffi- 
 cult toget grounds in, efpecially if the print be 
 long; and therefore it is deemed needful to 
 ftretch it, -particularly when work off the grafs 
 is to be performed. 
 
 In the operation of printing, which follows, an 
 article is ufed that much concerns fome part of 
 the copper work, which is lamp black, other 
 articles are ufed in fightning, but none are nearly 
 fo pernicious, though all are hurtful in a degree ; 
 but fomething muft be ufed at times for that 
 purpofe ; the confideration of thefe articles how- 
 ever, come more immediately under the colour- 
 makers department, and of courfc will be fpoken 
 of in another place* 
 
 
Of cleaning Goods, 
 
 previous to Maddering, or boiling off. 
 
 THE goods being now fuppofed to be printed, 
 and properly flowed or dried, they are to 
 be fnitchelled or folded, and brought to the cop- 
 per-houfe ; which being done, throw them into 
 a copper of bran liquor made warm, and winch 
 them as quickly as poflible, otherwife the colour 
 may ftart or run, (20) but this depends very much 
 
 oa 
 
 (20) The term colour mud in this cafe, be ufed 
 here, as well as elfewhere, though improperly, it 
 being, ftrict.ly fpeaking, the non-colouring article 
 combined with the thickning or fightning, for the 
 colour is not produced till the work is in the. 
 copper. — See the note at the beginning of colour- 
 making. 
 
 In feme places the goods are put on a roll or 
 winch before brought to the copper, and put into it, 
 
 as turned off from the roll. 
 
Of ' chanfing Goods, 
 
 I 
 
 en the nature of the thickening or fightnihg ; for 
 if either be of (6 loofe a kind, that it is quickly 
 removed, the operation, it need hardly be laid, 
 will be as quickly performed; but if of a contrary 
 quality, it con fequently takes longer time; this 
 circumftance of the quality of the thickning or 
 fightning, is however not what every copper'man 
 looks at, oreveia fometimes whether there be any 
 lighting at allj (21) though if the goods are pro- 
 perly and thoroughly cleared, it perhaps is little 
 matter whether he knows the difference or not ; 
 but if he regulates his clearing by time, that is, 
 by uniformly allowing fo much time to a copper- 
 full, let the thickning or fightning be of any 
 quantity or quality, he may be much deceived. ; 
 for, (as faid before) fome kinds of fightning are 
 more difficult to be cleared than others, as well 
 as fome kinds of pafte-work ; or will bear the 
 
 water 
 
 I 
 
 (21) The vehicle (or thickening) for carrying the 
 allum, &c. they mull be fuppofed to know of, as 
 there can be no preparation matter on the cloth for 
 their procefles without it. A copperman, however, 
 may be deceived in forting the pieces, as fome with 
 keavy fightning may not have fuch deep or heavy 
 colour as others that have no lightning.— See tlvj? 
 article maddering. 
 
Of cleanjing Goads, &, 
 
 r. 
 
 water more heated ;(22) hence in this cafe, a deal 
 depends on the copperman's judgment, and in this 
 inftance. it therefore behoves him to be attentive, 
 as well as in the next operation of dunging, for 
 if carried too far, in refpe£t to heat, the certain 
 confequence muft be lome deftru&ion to the work 
 in boiling off. (23) 
 
 (22) Here is included the refinous parte ufed in 
 printing, and where paper prefervatives have been 
 ufed. 
 
 (23) With tender or pale colours it is a material mat- 
 ter that all the pieces of the fame pattern be equally 
 dried,for fuppofing a piece to be boiled offwith a bare 
 flowing and another of the fame colour has been in 
 a hot ftove feveral days, there certainly is a chance 
 of the colours ot the two pieces varying. — See note 8 
 and more to this eff#& addrefled to the colour-maker. 
 
 

 ■ II 
 
 
 Of 
 
 • 
 
 (*4) 
 
 Dunging, 
 
 '"pHE ufe of this operation is (aid to hinder the 
 white part of the cloth, or that part wherever 
 it may be, which is to appear white, being ftained 
 by the fuperfluous colour, or according to the ufu- 
 al phrafe of coppermen, it is to guard the colour, 
 and prevent marking off: this however will not 
 be the cafe if too many pieces, particularly if 
 the work is heavy, be entered in the fame copper, 
 and which may very eafily be accounted for, as 
 it is poflible the copper may contain, after fome 
 pieces are entered, befides the dung, a folution of 
 mineral and other falts, from the quality of the 
 thickning or fightning, or other fuperfluous mat- 
 ter that may be difTolved or difunited in the cop- 
 per; and which may mix with the acting power 
 of the dung, and caufeftains. In this operation, 
 by letting frefh water into the copper, the en- 
 creafe of the liquid will caufe the foul fluff t° 
 
 run over. 
 
 Something likewife may be obferved, refpec/t- 
 
 ing the dung itfelf, according as it is gathered in, 
 
 whether as taken up in a frefh ftate, or when dry, 
 
 or having remained a long while on the ground; 
 
 or 
 
 — — ^ ^- i'»i " » 
 
 (24) It is thought the volatile alkaline particles of 
 the dung, prevents the particles of the colouring 
 drug from too copioufly entering into the ground, 
 (which is what is fuppofed to be meant by guarding 
 the colour) and that of courfe jhey will chiefly bt 
 imbibed where neceflary. 
 
Of DUNGING. 
 
 or whether in an almoft liquid ftate by rain or 
 urine ; as thefe circumftances nmft more or lefs 
 affect it in the quality ; for, be the effective prin- 
 ciple what it may, it certainly muft vary accord- 
 ing to the different ftates in which it may be 
 gathered : but whatever may be the cafe in that 
 refpect, care muft be taken that the copper be not 
 made too hot (as before faid) efpecially if the 
 dung be frefti and pure (if the word Biay be al- 
 lowed) its effective quality being then of the 
 greateft power, and, if the pafte or fightning be 
 not entirely got rid of, the action of the dung 
 will difturb the colour, and prevent the madder 
 from ftriking as it ought. 
 
 As to the operation itfelf, after having filled 
 your copper, proportion the dung to the work, in 
 general, about 3 jets to 2. pieces, giving them 
 about 40 ends in the copper, as quick as poflible; 
 the water that you impregnate with the dung 
 muft only be fufficiently heated, in order gradu- 
 ally to loofen the colour ; and as it much depends 
 on the fuperfluous matter being eafy to be re- 
 moved or not (as juft obferved) it muft of courfe 
 be carefully attended, and the proportions muft be 
 varied accordingly. After this operation, the 
 goods muft be winched and well planked, or 
 otherwife cleanfed ; they are then, according to 
 
 th 
 

 Of DUN G I N G. 
 
 the quality of them, to be fumached, and th« 
 ihitchelled on^ and warned. 
 
 In fumaching, proportion the drug to the 
 courfe of the work, for which, as is often fuid, 
 certain circumftances prevent giving precife rule*, 
 (25) fometimes indeed fumach is not necefTary, 
 and fometimes in common work it may be uied. 
 with the madder, as it is fuppofed to affift it.. 
 
 (25) So here it may be faid, though weights and 
 xneafures may be deemed ilandards, yet coppers, 
 pails, Sec,- cannot, as being of no regulated lizes ; 
 and to fay a little or a great deal, a proper quan- 
 tity and the like, are but comparative terms, and 
 conjerruently indefinite.— See note 3. 
 
 MCfl 
 
Of Maddering* 
 
 'TTO fpeak theoretically of this operation, is 
 applicable to any other, where by means of 
 fome preparing fubftance, a colour is communi- 
 cated to the cloth, that water nor any other 
 liquid (not corrofive) cannot foften fo as to re- 
 move, nor the a&ion of the fun reduce to a 
 calx, or other ftate, fo that it eafily goes, off ano- 
 ther way : 
 
 Of the Hypothefes refpecting the operation 
 of fixing colour, none are deemed abfolutely de- 
 cifive and fatisfactory, the theory however as 
 generally accepted will be here difplayed. 
 
 It is firft of all noted, that the particles of 
 whatever fubftance is' ufed to colour any article, 
 §o that it is durable, are not foluble in either of 
 the ufual menftrums (26) whether water, \fpirits 
 
 of 
 
 (26) In menftruums, or diflhlving liquids, 
 
 three things are needed, ift, that the parts 
 
 of the body attract th« particles of the menftrumn 
 
 more powerfully thap thofe arc attracted by each 
 
 other 
 
 
 
Of Maddcrlng. 
 
 of wine, or alkaline lixivia ; caufed by their 
 adhefion to certain gummous and refinous fub- 
 ftances, but are liable to be difengaged by what- 
 ever has a greater cohefive power, fuch as allum 
 or tartar, to which the colorific particles of mad- 
 der, woald, &c. adhere : — But in whatever man- 
 ner fuch faline articles act, they fix a colour, 
 that, in general, can be no otherwife obtained ; 
 as to thofe folutions which of themfelves form 
 the colour without fuch preparation, which fome 
 certain vegetables do, their effedts are attempted 
 to be accounted for, on a fuppofition that they 
 contain a tenacious, glutinous, or other adhefive 
 quality, with which the cloth, or whatever elfe 
 it may be, being coloured, can. never be removed, 
 when once thoroughly dry : But it is fuppofed, 
 in every colouring procefs, by means of 
 boiling, that the colouring particles find admif- 
 fion into the pores of the cloth, which are opened 
 by that operation being previoufly cleanfed by the 
 preparatory falts, and that afterwards contracting 
 
 by 
 
 other. 2d, That the body have pores adequate and 
 open to the particles of the menftruum ; and, 3dly, 
 That the cohefion of the parts be not fo ftrong, but 
 that they may be torn afunder by the violence of 
 the diffolving particles ruftiing together. 
 
Of Maddering* 
 
 by the cold, they retain thefe particles ; and 
 which are further fecured by a vitriolated tartar, 
 lining them, as it were, with acrufl or what is 
 termed a coagulum, which coagulated matter is 
 generated or produced from the allum, &c. 
 conveyed to the cloth by printing, and the co- 
 louring particles they imbibe; this, as faid before, 
 is the generally received idea: it is however here 
 obferved, that from what is hypothetically ad- 
 vanced, it feems as if heat were abfolutely requi- 
 site to open the pores for the reception of the 
 colouring particles, but in the inftances above- 
 mentioned of the juices of fome certain vegeta- 
 bles and other fubjecls, giving a perfectly fail 
 colour without heat, an objection feems to lay 
 
 againft. it. (27) 
 
 Among other hypothefes concerning the ad- 
 hefiori of colour two or three will be here men- 
 tioned 
 
 ■—■ o 
 
 (27) It is faid, zfalts only will not diflo ve, wiien 
 once chryflallized. Tartar as it comes from wine 
 cafks, and thMt made by a vitriolic fait, and one al- 
 ready alkalized, or which will become fo when de- 
 prived of its acid. Dr. Lewis in his notes to 
 Neumann's Cherhifrry, oppofes this hypothecs j it 
 is likewife difproved in the Chemical Dictionary, 
 on a fuppofition that fixed alkalies will efFe<5l what 
 is here faid 3 at!'d that the vitriolated tartar c? a be dif- 
 folved.— -See obfervations respecting Indigo, the 
 ancient purpura, &c» in the fe&ion of colour-making-. 
 
I 
 
 Of Madd'erlng* 
 
 tioned, though the above it is clear muft hold 
 fhe firft rank, at leaft till abetter can be adduced- 
 
 According to fome, the fibres of cloth, filk,. 
 &c. are tranfparent tubes, into which the colour- 
 ing particles entering are there formed into 
 a kind of cm ft, plainly appearing through 
 their tranfparent encafement ; others think thefe 
 fibres are foiid lengthways, but are outwardly- 
 full of little pores exceedingly clofe to each 
 other, into which the colouring particles enter 
 and arc there fecured ; while others think they 
 are entirely folid, or at leaft not provided with 
 thefe cellular pores, but that the falts intended^ 
 to ftrike the colour corrodes them, finks into 
 them, and unites with their colouring properties; 
 or elfe, that the colouring is performed by a coa- 
 gulation of the colourific matter itfelf, whatever 
 that quality may be. Thus, it may be obferved, 
 ingenious men frame conclufions, formed un- 
 doubtedly upon reafonable grounds, which .from 
 the confined portion of penetration that we have 
 refpecYing the internal properties of things, they 
 are glad to embrace fooner than acknowledge an 
 incompetency of knowledge : (28) however in re- 
 gard 
 
 (28) In this, as in other cafes, it is impoflible 
 *he mind can carry its power* fo far into the in- 
 ternal 
 
Of A ladda 'mg. 
 
 gard to what is advanced above, the grand reft is 
 air and funfhine. But as in confulering the arti- 
 cle of colour-making there may be occafion to 
 
 fpeak 
 
 ternal conftitutions of fubftances, not obfervablc by 
 any phyfical operation, as pofitively to fay, that 
 fuch things a£l on each other in fuch a manner as 
 tending to eftablifh. the principles of any operation; 
 therefore in fuch cafes our reafoning is only by infer- 
 ence. But, the further we go in our mental re- 
 fearches, we form more abitract hypothefes ; till, 
 at Lift, our inferences becoming almoil fanciful, we 
 talk of invifible operations, and confequently have 
 reccurfeto agents of an imaginary formation, to ex- 
 ecute them. 
 
 This comment may probably feem pre- 
 fumptuouily trifling with the fentiments of very 
 greai men, but whoever- per ufes chemical works will 
 find how freely each fucceeding writer treats his 
 predeedfor refpecting remote theoretical points. 
 (See the preceding note, and notes 30 and 37 to 
 colour-making where the theory of colouring cloth, 
 &c. is difputed) and the fame may be obferved 
 refpe&ing experimental procefles, in fucceeding 
 writers complaining of inaccuracy or mifratement. 
 
 The above, however, rauft not be underflood as 
 
 ! 
 
 fl 
 
 invalidating 
 
Of Aladdering. 
 
 fpeak further on this matter, little more will be 
 faid here; what is advanced being deemed fuffici- 
 ent as leading to the operation iitelf. 
 
 As the point of moft concern in maddering is 
 the quantity of madder ufed, it will therefore be 
 
 fpoken 
 
 invalidating all theory, or fettmgafide the principles 
 of operations; the consideration of which is, and will 
 be particularly enforced farther on : but only as 
 laying a ftrefs on thofe points that are not deemed 
 fukleties. For notwithstanding, the modern dis- 
 coveries mew fire, air, water and earth, not to 
 be primary fubftances, they may here be Hill 
 held as fuch, as our practical knowledge mud: 
 commence from their operations on other fub- 
 ftances, deemed fecondary ones, or as they 
 enter into their compolition : Co, in the theory of 
 1 colours, whatever may be laid or" the nature of thofe 
 fubftances that help to produce them, reafortable 
 pofitions and practical knowledge can only com- 
 mence from that point at which they begin to exhi- 
 bit their efFetts. — Sse note I to the retrofpeet at the 
 end of colour-making. 
 
 N. B. In the preliminary fuggejiions to Fourcroy's Che- 
 mijlry, the fcientific contention above alluded to, among 
 
 moderns' 
 
Of ATadderinz, 
 
 fpoken of, as well as the criterion that ought to 
 determine it (which confederation is equally ap- 
 plicable to aflilng and Touring) (29) and is the 
 more defired to be noticed, as it is on this point 
 that Coppermen as well as their Principals, feem 
 fo undetermined : feme contending Tor the 
 propriety of allowing plenty of madder, and 
 others being asftrenuous for reitric"ting the quan- 
 tity; and confequently neiiher can aft with that 
 certainty of eilecr which conftitutes the value of 
 any operation. 
 
 In the fir/1 place (according to the principles, 
 which will be more fully difcuffed further on) 
 it is not merely by allowing a large quantity of 
 
 madder 
 
 modems refpeding the neiv theories is di/pfayed. See 
 likewife an a/framed view of the fame, prefixed to thi 
 chemical compendium in the jeftion of co!oi:r-?.na,'<in*; 
 and Note 9. to the fane. 
 
 (29) This chemical or philofophical mode of 
 confideiing the matter, was intentionally avoided 
 while 1. of thefe operations (fee the retro- 
 
 fpect at the end of eclour making-) for, in fact, it is 
 of fuch a nature, that few common co> per men can 
 be fuppofed to have any conception of it, all they 
 talk of is th? faU.— -See note 51 further on. 
 
! 
 
 Of Madder'ing* 
 
 madder that the effect is the more enfurcd ; but 
 the grand point to decide it by, is the knowledge 
 of that affinity or attraction one fubftance has to 
 another. For here, the queftion is, how far will 
 the fait or aftringent ufed in printing, a& upon, or 
 attract the colouring particles ? (30) As to the 
 liquid in the copper being apparently coloured, it 
 is not in confequence of the particles being to the 
 
 •higheft 
 
 (30) In the article of colour making, this is more 
 fully treated. The writer however does not here 
 affect to point out how to make thofe diftinftions, 
 he only points to the neccflky of confidering about 
 them, convinced that a Printer of a philofophical 
 turn, might turn what is faid to advantage. For 
 though a fcheme was abfolutely formed for that pur- 
 pofe, yet on reflecYion-, as fome might think it would 
 be exhibiting too much, it was laid by, at lead for 
 the prefent : but it may neverthelefs be faid, that 
 the proper criterion, is regulating the quantity of 
 madder by the quantity of the aftringent ufed ; as 
 according to the quantity ufed in printing any 
 number of pieces, fo fhould be the quantity of mad- 
 d&r, weld, &c. in proper proportion. 
 
 The above fuggeftions, it has been faid, are e- 
 qually applicable to aihing and fauringj and on the 
 
 fame 
 
Of Afaddering. 
 
 higheft degree blended or faturated with it ; (ii\ 
 as they are only divided and fufpended, and muil 
 fo remain till fome other fubirance immerfed in 
 that liquid attracts and retains them, in confe" 
 quence of being able to unite with them bevond 
 the power which th.e liquid has. For, notwith- 
 standing fome may fay, there iliould be a fuffi- 
 
 cient 
 
 fame principles it is advanced by Dr. Home. See 
 note, 5 and 7 to the Retrofpeft, with the text be- 
 longing to no:c 3, that in Coming among bleachers 
 by profeilion, the foulncfs, or rather the abforbent- 
 earths left in the cloth af.er the alkaline procefj 
 (afhing) fo/much attracts the acid particles, from 
 having a greater affinity with thun than with the 
 water, that thereby the water at length becomes 
 quite taflelefs. 
 
 li is ad-led, merely as a remark, this binding or 
 fixing the col iiir, is reversing the procefs of prepa- 
 ration ; as rhe liquid there, impregnated with a 
 faline fubflancej attracts and joins the unctuous 
 I bftance in the cloth; bat here, the fa'ts previ- 
 . lily applied to the cloth, attract and join the unc- 
 tuous colouring fabflance, fufpended in the water. 
 
 (31) For they cannot poffibly unite with it to the 
 it of faturation from their unctuous quality. 
 
. «—. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Of Maddering. 
 
 cient or equal impregnation of the water by the 
 madder, whether work be light or dark, yet 
 that can only be under a fuppofition that the 
 particles fall and reft on the ailringent juftas they 
 would on any other place, only that they 
 would be there fixed : buttle ailringent particles 
 are here fuppofed to have a certain fphere of at- 
 traction, acting on every colouring particle that 
 comes within that fphere, and uniting with it ac- 
 cordingly. Therefore the quantity of madder, 
 whether the work be light or heavy, fhould 
 be according to what is likely to be attracted 
 by the aftringents, the reft being confe- 
 quently fuperfiuous ; which always mull be, 
 while the cloth is not all over impregnated 
 with the Hilts, or the whole capacity of the cop- 
 per not filled with the cloth : as in this- initance, 
 it mull be clear there will be more colour- 
 ing 'particles than will come within the fphere 
 or force of the attraction of the altringent par- 
 ticles See note 31 in the fection of colour- 
 making. 
 
 
 It may be obferved that in fome cafes without 
 the ufe of preparatory falts, this attradion is 
 greateft with the cloth itfelf ; but then the par- 
 ticles 
 
0/ ATadder'mg. 
 
 tides are not permanently fixed.— See notes 26 
 and 41 in the next fe&ion.^a) 
 
 In order to illuftratc what has been juft faid, 
 fuppofe ten pieces printed with the fame ob- 
 ject, cither large or fmall, in deep red ; ten 
 *»ore in the fecond red; and ten more in 
 the paleft. Now here, it is not rxecaufe there 
 appears the fame body or mifc of colour in one 
 as in the other, that an equal quantity of mad- 
 der is neceffarily alike for each ten pieces, for, 
 if there be barely enough to bring up the paleft, 
 there will not be enough for the fecond, and 
 itill lefs fcr the darkeft : and, invciting the 
 rule, by having a fuiBcient quantity to bring up 
 the darkeft, there will be more than fufficient 
 for the pale fhades, and confequently fome mad- 
 der will be wafted, from the amnion not being 
 fo ftrong in the pale fprigs, through their con- 
 taming a fmalter number of aftringent atoms, as 
 in the darkeft -fprigs which have confldeiably 
 more. J 
 The 
 
 (3^) This wonderful property, of affinity in 
 Chemi% is deemed different from the Newtonian 
 grand doctrine of Ccelettal attraction ; the former 
 
 tmg on fmall particles proximate to each other 
 the latter on large bodies at great dirlances; and 
 born the:, properties arc diftinft, in certain cafes, 
 from terrellrial attraction, the property of weurht 
 or principle of mechanics. P Y L 
 
I ! 
 
 Of Madder ing. 
 The above may be likewife inftanced in a 
 piece of pale blotch work, and a piece of 
 dark ; as in the dark blotch, there muft be 
 a greater number of aflringent particles, and 
 confequently their powers of attraction more 
 multiplied than thofe in the pale blotch, from 
 having a lefs quantity. In common engraved 
 copper-plate work, this is evident in what is 
 called the fpewing of the colour; but it is par- 
 ticularly fo, in the tinted work lately introduced; 
 for whether done in black, chocolate, blue or 
 olive, according as the colour is received 
 by the cloth from the lightly tinted parts, it 
 fbews different fhades; hence in thefe cafes, as 
 the colour is not previoufly thinned, it can 
 only be occkfioned by the aftringent particles 
 being more difperfed than in the dark places, oi\ 
 in the -grounds. 
 
 It may be lubjoined that there are cafes where 
 the coppefman may be deceived in forting the 
 pieces. -See note 21. Indeed it ishere aflerted, that 
 the leading principle in copper work is properly 
 forting them. As to the common wonder of 
 printers, that pieces of the fame pattern, colour, 
 &c. do not come up alike, See colour making, 
 under the article of the application of colour by 
 
 printing. 
 
 1 REMARKS 
 
Of Maddering. 
 
 R E M A R K S, &c. 
 
 In maddering, 3 certain diftincYions mould be 
 made, tho' the copperman as juMaid, mould know- 
 how to make more according to the lightnefs or 
 heavinefs of the work. The three alluded to, are 
 dark grounds, clofe covering work, and light 
 grounds; but in this difVinction it is impoflible 
 to afcertain here what quantity of madder to 
 ufe, as a copperman who has attended the previ- 
 ous proceffes, if the cloth has been well ma- 
 naged in other refpe&s (faying nothing about 
 what has been.juft difcufled) will bring up work 
 with nearly half the quantity that fome others 
 will; for too many if left to themfelves, rarely deal 
 out madder with a fparing hand, (33) However, 
 
 it 
 
 (33) At a certain Ground (the writer thinks 
 Newton's) where madder is by no means fpared, 
 the Principal percieving one night a light near the 
 Copperhoufe, found, on going thither, the Copper- 
 man in the drug-room, adding more madder to 
 what had been weighed out for him ; and it ap- 
 peared, on enquiry, to be only for the purpofe of 
 infuring his reputation as a Copperman, on the 
 
 principle 
 
V 
 
 — — 
 
 
 a 
 
 Of Madder ing, 
 
 it may poffibly be faid, if it be of a good fpc'ndin e 
 fort, heavy work may require feven or eight 
 pounds to a piece, and for light work from 
 four to fix. But all this, as obferved refpeS- 
 mg aihing, fouring, &c. muft depend on dif- 
 cretion or other circumftances ; for written 
 documents cannot provide for every courfe of 
 work. 
 
 As to the general mode of procefs, according 
 to the iize of the copper, the courfe of work, or 
 dimenfions of the goods, tie up more or lefs, 
 rarely more than ten of light work, but iefs of 
 heavy: bring the copper to a fcald( 3 4) in about an 
 
 hour 
 
 principle above mentioned, of thinking he 'could 
 not ufe too much. It muft be fuperfluoua to add, 
 repeated circumftances of fuch a nature are of fbme 
 pecuniary concern, efpecially where much work is 
 done. 
 
 (34) Tn * s term of a fcald is much ufed by com- 
 mon coppermen, as they build their merit and certainty 
 of effect on their judgment about it ; and here un- 
 doubtedly they are right ; though few precifely 
 Know why; for in this procefs, as well as in afliing 
 cr fouring, there is a certain iniknt of time when 
 
 the 
 

 Of Madclerlng. 
 
 hour and a half, and keep it in that ftate till 
 the colour has fufficiently rifen. With light 
 goods this firft fcald will anfwer for fumaching. 
 
 After this fcalding, have them planked or 
 warned, then enter them in fre/h madder, and 
 bring the water to a boil in about an hour; but 
 great caution mull be taken that the colour is 
 
 raifed 
 
 the effect is accompli died, which, chemically fpeak- 
 ing, is the point of faturation, (fee note 1 6) and to carry 
 the procefs on further mull: be injurious, or, at any 
 rate, fupcrfluous ; which point of time is when the 
 noxious or obflructive fubftance is decompofed or 
 removed ; from an aflimulution with the alkali or 
 acid then ufed. 
 
 In -the fixing of colour, it is- when the combinat'.on 
 of the falts and colouring particles is forn.ed ; for, 
 as in ihe preparation, if there be any alkali or acid 
 remaining in the copper, after the noxious fubftance 
 is removed, it either has nothing to aft on, or it 
 muft act on the cloth. So in maddering, or welding, 
 if the cloth be kept in beyond the point of fat u ra- 
 tion, or the water be too hot, the red or the yellow 
 will probably be dingy, or otherwife injurej as well 
 as the other colours, from the colouring particles 
 aftiug with other powers, than their merely colour- 
 ing ones. See note 16. 
 
I 
 
 Of Madder in g. 
 
 raifed before the work is taken -from the copper • 
 and it may bb obferved that too much boiling 
 will extract a brown from the madder itfelf 
 which of courfe muft debafe the work. 
 
 After this fecond procefs, have them waihed, 
 ^en bran them and after being well warned in 
 theflream, fake them off in the barrow, and 
 have them fnitchelled up for the purpofe f 
 draining previous to being laid on the parks, 
 
 Branning is fuppofed to fmooth the furfa^e of 
 the colour, by removing intervening particles 
 that might render it othewife.-*-See note 6 in 
 the retrofped (35) 
 
 After 
 
 
 (3 5) ^ is too common in the country, for pur. 
 pofes wci! known, to ufe bgwood and brazi', and 
 weldJikcwife in a mode not proper tod ifplay; the 
 
 work of courfe cannot be very reipeclable. ' But 
 even this is better than the frequent flufhed up 
 colour* or thofe pale ones, put in on a chymick 
 principle, chiefly in work which is to be hurried up 
 to town (fee note 10 in the Retrofpeft at the end 
 of Colour-making) but thefe practices, it is hoped, 
 for the credit of the bufmefs, are falling into decay, 
 
 as 
 
Of Maddering. 
 
 -After the procefs of branning,the goods ihouU 
 not be fuffered to lay long in the heap, if they 
 be, they muft fuffer from the fermentation that 
 will naturally arife.(36) As to the proceffes of 
 fumaching, woalding, &c. they being fimilar in 
 refpea to ftriking the colour, excepting that 
 
 fome 
 
 as more fully obferved further on. As to branning 
 but a few pieces at a time, it certainly is an' im- 
 provement ; as among the modes practifed in the 
 country (at leaf! more fo than about town) goods are 
 frequently branned fo much white (and bran liquoB 
 may be converted into fours in a certain time) as to 
 be deemed fufficiently pafTable : and indeed in fome 
 clofe covering kinds of work, the goods may be fo 
 much branned, as to need little if any graffing : 
 but then (as jufl faid) fuch work will always be 
 diftinguifhed from that which has a good white. — 
 See note 37. 
 
 (36) A natural confequenceof a heap of vegetable 
 matters, as well as animal, laying together, accord- 
 ing to their humidity, and their acid or alkaline 
 qualities, is a heat arifing in the middle, which by 
 degrees fpreading more and more, will at length 
 putrefy or rot them ; this intcftine motion difintan- 
 g'.ing the acid or alkaline quality from the earthy 
 
 and 
 
% 
 
 
 Of Madder in r. 
 
 fome articles give out their tinging qualities 
 very eafily, it would be almoil a repetition to 
 fpeak of them. I„ rincing and ftream - 
 
 of pencilled and chemical colours, the chief 
 coniidcration is throwing them In quickly and 
 keeping them in motion ; and efpecially in 
 teaming, that the pieces be kept as clear of 
 each other as poffible till the work be pretty well 
 cleared. 
 
 Cleanlinefs 
 
 
 and oily parts, that till then retained in them. Some- 
 thing like this happens in foaking white goods (as 
 mentioned before) and it may here be added, that 
 white goods as well as when finifhed, mould not be 
 piled up too damp, nor in too damp a place ; and at 
 any rate they fhould be examined at times, or ftaina 
 at leaft will be the conference. It may even be 
 faid, that the injury whire goods may thus receive 
 (as what are called mildews, are the firil 6ages of 
 putrefaction, or rottennefs) may affecl the prepara- 
 tion and printing, 
 
 The modern anti-phlogiffie or pneumatic theory 
 o£ Chemiftry, including Dr. Prieftly's celebrated 
 difcovenes, have thrown fome light on the fubjert 
 ofputrefaclion and its preceding ftages ; though 
 ftill it is far from being fatisfaftorily developed — 
 See the fubjea difcufled by Fourcroy Vol. 3 —Sec 
 likewife Higgins on the acetous acid, air, & c . 
 
Of MaJdcrlng. 
 
 Clcanlinefs haying been repeatedly mentioned, 
 as a grand point of copper work, the copper man 
 here is particularly advifed to it in the firft in- 
 ftance of fupplying the copper with water, for if 
 taken from fome firearm, various matters maybe 
 brought down that may do confiderable injury. 
 And in ground refervoirs or ponds, it fhould be 
 noted that there be no influx of filth of any kind, 
 and especially that they be not near ponds or 
 other places where afhed or foured goods are 
 rinced, for fear fuch foul waters find their way 
 to them. (37) 
 
 (37) Speaking of what may come down in a 
 fiream, the following circumftance which happened 
 fome time ago is quite in point. As a number of 
 pieces were rincing, printed in chymick colours, to 
 ihe furprife of the rincer, he found the colours 
 changed. The caufe on examination appeared to 
 be from a quantity of afli and other matters from 
 the clearing- of the coppers, coming down with the 
 fiream from an adjacent dye-houfe. 
 
 As the purity or certain quality of water is of 
 great conference, whether for Colour-making, 
 Copper-work, or Fielding, it is juft intimated, thatitl 
 gravity being generally in proportion to its purity, 
 the common hydrometer will difcover it In Berg- 
 man's works, his experiments on waters, in order to 
 
 remove 
 
>7 
 
 Of Madderlng 
 
 remove impurities, and render waters fit for various 
 purpofes, are truly of importance to Callico- 
 Printers, Dyers, and all who ufe confiderable 
 quantities of it ; and in this cafe (as well as in 
 others) if it were not from the fear of doing- a par- 
 ticular injury, it could here be fhewn, from expe- 
 riments actually made by the writer himfelf, which 
 Printing-grounds in the vicinity of London, ,are 
 more or lefs fortunate in that refpect.* In facl, it 
 is matter of wonder this has not been more an ob- 
 ject of enquiry among Callico-Printers and others, 
 where the goodnefs of water is of fome concern ; 
 efpecially as little trouble and expence are re- 
 quired to render impure waters in certain cafes, 
 and in certain quantities othervvife. 
 
 Perhaps the lingular effe&s (as has bern obferved) 
 of waters in India are owing to high degrees of 
 purity, through a friendly interference of nature; 
 and, as applicable to the fubjecl, it is mentioned as 
 no fecret, that at , tpital Printing-ground near 
 town, the waters of a very copious fpring, which 
 for a time had been ufed for Fielding, were at lad, 
 by accident, found not to be fo efficacious as the 
 water that was rejected.— A Printing-ground could 
 
 be 
 
 
 * Amov.g >ht works referred to, may be found the 
 modes of dor-; it. If this > thought too expojing, let 
 thofe *wl '■■, arc not fottunate In this cafe ^ endeavour to 
 remove the complaint ; as the methods are there Jhe<wn. 
 
 ILL. 
 
Sv 
 
 Gf Madcl 
 
 err,:?. 
 
 be even pointed out, where the waters are of afaline 
 quality, and the ill effe&s even acknowledged. 
 
 To philoibphical men it is juft hinted, that pro* 
 bably the modern difcovcries refpecting air, might 
 be turned to fome advantage in nice operations, if 
 the wonderful properties of water impregnated with 
 fixed air, be confidercd. But to expatiate further 
 on thefe points would be entering into too large a 
 field, the reader is therefore referred to the works 
 mentioned over-leaf, or advertifed at the end, tor 
 that information which would be perhaps aukwardly 
 exhibited here if comprcfied.* Thefe remarks how- 
 ever, muft fliew the ufcfulnefs of philofophy, and 
 the advantage the arts acquire where its aid is ob- 
 tained : and hence the fuperiority of many opera- 
 tions on the Continent, where fuch a combination 
 is encouraged : indeed, the merely mechanic arts 
 cannot afgire to improvement without it, nor 
 proceed with certainty, even in common operations, 
 from the very obvious reafon of us implying the ne- 
 ceffity of thinking as well as acting. 
 
 Thefe obfervations like wife include the great ne- 
 ceffity of regarding fituation, particularly informing 
 Bleaching or PrintingGrounds; for,as parti) obferved 
 already, it is morally impofubie to command brilli- 
 ancy of operative effect, if (beiides what is above 
 intimated) they lay under difadvaritages arillng 
 
 from 
 
 ^ * Some pa ticulars nvill be found preceding the 
 Compendium of Chemiflry. 
 
Of Aladchring. 
 
 from denfe vapours, or grofs fuliginous matters, 
 varioufly impregnating the contiguous part of the 
 tmofphere. — See fome thing to this effecl notes 6 
 and 7. — In fliort, without pure water, and puTe 
 •drug's, operation is uncertain, and the effects dis- 
 creditable. 
 
 N. Y>, Thofe who defire information on thefe 
 heads, and others equally important, are here de- 
 fired to confuk Bergman's Chemical Eflays on Air, 
 Water, &c. Prieftly on Air ; Fourcroy's compen- 
 dious ftatemerut of General Theories and Experi- 
 ments relating to them ; Cronftedt's Mineralogy * 
 andHiggins on acetous Acid, Air, Sec. 
 
 It is however here faid, that allum, Saccharine 
 acid, lime, galls, fixed alkali, &c. are the agents 
 for detecting impurities in waters ; it is like- 
 wife faid, however ftrange it feem, that vats and 
 other certain receptacles of waters fhould not 
 often be cleared from the green matter that 
 gathers on the bottom and (ides. And this obferv- 
 vation may be perhaps applied to ditches, io the 
 fedgy matter is not floating, nor liable to be taken 
 up with the gittern, as it is faid to imbibe the 
 phlogifton from the air. — See Prieftly particularly. 
 
 It may not be quite foreign to this fubjccl to add, 
 that Dr. Prieftly fays the air which he procured 
 from a Callico Printing-ground (moil probably the 
 Printing-fliop) was the raoft offenfive of all the Spe- 
 cimens that he pn cured from different manufacto- 
 ries. — See fomething to this purpofe in P achat's 
 Effays on the air of Manehefter. 
 
. 1 » II ' 
 
 
 Of Grafs - bleaching, or 
 Fielding. 
 
 •TjTAVING fppken of bran - bleaching or 
 il fouring as fubfequent to maddering, and 
 obferved (in a note) that by the improved raode 
 of branning but a few pieces at a time, a white 
 is almoft procured without laying the pieces 
 down (though that it need not be faid is not 
 proper to be done in all cafes) it remains now 
 to fpeak of laying cloth down to clfcar the ground 
 or other parts, from the fuperfluous particles of 
 colour ; it is therefore obferved that this effect ap- 
 pears to be chiefly accomplished by evaporation^) 
 and raoft effe&ually in fun-iliine and moderately 
 windy weather, the heat -of the fun opening the 
 pores and thereby giving egrefs to the colouring 
 particles, detained in them till then; hut in dull 
 wintry weather, it. is well known, the proceis 
 whitening goes on very flowly ; there beim 
 power by heat to diflodge thofe particles 
 without it, watering is infufficient ; the 1 
 
 (35) Perhapi inhalation by the air may be r 
 proper, evaporation being more applicable to a 
 mical procefs. 
 
1 
 
 Of Grafs-bleaching or Fielding. 
 •that operation being only to advantage when 
 combined with the heat of the fun ; one power 
 infinuating itfelf into the pores'of the cloth, and 
 the other continually exhaling the watry parti- 
 cles, bringing away every time, fome of the 
 fupernuous colour, and leaving thofe that by the 
 adion of the binding or contraaing quality of 
 the acids are with-held ; though even thefe it is 
 known, were the procefs carried on too long, 
 would be removed in fome degree ; efpecially if 
 the work confifl: of pale or tender colours. 
 
 It has been before faid, that attention mould 
 be beftowed on the quality of the water, that it 
 be light, foft, and free from filth ; it likewife is 
 iieceflary to attend to the quality of the foil of 
 the field ; for the facility and fuccefs of the 
 operation depend on the mutual action of heat 
 and watering ; therefore the drier the foil, or 
 the more gravelly it is, the water .will fooner 
 pafs through it, and the heat on the furface will 
 not be fomuch oppofed as otherwife. (36) Smoke 
 or vapours from very foul boggy places, may be 
 faid to be injurious, if frequent, and in great 
 quantities. 
 
 It is noticed, that cloth does not get white fo 
 foon in windy weather as in fHil funfhine ; 
 therefore, it appears that its influence penetrates 
 
 the 
 
 (36) It is here offered as an opinion, that parks 
 fcould be Hoping- from the middle. 
 
\ 
 
 Of Grajs- bleaching or Fielding, . 
 
 the inward parts by its evaporating power, while- 
 wind only dries it, and in a manner prepares it 
 for fucceeding operations of watering.; for wind 
 alone, efpecially if cold, would clofe the pores 
 of the clotlr; but the power of heat naturally 
 a&s to the contrary ; and in the cafe of evapo- 
 ration, it feemsthe particles are partly diflodged 
 by water, and. then- finally drawn out as thofo 
 particles rife up. 1 
 
 In many places on the Continent, itrange as 
 it may feem, the printed goods are never watered, 
 and to this dry bleaching it is owing that in 
 moil foreign printed goods, little colour is fee n 
 in the back, particularly in what is called Swifs 
 chintz ; but then the texture of the cloth is un- 
 avoidably nearly deuroyed. 
 
 It is a particular circumftance to attend to in 
 printing-grounds, where printed goods are wa- 
 tered (which the writer thinks is every where 
 the cafc in this country) that the water be not 
 hard, nor tinged by any mineral quality ; one 
 realon for not watering on the Continent, may 
 be, the waters there abounding with mineral im- 
 pregnations ; indeed about London, work done 
 in fome places, is clearer in . the white, from 
 the fuperiority of the waters f and it is well 
 known the foil in general in the north, from its . 
 
 mineral; 
 
^,«" 
 
 Of Grafs-bleaching or Fielding* 
 
 mineral quality, is unpropitious to producing a 
 good white, and without a good white no work 
 can appear perfect. — See note 6; 
 
 That a deal depends on the foil and water is 
 further evident in the cafe of foreign articles, 
 particularly fome fromlndia ; for ata place called 
 Seconge, the waters have, it is faid, a furprizing 
 tendency to whiten the cloth,(37) and of <:ourfeto 
 render the colours more brilliant, hence goods are 
 brought thither from diftant places for that pur- 
 pofe, as likewife to two or three other places on 
 he fame account 
 
 (37) This may be confidered philofophically as 
 well as merely mechanically, the fenfation of colours 
 being caufed by certain reflected coloured particles, 
 or rays of light #riking the eye, according as cer- 
 tain fubftances are difpofed to receive thofe particles, 
 thus, a bright colour lying by a dull one, the rays 
 from each being intermixed with each other before 
 they reach the fight, the bright colour helps to enliven 
 the dull one* and the dull one deadensthe bright one, 
 fo in painting, it is not fumcient that fhadows be pro- 
 perly difpofed, but that every colour, according to its 
 ctuantity or proximity to another, communicates a 
 portion to the parts near it, receiving; at the fame 
 time,according to the law* of reflection and refraction, 
 a portion likewife from the other. 
 
Of Grafs-blcachir.g or Fhlding*. * 
 In managing the field-work, the great concern- 
 is to put thofe kinds of work in the fame parcels, 
 that will take the fame time to be brought white; 
 that in fine open weather they are kept re- 
 gularly watered, particularly work with delicate 
 colour, and that the water be kept ffee from 
 fedge and other filth ; the other common pro- 
 ceffes of laying down, (38) ginning, taking up, 
 drying, &c. every common fieldman is fuppoled 
 to be acquainted with, and therefore dwelling on 
 thofe circumflances is deemed unnecefTaty. 
 
 Before this faction is clofed, it is repeated, and 
 begged it may be remembered, that in refpect to 
 particular proceffes, little is offered as pofltivc, 
 the difference of thinking and acting among difF- 
 erent practitioners rendering fuch confidence ab- 
 furd (fee note „ ia) but here it may be faid, 
 that the rejection or adoption of any mode of 
 practice, is no further demonflr-ative of propri- 
 ety than as it is, or is not,, in confequence of a 
 rational investigation of the object, therefore thofe 
 who fimplify any fet of operations, (not from par- 
 
 fimonious views) but on the principle that nature 
 
 ^ uni- 
 
 (3SJ It is a pity tms part is not better attenued , 
 to, than it is in general, in preventing the ill-effects 
 of high wind, as a little extra trouble would accom- 
 plilh it, either by laying the work down in fmall 
 parcels, or by means of moveable laths or ropes, or 
 trees, hedges, &c. placed as fcreens. 
 
Of Grafs-bleaching or Fielding, 
 
 univerfally obferves in the fources of her opera- 
 tions, is alone likelyto fucceed, and (as particu- 
 larly obferved further on in refpect to experimental 
 colour makers) deferves credit even if he be un- 
 fuccefsful ; for certain it is, that in all mechanical 
 operations, as well as natural (however complex 
 they may appear) there is a fimple point, on 
 which they all move, or from which they fpring 
 and branch out, and from this confideration 
 the man of acutenefs and reflection, whatever 
 may be the fubject of his employment, will 
 trace every part through its connections and 
 dependances to this firft movement, this effential 
 point, this actuating principle, and thence back 
 again to its ultimate intended effects, endeavour- 
 ing accordingly to remove what is fuperfluous, 
 and fupply what is deficient ; while on the other 
 hand, the man who proceeds in the vague un- 
 informed manner, fo often reprobated in this 
 work, foon feeling his deficiency in this requifite 
 chain of knowledge endeavours tocompenfate for 
 it, by repeated alterations of every kind, merely 
 in the blind hope of accidentally {tumbling on 
 what is proper.C^q) , ^^ 
 
 (39) Thus, in all chemical operations, they are to 
 be traced to the agency of the four fimple elements; 
 and, to come quite home, in producing fixed colours 
 on cloth ; it is to be traced to the fimple operation 
 of an aftringent. 
 
Of Colour-Making y 
 
 AS obferved in the introduction to Cop-- 
 per-work, fo here it is faid of this fub"" 
 jeer, that the chief intention in treating of it, 
 coniifts more in an attempt to enforce the con- 
 fide-ration of its principles, than in a wifh to ex- 
 hibit a number of recipe's or other fimilar de- 
 ceptive and inefficacious modes of filling up this 
 publication : It is however begged to be noted, . 
 
 that . 
 
 (i) There is no avoiding thus mif-naming this 
 operation, cufbm has fo eftablifhed it, for (as obfer- 
 ved before) what is cal : ed colour-making is but 
 preparing the means to procure the colour from the 
 colouring materials (in dyeing it is really,and pro- 
 perly called the preparation) and even in chemick 
 colour-making, where there is not the procefs of 
 boilings it is not always juft; for even in that 
 cafe the fubftance imparted to the cloth is not exactly 
 what it will be in refpect to colour when rinfed, or 
 otherwifc brought up ; indeed fomc of thofe cafea 
 
 feems 
 
I 
 
 ,ls 
 
 Of Colour - Making, 
 
 that though in this light the fubjed is affected to 
 be^treated, it is" not to be underftood as addVeised 
 to the fcientiflc reader only, for that would he 
 equally ufelefs in refpe& to thofe to Whom it is 
 
 par- 
 
 feems an invertion of the procefs, being, as in thf 
 inftance of liming, brought up or ftruclc by a non- 
 colouring article.— See note i, to Copper-work. 
 
 It is agreed that the art or myftery of colouring 
 Various articles was in ufe among the ancients', and 
 in fome inftances they excelled us-, at leaft it feems 
 our mode of operation is but little different both in 
 refptfet to preparation and .finifhing, though fome 
 parts of their knowledge is certainly loft to us ; it 
 is however certain, that they u fed other fubfUnces 
 lo What are in prefent ufe; the preemption of this 
 being the cafe, is taken from the writings' of very 
 ancient authors, particularly the Greeks, and from 
 fome who have written expreffly on the fubject. 
 
 The Greeks, it is certain, diftinguifhed the opera- 
 tions of preparation and colouring, by terms exactly 
 to the fame import as with us, as relative to opening 
 the pores of the fubjecl: of to be coloured,the confide- 
 jration of the colour, and then the fixing of it; and 
 that in the practice aifringents were ufed as amongfr. 
 
 us 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 particularly directed ; as Callico-printers and 
 thofe employed by them, have other confidera^ 
 tions in plenty to attend, though people in ge- 
 neral, and fome theorifts in Chemiflry, think 
 the whole buiinefs, or at leaf} the confideration 
 of it, is comprized in producing colours ; but 
 at prefent, moft printers are contented with the 
 mode as adopted in common, or elfe reconcile 
 themfelves to it from not having either ability, 
 opportunity, or inclination, topurfue it further ;. 
 their view being to gain fomething by what is 
 known and attainable, rather than to devote 
 much time to the uncertain effects of fpecula- 
 
 tion 
 
 us. From them it is probable it pafled to the Ro- 
 mans; and their colour-makers or dyers (for here 
 the terms are to the fame meaning) made ufe of a 
 fpecies of fucus, which fixed the colours as firmly 
 as is done by any modern* procefs ; this plant is to 
 be found in this ifland, it is, however, not deemed 
 proper for whitening, of linen. 
 
 The ufe of allura, tartar, lime, and other aftrin- 
 gents were known tothe ancients, though perhaps not 
 exactly for the purpofe we ufe them ; what is faid 
 of them could be introduced here at length, but for 
 xca&ns feveral times given, it is deemed fuperfluom.- 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 Tion. Of Dyeing, it may perhaps be faid, the 
 chief matter to ftudy and practife is this article 
 of procuring and conveying colours ; but before 
 colour is conveyed to the cloth in printing, there 
 are procefTes to be obferved and to acquire a pro- 
 per knowledge of, more difficult to attain than 
 the mere art of colour-making, according to the 
 prefent accepted practice of it ; and in truth, to 
 fpeak from a certainty, the imperfections of 
 printing, and even the mifcarriages of printers, 
 originate as mud), or more, from their inattention 
 to other circumftances or departments, or their 
 ignorance of them, than merely that of colour- 
 making. See the obfervations on putting on, 
 and at the end of the flrft volume. 
 
 It is however 'certain, notwithstanding, that - ^ 
 from the great number who practife it, and with 
 fome reputation, who have very little acquain- 
 tance with chemifhy, there feems perhaps no 
 neceffity for it ; yet in order to attain a proper 
 knowledge of the principles of this department, 
 it isindifpenfably neceflary (particularly with the 
 affinities of faline and metallic fubflances) other- 
 wife the practice of it rauft be attendedwith con- 
 fequences vague, tedious, and unnecefTarily ex- . 
 
 pen five. 
 
 However, be this ftatement confidered as juft 
 
 or not, the writer, as he- has all along affected to 
 
 blend 
 

 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 blend advice with precept, /hall preface what he 
 has to advance refpe£ling the confideration of 
 colour-making, by addreffing himfelf to thofe 
 who are attached to making experiments', with- 
 out any principles to dirjcl them, which nega- 
 tively may be of fome fervice ; as by pointing 
 out what cannot be done, and wherein lo many 
 have bewildered themfelves, it may mew the 
 fallacioufnefs of certain operations, and in con- 
 feqnence divert their attention from that mode, 
 
 which ultimately will not anfwer the deli red , 
 purpofe. 
 
 As to laying down rules for making colour, 
 or exhibiting a great number of recipe's for that 
 purpofe (as obferved more fully in other places) 
 it would not avail much, but on the contrary, 
 might 4.0 confiderable injury, by throwing out 
 a ftimulus to numbers who vaguely dip into the 
 practice of colour-making, particularly in che- 
 mical proceiTes ; and hence too frequently dedi- 
 cate their time and attention to what in the end. 
 bring di appointment and regret. 
 
 As to the modes of imparting colour to the 
 cloth, the confideration of then, is reducible to a 
 fmall compafs, as it concerns the principle of 
 colour-making for CaUico-printers, their prepa- 
 ratory 
 
, ■ 
 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 ratory mixtures not running into that great di— 
 verity, in refpedl to the number of fhades, ag 
 r.mong Dyers. (2) It may neverthelefs be faid> 
 that one part of Callico-pi /mting is Dyeing* 
 though not called by that name, notwithstanding, 
 the colour is communicated but in a partial de- 
 gree ; dveing being generally undcrilood as co- 
 louiing the whole extent of the fubje&, having, 
 previoufly immerfed it in the preparation liquid ; 
 but here a method mufb be ufed to convey this 
 preparation (called colour, and by an operation 
 called printing)to the cloth in certain lines,fhap£S 
 and bodies, fo that only fliapes are vifible when 
 the work is finiihed ; and here it is, that the 
 feallof the Colour-maker is vifible; for though,, 
 by his memory or recipe's, he is informed that 
 
 certain 
 
 (2) It is not here meant that printers are to bo 
 retrained in this refpett ; they undoubtedly wifk 
 &r as many colours as they can procure ; but the 
 difference alluded to is, as obferved a little be- 
 fore in a note, that the mere producing of colours, 
 as with dyers, is not their only object., Callico Prin- 
 ters having to exhibit a certain defign, confifting of 
 flowers, figures, &c. on the cloth, therefore, unlefe 
 the writer is very miftafcen, here is certainly a 
 difference. 
 
Of Cohur - Making* 
 
 certain proportions of iron liquor, allum, facrum 
 faturni, and- fo on, properly applied^ produce 
 certain effects ; yet the manv undefcribeable cir- 
 cumftances neceffary to be attended to, render 
 that department fo extremely difficult to fnnport 
 in aproper manner, that very few indeed; are found 
 adequate to it, (3) even where no attempts are 
 made at improvements, fearching - for new- 
 colours, or more advantageous modes of mix- 
 tures ; though in facl to attempt this (as hinted 
 before) is the height of folly without a fufficient 
 knowledge of a chymical analyfis of what is al- 
 ready in practice ; as without fuch a knowledge, 
 experiments^ null be inconchifive, and there is. 
 little hope of advantage from them, but by 
 downright chance ; and this leads to obferve on 
 the many initances we have of f'ch experimen- 
 tal practitioner*, and their little fuccefs in pro- 
 portion to the boafts (4) that have been made of 
 
 procuring 
 
 (3) See further on, where fome hints are addrefled 
 immediately 'to the colour maker. 
 
 (4) Here the writer,in his ufual unreferved man- 
 ner, intimates the entertainment he has received 
 when he has heard fome Colour-makers in dif- 
 
 courfe ; 
 

 0/ Colour - Making* 
 
 procuring durable colours by the fimpleft opera- 
 tions ; that is, as mull: be underftood by every 
 one in the printing bufinefs, without being 
 brought up in the copper ; for it does not much 
 enhance the value of that operator, who by fome 
 addition to the articles, with which another has 
 produced a certain colour, or by fome deviation,, 
 or retrenchment from them, if he can make it 
 bear two or three more wafhings, for flill it can- 
 not . 
 
 courie; what was generally advanced being mere 
 boafis of what each other knew beyond the reft, . 
 without touching ©n the principles of colour-making, 
 for almoft every mafter printer and every colour- - 
 maker will fay, and probably believes, he is pof-. 
 fe/Ted of fome advantage in this cafe over every 
 other ; by which, to confider it in a general man- 
 ner, that is, in every one poffeffing fomething ex- 
 traordinary ; it would feem as if on the whole 
 nothing was wanting on this fide perfection, but 
 that is well known not to be the cafe ; and it often 
 happens, and every mafter Printer is appealed to for , 
 its truth, that when recipes" have been purchafed, 
 it is rarely till after many experiments they derive 
 advantage from them, and very often nothing can 
 be made of them at any rate.. 
 
 MM 
 
Of Colour - Making. • 
 
 not be called permanent, though it may be deemed 
 faft enough. (5) But the' principle ofmoft chemick 
 operations or falfe colours, being little more than 
 certain folutions combined with certain fubitances; 
 with which every dabbler in chemiftry is acquaint- 
 ed with, it would appear like affectation to dwell 
 much upon it ; (6) every one of thofe that make 
 fuch rretenfions will moil likely talk highly of 
 his recipe's and experiments ; but great indeed is 
 the experience requifite to afcertain the effects of 
 chemick procefles, as that o»ly can be done by 
 bringing them into practice fo as to execute 2 
 courfe of work with fome certainty of the opera- 
 tions not failing. 
 
 It is far from the writer to wifh to leflen or dif- 
 courage any laudable attempts toward any im- 
 provement, but thofe whom he treats thus cava- 
 lierly, aje of a clafs diftinguimed in the printing 
 bufinefs by an appellation too ludicrous to be here 
 
 mentioned 
 
 (5) Thisphrafe is in every chemical printers mouth, 
 and fome deem it fo, and perhaps in fome cafes it 
 is fo. if it will endure two or three warnings. , 
 
 (6) See at the clofc of this fection a few thoughts 
 on the prob.ible eflfecls of an univerfally adopted 
 chemical mode of printing, if it could be attained, 
 
Of. Cdour - Making* 
 
 
 
 mentioned, as it is not likely much fervicc or 
 improvement can be educed from their vague 
 experiments ; as for thofe who proceed on ration- 
 al principles, whatever may be the fate of their 
 refearches, they are, and ought to treated with 
 adequate refpetf: ; but if they do fuccecd, their re- 
 putation mult be in proportion , as little progrefs is 
 yet made toward the point defired in proceeding, 
 eyen en the mofl fcientinc grounds. 
 
 Purfuingthis Idea further, fome will undoubt- 
 edly -fay, who knows what may be produced from 
 a -number of experiments, if only by mere chance? 
 as many difcoveries originate more from accident 
 than dehgn ; bui: Hill, all this is not a fufficient 
 apology for making. experiments without certain 
 principles at hand to proceed by, for without 
 them, the practice mud be lefs pleafant, lefs 
 likely to beYtfkctive, and what is of great concern 
 indeed, lefs likely to be attained with little ex- 
 pence ; but here it unfortunately happens, that 
 of the greater number of fuch experimentalifts, 
 is 'included thofe, who have a faiattering of the 
 practice from having been afliltants to a colour- 
 maker, or otherwifehave caught the idea for the 
 practice, and purfue it eagerly, though under 
 every difad vantage ; another clafs is among prin- 
 cipals 
 
Of Colour- Making* 
 
 cipals themfelves, who having ingredients at hand, 
 rufh into the pra&ice of combining and com- 
 pounding one thing with another, juft in the 
 fame manner, and upon the fame uncertain 
 grounds; the confequence, undoubtedly, is much 
 anxiety and embarraflment, with very little be- 
 nefit: as for the idea (juft mentioned) of fome- 
 thing turning up by chance, that is too abfurd to 
 give it countenance fo as to recommend a feries of 
 experiments from fuch a hope ; but advice in this 
 particular it is apprehended will not be of much 
 avail, moft perfons in this cafe, imagining that if 
 they have but opportunities of making-experiments 
 or feeing the refult of them, or what is fometimes 
 •worfe, getting together a number of reccipes, 
 they may fave themfelves the trouble of ftudying 
 the theory or principles of what they undertake ; 
 for the idea of ftudying and ftoring the mind with 
 certain regular ideas, carrying with it that of 
 much labour and time ufeleffly employed, 
 very few indeed by choice enter into it : but wa- 
 ving all this, it may be faid, that even in fuch a 
 vague courfe of practice, it would not be fo dis- 
 creditable or unprofitable/if either clafs,juft Speci- 
 fied, regularly made a point of transmitting to pa- 
 per 
 

 n 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 per the fequel of their experiments, ( 7 ) as even 
 that would be of fervice, fince by fo doing, they 
 might, at all times, fee where and how they have 
 failed, or where they have gained any advance, 
 and accordingly might afterwards proceed upon 
 furer grounds: but even this is feldom done, 
 though at all times neceffary, under every circum- 
 flance,,ndeed it cannot be of much uft, unlefs the 
 minutes are accompanied with proper refleaions 
 on the probable caufes of their failure or fuccefs. 
 
 To all this it may however be faid, there are 
 many who cannot attend to inch a mode ; in fa&- 
 fome petitioners are hardly able to write, and 
 _. Principals 
 
 (7) This brings to the writer's rccolkaion his hav- 
 ing read a book, he thinks calledMarlballVMinutes of 
 Agriculture; which in point of utility to theiarmer, i. 
 a thcufund times beyond a. dry fciemincal dif- 
 ou.imon of the fubjed ; as it contains a great 
 number of obfervations apparently tranfmitted to 
 paper as they occur, fome of importance, and fome 
 but tnvtal, ( r „ l ea ft as might fo 
 
 n-anv) but thefe praflical obfervations, as fuch, 
 ".nft be evidently of u fc, and the more fo, „ they 
 are adapted to, he capacities of ,h„fe for whom they 
 were intended to be ufeful. ' 
 
1 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 Principals have in general enough elfe to mind 
 to dedicate much time for that purpofe ; hence is 
 another reason why little benefit is reaped from 
 luch a chaos of uncertain or inconclufive ex- 
 periments. 
 
 After dwelling upon this inconclufive mode of 
 pradice and the confequent circumflances, it 
 may not be improper, by way of illuflration, to 
 intimate in a general manner wherein fuch prac- 
 tices fail, and then a word or two will be offered 
 as recommending a properer mode of proceeding. 
 
 It is firfl obferved, that the fubflances capable 
 of producing ctfours, are ahnoft infinite ; fothat 
 the field being very large, the mere dabbler has 
 too much opportunity of fruitlefsly making at- 
 tempts^: Some fubflances give out colours that 
 can be removed by foap, fome will oppofe that, 
 but cannot refill air ; and fome cannot be moved 
 by either ; now refpetfing fubfi-ances that are not 
 permanent or fall (according to the common 
 phrafe) and known not to be fuch by a number 
 of experiments; fome perfons have endeavoured 
 to improve on them by joining a durable one to 
 them ; blending them as intimately as poffible, 
 from a preemption that the weak fubHance 
 
 would 
 

 Of Colour - Making* 
 
 would have received affiftance from the other ; 
 but it has always followed that the falfe colour- 
 ing fubltance foon flies off, leaving the perma- 
 nent one behind : Some have endeavoured to pro- 
 cure a permanent one, by flrft putting on a 
 fading one, and covering it afterwards .with a 
 permanent one, on a fuppofition that the perma- 
 nent one would fecure it, and by being exter- 
 nally fituated, might defend that beneath it or 
 within it, or at lead that it would operate in 
 that manner for fomc time, fo that there might 
 be a little longer durability to the fading one, 
 but this likewile will not anfwer ; and in the 
 practice of ufing acids, fome by endeavouring to 
 mix various ones together, without knowing 
 their qualities or affinities, have found the effect 
 of one deftroyed by the effect of the other, like 
 folution of. tin and cream of tartar, or folution of 
 tin and facrum faturni, as the marine acid 
 will quit the tin and join the . faccharim, the 
 acetous acid being at the fame time fufpend- 
 ed by it, is of no effect on the tin : — fee ex- 
 periments of this kind further on ; others 
 
 have had a notion that a mixture of different 
 faits will keep the colours better ; but it is 
 proved to have a direct contrary effect: : hence 
 when they have acted in this manner, without 
 any pofitive knowledge of the principles of this 
 
 part 
 
\ Of Colour - Making. 
 
 part of chemiftry, they have made fuch a eon- 
 fufed mixture, that it was impoffible to know 
 which ingredient, or what number of ingre- 
 dients caufed the mifcarriage; much lefs to 
 know in which was the efficacious property fought 
 after. Now, in this cafe, it may be further laid, 
 a neceflary circmnftance is omitted, and that is, 
 firft of all to try. what effect each fait has on the 
 colouring fubftance in regard to their fimilarity 
 of effect or appearance, for in knowing this, 
 there is the greater chance of fucceeding. But, 
 if perfons will plunge themfelves into a practice 
 of making experiments, let them begin with 
 making them firft, with fimple folutions or ex- 
 tracts upon feperate vegetable or mineral fub- 
 jects, making fuitable remarks upon each re- 
 mit ; though even that will not be fufficient, 
 nnleis the qualities of the lolution are alike, or 
 a previous acquaintance with them be obtained, 
 fo as to know their different effects in point of 
 flrength, or time of operation ; and this implies 
 an abundance of food for obfervation, from the 
 various mixtures that may he made only of one 
 article ufed as a bafis, if confulered in its dif- 
 ferent degrees of flrength or purity, and the dif- 
 ferent fubjecls it may have to act on. How- 
 ever, by proceeding in this fimple manner, they 
 
 may 
 
 
Of Colour - Making, 
 
 may then unite or multiply them. But if 
 they proceed here in too precipitate a manner, 
 they will prefently be bewildered, as it muft be 
 clear from the above ftatement, even to an in- 
 different perfon, into what numberlefs channels 
 the fnnpleft mixtures of fimple fubjecls with 
 each will run ; and much more fo when com- 
 pound ones are taken; hence without fome clue 
 in this praaice, the fame indifferent obfervers 
 muft as plainly fee, that fuch operators muft very 
 quickly find themfelves in an inextricable laby- 
 rinth, hemmed in with doubts and difficulties, 
 and if they proceed, it will be more from a 
 fhame of going back, than from a hope of getting 
 into any regular channel. 
 
 In proceeding now to the intimation o£a more 
 proper mode of making experiments, it is pre- 
 mifed, that the confideration of colours (as may 
 be fuppofed) is exhibited only as relative to 
 printing, hence it chiefly alludes to thqfe that 
 are permanent or fading, as applied to linea or 
 
 other fubftances of the fame kind. 
 
 By 
 
 II 
 
\ 
 
 I 
 
 Of Colour - Making* 
 
 By permanent colours, every one in the print- 
 ing line confiders thofe that are not to be re- 
 moved by foap, fun nor air ; the others are of va- 
 rious kinds, as fome withftand warnings, but 
 will fly on the air ; others will withftand nei- 
 ther, and others only for a little time; but what 
 is of the raoft concern is, that, witli few excep- 
 tions, thofe colours that are the moft permanent, 
 are the leaft brilliant ; though for this, it may 
 perhaps be faid, that entering hut into the fu- 
 perfices of the fubjecl: made ufe of, the colour- 
 ing particles are more crouded together; and 
 confequently exhibit their rays more glowingly 
 than if more difperied or feparated ; which mull 
 be the cafe when entered (as is fuppofed in the 
 cafe of permanent ones) into cells adapted to re- 
 ceive awd retain them ; and the more compound 
 the colour is in refpect to its ingredients, it is 
 the lefs vivid, and lefs likely to be durable. 
 
 As to what bold fpeculatifts, or even expe- 
 rienced practitioners may fuggeft, our know- 
 ledge of the nature of colouring fubftances is 
 very limited ; or if we know fomcthing of any 
 fubftance in one ftate, that fubftance, when fe- 
 parated, will prefent a new appearance in its fe- 
 parated parts, and fo on ad infinitium ; hence, 
 
 L likcwife 
 

 ' 
 
 •Of Colour - Making* 
 
 likewife is our knowledge very fmall indeed in 
 judging or determining on the refult of thofe 
 applications of one fubftance with another, for 
 the purpofe of difcovering or fixing of colours. In 
 fimple proceffes, inftances are very rare of perma- 
 nency, but of any combination of ingredients, 
 when one article feems to bid defiance to the 
 great proofs of air and fun, there is the obj eel: 
 for investigation ; and therefore in colour- mak- 
 ing* a great point is to difcover thofe articles 
 that naturally poflefs thofe permanently tinging 
 qualities, or that can eafily, and in the fimpleft 
 manner be procured by a combination with fome 
 Other. 
 
 As it is not certainly known, nor perhaps will 
 it ever be, why fome colours fade, and others 
 will not, fuppofitions have been formed, fpe- 
 cious enough (as already exhibited) though 
 they are received not as being indifputable, but 
 only as the bell or moft rational, that can be 
 given. 
 
 The moft remarkable inftance of fimple fub- 
 ftances for giving out their colour, as it were 
 
 fpon- 
 
■■ 
 
 Of Colour - Making, 
 
 fpontaneoufly, was in the tyrian dye, (8) which 
 had power enough of itfelf, (imply to communicate 
 to filk and fome other fubftances, a colour as 
 firmly as can now be procured by any procefs 
 whatever: Other inftances are in the folutions 
 of indigo and filver ; the latter when mixed with 
 
 chalk 
 
 (8) In the Spanifh feas is found a mell-fiih that 
 refcmbles the antient purpura, the purple dye is in 
 its throat ; Cloth of Segovia i* dyed with it, and 
 >ears a high price. The colour from the fifh when 
 firft laid on linen, is a light green, which by the air- 
 is changed to a dark one — in a few minutes to a fea- 
 green— a little while longer into a blue — from that 
 it turns to a purplifh red — and in an hour or two 
 to a deep purple ; here the fun has no more power, 
 but by warning it in fcalding water and foap, and 
 drying it, the colour ripens to a beautiful bright 
 crimfon. 
 
 The Americans of Peru and Chili had, knots of 
 wool, which by the variety of their colours ferved 
 for characters and writing ; the knowledge of thefe 
 knots was called guipos, and was one of their greatelt 
 fciences. 
 
 The Otaheiteans procure a beautiful crimfon by 
 mixing the yellow juice of a fpecies of % with the 
 juice of fern. 
 
Of Colour - Making* 
 
 chalk turns the fediment to a purplifh black 
 when expofed to the fun, or rather the action 
 of the fun's heat is the caufe ; the other cir- 
 cumftance refpecting indiga, is perhaps more 
 known to callico printers, in the folution at firir. 
 appearing green, 'but on expofure to the air turn- 
 ing to a blue, as obferved in another place. 
 
 Having fpoken of the vague and inconclusive 
 ©perations of many, the following difplay of the 
 inftitutes of chymiflry in view of eftabliming 
 one on a firmer bafis, is humbly offered, which 
 will be followed by a few thoughts immediately 
 relative to the practice of what is the fubject 
 of this feet ion. 
 
 
 It has been faid, that an acquaintance with 
 chemiftry is indifputably neccnary for a colour- 
 maker to have, but it muft be underftood not in 
 every divifion of it ; as chemiftry, in its exten- 
 five fignification, compriz.es confiderations that 
 have little to do with the fubject of this trea- 
 tife ; therefore the elementary parts and princi- 
 ples only will be juft touched on, as leading 
 to what is the principal object of it, 
 
 that 
 
1 
 
 Of Colour - Afaking, 
 
 will require 806 times that bulk of air to be of 
 the fame weight, taking the air in its common 
 ftate, the bulk as before faid, being continually 
 fufceptible of change, 
 
 W A T E R.- 
 
 This is a tranfparent and in lipid fubftance,- 
 and fluid or folicl according as affected by heat or 
 the privation of it; its natural ftate is fuppofed 
 -to be folid, and rendered fluid only by heat ; ex- 
 pofed to adlual fire, it acquires a certain heat 
 (by boiling) beyond which the greate'ft force of 
 fire can never raife it; the effecls of dilatation 
 (as when a fmall quantity is thrown upon metal 
 m fufion) are occaiioned by the air it is fuppofed 
 to contain, and like air it enters into the com- 
 poiltion of molt bodies, except metals and mi- 
 nerals, as it is only fuppofed to be interfperfed 
 between their parts, without entering into their 
 conipoftion. 
 
 E A R T H. 
 This element is different from thofe juft men- 
 tioned, in being fixed ; they being volatile, c* 
 oaiily feparated by the adion of fire, from the 
 bodies with which they may be united ; hence 
 earth abfolutely pure cannot be affe&ed by any 
 
 •peration 
 

 
 Of Colour - Afakirrg, 
 
 operation , and refills the utmoft force of the 
 flrongefl fire, being the caput mortuum, or that 
 fubflance left after a chymical procefs, which to 
 all perception cannot afterwards be changed. 
 Earth may however be divided in refpcct to its 
 qualities, into verifiable and unvitrifiable ; one 
 that will melt by fire and become glafs, and the 
 other that will remain unaltered, fuch as fand's, 
 which are likewife called abforbents, from their 
 quality of imbibing liquids* 
 
 FIRE. 
 
 This element is divifible into that which is 
 concluded to originate from the. fun, and that 
 which is called phlogi&on, as being univerfally 
 held a sonftituent part of any body : that coming 
 from the fun may be called a fluid fubitance un- 
 interruptedly flowing from him, and dirrufing 
 itfelf through the whole planetary fyflem, and 
 every particle of matter in it, but not as a native 
 principle ; hence it may be fuppofed the air itfelf 
 would become a folid mafs without this interve- 
 ning and active principle ; its rarefaction and 
 condenfation, with the dilatation of water, and 
 fimilar effects produced in the eartli originating 
 from it ; and in all our operations it is the moft 
 powerful agent, and when collected in the focus 
 
 of 
 
 
Of Colour - Making, 
 
 of a large lens, is at the greateft pofl&ble height 
 producible by human art. 
 
 , What is underftood by. phlogifton feems to be 
 different, being apparently fixed to all bodies, fo 
 as to make a part of them ; but how fo a&ive, 
 or, as it were, fo reftlefs a fubftance can be fo 
 fixed, is not yet determinable, as it differs from 
 elementary or pure fire (juft fpoken of) in com- 
 municating neither light nor heat when joined 
 to any other fubftance, and produces no change 
 in its fiate ; fo that a folid body becomes not fluid, 
 nor a fluid folid, by its abfence. The fign ot 
 any fubftance containing phlogifton, is its being 
 capable of taking fire ; but, as in the cafe with, 
 metals which abound, with it, and which are 
 not inflammable, it is not thertce inferred they 
 have. none. Thus a body may be faid to contain, 
 its phlogifton, when after a flame fubfides it 
 fparkles or wafies, till reduced to a coal ; and, 
 adverting to the fubjeel of colours, it is known^ 
 that the number which we perceive is owing to 
 the varied combination ofphlogifton, with oils, 
 earths, and falts. 
 
 The 
 

 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 The next general confideration is, that of Se- 
 condary principles, ( 1 1) which are conititutcd 
 chiefly of faline and oily parts; and as all the 
 experiments that have been made, prove there is 
 fuch a mutual agreement, connection, or depen- 
 dance on one part with another, the knowledge 
 of what fubftances thus agree or difagrec, under 
 their various^ccmbinations, forms (as mufl be 
 clear to every one, and which has been repeatedly 
 enforced) the foundation of fbine certainty in 
 making experiments for any purpofe whatever ; 
 but before that can be known, in refpect to parti- 
 cular fubftances, the nature of this univerfal 
 affecYion mould be conceived, and likewife what 
 are the affinities of the different claffes of fub- 
 ftances which comprehend the fpecies belonging 
 to them ; therefore the folio wing poftulata 
 or proj>oiit4ons received as fundamental truths, 
 
 (fimilarto axioms in mathematicks,or maxims' in 
 common life;) and the table or fcheme of affinities 
 which will afterwards follow, have been formed 
 
 for that purpofe. 
 
 I. Any 
 
 (i i) So deemed as containing yi analyzation of 
 fubftances more fimple than what.they help to form, 
 and are yet compoled of primary principles. 
 
Of Colour-making, 
 
 I. Any fubftance having a conformity with an- 
 other, the two will unite and form one com- 
 pound. 
 
 2; All Ample fubftances have affinity with each 
 other, and will confequently unite; fuch as 
 water with water, fire with fire, &c. 
 
 3> Subftances when united together Iofe fome 
 of their refpectivc properties, and the com- 
 pounds refulting from their union partake of 
 the properties of thofe fubftances which ferved 
 as their principles. 
 
 4. The fimpler fubflances are, their affinities are 
 more perceptible; hence it is raoft difficult to • 
 analyfe bodies that are the leafl compounded. 
 
 5. If to a compound, confuting of two fubflances,. 
 a third be added that has» no affinity with one, 
 but has a greater with the other, than the firil 
 2 combined have with each other, a new de- 
 compounding, and a new union mull en- 
 fue. (11) 
 
 (11) Thus if you pour vitriolic acid on com- 
 mon fait, the mineral alkali having a greater attrac- 
 tion for the vitriolic acid thai for the marine; 
 
 Uivcs 
 
- Of Colour - Making, 
 
 6. A third fubftance offered to a body confining 
 of two, no decompofition may follow ; but the 
 two uniting with the third, without quitting 
 each other, may form a union of three princi- 
 ples ; prefuming the third fubftance has an 
 affinity, or nearly equally fo with each of the 
 other fubftances.(i3) 
 
 7. Though a compound confuting of two fob-' 
 fiances, having a greater affinity with each 
 other than with a body prefented to them, may 
 not be decompofed by it ; yet that body, when 
 combined with another, liaving an affinity 
 
 with 
 
 leaves the latter and unites with the former. The 
 vitriolic acid is alfo faid to have a ftronger attraction 
 for the mineral alkali than the marine acid'has : 
 hence the former acid is faid to expel the latter from 
 its bafis ; or it may be faid demonstratively thus ; 
 If A being united with C, upon B's being after- 
 wards applied to them, lets go C and joins B, A is 
 faid to poffefs a greater attraction for B than C. 
 
 (13) Thus when pure calcareous earth (lime) is 
 duTolvcd in the nitrous acid (aqua fortis), a cauftic 
 volatile alkali will not difunite them, becaufe the 
 att ra&ion of the alkali with the acid il not fo ftrong 
 a« that of the calcareous earth* 
 
 
{ 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 with it, compen fating for its want of it with the 
 others, may fepafate the two, by uniting with 
 each of them ; therefore in this cafe there is a 
 double affinity, a double decompofition, and a 
 double combination. (14) 
 
 What next follows is a table of affinities, or 
 elective attractions, of one fubftanee to another, 
 or a more fpecific representation of the fubitances 
 juft alluded to, in the relation they are obierved 
 to have with other as productive of thofe appear- 
 ances that enfue by their operation on or with 
 each other ; the fubftances in each- column' or 
 divifion are placed in the order they agree with 
 that at the top : thus in the firft divifion, Vitri- 
 olic Acid ftands at the top ; accordingly the 
 fubftanee that has the neareft affinity to it? is 
 
 JPhlogifton 
 
 (14) Thus, to pure calcareous earth diflblved 
 in nitrous acid, <as above) let aerial or vitriolic acid 
 be added, and the effect is obtained ; the xrial acid 
 a&ing en the earth on one hand, while the alkali 
 acling on the nitrous acid on the other, diminishes 
 the cohefion of the earth with the nitrous acid to 
 fuch a degree, that the volatile alkali is now able to 
 unite itfelf with the latter acid, and expel the 
 earth. 
 
T 
 
 Of Colour-making, 
 
 Phlogifton ; Fixed Alkali haslefs than Phlogifton; 
 Cak. Earth lefs than Fixed Alkali, and fo 
 on. (15) 
 
 Vitriolic Acid,. 
 
 Phlogifton 
 
 Fixed Alkali 
 
 Calcareous Earth 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Iron 
 
 Tin 
 
 Copper 
 
 Quickfilvcr 
 
 Silver 
 
 Volatile Alkali 
 
 Magnefia 
 
 Earth of Allum 
 
 Nitreus Acid* 
 Phlogifton 
 Fixed Alkali 2 ' 
 Calcareous Earth 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Iron- 
 Lead 
 
 Tin 
 
 Copper 
 
 Quickfilvcr 
 
 Silver 
 
 Volatile Alkali 
 
 M 
 
 anne 
 
 (14) It may be intimated, that all Chymifts io 
 not agree in the juftnefs of thefe affinities in particu- 
 lar cafes, for in this iaftance .(as well as in the in- 
 ftancc of printing, and indeed in all human fciences) 
 circumftantial differences will ever happen, fmce 
 the perceptions of hardly two perfons are affe&ed 
 alike. 
 
Of C»t6ur-m*king, 
 
 Marine Acid, 
 
 Fixed Alkali 
 
 Calcareous Earth 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Iron 
 
 Lead 
 
 Tin 
 
 Copper 
 
 Reg. of Antimony 
 
 Quickfilver 
 
 Spirits of Wine 
 
 Volatile Oils 
 
 Gold 
 
 Sulphur, \ 
 
 Fixed Alkali 
 
 Calcareous Earth 
 
 Iron 
 
 Neckel 
 
 Copper 
 
 Lead 
 
 Tin 
 
 Silver 
 
 Reg. of Ant. 
 
 Quickfilver 
 
 Arfenic 
 
 Liver ff Sulphur- 
 is partially dectm- 
 fo'fed by 
 
 Quickfilver 
 Solution of Fix. Alk, 
 Lime Water 
 Vol. Alk. 
 
 >. i m 
 
 Fixed Air, 
 
 Calc. Earth 
 Fix. Alk. 
 Magnefia 
 Vol. Alk. 
 
 Alkaline Salts, 
 
 Vitriolic Acid 
 Nitrous Acid 
 Marine Acid 
 Acetous Acid 
 Vol. Vitriolic Acid 
 Sedative Salt 
 Fixed Air 
 Sulphur 
 Expreffed Oils 
 
 CaUa- 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 Calcareous Earth. 
 Vitriolic Acid 
 Nitrous Acid 
 Marine Acid 
 Acid of Tartar 
 Acetous Acid 
 Sulphureous Acid* 
 and fedative felt 
 Sulphur 
 
 Metallic Subjlances, 
 Lead, and Reg. of 
 Ant. excepted. 
 
 Marine Acid 
 
 Vitriolic Acid 
 
 Nitrous Acid 
 
 Sulphur and 
 
 Acetous Acid 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Vit. Acid 
 Mar. Acid 
 Nit. Acid 
 Acet. Acid 
 ExprefTed Oils 
 
 Reg. of Ant. 
 Vit. Acid 
 Nit. Acid 
 
 Mar. Acid 
 Acet. Acid 
 
 Arfenic. 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Iron 
 
 Copper 
 
 Tin 
 
 Lead 
 
 Silver 
 
 Gold 
 
 Reg. of Antimony 
 
 (with Metals.) 
 Iron 
 Copper 
 Tin 
 Lead 
 Silver 
 Gold- 
 
 Quickfilver. 
 Gold 
 
 Lead and Tin 
 Copper 
 
 Zinc, Bifmuthj and 
 Reg. of Ant. 
 
Of C§kur - Making* 
 
 Silver* 
 
 Spirits of Wine 
 
 Lead 
 
 Mild Alk. Salt and 
 
 Copper 
 Iron 
 
 fome Neutrals 
 
 Spirit of Wine. 
 
 
 Water, 
 
 Water 
 
 Fix. Alk. 
 
 Oils and Refins 
 
 In confequence of heat, fedative fait decompofe 
 tartar and fea-falt, phofphorus acids decompofe 
 vitriolated tartar, nitre and fea-falt. 
 
 Inftances of double elective attractions. 
 
 As where the two compounds being mixed, 
 •hofe oppofite to each other, as they are here 
 exhibited, unite and form double affinities. 
 Acids. •* „Vol. Alk. 
 
 Calcareous Earths, 
 
 or 
 Metallic Subltances. 
 
 Vitriolic or Marine 
 Acid. 
 
 Alk. or Earth. 
 
 Fixed Air 
 
 Mercury, Silver, or 
 Lead. 
 
 Nit, or Mar. Acid 
 
 Lead. - - - 
 
 Nit. Mar. or acet. 
 Acid 
 
 Vit. Acid 
 
 Alk. Earths or 
 Metallic Subftances 
 
I 
 
 
 
 Of Colour -Matin*. 
 
 Silver 
 
 Vit. Mar. or acet. f 
 Acid. 
 
 Nit. Mar. or acet. " 
 Acids.. 
 
 Calc. Earth. - 
 
 Fixed. Air 
 Fixed Alk. 
 
 Vol. Alk. Magnefi.v 
 or Faith of Allum 
 
 Vit. Acid . 
 
 Inftances in Diftillations and Sublimations, and 
 that require heat. 
 
 Vol. Alk. - "< 
 
 - 
 
 Fixed Air 
 
 Acids. - - 
 
 * 
 
 Calc. Earth 
 
 Vol. Alk. - - - 
 Vit. Acid. - 
 
 4 
 
 "Nit. Mar. or acet. 
 Acid. 
 
 Fix. Alk. 
 
 Vol. Alk. - 1 
 
 r Acet. Acid. 
 
 Nit. Mar.or Vit. 
 
 Acid. 
 
 j 
 
 < Fix. Alk.orabfor- 
 bent Earths. 
 
 Reg. of Ant. 
 
 
 'Mar. Acid. 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 > < 
 
 Quickhlver 
 
 Inftances in Mixtures by Fufipii., 
 
 Tin - -Y 
 
 V 
 
 'Iron 
 
 Silver - 
 
 > 
 
 Lead 
 
 Copper 
 Gold. - - 
 
 \ 
 
 ' Sulphur 
 1 Lead 
 
Of Colour -Making. 
 
 Metallic Subftances 
 Gold - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Reg. of Antimony 
 
 - The affinities or attractions here difplayed are 
 cither in the humid or dry way ; the humid is, 
 when one, at lea ft, of the fubftances is fluid in 
 the heat of air, or a heat but little beyond ; the 
 other is, when to produce a fluidity, the appli- 
 cation of burning fuel is neceffary. 
 
 Example In an injlance of Jingle attraction. 
 Apply to cinnabar and iron filings, a certain 
 heat; the mercury of the cinnabar will rife, and 
 leave the brimftone, its other element, combined 
 with the iron, which it attracts in preference 
 to the mercury. 
 
 Example In an injlance of double attraction. 
 
 Unite mercury with common fait, by means, of 
 a like certain degree of heat, a new compounded 
 combination will commence among the fub- 
 ftances : by the marine acid of the common fait 
 joining the quickfilver of the mercurial fait, 
 forming a new fait called corrafive fublimate, 
 while the mineral alkali of the common fait 
 ■unites with the vitriolic acid of the firft mercu- 
 riaJ fait, and forms what is called Glauber's fait. 
 
^^— I 
 
 
 Of Salts in General, 
 
 or Saline Subf1ances y 
 
 comprifing Acids, Alkalies and Neutrals, 
 
 O ALINE fubftances are combinations of earths 
 ^ and water, or they are combinations capable 
 of uniting with either of them, or with both to- 
 gether, for all falts are refolvable into earth and 
 water, and the more or lefs they are united to 
 their earths, they are fixed or volatile, which 
 circumftance makes the difference between acids 
 and alkalies. Acids are the fimpleft of falts, 
 uniting readily with water, are fharp to the 
 tafte, and have the diflinguifliing property of 
 turning vegetable blues and violets red. 
 
 Alkalies have a greater proportion of earth than 
 acids have, and have lefs affinity with water, but 
 unite violently with acids, producing an effervtt-- 
 cence and hi (Ting ; they are fiery and acrid, to 
 the tafte, and turn vegetable blues and. violets 
 green. 
 
 Neutral 
 
Of Colour Making* 
 
 Neutral Salts are formed from the union of an 
 ;acid and alkali, by which union they rob each 
 other of its properties, which are then fo blended 
 that neither predominates, and which inti- 
 mate union is called the point of faturation: they 
 produce no change in the blue colours of vege- 
 tables, and are neither acrid or four, but fait, 
 fuch as is the taile of kitchen fait, and are ge- 
 nerally known by the plain general term of 
 falts. Imperfect neutrals are thofe in which 
 either the acid or alkali predominate. 
 
 Of the univerjal or vitriolic Nitrous and 
 Marine Acids* 
 
 The univerfal acid, according' to its name, is 
 found diffufed in the waters, in the atmofphere, 
 and in the bowels of the earth, but feldom pure 
 or unmixed with other fubftances; what the 
 greateft quantity is collected from is vitriol, 
 hence it is called the vitriolic acid ; and when it 
 contains only juft phlegm enough to give it a 
 fluid form, it is called oil of vitriol; if it contain 
 much water, it is called fpirit of vitriol * 
 when it has not enough to render it fluid, it is 
 called the icy oil of vitriol. 
 
 This acid combined with a certain abforbent 
 earth, with the nature of which we are unac- 
 quainted 
 
Of Colour Making, 
 
 quainted, forms a neutral fait called allum ; dif- 
 fering in quality according to the earths with 
 which the vitriol is combined : An alkali being 
 prefented to allum, the acid will quit the earth 
 and join the alkali, and from the junction of the 
 vitriolic acid, with a fixt alkali, a neutral fait is 
 formed, called either arcanum duplicatum, or 
 variolated tartar ■, one of the fixed alkalies mofl 
 in ufe, being fait of tartar.-— See Maddering, and 
 note 27. 
 
 The conjunction of this acid with phlogifton 
 forms fulphur. 
 
 Nitrous Acid, 
 
 This is no other than the vitriolic acid com- 
 bined with phlogifton, by the agency of putre- 
 faction, at leaft fuch is the received opinion, the 
 nitrous acid being found only in earths and ftones, 
 impregnated with matters fubject to putre- 
 faction ; when combined with chalk, ftone, mar- 
 ble, 6cc.it forms a fait, that does not chryftalizc, 
 which runs in the air, per deliquium, r and is de- 
 compofed by fixed alkalies, with which the acid 
 unites and quits the earths, and from this union 
 refults falt-petre. 
 
 The raoft remarkable and diflingurfhing pro- 
 perty of nitre is its difpofition to unite with 
 
 phlogifton, 
 
Vf Colour Making. 
 
 plribgifton, in its pureft /late, fuch as char-coal, 
 fulphur and metallic fubftances ; thence burfting; 
 into a flame with great noife,. called its detona- 
 tion or deflagration, in which cafe the acid is 
 diffipa'ted, and the alkali which is left is called 
 fixed alkali. 
 
 A nitre isto be procured by dropping into fprm£ 
 water, a folution of fixed alkaline fait, filtrating 
 the*liuuid and evaporating it to a certain decree. 
 
 Afarine Acid sr Sea-Salt* 
 
 Iq refpeel to the conftituent parts of this acid, 
 wherein it differs from the vitriolic and nitrous, 
 it is not certainly known, no more than it is 
 wherein they differ from each other ; but when 
 combined with abforbent earth (lime or chalk) 
 it forms a neutral fait, that does not chriftalize, 
 and when dried, attracts the moifhire of the air : 
 This acid, like the others, has lefs affinity with 
 earths than with fixed alkalies, but as well as 
 the others have, it has a greater with phlogifton; 
 and- when combined with fixed alkali it forms a 
 neutral fait which fhoots into cubical chryftals 
 and is inclined to run in the air. 
 
 The acid of this fait when freed from its bafis, 
 is called fpirit of fait, and when containing little 
 
 phlogifton, 
 

 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Of Colour Making* 
 
 phlogiflon, it is called the fmoaking fpirit of 
 fait," from its then continually emitting vapours. 
 
 Combined with phlogifton, a kind of fulphur 
 is the refult, that takes tire on being expofed to 
 the air, called phefphorus of urine, being gene- 
 rally prepared from urine. 
 
 India fupplies us with another acid called bo- 
 rax, which flows and takes the form of glafs,and 
 pofleffes fome of the properties of fixed alkali. 
 
 LIME. 
 
 Any fubftancc that has been roafled in a ftrorig 
 fire without melting, is called a calx ; flones, 
 (which are fubftances compofed of different 
 earths) reduced to this ftate is called lime; this 
 applied to fixed alkalies make them more active 
 and renders them corrofive or cauftic, and from 
 which the common cauftic ftone is prepared : 
 Lime unites with all acids, and chryftalizcs with 
 the marine, but not with the nitrous. 
 
 Quick lime attracts the air like concentrated 
 acid, and dry fixed alkali, but not fo as to render 
 it fluid ; it only takes the form of a powder, and 
 is then called flacked lime ; when once flacked, 
 though it feem ever fo dry afterwards, it requires 
 a violent calcination to feparate the water from 
 
 it, 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 it, which it had imbibed. Sand is mixed with it 
 in making mortar, or it would otherwife con- 
 tract and confecjuently crack and break. 
 
 In Chemiltry it is deemed holding a middle 
 
 rank between abforbent earths and fixed al- 
 kalies. 
 
 Metallic Subjlances. 
 
 Thefe confirt chiefly of a verifiable earth 
 combined with phlogifton, and are therein fu- 
 fible ; they are likewife ponderous, opaque, and 
 fparkling : a third principle is contended for by 
 fome chymills, called mercurial earth, but it is 
 doubted to exiftby others. 
 
 Metallic fubitances readily unite with mofl 
 acidsj and in that cafe an ebullition with va- 
 pours ari.fe ; by degrees the metallic particles 
 become inviiible in their folvents, and the metal 
 is then faid to be difiolved ; but, as with alka- 
 lies, an acid can only take up fuch a portion as 
 is fufficient to defiroy fome of its properties, and 
 to render others weaker. The affinity that me- 
 tallic fubftances have with acids, is lefs than 
 
 M what 
 
I 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 -what they have with abforbent earths and fixed 
 alkalies, fo that the acid which will unite with 
 ihefe fubftances, will decompound the metalline 
 falts, and precipitate the metal, which are then 
 called precipitates and ma&erkries. 
 
 Metallic fubftances are 6 in number, 2 perfect 
 viz. Gold (Sol) Silver (Luna) and 4 imperfea, 
 viz. Copper (Venus) Iron (Mars) Tin (Jupiter) 
 andLead (Saturn ;) Quickfilver (Mercury) is by 
 fome, called a feventh metal. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 As metals are the heavieft fubftances known, 
 gold is the heavieft of all, and when pure, is 
 unalterable in fire as far as any experiment hath 
 hitherto proved* neither can it be diflblved by 
 any pure acid ; but only by the acid of nitre 
 niixed with that of fea-falt, called aqua regia. 
 Goldislikewife the moft du&ile and moil: mal- 
 leable of all metals. 
 
 Aremarkablecircumftance,andasyetnotclearly 
 accounted for, is the fulminating quality of the 
 precipitate by an alkali or abforbent earth, 
 gently 4ried and expofed to a certain degree of 
 
 heat j 
 
 lit 
 
Of Colour - Making* 
 
 heat; this is called aurum fulminant ^ but the 
 acid of vitriol poured on it, will deprive it of 
 that quality, as will likewife be the cafe, if it be 
 cleared of its faline particles, which, warning it 
 in water will accomplish. 
 
 Gold is not arlecred by a pure fulphur when 
 combined with an alkali. 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 This metal is the next perfect to gold, being 
 lighter and lefs du&ilg, but like gold it refifts 
 the greateft force of lire, in which is their fu- 
 periority over all metals : The true folvent of 
 filver is the nitrous acid, the chryflals formed 
 thereby are particularly cauftic ; it is likewife 
 foluble bv the vitriolic acid, if it be concentrated, 
 but fpiiit of fait, a»d aqua r^gia, as well as the 
 other acids, are not capable of affecting it : yet 
 in reality it has a greater affinity with both, than 
 with the vitriolic ; for if the vitriolic or marine 
 acid be added to a folution of filver in the 
 nitrous, the hlver will direaiy join it, and the 
 precipitate procured by the marine acid, is called 
 Luna Cornea : Fixed alkalies and abforbent 
 earths will feparate the filver from the nitrous 
 acid, though the nitrous acid cannot ad on it 
 when mixed with an equal quantity of gold, but 
 
 when 
 

 Of Colour Making* 
 
 when in a triple proportion it can with eafe : If 
 aqua regia be employed when they are in equal 
 quantities the feparation will be effected, by the 
 gold being diffolved and the filver left free ; but 
 the operation by aqua fortis is to be preferred, it 
 having no effect on gold, and a little of the fil- 
 ver is always taken up by the aqua regia : Silver 
 united with fulphur foon flows, and forms a 
 mailable mafs, the colour of lead :— Solution of 
 filver in the nitrous acid ftains hair, bones, 
 wood, &c. from a brown to a black, and gives a 
 ftaia to marble and other ftones. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 This is the firft of the imperfect metals, it 
 refifts fire a long time, unites readily with gold 
 and filver, and is foluble in all the acids, neutral 
 falts, and even in water; to fome imparting 
 a green colour, and to others a blue : diffolved 
 in vitriolic acid it forms blue cryflals, called 
 blue vitriol or vitriol of copper : diffolved in 
 aqua regia, the marine or nitrous acid, it forms a 
 fait which does not cryrblize, and runs in the 
 air: The precipitates by alkalies or earths re- 
 tain 
 
 
Of Colour Making*- 
 
 tain nearly the colour the folution gives : 
 mingled with nitre and expofed to the fire, as 
 well as the other imperfect and femi-metals, it is 
 fooner decompofed and calcined than if prefented 
 alone : mixed with fulphur and made red hot, it 
 foon melts and forms a new compound more fu- 
 fible than alone. 
 
 r R O K. 
 
 This metal ftands alone for its property of 
 being attracted by the magnet, but lofes it if 
 reduced to a calx, or converted to an earth : by 
 repeated melting it is rendered purer than by 
 having only undergone fufion, but is not malleable 
 till after being heated red and hammered in all 
 directions : before this procefs it is called pig- 
 iron but bar-iron afterwards ; and is then harder 
 to fufe : Fufing it with articles that contain 
 phlogifton, or enclofing it in phlogifton matters, 
 and expofmg it thus in juft a red hot flate for a 
 certain time, it is converted into fteel or harden- 
 ed: Suddenly quenching it when red-hot in a cold 
 liquor, the hardnefs is augmented, and that in 
 
 portion to the heat of the metal and coldnefs 
 
 of 
 
Of Colour - Making, 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 1 V 
 
 
 of the water ; it may be brought back by ceme n- 
 ting it with calcined bones, chalk, &c. rendering 
 it red hot and leaving it to cool gradually, or if 
 heated alone, and left thus to cool, the temper 
 given to fteel is deflroyed. Iron being calcined 
 turns to a yellowifh crufV, by lofing its phlogif- 
 ton, and is then called crocus mmrtls or faffron of 
 mars. All acids, as well as certain falts, alkalies, 
 and water itfelf, operate on it, but the vitriolic 
 acid diffblves it t,he readieft, rendering the folu- 
 tion of a beautiful green ; the cryflals produced 
 by which are called green vitriol, vitriol of mars, 
 or copperas : Ochre is the fediment produced 
 from green vitriol difTblved in water : Spirit of 
 nitre duTolvcs iron with eafe, producing a brown* 
 ifh yellow, but the calx formed by this folution 
 cannot be a fecond time diffblved, for having 
 loft its phlogifton, the nitre will not act on it, 
 neither does this nitrous folution cryltallize : 
 The folution by fpirit of fait is green, the va- 
 pours of which are inflammable, as well as thofe 
 caufed by the vitriolic acid: the folution in aqua 
 regia is yellow. 
 
 Iron having a greater affinity with fpirits of 
 nitre and fpirits of vitriol, than either lilver or 
 copper has, if offered to a folution of either, the 
 
 lilver 
 
Of Cohur Making*- 
 
 filver or copper will precipitate, by the acicf 
 quitting them and joining the iron : Jron filings 
 expofed to the dew, turn entirely to a ruft, 
 called crocus martis aperiens : united with fill* 
 pliur, it acquires a great degree of fufibility: 
 Iron makes a part of almoft all fubftances (which 
 the magnet will difcover) it is found in the caput 
 mortuum of all vegetable fubftances, even in 
 honey, the earth being fuppofed to be impreg- 
 nated with a ferruginous or vitriolic matter, and 
 from thence received into vegetables, and from' 
 vegetables it paries into> animals: It is the 
 only metal that fparkles in the focus of a burn- 
 ing glafs. 
 
 „ TIN. 
 
 This is the lighten: of allmetals, has but little 
 du6r.il ity and runs long before it is red hot : 
 The calx when vitrified, being mixed with fome 
 ©ther fubflanee is called enamel, which is differ- 
 ently coloured by means of other metalline 
 calces : Tin unites with all metals, but deftroys 
 their ductility and malleablenefs, lead excepted : 
 Thofe the moft ductile it effe&s the fooneff, 
 and in the greatefl: degree: Bronze and bell- 
 metal are made from a compofition of this metal 
 with zinc ; mixed with lead it produces pewter, 
 
 ajid 
 

 
 
 I' 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 and is ufed With quick-filver in making looking- 
 glaffes. 
 
 The vitriolic, nitrous and marine acids have 
 an affinity with it, but cannot eafily ciiffolve 
 it, as they only reduce it to a kind of calx : 
 The proper folvent (as mentioned more fully 
 further on) is aqua regia, and has even a greater 
 affinity with it than with gold; Gold precipi- 
 tated by tiiis method is a mofl: beautiful colour, 
 and ufed as a red for porcelain and enamelling : 
 It has the property of giving red colours in ge- 
 neral, hence tin veffels are ufed in making fine 
 fyrup of violet. It is not affected by water as 
 iron and copper are, but it lofes its polifh on ex- 
 pofure to the air : It readily unites with fulphur. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 This is the heavieft of all "metals, gold and 
 filver excepted, is fofter than any, and except 
 tin, melts the eafieft : Vitriolic acid affects it 
 nearly as it does filver ; the nitrous acid diffolves 
 it with much eafe, and in great quantities ; the 
 cryftals are of a fweet tafte, of a yellowiih co- 
 lour, and are not eafily diffolved in water : 
 Spirit of fait, or the fait in fubftance, added to 
 the folution in nitrous acid, produces a white 
 precipitate called plumbum cornea, which dif- 
 folves 
 
 k. 
 
■U^MW 
 
 Of Colour -making, . 
 
 folves eafily in water : Being melted, it hardens 
 into a kind of horny fubflance, like the luna 
 cornea (whence the name:) Lead boiled a long 
 time in a lixivium of fixed alkali will partially 
 diffolve : It is rendered very refractory by 
 fulphur. 
 
 QU ICKSILVER. 
 
 This fubflance is foluble in acids, but to each 
 acid, particular circumftances are annexed ; thus 
 the vitriolic acid concentrated and made boiling 
 hot, reduces it apparently to a white powder ; 
 which on the affufion of water turns yellow and 
 is called turblth mineral, 
 
 Quickfilver is eafily dhTolved by the nitrous 
 acid ; the folution is clear, and as it cools fhoots 
 into cryftals: If evaporated to drynefs, it pro- 
 duces*'red precipitate : With folution of copper 
 the precipitate is green. . 
 
 Combined with marine acid, it forms a metal- 
 line fait, the cryftals of which, called corrojivc 
 fubllmate, are pointed like daggers, and is the 
 molt, violent corrofive hitherto difcovered : From 
 this fublimate is produced yellow precipitate : 
 Quickfilver unites with fulphur very eafily, 
 and produces by the mere mixture, ethiops mi- 
 f ncral : 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 neral : By rendering the union more perfect by 
 a ftrong heat, a ponderous fubftance is procured 
 called cinnabar, which finely ground produces 
 Vermillion, 
 
 
 Of Semi - Metals, 
 
 Namely, Regulus of Antimony, Bilmuth, Zinc, 
 Regulus of Arfenic. 
 
 Reg. of antimony has the'brilliancy, Opacity, 
 and gravity of a metal, but like all femi-metals, 
 crumbles under the hammer : It foon diffipates 
 into fmoak and white vapours by a violent heat ; 
 flowers of antimony are thofe vapours, collected 
 "by any cold body, which ftops them in their 
 afcenfion. 
 
 Its affinity is greateft with iron, copper "next, 
 and then with tin, lead, ai d filver. 
 
 Its proper folvent is aqua regia, marine acid 
 next, if highly concentrated and applied by dif- 
 tillation ; The vitriolic acid likewife difTolves it, 
 but with the nitrous it is little more than cal- 
 cined. 
 
 Liver of antimony is procured by mixing nitre 
 with it, three parts nitre and one of antimony 
 
 produces 
 
 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 produces a calx called diaphoretic antimony, or 
 diaphoretic mineral. Antimony is \ifed to feparate 
 gold from other metals, and the precipitate from 
 its union with an alkali, is called the golden 
 
 Julphur of antimony. 
 
 BISMUTH. 
 
 This fubfbnce is rather dulkier than the for- 
 mer, and like other femi-metals is volatized with 
 a violent heat : It mixes with and quickens the 
 fufion of all metals, whitens them, and deftroys 
 their malleability. 
 
 Bifmith is not foluble in the vitriolic acid, 
 but in the nitrous it diflolves with much fume : 
 Marine and aqua regia diffolve it, but with lefs 
 rapidity ; alkalies, and even water only, preci- 
 pitate it, forming the ma gift l ery of bifmuth*. In 
 its union with fulphur it forms a compound, ap- 
 pearing like needles lying fideways by each, 
 other. 
 
 Z INC. 
 
 Zinc differs little in appearance from Vifmuth, 
 except having a bluifh cafl, though eflentially it 
 differs very much : It melts the moment it grows 
 red, foon turning to a calx ; ' and in an augmen- 
 ted heat burns like an oily matter, evincing the 
 great quantity of phlogifton which it -contains. 
 
I ■• m 
 
 
 0/ Colour - Making, 
 
 It unites with all metallic fubftances except 
 Bifmuth ; It is foluble in all the acids, particu- 
 larly in the nitrous ; fulphur has little or no 
 power over it. 
 
 It has a greater affinity with the vitriolic acid 
 than iron or copper has, forming a precipitate 
 called white vitriol, or vitriol of zinc : United 
 with copper it makes brafs, pinchbeck, &c. 
 
 Regulus of ArsEnic 
 
 This readily unites with all metals, and is the 
 moll volatile of the femi-metals, flying off even 
 by a moderate heat : the calx is plain arfenic ; 
 the properties of which are peculiar to itfelf, 
 having great volatility, having a faline charac- 
 ter, being foluble in water, and exceffively cor- 
 rofive, a quality none of the other femi-metals 
 poflefs : It cannot be decompounded by any acid, 
 except when joined to metallic fubftances : Com- 
 bined with the alkali of nitre or fea-falt, if they 
 be in a fluid, ftate, it forms a lingular faline com- 
 pound, called liver of arfenic : Arfenic unites 
 readily with fulphur, and produces yellow 
 orfiiment. 
 
 Inflammable 
 
Inflammable Sub/lances. 
 
 Thcfe are Sulphurs, Oils, Refins, Bitumens, 
 Spirits of Wine, Charcoal. 
 
 ALL bodies probably contain more or lefs 
 phlogifton, but thefe are deemed inflammable in 
 which it abounds, but with which, at the faros 
 time, it is not fo intimately blended, but that it 
 may be driven out from them, under certain cir- 
 cumftances, by the intervention or ruining in of 
 the air. 
 
 Sulphur(as faid before) isthe vitriolicacid com- 
 bined with much phlogifton. Oils are mineral, ve- 
 getable, or animal, and are, in general, nnduous 
 bodies, that burn and confume with flame and 
 fmoke, containing phlogifton ; which by means 
 of an acid is united with phlegm or water, toge- 
 ther With, a certain portion of earth : Nitrous 
 and vitriolic acid, act on oils according to the 
 portion of phlegm which they contain. 
 
 Charcoal, or any charred matter, is what is 
 left from the burning of any vegetable or animal 
 matter, that has an oil united to much earth ; 
 this fubftance is unalterable by any other body 
 than fire ; hence acids ever fo highly concen- 
 trated have noefLc.1 on it. 
 
 Refins will be fpoken of in the next feclion. 
 
Of Vegetable Subftances. 
 
 From the analvfis of vegetable fubflances, It 
 is clear they contain phlegm, an acid, alight oil, 
 much air, and a thick oil, but none of thefe 
 principles can be obtained pare by mere difti Ra- 
 tion, as their feparation is only began by this pro- 
 cefs, therefore others are adopted to compleat the 
 analyfis. 
 
 Some vegetables, by analization, prove that 
 they contain the fame principles as animal fub- 
 flances poflefs, and inflcad of yielding an acid, 
 a volatile alkaline only is to be obtained ; proba- 
 bly becaufe the acid of the vegetable fuffers fuch 
 changes when it enters into the compofition of 
 animals, that is, it combines with fome of their 
 
 4 
 
 earth and oil, in fuch a manner as to be changed 
 into a volatile alkali. 
 
 In burning any vegetable fubflance in the 
 open air, the analyfis is more rapid and com- 
 pleat, burning till all its oil is confumed, and a 
 coal remains, and this continues wafling till all 
 its phlogiflon is dimpated, what then is left is its 
 
 earth 
 
 
Of Colour - Making* 
 
 earth and fixed alkali, commonly called the allies. 
 Water, the natural folvent of falts, takes all of 
 them up that are contained in the afhes, fo that 
 by lixiviating them, nothing at laft is left but 
 the pure earth. 
 
 All balfams, as well as turpentine, are oily 
 aromatic matters, procured by different methods 
 from thofe trees which produce them ; thefe 
 abound with efTential oils feparated from the ve- 
 getable in which they exift. 
 
 Refins are diflinguifhed from natural balfams 
 by containing lefs oil, and more acid, fo that they 
 are lefs difpofed to be fluid, and are foluble only 
 in fpirits.pf wine ; they however differ from each 
 other according to the quantity or quality of 
 acid to which they owe their confiftence : The 
 faline'character of Benjamin is evident from its 
 being foluble in water, but then it muff be 
 boiling ; the fait produced from it will chryftal- 
 lize and may be diflblved in fpirits of wine. 
 
 Gums differ from refins m being foluble in 
 water, but (as before faid) refins are not ; refm 
 being an efTential oil grown thick, and have an 
 aromatic cdour, which gums have not: tfce fmall 
 portion of oil which gums contain, being fo tho- 
 roughly mixed with their 'acid, does not hinder 
 
 their 
 

 Of Colour-making, 
 
 their dhTolving. in water, and therefore they rc- 
 femble honey, and other vegetable juices, in be- 
 ing originally fluid, and only grown hard by the 
 evaporation of their moifture ; the fame as reiins 
 become folid by lofing, in the fame manner, their 
 fluid parts : but ingum-refins, the two qualities 
 are fo blended, that each will diflblve in its 
 proper menftruum, leaving the other entire. 
 
 Sugar, manna, and all the faccharine juices of 
 fruits and plants, are of the nature of honey, 
 containing a phlegm, an acid, an oil, anda coal : 
 but differ from refms in not being inflammable, 
 or will not flame till nearly reduced to a coal : 
 All thefe fubfrances are deemed natural foaps, 
 confifting of an oil rendered miffible with water 
 by means of a faline fubitance, but differ from 
 common or artificial foaps in having their faline 
 part an acid, while that of the others is an alkali: 
 Why they are fweet, thongh containing much 
 acid, is from the acid being intimately fheathed. 
 or fmoothed by the oil : Of foap it may further 
 be faid, that alkalies or acids combined, in a cer- 
 tain manner with oil, produce them ; for oily 
 and faline fubftances combined, follow the fame 
 rules as other combinations, by reciprocally com- 
 bining the properties belonging to each other, 
 
 and 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 and (according to the rules of affinities) foaps 
 are decompofed by alkalies, and alkalies by- 
 acids. 
 
 The moft expeditious mode of making a foap 
 (being Dr.Lewis's improvement onMr.Beaume's) 
 is, by heating the alkali red hot, then throwing 
 it into oil of turpentine, and ftirring them well 
 together ; in time, a fait cryflallizes both within 
 it, and over its farface, but its nature is un- 
 known. 
 
 Of Animal Sub/iances. 
 
 Thcfe produce jellies, which when infpifTated 
 and become folid in the cold, form glue, and by 
 the evaporation being carried further, it becomes 
 horn. 
 
 This jelly, or gelatinous fubftance, is the only 
 true animal one ; as all human parts, bones and 
 'all, are to be reduced to it ; the other properties 
 it has in common with vegetables gums or mu- 
 cilages, except that the animal one makes a 
 ftxonger cement: Acid, and alkalies particu- 
 larly, eafily diflblve animal jellies; but the na- 
 ture of thefe combinations is not known. 
 
i 
 
 
 
 Of Earths. 
 
 Earths are either ponderous ; calcareous (Lime) 
 magnefia ; argillaceous (Clay ;)ox filicious (Cryjial) 
 They are characterized by' remaining unaltered 
 in a red heat, and of thofe five above' mentioned 
 no one has been yet able to decompofe or tranfr 
 unite one into another. 
 
 Ponderous earth forms with vitrolic acid, pon* 
 derous fpar, and is not foluble in one thoufand 
 times its own weight of boiling water. 
 
 Calcareous earth faturated with vitriolic acid, 
 forms gyp/urn*, known by the property it has of 
 forming, after a flight burning, a hard mafs with 
 water. 
 
 "Magnefia faturated with vitriolic acid, forms 
 what 'is called: Epfomfafu 
 
 Pure argillaceous earth with vitriolic acid 
 forms an allum. 
 
 The above four kinds may be called abf or bent earths, 
 but the laji has the leaji claim. 
 
 Silicious earth is not affe&ed by vitriolic acid, 
 it is however diiTolved by that of fpar, the dia- 
 mond excepted, neither is- the diamond 
 changed by the greatcft heat, if not expofed to 
 the air. 
 
Of Fermentation and 
 PutrefaElion* 
 
 By fermentation is underflood (as partly men- 
 tioned before, fee notes 12 and 33 in copperwork) 
 be a fpontaneous motion in a body, by which a 
 new difpofition and combination of its parts is 
 produced : To procure it there mult be a cer- 
 tain proportion of watery, faline, oily and earthy 
 parts, the fubjecT: muft be in a temperate heatj 
 and have the affiftance of the air : And as all 
 animal and ^ vegetable fubftances contain the 
 principles juft mentioned, they are of courfe all 
 fubje6l to fermentation : Minerals are excluded, 
 not being as far as can be diicovered, fubject to 
 this operation. 
 
 There are three fpecies of fermentation, the 
 vinous or fpirituous, or what produces wine, 
 and fpirituous liquors ; the acetous or what pro- 
 duces acid liquors, fuch as vinegar ; and the 
 putrid, or what generates an alkaline volatile 
 fait. 
 
 The fubjects of the fpirituous are moft fruits, 
 feeds and grains, dijuted with a certain quantity 
 
 of 
 

 Ill 
 
 
 
 Of Colour -Making. 
 
 of water ; by certain procefTes, air bubbles arite 
 with vapours, To extremely active and pernicious 
 that without caution the effects may be fatal, 
 this operation, if not flopped, will proceed to the 
 laft ftage, namely putrefaction ; the imparities 
 then precipitate and leave the liquor clear and 
 tranfparent. 
 
 By diftillation an inflammable liquor light, 
 pleafant and penetrating is drawn from wine 
 that has fermented, which by repeated procefTes 
 become more .and more rectified, and is called 
 fpirit of wine ; and if confiderably purified, an 
 ardent fpirit ; which burns without fmoak or 
 leaving any coal: united with acids they lofe 
 their pungency, and are faid to be dulcified. This 
 ardent fpirit may, however, be rectified, or en- 
 tirely dephlegmated till it produces aether, which 
 is fo volatile that it flies off in the air, fires at 
 the approach of a flame, and leaves not the leaft 
 appearance of allies ; diffolving oily matters with 
 the greateft eafe, and has a greater affinity with 
 gold than even aqua regia has. 
 
 Befides this ardent fpirit, a deal of water, oil, 
 earth, and a kind of acid is afforded by wine, 
 which when the fpirituous part is extracted fuf- 
 fers no farther change : but if they all remain, 
 
 the 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 the fermentation, after fome time, will begin 
 again, the liquid turns four, and then acquires 
 the name of vinegar ; but this produces no nox- 
 ious vapours, nor depofits any tartar : Wine 
 however is not alone the fubject of acetous 
 fermentation, for feveral vegetable, and even 
 animal fubftances, not fubjedt to the fpirituous 
 turn four before they putrefy : this acid has the 
 fame properties as the mineral, and has effec~l on 
 the fame fubftances that the mineral acid has 
 but in a weaker degree : It has a greater affinity 
 with alkali than fulphur has, and a neutral oily 
 fait is formed from its faturation with a fixed 
 alkali. By its folution in fpirits of wine, is pro- 
 duced regenerated tartar: Several faline com- 
 pounds are produced by its union with calcined 
 pearls, corals, fliells, &c. it perfectly diflolves 
 lead; converting it into a neutral metallic fait, 
 from which is produced Sal Saturnl, or Sugar of 
 Lead, becaufe of its fweet tafte; The vapour of 
 vinegar has that effect on lead as to produce 
 arufs : Vinegar likewife corrodes copper, and 
 converts it into a green ruil, called vcrdigreas, 
 though not commonly employed for that purpofe, 
 wine, or the rape of wine, being more ufed. 
 
 Tartar 
 
*i -<?.. 
 
 
 
 Of Colour Making. 
 
 Tartar is a faline compound, eontaining»earth, 
 oil, and afupef proportion of acid ; it is formed 
 in wine- calks, adhering to the inner fides, par- 
 ticularly in thofe that contain acid wines ; when 
 purified, there appears on the furface a cryftal- 
 line pellicle, or fort of (kin, which taken off is 
 called cream of tartar, the cry utilizations of the 
 fame liquor are called cry fiats «f tartar, and only 
 differ in form from the cream ; and though they 
 have the appearance of a neutral fait, yet they 
 have all the properties of a true acid, but weaker 
 than any other : by calcination a fixed alkali is 
 procured from taitar, ? ftronger and more faline 
 than what is formed from moft other matters. 
 
 The laft ffage of fermentation (though by 
 fome deemed a dilYnuSt. operation(i6) is putrefac- 
 tion, to which ftate when a body is approac'hing, 
 it is evident by a fupcrior degree of heat, the 
 effect of which, as in the preceding fpirituous 
 and acetous operations, tends to change the dif- 
 pofition of the particles of the body in which it 
 is excited ; though how it is brought about, is 
 not yet difcovered ; but after it has undergone 
 the change, the body feems then to contain a 
 
 principle 
 
 1 6 Bocrhaave particularly, Stahl however denies it, 
 
Of Colour - Making, ' 
 
 principle that it 4id not before, a faline matter 
 exceedingly volatile, and is, when feparated from 
 the other principles of the body which produced 
 it, either a volatile urinous fpirlt in a liquid form, 
 or a volatile urinous fait in a mafs. In this 
 rtate, whatever difFerence there might have been, 
 before in vegetable fubitances, none is now 
 viilble. 
 
 End of the Compendium of Chcm'iflry* 
 
 — — — — — «OMI^ — ~— ~— — -f. 
 
 Note, It is in different places obferved, that it 
 would be abfurd to offer pofitive or ipecific rules 
 for the performance of the operations juft treated 
 of, and for which, various reafons arc given (fee 
 introduction to copper-work note 16, and other 
 places) therefore according to the fame principles 
 thefubject of thisfec"tion will be treated in a limilar 
 manner ; and as the preceding part of this feiftion 
 was exhibited under an idea that a knowledge of 
 chemiitry fhould be the foundation of the prac- 
 tice in its fullelt extent, fo the following com- 
 pendium or general view of operative circum- 
 fhinces is exhibited as the foundation of thofe 
 proceffes which arife from them, fpreading every 
 way into an endlefs variety, and which can only 
 be conceived by long experience in the practice 
 of them. 
 
 Red, 
 
• 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i" 
 
 , • 
 
 
 b 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 Of Colour-making* 
 
 V 
 
 1. Red, yellow, and blue-, arc the primitive or 
 fundamental colours, and from which, under 
 various combinations, all colours or fhades that 
 exift in nature that are to be procured. Black is 
 excluded on aphilofophical confideration. 
 
 2. Moft. colouring materials requirefome opera- 
 tion to feparatc or diffolve their tinging qualities; 
 fome will give no permanent colour, till the fub- 
 jecl: intended to be coloured is printed with fome 
 aftriuo-cnt, fuch as allum, which will fecure the 
 particles of the colouring fuch, fuch as red from 
 madder, yellow from woald, &c. or by the ad- 
 dition of others the colour is varied according to 
 the quality of the additional falts, as tartar, &c. 
 vary the fhade or colour that the allum only 
 would procure. 
 
 3. In general the effect of colouring materials 
 produced by certain folutiohs, is different from 
 their natural outward appearance. 
 
 4. No fubftance is yet difcovered that of itfelf 
 will make permanent green (17), confequently all 
 
 durable 
 
 17 Thoufandsof unfuccefsful attempts have been 
 made to attain this point, but till the tinging blue 
 and yellow fubftance can be fo equallized in qua- 
 lity, or harmonized in union, it is granted it mull 
 remain undifcovered.— See more on this matter 
 further on. 
 
Of Colour - Making* 
 
 durable ones are compounded ; neither is there 
 any black material in ule, that, of itfelf, gives a 
 permanent black. (i 8) 
 
 5. In fome cafes, the colouring liquid muft be 
 boiling, in others luke-warm, and in others cold: 
 fome drugs require a certain age, and others not : 
 thematerials which formdifferent vefTels, in which 
 colours are made or kept, mould be confidered, as 
 well as their capacities, or theufes to which they 
 may have been before applied. 
 
 6. In the operation of faft work, mould be con- 
 fidered 1. the opening of the body to be coloured : 
 2. the colouring matter itfelf, and 3. the fixing of 
 it, to which may be added, the clearing or bright- 
 ning of it.(i9) See the end of copper-work. 
 2Vo^,Cleanlinefs at all times, and in every flage, 
 cannot be too much enforced ; thus if the colour 
 maker be ever fo careful, his endeavours may be 
 
 N rendered 
 
 (18) It is remarkable in many cafes, that the 
 deepnefi of the black depends on the height of the 
 white of the fubftance from which it is produced 
 as ivory when burnt ; and fome materials, as mad- 
 der, woad, and indigo, will turn black in their effu- 
 fions, by repetitions ol their tincSturei,— fee note 28 
 farther on. 
 
 (19) This brightening is too much pra&ifed, not 
 as here meant, but merely to flufh. up the colours 
 —See maddering, and note 39 of this fection. 
 
 
 N 
 
 

 Of Colour - Making, 
 
 rendered abortive by the carelefs life of fieves, 
 pans, &c. A Colour-houfe fhould never be open 
 to every one,; and a place fhould be fet apart for 
 delivering out colour : for wantormefs and ma- 
 levolence, it is well known, has in this cafe 
 great latitude. 
 
 Drugs, and other Articles ufed in Colour- 
 making. (20) 
 
 VEGETABLE Subftances. 
 
 Gums arabic, fenegal, tragacanth, maftic, lac, 
 copal, and dragons blood, Madder, Indigo, Woad, 
 Weld, Sumach, Fuftic, Saunders, Annotto, 
 Greenwood, Logwood, Brazil, Safflower, Barks, 
 Flower, Starch, Bran, French berries, Refm,Afh, 
 Vinegar, Verjuice, Crude tartar, Galls, &c: 
 
 MINERALS 
 
 mm 
 
 (20) Non-colouring drugs, fuch as allum, tartar, 
 and other aftringents, are thofe which after being 
 ufed, rauft undergo the procefs of boiling with 
 certain colouring drugs, fuch as madder, weld, 
 &c. &cc. — This is a dyers term, and applied to 
 articles ufed previous to colouring. 
 
M 
 
 Of Colour Making, 
 
 MINERAL Subftanccs, Salts and Earths. 
 
 White and yellow copperas, Orpiment, 
 Arfenic, Corrofive fublimate, Roman vitriol. 
 Vitriolic nitrous and marine acids, Salt-petre,. 
 Sal ammoniac, Verdigris, Tin, Pewter,Copper, 
 Steel fileings, Antimony, Chalk, Tobacco 
 pipe Clay, Lime, &c. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS Subftanccs. 
 
 Urine, Dung, Lamp-black, Acid of tar> 
 Iron liquor, Hartfhorn, (21) 6cc. Other articles 
 might be added, but the above are chiefly in ufe. 
 — See account of drugs, &c. further on. 
 
 \~ 
 
 (21) The goodnefs of drugs is of the utmofl con- 
 cern, and well it is for thofe Printers who are not 
 under the neceffity of being retrained in this refpedt 
 fome by choice will not have the beft even when 
 needed, and others for reafons, too common in every 
 flation of life, rnuft take what materials they can 
 get. 
 
 The 
 
Of Colour Making* 
 
 The mofi durable Black and Purples, are 
 broug;ht up in madder, by the agency of iron li- 
 quor : Reds by allum, and occafionally tartar, 
 fait of lead, and iron liquor, to vary the hue to 
 a Pink, a Bloffom, a Chocolate, he. Yellows 
 in weld, by allum and tartar: Olaves, Drabs, he. 
 Ijy allum, tartar, and iron liquor: Doves, 
 Browns, Greens &c. in Sumach, Fuftick, Green- 
 wood, &c. by allum, tartar, and iron liquor; 
 Blue, from Indigo or woad, by the agency of 
 .afh, lime, and orpiment. 
 
 Lefs permanent blacks, reds, purples, pearls, 
 &c. are brought up in logwood, brazil, bark, he. 
 by the agency of iron liquor, galls, copperas, he. 
 but in Ikilfui hands are to be much improved 
 
 Chemical bcowns, buffs, pale greens, blue, fal- 
 mon, and other colours, are by the agency of Tar 
 acid, Iron liquor, Verdigris, Woad, Annofto,&.;. 
 brought up or {truck with lime, and other colours, 
 ^fuch as berry yellow, pencilled blue, procured 
 from indigo, &c. require firearm ng or rincing in 
 water only. 
 
 Note, As the above is only afummary, or elementary 
 •view of colours &c. a plan of a table for fixing pro- 
 portions andfhades to certain circumjianccs, is offered 
 further on. 
 
 For conveying thefe mixtures to the cloth 
 various articles are neceflary to be ufed 
 according to certain circumflances ; thefe 
 
 r 
 
Of Colour - Making* 
 
 vehicles are gums and partes (22); parte being 
 of a more compact confiftency than gum di- 
 luted, is ufed when lines or fine bodies or rtiades 
 are required to be accurately exprefTed ; diluted 
 gum is more ufed in conveying folid bodies, in 
 which no great accuracy of rtiape is required. 
 
 Of gums, tragacanth has feveral advantages, 
 and if properly managed, would diftribute as well 
 as tho arabic, but this article as well as the oak- 
 gall is not always made the moll of. 
 
 Lampblack(23), Brazil, &c. are necertary to 
 deepen the colour of thofe mixtures, which would 
 otherwife be too pale for printing, in fome cafes. 
 
 (22) Pafter arc made from flour and {larch, and thofe 
 articles as well as gums mould be of the pureftkind, 
 when ufed as vehicles for carrying the colour.— 
 Gums fhould be tried that ro faline quality has been 
 incoTporaed with them by their having been before 
 in a liquid ftate by any accident, particularly at fea. 
 . (^Lampblack is the lcafl: innocent in general front 
 its oily quality, it mould therefore be the lighteft 
 and blaekefl that can be had, which depends a great 
 deal on its being well burnt, indeed it would often 
 be the better for work if it were ipared. Brazil ii 
 fo innocent and the ftain fo cafily removed, that little 
 objeaion lays againft it; it gives out its colour beft 
 with hard water. 
 

 
 Of Colour-making, 
 
 Attempting now to fpeak immediately of the 
 colour- makers practice, the firft con fide rat ion is 
 in what degree of refponfibility he ftands, both as 
 he has to act himfelf, and as he is concerned in 
 the operation of others ; which collectively eon- 
 fidered, comprizes, I. Afning, Souring, &c. or 
 the preparation for the reception of his mixtures. 
 2. Printing or the application of them, and 3. 
 ftriking or fixing them, including ringing, firea- 
 ming &c. of chemical ones, or thofe not brought 
 up in the copper, (24) for though colour-making 
 is a diflincl procefs from preparation, printing and 
 boiling off, yet (as more fully confuleied further 
 on,) being of the ufmoft confequence to a colour 
 maker how they are performed, he may be faid 
 to be clofely concerned in them. 
 
 The preparation has been fpoken of, but for 
 the fake of preferving a kind of formality in 
 treating this part, what has been faid will iff, be 
 briefly recapitulated ; 2dly, the nature and ufe of 
 afb'ingents will be next touched on ; 3dly, fome 
 fuggeltions offered concerning colouring fubflan- 
 ces ; including the re fult of various experiments; 
 lafily,the application of his mixtures in the opera- 
 tion of printing, with notes and obfervationson the 
 whole, more or lefs applicable to thefubject, as the 
 
 (24) The fielding, may be faid, to be a procefs 
 which refts with the foreman of the field, of which 
 more is faid further on. 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 difcuflion of it leads the writer (according to th e 
 unrefhained mode in which he indulges himfelf) 
 to deliver them. — See introduction, and note 2 
 in copper work. 
 
 It is therefore firft obferved, that as goods ap- 
 propriated for printing, though having under- 
 gone the proceiles in ufe among whitfterers, or 
 bleachers by profeffion, may neverthelefs con- 
 tract in the courfe of their removal from one 
 place to another, foulnefTes of various kinds : they 
 are in general foaked or fteeped in water, that 
 any loofe dirt may be removed ; but there may 
 be foulnefTes which, water, only will not remove, 
 of courfe fomething more penetrating mull be 
 applied ; if am be ufed, it is prefumed fome 
 umStuous fubftance is to be removed, which the 
 am efleas ; but as the earth of the afh is fup- 
 pofed to be left in the cloth, which water will not 
 eafily remove, an acid is to be applied for that pur- 
 pofe, or foav.times to anfvverfor aming, and the 
 cloth thus (after the ufual procefles of planking, 
 &c.) is rendered as pure and white as poffible. 
 
 Here then commences the colour-makers im- 
 mediate concern, and confequently the confidera- 
 tions refpeaing it, of which, it need hardly be 
 faid, the firft is that of the nature or properties 
 of thofe fubftances that are requilite to form a 
 bafis for the colour, chiefly in refped to the" re- 
 lation 
 
It 
 
 Of Colour -moVing. 
 lationthey hold with each other in view of pro- 
 ducing certain effects, according to the principles 
 as eftablimed by nature, which principles in the 
 firft cafe are applicable only to chemical experi- 
 ments (as exhibited in the tables of affinities and 
 the rules immediately preceding them) but in ad- 
 vancing a ftep further, that knowledge mull be 
 confidered as furnifhing us with means of turn- 
 ing thofe experiments to advantage ; therefore 
 a colour maker when furrounded with his drugs 
 &c. mould look upon every article as an inftru- 
 rnent in his hands, that ought not to be employed 
 in vain; but this knowledge, to its proper extent 
 (fo rarely to be met with) is not to be acquired 
 merely from felf experience or the experience of 
 others, and not only that fuch ingredients mixed 
 or applied in fuch a mannej will produce fuch 
 effects, but why and upon what principle it is e- 
 ftablimed, and by what laws it is governed :here 
 is the fpring that mould give motion to this de- 
 partment ; here is the bafis on which the practice 
 ihould be erectec! and diffufe itfelf ; and here 
 originates the grand fource of a colour-maker's 
 pra&ice, namely, the knowledge of the laws of 
 affinities, and the certain efle&s of combinations, 
 previous to the adding of certain fubftances to 
 each other: for in every mixture that can poffi- 
 bly be made, invariable effe&s according to thofe 
 rules will naturally follow. 
 
2MB 
 
 
 Of Colour - Making. - 
 
 Thus beginning with the principal articles in a 
 colour-maker's province (fee note 39 at the end of 
 copper-work) namely, falts or aftringents; (fee note 
 below) it is neceffary to know, according to thofe 
 rules eirablifhed by nature, how each fpecies af- 
 fects any fubftance it may be offered to, and how 
 it is affe6tcd in return ; for all fubftances mixed 
 with others of different qualities, mult caufea 
 change in fome refpect or other, according to 
 the fundamental principles as exhibited in the be- 
 ginning of the compendium of chemlfiry, {fee rule 
 3) and this knowledge (it is again faid) is the 
 proper foundation or fupport of the practice of 
 colour-making. 
 
 id, Of Articles that procure from various Subftances 
 their colouring Properties. (25) 
 
 The articles of this defcription are very nume- 
 rous, and are the chief or only agents we are in 
 
 pofleflion 
 
 (25) Thefc are chiefly allum, lime, marine fait, 
 nitre, fal-ammoniac, tartar, fixed and volatile alka- 
 lies, with various metallic falts, and are in general 
 called aftringents, though rather forced, as aftrin- 
 gent is more applicable to medicine, and fome 
 articles have aftringent and colouring qualities uni- 
 ted, as galls, fumach &c. but falts or acids would 
 be too general terms ; and technicals frequently 
 want allowance in the ufe of tl em ; thus, fpecifically 
 fpeaking, lime is cauftic ; afli, alkaline ; tartar, 
 acid ; allum, faline ; &c. hence, though rot a prac- 
 tical term in printing, wherever aftringent is ufed 
 it alludes toftriking or fixing the colour. 
 
1 
 
 
 • 
 
 |i 
 
 » 
 
 
 Of Colour-Making* 
 
 poflefllon of, in procuring permanency of colour, 
 and the moft general in its application is allum ; 
 its fuperior power is confeft by its uniting two 
 qualities, heightening colours, and fixing them at 
 the fame time. (26) 
 
 Colours that are not permanent, are, it is ap- 
 prehended, owing to the want of fome fuch fub- 
 fiances being previoufly applied to the cloth, or 
 of not being able to unite with them ; hence (as 
 has been faid) the colouring particles not finding 
 
 ■i 
 
 pores 
 
 (26) The manner of falts being applied in dyeing 
 is different, according as thefubjeft is wool, cotton, 
 Clk, velvet, thread, &c, their pores being different, 
 in various refpe&s, and confequently their aptitude to 
 receive colour is fo likswife: thus fome fubftances, as 
 cochineal and kermes, that in dyeing give a fcarlet to 
 wool(which is the eafiaft fubftanct to colour) give a 
 very dull one tofilk and cotton, and require a larger 
 quantity, fee note 36 and 41. The remark is like- 
 wife applicable to the different manufacturing of 
 goods ; and it is mentioned in the beginning of 
 Bleaching, that the preparation is neceffarily dif- 
 ferent. This is intimated here to thofe who 
 think it is indifferent what fubje& any tingeing fub- 
 ftance may be applied to, and may have occafion to 
 print an other articles than cotton or linen. 
 
Of Colour - Making, 
 
 pores fufficiently open to imbibe them 3 are fup- 
 pofed to lay chiefly on the furface. 
 
 Lime has the property of uniting two of the 
 greatefr, oppofites in nature, Salts and Earths ; it 
 is foluble in water, by means of fire ; but the air 
 renders it indiffoluble again ; thus it is capable 
 of forming an unalterable cement when united 
 with other matters ; but allum, as above-faid, has 
 a property beyond, which is that of attracting 
 certain colouring particles (27): nitre, marine 
 fait, fal ammoniac, facrum faturni, and tartar, 
 are, ftridtly fpeaking, only alterants, by chang- 
 ing the red to a crimfon, a bloffbm, a pink, &c. 
 Neutral falts with a metallic bans, rather give 
 ftrength to the colour, than folidity in rcfpect 
 to its fixity, for every colouring fubftance will 
 vary -its fliade, according to the nature of the 
 earth that attracts its particles : 
 
 Two neutrals, Copperas and Roman vitriol,with 
 metallic bafes, are in common ufe, oweing to 
 their afkringent quality being in union with their 
 alterative principle. 
 
 In 
 
 (37) Roman allum being white, and pure, is the 
 rnofl proper, as roch allum contains iron.— See 
 Pomet on drugs and the compendium of cheraiftry. 
 

 
 
 Of Colour Making* 
 
 In procuring a black, it is in general by in- 
 troducing within the pores of the cloth, particles 
 of iron diflblved in various liquids, and precipi- 
 tating them on the fubjec~t. by means of fome 
 aftringent fubftance fupplied with phlogifton,fuf- 
 ficient to render the iron black ; but this fhould 
 be done fo that the precipitating matter do no 
 injury, ]and that can only be accomplished in 
 proportion as the particles are diflblved. (28) 
 
 It 
 
 (28) Iron, rather than caufing a black, contri- 
 butes to it from the effect of its attrition, as oak 
 turns black by fawing; white greafe is made black by 
 its friction with iron ; green fruit turns black if cut 
 with a knife ; the black colour in earthen ware is 
 ©wing to vitrified iron ; and copperzs which is ufed 
 in procuring a black, is the fait of pyrites, with 
 which iron is incorporated. 
 
 The caufe of rottennefs, attributed generally to 
 the copperas, ufed in procuring black, is owing to 
 the earth of iron (whero it is ufed) not being feparated 
 from the folution, and when faid to be rotten from 
 copperas, it is from the grofs particles not finding 
 eafy admiifion into the pores; hence they in a man- 
 ner burft open their enclofures, tearing of courfe, 
 the parts that refift.— See iron liquor further on. 
 

 Of Colour - Awaking* 
 
 It is to be underftood (as before faid) there is 
 no black fubftance,vegetable, animal, or mineral, 
 that pofTefles the durable tingeing properties of" 
 indigo, madder or weld (thefe blue, red and 
 yellow fubftances are mentioned, being moll 
 in ufe) for all black fceculencies are of too dry a 
 nature to be introduced and fixed in any fubjec"t, 
 either by any adhefive quality of their own, or 
 by the previous ufe of afhingents, as they only 
 aft on unctuous fubftances. (29) Galls, fuinach, 
 
 logwood, 
 
 (29) Here, according to the laws of affinities, 
 (which mould always be borne in mind in whatever 
 relates to colour-making) it is faid (though obferved 
 before, fee article maddering) that between the af- 
 tringent introduced to fix the colour, and the colour- 
 ing fubftance itfelf, there mufl be a mutual attrac- 
 tion, or a greater one than between either of the 
 fubftances and the liquid in which either may be 
 fufpended, elfe they cannot unite fo as to form that 
 cement which caufes permanency ; hence (as before 
 obferved) there are no black fubftances that any faline 
 aftringent will take hold of, and even from their 
 natural drynefs, their particles keep at too great 
 diftance in water, ever to attract each o%r fuffi- 
 ciently.— See note 31. 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 logwood, &c. containing with in them the primitive 
 colours, blue, red, and yellow, it is thought a black 
 is produced from a combination of them, and ac- 
 cording as either is acted on by the fait of copperas 
 or iron, and as made ufe of for procuring a black, 
 it indicates bv the made that is left when the black 
 
 J 
 
 is flown, on which the fait was employed. (30) 
 
 Of 
 
 (30) Hellot and D'Apligny fays there are many 
 plants, which, treated like the anil (from which 
 is procured indigo) would probably produce a black 
 feculence, fuch as the liquorice root, choak weed, 
 and feveral others, as mentioned further on in 
 fpeaking of colouring fubftanc«s ; Dr. Uewis, how- 
 ever, doubts it. 
 
 The antient Gauls ufed myrtles in dyeing purple, 
 aud' it is thought with the ufe of aftringents a black 
 might be raifed with them, as well as from the liar- 
 berry or prickly forrel ; though fome who have 
 tried have not fucceeded : Linnssus fays, St. Chri- 
 itopher's herb gives with allum a black, and Hellot 
 fays, a tree in the Brazils is of fuch a black tingeing 
 quality, as to dye the flefh and bones of animals that 
 eat it,black, fimilar to the red effect of madder : the 
 anacardium nut is faid to produce fimplyof itfelf a fail 
 black : but in cafes of this nature it is not much to 
 be expected that pcrfons will go out of an old track, 
 
 and 
 
 ■ a, - 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 3. Of Articles containing COLOURING Properties. 
 
 Various fuppofitions refpefting the fixity of 
 colours by the ufe of aftringents have been men- 
 tioned, though (as intimated Note 29 in copper- 
 work) the theory generally adopted is conteited; 
 and it may here be added, that Mr. Macquer 
 likewife contefts it, he however obferves, that 
 when the earth of allum, after being conveyed 
 to the cloth, is moiftened, it imbibes the colour- 
 ing particles of the bodies it meets with, though 
 the caufc of the attraction is unknown (31), 
 
 (fee 
 
 ■ Ml~ ■ ■■ 11 - 1 — — M-i— j.-j 1 r ~ - -- " ' ' "" 
 
 and if inclined to it, fufficient quantities of fuch 
 articles are not to be procured till cultivated for 
 fuch purpofes. — Sec note 42. 
 
 Jn genera!, infufions of aftringent vegetables mixed 
 with green vitriol, produce black; r3in water 
 catched in the open fields has a blueifh caft, but what 
 is catched from houfes grows purple, from fome al- 
 kaline quality it thus receive*. 
 
 (31) The acid of the allum is the vehicle for car- 
 rying the eartfh into the pores of the cloth : this 
 fubftance, from being moiftened, mews a difpofition 
 to unite with the principle of inflammability, on 
 which colours depend. 
 
 The principle of attraction confifts in 1, The 
 aftringent and the colouring fubftance) muft be 
 
 mutual 
 

 
 Of Cokur Making, 
 
 (fee note 28 on copper-work, and the article 
 maddering, where what is here faid is alluded to) 
 thus, according to the laws of affinities, the co- 
 louring particles would remain in the liquid in 
 which they may be floating, fuch as the particles 
 of madder, but that the earth of allum has a 
 greater affinity with them, from their unctuous 
 qualities, than they have with the water: (32) 
 in cafes where the earth of the allum does not 
 attract the colouring particles, thefe particles 
 may however have lefs affinity with water than 
 thofe which need this earth to fix them ; hence 
 though they enter the pores, yet, from their mi- 
 nutenefs, they are not retained, nd from their 
 foapy qualities are foon warned off; but the unc- 
 tuous quality above fpoken of, and the phlogilton 
 incorporated with it, is iuppofed by its union 
 
 • with 
 
 mutual in their powes of attraction, r. They 
 muft be at a diftance proportioned to their powers 
 of attraction. 3. This force muft be fuperior to that 
 with which either is attracted by the fluid it is in. 
 
 (32) Acids having greater affinity with alkali 
 than with earth, they leave the earth in form of a 
 precipitate. See Rule z, of the principles of com- 
 binations. 
 
 \ 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 with the aftringent to form that cement often 
 fpoken of, though with dry fubftances fuch as 
 zarTre, cinnabar, ochre, &c. it cannot be accom- 
 pli died, however moiftened the aftringent may- 
 be, as the colouring particles would foon efcape. 
 
 (33) 
 
 Adverting to the doctrine of a vitriolated tar- 
 tar (fee introduction to maddering) Mr. Macquer 
 
 (33) It is a knowledge of this nature that callico- 
 printers are requefted to acquire, in order to afcer- 
 tain the quantity of madder, weld, &c. neceffary to 
 be ufed as mentioned in maddering. —See the 
 article Maddering. 
 
 As lakes are caufed by the combination of one 
 fubftance with another, upon a principle fimilar to 
 what is above alluded, it will be here juft obferved 
 as an example, that if a decoction of turmeric or 
 madder, be made in a watery folution of fixed alkali 
 and a proper quantity of folution of allum be added, 
 the yellow or red particles will fublide ; but at the 
 fame time the acid of the allum being abforbed by 
 the alkaline falts, the earth of the allum likewife 
 fublides and dilutes and likewife brightens the co- 
 lour, the caufe of this operation is however al- 
 lowed to be not fully known. 
 
 J 
 
Of Cohur - Making. 
 
 obferves he cannot fuppofe it perfedlv flablef^ 
 but the earth of aJIum n* V ltaf5i( H34) 
 
 nMn - A . . 1Um 0I h ™ conta ninjr the 
 
 phlogiftic principles of colour . r . 
 
 and 
 
 (34) Jn caJlico-printing this f eemst0 be the cafe 
 from the danger nurnl* .,„j r . ' 
 
 "', • Y . h0WeVCr here be ** *« the fame 
 
 to be.ng agam ufaJi may in fome ~ 
 
 ofe .habere ufed before, fep arating ,L, M £ 
 were from the other fubflance to which they are 
 jo.ned , or it may be faid (fce below) ' a ° 
 yelow part.cle, hnd ndmiffion i„ topor e s J m ( 
 by he red or purple, when opened by the ho, water 
 
 Wd ^ " We " " th3t ° f *« *"" m before 
 
 fo med mto aceme„t,by uniting with madder)&c _ ,, 
 
 oftenttmes too evdent when one colour is laid J r 
 
 another, even when flowed a. much as poffiW 
 
 0- Pnnters P hrafcolo~y the colouris faid ,„ f ull) ana 
 
 h, ts part-cnlariy evident in heavy ground-work, 
 
 and moftfom Mack ground, with iarge mafles „f 
 
 TheorifU do not fcem dcar . n (he Mft 
 
Of Colour— Making* 
 
 \ 
 
 and falts, from the quantity and quality of which 
 all colours refult, and the fimple addition of any 
 fait to any oily vegetable colouring fubftance 
 will either vary or expel its colour, becaufe any 
 fait fimple or compound, deftroying by the laws 
 of affinity the combination fubfiAing till then ; 
 the rays of light are differently refracted, there- 
 fore thofe fubitances whole colour cannot be 
 altered by any fait, are thofe whofe phlogifton is 
 perfectly combined with their other principles ; 
 Indeed if we perfectly knew the nature of thefe 
 combinations, it would help us in making ar- 
 tificial compositions, by analyzing thefe perma- 
 nently tingeing fubftances, but not knowing 
 (as obferved before) the manner in which thefe 
 
 principles 
 
 fevefal colours, railed at once, or in fucceffion ; a» 
 where purple i« laid over red, blue over yellow, 
 yellow over purple, or over purple and red, and fo 
 on ; at here it can only feem that the fait firft con- 
 veyed does not enter all the pores, but that it coa- 
 tradls fome, and leaves others open, which in turn 
 arc entered by fucceeding applications ; lome have 
 thought that every pore would admit any numbei 
 of colouring particles, one above another, and that 
 as they fucceeded each other, like blue over yellow 
 making a green, different (hades were accordingly 
 formed. 
 
 
 

 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 principles ar« combined, as the utmoft we can 
 do, is only feparating them by decompofing the 
 colouring fubftances, we are under the neccflity 
 of endeavouring to improve on the known means 
 with which nature has fupplied us. 
 
 The juices of vegetables that will not give 
 a faft colour, are liquids combined with certain 
 oils, and being eafily converted into a kind of 
 foap, by alkalies or neutral Tilts, are foon 
 removed ; for in this cafe (turning to the 
 laws of affinities) the colouring particles are 
 fo intimately united with the fluid in which they 
 are fufpended, that the earth of allum will give 
 their dyes no ftability. It is however thought 
 poflible that fubftances may be rendered perma- 
 nent in their colouring properties, that natu- 
 rally are not fo 3 could abforbent earths be in- 
 troduced into their pores, (35) or by adding 
 acids to the colouring juices, in order to decom- 
 pofo the foap, and facilitate the union of the 
 aftringent with the colouring fubftance ; not- 
 withstanding fuch decompofition might produce 
 
 (35) In Percival's E flays it is faid that logwood 
 may be rendered faft, by a preparation with fixed 
 alkali. 
 
Of Colour Making, 
 
 a change in fome'refpeft with the colour. From 
 animal juices colouring fubftances are rarely 
 obtained .* and could more be procured, it would 
 be only going a further way about, as animal 
 juices are derived from vegetable fubftances. 
 
 As the merely hmple juices or fluids of animals 
 and vegetables, rarely furnifh materials for durable 
 colours; and minerals, on account of their drynefs 
 are incapable of being attracted by aftringents, 
 we inuft feek thofe fubftances whofe principles 
 form, or help to form that unctuous and phlo- 
 giftic gluten or cement which is the caufe of 
 permanency; and of thefe the moll able to impart 
 their colour are, kermes, cochineal, gumlac(36), 
 madder, weld, &c. being both gnmmous and 
 refinous, though in different degrees, or in ether 
 words pofTefTmg that phlogiftic or inflammable 
 property refulting from the union of oils, falts, 
 and earths, on the various combinations of 
 which, colour (as repeatedly faid) depends, and 
 which exhibit themfelves when attracted by the 
 application of proper afiringents. Brazil, log- 
 wood, 
 
 (3 6 )Thcfe 3 belong more to dyeing, yet might never- 
 thelefs, be uied in printing, but the price is againfl 
 them :— Kermes was much ufed formerly by dye- 
 ersjbut cochineal is now fubflituted. 
 
 
\ 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 wood, fuftic, &c. being particularly refmous, 
 their colouring fubftances are not fo eafily at- 
 tracted by aftringents, and the colour they give 
 is therefore of lefs permanency. 
 
 Yellows are to be procured from moft leaves, 
 barks, and woods, that on chewing difcover an 
 aftringent tafte, if treated in the fame manner as 
 weld; for the colours of molt yellow flowers are 
 durable, and are little affected by acids or alkalies, 
 but other coloured flowers, as well as juices of 
 plants, are rarely found to poffefs any perma- 
 nently tingeing qualities, according to the ex- 
 periments pradtifed in common. 
 
 RefpecYing the general method of impart- 
 ing permanent colour, the principle of the pro- 
 cefs is but fimple, (fee note 39 in copper- work) 
 faline fubftances being (as faid before) the chief 
 means with which we are acquainted j thus, it 
 may be obferved, though a watery infufion of 
 madder and other articles, w T ill impart a tinge, yet 
 warning will eafily remove it ; but that is not 
 the cafe if the cloth have a faline article previ- 
 oufly applied to it ; there is however an excep- 
 tion to this rule in indigo, which it is difficult to 
 
 diflblve 
 
s 
 
 Of Colour -making-. 
 
 iliilblve {3) except by alkalies, oil of vitriol, 
 orpiment, or combinations of orpiment with 
 fulphur. When diflblved by alkalies, the colour is 
 green, the colour natarally produced in vegetable 
 blues by alkalies ; but on expofmg cloth dipped 
 in it to the air, it turns blue : other exceptions 
 in vegetables are mentioned elfewhere, as like- 
 wife the received opinion why they are fo. 
 
 P roceed- 
 
 (37) The great folvcnt power of alkalies, by 
 clearing away the fordes, will help to bring the 
 particles of indigo more in contact with the cloth : 
 the caufe why cloth, which when dyed by indigo, is 
 green, turns blue when expofed to the air, is thought 
 to be owing to an attraction of the fixed air, by the 
 alkali from the atmofphere rendering the fait unable 
 to diflblvc the indigo any further— See Hellot on' 
 dyeing, but Dr. Lewis difputes Hellot'i theory ; hp 
 fays acids will affcft the fame appearance, and that 
 with vol. alk. it fhews no green. Hellot however, 
 fliews unlefs green appears it is not diflblved, hence 
 fixed alkalies are only proper. 
 
 In the folution of indigo by alkalies, lime en- 
 creafes the diffolving power.and if raifms be thrown 
 into the folution it throws up a copper-coloured 
 fcum, which gives a dye in a moment : Prufiian blue 
 digefted in an alkali, will produce a blue if what 
 is coloured with it, lays a little while in a weak fo- 
 lution of copperas, but very inferior to indigo in 
 durability. Dr. Lewis gives a recipe for making 
 blue colour, but few practitioners will approve of 
 his proportion!. 
 
I 
 
 v 
 
 
 Of Colour-makbig. 
 
 Proceeding further in the difcuflion o 
 colouring qualities, it may be obferved, as the 
 fixity of colours produced by different fubftances 
 being mixed together,is proportionate to the power 
 of fuch fubftances to withftand the weather, it 
 would feem as if there were fome method to de- 
 termine on their permanency, fince it appears 
 that the nitrous acid in general tends to heighten 
 red colours, the vitriolic to crimfon them, 
 the marine to dull them, and alkalies to 
 deepen them, (38) for, in this cafe, the colour 
 produced by the nitrous acid, can remain no 
 longer, when expofed to the air, than the fpirit 
 of nitre itfelf, becaufe the nitre being drawn into 
 the air, the colour muft fade ; and the difpofition 
 of colour to fade, mufl be in proportion to the 
 permanency of the fubflanccs that produce them; 
 colour, in this fenfe, being only colour as it is in 
 poflcflion of fome fubftance to withold it ; (39) 
 
 but 
 
 (38) In drying plants between iheets of paper, 
 the paper is at laft tinged with colour ; this is fup- 
 pofed to be occafioned by the allurn ufed in mak» 
 ing it — By rubbing a plant on blue paper, if acid, 
 it turns the paper red, but green, if alkaline. 
 
 (39) Similar, in one refpect, to the above obfer- 
 vation, it may be faid, that among callico-printera a 
 great point to attain in making colour, is to render 
 
 the 
 
Of Colour Making, 
 
 but whatever fubftances are moft proper, it is 
 certain that on combining acids with alkalies 
 
 earths 
 
 the articles for the purpofe of printing, all equally 
 buoyant. It may be faid too, that in all compofi- 
 tions there is the bafis which is fuppofed to be un- 
 alterable in its effects ; other matters may be'added • 
 but from them, certain modifications only, will be the 
 refult ; hence this principle mould be much thought 
 of, that the more fimple the bafis of the compofition 
 h, the more eafy is a variation to be made ; and, in 
 a contrary light, if what is fuppofed to be the bafrs, 
 be compounded ; as for inilancc,in a blue and yellow 
 put together to make a green, it is highly probable 
 that what may be added will difagree with either 
 the blue or yellow more than the* other,, and if 
 more articles are added, the left certainty there 
 can be of an effecl. 
 
 In endeavouring to make a green, if a yellow 
 feculence could be procured from a vegetable, as a 
 blue one is, and that thefe two on being mixed 
 would perfectly unite, and be equally buoyant in 
 whatever vehicle they may be ufed, there would be 
 the liability required,fbr in this cafe, both partaking 
 the fame durable qualities, of courfe one would re- 
 main as long as the other, ?.nd thus the green might 
 be faid to be permanent ; but at prcfent there is a 
 
 ° difficulty- 
 
II 
 
 Of Colour Making. 
 
 earths and minerals, effects are to be produced fo 
 infinitely various, that no rule can be precifely 
 laid down to determine on what appearances will 
 cnfue on fuch combinations, or how this or that 
 particular fait will afiecT:, or be affe&ed, by 
 this or that fubitance ; fee a few experiments 
 below : (40) however, among thefe various 
 
 articles 
 
 difficulty even in rendering- the pencilling bluefuf- 
 ficiently buoyant, fo as to print With it ♦ this i> 
 however praftifed in the country, but the colour is 
 generally uneven, and feems only practicable in dark 
 grounds, from the latitude the grounding require*. 
 
 (40) If concentrated oil of vitriol be mixed with 
 ftrong fpirit of nitre, or of fait, the *eid that is 
 weakefl will become very volatile, and throw off 
 very elaftic fumes ; and if put into a clofe ftopt 
 bottle, would very probably burit it : the fame will 
 happen by mixing fpirit of nitre and fpirit of fait 
 together; fuch mixtures mould therefore only be 
 made when wanted. 
 
 2. Vitriolated tartar and ftrong fpirit of nitre, in 
 equal quantities, dilfolved, by being heated toge- 
 ther in a mattrafs, the flronger vitriolic acid will be 
 difplaced by the weaker nitrous one, and cryftals of 
 nitre will be formed from it : the fame will happen 
 if fpirit of fait be ufed inftead of nitre. This expe- 
 riment 
 
Of Colour -making. 
 
 articles it is known that imr>erfe& ncutraL 
 falts a£t powerfully, the perfedr. ones but weak- 
 
 ly; 
 
 riment feems to oppofe the general opinion, that the 
 vitriolic is ftronger than the marine or nitrous, un- 
 lefs it be underit jod that quantity is obferved more 
 than quality. 
 
 3. If vitriolated tartar, or Glauber's fait, dif- 
 folved in water, be mixed with another folution con- 
 fiding of calcareous earth, filver, mercury, lead, or 
 tin, diflblved in the nitrous or marine acid?, the 
 vitriolic acid will leave the fixed alkali with which 
 it was combined, and unite with the calcareous earth, 
 or the metal, and fall to the bottom. Any acid may 
 be uied for this purpofe, for here the vitriolic acid 
 meets with fuch bodies as it cannot eafily liquidate. 
 This experiment (hews, that the additament of water 
 weakens the attraction of acids with alkalies or 
 metals. 
 
 4. By dropping a folution of vitriolated tartar 
 into lime, the acid will unite with the lime and * 
 precipitate with it into an indiflbluble felenite, the 
 alkali remaining pure in the water. 
 
 5. Green vitriol mixed with any folution con- 
 taining fubftances which cannot be diflblved by th« 
 vitriolic acid, fuch as fac. faturni, the vitriol will be 
 immediately decompofed, and combine itfejjf with 
 
 the 
 
 
Of Ctlour - Making. 
 
 
 ly ; (in neutral falts the acid is the menftruum, 
 and the alkali the balls, in imperfect neutrals one 
 
 quality 
 
 the lead, and thus become merely a folution of 
 iron. 
 
 6. In the mixture of a folution of tin in aqua 
 regia, and folution of facrum faturni, the marine 
 acid will quit the tin, and unite with the lead of the 
 faccharum, the acetous, or, perhaps more properly, 
 the vegetable acid combined with the lead, will at the 
 fame time be kept fufpended, by the lead bein£ 
 unable to diflblvc the tin ; hence both being ef- 
 fectually decompofed, the mixture of courfe is 
 uielels. 
 
 7. Mild volatile alkali united with a quantity of 
 fixed air, and poured into a folution of chalk in the 
 nitrous or marine acid, will precipitate the earth, 
 and form a .true f;il ammoniac ; and if the whole be 
 evaporated to drynefs, and a confiderable heat ap- 
 plied, the acid will again part with the alkali, and 
 unite with the chalk. 
 
 8, By mixing together, and fubliming equal parts 
 offal ammoniac and corrofive fublimate, they unite 
 in fuch a manner ajs not to be feparated without de- 
 compofition : this compound i.s a very powerful fol- 
 vent of all metallic fubilances, even gold itfelf. 
 
 9. By pouring vitriolic acid upon any fait, diffi- 
 cult to diifolve in water, it becomes theh eafily 
 foluble; thus vitriolated tartar and cream of tartar 
 may be difTolved. 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 quality predominates)thus, making a tranlition to 
 what is relative to dyeing, fee note 41 ; allurn 
 and . fal ammoniac heighten cochineal, madden 
 
 log- 
 
 It may be added, that on calcining fixed alkalies 
 with the charcoal of afhes of various vegetables*, 
 fuch as, fouthernwood, fage, rue, fern, pine-tops, 
 &c. different coloured appearances will enfue, owing 
 ( it is fuppofed ) to fome proportion of the oily 
 or phlogiffic matter (on which colours depend) 
 of the vegetable remaining in the afhes from which 
 the falts arc extracted : the falts thus obtained will 
 produce different colours in the metallic folutions, 
 precipitated by them, in this itate. 
 
 Acid infufions heigthen red flowers in general, 
 and many red, white and blue flowers are turned 
 green, then yellow by alkalies, but which have little 
 effect on yellow flowers, and fome articles that alka- 
 lies.turn red, purple or blue,are changed to a yellow 
 by acids. — See Boyle and Lewis. 
 
 The affufion of ley will likewife procure from 
 various flowers, infects or caterpillars, blue, purple 
 or carnation colours, but in general, the flowers or 
 plants that will not give a durable tinge with ley, 
 are deftroyed by it ; there is however more hopes 
 of fad colours being obtained from roots. 
 
 Amen?; vegetables on which experiments have 
 been tried, are the hemlock, producing a green : the 
 
 wild 
 
 
 
■ tm 
 
 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 logwood, brazil, fuftic, Sec. but Glauber's fait, 
 fak-petrc, common fait, and other neutrals, a<$ 
 
 lefs 
 
 wild lettuce and thorny fow-thiftle, a yellow ; the 
 fungus tubolofus, a purple ; and the celandine and 
 wild patience, a blue. 
 
 In Linna?us's works, mention is made of a quarr* 
 tity of mofs having- rotted by the lea fide, which 
 produced a beautiful and durable red colour; and 
 2 kinds of mofs arr in ufein Sweden for dyeing red. 
 Were the writer inclined, he could fwell this work 
 xo any fizc, by extracts from various works, with 
 tipeHmektal articles, but very few would b« of 
 real fervice, and the majority are far from being 
 inconteftible, (fee note 28 in copper-work) the 
 bed however of the kind are to be found in Hcllot 
 and D'Apligny on Dyeing, Lewis's Notes to 
 Neumnn'sChemiitry, his Commcrcium Philofophi- 
 cum Artium, and in L'Memoire d' Academe d' 
 Art et Sciences, and various chemical treatifes. 
 
 As for the Polygraphic Dictionary, School of 
 Arts, School of Wifdom, and other collections of 
 that nature, they contain too much train, to com- 
 penfate for what little may be valuable. 
 
 The beft account of drugs is to be found in 
 Pomet's Hiftory, in Lewis's Notes to Neuman, and 
 in the Chemical Dictionary. 
 
 I| 
 
Of Celotir -* Making. 
 kfs powerfully. A black is flruck in the above 
 fubftances (madder, logwood, &c.) by folutions 
 of iron, likcwife with fumach, galls, and other 
 aftringents ; fee note 25, folution of facrum 
 fat. acts as an alterant on red colours (as already 
 faid) folution of copper changes logwood pur- 
 ple to a blue, and is reconcileable to molt, 
 blues ; folution of the fuperior metals, gold, 
 filver, and mercury, have the leaft pleafing, 
 or leaft extenfive effective powers; (fee the 
 chemical compendium) but in this refpec~t, fo- 
 lution of tin in aqua regia takes the firft rank, 
 having a furprizing power of coagulating the 
 
 colouring matter of many articles ; thus it pro- 
 cures 
 
 It is here offered to fet perfons right in refpeft to 
 colours, who affeft to fay, that as good or better 
 were done fifty or fixty years paft,for as good were 
 done two thoufand years c more paft ; the very 
 means as well as articles being of as ancient a flan ding; 
 indeed the origin can hardly be traced: fo in printing, 
 the method immemorial, has been by ufing allum, 
 &c. to procure and fix the colouring particles ; it 
 may be even faid, what, we call new colours, hava 
 been produced many years paft, under different ap- 
 pearances : if there be any real improvements, a 
 principle one is in the mode of cleanfing the cloth, 
 and that perhaps is only in being rather more ex- 
 peditioufly performed than before. — See three or 
 tour leaves further on, and note 10 in the retrofpect. 
 
■■ 
 
 Of Colour-making. 
 
 cures from cochineal and gumlac a fine fcarlet ; 
 irom brazil a fine red ; from logwood a beautiful 
 purple ; and from weld, fuftick, turmerick, and 
 many common yellow flowers more beautiful co- 
 lours than can otherwifebe obtained. It likewife 
 changes to a red the colour ofmoft blue flowers, 
 but as a counter-balance it in fome meafure 
 deadens madder, fafflower, and archil, and chan- 
 ges the vitriolic tinctures of rofes from a red to 
 an indifferent green. (41) 
 
 Solution of tin, (it may be added) is likewife 
 the belt article to try the durable quality of a vege- 
 table fubftance; for in general, where the folution 
 does not deftroy the colour, there is a probabi- 
 lity of fucceeding with it ; but this folution will 
 not combine with feverai fubftances, particularly 
 with fugar of lead and cream of tartar (as already 
 mentioned) neither will it unite with any cal- 
 careous 
 
 (41) In the vitriolic acid it brings hues from the 
 bright pink to the flame, in aqua regia it brings a 
 fcarlet, in the marine it brings a dull colour. 
 
 Note, Where folution is mentioned it mould be 
 underftood as occafionally diluted. 
 
 The calx of tin (Sal Jovis) is ufed in dyeing to 
 procure the fine fcarlet from cochineal ; and in this 
 
 cafe is fupcrior to allum See the procefs in Hcllot 
 
 on dyeing. It may 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 careous earth, nor alkalies ; but with allum it 
 may, and is bettered by it. 
 
 The aftringents proper for procuring the colour 
 from madder (as already faidjare allum and tartar, 
 facrum fat. folution of iron in a vegetable acid, &cc. 
 Iron liquor mixed with the red renders it, ac- 
 cording to the quantity ufed, chocolate, pompa- 
 dour, or brown red, (as obferved before) but it 
 muft be carefully avoided in preparing for pale 
 reds. 
 
 In proving the fixity of colours, lemon-juice, 
 vinegar, aqua fortis diluted, &c: are infufficient, 
 their degree of acidity being very variable; but 
 folutions of allum, white foap and red tartar are 
 more proper. For 
 
 It may here be repe.ited (fee note 24) that what will 
 
 give colour to wool, will in fome cafes, give little if\ 
 
 any, to filk, linen, or cotton, as wool is fuppofed to 
 
 contain larger pores, and is of an alkaline quality; 
 
 and in fome cafes it gives different colours, fuch as a 
 
 purple to wool, while with linen or cotton it will be 
 
 red. 
 
 Volatile alkalies heighten madder colour, 
 
 though it hurts its permanency ; but practices of 
 
 this kind mould not be made public, too much being 
 
 done in that way, as is evident enough in country 
 
 work.— See note 32 to copper-work. 
 
 %• It has been faid this is partly applicable to . 
 
 dyeing, for in difcuffing the theory of colours, it.i 
 
 could hardly be avoided. 
 
 , 
 
mm 
 
 
 
 Of Colour Making* 
 
 For difcharging colours, alkaline falts only are 
 effective where folutions of tin have been ufed, or 
 the cloth otherwife ftrongly coloured, and even 
 then it requires grafs bleaching ; but vitriol dilu- 
 ted will difcharge colour procured from logwood, 
 where allum has been ufed, though with more 
 difficulty if lampblack has been added. 
 
 8^In the compofition of penciling blue colour, 
 by the alkaline falts being intimately blended 
 with the indigo, the fame purpofe is anfwered 
 as when allum or other aftringents are previ- 
 oufly applied in procuring madder colours, and 
 by treating other articles in a fimilar manner, 
 may therefore be confidered as a balls for what 
 is called chymick printing, or as bringing'to a 
 point what has been faid concerning the procu- 
 ring of colours by thq fimpieft operations; that 
 is, where a faline or an aftringent fubftance and 
 a vegetable colouring one can be united, a du- 
 rable efFe& may probably be obtained, as a great 
 number of different coloured feculse or dregs, 
 are very likely to be procured from various 
 plants, fimilar to the procefs for procuring indi- 
 go, woad, or archil 5(42) or by precipitation in 
 
 the 
 
 (42) Woad is of the fame nature ; archil is pro- 
 cured from a mofs.— See notes 30 and 40. 
 
Of Colour - Making, 
 
 the manner of procuring calces of metals, or 
 lakes from vegetables (fee note 33, and end of 
 note 40) and with proper folvents and thick- 
 nings might be made ufetul in printing; but, as 
 it is not the defign of this treatife to create 
 colour-makers (43) adeaFmuft not be fpecifi- 
 cally faid on this fcofe (difficult as it certainly is, 
 to fteer between faying too little and too much) 
 fince common operators in that way (fee the be- 
 ginning of this feftipn) notwithstanding what 
 has been, or may be faid, as advifing a better 
 mode, woul<J catch hold of any thing likely to. 
 be put into immediate pra&ice, rather than think 
 3 little and a& in confequence. 
 
 This work not being addrejpdto thofe unacquainted 
 with the ufe of drugs, &c, and it not being intended 
 unnecejfarily to /well it, the reader has been 
 referred, (fee note 40 J to certain works for accounts 
 of fuch articles ; but, as this part of the feclioti 
 would by many be deemed inconclufive, without 
 faying fomething of colouring drugs, a concife account:. 
 is therefore annexed* 
 
 (43) For the writer's fentiments on the inefficacy 
 and impropriety of giving recipes for making co* 
 lours, with fome general reflections on chymick 
 printing, fee the end of this fe&ion. 
 
 
 
 
 
I 
 
 Of Colon*- - Awaking, 
 
 MADDER, under various names, is of very- 
 ancient ufe; there are various fpecies, the beft is 
 imported from the Levant, though that from 
 Zealand is moft in ufe ; the root of the beft is 
 of a lively colour, and when powdered and put 
 on blue paper inftantly adheres ; (Printers in 
 trying it generally make infufions) it mould 
 likewife be pafty and unctuous, and when 
 dried and ground fhould not be above a year 
 old ; the red of this root is confidcred as a fixed 
 oil united with an acid, giving it the nature of 
 a bitumen. 
 
 WELD, of all yellow colouring fubftances, 
 and there are more than of any other colour, 
 gives with eafe the trueft dye, and every part is 
 ufeful ; It is cultivated in large quantities in many 
 parts of Englnd, the thickeit is the beft. 
 
 FRENCH-BERRIES are ufed as a fubftitute, 
 but, as well known, are much inferior in colour 
 and durability. 
 
 FUSTICK is a fpecies of the mulberry tree, 
 growing in Jamaica and Brazil, it very readily 
 gives its colour with a moderate warmth ; Old 
 Fuftick gives a darker colour than young. Su- 
 mach and various barks have fimilar effects. 
 
 INDIGO. 
 
V I 
 
 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 INDIGO is of many fpecies, it is procured by 
 large quantities of a certain plant (fee note 30) 
 being highly fermented, and the feculence 
 moulded into lumps: the fort moflly ufed comes 
 from America, but the bell: is made at Java ; it 
 floats on water, is almoft violet, and fparkles 
 when broken ; or if cxpofed to a fire, it will 
 confume immediately. Woad is procured in 
 a fimilar manner. 
 
 LOGWOOD orCAMPEACHY-WooD, grows 
 plentifully about the Bay of Honduras, and 
 lately has been introduced, into Jamaica ; it 
 generally comes over in large logs. 
 
 BRAZIL is a general name for this wood, 
 wherever procured ; the foundeft and higheft in 
 colour is the belt ; to extraa the colour by wa- 
 ter, hard water is the propereft. 
 
 IRON-LIQUOR is generally procured by a 
 folution of iron in ftale beer ; formerly it required 
 twelve or eighteen months, though now pro- 
 cured in a very fhort time ; but whether in all 
 refpeas it is the better for it, will not here be 
 decided ; however, Gatty's is now in requeft by 
 many printers, but ftill good old Iron Liquor 
 has its value. — Sec note 28. 
 
 OAK-GALLS 
 
 
 y 
 
" ! 
 
 OJ Colour Making* 
 
 OAK - GALLS are excrefcences from the 
 Item and branches of rhc tree, caufed'bv' the 
 puncture of infects, in order to depofit their 
 
 ALLUM, TARTAR, SALT of LEAD, &c. 
 are fpokeri of in the compendium of chemiftry. 
 
 .KERMES, is an infect which feeds on an 
 aftringent fhrub, and though little in ufe, all 
 allow is not excelled by any article for imparting 
 its colour, which is a bright red, variable by 
 ufing different falts. 
 
 GUM LAC is a bright red colouring drug, 
 produced by the moifture left by a fpecies of ants 
 on the branches of trees in the Eaft Indies, which, 
 is hardened by the fun, and air: fome think it is 
 a moifture which they draw from the trees. 
 
 COCHINEAL is an mfe& found on the 
 Opuntia, a fpecies of the Fig-tree; acids and 
 alkalies eafily vary its fhade; it is chiefly in ufe 
 
 in dyeing fcarlet, as a fubftitute for Kermes : 
 
 The befl carmine is made from this infect ; car- 
 mine is likewife procured from fcarlet rags, by 
 extracting the colour, which is in reality the 
 cochineal itfelf. 
 
 Note, 
 
 \\ II 
 
V 
 
 Of Colour - Making* 
 
 Note, The three laft articles are little in ufe 
 among Printers (cochineal in fome cafes excepted) 
 but as well as Coccus Polonicus, various red and 
 green Woods, Archil, Roucou, Walnut Rinds^ 
 Santal, and many other colouring and aftringent 
 fubftances, in ufe among Dyers, might certainly 
 be rendered ufeful if needed, in callico-printing ; 
 hence it feems a reprehenfible circumftance in 
 many Printers, treating the art of dyeing with 
 little concern ; for the principles of it include 
 the foundation of printing, as far as procuring 
 colours are the object ; confequently, thofe who 
 wifh to extend their knowledge, whether for 
 amufement or intereft, might undoubtedly find 
 advantage in perilling works, either on the 
 theory or practice of dyeing ; and therefore the 
 writer has occafionally had recourfe to it (fee 
 note* 41) but, however improvements in any 
 fhape may be recommended, deviations from ef- 
 ficacious and eftablifhed modes mould not be 
 made without proper reflection, much lefs from 
 a mere love of innovation, for every innovation is 
 very far from being ultimately am improvement, 
 or otherwife advantageous, and articles already 
 are perhaps not fo much wanting as a proper 
 ufe of them, by bringing them under fuch regu- 
 lations as to enfure fome certainty of effect in 
 
 their application ' 
 
 Of 
 
 
Of Colour - Making- 
 
 
 
 
 
 4th. Of the application of Colour in the Operation 
 
 cf Printing, 
 
 As every Colour-maker muft grant that he 
 cannot always enfure any particular piece to be 
 fo well executed, as that his mixtures mall 
 have their proper effect ; or that any two or more 
 pieces mall be alike at the laft ftage, it muft 
 be allowed it is neceffary to enquire into the 
 caufes; if on enquiry they are not clear, there 
 certainly is a probability of their originanng in 
 fome circumftance that has paffed unnoticed, or 
 been really thought not worth noticing ; the 
 bufmefs then is to endeavour to develope thcfe 
 caufes ; for a circumftance trifling in itfelf, or 
 little obvious in its beginning, may lead infenfi- 
 bly to others, till a number being accumulated 
 and combined, the confequences then are vifible 
 enough to make them a matter of importance : 
 this therefore is one idea in taking up the fubject 
 of this part, and a few obfervations will accord- 
 ingly be offered on feveral circumftances attend- 
 ing it : befides, as they are intimately connected 
 with the operation of printing, of courfe they 
 may not be unworthy a printer's confideration, 
 efpecially as it may be added, that it includes 
 
 the 
 
 

 Of Colour - Making. 
 
 the theory or principle of printing itfelf, which 
 is, that according to the blow or impremon given, 
 the colour is received by the cloth, and the in- 
 tended effect, as far as printing is concerned, is 
 or is not obtained, allowing for the ftate of the 
 cloth, colour, fieves, &c. for it may be faid, 
 that if there be any need for ftriking any print or 
 ground with the maul, why /hould not all be 
 ftruck alike ? but to this it is aware it may be re- 
 plied, that a line will give the colour eafier 
 than a folid, and, to view it rather philofophi- 
 cally, a folid may be confidered as an affemblage 
 of lines or points, therefore the fmall force 
 needful to caufe aline to furnifh,muft be increafed 
 or multiplied,to caufe the body to furnifh in propor- 
 tion: butbethisasitmay,itfeemstobeamongthofe 
 circumftances that caufe appearances not at all 
 expected, and therefore whether the obfervations 
 here made, have any weight or not, the prin- 
 ciple on which they are raifed, cannot to a 
 thinking Colour-maker be totally unworthy his 
 regard ; for as before intimated, merely making 
 colour is no great fecret, nor is it treated as 
 fuch (fee note 48) the grand matter being in 
 accommodating it to the cloth under all pof- 
 fible circumftances, and until he can do that 
 with fome certainty, he has fomething to learn. 
 
 Proceed- 
 
 
 
\i 
 
 Of Colour -making. 
 
 Proceeding now immediately to the fubjed, 
 it is certain that in colour-making, the operator 
 either decs, or ihould, attend to certain propor- 
 tions in mixing his drugs and other articles, 
 according to the fliades that are required, the 
 quality of the cloth, and the articles ufed for 
 lightning or thickning, which when done, he 
 generally thinks himfelf fafe ; as having a&ed 
 at leait according to rule; or if he faw the pat- 
 tern, according to the appearance of that; and if 
 the colours were all worked by the fame printer,, 
 and fimilarly managed in every particular, the. 
 cfTea might be as required ; but that is often, 
 far from being the cafe, as for inftance, among 
 innumerable circumftances it might probably 
 ■ippcn thus with a pattern that may have three 
 re*ls and three purples ; one printer may have 
 the brown red, another the pale reds, and ano- 
 ther the purples, as they fucceed each other in 
 the application ; now the printer with the brown 
 red may deem it needful to give it. two or thiee 
 fmart blows with his maul, the next printer or 
 grounder in putting in the other colours or fliades 
 deems it needful to hit the grounds but {lightly, 
 and perhaps the paleft fhade may go iuto ano- 
 ther's hands, who may hardly hit it on the back 
 
 at 
 

 Of Colour ' Making, 
 
 at all ; while the purples may be treated in a ai- 
 re£t contrary manner; therefore here it mufr. 
 feem that the fecond red will not be imprefled 
 into the cloth like the nrft, nor the third like the 
 fecond ; confequently, the fecond will be a de- 
 gree paler than required, and the third two de- 
 grees ; but, on the contrary, the fecond purple 
 will be a degree ftronger than it- ought to be, 
 and the third two degrees, which will deflroy 
 the balance of ihade, that ought to be preferved. 
 ( Nothing is faid yet refpecting the ftate of 
 fleves, brufhes, flowing, &c. as the bad ftate 
 of either mufr. aggravate the cafe.) Hence it muft 
 feem, that whatever pains the Colour-maker 
 took to proportion his ingredients, and to adapt 
 them to the cloth, or the fightning and thick- 
 ning> the grounds have not been treated fo as to 
 produce the requlute degrees of fhade,(44) 
 
 Or, The matter may be thus illuftrated : The 
 outlines of two patierns may be nearly alike, but 
 probably one may have a greater quantity, and 
 . larger bodies of pale reds than the other ; and 
 the other may have a fuper proportion of the 
 pale purple ; or in one the lhades, or other 
 parts may be in fmall bodies, fo that wood only 
 
 will 
 
 I 
 
 (44) See note 8 in copper-work where this eir- 
 cumftaiice is illuftrated, 
 
II 
 
 Of Cohur - Making. 
 
 will be fufficient to work it, and in the other 
 there may be bodies that require hatting, though 
 the patterns in appearance may be of one clafs ; 
 now in this cafe, (45) if the Colour-maker 
 fee the patterns only, (46) it is a chance if he 
 makes any difference in his proportions accord- 
 ing to thcfe circumftances ; for the flowers or 
 other objecls feeming to him to confifl of three 
 regular /hades of colour, either as reds or pur- 
 ples, the proportions for one pattern may be 
 deemed needful for the other; but when the 
 grounds go to work, they may receive different 
 treatments from each other; hence the /hade of 
 colour that will be but barely deep enough for 
 the purple or red ground that has large bodies, 
 and which accordingly will be flrongly im- 
 prefTed on the cloth, by feveral blows with the 
 maul, muft be too weak for the red or purple 
 of the other, that may be juft ftruck with the 
 Printer's hand ; or one ground, becaufe of the 
 ihades or fine lines, may be worked in pafte, 
 
 while 
 
 (45) It is faid, " in this cafe," becaufe in others 
 where two patterns differ very much in their ap- 
 pearance, it is very likely allowed for. 
 
 (46) It is not always that he even looks thus 
 far, though if there be any weight in thefe fug- 
 geftions, he ought to look at all the prints and 
 grounds. 
 
 . 
 

 Of Colour - Making, 
 
 while the other may be worked in gum ; tile 
 confeqwence however will be, that though the 
 two pieces have the outlines alike, yet the paler 
 colours in the feparate pieces muff be different 
 in refpecvt to the requifite ftrength of them. — 
 as obferved in note 8 of copper-work. 
 
 Thefe obfervations may be brought ftUl clofer, 
 as for inftance. Two pieces are to be printed 
 with the fame colour, but with different prints; 
 one print fine and the other coarfe, or with 
 folids in it; therefore very probably that with 
 the folids will be more impreffed in the cloth 
 than the other, from its being deemed ncceffary 
 to hit it more forcibly ; hence though the colour 
 for both pieces come the fame from the colotfr- 
 houfe, the effedt. may be different in the fhade 
 of the colour : and in printing doppies it fome- 
 times happens, that if a piece is not thoroughly 
 dry, or if it be of a flimfy nature, the colour 
 may be forced through, (47) while another 
 
 more 
 
 (47) Here it might feem to many, that cloth 
 being- fo thin, this is a matter of indifference, 
 but when it is confidcred, that the aftringent and 
 colouring atoms are fo fmall, that a great number 
 piled on each other would bear no proportion to 
 
 the 
 
in 
 
 
 : 
 
 Of Colour -making. 
 
 more dry, or of a firmer texture, will refill 
 that circumflance ; therefore here again, though 
 the fame colour is ufed for both pieces, yet one 
 will have a paler or more wafliy appearance than 
 the other ; and the moil ignorant Printer knows, 
 that if a {hop be not kept warm, it is dangerous 
 almoft to work any colour ; (fee note 34) and 
 that it is always bell to finiili a piece, though 
 the colour may be ufed out of the fame pan"; a 
 difference may arife too from colour being old or 
 frefh ; and to all thefe may be added the chance of 
 fome part being performed with foul brumes or 
 fieves, worked on hard blankets, or from coarfe 
 fieves, lying on very lliff gum or paile ; or fome 
 pieces may be worked with the iirfl colour with- 
 
 out 
 
 the thicknefs of the cloth (fomethinr fimilar to the 
 microfcope difcovering- thoufands of animals in the 
 breadth of an hair) it mull then appear othervvife 
 and rauft accordingly be of fome importance whe- 
 ther they are only on the fuperrices of it, within 
 the body, or whether they are forced quite through ; 
 in the firil cafe the tinge can be but weak, in the 
 fecond it is likely to be more effective, but in the 
 lall the atoms mull be too much difperfed for pro- 
 curing that clofely conne&ed body or mafs of co- 
 louring particles which is requifite. 
 
 . 11 ,. 
 
 . 
 
Of Colour - Making, 
 
 out being drawn oyer the Hove ; or perhaps 
 taken to the copper without being properly 
 flowed; while otherpieces are treated in a dire 61 
 -contrary manner. (48)— See again note 34. 
 
 It is likewife of fome confideration, upon an 
 optical principle (fee rule 8 in putting-on, and 7 
 in cutting) whether pale colours are near to or 
 enclofed with flrong bodies of dark colour, for 
 what may appear of one hue, Handing by itfelf, 
 or only near to, or enclofed with a fine line, 
 will appear of another if otherwife circum- 
 stanced. — See likewife note 37 in copper work, 
 but in refpea to made, it will not appear fo dark 
 when furronnded by a mafs of dark colour, as 
 when alone on a white ground, owing to the 
 contrafl. 
 
 Thefe circumflances, and more that might 
 be adduced, are, it is pre fumed, of confequence 
 enough to engage a Colour-maker's attention, 
 lor though on the fuppofition that he has pro- 
 portioned his ingredients to the kind of cloth, 
 the pattern, and the nature of the thickning, 
 yet it mull be evident that unlefs each colour or 
 
 made 
 (48) Some printers will, if they can, fometimes 
 fmuggle as it were, pieces without being flowed, in 
 order to have them ftiff, though at times very im- 
 proper fo to do, as fome calenders are not in very 
 dry places, or the cloth itfelf may not befufficiently 
 dry when taken to the calendar. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I 
 
 If 
 
 
 Of Colour-making. 
 
 made, is in its applications fimilarly managed, 
 according to the proportions given, its effects 
 in the end muff be different in a greater or lefs 
 degree from what was intended. 
 
 As to the Printer, he generally regulates his 
 blows or preffure by the quantity or quality of 
 colour, or whether his print or ground be hatted 
 or not ; but even here, fome Printers dip and lay 
 their prints fo flowly, and hit fo fluggimly, to 
 what others do, that even this circumftance may 
 aggravate the others, for there are fome colours 
 that dry very quickly ; therefore (it is repeated) 
 though one or two of the circumftances juft 
 mentioned may poflibly be of little confequence, 
 yet when all or moftly all are joined, it then 
 muff be allowed by every one to be of fome 
 weight; as for the fiiare the Copperman has 
 in this cafe, it depends on what manner the mix- 
 tures are imbibed by the cloth, fuppofing the 
 preparation, &c. to have been properly executed, 
 and the drugs, &c. proper ^49) for if, of a num- 
 ber 
 
 (49) This renders dyeing but a fimple operation 
 compared to callico printing, as in the management 
 of the preparation, it is only relative to the dif- 
 ferent kinds of articles to be dyed, as intimated in 
 the beginning of this fe£tion ; hence it may be faid 
 in Colour-makers language, that thicknings are 
 more wanted than colouring articjes*— See note 39. 
 
< 
 
 Of Colour Making, 
 
 her of pieces boiled in the fame copper, one 
 colour comes up perfedl, it is a proof he has done 
 his part.— See note 8 in copper-work. 
 
 From what has been faid, it feems that a 
 Colour - maker fhould either be a Printer, or 
 be able to put himfelf in <a Printer's place, 
 chiefly in refpecvt. to the printing apparatus being 
 in order, and (as already faid) likewife in the 
 Copperman's, particularly in the preparation ,(50) 
 
 P fa 
 
 (50) It has been mentioned to the credit of the 
 firft printing - houfe (in refpe& to the quantity o£ 
 work done at it) in the vicinity of London, that 
 the copper work is well attended ; it is certain too 
 that the fame attention is bellowed on the printing, 
 oneof the Principals having been aPrinter,and being 
 able to command every convenience, it is of courfe 
 the better for it; and Journeymen having a maxim 
 (as mentioned in the fedion of printing) that a 
 Printer only fhould overlook Printers, are perhaps 
 more to be influenced by fuch a one ; whether this 
 is the cafe or not, certain it is, that much depends 
 on the cleanlinefs of brulhes, fieves and pans, elpe- 
 cially when pale colours are ufed j indeed ground- 
 ing 
 
 I 
 
 
1 1111 
 
 Of Cakur - Making.. 
 to as to have the ehief circnmftancw properly 
 of h . mixtures . butat the fame t . me . t . s 
 
 ed, .t muft be an extraordinary attention indeed, 
 th tcan near! y keep in view the almoft i nnnite ' 
 cafes under wh.ch colour ,n ay be applied, to fav ■ 
 noth,ng of having to combat with indole J. 
 nor anc carelefsnefs, preju(fice> or ^ 
 
 Jence;( SI ) and fianetimes, though rately, „ ver . 
 zealoufnefs. " 
 
 To 
 
 ing fhould be done in a feparate (hop, and the an * 
 paratus of courfe be by i,f e lf. P 
 
 A remark is here ventured on, whichifnarrowly 
 
 ruth; that accordmgtothe branch a principal may 
 have ^cn brought up ,o, or moff engaged f„, tha't 
 branch wdl moflly engage his attention, and his 
 aim for excellence will tend chiefly to it. 
 
 _ (51) It is repeated here (fee note 33 in madder- 
 ing) that white goods laying im, heap may receive 
 an injury which may affect the printing ; it there- 
 fore evince, the neceflity of the proceffes antecedent 
 to printing being carefully attended; but for thefe 
 as well as every other procefs, to be done pro- 
 perly, is unhappily not in the power of all 
 Printers ; fome will not have the conveniences nc- 
 
 ceflary 
 
 
 '.*<•• , 
 
mm 
 
 *Of Colour - Making, 
 
 To lay down a plan to regulate thefe appli- 
 cations, would probably be fpurned at by old 
 practitioners ; as it is hardly probable any that 
 
 could 
 
 ceflary, and fome cannot have them, confequently 
 when the means are obflrucled, the execution muft 
 fuffer. As to thofe who with fuch a complex bu- 
 finefs on their hands without either means or capa- 
 city, or who under the infatuated idea of being 
 matters, have precipitated themfelves into it with- 
 out proper fupport, they are really to be pitied, for 
 when railing fupplies become fo preffing, that 
 (as in the memorable failure of Mofney-Houfe 
 dwelt on in another place) the bufinefs in the 
 operative part is but a fecondary concern, any one 
 may judge how confufedly it mull be profecuted or 
 difcreditably terminated. 
 
 Remarks like thefe may appear invidious, but if 
 they caufe any who are inclined to commence 
 callico printers to reflctf fufficiently on the nature 
 of the bufinefe, the writer is not apprehenfive of 
 meeting with cenfure for fuch freedom, being cer- 
 tain that he* has done a real fervice. 
 
 He likewife cannot here forbear giving a hint of 
 advice to the Printer, and he will add, that it is of 
 confequence to a Draper to attend to it ; for unlefs 
 a Printer can evince his capability of executing 
 work properly, the Draper has a chance of lofmg, 
 
 ? * . as 
 
 
 \ 
 
Of Colour - Making, 
 
 could be fpecified would be reconcileable to an- 
 ther's requifite mode of practice. It may how- 
 ever be fuggefted, that if a Colour-maker would 
 
 arrange 
 
 as it is prefumed to be more acceptable to have goods 
 returned well executed, than to have to lay da- 
 mages as fome compenfation for bad work ; befides, 
 a Draper mould not only inform himfelf whether a 
 printer can execute what he undertakes, but whe- 
 ther he can do it in proper time (chemical and 
 general patterns are not here included.) A cir- 
 cumftance of this nature not being attended to, 
 was the fubverfion (or at leaft forwarded it) of a 
 confiderable printing-ground at Old Ford (Lay and 
 Adams) a few years back, the Principal having 
 undertaken late in the Autumn, to execute for the 
 Spring, a confiderable number of very elaborate 
 patterns j but though every nerve was drained, 
 the effort was in vain, and as well as the Printer 
 being overturned, the Draper muft have fufFered. 
 
 What helped to raife the names of Newton and 
 Kilburn to fuch distinction, was in their outfet 
 being forward with their work, as well as excellent 
 in general in the execution ; and much was it re- 
 gretted then, by the lovers of excellency, when 
 the firm was diffolved ; though the exertions and 
 productions of each fince that circumftance, have 
 been ftill fo refpe&able, thatCallico-printing in En- 
 gland 
 
 * 
 

 Of Colour - Making, 
 
 arrange the different courfes of operation his 
 colour has to go through, * in regard to the tex- 
 ture of the cloth, ftate of the prints and grounds, 
 blankets and fieves, thickning, preiTure, &c. the 
 operations might be reduced into fome fyftem be- 
 yond what is at prefent done,which is rarely more 
 than proportioning the ingredients for fine or 
 ftout cloths, blotches, and fine prints and ground; ; 
 tor certain it mint be that according to the pro- 
 portions or manner in which the iron liquor, 
 allum, ccc, is imbibed by the cloth, whether from 
 
 P3 the 
 
 
 
 gland may be laid to owe its revival and prefent credit 
 to their efforts ; 2 or 3 other Printers arc certainly 
 entitled to commendation ; but not {landing fo 
 forward in the articles of novelty and tafle in deiign, 
 or brilliancy in execution; they are not particularly 
 pointed to. 
 
 * Even in nearly the laftprocefs, that of whitening 
 printed goods, a carelefs Fieldman may render all 
 that has been done abortive, efpecially in ftrong 
 fun-fhiny weather attended with a drying wind, 
 if goods are watered in patches, or naffer too long 
 an interval between watering : the mifchief will be 
 flill more obvious, if pale colour work, fuch as lay- 
 lock, bloffom, or other pale blotch grounds, are 
 thus treated— Sec the article Grafs Bleaching. 
 
 
 ,* 
 

 Of Colour - Afaklng. 
 
 the manner of their being mixed, or their treat- 
 ment in the printing mop, the colouring drugs 
 can only impart therr qualities towards giving 
 the ■ effect that is defired. 
 
 The writer however prefuming that a Table 
 fomething like the oppofite, with the propor- 
 tions annexed to the different clrcumftances 
 under which colour may be conveyed, inferted 
 according to each Practitioner's mode, would 
 often be ufeful, be has therefore offered one; 
 leaving the blanks to he filled up according to 
 each Operator's difcretion, or courfe of practice; 
 or it n^ay ferve as a kind of model at leair, for a 
 better. 
 
 Adverting now to the ineiBcacy of written recipes 
 for making either permanent or fugitive colours 
 (as obferved note 43, and in two or three other 
 places) it is here fuggelted, that the moft explicit 
 modes of difplaying them will never form a 
 Colour-maker, as fo many practical circumftan- 
 ces occur, whxh there is no language to de- 
 fcribe, and for which experience alone can pro- 
 vide (52) (fee note 4 of copper-work) but .ex- 
 clusive. 
 
 (52) Such as the different kinds and qualities of 
 cloth, the proportions, lightnings, and thieknings 
 
 of 
 
Note, Here at the top or the Table ihould be prefixed the kind or quality 
 of the material intended to be printed on ; of courfe, the Table muft be re 
 peatcd for every article that requires a variation of the proportions, fuch 
 Muilin, Callico, Cotton, &c. 
 
 as 
 
 Blotches 
 in 
 
 Black 
 Chocolate 
 Pompa. 
 Firft Red 
 Sec. ditto 
 Third do. 
 Pink 
 Bloflbm 
 Sec. Purp. 
 Third do. 
 Laylock 
 Dk. Olave 
 Sec. ditto 
 Third do. 
 Drab 
 Yellow 
 Buff. &c. 
 
 Pi 
 
 'epara- 
 
 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 v, 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 4> 
 
 Cv 
 
 
 rt 
 
 Jd 
 
 • I— 1 
 
 £ 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 Colour- Making. 
 
 7t 
 
 •Ji 
 
 c ^ 
 
 C 7i 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 cs 
 C/3 
 
 
 rt 
 
 -*— 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 £ o 
 
 
 = jo 
 
 rt 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 to 
 
 
 !3 
 
 -I- 
 
 Doppics 
 in Do. rt 
 
 peating 
 the abovt 
 lilt. 
 
 [Clofecov- 
 eringwork 
 in '\ . 
 
 
 Raifing the 
 Colour. 
 
 5 W Q S |J 
 
 
 LLL 
 
 lere and in the following compartments, where needful, repeat 
 the above divifions, varying the proportions of courfe. 
 
 Light 
 work in 
 
 Cylindri- 
 cal work 
 
 Copper- 
 plate wot I 
 
 - 
 
 Gds re- 
 quiring 
 heavy 
 blows 
 
 Do. reci ui 
 ring pref- 
 fure only 
 
 Do. with 
 [ights. 
 
 Do. with 
 boundagf 
 
 Do. with- 
 out. 
 
 Do. near 
 
 another 
 
 c olons. 
 
 J&c. inclu- 
 dingchina 
 blues, and 
 chymicks, 
 according 
 to all cir- 
 cu in fian- 
 ces that 
 can poffi- 
 jblybefpe- 
 lcified. 
 
 TJ R Perhaps it may be bed to have feparate tables for Chemieks.-It 
 is ?owe'v« begged to be remembered, the above ,. only a crude hint to, 
 
 m rwlS^ W «• «* - avail bimff'J Vh Henry's fape,- en 
 printer wgbt to confult. 
 
 Though nearly repeating what has been faid, 
 it is here obferved, that it would not be difclofing 
 fecrets to fay, by way of recipe, that to make 
 Black colour, take fo much Iron liquor, fo much 
 water, io much flour, boil them fo long, &c. or 
 fo much alum, fo much Sac. Sat. &c. for other co- 
 lours ; for the fecrets are in a rigid attention to 
 thofe circumftances under which they may be 
 applied, and all thefe cannot be fpecirled in a 
 recipe : nay it may be gathered from the above 
 Table, reftrained as it is, to fay nothing of the 
 neceffary repetitions of it, how many circum- 
 fiances are to be provided for, which experience 
 mull: afcertain, and which muft evince the ab- 
 furdity of the idea (fo often intentionally en- 
 forced) that merely exhibiting recipes will form 
 a Colour-maker or Callico-Printer. As to certain 
 projects (fome already fpoken of, fee note 42 
 and text above it, on the ideal hope of uniting 
 the aftringent and colouring qualities in the fame 
 article ) among which at prefent is the idea 
 of raifing feveral colours at once, by the 
 agency of a certain weed, though the necefTary 
 procefs precludes proper permanency, the writer 
 muft ftill re-iterate the propriety of firft attain- 
 ing more certainty in the prefent practice, as that 
 would lay a proper bafis for improvement (See 
 Preliminary Suggeftions, notes 39, 49, 50 and 52 
 to this fection, and eli'ewhere ) And may it be 
 here faid to fome (even to Chymifts in their 
 Laboratories) who hitting on this or that ting- 
 ing article, conclude they have gained the point; 
 that in refpect to Callico -Printing, it is but 
 advancing one ftep towards it (in Dyeing it may 
 probably be fufficient) for, if the writer may fo 
 fpeak, till the tinging article, according to Hydro- 
 ftatic laws, is of equal fpecific gravity with the 
 buoyant one (the thiekning) it muft neceffarily 
 either link, float at the top, or fly off in fume 
 or vapour, by the attraction of certain fubftances 
 or qualities of the atmofphere, as in the inftance 
 of pencilling blue.* 
 
 As to other certain impediments, thofe only 
 who are well acquainted with the bufinefs, can 
 have a conception of them. It may neverthelefs 
 be faid, in refped to Printing in common, that 
 on the Continent Principals being more arbitrary, 
 as well as more philofophical than thofe here, 
 are abler to manage and direct workmen than 
 can be done here : thus it is ufual there for one 
 workman to put in the Black, another the Red, 
 and fo on : but dare the firft Printer we have at- 
 tempt fuch a mode, proper as it moft afluredly is ? 
 no, on the contrary, men here are fo much 
 mafters, that too often regularity muft ftoop to 
 confufion, propriety to abfurdity ; and judg- 
 ment itfelf to downright ignorance ! ! ! Hence 
 one great caufe of uncertainty. 
 Scheme of the principal proceffes of Callico- 
 Printmg, more fully exhibited further on. 
 
 (Stowing, Clearing, 
 Raifing the Colour, 
 Blue dipping, &c. 
 Fielding, Pencilling, 
 After-courfes. 
 
 Town Bufinefs, &c; 
 
 1 ft Drawing, Cutting, 
 
 Engraving- 
 2nd. Colour-Making, 
 3d. Preparation, 
 Calendering. 
 
 4th. Accounts at home. 
 
 m The writer thinks an apparatus might eafily be 
 procured for keeping certain colours, while in d* 
 pans, always in motion. 
 
Of 'Colour - Making. 
 dufive of all this, as every P rinter ; s f rrf 
 
 to know the common routine of colour-mXnT 
 and many will f av . *\, n i„™ , mamn S> 
 
 known H r aS much as ca " be 
 
 known (fee notes 4 and IO ) it would be f „ 
 
 to attempt p nbIiflling recipes> ^ ^ 
 
 e - led u, fome eirentiaI ^ T one 
 
 P eten S d W V M ^ h the ™ who wi. 
 pretend to difnlav fnrli 3 ^^ 
 
 ip^ay men :> or even granting- If 
 
 were done, where is the Praaitioner/who £ * 
 
 rf>ot.ve s f one kind or another, wou'ld alW™ 
 to be done or ftoop to adopt much of what 
 m.ght be delayed ? henee, (as faid note 2£ 
 
 eafo,7° f ' and at the dofe of *« ** 
 fea.o„) , ls more prudent) and s 
 
 JiS'h ',." ^ mig ' U "J""" th ° fe who ™ k * * 
 
 w,g by their a ^. e&oa of rec . pes> ^^ 
 
 more confiderate „ another fenfe, to fpeak K e- 
 nerally rather than fpecifically or pohtivelyl 
 praa.cal matters; and in d.fcuffing the theoretical 
 part, recommend the fiudy of it, or point to he 
 means, rather than confidently offer to exhibit 
 
 3 them ; 
 
 of the colour requifue for each j the mi*i„ g) boiI . 
 »*, apphcanon, &c . of them, ;„ refpCc<l » 
 
 quaatny, cjuahty and materials • the cuftom, f 
 par cularp.W caprice rf Prind £ 
 
 1£n ° ran " Cf thoft "ho have to of t h m, & dc 
 
 
Ill 
 
 Of Colour - Making* 
 
 them; fortothofefo difpofedto enquire, practical 
 knowledge will be obtained much more perfectly 
 than ever it can be gathered from books of any- 
 kind whatever : even what the writer has at- 
 tempted to difplay on the applications of colour 
 by printing, is little more than mentioning fuch 
 circurnftances, and leaving others to form con- 
 clufions ; forpra&ice and experience, it is again 
 faid, mufl fugged the moft efficacious means of 
 Tendering fuch obfervations, or any others that 
 can be made, ufeful in any refpect ; but this, it 
 is apprehended, need not be further dwelt on here, 
 as it is more than once intimated the llender ef- 
 forts in this work, are with diffidence offered to 
 induce certain practitioners to think, not arro- 
 gantly to direct any how to ae\(53) 
 
 Refpe fling 
 
 tt$) As illustrative of the above fuggeftions it 
 may be obferved, that works avowedly written for 
 the benefit of Manufacturers or Artificers, often con- 
 tain fo much fpeculative and fcientific matter, that 
 fuch perfons are rarely benefitted ; as their ideas in 
 general reaching little beyond practical concerns : 
 this may be oweing to few Manufa&ure rs or Arti- 
 ficers being writers, or having time to write, or 
 perhaps from dreading the aufterity of criticifm ; 
 hence that employment refts more with writers by 
 
 profeffion 
 
 v 
 

 Of Colour -making* 
 
 Refpeding chemical colonrs ; there is a great- 
 er plea forwithholdingrecipes,forgranting(onIy 
 for a moment) they could be improved, fo as to 
 equal thofe brought up in madder, (and the field 
 for difcovery is very wide, and fome are very 
 fanguine in this cafe) yet there are confiderations 
 that deferve notice, which weigh againft the 
 univerfal adoption of fuch a mode of printing, 
 witn all its boafted advantages ; for when once 
 operations were fo known, as to be performed in 
 a fhort time, with little trouble, and fmall ex- 
 pence, numbers of indigent or defperate adven- 
 turers would naturally rufh into the bufinefs; 
 and by their mutual underworking and undelet- 
 ing efforts, Callico-printing would foon lofe its 
 
 refpe£tability 
 
 profeffion, and their difcuffions, as mere Theories, 
 are more apt to be philofophically amufive, than 
 operatively ufeful ; even thofe great works, the 
 French Encyclopedia andMemoirs of the Academy, 
 may be complained of on this febre (to fay nothing 
 of their high price preventing raoft Artificers from 
 purchafingthem) the writer's not having been able to 
 procure the neceflary pra&ical information, or if 
 they procured it, they could not always explicitly 
 and fatisfaftorily convey it to thofe who were moft 
 intcrefted in it, to whom k would be mofl ufeful, 
 or who were mod likely to render it ufeful to the 
 world in general* 
 
 
Of Colour - Making. 
 
 refpeaability ; and (in the Draper's phrafe) prints 
 in general becoming vulgar, and within the 
 reach of thofe who have but little to fpare, other 
 articles muil be fubftituted more worth the no- 
 tice of perfons of falhion, or t.afte. 
 
 Belides, fince molt Drapers, by a certain cri- 
 terion, know whether fome kinds of work are 
 fall or not, there is a neceflity for Printers to 
 keep up, at leait, a line of refpe&able work ; 
 otherwife Drapers would naturally expeft it ex- 
 ecuted for little, and then they among them- 
 selves, would contend (by practices too common 
 already) for the greateft number of purchafers, 
 till prints, confidered in this light, likewife be- 
 come of little value ; and it needs hardly be laid 
 that with Drapers, retailers particularly, that 
 work is deemed the beft which brings returns the 
 fooneft, however final! the profit. 
 
 It may be added, that by the adoption of an 
 univerfal chymic mode, a national or commer- 
 cial injury would be experienced ; by many ar- 
 ticles, now in ufe for procuring faft colours, 
 being no longer wanted ; which includes the 
 lofs of employment thoufands mull fuftain, 
 whofe living depends on the cultivating, manu- 
 facturing, and the conveying of fuch articles 
 
 from 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 from place to place; but mechanical or other 
 improvements necefTarily fuperfede thefe confi- 
 derations. Though after faying thus much, it 
 muft be added, that, until every Printer thinks it 
 no way difcreditable to be deemed a chemick 
 Printer, or every Draper cares as little about his 
 fhare of repute in vending chemick work, per- 
 manent printing on the prefent eftablifhment 
 muft retain its ftaple value.. 
 
 Purfuing this fubjedt a little laterally, it may 
 be obferved to chemick Colour-makers, whomakc 
 a parade about this or that colour or fhade, that 
 luch matters rarely give a turn to a ftile of work; 
 figures or ftiapes being more the effential parts, 
 and a mere chemic ftile of work performed oil .. 
 any material, every one knows, has but its day. 
 
 Thus in chemick printing, asfaras the writer's, 
 memory reaches, Arbuthnot made fome ft ir with 
 green ftalks in light chintz, which foon flew, . 
 and no provifion being made to fupply the. vacant . 
 parts (fee the latter part of the fection on pat- 
 tern drawing,) the cloth then had a truly ludi- 
 crous appearance; the flowers fe em in g fcattered 
 here and there without ftalks or any other ap- 
 pendage. Prefton's chemical courfe on various 
 materials, a few years afterwards, made fome noife, 
 
 P 6 but 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
I II IF 1 
 
 
 
 Of Colour Making, 
 
 but an idea prevailing, however unjuftly, that 
 it was by oil colours, and that the heat oi a fire 
 fide would deftroy them,that courfe foon dropped. 
 Ilet's came next,but his ftile as well as Prefton's 
 was very confined and fhortly fubfided : black 
 and orange, or (as commonly called) gold 
 colours and other coloured fliawls, came next in 
 vogue ; faid tobeNaylor's invention ; other fan- 
 cies, fuch as fpringeing or fplafhing, foufflee, 
 &c. migfct be added ; with the blue and buff late- 
 ly much in requeft, and laftly the kerfymere 
 waiftcoat fhapes , but none of thefe ever flood 
 the proofs of a properly faft colour; as to the. 
 blue and gold, or black and orange, continued to 
 this time, and even introduced into furnkure, 
 (and which as well as the black dove and yellow 
 ftile, from the eafe and facility of its execution 
 drew many unto the bufinefs, that perhaps now 
 wifh they could elegibly quit it) as proving 
 what has been juft faid, it M* decreafed from 
 twelve-pence and more per yard for printing, 
 down to three halfpence, or even five far- 
 things!!! (54) and probably black, dove and 
 
 yellow 
 
 1 * »i 
 
 (54) It is notorious that in many commiffioned 
 and other mops, the loweft chemical work, even 
 
 with 
 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 yellow would have experienced a fate fomething 
 fimilar, but neatnefs and fulnefs were generally 
 required, and refpe&able Printers did a deal of the 
 work. 
 
 ■ 
 
 In lhort, as thefe courfes are little to the cre- 
 dit oi callico printing, it prompts a fuggeftlon, 
 that tc reftrain them within proper bounds, it 
 would ultimately be of general fervice if fome 
 fuch regulations were eftablimed as are in France 
 concerningDyers; thofe who dye faft colours and 
 
 thofe 
 
 with fuch colour as almoft, literally fpeaking, would 
 fliake off, is warranted and ticketed as faft, and 
 often called chintz j and as one confequence cer- 
 tainly is caufing purchafers to be doubtful of all 
 kinds of work, it would here unhefitatingly be 
 fhewn how to know at fight which is fo, if it 
 could be done perfpicuoufly ; as to faying that 
 cheap ticketed work is fufpicious, is what every 
 one knows ; and when little more is given, whe- 
 ther through neceflity or choice, than what the 
 cloth is worth, no one can reafonably complain; but 
 very often a high price is required, and freely 
 given in expe&ation of adequate work ; In fome 
 cafes it rauft be however allowed the impo fition 
 refts not with the Draper. 
 
 mmm 
 
I 
 
 Of Colour-making, 
 
 thofe who do not, being deemed of diftina 
 profeffions, and fa ft and fugitive colours confined 
 to certain kinds of cloth. — See in the general 
 reflexions more to this purpofe, as well as the 
 means of improving Callico-printing. 
 
 End of the Seftion on Copper work, and Colour- 
 making* 
 
Colour-making* 
 
 Enlargements on the preceding fubjecl, 
 being a more chymical difcuffion of 
 it ; or, in which the agency of chy- 
 miftry is more exemplified, both the- 
 oretically and practically. 
 
 HAVING attempted to give a general view 
 of preparing and colouring procefTes, as 
 accommodatory to the ftate of philofophical 
 knowledge among thofe to whom the work is 
 addrefTed, as perhaps can be done, the writer 
 now, in order to lead them as it were ftep by ftep 
 to the point he wifhes them to attain, will en- 
 deavour to be a little more fcientific, and fpeak 
 more particularly of the operations of nature in 
 thofe procefles, in view of rendering them ufe- 
 ful or fubfervient to the operations of art. And, 
 as failures in practice are as mucb owing to im- 
 proper qualities in the articles employed, as well 
 as in the unions and applications of them, he 
 will fubjoin fome certain modes of analyzing 
 them, partly from experience and partly from 
 rcfpe&able printed documents : but frill expref- 
 fing himfelf in as familiar terms and language 
 
 # « 
 
 
 
 
 > %\ 
 
 1 
 
Of Colour- making. 
 
 as he poffibly can : — as what he has faid re- 
 fpefting coppermen (note 34 to maddering) may 
 be faid refpeclin§- the mafs of colour-makers (he 
 fpeaks here from certainty and dares refutation) 
 for being little folicitous about principles or 
 caufes, and little acquainted with the proper 
 names of articles which they ufe, the modes of 
 analyzing them, 'or the true fignification of 
 eh ymical terms in general, it probably would be 
 of little advantage, nay it would appear like va- 
 nity and affectation, to ufe the new terms of 
 chymiftry (55) expatiate on new theories, or 
 difplay certain new opinions, or even fads 
 though relative to the fubjea. (56) 
 
 The 
 
 fl 
 
 (55) Called the new nomenclature, which at a 
 proper time is intended to be given with new 
 opinions, 'experiments, Sec. included in what is 
 intimated note 7 to preliminary fuggeftions. 
 
 • Among abfurd phrafes in general ufe, are 
 killing acjds, opening indigo, verdigreafe, and 
 the like. The abufe of the term colour has been 
 mentioned, — fee note 1. 
 
 (56) And has given fo flight and imperfeft a 
 compendium of chymiftry as to omit fome of the 
 
 metallic 
 
Of Colour- making* 
 
 The time however hetrufts is flattening when 
 philofophical principles will be cultivated (57) 
 the neceflity of it becoming every day more 
 evident. He will even venture to fay, when 
 this crude treatife is fcanned, and he has fuffici- 
 cnt reafon to fuppofe it will be by many in the 
 profeffion, however cavalierly he treats them, 
 that a defire for better information will com- 
 mence, and, ofeourfe, an endeavour to obtain 
 that knowledge which is the proper bafis of 
 practice, and which as fuch is fo often fpoken of 
 in this work. 
 
 § 2 Con- 
 
 metallic fubftances, aiolt of the acids, and intlrely 
 the gaffes, though, important primary agents 
 in the new chymiftry. 
 
 To thofe who have kali fpare time, are recom- 
 mended as a felection of works on chymiftry, firft 
 Nicholfons Elements, tken Fourcroy's and La- 
 voiher's, but chiefly Berthollet's Memoirs, of 
 which the writer has often availed himfelf in this 
 work. 
 
 (57) Probably the prefent diftra&ed ftate (1790) 
 of France, may caufe fomc of her fcienfific artifts to 
 migrate ; ofeourfe, where they go, they will carry 
 feience with them, and callico printing in this 
 country may be bettered by it. 
 
 
mtmtb 
 
 11 
 
 Of Co/cur-ma khtg. 
 
 Concerning permanent BLACK and PURPLE. 
 Iron-liquor, or calxjof iron diflblved in vine- 
 gar, from whatever liquor procured, is the agent 
 for obtaining permanent black from madder; 
 and by judicions tempering with water forms 
 purples and lay locks;* the black itfelf being only 
 a deep purple : — With logwood a lefs permanent 
 black or purple, of a bluim dulkier hue is ob- 
 tainable. With weld and other yellow colour- 
 ing fubilances, the hue is brown. When added 
 to the red colour, or more properly the al u mi- 
 nous folution, thenchocolate^pompadour, blofTom 
 &c. are formed in the madder copper, according 
 to the proportions of mixture, from the colour- 
 ing matter being taken in combination by both 
 the calx of iron and the earth of allum at the 
 fame time. 
 
 Some think the additament of alder bark, or 
 decoctions of other aftringents might help the 
 iron liquor in certain cafes, as when newly pre- 
 pared or procured by a weak acid. 
 
 Of the tar acid iron liquor, or the chalybeat 
 one, the writer will fay little ; the expedition of 
 procuring either may have its advantages, but 
 
 much 
 
 * Ufing pafle or gum occafionally as thicknings, 
 or vehicles for carrying them to the cloth. 
 
Of Colour-making, 
 
 much caution is needful before a courfe of work 
 is attempted with them, vmlefs the manufacturers 
 are of undeniable repute : for though a deal may 
 be faid of the acid employed and of its immediate 
 operation on the previoufly prepared calx, yet 
 every printer, as already obferved, is fully fenfible 
 of the value of good old iron liquor, and of 
 courfe preferves it for particular purpofes. 
 
 As to what is faid by fome of the acid pro- 
 cured from cyder, perry, &c. and nfing fteel 
 filings, it (till is but vinegar, and the fteel muft 
 be converted into a calx before a drop of iron 
 liquor can be formed. Hence the only fuperiority 
 it can hoaft over any other, is in its being fre-er 
 in its fir ft ft ages of manufacturing from ufelefs 
 or injurious matters ; and from the iron being 
 very minutely divided, and, of courfe, prefenting 
 more furfaces to the action of the acid, the folu- 
 tion is more expeditioufly performed. 
 
 It may not be irrelavent to add, that the more 
 concentrated the vinegar, or the nearer it ap- 
 proaches to diftilled or radical vinegar (58) it 
 
 § 3 ma v- 
 
 (58) Vinegar diftilled from verdigreafe ; but to 
 fpeak of this as well as other articles, new terms 
 
 of 
 
 fc. 
 
 - 
 
Of Colt 
 
 
 cur-makingi 
 
 may be proportionably effective, both in refpeft 
 to power and expedition : and fmall beer or weak 
 wines are known to give of little power. As 
 to the age of common iron liquor, that is, fuch 
 as is procured in the old way, it is indifputable 
 that the particles of iron or its calx are found 
 to caufe a finer colour and of being more uni- 
 formly difperfed, however lowered the mixture 
 may be, than in the new iron liquors. In facl, 
 it is this perfect faturation, and the cafe is ap- 
 plicable to aluminous and other folutions, that 
 denotes its excellency. And this is no where more 
 evident (as well as with the red colour) than in 
 the charging of copper-plates, where the engraving 
 is very fine : for it is certain that the colour 
 made at different grounds by different operators, 
 will not fuit the fame engraving. Other cir- 
 cumftances to be fure may intervene, yet the 
 
 above 
 
 ef doctrine mud be ufed, at prefent deemed incom- 
 patible 
 
 As Tinegar diffolves iron (lowly, and only then 
 with accefs of air, the tar acid, or more properly 
 the acid of wood, has been lately much ufed and 
 ^tolled, being applied immediately to the cake. 
 
Of Colour-making, 
 
 above is certainly one worth attending to (59) 
 But in this inftance it may be faid in one cafe, 
 that, by the particles of iron being more faturated 
 with the liquor, and in the other by the earth of 
 allum being completely faturated with the vine- 
 gar, of courfe, both the calx of iron and the 
 earth of allum are carried with their folvents 
 into the fin eft interfaces. 
 
 N. B. With blue colour for copper-plate 
 piinting the difficulty is greater!: : hence the 
 colour here cannot be too pure and free from 
 adventitious matters, not only for filling the in- 
 terftices, but alfo for the fake of the doctor or 
 clearer. 
 
 Perhaps what tearers call vittry colour, or 
 that which in boiling, or other fUges of pre- 
 paring black, appears frothy, fcummy, lumpy, 
 &c. is from the iron liquor not being free from 
 plumbago (which is a combination of the bafe of 
 
 fixed 
 
 
 (eg) The perfect digeltiou of gails and other af- 
 tringents; or their faturation with their folvents, 
 is as fully needful in certain courfes ; for in both 
 cafes, the extreme divifion of the particles produ- 
 ces the bsfteiFe&s. 
 
 -m 
 
1 
 
 Of Colour-making, 
 
 fixed air or pure charcoal with iron. Of which 
 much might be faid, .but for reafons juft given, 
 it is waved at prefent, except that being black 
 lead, it is infoluble in acids. 
 
 Tn the copper a decompofition of the liquor 
 takes place either by attridibn (note 28) or by 
 an attraaion of the colouring matter of the 
 madder, or elfe by an attraction of the cloth 
 itfelf (60) to the calx held in union by the 
 vinegar: which in this cafe is fimilar to the earth 
 of allum in combination with vinegar. 
 
 The writer will not yet pretend to fay how 
 the foxing of the purples (a common phrafe) may 
 be avoided with little trouble, but he obferves as 
 it is fure to take place if the water be heated to 
 a certain degree, it renders the purple an iron 
 mould, or a metallic ftain ; the comburtion 
 having decompofed it, and feperated the colour- 
 ing matter from it. For here be it obferved that 
 the purple on the cloth is a compound matter, 
 
 formed 
 
 (60) The lateft modern opinion is that the 
 cloth itfelf in the copper undergoc. a partial fo- 
 
 lution. 
 
Of Colour -making. 
 
 formed of the calx of iron and the colouring 
 matter of the madder. 
 
 Why the red is not fo eafily 'decompofed is 
 from the clofer attraction of the colouring mat- 
 ter of the madder with the earth of allum : and 
 it has been obferved, the black and consequently 
 the purple is deemed only a depofiticn of the 
 calx; befides, as a proof of it, it is known that 
 the deeper the purple, the eafier it is afFedted, 
 which only feems fo from there being more 
 fubftance to be acted on. 
 
 In maddering if the heat be too intenfe, a fimilar 
 circuniflance happens, that is, a brownefs en- 
 fues, fo likewife does it in mere welding ; only in 
 the firft cafe the colouring fubftance already on 
 the cloth is changed, but here the colouring 
 matter of the weld in the copper is changed, 
 combuftion being the caulc of both. 
 
 Note An iron liquor, not generally known, is 
 obtainable from a decoction of rice in which 
 red hot iron is thrown ; it is then to be added to 
 a certain quantity of vinegar in which red hot 
 iron has likewife been thrown. 
 
 
 
 
 Concerning 
 
Of Colour-making, 
 
 Concerning permanent RED. 
 
 Allum, (that is, vitriolic acul and clay,) being 
 mixed in folution with fugar of lead, (which is 
 compofed of vinegar and calx of lead,) a decom- 
 position or change of union takes place according 
 to the laws of affinity ; the vinegar leaving the 
 calx of lead to join with the clay, or more pro- 
 perly the earth of allum ; while the vitriolic 
 acid leaves the earth of allum to unite with the 
 calx, forming with it an infcluble and ufelefs 
 mixture (61) confequently what remains, as 
 ufeful, is the vinegar in union with the earth of 
 allum (according to vulgar obfervation and lan- 
 guage, fugar of lead prevents the fettling which 
 would otherwife take place too fuddenly) but 
 in this mixture there being more acid than ne- 
 ceiTary, exprefTed in chymiftry by the terms 
 either of excefs of acid, 01 a fuperfaturation of 
 acid, chalk being added, takes hold of it : the 
 chalk at the fame time undergoing a decompo- 
 fition (by the vinegar expelling the fixed air ) 
 (62} the effervefcence which commences, evinc- 
 ing this operation. 
 
 Whether 
 
 (61) Thus, it is common for the colour at the 
 bottom of the tub to be unfit for ufe. fee fomethinir 
 fimilar in Exp, 6 in note 40 
 
 L< i 
 
 i...faf-< M 
 
Of Colour-making* 
 
 Whether the neceflrty of this additament was 
 difcovered a priori, or by chance, or experiment, 
 is no matter ; it is certain that without it the 
 colour is not fo deep. For according to the com- 
 mon mode of proportions, without the ufe of 
 chalk, there is a ufelefs fubftance remaining, 
 mcreafing the bulk of the liquor without adding 
 to its efficacy. (note6i) An alkali being added 
 tends Hkewife to take up the cxcefs of acid, hence 
 lomeufe aih in the red colour. (63) 
 
 The refult, however, being now vinegar and 
 the earth of allum, necefTarily diluted; when it 
 
 goes 
 
 
 
 (62) Chalk is lime faturated with fixed air, or 
 serial acid. Lime is chalk deprived of it. 
 
 In this cafe the ftronger acid, that is, the vinegar, 
 expels the weaker, that is, the fixed air, and takes 
 its place, according t® the 5th rule of affinities in 
 
 the compendium. 
 ■ 1 
 (63) If waters were carefully analyzed before 
 being" ulcd,' feme would be found fit for black, 
 though unfit for red, and fo of other colours ; in 
 truth, few, are aware of the confequenees of an 
 indifcriminate ufe of hard or foft water ; in fhort, 
 it will render the proportions or articles neccfTary 
 at one ground, perhaps ufelefs at another. — fee ar- 
 ticle preceding a(hing and note 37 to madderi»g. 
 
Of Ci law-making. 
 
 goes into the madder copper, the union between 
 the colouring matter of the madder and the 
 earth of allum(which forms what is often fpoken 
 of in this work as a cement) is eafier afFeded 
 than if with only a mere folution of allum.-.-- 
 Here be it obferved, a fecond decompofition takes 
 place, that is, of the vinegar and earth of allum, 
 by the interpofition of the third fubitance, 
 namely, the colouring matter of the madder or 
 weld, as either is ufed. 
 
 The vinegar is likewife found to agree better 
 with the thickening than a mere folution of 
 allum will, it being in tearers language, not fo 
 vittry, lumpy or fpecky ; perhaps from not 
 being fo cryftalizable. 
 
 In making red colour (64) various other 
 articles, fuch as ammoniac, corrofive fublimate 
 tartar, calx of tin; arfenic, zinc, &c. are or have 
 been occafionally added. When arfenic is ufed, 
 there certainly mould be am added: Refpeftable 
 colour- makers arc however very fparing in the 
 ufe of thefe articles (notr $$ \ 
 
 It 
 
 (64) The reader t t again reminded colour here 
 is a very improper term. 
 
 t'*** r ~--^5l- 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 It is unnecefTary (and in fa£t for rcafons juft 
 added, not intended) to enter into a detail of their 
 immediate effects, or the caufes of them ; their 
 chief effects as faid already, being as alteratives, 
 (65) but they are necenarily fpoken of here 
 again. 
 
 It is, however, jufl intimated that tartar in its 
 union with allum, does not act like fugar of lend : 
 there is not a mutual, decompofition, though 
 they attract each other ; the attraction is neverthe- 
 lefs deftroyed in the copper, and a decompofition 
 then enfues of the previous mixture, followed 
 by a union of the colouring matter with part 
 of it. 
 
 Calx ot tin, ammoniac, 5cc. in their effects of 
 brightening (as ufually called) are efficacious in 
 confequence of preventing that clofe attraction 
 of the madder, weld, &c. to the allum, &c. — 
 Tartar ufed for yellow has this brightening ef- 
 fect in a particular degree; it likewife brightens 
 chymical colours, fuch as folution of cochneal, 
 
 §§ brazil 
 
 (65) Their attractions to the principal fubftance 
 or bafia of the colour is to be know» by fludyiaj 
 tke laws of affinities. 
 
 »~^r 
 
Of Colour-making* 
 
 brazil, &c. and in printing kerfeymeres and 
 other animal fubjefts this fait is very .ufeful. 
 Urine in fome cafes ftrengthens the colour ; cor- 
 rofive fublimate tends to deepen it, but like as 
 with tartar, afh ftiould be ufed with it. Com- 
 mon experience will fhew the effect of other 
 fubftances, though now few of them are ufed in 
 callico printing, asjuft obferved. (66) 
 
 It is not to a vegetable fubftance that the at- 
 traction of the earth of alum is confined, it a&s 
 readily on animal fubftance s, as in the inftance 
 of lakes (fee note 33) here the alkali feizing the 
 fubftance ;fufpended in the folvent till then, is 
 thrown down. In printing on woollen this 
 circumftance is very manifeft: hence it may here 
 be faid, that as in dyeing, a folution of ifinglafs, 
 or of glue, added to the decoaion of the vegeta- 
 ble fubftance, helps the effects by its attradion 
 to calces, which otherwife would not be at- 
 tracted 
 
 (66) Some colourmakers neverthelefs afFeft to 
 be wonderfully fecret in ufe of fome of thefe. The 
 writer* knows of a great fum being given not far 
 from London, for a recipe for red, becaufe calx of 
 tia ww an ingredient — fee nates 35 and 79. 
 
 v 
 
Of Colour-making 
 
 traaed by the colouring fubftances. (67)— (See 
 calces further on.) 
 
 In want of fugar of lead, it may eafily be pro- 
 cured by diffolving any of its calces, cerufle 
 excepted, in vinegar. 
 
 Concerning YELLOW, &c. 
 
 The folutions of ailum, fugar of lead, and 
 tartar united, is the agent for procuring yellow 
 from weld; tartar is however not now much 
 ufed. The natural operation here being fimilar 
 to that of maddering, excepting the colouring 
 matter being yellow inftead of red. (68) Various. 
 articles are fometims ufed as fubftitutes, 
 but none excels it. The New-England oak 
 
 (67) The ufefulnefs of dung, as an animal fub- 
 ftance, helps the colouring procefs in callico 
 printing.— See dunging. 
 
 (68) The aftion of allura and lime on the colour- 
 ing fubftanccs is fimilar to that oflime or alkaliet 
 on indigo.— See further on. 
 
 If allum be boiled in a copper veffel, the liquoi 
 will be impregnated with copper, which vol. alk 
 will detelt* 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 baik, ufed by many in Lancafhfre may however 
 be mentioned as the belt. 
 
 A weed called by fome Ladies Bed-Straw (fee 
 the fheet with the table for proportions) has had 
 a little undeferved repute for bringing up feveral 
 colours at once : it may nevcrthelefs ferve as a 
 fubilitute for weld. The root gives a red. — 
 Several fields near Bow in Middlefex are appro- 
 priated for the cultivation of this plant. 
 
 The varieties of drabs, teas, clays, dull-greens, 
 &c. are eafily procured by varying the propor- 
 tions ot fumach, fuftick, &c. as already ftated. 
 
 An orange or fnuff-colour, is procurable by 
 not letting the majldering come up to a fcald, 
 fo that the red: is barely produced, and then 
 welding it. It may be fubjoined, that a repeti- 
 tion of maddering or welding by adding various 
 falts or calces to what remains, will produce va- 
 rious effects. Variegated effects are likcwife to 
 be produced by welding firft, then printing an 
 after-courie and maddering it : but thefe, how- 
 ever, are only tricks to be purfued with mode- 
 ration. (69) * 
 
 It 
 
 (69) Such practices helped to forward the failure 
 of Livefy and Co.— See further on, note 80 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 It has been obferved (fee note 30, maddcring) 
 thata philofopHical mind might come near to fome 
 proper criterion for afcertaining the quantity e* 
 madder, &c merely require in all cafes. 1 he 
 hint there given may pombly be improved by 
 the pradice of dyeing, where the weight of the 
 ftufFthat is to be dyed, regulates the weight or 
 meafure of the articles that procure the aye. 
 There are however great obftacles to fuch at- 
 tainment in Callico-priming: but, it only for 
 experiment fake, cloth might be weighed before 
 and after being printed, and the difference in 
 weight acquired by printing, made to regulate 
 the quantity of madder, weld, &c. taking into 
 account the dry and wet flate cf the cloth, the 
 thickening, &c. But, at any rate, the fuper- 
 quautity of the colouring articles might, by cer- 
 tain proceffes, be feperated from whatever clfe 
 that may neceffarily be left in the copper of the 
 thickening, fightening,&c. and the madder, weld, 
 Sec. not taken up, be feparated in a pure ftate (this 
 at a future time will probably be fpecified, though 
 deemed needlefsnow, as the agency of cbymiftry 
 muft be brought in, in a rather particular and 
 operofe manner. The wiiter is aware, and ha s 
 mentioned, (fee maddering) that, in common, this 
 fuper-quantity is made ufe of for inferior purpofes; 
 and even in the colouring houfe in making yel- 
 
 §§ 3 low 
 
 
I I 
 
 Of Colour-making, 
 
 low, &c. but fomething like what is hinted a* 
 above, would be of much better advantage. 
 
 Concerning BLUE. 
 
 The chief, and, perhaps, only proper agent in 
 
 the production of this colour is indigo ; as woad, 
 
 pruffian blue (70) logwood and fome other fub- 
 
 flances, have hitherto not anfwered not anfwered 
 
 the hopes of any. Woad however is the clofefr. 
 
 of kin to indigo; in fadt, indigo is obtainable 
 
 from it. (71) 
 
 The 
 
 
 (70) Pruffian blue is iron, in combination with 
 pruffic acid, which acid has precipitated it from its 
 folution. The acid is prepared by calcining animal 
 matters (generally oxes blood) with alkali. The 
 common fclution of Pruffian blue is by folution of 
 tin or marine acid ; fomething of which kind wat 
 lately hawked among London printers as a blue to 
 print with, and called the true Switzerland blue. 
 But the whole proved rather an abortion, — See 
 further on, refpe&ing metallic calces and 
 precipitates. 
 
 (71) By the agency of lime, or by adding pur« 
 alkali to the woad, when fermented with water. 
 
 II I!' 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 

 Of Colour-making* 
 
 The common folution of indigo, or opening 
 of it, as ufually termed, it has been faid is with 
 afh, lime, orpiment (72) and concentrated vi- 
 triolic acid : but, it is here further obferved, 
 that indigo, in order to be diflblved, muft be de- 
 
 a compofed 
 
 (72) Forming a liver of fulphur, which is the 
 true folvent. — Livers or hepars being combinations 
 of fulphur, with alkalies and earths, and the orpi- 
 ment here which is decompofed, in the courfc 
 of the proceflcs, contaims fulphur. 
 
 The properties of indigo are fuch, that nature 
 feems to have fet a barrier to any attempt to ufe it 
 like many other articles, when it is formed into the 
 pencilling blue colour; (china blue colour being 
 governed by other procelTes) fo as only to require 
 rincing, with all the ingenious contrivances of wired 
 ficves, agitators CSV . either in procuring fin* lines, 
 cr cvennefs of colour, when the mapes are large and 
 frequent (note 39) for as partly obferved, note 37,. 
 till we can either difplace or deaden the attractive 
 powers of a component part of the atmofphere, or 
 elfc chain down, as it were, the volatility of a prin- 
 ciple in the indigo, we muft defpair of having it in 
 fubjedtion. The new doctrine, however, of gaffes,, 
 is at prefent employed with ftrong hopes of ufing. 
 it, at leaft, to more advantage than hitherto.. 
 
Of Colour -making, 
 
 compofed^nd a fubftance which it has acquired, 
 which fee below, be expelled. Woad, in which 
 putrefia&ion has commenced, affects this, and at 
 the fame time gives a blue. The appearance 
 that indigo exhibits (note 37) in folution, is its 
 becoming green, or {hewing a green furface with 
 lime, alkali or certain calces : The colouring 
 matter here evidently flies off, and until that 
 takes place it is infoluble. (*) The copperas 
 and orpiment are fuppofed to do this from certain 
 powers of affinity or attraction. 
 
 1 he bei methods for forming blue vats, accord- 
 to the moft refpe&able French chyraifts and 
 dyers, are ift, By macerating the indigp in a 
 ftrong ley, then grinding it, adding lime and 
 water to it, raking it when the lime is flacked, 
 and then adding green copperas or orpiment. — 
 After this, the indigo (previoufly ground) is to 
 be added, raked and then fufferedto reft as ufual. 
 2nd, method, being more fimple, is by adding 
 certain proportions of indigo, green copperas, 
 'ime and water, and this compofition, after raking, 
 is fit for dyeing in a few hours. 
 
 In thefe and all other procefles in which lime 
 
 and water are ufed, the lime muft not be too 
 
 chalk y 
 
 * Vital air, which the indigo acquires during 
 combuftion, according to the new theory.— See 
 Bcfthollet's memoirs. 
 
 
 II 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 chalky (73) nor the copperas too calcined, and 
 the lime fhould always exceed ; or the folution 
 of the indigo will be themoie imperfect ; neither 
 neither fhould it be in ufe but a few days, as it 
 then gets weak. 
 
 Immerfing the cloth afterwards in diluted 
 vitriolic acid heightens the colour; it is gene- 
 rally immerfed twice, the firir. time being called 
 rough] ng,but this commonlyhurts madder colours, 
 hence chiefly ufed with china blue colours only, 
 and thefe when dull may be mended by further 
 immerfions. -}~ 
 
 To make this blue, fome make a folution of 
 antimony firft, and add indigo afterwards. A dry 
 preparation in thefe procefTes as well as in others 
 is to be procured fvom indigo. 
 
 The curious may fublime indigo, and thereby 
 procure flowers as with zinc, fulphur, &c. For 
 
 '' 5' experiments 
 
 1 ■; 
 
 ■ w^B 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 : ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (73) Which will unavoidably be the cafe if kept 
 
 too much expofed to the air,by attraction of the fixed 
 
 air* from the atmofphere, chalk being lime faturated 
 
 with fixed air, which when impelled by fire, or a 
 
 flronger acid than the fixed air is, is extricated; 
 
 but which the time afterwards, endeavours to regain. 
 
 But this attraction if fixed is moil manifeft in lime 
 
 water, and every one knows time gers moid focn 
 
 in the air, efpecially if the air itfelf be moil!. 
 * Which is a weak acid. 
 
 -fA blowing day is bad for drying the cloth, as it 
 is apt to i'mudgc ; but when the blue is once fixed, 
 it is not cafily moved. 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 experiments in a (mall fcaleit may be done in a 
 common flafk over a common fire, defending the 
 flaik from the contact of the fire. 
 
 Tofpeakofthe Saxon blue is hardly worth 
 while, it is fo very fugitive, being a mere folu- 
 tion (if it can be called fuch) of indigo in 
 Vitriolic acid. If this, however, be added to a 
 proper folution of indigo, a green may be pro- 
 cured ; and if the acid be rather predominant, i* 
 increafes the intenfity. 
 
 In blue dipping, if the cloth appear clean and 
 white, as in other cafes mentioned under the fecti- 
 on of copperwork, the preparation is generally 
 difpenfed with, on a prefumption thecloth has no 
 oilinefs in it ; but this does not always feem to 
 be the cafe, and the writer cannot think fubordi- 
 nate blue dippers, printers, and cylinder workers, 
 are always in fault, when ftormont and other clofe 
 work appears uneven. And he knows, that faults 
 
 are fewer where preparation is more indifcrimi- 
 nate. Even for common chemical work, it may 
 be more needful than perhaps many think ; for it 
 is certain, that if the afhing be not properly or 
 Cufficiently performed, the cloth will turn brown 
 in time : and this, by the way, may account for 
 the brownnefs that is obferved to take place in cloth 
 
 where 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 where chemical colours are brought up in lime 
 water, unlefs it be fuppofed that the lime may de- 
 pofit fom,e of its earth, orfomefubftance that may. 
 be in union with it, (as lime itfelf is earth) which 
 in time caufes that brownnefs. In this cafe, how 
 far an immerfion in fome acid may diflodge it the 
 writer will not fay, but the acetous acid feems 
 moft proper: as to the vitriolic that muft una*- 
 voidably form a felenite. (74) 
 
 In making pafte colour (75) in order to pre- 
 ferve certain fhapcs in white on a blue ground ; 
 
 §§ 6 waters 
 
 (74) A defideratum in chinab!ue, printing ex- 
 biting it, with deep and pale fhades along with 
 
 madder colours, without palling or otherwifc pre- 
 ferving it. It is however to be done by certain 
 prefervatives, though not by common pafle ; and 
 even a ftrong blue to be formed by certain prepa- j 
 red vat$,foas not to hurt the madder; colours and it 
 is well known, the writer a few years ago drew pat- 
 terns with two blues intermixed win chintz work 
 (the houfe of Afhby and Philpot had the firfl) but it 
 was deemed impracticable; he however hopes 
 thinks it will not long be deemed fo. 
 
 (75) A compofition of tobacco pipe clay, and 
 foft foap. 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 waters impregnated with felenite or other earthy- 
 matters, are detrimental. (76) However, in any 
 cafe where the foap is decompofed, the pafte 
 does not work freely. Inftead of tallow to which 
 it is requifite to keep a heat continually applied; 
 fome of the fat oils; butter of cocoa, &c. might 
 probably be ufed to advantage. In wax printing 
 the wax is neceffarily kept fluid over burning 
 charcoal. 
 
 Lemon-juice being made ufe of in fome cafes 
 to procure fimilar effects, by difcharging the 
 colour, it is intimated here how to procure it. 
 
 Exprefs 
 
 (76) If vitriol of lime or magnefia be in water 
 the vitriol unites with the alkali, and the lime or 
 magnsfia with the oil, forming an almoft infoluble 
 foap, floating on the water having the appearance of 
 a curd : hence here cannot be a perfect folution of 
 the foap. 
 
 %• A folution of foap being poured on a metallic 
 folution, its acid feizes the alkali of the foap. 
 ( . Fat oils and bitumen make a fat vamifli. By com- 
 bining fat oils with calces of lead, adding a quantity 
 of water and evaporating the liquor, a thick fyrup 
 u obtained which does not cryftalize 
 

 Of Colour-making. 
 
 Exprefs the juice of lemons, of any fort, ripe 
 or unripe ; expofe it to the fun till it depofits a 
 fediment, filter it till the liquor is clear and fet 
 it in a fand bath ; change the receiver when the 
 drops are acid : The acid preferred in the re- 
 ceiver, is to be kept in veffels fecured from the 
 air; Or,faturate the lemon-juice with lime,wafh 
 it and pour it on a due quantity of vitr'unl ic acid * 
 the liquor poured from the precipitate is the acid 
 of lemons. ---Lavorjicr'' s Chymi/lry. 
 
 The beft lime is that what effervefees the leaft 
 with vinegar, (77) or which mixes quickly with 
 water, and with the greatefl heat. 
 
 To get the x purefl: lime (though not fo abfo- 
 lutely needful in the above-mentioned procefles)' 
 is by boiling powdered chalk repeatedly, dif- 
 folving it in radical vinegar, and precipitating it 
 by concrete ammoniac. For pencilling blue, 
 pure lime is, however, indifpenfably needful ; 
 in fa£t, in all the folutions of indigo where it is 
 ufcd, as is the lime fo will be the colour. 
 
 
 L 
 
 ime 
 
 (77) Being raoft deprived of its fixed air (fee aote 
 73) and consequently there canbe little effcrvefcence. 
 
 
 
Of Colour-making.. 
 
 Lime water when ufed to bring up the colour,, 
 whether bright green, buff, chemick blue, &c. 
 produces the effect by decompofing the mixture 
 applied to the cloth : the acid that held the arti- 
 cles in union being feparated from it, and the 
 remainder left on the cloth. 
 
 From the preceding fuggeftions it is inferred, 
 that good black and purple colour is only to be 
 procured from well fat u rated iron liquor: good 
 red, and yellow from pure vinegar and earth of 
 allum; and good blue by the folution of indigo 
 with pure lime, am, &c. but to enter here into 
 a description of the tefts and analyzation of 
 thefe mixtures would be too complex and prolix, 
 and for reafons given, it would be almoft ufelefs, 
 for it comprizes an analyfis of every article that 
 is ufed both in its fimple flate and when com- 
 bined with any other fubftance. It is, however, 
 certain that no man can properly be deemed a 
 colour maker unlefs he can do it, if only ra- 
 fpecting the common application of them, faying 
 nothing ot thofe accidents that oftea confound: 
 the befl colour makers that wc have. 
 
 Of 
 
 
Of Colour -making. 
 
 Of C H E M I C K S. (78) 
 
 Metallic calces, precipitates, and certain fub- 
 ftanccsheld in folution by acids, are here the com- 
 mon agents. Calces in general hare more attract- 
 ion for, or, perhaps, rather are more attracted by 
 animal or woollen fubftances (79) than vegetable, 
 
 viz. 
 
 (78) The reader is reminded, proportions are in- 
 tentionally with-held, but particularly in chemical 
 procefles ; note to prel. fug. for befidcs the reafons 
 given, he will add here, that thofc recipes which he 
 has procured, contradict each other. He however 
 would willingly give information of certain venders 
 of them and whofe indigence it would even relieve. 
 
 (79) Bright colours on Kerfeymere, and other 
 woolen matters, are not the beft on the fcore of per- 
 manency, (note ) Brightners however arc eafily 
 obtained, as faid elfewhere. 
 
 A great fum (as before intimated) was given for 
 * recipe for red, (at Nixon's, the writer thinks) 
 becaufe calx of tin was an ingredient, which ads as 
 one of thefe brightners. 
 
 The writer knows of a firft attempt to print ham- 
 mer cloths, fabricated with a mixture of animal and 
 
 vegetable 
 
Of Colour-making, 
 
 viz. linen, cotton and the like (calces of iron ex- 
 cepted) particularly if faturated with an alkali, 
 from their affinity to them, as they leave the acid 
 in which they are fufpended, being at length 
 thrown down, (note 3$) Or it may be laid, the 
 folution of any metallic fubiiance in an acid, 
 produces the defired efTed, by the fubftance it is 
 applied to, having a power of decomposing it and 
 joining the colouring part ; therefore it may be 
 obferved the molt likely circumftance in favour 
 of forming chemical colours is the folution 
 quitting its acid readily. 
 
 Where calces can be introduced along with the 
 folvcnt, fo as to form an union, it muft be in 
 confequence of the article^ntended to be coloured, 
 having attra&ion for the calces ; and hence the 
 great advantage of woollen printing, as animal 
 
 fubitances 
 
 
 vegetable matters ; but the difference of the fub- 
 flances not being provided for, the endeavour failed 
 (note 26 and 41) An ingenious artift (Naylor) has 
 however done beautiful work on thefe articles, 
 knowing how to provide for the mixture ; as well 
 as he has operated on the linings of carriages &c. 
 and he now has defervedly the countenance of 
 feveral of rank and fafhio». 
 
 kL 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 Fubftances have ftronger affinity to calces than 
 vegetable. As to the circumftance of iron- 
 liquor caufing a black as fuppofed by a depofition 
 of its particles, (note 28) the new idea of a par- 
 tial folution of the cloth may be brought in to 
 aid the operation. 
 
 The calces of gold, filver and mercury caufc 
 too much combuftion to be rendered of proper 
 fubferviency ; or in other words, their tendency 
 to affecl: too ftrongly the articles to which they 
 are applied ; while copper, lead, or bifmuth ap- 
 proach the other extreme. 
 
 Many calces give a purple; Godfrey among 
 his attempts has made feveral fine ones, note 4 
 to Prel. Sug. Ilet had one before the fociety for 
 the encouragement of arts ; but without under- 
 valuing the labours of any, and Godfrey's re- 
 fpe&ability as a chymift is well known, as well 
 as the profeflional practice of Ilet, and others, 
 unfortunately moft chemical colours, unlefs 
 they contain within themfelves a proper buoy- 
 ant, a buoyant or thickning is with difficulty 
 incorporated with them, (note 49) and to temper 
 them like aluminous and other folutions, deftroys 
 moft of them at once, by the water taking hold 
 of the folvent. Even the brilliancy makes 
 
 them 
 
 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 them fufpe&ed. Another thing is the articles 
 and proceffes being too expensive. Further, 
 among attempts of this nature, from the power 
 of the menftruum, not only an early injury will 
 happen to the cloth, but a chance of the very 
 prints being deftroyed.(8o) Hence folutions of 
 animal and vegetable fubitances feem better cal- 
 culated for fervice in general, but particularly for 
 cloth of vegetable fabric. 
 
 Various acids (81) will form many precipitate* 
 from brazil, but with folutions of tin the moft 
 
 general 
 
 (80) Among the caufes of the failure of Livefy and 
 Co.may be included the irregularity and confuiion 
 Hall occafioned, as intimated elfewhere. 
 
 Brazil ftecped in certain acids gives out a colour, 
 which precipitated by an alkali, is a lake or inferior 
 carmine 
 
 (81) Nitrous acid by its fumes, commonly called 
 fteaming, gives a dye to filik, which when dipped in 
 an alkaline folutioa, is rendered orange; fome 
 •ther acids have fimilar power. 
 
 The fuming of dilute nitrous acid, is fometim«8 
 caufed by its containing iron ; which »f courfc it 
 
 much 
 
wmmm 
 
 ■k '. 
 
 Of Colour-making, 
 
 general effects are obtained, and the moft pow- 
 erful is the folution in aquas regiae; on the good- 
 nefs of which mach however depends. 
 
 Among the effects thus produced, are, 
 ift, Red from cochineal :— The hue to be 
 varied with tartar, fal ammoniac and other falts, 
 [note 41) From fafflower effe&s are likewife ob- 
 tainable. Archil in this folution has likewife 
 ccnfiderable erFecl:, Among calces, bifmuth 
 may be ufed to advantage. On woollen, as 
 before obferved, moft of the calces may. 
 
 2. Purple from logwood, and of fome inter* 
 fity. 
 
 3. Blue, u '. ddition of verdigris. 
 
 4. A lemo r or falmon from annatto ; and 
 
 5. An oran^ ; by addition of an alkali. * 
 
 6. Bright or pale blue _green from verdigris 
 and fpirit offal ammoniac, and fometimes tartar. 
 Vinegar was formerly ufed till the ammoniac 
 
 The 
 
 muchbehoves the operator to be very careful of. 
 The acid rendering many fubflances yellow, by its 
 contaft with them, is from the combuftion which it 
 caufes. 
 
 Among the new acids that bid fair to be of the 
 greateft advantage, are thofe of pholphorui and 
 borax, from the fixity of their natur©. 
 
 * The common peach or falmon is with afh and 
 
 annatto. 
 
 Annatto colours with blue will hardly ftand the 
 lime. 
 
 

 Of Colour-making* 
 was introduced by a chymift at Manchefter" 
 (82)Thc vol. alk. fhould however be abfolutely 
 pure; but its great pungency is no proof of that 
 fee tells further on. A green has been before- 
 faid to be procurable from the proper folution of 
 indigo andtheSaxon blue. Weld, brazil, am, and 
 copperas will form a green, if fr.eepeVl all night, 
 the hue and ftiength, of courfe varying with the 
 proportions; but thefe decoclions or macerations 
 fliould be in foft water, otherwife the ill-effe&s 
 of felenite (vitriolic ac<d and lime) being decom- 
 pofed will be too yifible. Greens are likewife 
 procurable by decodions of various barks and 
 woods by rincing. Among metals whofe cakes 
 are green, nickel (lands prominent, and is to, be 
 ufed to advantage. 
 
 Note. Refpeaing the procuring of a green 
 whether from calces of metals, or precipitates, or 
 lakes, from vegetables or animal fubitances (note 
 72) 'it is obferved that whatever may be the 
 boafts of operators, it mult be allowed, none 
 cpal the green procured from indigo and fubfe- 
 <juent welding: the others in general, being blue 
 or 
 
 (82) A chymift at Old Ford, Middlefex, and a 
 manufacturer offal ammoniac, glaubers falts &c. 
 likewife introduced this article to ufc about London. 
 
1 
 
 Of Ctlour-making. 
 
 «r olave greens. In fhort, nature feems to fay, 
 a fimple green {hall not be allowed (83) or in 
 the language of printers, a faft chymcal green : 
 for if vne look round to all the operations of na- 
 ture and art in producing a green, we fhall find 
 it the refult of a combination of yellow and 
 blue, and the combination evidently to be 
 traced out, and in many inftances decompofed. 
 
 French berry yellow, whatever other fubftan- 
 ces may be added to it is fo fugitive that it is 
 rarely ufed now in refp*ctable work. 
 
 Black of a raoft indelible nature, is procured 
 by diluting a folution of filver in nitrous acid 
 with diftilled water, and a little gum ; and im- 
 printing it on a cloth impregnated with folution 
 of ififiglafs. 
 
 The 
 
 When vinegar was ufcd, it is a certainty the quali- 
 ty of it was not properly inquires into, and without 
 a knowledge of chymiftry the ammoniac cannot be 
 managed always ith certainty. But a deal depends 
 on the nature of the thickening. 
 
 (83) In the prifmatic colours, green is the point 
 of contact between the extreme colour?, and in thii 
 inftance, fome analogy may be found between per- 
 manent colours produced by dyeing, and thofe by 
 the prifm: the extreme colours or the moft fimple, 
 being red and deep purple: but as the order of the 
 rays approach to the green, they feem to coalefce, 
 till they advance to the green itfelf, which is a diredr. 
 union of the blue and yellow. 
 
 The artill mentioned note 70,, is in pofTeflion of 
 the beitchymick green, of all the writer knowi of. 
 
 
 
Ill 
 
 Of Colour-making. 
 
 The moil modern teft of the ftrength of a 
 colour is the dephlogifticated marine acid, (fee 
 Berthollet's treatife on it, and fee note 21 to 
 Gen. Reflect:.) as it operates very quickly, juft 
 as the air and fun does in a long time. The 
 change it produces is attributed to a flow com- 
 bullion, on the fame principle as it operates 
 when ufed for bleaching ; but in difcharging 
 colours, if there be iron in them it is not fo 
 effective. 
 
 After the gradation the" writer has hitherto 
 affected, from the language moft commonly in 
 ufe in the printing bufinefs, to fornething clofer 
 to that of fcience, he would willingly rife to the 
 moft modern, which is daily getting ground : but 
 this, were he ever fo competent, he muft not 
 be diffufive on yet (84) for, to exhibit now what 
 
 _____ _____^_^ littIe 
 
 (84) In a fupplemcnt, or elfe in the work hinted 
 at note to prel. fug. the new terms, the new theo- 
 ries, and new facts, will fee'exhibited both diftinctly 
 and incorporated with what is of practical concern, 
 properly explained and exemplified. (Perhaps he 
 may give a fpecific views of proportions) As to what 
 he has in this work attempted, he could here correct 
 himfelf, efpccially in fome practical matters, but he 
 defires the- reader, particularly the critical reader, 
 to note what is obferred at the back of thededica- 
 K tioa, 
 
Of Colour-making. 
 
 little he knows of the foundation on which it is 
 raifed, would be fuppofiflg an acquaintance with 
 principles to exift among thofe to whom he 
 writes, that certainty does not (efpecially about 
 London) which he here means to mention for the 
 laft time. However, what he now advances, he 
 does only with a view to ftimulate thofe few who 
 know fomething of the old chymiftry, to a betcr 
 acquaintance with the new. 
 
 The greateft agent in moft natural operations 
 is called oxygen, and its effects oxygenation; 
 which is, that certain fubftances in confequence 
 of certain powers of attraction or affinity abforb 
 the vital air of the atmofphere. 
 
 The diminution of oxygen, or vital air, in the 
 oxyd or calx, and of Hydrogen, or inflammable 
 air, in the colouring fubftance, is the caufe of 
 colouring effects. If the oxygen combine with 
 the colouring particles, the hydrogen is retained 
 and confequently the colour ; but if the hydro- 
 gen be difengaged, the carbone, or charcoal, mani- 
 fests 
 
 
 tion, and what is affixed to the end of the work at 
 an advertifement; only begging to repeat here the 
 time he had to fpare from his engagements. (See 
 prelim, fuggeftions) was little, he durft not hare 
 rifked expences of editors, revifors, ice. and laftly 
 that he had to combat the ill will of thofe who 
 deemed the publication a mere divulging of prac- 
 tical fecrcts. 
 
Of Colour -making. 
 fefts itfelf by the colour appearing brown or 
 yellow (this theory is applicable to what is called 
 foxing the purples as juft fpoken of) for carbon© 
 being contained along with hydrogen in all ve- 
 getable fubitances, according to the poportion 
 of car' one left by any operation it will be feen by 
 the hue it leaves. Indigo has more carbone in 
 its compofition than mull fubftanees. 
 
 Thus the procefTes of alhing, fouring, raifing 
 the colour, fielding, &c. are accounted for by 
 oxygenation having taken place, that is, an ab- 
 forption of vital air ; and its attendant and con- 
 fequent combuftion of the colouring matter (8c) 
 or, in fome cafes, as in unbleached flax, filk, 
 thread, ©r cloth, what may be called the dif- 
 colouring matter. 
 
 Of new terms, the chief acids, vitriolic, ma- 
 rine, and nitrous, are ealled fulphuric, muriatic, 
 and nitric. Allum is fulphat of alumine. Cop- 
 peras acetite of copper, &c. &c. The combina- 
 tions of vitriolic acid with various other fubitances 
 are fulphats or fulpbites; marine acid, muriats, 
 &c. (fee note preceding) as already alluded to 
 before. 
 
 (85) In branmng, the bran a&s only on the co- 
 louring fubltancc, which an alkali would do, but 
 tke alkali would difturb the acids that hold the co- 
 louring iubftance, of f o U rf« the whole weuld be 
 tlilturbed. 
 
 
 * 
 
H 
 
 A Retrofpetl, or abftrafted View of the Subjeft 
 juft difcuffed* with occafonal Obfervations, 
 and a concifs Corrollary educed from the 
 whole* 
 
 IN the clofe of the fe&ion on copperwork, it is 
 obferved, and neceffarily here Repeated, that 
 all operative effects, however complex they 
 may appear in procefs, are to be traced to certain 
 fimple or elementary fources, depending on prin- 
 ciples that give energy to the whole of the ope- 
 rations ; and the clofer thefe principles are 
 attended to, or inveftigated, operations are to be 
 proportionably Amplified, and more eafily and 
 with more certainty carried into (i) effect; thus 
 
 as 
 
 (i) This confideration of principles (attempted 
 to be the reigning one throughout the work) may 
 be applied to mental operations, or works of fancy; 
 and is fo exhibited in the fedion of pattern drawing 
 where genius is fpoken of, as that principle or 
 vivifying fpark (there fo termed) which is the 
 fpring of excellence in works of invention. 
 
 By the term principles (fo often mentioned) it is 
 concluded is underftood, not thofe fubtle points 
 
 that 
 
 

 
 A Retro/pett, &V. 
 
 as illuftrating the above pofition, in confidering 
 the proceffes treated of in the two preceding 
 feftions, they may be comprized in four parts, 
 which here, fimilar to the elements of any art 
 or fcience, are the points from which the fubfe- 
 quent operations fpring, or to which they may 
 all be referred. 
 
 Firji, Cleanfing, or fo preparing the cloth, that 
 the aftringent and colouring atoms are not pre- 
 vented from entering. 
 
 Secondly, Expanding the pores- when cleanfed, 
 fo that thefe particles -find a ready admiffion. 
 
 Tkirdly, Cementing fixing or binding them 
 when entered into the pores when cleanfed and. 
 expanded. 
 
 Fourthly, Securing or clofing them in the cloth 
 when thus cemented, fo that no future natural 
 nor artificial operation can fairly remove them. 
 
 Now 
 
 that refined theorifrs conteft; much lefs thofe more 
 remote ones, enveloped almoft in metaphyfical 
 obicurity. But thofe only, as obferved in note ,8 
 to copper-work, from which we can form reafon- 
 able conjectures, as the fprings or commencements 
 ofphyfical operations, and which are university 
 allowed to be valid, and in certain degrees immutable, 
 

 A Rctrefpefi, &c. 
 
 Now, in order to enforce a confideration of 
 tliefe principles, and to fimplify and bring toge- 
 ther the operations treated of, it is nocefTary to 
 afk in general terms, what are the means to pro- 
 cure thofe effects, and wherein and how far lies 
 the efficacy of thofe means? or to fpeak flillclofef 
 to the fubject, what are the fubftances neceflary 
 to be removed or applied, according to the 
 quality of the cloth, and what are the articles 
 and procefles neceflary to be ufed for that purpofer 
 
 In the firft place, the fubftancetobe removed be- 
 ing allowed to be of an unctuous quality (whether 
 naturally fo or as applied to the threads previous 
 toweaving,fee note 12 to copper-work) it can only 
 be removed by applying another fubitance that 
 will attract and mix with it, in preference to 
 whatever elfe it may be offered to ; and as 
 alkalies when joined to certain unctuous matters, 
 are known to form a foap, they are therefore 
 here applied, and a kind of foap being confe- 
 quently formed, the hot water loofens it, mixes 
 with it, and eafily removes it ; but as the fait 
 of the alkali chiefly acts in this cafe, the earth is 
 fuppofed to be left in the pores (2) which the 
 
 water 
 
 (2) Alkaline falts are changed into abforbent 
 earths by frequent folutions and evaporations*— 
 Sec the compendium of chemiftry. 
 

 A Retrofpctt, &c. 
 
 water not being deemedable to remove commodi- 
 oufly and fufficiently, recourfe is generally had to 
 fouring; as acids more readily efFedt it (3) the 
 abforbent earths attra&ingthe acid particles from 
 the liquor in which they are fufpended, forming 
 3 neutral fait, eafily dLfolvcd in water, and of 
 courfe eafily warned out (4) and the whitening 
 is facilitated from the abforbent earths being tfyus 
 thus neutralized. 
 
 Thefe operations- therefore are deemed needful 
 to cleanfe the cloth, which is only equally 
 performed, when its pores are fufficiently clear 
 to receive the faline or aftringent atoms, that 
 are to attract the colouring ones.-— See note 29 
 in copper work. 
 
 The above, it muil be plain, only refpecls 
 cleanfing; the other parts, including theopera- 
 tion of printing, fixing the colour, he. being 
 
 dwelt 
 
 (3) Hot water, every one knows, will diflodge 
 oil or greafe, and, as in this cafe, alkalies and ab- 
 forbent earths; but it is not fufficient, unlefs what 
 diflodges them retains them, by combining with them. 
 
 (4) Mineral acids a& fimilarly to alkalies in re- 
 moving the brown or unftuous fubflance. 
 
A Rctrofpc8 9 &c. 
 
 dwelt on in other places, the reader is therefore 
 referred to them ; but in view of enforcing the 
 idea of confidering operations as proceeding from 
 a certain point, it may be afked, how are thofe 
 various colours and mades produced ? the anfwer 
 is, by the agency of certain faline fubftances, 
 (fee a few pages back) fuch as allum, faccharuna 
 faturni, &c. which after their application, form 
 an union with certain colouring particles, as 
 of madder, weld, &c. affifted by various and fuc- 
 ceffive operations ; and which if looked into will 
 be found proceeding from that point into certain 
 direct or lateral connections, that othcrwife 
 would feem confufed and in many cafes fuper- 
 fluous. 
 
 All the circumftances included in this conn" 
 
 deration, cannot poffibly be fpecified, but was 
 
 every perfon, concerned in thefe or indeed any 
 
 other operations, to enquire from what points 
 
 they originate, how they branch out, and t« 
 
 what they lead, it would by degrees form an 
 
 habitual defire of acquiring knowledge, which 
 
 when only partially acquired the fummit is the 
 
 eafier to be attained. (5) 
 
 Concerning 
 
 (5) As the writer afFecls to bring in cafes fome- 
 th-ing in point, he Uere mentions a circumftance of 
 
 a perfon 
 
 
 "•1 
 
II i 
 
 
 ill 
 
 ARctrofpca, & c. 
 
 Concerning a/King, fouring, &c. or more coin- 
 monly fpeaking, the preparation, it is much iim- 
 
 plified 
 
 a perfon being employed to repair a copper-plate 
 prefs, having been much ufed to fuch work ; he 
 accordingly took it to-picces,. as the befl way to- 
 wards making (as his phrafe was) a good' job 
 «f it ; and after working at it three or four weeks, 
 it was deemed completely in order by a few trials 
 that were made j but that, it fdon appeared, was 
 far from being the cafe, for though he knew what 
 parts mould be together, he did not feem to have an 
 idea of tracing their relative conneftions, as pro- 
 ceeding from the firft movement j and thus over- 
 looked the firm iituation the cylinders mould re- 
 volve in, towards performing with the necefiary 
 preflure : for the gudgeon, or pivot-hole, that the 
 pivot or fpindle at one end of the upper cylinder 
 turned in, was fo infecurely placed, that in the 
 patting of the plate, it was lifted up a third of an 
 inch, and the conference was always evident in 
 the impreffion, and when the caufe was difcovered 
 it was by mere accident. 
 
 It would be like afTe&aticn to enter here into a 
 copious mechanical difquifition of the matter, but 
 it may be faid the confiderations in this cafe, mould 
 have been, i. what the effect required, a ."what the 
 power or velocity to procure that effect, 3. what the 
 
 refinance 
 

 A Retrofpefi, &c. 
 
 plified to what it formerly was; (6) and of late 
 years, the procefles among profeffed bleachers, 
 
 have 
 
 * ■—1 1 ■ ■■ ■""■ ■■ '■ ■"■" Unrt i M»wn«.«» M' H [ i . i ■■ ■■ ■ i * m »ii ■ i 
 
 refinance to that power, and 4, what the method 
 to obtain it and likewifc to fecure it ? and then to 
 have proceeded accordinglv. 
 
 It is however ventured to obferve, that in 
 copper-plate printing prefTcs, the fituation of the 
 winch docs not feem to be properly attended to in 
 working quarter or i quarter plates ; for, as it is in 
 the pinch that the force is moil requifite, the winch 
 (which mechanically fpeaking is a lever of the 
 fecond kind) mould be fo fixed, as to be at that 
 time either in the higheft or lowefl: part of the cir- 
 cle which it defcribes ; or, if but one perfon acts, 
 in that point from which he pulls, as in any other the 
 perfons, who turn it, cannot ufe their ftrength to 
 the mod advantage, though with the afliftance of 
 the flier j which, by the way, as an afliflant, is con- 
 tended among mechanics wherein it is fo ; in facl, 
 for reafons which will not here be entered into, there 
 mould be a winch at each fide of the prefs, but 
 then for whole plate printing, they mould not ftand 
 one up and the other down, as for quater, or half 
 .quarter plate work, but rather thus. ]_ 
 
 (6) Some at this time lay very little flrefs on 
 the utility of dunging, &c. 
 
 A grofs error is prevalent among Printers, 
 
 refpeding 
 
 M 
 
 s 
 
d Retrofpcfi, Itfc. 
 
 fpeS to prance two elaborate and judicious 
 writer., Dr. Home and Mr. Cnrrv ' 
 
 ' ^ ulI y ? aie growing 
 
 obfolete 
 
 a Cow hav,ng got among goods tha( ' " 
 
 whiten, where her ordure fell ,hey w-re obft a 
 be the whiteftibut the „fe of d "* "^ * 
 
 »on g ago, i nmanycafes>on : e d ^ n -con r „ 
 
 however think it m ;<rht be fn, a <■ ' f ° me 
 
 Now, according- to ff»P ;„»~ .• 
 troipect, it fhould here be aflr^ „ t. • , 
 
 ?*y wMch whc„;r;:::tr; h ity 
 
 7 r aid, it ,s a vegetable putrefaclmn r 
 
 earth 
 
A Rctrofpea, &c. 
 
 obfolete; (7) to which the great improvements 
 lately made in the cotton manufacture, and that 
 of Eritifli callicoes, have undoubtedly contri- 
 buted, and even at this time (1790) bleaching is 
 undergoing a considerable improvement. (8) 
 
 The 
 
 earth neceflary for their nourishment, and fruit- 
 fulnefs. 
 
 The above fuggeftions may be applied tobranning- 
 and if the purpofe for which bran is ufed, be m- 
 veftigated, other articles would be found as ufeful, 
 which are far more (Economical : but for cleanfing, 
 fome acidity is required, and there, perhaps, the 
 writer has forced a meaning J n deeming it fouring. 
 
 (7) Dr. Home fays, that among Bleachers by 
 profeffion, the pieces are firft foaked in warm water ; 
 but this is not done now in Lancashire. He like- 
 wife fays, in fouring, the foulnefs in the cloth fo 
 much attracts the acid particles, that the water is 
 taftelefs 5 this however is not the cafe in fouring 
 among printers.— See however note 12 to copper- 
 work, and the article maddering. 
 
 (8) The writer now knows a Chymift of repute, 
 who fays, he has difcovercd a mode cheaper and more 
 efficacious 'than any yet ufed ; and the fame with 
 iron liquor; which will perhaps fhortly be pub- 
 lickly announced. 
 
 
 
A Reirofpefl, &c. 
 
 The above caufes a fuggeftion, that though 
 the metropolis ever mult he the center of tafte 
 and fafhion, and though (turning to the fubjecl: 
 of this treatife) fome Printers about town have 
 had fufficient reafon to complain of certain prac- 
 tices of many in the country, but which by a 
 late legal procefs it is probable will be checked, 
 (9) yet it is in the country that improvements, 
 
 as 
 
 (9) The cafe was a pattern of MeflVs Greaves* 
 Newton and Go's being clofely imitated by Watfon 
 and Co. the faft not being contended, but 
 only a mifconeeption of the meaning of the aft, Lord 
 Kenyon in his charge, feverely reprobated the 
 practice of fuch piracies, as bidding defiance to law, 
 and the protection Parliament had granted to genius 
 and induftry ; and plainly intimated, that if fuch 
 a cafe came again before him, of an imitation being 
 fo near the original, as to pafs for it, very little 
 indulgence indeed might be expected. — See notes 
 13 and 15. 
 
 Of the performances in the country, on the prin- 
 ciple of expedition, none have more furprized 
 Printers about town, than thofe of cutting and fi- 
 nifhing various patterns ; but refpefting the mode 
 of doing it, no more, for fufficient reafons, will be 
 faid, than that it has been frequently done to an- 
 fwer a very illaudable purpofe, and generally with 
 
 the 
 
 I 
 
A RelrofpcH, &c. 
 
 as generally called, have chiefly originated (fee 
 note below ) though very likely the offspring of 
 ceffity more than choice, or from the low price 
 
 Q_ con n- 
 
 the power only of printing a piece or two, as the 
 whole was often cut over again, to execute a courfe 
 of work. — See note 32 to copper-work. 
 
 An inftance has been lately given of fimilar ex- 
 pedition in copper-plate work, in the imitation of a 
 celebrated and truly excellent dark ground pattern, 
 (fee further on) the imitation being executed in a 
 tenth of the time the original took : the execution, 
 however, it muft be owned, is neither to the credit 
 of the drawing, nor the engraving, whatever engrav- 
 ing there may be in it ; and on the principle juft 
 reprobated, of ftill lefs to the publiiher of it; but, 
 notwithftanding thefe practices, it is plain the infa- 
 tuation of fettingup printing groundsin the country 
 on a monopolizing o\ underfilling plan, has, like 
 other furors, had its paroxyfm (fee note 13) and 
 the fallacy of the prediction, that the bufinefs would 
 be nearly all done in the country, is now evident 
 enough : as land, labour and provifions are not to 
 be had on fuch eafy terms as formerly j exclulivc of 
 the little credit of country paper currency, fincethe 
 failure of Mofncy, and the many fubfeciuent ones, 
 and the market being overftocked by the quantity 
 of wretched work, latterly difembogued by that 
 houfe as well as by fcveral others. 
 
A Retrofpett, &c. 
 
 country work in general is rated at ; they have 
 however, from the modes of purfuing them, ru- 
 ined, or helped to ruin many ; though perhaps 
 a few who ad with forefight and on fome plan, 
 are profitting by them; (10) for inftance, the 
 greateil 
 
 (10) Innovations, particularly on a mechanical 
 principle, are fpreading pretty widely in the coun- 
 try ; and machines of various confhuaions are in- 
 creafing about town ; and perhaps many town 
 Printers will hardly credit that engraved cylinders 
 perform as expeditioufly as the common pin ones, 
 that a machine for block printing was invented and 
 ufed fome time, with which any one could print as 
 ea/ily as turn a winch; (the fpecification for a patent 
 waseven made out) and that in machine printing,four 
 cylinders may be ufed at once in different colours. 
 
 The writer can fpeak of this with confidence, 
 having the advantage of knowing what has been 
 done, and what has been farther attempted ; and 
 was abfolutely in a concern where an almoit 
 gene-al courfe of printing by machines only, 
 was to have been adopted, a fyftem being 
 formed for that purpofe ; but certain confiderations, 
 among which the idea of fuch modes being ulti- 
 mately injurious, from enabling the proprietors to 
 underwork others, operating not a little with him,fet 
 the plan afide. 
 
 But this is a fubjecl: neither f« fe nor proper to 
 
 fpeak 
 
 i II 
 

 A RetrofpeF?, bfc* 
 
 greatefl houfe of all (Livefy's and Co) where 
 every thing that was deemed an improvement 
 
 O 2 was 
 
 
 fpeak of, at leaft for the prefent ; unlefs it may be 
 permitted to fay, (as having- fome relation with it, 
 and being among the caules) that a fpirit of combi- 
 nation has unfortunately prevailed, oppofition will 
 inevitably follow, and few ultimately will have 
 occafion to rejoice ; for when the neceffary dif« 
 Unction between principals and fubordinates is de- 
 ftroyed, who will willingly enter into a bufinefs 
 liable to be thus cramped, or remain in it unlefs 
 under very particular confiderations, without feek- 
 ing the means of executing work with lefs manual 
 afliilance? ; n ' thatfuch means are to be obtained, the 
 writer, from his own knowledge can fay, is, under 
 certain circunUtances, to be performed beyond what 
 many imagine, or will perhaps believe ; befides, 
 without affe&ing a prophetic fpirit, let it be confi- 
 <icred,that In the rhutation of ftile or fafhion,callico 
 printing has to fear a decline, or at leaft a fufpen- 
 lion ; and then the fpirit of combination mufl eva- 
 porate ; even at this very time (1790) fomething 
 may be apprehended from the countenance given 
 by Royalty (and Vice-Royalty) to a manufacture, 
 that for fome years has been little encouraged. 
 
 It is very far frcm afTe&ation or oppofition, that 
 
 thefe 
 
 
 
I 
 
 d Rctrofpefi, _r>. 
 
 was put in praaice, and where labour was had 
 
 at 
 
 tbefe matters are freely treated ; for it is to be feared 
 that thofe who boaft of having carried their point, 
 (which by the bye, a favourable coincidence of cir- 
 cumftances forwarded perhaps more than vvifdom or 
 fagacity) are too much blinded by it, to fee the cer- 
 tain confequcnces, that fooner or later ^/follow*, 
 as to their plea on a legal fcore, it would have little 
 countenaoce in a court of juilice, if we may judge 
 by the feverity with which feveral late combinations 
 have been treated, the letter of the law itfllf 
 being diredly pointed to irtfiiclions of that nature, 
 without opening for efcape or evafion ; and why 
 the law is fo pointed, is on the principle that com- ' 
 bhatiohs obftruft trade: and in . this cafe, what 
 mailer Printer can -venture to engage patterns 
 
 « "*■ * 
 
 when 
 
 When Subordinates or lower clajfes acquire power 
 in anyjhape, it is rarely ufed -with temperance: and in 
 this cafe, it -would not be wonderful, if the Congrrf 
 as ufually called, hindered certain difapproJd 
 majlers from having any men at all ; or perhaps 
 fome oftbem might he for preferring what kind of 
 work they chufe to print, as well as they have of en 
 condemned certain prints-, thefe fuggefions are' only 
 intimated to the intemperate, as the few intelligent men 
 that are among them, or thofe that through necejlty clofed 
 ninth thefcheme, do not need them ■ and many, it is well 
 known, find it very beavyto contribute toth.fund; which, 
 by report, can hardly anfwer the demands on it. ' 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 

 A Retrofpecl^ '&c. 
 at thelowcft price, has. to appearance, irretrieva- 
 
 as 
 
 bly 
 
 when he doubts (which he may now) whether he 
 may be allowed men to work them, or men to even 
 work at all; thus-, if the regular channel of 
 bufmefs is impeded, ftupidity itfelf mufl fee the 
 certain confequences ; as to the reftraint about 
 apprentices, it would be proper enough if every ap- 
 prentice proved to be a tolerable workman, but that 
 is not the cafe with one in ten; of courfc, a pro- 
 per fucceifion of hands is prevented ; but, if the 
 ailbciation had bc^n winked at, or if certain exertions 
 for moderating this refractory fpirit, and procuring 
 an equilibrium of interefls between matter and man, 
 had been aided, an .extremity qf proceedings (which will 
 undoubtedly be the cafe) would have been prevented; 
 however, at any rate, and for reafons which 
 thofe who look only as far as a Saturday-night,* 
 cannot fee or will allow, power, in this inilance, 
 fhould be in the hands of the Principal. 
 
 At the fame time let Principals be reminded, as a 
 counter charge, that compacts between them re- 
 fpeding journeymen have been broken;! ant ^ were 
 any to be made, and confirmed and fandioned by Jaw r 
 
 various 
 
 • T hough fome ?nay not be pleafed at mentioning it, 
 yet great 'wages is an evil to tbofe ivho knovu no i7/e of 
 money, but to get ri(l of it at that period. 
 
 + In a late trial (July 1790, at Guildhall) 500^. 
 damages ivere given, for one Manufacturer inticing men 
 anvay from another : heavy damages being directed by 
 Lord Kenyon to be laid. 
 
 
 

 J Retrcfpcft, &c. 
 bly failed; (u) while its great and avowed ri- 
 val ferns (fee however what is faid further on) 
 
 to 
 
 vauous cauieswiliitill tend to break them : for when 
 men are wanted they muft be had ; but a junction 
 of interefrs in fuch a cafe is hard to be formed.— See 
 fomething relative to this in the elTay refpecting 
 niafters and men. 
 
 Something on a combinatory principle, has been :n 
 agitation among another clafs, but of which no more 
 will be faid, than that the writer laments any pro- 
 pofnh fhoul ■ ! ever be made, to fell works of genius 
 or fancv at fa asacS per inch. * 
 
 (i i) It is faid this place was the means of giving 
 bread to near 20,000 perfons ; cloth in whitftenng 
 has occupied ground 1 2 miles in length,near 300 tables 
 have been employed, and near 40 coppers at work at 
 one time j 6 or 700 cylinders have been cut or pinned; 
 common prints, &c. innumerable; and it is well 
 known, one man, at the beginning, made a decent 
 fortune by the cutting of them ; but, as obferved 
 above, the price of labour was latteily reduced as 
 much as pofiible : by converting (as done at other 
 places) herds of Lancafhire boors into drawers, 
 
 cutters, 
 
 * A Plan of Mr. Lukey's (included in the general 
 
 one) to excite emulation among Defgners, merited co?i- 
 
 f 'deration ; but Majler Printers and Drapers muft fo.'n 
 
 for that purpofe befre it can be effetted ; and being for 
 
 their mutual credit and inter eft, it were well if they 
 
 would. It however can never be too late to adoj>tfome- 
 
 thing of the kind* 
 

 A Retro/pen, &c. 
 
 to have hitherto pro fitted by adopting fimilar 
 modes ; and by attending to quality as well as 
 
 Q_4 quantity 
 
 cutters, printers, machine-workers, &c. and the 
 work was latterly proportion ably execrable. 
 
 Of the failure it may be faid, who in times paft 
 would have believed, or who in times to come will, 
 that a connexion reputedly worth above 150,000!. 
 at its commencement, mould in a few years crumble 
 under the deficiency of near a million and a half; 
 and that among t..ofe involved in the accommoda- 
 tion labyiinth, who fell in confequence (exclufive 
 of Gibfon and Johnfon) foroe were for 10 or 
 20,oool. who, comparatively fpeaking, pofleiTed 
 little indeed ? faying nothing of bofe wh 1 nuered- 
 fome time, or thofe who were more or lefs fhaken,. 
 or may be fhaking at this moment. 
 
 It mufl however be obferved, that in trying to 
 reinftate the firm, it was endeavoured to prove that 
 if it were fupported till affairs could be arranged, 
 there would be a balance in hand of 6o,oool. but 
 the attempt was in vain; the anfwer in general 
 being, in effect, that fuch egregious folly and ex- 
 treme madnefs had little title either to fuccour for 
 
 IP 
 
 the prefent, or confidence for the future. 
 
 As to the manoeuverings to raife fupplies, they 
 were carried to fuch enormous and unprecedented 
 heighths, branched out into fuch complicated mazes 
 and fo finely fpun, as hitherto to have baffled the 
 
 powers 
 
 * 
 

 A Rctrofpeft, &c. 
 
 quantity, it lias in Tome cafes exhibited refpe&a- 
 ble work ; but without a compliment to the 
 
 principal 
 
 powers of a Thurlowe or Kenyon to unravel*, but 
 perhaps it was thought the magnitude of the con- 
 cern was fo great, its connexions fo wide and im- 
 portant, the refources fo various, and the bank fo 
 expedient, that it would be upheld in defiance of 
 common comingenees ; and probably the blow was 
 at leaft, not fo foon expected. 
 
 But whether or not that was the cafe, many 
 inufr. fmartingly remember the immediate effect of 
 the fhock was an awful gloom, diffufing itfelf as if 
 credit were at its laft gafp ; or, as if that fpecies 
 of honour on which the very exiftence of Trade, 
 Manufactures, and Commerce depends, had ap- 
 proached its dilfolution j Manufacturers and Trades 
 of various defcriptions, crouding to town, trem- 
 blingly anxious to know their fate ; the mlafma 
 expanding fo widely that few in any trading con- 
 nection knew on what ground they flood. The 
 confequences however mull tranfmit a warning to 
 future adventurers, how they precipitately adopt 
 ill-digefted plans, purfue immetbodical operations, 
 or execute defperate refolutions, efpecially if on a 
 
 mo- 
 
 * At the writing of this, the principle of their jiclitious 
 notes was under the conjideraticn 'f the twelve Judges, 
 
~4\ 
 
 A Retrofpefi, &c. 
 
 Principal, his labour, attention, inveftigation 
 and fyftematical arrangement of the bufinefs, as 
 well as his conception of trade in general, muft 
 have been very great to reach the height to which 
 he is now arrived ;and, judging by what has hap- 
 pened, unlefs vague politics now diftracl: his 
 attention, (12) he is the man of refolution and 
 enterprize, whom other Printers (a very few 
 excepted) have either to fear or emulate. 
 
 CL$ But, 
 
 
 II 
 
 monopolizing and underletting principle, or, as if 
 determined cither to be the greatefr. gainers, or 
 greateft bankrupts ; but in fhort, of the whole it 
 may be fuggefted in a few words, without diflortion 
 or aggravation, and a lamentable remembrancer it 
 is to hundreds, that its commencement was rafh, its 
 profecution defperate, and its termination ### !!! 
 
 (12) Being returned a Member of Parliament. 
 Soe a Pamphlet afcribed to him on the national 
 debt. (Something firrilar waa publifhed a 'few. 
 years ago under the title of " The national debt 
 *' no national grievance." 
 
 In the political mania exifting among Manufac- 
 turers, if Momey had flood, it is probable the com- 
 petition between it and Bury would have extended 
 
 to 
 
, 
 
 A Retrofpeft, &c. 
 
 But, while praife is bellowed where merited, 
 it is here freely faid, may thofe pra&ices juit 
 
 fpo&en 
 
 to this object ; for as it was, the Principals feemed 
 latterly to have loft fight of Callico Printing, among 
 their various fpeculative practices ; indeed one of 
 them (Smith) generally had political bufiuefs enough 
 onhis hands; (his interference refpeding the Callico- 
 Printers' bill, is as well remembered, as his argu- 
 mentative powers were acknowledged) but with what 
 propriety Printers, Manufacturers and Tradefmer*. 
 in various and extenfive dealings and connexions, 
 plunge into the abyfs of politics, beyond what con- 
 cerns their immediate vocations, is not attempted 
 here to decide ; as it may be partly gathered from 
 the rebuff Lord Thurlowe gave Jonah Wedgwood, 
 in faying, whatever he might be as a Potter, he was 
 an indifferent politician. 
 
 Of the pamphlet above alluded to, it may be ob- 
 ferved, that moft men in bufinefs, in what they 
 write, naturally have an eye to their immediate vo- 
 cations and interefts : thus Mr. P e dwells upon 
 
 the increafe of manufacture, but paffes over thofe 
 pra&ices that, however they overload the market, 
 leffen the value of commodities, and is filcnt about 
 that refpeftability which keeps up the fpirit of 
 any profeffi^n, or that is a proper inducement for 
 genius to exert itfelf • for of the vail quantities he 
 
 himfelf 
 
 
A Retrefpeflj &c. 
 
 fpoken of, (too notorious to need fpecifying,) 
 be ever ftigmatized, difcountenanced, and repro- 
 
 QJ> bated 
 
 
 himfelf has thrown into the market, a great part is 
 well known to have cod him little on the fcore of 
 defign and execution, the fale at the fame time being 
 undoubted.* 
 
 And the writer cannot but lament, that while the 
 Minifter in the late difplay of the profperous ftate of 
 the nation, on opening the Budget for 1790, was 
 attributing it to the increafe of manufactures, and 
 the confurnption of article*, he was filent on 
 the probability of fome of the manufactories ^oing 
 to decay at the feme time, as he only regulated his 
 decisions by the. ftate of the excife and cuftomsj thus 
 to come home to the lubjeft, he can only eft; mate 
 the profperity. of the Callico-printing bufineis by 
 the entries, which in this cafe is the fame, whether 
 work fells at iod. per yard, or 10s. (if the fam« 
 land of cloth is ufed) but it is evident while this 
 has been encreafing, Printers have been ruining 
 themfelves, by aiming at quantity rather than qua- 
 lity, and lowering the market to get off that quan- 
 tity. . Here the cafe of Liveiy and Co. offers itfelf, 
 
 for 
 
 
 
 • ft'' bat a triumph it is, t at ?iom^-r (landing this, 
 there are Printers JIM gaining by a refpettable line^ and 
 though their work fells high 
 

 ARetrofpccl, &rV. 
 bated, as they muft eternally hkckenihz charaderof 
 thepra&iferof them, in the eyes of thofe who have 
 a regard for the prefent and future refpedability of 
 the bufinefs, or the protection and reward that 
 
 genius 
 
 for, while they were deluging tftehjme and foreign 
 markets, they were rapidly declining, i n credit at 
 lead; and undoubtedly many 1000 yards that paid 
 duty years back, are not difpofed of yet: therefore 
 the quantity they did, as appearing in theExcife books, 
 was no proof of profperity, but quite the contrary.— 
 See note in General reflexions about the Minister's 
 knowledge of the minutia; of trade. 
 
 And, here it is repeated, is the overfight in the 
 Pamphlet, in no notice' being taken of that refpec- 
 tability which ought to be preferred in* any bufi- 
 Jiefs, that by proper means the market be kept 
 open, and that one Manufacturer ihould not, by 
 illaudable practices, render his profeffion, and what 
 he produces, of fuch little value, that at lait it is 
 neither beneficial nor creditable in any refpecl: 
 whatever. 
 
 Of the point chiefly dwelt on in the above-men- 
 tioned pamphlet, it may be juft remarked, that 
 national credit, like that of tradefmen, can only 
 reach a certain height without breaking; and high 
 as England is now in political health, or firm in 
 constitution, who can fay how long fhe may remain 
 fo, or that even the means employed to keep her fo 
 may not defeat the intent, or that another Gibbon/ 
 feme centuries hencej may not attempt to account 
 
 for 
 
 .. •_ f 
 

 . A Ketrsfpecl, &c. 
 
 genius, and a fpirited exertion to maintain that 
 i-efpe6tability, has a right, not only to expccf, 
 
 but to DEMAND. (13) 
 
 for the decline of the Britifh Empire ? as every 
 century produces great political and commercial 
 Revolutions ; and the prefent appears remarkably 
 pregnant. 
 
 (13) As there always were, and always will be, 
 men who .bid defiance to legal obligations, as well 
 as mere moral ones, thofe piratical practices, un- 
 warrantable in intention, difgraceful in execution, 
 and deftructive in their tendency, will probably 
 never be Hopped ; and the check they have re- 
 ceived, (fee note 9) is far from remedying the 
 evil, for an elaborate pattern of the fame Parties 
 was foon after imitated.— See note 14, and the 
 General Reflections, &c. 
 
 Refpecling monopolizing and underselling by 
 means of cramming the market with low priced 
 work, it mufl inevitably, in the cpurfe of things, 
 help to bring Callico Printing into diirepute ; and, 
 as it has been faid, if it could be fuppofed for a 
 moment, (fee the end of colour-making) a chemi- 
 cal courfe were univerfally adopted, printing would 
 foon ioofe its repute ; fo here it may be faid, with- 
 out that being the cafe, if what is called faft-work 
 be brought into fuch a difreputable ftile, fimilar 
 confequences muft happen ; and if three or four 
 houfes about town, which in regard to defign, 
 execution, and an adequate price, keep up its re- 
 fpe&ability, were to decline the bufinefs, the time 
 
 would 
 
 
In regard to the bufmefs itfelf, it may be in- 
 timated, as a further attempt to reduce the whole 
 of 
 
 would not be far off; but fuch an idea is unplea- 
 fing, and it is therefore wa^ed. 
 
 Perkaps it is fortunate the original plan of the 
 Linen Hall intended to have been opened on the 
 Continent, April 1788, has not been purfued ; for 
 certainly it would have caufed an opening for 
 large depofits of wretched work ; but of that 
 matter, what the writer can fay about it will be 
 particularly referred for another occafion.* 
 
 Having- fpoken of cheapnefs of labour, &c. in 
 the country, it is here fuggefted, that what has been, 
 done, and perhaps is now doing there, cannot be fo 
 done about town ; for at the great country houfes- 
 the fubordinatcs have been ufed to look up to the 
 principals as a fupeiior kind of beings ; and were 
 therefore held as much as poflible in a ftate of. 
 mental fubje&ion, (perhaps the fchool at Bury 
 is an exception ; though who can judge the founder's 
 views) but fubordinates about town have higher 
 ideas ; and it is faid here to a certainty, how dis- 
 appointed principals ufed to fuch implicit obedi- 
 ence, and, procuring on almoit what terms they 
 pleafed, the extremity of ferviee at a nod, have 
 found themfelves in attempting the fame about 
 town ; this however is probably gone by, for it 
 is 
 
 • It need hardly be /aid, that no<w, Public Sales are 
 perverted to partial in/lead of general accommodation ; 
 hence that great febeme would have miffed its proper end. 
 
A Retrofpcc% &c, 
 
 of what has been faid in both parts of this work, 
 as much as poflible into a contracted view (for it 
 
 feems 
 
 tm i i I., _ , _ , , i i j^i jt.M_ir i ■ -■ 1 ■ — m, 
 
 is .fact, that at this time (1790) the firft houfes in. 
 the country begin to find, that in the intoxication 
 of temporary gain, they overfhot prudential cau- 
 tion, having nurtured what now proves rebellious; 
 and would willingly compromife with tow Prin- 
 ters for the fuppreflion t and likewife finding they 
 have brought the marketable price fo low, as to 
 deftroy the balance between; that and the price of 
 labour, would gladly join in reducing it, and fixing 
 it by law : (tho' that always renders workmen doubly 
 rancorous againft Principals) but the evil is of very 
 natural growth, and the folly or impolicy is now feen 
 and felt, of putting at one time and another, 50 or 
 100 rude country hinds to printing, cutting, copper- 
 work, &c. as they now begin to be of confequence, 
 confidering themfelves as fomething more than 
 machines, and pretend to dictate about price, 
 time, apprentices, cylinders, &c. for in compliance 
 with their demands one of the firft Printers has 
 put down one third of his machines, and fubmitted 
 to other injunctions ; and it feems as if appren- 
 tices had caught the influenza, for two grounds have 
 advertifed for about 30 each, that have abfeonded, and 
 two others for near 20 each (fee theManchefter papers 
 for June and July 1790*) and it is not quite irre- 
 valent to fay the minifter is not likely new | to be 
 th reatened 
 
 * A threatening Letter nvasfent to Roe an J ' Ketjhaw, 
 
 demanding thefnpprejjion of Machines. See the fame papers* 
 
 t See P-^le's examination by the Lords and Commons, 
 
 ' I 
 

 A Retro/pea, &t. 
 
 feems impoflible to bring it abfolutely to a point) 
 that in the eiiablifhment and management of it, 
 it is naturally divifible into ' three diftincl^ 
 parts, Firftly, The inventive and mechanical, as 
 treated of in the hrft part of this work : Secondly, 
 The chemical and philosophical, as difcufTed 
 in this ftcond part: and Thirdly, (what has not 
 come within the plan of this treatife) the trading 
 and commercial, or, in printing for Drapers, the 
 home accounts and. town bufmefs ; thus, pur- 
 fuing the fame mode as in theRctrofpeft of blea- 
 ch ng and ccpper-work, if a train or connexion 
 of all the operations in the bufmefs could be for- 
 med, .t is prefi m.d it would be fomething like 
 What follows ; for the neceilary difrinclion above. 
 made, prevents a regular chain of procefs ; one 
 part being to prepare utenfils for conveying co-- 
 lour to the cot , while the other is preparing 
 th- cloth to receive the colour; though after-. 
 wards, the proceffes go on in a fmgle feries. 
 
 thieatened with their being tranfplanted along 
 
 with the bufmefs to another place See General 
 
 Reflections, and note 19 to the fame. 
 
 In fact, town Printers have partly to blame 
 themfeives; having firil fupplied country ones, 
 by felling them their old print ; and old Mr. 
 Peele has often faid, the fending of goods into the 
 country to be whitftercd, forwarded the eflablinV 
 ment of Printing Grounds, 
 
J Retro fpc ft, &c 
 
 One divifion therefore undoubtedly compre- 
 hends, with their fubordinate confutations,* 
 thofe of 
 
 i. Drawings, or Patterns, which, whether 
 originals, imitations, or diredr. copies, the 
 principle confifls in adapting them to certain 
 markets. 
 
 2. Putting -on, or transferring them to 
 blocks, plates, cylinders, &c. requiring as its 
 principle, an even face, and joining, or fuch ma- 
 nagement, that in the end the effect of the 
 pattern is obtained : In this department is in- 
 cluded the management of blocks. 
 
 3. Cutting (comprizing pinning, &c.) on 
 the principle of a found bottom and clear face. 
 
 4. Engraving, requiring diftinc"tion in the 
 ftrokes, and depth combined with ftrength and 
 neatnefs. 
 
 The other divifion comprizes, with the ufual 
 or occafional intermediate operations of branning 
 dunging, wafhing, pencilling, after grounding, 
 &c. the confidcrations of 
 
 I. Steeping the Cloth, or removing 
 
 2. Ashing, 
 
 dirt or certain flight ftains. 
 
 * It cannot be enforced too much, that every con- 
 fideration includes that of what will be the effeft at 
 iaft 
 
 
<d Retrofpcfi, &c. 
 
 2. Ashing, or removing brownnefs, greafc, & c . 
 
 3- Souring, (fometimes alone fufficient) for 
 removing greafe, iron-moulds, ftains, & c . the 
 principle of which, as well as of aming, being 
 to open and enlarge the pores of the ckTth, that 
 it may properly imbibe the aftringent and colour- 
 ing particles. 
 
 4- Calendering (including, fetching, 
 occafionally ftiffening, flowing, &c.) requiring 
 an attention chiefly to keep the woof, and moot 
 as fquare as poffible. 
 
 Here the divifton of process ceafe y coaleJclrtg in the 
 operation of 
 
 PRINTING, the principle of which, whether 
 
 with blocks, plates, cylinders, &c. is properly 
 
 furnilhing them, and regularly impreffing the 
 
 colour into the cloth. * As to colour-making it 
 
 cannot be brought into either of thefe trains of 
 
 process, it Handing by itfelf in providing thofe 
 
 agents applied to the cloth by printing, for pro- 
 
 curing the colour, afMed by the two diftina 
 
 preparatory trains of process juft exhihited. 
 
 •After thisjuncllon, the confederations then are 
 
 ift. Stowing, or drying or keeping the cloth 
 
 M a dry ilate, that the falinc particles in the 
 
 ~£-™r^-i—-- , colour 
 
 ^ Thistemg-thecafe, the capaciti^ofTadiTuT 
 to the printing table mould be letter considered 
 than they are ; and were it done, the dulnefs of 
 journeymen would not be fo proverbial as it is. In 
 
K 
 
 A Retrofpeft, &c, 
 colour may not be difperfed, or as the phrafe is, 
 that the colour does not run. — See note 34 to 
 colour-making. 
 
 2. Clearing, or removing thefightning and 
 thickning, fo that as little elfe as pomble, befides 
 the aftringents be left in the cloth. 
 
 3. Maddering, welding, &c. or ufing 
 certain fubftances, on the principle of their co- 
 louring particles being attracted and retained by 
 the aflringents already in the cloth, as applied 
 by printing. 
 
 4. Fielding, or difplacing the fuperfluous 
 particles of colour by laying down, planking, &c 
 on the principle, that certain effects are procured 
 by friction, preflure, evaporation, &c. 
 
 As to the mode of managing the buiinefs, it 
 would be abfurd and highly prefumptuous in the 
 writer, to advance any thing particular for rea- 
 fons repeatedly given, except that to conduct it 
 properly, requires an underftanding beyond what 
 is conceived as a common one, or even one ac- 
 quired merely by experience ; for leaving it to 
 fuperintendants is always attended with more or 
 
 lefs 
 
 
 faft, every thin^ depends on it, for unlets the colour 
 is properly imbibed by the cloth, (as laid already) the 
 Drawer, Cutter, and Colour-maker, have laboured 
 to little purpofe ; and the Copperman cannot polnbly 
 remove nor cover the evil. 
 
 
1 
 
 J Rctrofpca, &c: 
 lcfs inconvenience; and fervants, who make their 
 employers intereits their own, or even able to 
 advife with, are rarely to be met with ; but ge- 
 nerally fpeaking, it may be faid, whether in The 
 commencement or profecution of it, renounces or 
 connexions to fupply work, and conveniences 
 to execute it, an: equally of the firlt concern ; 
 next tothefe,ns far as fuch acompiicated bufmefs 
 will permit, is forming an cftimate of certain 
 expences, in the price of drugs, labour, and 
 xitenfils, as well as the probable profit ; which 
 includes the knowledge of the nature and value, 
 of drawing, cuttiug,&c: whateverelfe is necefiary 
 to be confidered in refpefl to theory, fyftem, & Ci 
 18 fo often fpoken of, that it mull be needlefs 
 dwelling on it here; it is however earneftly 
 again recomnlended to be thought of (fee note 
 7 to copper- work, and note 5 t to colour-making)' 
 that from the complicatory nature of callxo- 
 printing, and the difficulties attending the pro- 
 fecution of the various reuuifite proceiTes, (which, 
 a flight furvey even of this trad will evince) if 
 muftbe folly .fuperJative for any perfon ralhly to 
 enter into it (14) on an idea he can in a year or 
 
 two 
 
 (14) The numbers who have not fucceeJed 
 particularly in the country, are itrong proofs of 
 this j even at Mofncy, not cue of the Principals- 
 could 
 
A Retrofpeft, &fr, 
 
 two, acquire a proper knowledge of it ; as to thofe 
 who are in it, it lias been repeatedly intimated 
 they ftiould turn their thoughts towards its 
 principles, the parts that compofe it, and the 
 relation they bear to each other, (fee note 28 to 
 copper-work, and note 1 of this retrospect) for 
 merely knowing whether work is done well or 
 not, may be fufficient for a Draper, or Salefman, 
 hut a Callico-Printer ought to know why work 
 badly done isfo, and confequently, how it fhould 
 be done otherwife. 
 
 Similar now to what is faid at the endof the firfl 
 part of this treatife (there neceffarily placed, and 
 chiefly applicable to practice, and what could be 
 partly reduced to rule) are annexed here, a few 
 poiltions gathered from the fubftance of the fe- 
 
 cond 
 
 I 
 
 ■„:■ 
 
 
 could be fuppofed nearly competent, accord- 
 ing to what is frequently advanced in this work ; 
 bur to look round and fee men, and of fome under- 
 (landing, Turning into a bufmefs absolutely re- 
 quiring a junction of mechanical, chemical and 
 philofophical knowledge ; excluilve of the com- 
 mon concerns of all bufinefles, leaves little room 
 to wonder how foon they get confufed in every 
 fenfe of the word, and that what they produce is 
 difgraceful, and of courfe unprofitable. 
 
 
 
A Retrofpcft, &c. 
 
 r e 
 
 cond part, as more applicable to theory, or thof 
 principles, without which, practice muft ever 
 be uncertain in its operation, or incomplete in 
 its effects j therefore, be it well remembered, 
 that 
 
 THEORY is the basis of PRACTICE. 
 ALL OPERATIONS originate from a 
 CERTAIN POINT, however diffusive 
 
 THEY MAY PROVE AFTERWARDS. 
 
 ALL SYSTEMS are comprized of parts 
 
 THAT HAVE A RELATION WITH EACH 
 OTHER. 
 
 PRINCIPLES SHOULD EE CONSIDERED BE- 
 FORE OPERATIONS ARE PURSUED. 
 
 In OPERATIONS there is a CERTAIN 
 POINT OF TIME when an effect is 
 
 OBTAINED, AND GOING FURTHER IS SUPER- 
 FLUOUS or INJURIOUS.* 
 
 And, as in the pofitions at the end of the firft 
 part it is faid, EXPEDITION without 
 PRECIPITANCY is the ESSENTIAL 
 SPIRIT of BUSINESS, fo here it is faid, 
 that 
 
 CERTAINTY 
 
 * See note 16 to Copper-work, and about the fcald, 
 at the end of Maddering. 
 
 I 
 
* 
 
 *•>! 
 
 A Rctrcfpefi, &c. 
 
 CERTAINTY OF EFFECT in any pro- 
 cess is the MATERIAL OBJECT, the 
 ULTIMATE POINT, or the GRAND 
 DESIDERATUM to be, if possible, ob- 
 tained. 
 
 Hence, for the lafl time, it is obferved, that 
 in purfuit of this MATERIAL OBJECT, and, in 
 order to it, to procure a familiary with caufes and 
 effects, the fprings of operation mould be 
 difcovered, the channels traced which flow 
 from them, thefe channels re-traced to their 
 fprings, and the various connections confidered as 
 intently as pofllble ; thus from the confequences 
 of thinking as well as acting, a capability of 
 looking through every ftage of procefs to the lafl 
 willnecefTarily follow, the general cry of the dif- 
 ficulty of managing the bufinefs be partly remo- 
 ved, and a greater CERTAINTY of EFFECT be 
 obtained, with its confequent appendages of profit 
 and credit, as well as of mental fatisfa-ftion, (15) 
 
 and 
 
 
 (15) If it be not too ludicrous, it may be here 
 faid, though anxiety be not entered in the Journal 
 or Ledger, yet much may very often be placed to 
 its account. 
 
 The anxiety here alluded to, is not 
 
 fo 
 
A RetrofpeH, cifr. 
 
 and the writer will go fo far as to fay, that under 
 fueh c»rcumftances, from the nature of many of 
 the proceffes, in which fancy, tafte, arts and fci- 
 ence, lend their influence and powers, it would 
 (extravagant as all this may feem to the mere 
 drudge) be to an active and penetrative mind, a 
 perpetual fource of rational exercife ; and fup- 
 ply an extenfive fund for philofophlcal invefti- 
 gation, and intellectual enjoyment. But, he 
 mull go further, and fay, that until men of this 
 complexion, able to render that a pleafure, which 
 to others, however profitable, is perplexing and 
 burthen fo me, are more engaged in it, than 
 now are ; little may be expected beyond its pre- 
 fent confined powers of execution, and relative 
 degrees of effect. 
 
 fo much that which arifes from the caufes hinted at, 
 in note 51 to Colour-making^ or thofe that are in- 
 fcparable from bufinefs, fo much as that refulting 
 from miftakes in operations. To prefcribe equa- 
 nimity in iuch cafes is ufelefs ;" the remedy mull 
 be a preventative ; but, neverthelefs, though a 
 man is not to be reafoned with in a perturbed ftate, 
 fomcthing may be advanced at other tirrcs, which 
 if imprinted on the mind, may prevent or leffen 
 that mental ebullition. Of which fee the EiTay on 
 the relative duties of Mailers and Men to each 
 other. 
 
GENERAL REFLECTIONS, 
 
 or 
 DESULTORY SUGGESTIONS 
 
 relative to 
 CALLICO - PRINTING; 
 
 and various articles allied to it; 
 
 which may be confidered either as improveabk 
 'hints, monitory effujions, or mere occafional 
 obfervations. 
 
 AS one excitement to forming the whole of this 
 work, was the difagreeable refle&ion of many- 
 being at the head of the bufinefs treated of, little 
 competent to the management of it, even in its 
 prefent ftate ; fo the writer would be happy to 
 fee every Callico Printer, what he ought to be, 
 a man of genius, as well as a man of bufinefs, or 
 any other quality ; as emulation would un- 
 doubtedly be one confequence, and the effe&s of 
 emulation among men of genius, no one can be 
 ignorant of, is aiming at fuperior excellence over 
 each other, or the exaltation of their refpe&ive 
 profefnons;for fuppofing, inftead of two or three 
 Printers maintaining a refpedtability, becaufe 
 it is certain the majority of them cannot reach 
 
 § it 
 

 General RefleftionS) &c* 
 
 it, that the performances of every one were equal 
 to the beft now done ; what is it thofe very 
 few who are at the top of the profeflion would 
 not attempt in order to retain their pre-eminen- 
 cy ? (i) and what is it that might not further 
 be done for furniture, hangings, ornaments, 
 and other appendages of Opulence and Taftc, 
 were Callico-printing countenanced (to carry 
 on this illufion) as the great Colbert, under 
 the aufpices of the great Lewis, countenanced 
 the art of dyeing? (2) "and what advantages 
 would not attend it in various cafes, were 
 it rendered as much an object of the Great 
 and Refined, as many articles of fafhion, tafte, 
 
 and 
 
 (1) What is it a certain- fenatorial Printer would 
 not attempt, were he in a line of commanding a 
 price ? for who is more capable or fpirited ? in 
 fhort, what is it any man would not attempt, whofe 
 maxim is, " A Man may be. a Lord if he will ?"— - 
 See the retro/pec"*! 
 
 ( 2 ) The reign of Lewis XIV. has been deemed 
 the third ■ Auguftan aire j and in Lewis's splen- 
 didly despotic reign, fo emphatically termed 
 by :, Colbert had only to. i ; , and L01 
 
 commanded v to be done,— See 5th note, 
 
 Voltaire : - oi 'Ai r, Aw* 
 
 g tl -us, and Lewis.—£et Itkewife G-. 
 
 Oft'defigni 
 
General Refleclions, &V. 
 
 and luxury are, though of lefs intrinfic value ? 
 as nature, by exquifltenefs of execution, might 
 be more clofely imitated, and fanciful defigns 
 farther aflifled, than they can poflibly be by the 
 common modes now in practice • but, atprefent, 
 perfons of tafle and judgment in drawing,painting, 
 ornament, he. (if uninterefted in the bufinefs) 
 rarely find any thing worth their notice in the 
 beft execution of the bcfl full chintz patterns, 
 as being far behind a tolerably decent imitation 
 of nature, either by paintin 3, tapeftry, weaving, 
 needlework, or even paper printing (which by the 
 way is now in a rifing itate) (3) even the necef- 
 fary out-line is a fufficient bar ; and to inftancc 
 an efTential part of fuch patterns, a rofe, how- 
 little like nature in fhadow, folding, fhapc and 
 colour, is the beft three red rofe that ever was, 
 or even can bs, printed in the ufual courfe of 
 
 § 2 ex- 
 
 (3) Sec a French paper pattern of rofes, (the 
 writer thinks imported by Middjeton,) which at 
 :i proper Uiftance has the effect of a painting j-^. 
 But when ha 1 cloth fuch an effect? 
 
 In France, paper printing-, j n many refpecls, 
 throws Engiifh callico printing- to a great diftance; 
 but it is tiiere made worth employing firtl-ratc 
 artiils as clciigncrs. — See the adrerdfement at the 
 end. 
 
General ReJItcliom, isle. 
 
 xecuting patterns! perhaps the neareft approaches 
 to nature in drawing, as far as cutting would 
 allow, and in colour, as far as three reds, three 
 purples, buffs, olaves, and fo on would permit, 
 have been in various patterns of Kilburn's; (4) 
 and particularly fo, in refpecSr. to drawing, in his 
 late excellent dark ground tinted plate patterns ; 
 but how foon was one fhabbily imitated, and 
 underfold ? (fee note 9 to the retrofpeel:) as has 
 been the cafe with many of his coloured patterns; 
 and what is difagreeable to mention, when fpeak- 
 
 ing 
 
 (4) His patterns for 1790 run chiefly 
 
 oa .an imitation of fea weed, and in effect, at 
 
 leaft, excelled what any other printer exhibited, 
 
 and is particularly noted here, as being an inftance 
 
 of what might be done, were Printers not confined 
 
 to a certain expence ; for the cutting in them is fuch, 
 
 that no other Printer could or would execute themj 
 
 and no other Draper, but he for whom they were 
 
 done, would have dared to engage them : in fact, 
 
 ftrang'e as it may feem to many, and incredible to 
 
 fome, it is without flattery here pbferved, that out 
 
 of the great number of Drapers in England, S< 
 
 land and Ireland, there is but that one who boldly 
 
 venture*, in concert with the Printer abov<xmen- 
 
 medi to ftrike into unbeaten tracks, and confe- 
 
 quently prevents thatfajgw in exertion wibfickHncfi 
 
 of complexion which otherwifc would be the cafe. 
 
General Reflections, tsfc. 
 
 ' 
 
 ing of fuch exertions, probably the retailers' ends 
 were better anfwered; hence, how can perfonsof 
 tafte, fafhion or opulence be expected to counte- 
 nance a bufinefs, while (by way of inftance) for 
 what fuch perfons would willingly give five or fix 
 {hillings a yard, their very fervants can have an 
 imitation of, or what has nearly the effect:, for two 
 cr thref ? and what flimulas has genrus and in- 
 duitry to exert themfelves, when exertions arc 
 liable to be quickly imitated, moft commonly in 
 a flovenly manner, and /hamefully underfold * 
 this alone is enough to quam. the fpiritr «ff ex- 
 ertion; therefore the wi iter confidentially fays, 
 if any regard be due to the improvement of. a 
 profeiTion, requiring genius and a philofophical 
 underftanc'ing to conduct, it has a claim on the 
 attention of the highefi; legiflative powers, that 
 fuch a diuinc'tion and regulation- be eftabli/hed 
 (beyond the meaning of the late act) fo as to 
 annihilate fuch practices ; but this can only be 
 done by preventing that confounding of the 
 excellent and execrable, where inferior work, 
 whether original or imitative, chymick or fart, 
 anfwers the general marketable purpofe as well 
 as, or better than, the belt. — See the retrofpedt. 
 
 § 
 
 In 
 
General Reflexions, l£c. 
 
 
 
 In whatever light this fuggeftion may be 
 looked at, by thofe whom it concerns, or thofe 
 to whom it is immediately directed, it is affirmed 
 that the great Minifter juit. mentioned, as he 
 deemed the art of dyeing worth his endeavour to 
 fix on an eftablifhment, which comprehended 
 fuch a dirT.mcl.ion and regulation (confirmed 
 iince his time) (5) would no doubt have extend- 
 ed his willies to this object; and the rather, as 
 Callico Printing, by exhibiting figures, liowers, 
 and fanciful objects, on certain articles, inilead 
 of merely colouring them, is indifputably a great 
 improvement on dyeing.— See note 49 to colour- 
 making, — and from fuch considerations, however 
 
 prefuming 
 
 (5) They are carried fo far, that Dyers 
 who profe.s dyeing fa ft colours, are not allowed 
 even to keep in their (hops, the drugs uied for faife 
 or.fugitive ones,— bee the end of the fuggeftions on 
 Chymick Printing. And this by the way, may 
 ferve to juftify what is advanced about Chymick 
 Printing; on the neceffity of fome regulation on 
 that point, as well as the appreheniion of the con- 
 feepvmces of an overflow of inferior and low priced 
 work, though executed with faft colours. 
 

 Genera! Mefieiiions, &c. 
 
 presuming it may appear to dire& any thing like 
 di&ation to a Premier, he is notwithstanding 
 here told, that though an intereited individual may 
 naturally enough Cay, < What value I the diCrepute 
 attending my productions, or even the execrati- 
 ons oCmy praaices by pofterity, Co I gain my pe- 
 niary ends ? yet a Minifter, from his fituation 
 as a general Guardian of Manufactures, is bound 
 to take the matter tip on a more liberal fcale, and 
 to regard the reputation and profperity of the 
 fifing generation, as well as the prefent ; there- 
 fore, prefiing forward the immediate fubjecl of 
 thefe fuggeftions, before the Miniiter is again 
 applied to by deputations (6) from town or country 
 
 § 4 Callico 
 
 (6) And why mould not the Minifter attend to 
 a deputation from thofe who have the reCpectability 
 of the buMnefs, and its advancement in point of 
 execution, at heart, as well as giving an ear to de- 
 putations from others, who have only an idea of 
 doing a great quantity, upon plans calculated for 
 immediate emslument, however highly they may 
 talk of finking vale capitals, employing 5, 10, or 
 20,000 hands, forming exteufive connexions, en- 
 creafing the revenue, &c, &c? for, annexing the 
 
 
 writers 
 
1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 General Pefleft~ion$ % l£c» 
 
 CaHico-Printers, for partial or other illaudable 
 
 pur- 
 
 ■ I- > I " !' ' I 1 ' I I I ■ 
 
 writer's ideas of improvements to this political one, 
 advancing the refp p cta> ility of the bafinefs mull 
 advance the pecuniary worth of its operations ; 
 and by procuring new and more refpeftable open- 
 ings for its reception, it would bear higher duties, 
 compensating for what deficiences there might be 
 in quantity of work, if that fliould be a confe- 
 quence; which however, on the fuppoiltion of 
 fuper demands only tor what is fuper-excellenf, 
 would have little to do with what may be done in 
 common, as is at prefi-nt. 
 
 Betides, as luch an improvement would require 
 the moil refpeftabse per Tons to carry it on, there 
 would not be the probability of the Revenue being 
 defrauded, as frequently clone by indigent or def- 
 perate adventurers; and which many probably fup- 
 po^e is oftner the cafe than it is, whefa work is fold 
 in the {hops for hardly more than the prime coft of 
 the cloth, every one not* knowing why it can be 
 fold fo. 
 
 (fcf Whenever improvements are fpoken of, it is 
 begged to be underftood that the ufual courfe of 
 practice fliould firfl be rendered certain.) 
 
 As to what is faid of a Prime Minifter's know- 
 ledge of trade (if fuch a topic may be here ven- 
 tured 
 
4Tt 
 
 General Reflections, £sr. 
 
 purpofes, let him be here informed, that a pro- 
 feflion, which is a great fource of revenue, 
 
 in 
 
 lured on) it can only be on a general fcale, as he 
 cannot know much of the minutiae of it, and 
 much lefs of particular points, where every indi- 
 vidual is differently interefted and circumflanced, 
 from each other ;* and in this cafe it will well 
 admit a query (fome may think not) whether 
 thofe deputies from the country, when clofeted 
 with the Minifler, a few feafons back, were ag 
 ready in explaining to him the nature and confe- 
 rences of thofe practices that caufed the Town- 
 Printers to apply for a remedy, § as they perhaps 
 
 were 
 
 * & « j u fl remarked, as appofite to this obfervation y 
 as well as relative to thefubjeel of this work, that, at 
 the late trial about copying a Pattern, a common Putter-on 
 muft have fmiled at Mr. Erfkine's attempt to inform 
 the Jury ho<w patterns were transferred to the. block* 
 § // can be faid, that thofe whemfucb practices have 
 particularly injured, are not folicitous about what print* 
 tng it; dene in the country , fo it were but done upon that 
 principle of honour which ought to aftuate Tradefmen t 
 as well as any other clafs ; and as a proof of the above 
 f u gg e ft' ton -> if ** on record, that on the late trial. Lord 
 Kenyon faid high compliments to the. honourable beha- 
 
 
II 
 
 I 
 
 
 General Reflections, Csfer. 
 
 inftead of being properly nurtured, is not only kept 
 
 back 
 
 were quaint, fluent, diverfified or energetic, on the 
 injury they might receive from (innocently to be 
 fure) printing a pattern likely to be conftrued a 
 copy ? 
 
 Note, It is begged to be obferved, that it is not 
 becaufe the practices often alluded to, are exe- 
 crated, as done by this or that particular perfon in 
 the country ; fince the firft Printer, Draper, or any 
 other concerned in the bufinefs about town, would 
 have been treated j Lift as freely in a fimilar cafe ; 
 for whether in Town or Country, he only is pointed 
 who fpiritedly and honorably holds his fituation 
 as a Tradelman, or as daftardly and difreputably 
 contaminates it. Sheer necefllty may perhaps 
 plead for indulgence, and on that fcore pity is 
 due rather than indignation, and pity is be- 
 
 flowed. 
 
 *viour of the Profecutor, on the conciliating contpromife 
 that pre<vioujly took place between the parties ; evincing 
 that the Plaintiff only ivijhed ias " exclujive right' 9 
 io bt legally afcertained. 
 
 

 General Rcflecllons, &c, 
 
 back from gaining maturity, but even its prefent 
 fcarcely buddingftate, hasbeen and is attempted*to 
 
 be 
 
 flowed. — See note 51 to Colour-making. And 
 well would it be for many, into whofe hands 
 thefe fuggeftions may fall, if they prevent their 
 being added to the lift of thofe active or paflive un- 
 derminers and debafers of that refpectability in 
 operation, and that liberality in dealing, which is 
 the proper foundation and prop of any profeflioiij 
 trade, or manufacture whatever. 
 
 Of piratical or invafive deprefations, the late ad- 
 judicated repulfe (fee note to the retrofpect) adds 
 to the triumph of legitimate exertions ; and genius 
 and induftry may look forward with a hope of 
 proper encouragement and protection ; for in this 
 cafe it may on an equitable principle be faid (and 
 Lord Kenyon's oral teltimony (fee note 9) was to 
 that effect) patterns mould be confidered like lite- 
 rary property. 
 
 * It is faid "attempted" becaufe all have notfuc- 
 ceeded. The firm of Livefy &Co. muft never be for* 
 gotten, and as yet may be ranked firft among mon- 
 gers of this kind ; being equivocal in.its generation, 
 mifhapen .at ; ts i irth, irregular in its accretion, and 
 premature and infectious in its diflulution.— See 
 this retrofpeft. 
 
 I 
 
General Reflections, iz\\ 
 
 
 
 be nipped anddebafed,by certain individuals, in 
 view of making that profit in a few years, which 
 ought to be a patrimony legally defcending to 
 after-ages ; as well as preventing it from rivalling- 
 moft other profeffions depending on the ex- 
 ertions of genius, by bringing it entirely under 
 marketable conltraint:(7)let him like wife be told r 
 it was undoubtedly in this light that the great 
 Colbert would have viewed it (making allow- 
 ance for local and temporary circumftances) fince 
 he acted not as if he confulted a few interefted 
 individuals, or as to throw immediate riches into 
 the Treafury, much lefs as if he wifhed to force 
 unnaturally any art to its higheft ftate, for the 
 pride of beholding it fo himfelf, no matter how 
 foon after his time it withered ; no, that admi- 
 rable 
 
 (7) J\Jere mechanical or manual operations perhaps are 
 proper to lay uncle- fuch conjlraint ; thus the plain cloth 
 Us being a mere piece oflaboir may be under fuch regu- 
 lations; but nuhgn an excellent piece of fancy is exhibited 1 , 
 it Jurely ought not to come under marketable or meafure- 
 able regulations, or at leaf it Jhculd be confdered as a 
 dijlinft article. —fee the end of note 10 about combinations 
 in the retrofpeff. 
 
/ 
 
 General Rcflecl'iom, 13 c. 
 
 rable man was fatisfied with the dawn of fuch a. 
 profpeel: ; he was content to plant the arts in 
 fuch a foil, that the roots might take firm hold, 
 and the growth be natural, though it might re- 
 quire ages to bring the fruits to their higheft 
 ftate of cultivation ; or before individuals, the 
 nation in general, or the world at large received 
 emolument or pleasure from therm 
 
 Being on this fubjec"t. of improving the pro^- 
 feffion treated of, it is intimated, that fome years 
 ago, anartift of repute (Mr. Edwards, F.S.A.) 
 was employed in painting flowers, &c. as patterns 
 for working furniture, &c. for the Queen ; now 
 here, looking forward iman efFervefcence of hope, 
 for the exaltation of Callico -Printing,, what 
 would not a high price (fuppofe it is faid 30 or 4Q 
 /hillings per yard) enable an ingenious Printer 
 to perform, by ufing a greater number of 
 fhades of colours, more blended, or lefs abrupt 
 m their gradations and tranfitions, with the pen- 
 cilling applied to more advantage in attempting 
 to imitate, on various materials, patterns fo 
 drawn and coloured ? it is fu rely to be inferred, 
 he could devfomething that the firft Artift in the 
 kingdom would applaud for its e 0161 5 and a fug- 
 
 geftion 
 
 
General Reflections, &c. 
 
 geftion is prefumed on, that Royalty only 
 waits to know fomething could be done for fur- 
 niture, ornaments, 6cc. to match thefe paintings; 
 which being known and noticed, no one will dif- 
 pute the influence fuch notice would have on 
 the fubordinate degrees of rank and fafhion ; 
 and then (flill indulging a delufive hope) from 
 fuch an operofe mode of execution, elevated de- 
 gree of effect, and proportionate value of the 
 performance, the Artift above-named, and others 
 of acknowledged capability, would have that 
 juftice done to what he or they could produce, 
 not poffible to be obtained by the prefent highefl- 
 efforts ! then would tjie ufual uncouth imitation 
 of nature, the refr.ri£ted difplay of fancy, the 
 unmeaning appearance of what are even called^ 
 good patterns, and that criterion of excellency 
 by what will fuit the market, be fuperfeded by 
 perform \nces, that in effect, would be compa- 
 tible with nature, tafte, and propriety, and ac- 
 cordingly would be judged by a ftandard juft 
 and immutable, total iy diitinct from that of the 
 market, or the caprice of the day ! and then 
 would commence an aera in the hiftory of 
 Callico-printing, honourable and celebrious -to 
 the commencers, and fuper-eminently reputa- 
 ble to every one concerned in the operation, or 
 in the difpofal of what may be performed! 
 
General RcJIcfilons, &c ' 
 
 Before the clofing of this digreffion, it may be 
 mentioned that an eminent Printer (Arbuthnot) 
 had a pattern cut for Queen Caroline, but though 
 elaborate and well executed, it was in the com- 
 mon ftile of effect, with 3 reds, 3 purples, an 
 outline, and fo on, and produced by the ufual 
 and uncertain courfe of procefs ; but this trie 
 writer cannot help faying is what remains, not 
 only to be rendered more certain in operation, 
 but, to be exceeded in effect ; and mult be ex- 
 ceeded before Callico-printing can approach to 
 even a very humble degree of perfection. 
 
 But, notwithstanding what has been faid, it 
 is too obvious, that the fettled ceconomy of the 
 market, which fays nothing beyond fuch a 
 price will fell, is the mod infurmountable ob- 
 ftruction to any considerable improvement in 
 execution and effect, or even to equaling what is 
 done on the Continent ; for the moft elaborate 
 \ of our work, that, as the phrafe is, will pay, is 
 only an approach towards the excellency of our 
 neighbours. (8) 
 
 Another 
 
 (20) It is known fuch work is done on the Con- 
 tinent, that, according to the price of labour here, 
 
 would 
 
General Reflexions, &r. 
 
 Another impediment refults from the common 
 idea received among many Printers, that ren^ 
 
 dering 
 
 would require 12 or 15 millings, or more per yard, 
 to execute, if it even could be done; *but manyDrapers 
 190k now more for profit from bargains than from 
 a regular cuftom of giving fo much for printing, 
 and advancing it on the buyer ; and as this is an 
 irregularity that muft be removed, before an im- 
 provement can take place, it would be beginning a 
 new sera in trade, and new modes of conducting it : 
 and poffibly, notwithstanding what is laid note c.r, 
 fome Drapers, in their connexions with fome Prin- 
 ters, would not wifh work always to be fo well, 
 done, as not to have occafion for a Damage-book. 
 — See the laft note buc two to Putting-on. 
 
 * 7/ is particularly in the article of pencilling that the 
 left Continential <uiork excels ours (fee Pencilling , Vol. I) 
 but <why the cutting and printing Jhould, is notfo clear ; . 
 fome late efforts, however, jhe--w emulation is not wanting, 
 b.ut to effeel an equality, the tyanny of the market muft. 
 be crufhed in certain cafes, as above alluded to. 
 
 The 'above is applicable to paper printing on the Con- 
 tinent, (as befwefpoken of) but ivbat is imported not 
 being under a marketable c:ntroul, no more than Foreign 
 prohibited Chintz, it can command a proper price, and. 
 is therefore in requeft by the opulent. 
 
( 
 
 General 'k.eflcc*ilom > feV. 
 
 tiering operations cheap, eafy, and expeditious, are 
 the only points proper to be deemed as aiming at 
 improvements, from being of immediate pecunr- 
 ary confideration (9) befides, it is a very difficult 
 matter to get journeymen out of an old track. 
 
 In 
 
 (9) This it is granted is Co in this icn r c 9 but then 
 the coniequence is lowering the price of the articles 
 which ( as often particularly dwelt on ) ftrikes 
 at the very root of that refpectability which 
 only can render Caliico-printing more worth 
 the notice of the opulent and famionablc.* 
 But according to the writer's idea of improve- 
 ment, totally the reverie of that mentioned above, 
 the confequences would be a greater demand for 
 works of genius, an increafe of mechanical and 
 manual operation, and a more extenfive requeft for 
 utenhls, drugs, &c. with a furhcient inducement 
 for men of fcientific knowled e, to make proper 
 experiments on articles not in common ufe, at lead 
 in printing (fee the notes at the end of the account 
 of Colouring Drugs, and the end of theRetrofpc6t) 
 for thus it was, by calling forth the powers of Phi- 
 lofophy and Genius, in conjunction with the know- 
 ledge of the mere Practitioner, that the illuftrious 
 
 Patron 
 
 * This dejiruftivc principle^ the writer is forry to fay, 
 feems to crujh any further progtefs in that elegant improve* 
 merit j copper-plate printing.— See note 10 totbtretrofpefl. 
 
General Reflexions, &c. 
 
 In another light, a great hindrance lays in the 
 lukewarmnefs with which Government ilftens 
 to propofals of countenancing anyart, unlefs 
 they tend to an immediate increafe of revenue, 
 or at leaft do not interrupt the channels of it. 
 
 From thefe considerations, enthufiaftlc as the 
 writer may be in his wijflbes for the exaltation of 
 the profeffion in which he has a concern, it is 
 feared, that what has hsen advanced mull remain 
 an ideal profpec"l little likely ever to be fubflan- 
 tiatedj or be coniidered as an airy excurfion r pro- 
 ductive only of a deluiive hope, or an imaginary 
 advantage ; and as thoie who arc particularly 
 cramped and injured by piratical and debating 
 practices, can do little more than complain, fo 
 in refpeel to improvement, whatever may be 
 faid for bringing the ufual courfes of operation 
 into more certainty of effect, the bufmefs muft 
 neverthelefs remain in this retrained and im- 
 perfect flate ; which Uriel ly fpeaking, is, that 
 
 two 
 
 Patron and aggrandizer of the arts, above fpoken of, 
 fo advanced the art of dyeing, as to give France 
 that pre-eminence in it. which file even retains f 
 this day. A 
 
General Re/IeeJions, &c. 
 
 two or three can command a price to enable 
 them to execute decent work (which is only fo 
 in a comparative view,) and the reft fill the 
 market as well as they are able ; and thus, fea- 
 fon after feafon, Calico Printing retains the fame 
 complex Ion, only the features are now and then 
 a little altered, and frequently diftorted. 
 
 However, according to the mode the writer 
 affects of biinging what he advances to a 
 point, * fo here it may be faid that 
 
 The improvement of any profeflion depends 
 on a knowledge of its principles, and the appli- 
 cation of them to* practice. 
 
 Increafing the refpectability of any profeflion 
 increafes its intrinfic value. 
 
 Under-working, under-felling, and piratical 
 practices, are, on the contrary, deftru&ive, or 
 fubverfive of it ; and this confideration compri- 
 zes, the ufual confequenos of adopting cheap 
 and expeditious modes of operation. 
 
 Turning now to the treatife itfelf, the writer 
 is aware it may be faid by fome, that what he has 
 propofed (and what he may offer) is unattainable 
 
 by 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 See the ends of the firfl and feeond volumes. 
 

 General Refections, iJc, 
 
 by the generality of thofe to whom addreu'ed : 
 and even romantic in fome cafes; orelfethat it does 
 not give information fuch as many expect, who 
 think nothing but practical directions can or 
 ought to be fpoken of : — to the- firft remark 
 he can only fay, he certainly attempts to go 
 out of a beaten track; to ihe other, (as of en 
 repeated ) it is as little in his inclination,^ in 
 his power, or perhaps any other perfons', to ex- 
 hibit fuch directions; his intention being to 
 purfue a middle courfe, oiFeflng the chief of what 
 he fays, not to amufe novices, deceive the cre- 
 dulous, or oppofe the reafonahle, bat as almoft 
 mere matter of reflection, to thofe who are in a 
 certain itate of practice ; as well as earneilly re- 
 commending it to thofe who may be inclined 
 to enter into the bufinefs, to confider the nature 
 of it ; or if determined to enter, to be equally 
 aware of the difficulty of conducting it.* 
 
 Whether what he advances under either 
 idea, is equal to the intention or not,, he will not 
 ufe any thing like the infipid hacknied apolop r 
 of" leaving it to acandid Public to determine, 
 but he will venture to fay* that as his hjgheft idea 
 of the ufefulnefs of this work, is the probability 
 of its roufing reflections on the principles of 
 
 Caliico 
 
 See note 7 to copper work* 
 
,* xtax* SAii 
 
 General Reficdlons^ tsfr. 
 Gi-llico Printing, which otherwife might have 
 Jain dormant, Ins views mull appear as tending 
 ultimately to encreafe it in beauty, trifle and ex- 
 preflion. This however, it is enforced, cannot 
 be attained till a philofophic fpirit is roufed and 
 diffufed among Callico Printers in this country, 
 (which if thefe humble efforts may any way 
 afTifl, the writer will be amply confoled for any 
 treatment they may meet with) and as he thinks 
 he could point to two or three, whofe latent 
 powers only want roufing, it is here diflinctly 
 intimated* that if modern philofophy be called in 
 to aid what is already known and performed (21) 
 it will appear it does not only eitablifh theory 
 on grounds more directly applcable to practice, 
 
 but 
 
 * It being only calually mentioned in this work. 
 
 (21) See Delaval on Colours. — Berthollet on 
 Acids — Bergman on Indigo — but fee efpecially the 
 annals of Chymiilry. 
 
 Mr. Delaval's doctrine is, that colour is produced 
 by light transmitted through tranfparent particles, 
 from its reflection on a white ground or medium. 
 — In Berthollet's memoirs, are particulars refpeting 
 the dephlogifticated marine acid, of wonderful effi- 
 cacy in folutions,Blcaching,clearingthe ground after 
 boiling off, a tell of the fixity of colour, &c. &c. 
 — It ishoweveras yet little ufed in England, in fact, 
 a Revenue concern, that formidable Remora > is 
 againft it. (See likevvife Nicholfon's Elements.) 
 
 Of the difcoveries refpecYing air, much furcly 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 Gcnerel Reficftions, &c, 
 but to render pra£ice itfclf more fimple and ef- 
 ficacious; and not only detects and removes im- 
 purities and imperfections in articles that oppofe 
 the fevereft common tefts ; but analyzes, rectifies 
 and applies them beyond conception or belief: 
 In fhort, it rivets fpeculation with practice, and 
 the agreeable with the ufeful. 
 
 But 
 
 (as obferved in the article of Maddering) might be 
 turned to advantage. Fixed air having the pro- 
 perty of renovating certain vapid liquors, of keep- 
 ing meat iWeet a long time, giving water a fpark- 
 ling appearance and a moll mely tafte, as well as 
 fupcrlativelv purifying it. (To convivialifts it 
 may not be inexcufablc to add, that the beverage 
 of punch is much improved by it.) The inference, 
 however, to the Callieo-Printer is, that water any 
 how purified and joined with falts equally pure 
 (note 36 to maddering) muft be inconteilably ad- 
 vantageous in colour-making, as the water likewife 
 muft be in bringing up colour. And every Printer 
 has by him, the principal ingredients, viz. chalk 
 and vitriol.* 
 
 * # * An odd idea is adopted by fome, that the 
 Indian fail colours are railed by fand ; fome add 
 the fun ; of this, the writer has often enquired, 
 but what he has heard is too abfurd to repeat. — In 
 truth, the principles of Indian faft colouring pro- 
 cefTes are like ours, for no other is known ; and as 
 they have exifted fome thoufands of years (note 40 
 to colour-making) fo there is no appearance of 
 their ever being orhcrwife. A deal too is vaguly 
 faid of all the colours being put in with pencils. But 
 this will be difculfed in a hilrory of Callico-Frinting. 
 
 * // has been mentioned hmv needful a Jlilnvould be in 
 a colour -houfe. Chemijis in their procejjes are paf ticu- 
 larly careful in this rejhefl, and ivhy net caliica-ptinten^ 
 dyers, &c, ? 
 
■I 
 
 vl 
 
 General Refliftions, &c. 
 
 But while thus paying tribute to the exertions 
 f>f philofophy, may the writer juft glance at 
 confequences which philanthrophy, however it 
 may admire thofe exertions, cannot but deplore ? 
 namely, the depriving many of their (perhaps) 
 only means of fubfiftence, and exciting them to 
 afts of turbulence and defperaiion(22) and is the 
 rather mentioned, as the prefent disturbances in 
 In* Callico Printing bufinefs are partly owing to 
 fuch caufe^.(23) Hence, at any rate, in order 
 
 to 
 
 (22) Sir Richard Arkwright is faid to have cleared 
 jo or 60,000 1. per annum by his Cotton Mills ; 
 but how fared it with the hundreds " turned over 
 to Providence" by the invention ? 
 
 N.B. A work is juft pubiiflied on the fubjeft of 
 granting patents. 
 
 What was it the ever to be execrated Firm of 
 
 •XT 7, ? e ' A — e ' s — h and H — n > 
 
 wiihed to do with machine printing ? (note 1 1 to 
 the Retrofpecr.*) 
 
 (23) By Cylindrical printing. The report of a 
 Patent for printing green (as has been mentioned) 
 has cauled a ferment among Pencillers : and fo 
 might the new mode of Bleaching above fpoken of, 
 
 from 
 
 * One execrable attempt (rather extraneous here) 
 not univerfally known, was to draw a certain Printer 
 in Surry (fee note 4^ into their connexion, not a month 
 before they failed! It was however treated defervedly 
 with the highef difdain.— Lay and Adams offered the 
 fame per/on 500/ per annum to draw for them juft before 
 tbeit failure : — U r as this folly or any thing <worfe?— 
 See note 50/0 colour-making. 
 

 
 
 General Rcfledtcns, &i\ 
 
 to compenfate, in fome meafure, for fuch partial' 
 injury, by inftituting fomething- generally ad- 
 vantageous (as oftenenforced)the improvement of 
 effect, and procuring new and more refpectable 
 channels for difpofal, in all poffible cafes,, fhould 
 be always kept in view. 
 
 May it likewife be obferved, though dwelt 
 on el fe where> that* as. merely- practical men in. 
 extennve bufinefTes, are more alive to immediate 
 « Lofs and Gain," (like Miniflers to certain 
 fources of Revenue) than to diftant advantages,, 
 which require deviations from eitabriihed modes 
 of practice or fupplies, the .greateft difcoveries 
 fometimes produce only a transient blaze, and 
 are, alas ! configned to oblivion, unlefs accom- 
 modated in fome degree to what is already in 
 practice* In fhort, as the mere practitioner 
 
 cannot 
 
 
 from the idea of its rendering watering, &c. unne- 
 ceflary, have fome effect onFieldmen. — See fimilar 
 thoughts where fpeaking of chemiek printing in 
 the feftion of colour-making, 
 
 Of the difturbances above alluded to, (allowing 
 the above caufe as fome extenuation of them) it is 
 juft laid here, (fee note 10 to the Retrofpect) 
 while funds are Supported, and the diftinflion of 
 fair and foul mops retained ; while different Maf- 
 ters have different intereib, and fome actually be- 
 nefit by the diviiions, it is impoffiblc to. conceive 
 any end but a fclf-deftructive one, or until the 
 members clearly fee the evil eonfequences, as above 
 referred to, or at lead hinted at v or when it is 
 taken up by the legiflatUre, in au alarm tor the,; 
 revenue. 
 
■■■■■ 
 
 
 General RtjJcclionsj fsV. 
 
 fcannOt underftand the language of theory, till 
 by gradual infoimation bis doubts and prejudices 
 are removed, it is an overfight in fcientific wri- 
 ters (with trepidation it i-s faid) to publifh re- 
 Tearches only as theoretical ; greater, if announced 
 applicable to practice with no practical matter 
 incorporated with, them; but grcateft of all, 
 openly to avow a total ignorance of the practice 
 of what they are offered to improve ; as that at 
 *©n«e precludes further notice from the merely 
 practical man, who looks for practical informa- 
 tion. (24) . But, notwithstanding thefe and all 
 other impediments, and furcly it is but fair to ft ate 
 them; if a proper emulative fpirit be but once 
 raifed, the writer ft ill hopes, delufive as he may 
 reprefent his hopes, he fhall fee London Callico- 
 Printers' names in the lift of the Royal Society, 
 as well (with feme little reproach to London 
 Printers be it faid) as there are two or three 
 country ones )ri that of the Manchefter Philo- 
 sophical Society. — That he fhall fee practice 
 grounded on philofophical principles ; and con- 
 
 fequently 
 
 (4) As for inftance, will not a merely practical 
 Dyer rather turn to the tranllation of Hellot by 
 Haigh, a profefTcd dyer, than to a late excellent 
 one where the translator ayows his ignorance even 
 of common technicals ? — See Hkewtfe Dr. Eafon's 
 paper on bleaching. Vol. II. Manchefter Phil, 
 Tranf, 
 
 
I 
 
 ; 1 
 
 Genera! Rejiefilons, &c. 
 
 fequently rendered more certain and of better 
 
 erTedt That he fhall fee this combination of 
 
 Theory and Pra&ice patronized by a Premier and 
 vivified by Royalty 5(25) and that then he fhali 
 fee England, as me excels all other nations in 
 arms and commerce, likewife excel, among other 
 arts, all other nations in 
 
 The Art of Callico - Printing 
 
 (25) A premium coming from a Royal fource, 
 and adequate to the expence of the attempt, would 
 go much further towards improvement than the 
 premium for patterns. Fur one excellency there, 
 is adapting them the beft to the prefent retrained 
 mode of execution ; but as this would much im- 
 prove that mode, drawings would not be under the 
 reflraint they now are.—( See the end of note 9 to 
 the retrofpect) anJ then Englifh Artifls, in their 
 defigns, would find inducement to emulate French 
 ones. In fact, reftrain in this firft ftage precludes 
 excellency in the fucceeding ones. (See notes 3 
 and 20 to this feclion) and until it be remedied 
 Englifli Callico-printing will ever be behind that 
 on the Continent, efpccially what is novu (1791) 
 attempting at Juoy, near Verfcilles in France. 
 
* 
 

 I : 
 
u 
 
 fa 
 
 
 4*. "• 
 
* 
 
 I 
 
OBRIEN, CHARLES. The British Manufacturers Companion, 
 and Callico Printers Assistant; Being a Treatise on 
 Callico Printing, In all its Branches, Theoretical and 
 Practical; with an Essay on Genius, Invention, and 
 Designing; Rules for Drawing, Cutting, Printing, 
 Engraving, Colour-making; Bleaching, etc. Suggestions 
 for the Advantage of Manufactures; and many valuable 
 Hints to the Propietors of Print- fields. Design 
 frontispiece and 233 unpaginated leaves, including 
 a folding sheet table. 12mo, boards. London, (no date). 
 Printed for the Author; and sold by Hamilton and Co. At 
 the Bust of Shakspeare, Beech-Street, near Finsbury- 
 Square; and Vernor and Hood, Birchin-Lane, Cornhill. 
 
 Florence M. Montgomery in her "Printed Textiles" 
 gives the date as 1795. 
 
 *\ 
 

 
 
 / 
 
 
 ■'■•// 
 
 
 ^# i - j4L»*/'^y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2& 3^**££^m<£ 
 
 <W105 
 
OOP 
 
 LPX 
 
Brown Pink 
 
 / have not been able to find the pigment 
 "brown pink" listed among manufac- 
 turers' oil colors. It is apparently obsolete. 
 What modern color would be comparable 
 to it? 
 
 Not only is it obsolete, but during the 
 end of its survival into the 19th and early 
 20th centuries it was used only by deco- 
 rators for glazing various surfaces, not by 
 artists. It is an impermanent, trans- 
 parent, brownish yellow made from 
 buckthorn berries (Persian or Avignon 
 berries). 
 
 Other names were Dutch pink, Italian 
 pink, and stil-de grain. The word "pink" 
 atone time was used for yellows. We also 
 see an occasional mention of "rose pink" 
 in the 17th and 18th centuries. I suppose 
 
 60 
 
BY RALPH MAYER 
 
 pink's original meaning was simply a 
 pale color, for a pale brownish yellow is 
 related to brown as a rose pink is related 
 to red. 
 
 A permanent substitute would be co- 
 balt yellow (aureolin), and if a dull or 
 more brownish tone is needed, a little 
 transparent brown could be mixed with 
 it.